Datasets:

mit-han-lab

/

pile-val-backup

like 12

Follow

MIT HAN Lab 73

// Copyright 2005-2012 Daniel James. // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) #if !defined(BOOST_FUNCTIONAL_HASH_DETAIL_HASH_FLOAT_HEADER) #define BOOST_FUNCTIONAL_HASH_DETAIL_HASH_FLOAT_HEADER #include <boost/config.hpp> #if defined(BOOST_HAS_PRAGMA_ONCE) #pragma once #endif #include <boost/functional/hash/detail/float_functions.hpp> #include <boost/functional/hash/detail/limits.hpp> #include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp> #include <boost/integer/static_log2.hpp> #include <boost/cstdint.hpp> #include <boost/assert.hpp> #include <boost/limits.hpp> #include <cstring> #if defined(BOOST_MSVC) #pragma warning(push) #if BOOST_MSVC >= 1400 #pragma warning(disable:6294) // Ill-defined for-loop: initial condition does // not satisfy test. Loop body not executed #endif #endif // Can we use fpclassify? // STLport #if defined(__SGI_STL_PORT) || defined(_STLPORT_VERSION) #define BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY 0 // GNU libstdc++ 3 #elif defined(__GLIBCPP__) || defined(__GLIBCXX__) # if (defined(__USE_ISOC99) || defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_C99_MATH)) && \ !(defined(macintosh) || defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__APPLE_CC__)) # define BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY 1 # else # define BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY 0 # endif // Everything else #else # define BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY 0 #endif namespace boost { namespace hash_detail { inline void hash_float_combine(std::size_t& seed, std::size_t value) { seed ^= value + (seed<<6) + (seed>>2); } //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Binary hash function // // Only used for floats with known iec559 floats, and certain values in // numeric_limits inline std::size_t hash_binary(char* ptr, std::size_t length) { std::size_t seed = 0; if (length >= sizeof(std::size_t)) { std::memcpy(&seed, ptr, sizeof(std::size_t)); length -= sizeof(std::size_t); ptr += sizeof(std::size_t); while(length >= sizeof(std::size_t)) { std::size_t buffer = 0; std::memcpy(&buffer, ptr, sizeof(std::size_t)); hash_float_combine(seed, buffer); length -= sizeof(std::size_t); ptr += sizeof(std::size_t); } } if (length > 0) { std::size_t buffer = 0; std::memcpy(&buffer, ptr, length); hash_float_combine(seed, buffer); } return seed; } template <typename Float, unsigned digits, unsigned max_exponent> struct enable_binary_hash { BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, value = std::numeric_limits<Float>::is_iec559 && std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits == digits && std::numeric_limits<Float>::radix == 2 && std::numeric_limits<Float>::max_exponent == max_exponent); }; template <typename Float> inline std::size_t float_hash_impl(Float v, BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME boost::enable_if_c< enable_binary_hash<Float, 24, 128>::value, std::size_t>::type) { return hash_binary((char*) &v, 4); } template <typename Float> inline std::size_t float_hash_impl(Float v, BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME boost::enable_if_c< enable_binary_hash<Float, 53, 1024>::value, std::size_t>::type) { return hash_binary((char*) &v, 8); } template <typename Float> inline std::size_t float_hash_impl(Float v, BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME boost::enable_if_c< enable_binary_hash<Float, 64, 16384>::value, std::size_t>::type) { return hash_binary((char*) &v, 10); } template <typename Float> inline std::size_t float_hash_impl(Float v, BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME boost::enable_if_c< enable_binary_hash<Float, 113, 16384>::value, std::size_t>::type) { return hash_binary((char*) &v, 16); } //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Portable hash function // // Used as a fallback when the binary hash function isn't supported. template <class T> inline std::size_t float_hash_impl2(T v) { boost::hash_detail::call_frexp<T> frexp; boost::hash_detail::call_ldexp<T> ldexp; int exp = 0; v = frexp(v, &exp); // A postive value is easier to hash, so combine the // sign with the exponent and use the absolute value. if(v < 0) { v = -v; exp += limits<T>::max_exponent - limits<T>::min_exponent; } v = ldexp(v, limits<std::size_t>::digits); std::size_t seed = static_cast<std::size_t>(v); v -= static_cast<T>(seed); // ceiling(digits(T) * log2(radix(T))/ digits(size_t)) - 1; std::size_t const length = (limits<T>::digits * boost::static_log2<limits<T>::radix>::value + limits<std::size_t>::digits - 1) / limits<std::size_t>::digits; for(std::size_t i = 0; i != length; ++i) { v = ldexp(v, limits<std::size_t>::digits); std::size_t part = static_cast<std::size_t>(v); v -= static_cast<T>(part); hash_float_combine(seed, part); } hash_float_combine(seed, exp); return seed; } #if !defined(BOOST_HASH_DETAIL_TEST_WITHOUT_GENERIC) template <class T> inline std::size_t float_hash_impl(T v, ...) { typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME select_hash_type<T>::type type; return float_hash_impl2(static_cast<type>(v)); } #endif } } #if BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY #include <boost/config/no_tr1/cmath.hpp> namespace boost { namespace hash_detail { template <class T> inline std::size_t float_hash_value(T v) { #if defined(fpclassify) switch (fpclassify(v)) #elif BOOST_HASH_CONFORMANT_FLOATS switch (std::fpclassify(v)) #else using namespace std; switch (fpclassify(v)) #endif { case FP_ZERO: return 0; case FP_INFINITE: return (std::size_t)(v > 0 ? -1 : -2); case FP_NAN: return (std::size_t)(-3); case FP_NORMAL: case FP_SUBNORMAL: return float_hash_impl(v, 0); default: BOOST_ASSERT(0); return 0; } } } } #else // !BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY namespace boost { namespace hash_detail { template <class T> inline bool is_zero(T v) { #if !defined(__GNUC__) return v == 0; #else // GCC's '-Wfloat-equal' will complain about comparing // v to 0, but because it disables warnings for system // headers it won't complain if you use std::equal_to to // compare with 0. Resulting in this silliness: return std::equal_to<T>()(v, 0); #endif } template <class T> inline std::size_t float_hash_value(T v) { return boost::hash_detail::is_zero(v) ? 0 : float_hash_impl(v, 0); } } } #endif // BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY #undef BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY #if defined(BOOST_MSVC) #pragma warning(pop) #endif #endif

Search form You are here Emily Porter B-Chain Magainin Derivative Biotechnologist Emilie Porter was fortunate enough to get involved in research very early on in her education. This was the factor, she says, that helped her accomplish an important discovery in her field while still a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin. Born in 1976, Porter attended Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois, completing her undergraduate degree in chemistry with honors in 1998. As an undergraduate she was first exposed to research processes and became interested in a career in the area of pharmaceutical discovery. In the fall of 1998, she entered the University of Wisconsin at Madison in pursuit of a doctoral degree in organic chemistry. Working with a research team there, lead by Professor Samuel Gellman, Porter discovered a synthetic peptide that has the potential to fight bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. The fundamental discovery could lead to the creation of a new class of antimicrobial agents. Porter and her colleagues published their findings on the peptides, called “magainins” in the journal “Nature” in 2000. These molecules, first discovered on the skin of toads, are a naturally occurring class of medium-sized peptides that organisms employ as a defense against microbial infection. The molecules are said to degrade quickly in living tissue, and though they effectively fight bacteria in toads, they can be toxic to human cells. In pursuit of a similar substance that would work more effectively in humans, Porter and her team developed a synthetic “b-chain magainin derivative” that imitates the natural molecule and also has its same antimicrobial effects. The synthetic version proved to be less toxic to human cells as well. And what’s more, it also appeared to be effective against some bacteria that had developed a resistance to antibiotics. In 2000, Porter was honored with the $20,000 National Inventors Hall of Fame Collegiate Inventors Prize for her discovery, titled “Synthetic Antibiotic Peptide That Is a Beta-Amino Acid Oligomer.” She received a patent for the molecule, which could serve as the basis for groundbreaking, disease-fighting drugs in the future, especially chemotherapy. Porter became a National Institute of Health Predoctoral Fellow in the University of Wisconsin’s Biotechnology Training Program in 2000. She has co-authored a number of publications and has received a number of academic awards and scholarships in support of her research.

“The Whistleblower:” Amplifying the Reality of Human Trafficking Sexual trafficking. It’s hard for people to wrap their minds around the scope of the problem. A new film, The Whistleblower, presents an on the ground retelling of the story of Kathryn Bolkovac (Rachel Weisz), a Nebraskan police officer who became part of the United Nations police team in post-war Bosnia. Hired by a government contractor (named “Democra” in the movie) that recruited candidates, she uncovered a trafficking operation that reached to the highest echelons of power. The movie is structured in a style reminiscent of the 1980s Costa-Gavras narratives. The dramatization is based on actual events. Some characters have been merged, with names and timelines changed for the sake of a streamlined plot. One of the anchoring characters is Madeleine Rees (Vanessa Redgrave), who was the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Bosnia. Shot in palettes of blues and browns, the facts are laid out as Bolkovac—who is of Croatian descent—takes her belief in “doing her job” into the field. After ten years of experience on the domestic violence beat back home, Bolkovac finds herself up against a web of corrupt players ranging from local police and United Nations peacekeepers, to State Department brass and “Democra” bigwigs. Bolkovac discovers that the area’s bars and clubs are serving as a front to sites where girls from the Ukraine, Russia, and Eastern Europe have been enslaved. Many of the girls being sold to an international clientele are between 12 and 15 years old. The story’s trajectory follows Bolkovac (who served as a story consultant) from her discovery of trafficking corruption, complicity, and cover-ups through her efforts to report her findings—despite files of evidence disappearing and witness tampering. Death threats are the precursor to her being fired, when she gets too close to the truth. The multilayered cover-up finally sees the light of day when she files a wrongful dismissal case against “Democra,” and feeds the information from her findings to the British press. Director Larysa Kondracki spent time with her co-writer in Eastern Europe doing background research. There are two key scenes that speak volumes. One is revelatory, the other is searing. In the former, Bolkovac—and the audience—begin to understand the magnitude of what she is up against as she scrutinizes the first photos and bits of information she had pinned to her office wall. The camera pulls back to show how the original findings have grown exponentially. The latter is an indelible image of one of the girls being raped, tortured and killed in front of the others, as an example of why compliance is the only way to survive. I interviewed Kondracki by e-mail to get additional insights about her vision and aspirations for the movie. She explained that as a Ukrainian Canadian, the issue of sex trafficking was widely discussed within her community. When she read Bolkovac’s book, The Whistleblower: Sex Trafficking, Military Contractors, and One Woman’s Fight for Justice, she was overwhelmed by the breadth of the crime of trafficking. She was surprised that a film had not already been made. What made you decide to do the movie as an indie film? Did you think it would give you more latitude to portray the story as you best saw fit? To be honest, I didn’t see another way. We set out to do it. We spent some time in studios, which was a valuable experience and I think the script was improved when we were there. But ultimately, this was the way that made sense. That’s where I have to hand it to the producers. Once we got the project out, we were shooting within nine months. Do you see the film reaching people about the issue of human trafficking in a way that a news story or article cannot? Are you hoping that the “political thriller” tag will pull people in, which might otherwise be afraid of the subject matter? Absolutely. Kathy’s story is practically a Robert Ludlum novel. Sex, scandal, corruption, governments, international cover-ups. It’s something you would usually make up. Our primary goal was to make a good thriller with a great character at the center. Is she going to get the girl? Are they going to get our heroine? Was it Bolkovac’s experience with domestic violence in the United States, combined with how she got a conviction on her first time at bat in Bosnia, that made Madeleine Rees reach out to her? Yes. That conviction made Kathy really stand out. How did you decide how far to go with graphically showing the abuse and torture of the trafficked girls? I wasn’t going to make this movie and not be realistic. But I also had no intention of deterring audiences. We tested it several times, and found the right balance. You don’t see anything. It’s not unlike Silence of the Lambs in a way. It’s what’s inferred. How is the United Nations dealing with the film? I understand there was an internal memo that was circulated that advocated a “no comment” policy. Does that suggest that they haven’t learned anything from their experience about transparency? The internal memo left it at the UN being split. But we have learned from sources that they are sticking with a “damage control” policy. I really have no idea what they’ve learned, and why they aren’t seizing the opportunity not only to right these wrongs, but in doing so, to gain some faith from so many cynics that are watching. Show us you want to be the organization you’re meant to be. I’ve written a letter to Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon, and we have offered to screen the film wherever and whenever they want. So far…No Comment. cultureID specifically deals with connecting those doing cultural work with political and social intent/content with audiences. How do you see The Whistleblower within this context? I genuinely believe that films have one of the loudest voices. And I believe that if we can get this story into public discourse, the State Department and the United Nations will be embarrassed. Hopefully, enough to do something. Look at Guantanamo, extraordinary renditions…I’m not saying that’s done with, but at least they aren’t snatching people in plain sight out of airports anymore. Same thing here. U.S. tax dollars should not be going to the buying and selling of girls. Period. There’s no grey area to that.

This research is directed toward synthesis and derivatization of novel DNA-binding peptides and detailed characterization of their DNA-binding and -condensing properties. A series of low molecular weight branched oligolysines and oligoarginines with a defined coupling site will be synthesized. We will determine the effect of number and positioning of positive charges on DNA condensation. Selected compounds will be derivatized with effectors such as receptor ligands, membrane-destabilizing peptides, carbohydrates and PEG. DNA binding properties of the various derivatives and the physical characteristics of resulting DNA complexes will be examined. Considering parameters like hydrophobicity and propensity of amino acids for particular secondary structures, we will introduce a limited number of rational mutations into a known membrane-destabilizing hexapeptide sequence and select peptides with highest membrane-destabilizing activities. The dependence of transfection efficiency in cell culture on DNA complex composition will be examined. Using the GCG package, membrane destabilizing peptides have been selected and compared for their primary, secondary and tertiary structure. This information and things like hydrophobicity indices etc. are essential in finding and designing new peptide sequences for the above-described project. The facilities provided by the Computer Graphics Laboratory are absolutely necessary for the continuation of this work. GL

Wednesday, April 30, 2014 I have a special privilege of leading a Bible bunch program for Brooker Elementary School every Wednesday at 7:10am. During this time, I get to share from God's Word that Jesus loves them and has a special plan for their lives. Currently we have about 30 (3rd-5th grade) students who attend. This is a great number considering, there is a total of 50 students in those grades in the school. As part of this program we put together a trip, as part of an incentive for attending each week of the Bible Bunch. Brooker Elementary School Principal, Mrs. Deborah Parmenter, contacted "In His Wakes" for us to attend one of their "Day to Remember" events. We had 25 students sign-up and this past Monday we took them to Lake Swan in Melrose, FL. We got our instructions from Nate and how they all needed to "GET OFF THE DOCK!" They were taught how to "get off the dock" and try and learn something they had never done before. More importantly they were taught they needed to "get off the dock" with Jesus Christ. To have a personal relationship with Him and that with His help they could do anything in life! It was such a joy to see all of the students swimming, tubing, skiing, trying the Zup board, and many more fun events! I am truly grateful for the opportunity that I have to invest in the lives of students in my community. My prayer is that I will see many of these children come to Christ and then grow in their relationship with Him, but to then see their entire families reached with the Gospel. Reminded of Matthew 19:14 where Jesus says "Let the little children come to Me, and do not forbid them; for such is the kingdom of heaven." May we all invest our lives into children in our communities!

Derechos de autor de la imagen Rhonda Hunter Photography Image caption Si bien las vacas saben nadar, su travesía de varios kilómetros está fuera de las habilidades conocidas de estos animales. Los dueños las daban por muertas tras el paso del huracán Dorian a principios de septiembre por la costa de Carolina del Norte, en Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, las tres vacas aparecieron vivas semanas después a varios kilómetros de distancia de donde convivían con su rebaño, en una zona rural de la isla de Cedar. La única explicación posible es que las vacas pastaban apaciblemente aquel 6 de septiembre cuando la marejada ocasionada por el fenómeno atmosférico las arrastró hacia el mar. Los animales habrían logrado nadar 8 kilómetros hasta el parque Cape Lookout Seashore, en los Outer Banks de Carolina del Norte, una cadena de islas separada del continente. Vacas marinas El vocero del parque BG Horvat explicó a un medio local que trabajadores del parque vieron a la primera vaca un mes después de la tormenta, mientras que las otras dos fueron descubiertas hace dos semanas. Horvat explicó que los animales tuvieron la suerte de no ser arrastradas al Atlántico, lo cual sucedió con varios caballos. Derechos de autor de la imagen Getty Images Image caption Isla Gran Ábaco en las Bahamas. El huracán Dorian afectó severamente el archipiélago, donde causó devastación en este paraíso turístico, ahora en reconstrucción. Estas vacas "sin duda, tienen una fascinante historia que contar", añadió. Las autoridades están planificando cómo devolverlas a su hogar. El huracán Dorian golpeó la costa este de Carolina del Norte a principios de septiembre como una tormenta categoría 1, lo cual provocó copiosa lluvias, vientos fuertes e inundaciones. Dorian llegó a Estados Unidos proveniente de Bahamas, donde dejó importantes pérdidas humanas y materiales. Ahora puedes recibir notificaciones de BBC News Mundo. Descarga nuestra app y actívalas para no perderte nuestro mejor contenido.

Q: The TCP/IP connection to the host localhost, port 1433 has failed error, need assistance Full error I'm getting: The TCP/IP connection to the host localhost, port 1433 has failed. Error: "connect timed out. Verify the connection properties. Make sure that an instance of SQL Server is running on the host and accepting TCP/IP connections at the port. Make sure that TCP connections to the port are not blocked by a firewall.". I have already checked that TCP/IP is enabled, using port 1433, and TCP dynamic ports is empty. I have disabled windows firewall. Here is my code: import java.sql.*; public class DBConnect { public static void main(String[] args) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub String dbURL = "jdbc:sqlserver://localhost:1433;DatabaseName=TestDB1;instance=SQLSERVER;encrypt=true;TrustServerCertificate=true;"; String user = "sa"; String pass = ""; try { Class.forName("com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver"); Connection myConn = DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL, user, pass); try { Statement myStmt = myConn.createStatement(); try { ResultSet myRs = myStmt.executeQuery("Select * from Login"); while (myRs.next()) { System.out.println(myRs.getString("Username")); System.out.println(myRs.getString("Password")); } } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Error with query"); } } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Error connecting to database"); } } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(e); } } } A: Have you enabled 'Named Pipes' and 'TCP/IP'? Open the 'Sql Server Configuration' application. In the left pane, go to 'SQL Server Network Configuration' -> 'Protocols for [instance-name]' Right-click on both 'Named Pipes' and 'TCP/IP' and select 'enable'. Have you used the correct port? Double-click on 'TCP/IP' Select 'IP Addresses' tab Scroll to IPAII. Your port number is here. Restart the 'SQL Server ([instance-name])' windows service.

Can connectionist models of phonology assembly account for phonology? Connectionist models have gained considerable success as accounts of how printed words are named. Their success challenges the view of grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences (GPCs) as rules. By extension, however, this challenge is sometimes interpreted also as evidence against linguistic rules and variables. This inference tacitly assumes that the generalizations inherent in reading (specifically, GPCs) are similar in their scope to linguistic generalizations and that they are each reducible to token associations. I examine this assumption by comparing the scope of generalizations required for mapping graphemes to phonemes and several linguistic phonological generalizations. Marcus (1998b) distinguishes between two types of generalizations: those that fall within a model's training space and those that exceed it. The scope of generalizations is determined by the model's representational choices--specifically, the implementation of operations over mental variables. An analysis of GPCs suggests that such generalizations do not appeal to variables; hence, they may not exceed the training space. Likewise, certain phonological regularities, such as syllable phonotactic constraints and place assimilation, may be captured by an associative process. In contrast, other phonological processes appeal to variables; hence, such generalizations potentially exceed the training space. I discuss one such case, the obligatory contour principle. I demonstrate that speakers conform to this constraint and that their behavior is inexplicable by the statistical structure of the language. This analysis suggests that, unlike GPCs, phonological generalizations may exceed the training space. Thus, despite their success in modeling GPCs, eliminative connectionist models of phonology assembly may be unable to provide a complete account for phonology. To the extent that reading is subject to phonological constraints, its modeling may require implementing operations over variables.

**BACKGROUND:** Skin flap vascularity is a critical determinant of aesthetic results in autologous ear reconstruction. In this work, we investigate the utility of intraoperative laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) as an adjunctive measure of skin flap vascularity in pediatric autologous ear reconstruction. **METHODS:** 21 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing first stage autologous total ear reconstruction were retrospectively evaluated. The first 10 patients were treated traditionally (non-ICGA) and the latter 11 patients were evaluated with ICGA intraoperatively after implantation of the cartilage construct and administration of suction. Relative and absolute perfusion units in the form of contour maps were generated. Statistical analyses were performed using independent sample Student's t test. **RESULTS:** Statistically significant differences in exposure and infection were not found between the two groups. However, decreased numbers of surgical revisions were required in cases with ICGA versus without ICGA (p=0.03), suggesting that greater certainty in skin flap perfusion correlated to a reduction in revision surgeries. In cases of exposure, we found an average lowest absolute perfusion unit of 14.3 whereas cases without exposure had an average of 26.1 (p=0.02), thereby defining objective parameters for utilizing ICGA data in tailoring surgical decision making for this special population of patients. **CONCLUSIONS:** Defined quantitative parameters for utilizing ICGA in evaluating skin flap vascularity may be a useful adjunctive technique in pediatric autologous ear reconstruction.

Fake Cop Charged With Oakland Park Drug Ripoff OAKLAND PARK (CBSMiami.com) – A Broward man who allegedly committed a crime while dressed as a cop is now in the hands of the real cops, who aren’t happy he used his impersonation to steal drugs from a man. The Broward Sheriff’s Office arrested Damian Bassetti Friday afternoon and charged him with three felonies, including armed robbery, armed burglary, and impersonating a police officer. The arrest report said Barretti broke into an Oakland Park home Thursday afternoon, armed with pepper spray, a stun gun, and wearing a black shirt with the words POLICE. The report said he found the man who lived there in bed, attacked him with the stun gun and the pepper spray, and demanded drugs from the man. Investigators said Barretti took Oxycodone pills from the victim and fled. Even though the alleged police officer disguised himself with a bandanna, and appeared to be talking with other officers on a walkie-talkie, the victim said he recognized him from past dealings, and knew he was not a cop. When police put his picture in a photo lineup, the victim picked Bassetti. After BSO arrested the man, the arrest report claims he confessed to the scheme and admitted impersonating a cop to get drugs.

Q: What is a best practice to fix a bug in an old release version? I have a GitHub project with few releases: 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.1 I was asked to fix a bug in version 1.5. What is the best practice to do it? Shall I check out the 1.5, fix the bug and push it as 1.5.1? Is this a proper way? A: Yes, this is exactly what you should be doing. Since you won't be able to change the commit the tag refers to without major ramifications, branching off of the tag is the most logical solution here.

Germany The Maybach - For Those Who Have Everything Are you tired of your beat up Honda Civic? And are you looking for a new car with a little more pizzazz? If you think a Rolls Royce is just too common, the Maybach could be your car of the future. Maybach - a legendary name returns after 60 years When looking at the new models that are being unveiled at the Geneva Car Show from March 7 to 17th, you're liable to think that there never was a recession. Luxury cars are taking the spotlight at the annual automobile fair. German car manufacturer Volkswagen's new luxury car Phaeton BMW is presenting a more luxurious version of its flagship 7 series and Volkswagen shows off its high-end "Phaeton." But one of the new cars that is due to cause the most "ooh's" and "ahs" in Geneva is the newest top-end car by Mercedes Benz - the Maybach. Reviving the Maybach legend With the name Maybach, Mercedes Benz pays tribute to the automobile designer Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) and his son Karl. In the 1920s and 1930s, Maybach cars were among the most luxurious vehicles on the German market. Only some 1,800 of these exclusive cars were built in a 20 year period. Maybachs were popular with the celebrities of the time: Marlene Dietrich owned one, as did Enrico Caruso and the boxing legend Max Schmeling. The first new Maybach in 60 years On Tuesday, Mercedes Benz granted journalists a first glimpse of the new Maybach. But the German car-makers succeeded in creating a veritable aura for their newest product: no one got to see the Maybach up close - let alone touch it or take it for a spin. At Tuesday's press presentation, the Maybach was only barely visible behind a dark glass screen. The world will still have to wait a little longer to get its hands on the first Maybach in more than half a century. High-tech and luxury on wheels But even though no ordinary mortal has seen the new Maybach yet, a few facts about this ultimate luxury car have already emerged. The Maybach will have 550 horsepower and is almost six meters long (19 feet). Under the hood, it sports a V12 engine which boasts a cubic capacity of just under six liters. Specially trained engineers and craftsmen will largely produce each Maybach by hand. Mercedes expects up to 1,500 Maybach cars will be made per year. The Maybach costs more than € 300,000 ($ 261,000). But for that kind of money, the highly exclusive clientele will get what's been described as "a living room on wheels".

# V. S. NAIPAUL # _A House for Mr. Biswas_ V. S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad in 1932. He went to England on a scholarship in 1950. After four years at Oxford he began to write, and since then he has followed no other profession. He is the author of more than twenty books of fiction and nonfiction and the recipient of numerous honors, including the Booker Prize in 1971 and a knighthood for services to literature in 1990. He lives in Wiltshire, England. # _Also by_ V. S. Naipaul NONFICTION _Between Father and Son: Family Letters_ _Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples_ _India: A Million Mutinies Now_ _A Turn in the South_ _Finding the Center_ _Among the Believers_ _The Return of Eva Perón_ (with _The Killings in Trinidad_ ) _India: A Wounded Civilization_ _The Overcrowded Barracoon_ _The Loss of El Dorado_ _An Area of Darkness_ _The Middle Passage_ FICTION _A Way in the World_ _The Enigma of Arrival_ _A Bend in the River_ _Guerrillas_ _In a Free State_ _A Flag on the Island_ _The Mimic Men_ _Mr. Stone and the Knights Companion_ _Miguel Street_ * _The Suffrage of Elvira_ * _The Mystic Masseur*_ *Published in an omnibus edition entitled _Three Novels_ FIRST VINTAGE INTERNATIONAL EDITION, MARCH 2001 _Copyright © 1961, 1969, copyright renewed 1989 by V.S. Naipaul_ All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. Originally published in hardcover in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, in 1961. Vintage is a registered trademark and Vintage International and colophon are trademarks of Random House, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Naipaul, V. S. (Vidiadhar Surajprasad), 1932– A house for Mr. Biswas / V. S. Naipaul—1st Vintage Books ed. p. cm. 1. East Indians—Trinidad and Tobago—Fiction. 2. Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago)—Fiction. 3. Middle aged men—Fiction. 4. Home ownership—Fiction. 5. Homeowners—Fiction. I. Title: House for Mister Biswas. II. Title. PR9272.9.N32 H6 2001 823′.914—dc21 00-049056 eISBN: 978-0-307-77655-6 www.vintagebooks.com v3.1 # Contents _Cover_ _About the Author_ _Other Books by This Author_ _Title Page_ _Copyright_ Prologue PART ONE 1. Pastoral 2. Before the Tulsis 3. The Tulsis 4. The Chase 5. Green Vale 6. A Departure PART TWO 1. 'Amazing Scenes' 2. The New Régime 3. The Shorthills Adventure 4. Among the Readers and Learners 5. The Void 6. The Revolution 7. The House Epilogue # Prologue TEN WEEKS before he died, Mr Mohun Biswas, a journalist of Sikkim Street, St James, Port of Spain, was sacked. He had been ill for some time. In less than a year he had spent more than nine weeks at the Colonial Hospital and convalesced at home for even longer. When the doctor advised him to take a complete rest the _Trinidad Sentinel_ had no choice. It gave Mr Biswas three months' notice and continued, up to the time of his death, to supply him every morning with a free copy of the paper. Mr Biswas was forty-six, and had four children. He had no money. His wife Shama had no money. On the house in Sikkim Street Mr Biswas owed, and had been owing for four years, three thousand dollars. The interest on this, at eight per cent, came to twenty dollars a month; the ground rent was ten dollars. Two children were at school. The two older children, on whom Mr Biswas might have depended, were both abroad on scholarships. It gave Mr Biswas some satisfaction that in the circumstances Shama did not run straight off to her mother to beg for help. Ten years before that would have been her first thought. Now she tried to comfort Mr Biswas, and devised plans on her own. 'Potatoes,' she said. 'We can start selling potatoes. The price around here is eight cents a pound. If we buy at five and sell at seven –' 'Trust the Tulsi bad blood,' Mr Biswas said. 'I know that the pack of you Tulsis are financial geniuses. But have a good look around and count the number of people selling potatoes. Better to sell the old car.' 'No. Not the car. Don't worry. We'll manage.' 'Yes,' Mr Biswas said irritably. 'We'll manage.' No more was heard of the potatoes, and Mr Biswas never threatened again to sell the car. He didn't now care to do anything against his wife's wishes. He had grown to accept her judgement and to respect her optimism. He trusted her. Since they had moved to the house Shama had learned a new loyalty, to him and to their children; away from her mother and sisters, she was able to express this without shame, and to Mr Biswas this was a triumph almost as big as the acquiring of his own house. He thought of the house as his own, though for years it had been irretrievably mortgaged. And during these months of illness and despair he was struck again and again by the wonder of being in his own house, the audacity of it: to walk in through his own front gate, to bar entry to whoever he wished, to close his doors and windows every night, to hear no noises except those of his family, to wander freely from room to room and about his yard, instead of being condemned, as before, to retire the moment he got home to the crowded room in one or the other of Mrs Tulsi's houses, crowded with Shama's sisters, their husbands, their children. As a boy he had moved from one house of strangers to another; and since his marriage he felt he had lived nowhere but in the houses of the Tulsis, at Hanuman House in Arwacas, in the decaying wooden house at Shorthills, in the clumsy concrete house in Port of Spain. And now at the end he found himself in his own house, on his own half-lot of land, his own portion of the earth. That he should have been responsible for this seemed to him, in these last months, stupendous. The house could be seen from two or three streets away and was known all over St James. It was like a huge and squat sentry-box: tall, square, two-storeyed, with a pyramidal roof of corrugated iron. It had been designed and built by a solicitor's clerk who built houses in his spare time. The solicitor's clerk had many contacts. He bought land which the City Council had announced was not for sale; he persuaded estate owners to split whole lots into half-lots; he bought lots of barely reclaimed swamp land near Mucurapo and got permission to build on them. On whole lots or three-quarter-lots he built one-storey houses, twenty feet by twenty-six, which could pass unnoticed; on half-lots he built two-storey houses, twenty feet by thirteen, which were distinctive. All his houses were assembled mainly from frames from the dismantled American Army camps at Docksite, Pompeii Savannah and Fort Read. The frames did not always match, but they enabled the solicitor's clerk to pursue his hobby with little professional help. On the ground floor of Mr Biswas's two-storey house the solicitor's clerk had put a tiny kitchen in one corner; the remaining L-shaped space, unbroken, served as drawingroom and diningroom. Between the kitchen and the diningroom there was a doorway but no door. Upstairs, just above the kitchen, the clerk had constructed a concrete room which contained a toilet bowl, a wash-basin and a shower; because of the shower this room was perpetually wet. The remaining L-shaped space was broken up into a bedroom, a verandah, a bedroom. Because the house faced west and had no protection from the sun, in the afternoon only two rooms were comfortably habitable: the kitchen downstairs and the wet bathroom-and-lavatory upstairs. In his original design the solicitor's clerk seemed to have forgotten the need for a staircase to link both floors, and what he had provided had the appearance of an afterthought. Doorways had been punched in the eastern wall and a rough wooden staircase – heavy planks on an uneven frame with one warped unpainted banister, the whole covered with a sloping roof of corrugated iron – hung precariously at the back of the house, in striking contrast with the white-pointed brickwork of the front, the white woodwork and the frosted glass of doors and windows. For this house Mr Biswas had paid five thousand five hundred dollars. Mr Biswas had built two houses of his own and spent much time looking at houses. Yet he was inexperienced. The houses he had built had been crude wooden things in the country, not much better than huts. And during his search for a house he had always assumed new and modern concrete houses, bright with paint, to be beyond him; and he had looked at few. So when he was faced with one which was accessible, with a solid, respectable, modern front, he was immediately dazzled. He had never visited the house when the afternoon sun was on it. He had first gone one afternoon when it was raining, and the next time, when he had taken the children, it was evening. Of course there were houses to be bought for two thousand and three thousand dollars, on a whole lot, in rising parts of the city. But these houses were old and decaying, with no fences and no conveniences of any sort. Often on one lot there was a conglomeration of two or three miserable houses, with every room of every house let to a separate family who couldn't legally be got out. What a change from those backyards, overrun with chickens and children, to the drawingroom of the solicitor's clerk who, coatless, tieless and in slippers, looked relaxed and comfortable in his morris chair, while the heavy red curtains, reflecting on the polished floor, made the scene as cosy and rich as something in an advertisement! What a change from the Tulsi house! The solicitor's clerk lived in every house he built. While he lived in the house in Sikkim Street he was building another a discreet distance away, at Morvant. He had never married, and lived with his widowed mother, a gracious woman who gave Mr Biswas tea and cakes which she had baked herself. Between mother and son there was much affection, and this touched Mr Biswas, whose own mother, neglected by himself, had died five years before in great poverty. 'I can't tell you how sad it make me to leave this house,' the solicitor's clerk said, and Mr Biswas noted that though the man spoke dialect he was obviously educated and used dialect and an exaggerated accent only to express frankness and cordiality. 'Really for my mother's sake, man. That is the onliest reason why I have to move. The old queen can't manage the steps.' He nodded towards the back of the house, where the staircase was masked by heavy red curtains. 'Heart, you see. Could pass away any day.' Shama had disapproved from the first and never gone to see the house. When Mr Biswas asked her, 'Well, what you think?' Shama said, 'Think? Me? Since when you start thinking that I could think anything? If I am not good enough to go and see your house, I don't see how I could be good enough to say what I think.' 'Ah!' Mr Biswas said. 'Swelling up. Vexed. I bet you would be saying something different if it was your mother who was spending some of her dirty money to buy this house.' Shama sighed. 'Eh? You could only be happy if we just keep on living with your mother and the rest of your big, happy family. Eh?' 'I don't think anything. _You_ have the money, _you_ want to buy house, and I don't have to think anything.' The news that Mr Biswas was negotiating for a house of his own had gone around Shama's family. Suniti, a niece of twenty-seven, married, with two children, and abandoned for long periods by her husband, a handsome idler who looked after the railway buildings at Pokima Halt where trains stopped twice a day, Suniti said to Shama, 'I hear that you come like a big-shot, Aunt.' She didn't hide her amusement. 'Buying house and thing.' 'Yes, child,' Shama said, in her martyr's way. The exchange took place on the back steps and reached the ears of Mr Biswas, lying in pants and vest on the Slumberking bed in the room which contained most of the possessions he had gathered after forty-one years. He had carried on a war with Suniti ever since she was a child, but his contempt had never been able to quell her sarcasm. 'Shama,' he shouted, 'tell that girl to go back and help that worthless husband of hers to look after their goats at Pokima Halt.' The goats were an invention of Mr Biswas which never failed to irritate Suniti. 'Goats!' she said to the yard, and sucked her teeth. 'Well, some people at least have goats. Which is more than I could say for some other people.' 'Tcha!' Mr Biswas said softly; and, refusing to be drawn into an argument with Suniti, he turned on his side and continued to read the _Meditations_ of Marcus Aurelius. The very day the house was bought they began to see flaws in it. The staircase was dangerous; the upper floor sagged; there was no back door; most of the windows didn't close; one door could not open; the celotex panels under the eaves had fallen out and left gaps between which bats could enter the attic. They discussed these things as calmly as they could and took care not to express their disappointment openly. And it was astonishing how quickly this disappointment had faded, how quickly they had accommodated themselves to every peculiarity and awkwardness of the house. And once that had happened their eyes ceased to be critical, and the house became simply their house. When Mr Biswas came back from the hospital for the first time, he found that the house had been prepared for him. The small garden had been made tidy, the downstairs walls distempered. The Prefect motorcar was in the garage, driven there weeks before from the _Sentinel_ office by a friend. The hospital had been a void. He had stepped from that into a welcoming world, a new, ready-made world. He could not quite believe that he had made that world. He could not see why he should have a place in it. And everything by which he was surrounded was examined and rediscovered, with pleasure, surprise, disbelief. Every relationship, every possession. The kitchen safe. That was more than twenty years old. Shortly after his marriage he had bought it, white and new, from the carpenter at Arwacas, the netting unpainted, the wood still odorous; then, and for some time afterwards, sawdust stuck to your hand when you passed it along the shelves. How often he had stained and varnished it! And painted it too. Patches of the netting were clogged, and varnish and paint had made a thick uneven skin on the woodwork. And in what colours he had painted it! Blue and green and even black. In 1938, the week the Pope died and the _Sentinel_ came out with a black border, he had come across a large tin of yellow paint and painted everything yellow, even the typewriter. That had been acquired when, at the age of thirty-three, he had decided to become rich by writing for American and English magazines; a brief, happy, hopeful period. The typewriter had remained idle and yellow, and its colour had long since ceased to startle. And why, except that it had moved everywhere with them and they regarded it as one of their possessions, had they kept the hatrack, its glass now leprous, most of its hooks broken, its woodwork ugly with painting-over? The bookcase had been made at Shorthills by an out-of-work blacksmith who had been employed by the Tulsis as a cabinet-maker; he revealed his skill in his original craft in every bit of wood he had fashioned, every joint he had made, every ornament he had attempted. And the diningtable: bought cheaply from a Deserving Destitute who had got some money from the _Sentinel's_ Deserving Destitutes Fund and wished to show his gratitude to Mr Biswas. And the Slumberking bed, where he could no longer sleep because it was upstairs and he had been forbidden to climb steps. And the glass cabinet: bought to please Shama, still dainty, and still practically empty. And the morris suite: the last acquisition, it had belonged to the solicitor's clerk and had been left by him as a gift. And in the garage outside, the Prefect. But bigger than them all was the house, his house. How terrible it would have been, at this time, to be without it: to have died among the Tulsis, amid the squalor of that large, disintegrating and indifferent family; to have left Shama and the children among them, in one room; worse, to have lived without even attempting to lay claim to one's portion of the earth; to have lived and died as one had been born, unnecessary and unaccommodated. # PART ONE # 1. Pastoral SHORTLY BEFORE he was born there had been another quarrel between Mr Biswas's mother Bipti and his father Raghu, and Bipti had taken her three children and walked all the way in the hot sun to the village where her mother Bissoondaye lived. There Bipti had cried and told the old story of Raghu's miserliness: how he kept a check on every cent he gave her, counted every biscuit in the tin, and how he would walk ten miles rather than pay a cart a penny. Bipti's father, futile with asthma, propped himself up on his string bed and said, as he always did on unhappy occasions, 'Fate. There is nothing we can do about it.' No one paid him any attention. Fate had brought him from India to the sugar-estate, aged him quickly and left him to die in a crumbling mud hut in the swamplands; yet he spoke of Fate often and affectionately, as though, merely by surviving, he had been particularly favoured. While the old man talked on, Bissoondaye sent for the midwife, made a meal for Bipti's children and prepared beds for them. When the midwife came the children were asleep. Some time later they were awakened by the screams of Mr Biswas and the shrieks of the midwife. 'What is it?' the old man asked. 'Boy or girl?' 'Boy, boy,' the midwife cried. 'But what sort of boy? Six-fingered, and born in the wrong way.' The old man groaned and Bissoondaye said, 'I knew it. There is no luck for me.' At once, though it was night and the way was lonely, she left the hut and walked to the next village, where there was a hedge of cactus. She brought back leaves of cactus, cut them into strips and hung a strip over every door, every window, every aperture through which an evil spirit might enter the hut. But the midwife said, 'Whatever you do, this boy will eat up his own mother and father.' The next morning, when in the bright light it seemed that all evil spirits had surely left the earth, the pundit came, a small, thin man with a sharp satirical face and a dismissing manner. Bissoondaye seated him on the string bed, from which the old man had been turned out, and told him what had happened. 'Hm. Born in the wrong way. At midnight, you said.' Bissoondaye had no means of telling the time, but both she and the midwife had assumed that it was midnight, the inauspicious hour. Abruptly, as Bissoondaye sat before him with bowed and covered head, the pundit brightened, 'Oh, well. It doesn't matter. There are always ways and means of getting over these unhappy things.' He undid his red bundle and took out his astrological almanac, a sheaf of loose thick leaves, long and narrow, between boards. The leaves were brown with age and their musty smell was mixed with that of the red and ochre sandalwood paste that had been spattered on them. The pundit lifted a leaf, read a little, wet his forefinger on his tongue and lifted another leaf. At last he said, 'First of all, the features of this unfortunate boy. He will have good teeth but they will be rather wide, and there will be spaces between them. I suppose you know what that means. The boy will be a lecher and a spendthrift. Possibly a liar as well. It is hard to be sure about those gaps between the teeth. They might mean only one of those things or they might mean all three.' 'What about the six fingers, pundit?' 'That's a shocking sign, of course. The only thing I can advise is to keep him away from trees and water. Particularly water.' 'Never bath him?' 'I don't mean exactly that.' He raised his right hand, bunched the fingers and, with his head on one side, said slowly, 'One has to interpret what the book says.' He tapped the wobbly almanac with his left hand. 'And when the book says water, I think it means water in its natural form.' 'Natural form.' 'Natural form,' the pundit repeated, but uncertainly. 'I mean,' he said quickly, and with some annoyance, 'keep him away from rivers and ponds. And of course the sea. And another thing,' He added with satisfaction. 'He will have an unlucky sneeze.' He began to pack the long leaves of his almanac. 'Much of the evil this boy will undoubtedly bring will be mitigated if his father is forbidden to see him for twenty-one days.' 'That will be easy,' Bissoondaye said, speaking with emotion for the first time. 'On the twenty-first day the father _must_ see the boy. But not in the flesh.' 'In a mirror, pundit?' 'I would consider that ill-advised. Use a brass plate. Scour it well.' 'Of course.' 'You must fill this brass plate with coconut oil – which, by the way, you must make yourself from coconuts you have collected with your own hands – and in the reflection on this oil the father must see his son's face.' He tied the almanac together and rolled it in the red cotton wrapper which was also spattered with sandalwood paste. 'I believe that is all.' 'We forgot one thing, punditji. The name.' 'I can't help you completely there. But it seems to me that a perfectly safe prefix would be _Mo._ It is up to you to think of something to add to that.' 'Oh, punditji, you must help me. I can only think _of hun.'_ The pundit was surprised and genuinely pleased. 'But that is excellent. Excellent. _Mohun._ I couldn't have chosen better myself. For Mohun, as you know, means the beloved, and was the name given by the milkmaids to Lord Krishna.' His eyes softened at the thought of the legend and for a moment he appeared to forget Bissoondaye and Mr Biswas. From the knot at the end of her veil Bissoondaye took out a florin and offered it to the pundit, mumbling her regret that she could not give more. The pundit said that she had done her best and was not to worry. In fact he was pleased; he had expected less. * Mr Biswas lost his sixth finger before he was nine days old. It simply came off one night and Bipti had an unpleasant turn when, shaking out the sheets one morning, she saw this tiny finger tumble to the ground. Bissoondaye thought this an excellent sign and buried the finger behind the cowpen at the back of the house, not far from where she had buried Mr Biswas's navel-string. In the days that followed Mr Biswas was treated with attention and respect. His brothers and sisters were slapped if they disturbed his sleep, and the flexibility of his limbs was regarded as a matter of importance. Morning and evening he was massaged with coconut oil. All his joints were exercised; his arms and legs were folded diagonally across his red shining body; the big toe of his right foot was made to touch his left shoulder, the big toe of his left foot was made to touch his right shoulder, and both toes were made to touch his nose; finally, all his limbs were bunched together over his belly and then, with a clap and a laugh, released. Mr Biswas responded well to these exercises, and Bissoondaye became so confident that she decided to have a celebration on the ninth day. She invited people from the village and fed them. The pundit came and was unexpectedly gracious, though his manner suggested that but for his intervention there would have been no celebration at all. Jhagru, the barber, brought his drum, and Selochan did the Shiva dance in the cowpen, his body smeared all over with ash. There was an unpleasant moment when Raghu, Mr Biswas's father, appeared. He had walked; his dhoti and jacket were sweated and dusty. 'Well, this is very nice,' he said. 'Celebrating. And where is the father?' 'Leave this house at once,' Bissoondaye said, coming out of the kitchen at the side. 'Father! What sort of father do you call yourself, when you drive your wife away every time she gets heavy-footed?' 'That is none of your business,' Raghu said. 'Where is my son?' 'Go ahead. God has paid you back for your boasting and your meanness. Go and see your son. He will eat you up. Six-fingered, born in the wrong way. Go in and see him. He has an unlucky sneeze as well.' Raghu halted. 'Unlucky sneeze?' 'I have warned you. You can only see him on the twenty-first day. If you do anything stupid now the responsibility will be yours.' From his string bed the old man muttered abuse at Raghu. 'Shameless, wicked. When I see the behaviour of this man I begin to feel that the Black Age has come.' The subsequent quarrel and threats cleared the air. Raghu confessed he had been in the wrong and had already suffered much for it. Bipti said she was willing to go back to him. And he agreed to come again on the twenty-first day. To prepare for that day Bissoondaye began collecting dry coconuts. She husked them, grated the kernels and set about extracting the oil the pundit had prescribed. It was a long job of boiling and skimming and boiling again, and it was surprising how many coconuts it took to make a little oil. But the oil was ready in time, and Raghu came, neatly dressed, his hair plastered flat and shining, his moustache trimmed, and he was very correct as he took off his hat and went into the dark inner room of the hut which smelled warmly of oil and old thatch. He held his hat on the right side of his face and looked down into the oil in the brass plate. Mr Biswas, hidden from his father by the hat, and well wrapped from head to foot, was held face downwards over the oil. He didn't like it; he furrowed his forehead, shut his eyes tight and bawled. The oil rippled, clear amber, broke up the reflection of Mr Biswas's face, already distorted with rage, and the viewing was over. A few days later Bipti and her children returned home. And there Mr Biswas's importance steadily diminished. The time came when even the daily massage ceased. But he still carried weight. They never forgot that he was an unlucky child and that his sneeze was particularly unlucky. Mr Biswas caught cold easily and in the rainy season threatened his family with destitution. If, before Raghu left for the sugar-estate, Mr Biswas sneezed, Raghu remained at home, worked on his vegetable garden in the morning and spent the afternoon making walking-sticks and sabots, or carving designs on the hafts of cutlasses and the heads of walking-sticks. His favourite design was a pair of Wellingtons; he had never owned Wellingtons but had seen them on the overseer. Whatever he did, Raghu never left the house. Even so, minor mishaps often followed Mr Biswas's sneeze: threepence lost in the shopping, the breaking of a bottle, the upsetting of a dish. Once Mr Biswas sneezed on three mornings in succession. 'This boy will eat up his family in truth,' Raghu said. One morning, just after Raghu had crossed the gutter that ran between the road and his yard, he suddenly stopped. Mr Biswas had sneezed. Bipti ran out and said, 'It doesn't matter. He sneezed when you were already on the road.' 'But I heard him. Distinctly.' Bipti persuaded him to go to work. About an hour or two later, while she was cleaning the rice for the midday meal, she heard shouts from the road and went out to find Raghu lying in an ox-cart, his right leg swathed in bloody bandages. He was groaning, not from pain, but from anger. The man who had brought him refused to help him into the yard: Mr Biswas's sneeze was too well known. Raghu had to limp in leaning on Bipti's shoulder. 'This boy will make us all paupers,' Raghu said. He spoke from a deep fear. Though he saved and made himself and his family go without many things, he never ceased to feel that destitution was very nearly upon him. The more he hoarded, the more he felt he had to waste and to lose, and the more careful he became. Every Saturday he lined up with the other labourers outside the estate office to collect his pay. The overseer sat at a little table, on which his khaki cork hat rested, wasteful of space, but a symbol of wealth. On his left sat the Indian clerk, important, stern, precise, with small neat hands that wrote small neat figures in black ink and red ink in the tall ledger. As the clerk entered figures and called out names and amounts in his high, precise voice, the overseer selected coins from the columns of silver and the heaps of copper in front of him, and with greater deliberation extracted notes from the blue one-dollar stacks, the smaller red two-dollar stack and the very shallow green five-dollar stack. Few labourers earned five dollars a week; the notes were there to pay those who were collecting their wives' or husbands' wages as well as their own. Around the overseer's cork hat, and seeming to guard it, there were stiff blue paper bags, neatly serrated at the top, printed with large figures, and standing upright from the weight of coin inside them. Clean round perforations gave glimpses of the coin and, Raghu had been told, allowed it to breathe. These bags fascinated Raghu. He had managed to get a few and after many months and a little cheating – turning a shilling into twelve pennies, for example – he had filled them. Thereafter he had never been able to stop. No one, not even Bipti, knew where he hid these bags; but the word had got around that he buried his money and was possibly the richest man in the village. Such talk alarmed Raghu and, to counter it, he increased his austerities. Mr Biswas grew. The limbs that had been massaged and oiled twice a day now remained dusty and muddy and unwashed for days. The malnutrition that had given him the sixth finger of misfortune pursued him now with eczema and sores that swelled and burst and scabbed and burst again, until they stank; his ankles and knees and wrists and elbows were in particular afflicted, and the sores left marks like vaccination scars. Malnutrition gave him the shallowest of chests, the thinnest of limbs; it stunted his growth and gave him a soft rising belly. And yet, perceptibly, he grew. He was never aware of being hungry. It never bothered him that he didn't go to school. Life was unpleasant only because the pundit had forbidden him to go near ponds and rivers. Raghu was an excellent swimmer and Bipti wished him to train Mr Biswas's brothers. So every Sunday morning Raghu took Pratap and Prasad to swim in a stream not far off, and Mr Biswas stayed at home, to be bathed by Bipti and have all his sores ripped open by her strong rubbing with the blue soap. But in an hour or two the redness and rawness of the sores had faded, scabs were beginning to form, and Mr Biswas was happy again. He played at house with his sister Dehuti. They mixed yellow earth with water and made mud fireplaces; they cooked a few grains of rice in empty condensed milk tins; and, using the tops of tins as baking-stones, they made rotis. In these amusements Prasad and Pratap took no part. Nine and eleven respectively, they were past such frivolities, and had already begun to work, joyfully cooperating with the estates in breaking the law about the employment of children. They had developed adult mannerisms. They spoke with blades of grass between their teeth; they drank noisily and sighed, passing the back of their hands across their mouths; they ate enormous quantities of rice, patted their bellies and belched; and every Saturday they stood up in line to draw their pay. Their job was to look after the buffaloes that drew the cane-carts. The buffaloes' pleasance was a muddy, cloyingly sweet pool not far from the factory; here, with a dozen other thin-limbed boys, noisy, happy, over-energetic and with a full sense of their importance, Pratap and Prasad moved all day in the mud among the buffaloes. When they came home their legs were caked with the buffalo mud which, on drying, had turned white, so that they looked like the trees in fire-stations and police-stations which are washed with white lime up to the middle of their trunks. Much as he wanted to, it was unlikely that Mr Biswas would have joined his brothers at the buffalo pond when he was of age. There was the pundit's ruling against water; and though it could be argued that mud was not water, and though an accident there might have removed the source of Raghu's anxiety, neither Raghu nor Bipti would have done anything against the pundit's advice. In another two or three years, when he could be trusted with a sickle, Mr Biswas would be made to join the boys and girls of the grass-gang. Between them and the buffalo boys there were constant disputes, and there was no doubt who were superior. The buffalo boys, with their leggings of white mud, tickling the buffaloes and beating them with sticks, shouting at them and controlling them, exercised power. Whereas the children of the grass-gang, walking briskly along the road single file, their heads practically hidden by tall, wide bundles of wet grass, hardly able to see, and, because of the weight on their heads and the grass over their faces, unable to make more than slurred, brief replies to taunts, were easy objects of ridicule. And it was to be the grass-gang for Mr Biswas. Later he would move to the cane fields, to weed and clean and plant and reap; he would be paid by the task and his tasks would be measured out by a driver with a long bamboo rod. And there he would remain. He would never become a driver or a weigher because he wouldn't be able to read. Perhaps, after many years, he might save enough to rent or buy a few acres where he would plant his own canes, which he would sell to the estate at a price fixed by them. But he would achieve this only if he had the strength and optimism of his brother Pratap. For that was what Pratap did. And Pratap, illiterate all his days, was to become richer than Mr Biswas; he was to have a house of his own, a large, strong, well-built house, years before Mr Biswas. But Mr Biswas never went to work on the estates. Events which were to occur presently led him away from that. They did not lead him to riches, but made it possible for him to console himself in later life with the _Meditations_ of Marcus Aurelius, while he rested on the Slumberking bed in the one room which contained most of his possessions. Dhari, the next-door neighbour, bought a cow in calf, and when the calf was born, Dhari, whose wife went out to work and who had no children of his own, offered Mr Biswas the job of taking water to the calf during the day, at a penny a week. Raghu and Bipti were pleased. Mr Biswas loved the calf, for its big head that looked so insecurely attached to its slender body, for its knobbly shaky legs, its big sad eyes and pink stupid nose. He liked to watch the calf tugging fiercely and sloppily at its mother's udders, its thin legs splayed out, its head almost hidden under its mother's belly. And he did more than take water to the calf. He took it for walks across damp fields of razor grass and along the rutted lanes between the cane fields, anxious to feed it with grass of many sorts and unable to understand why the calf resented being led from one place to another. It was on one of these walks that Mr Biswas discovered the stream. It could not be here that Raghu brought Pratap and Prasad to swim: it was too shallow. But it was certainly here that Bipti and Dehuti came on Sunday afternoons to do the washing and returned with their fingers white and pinched. Between clumps of bamboo the stream ran over smooth stones of many sizes and colours, the cool sound of water blending with the rustle of the sharp leaves, the creaks of the tall bamboos when they swayed and their groans when they rubbed against one another. Mr Biswas stood in the stream and looked down. The swift movement of the water and the noise made him forget its shallowness, the stones felt slippery, and in a panic he scrambled up to the bank and looked at the water, now harmless again, while the calf stood idle and unhappy beside him, not caring for bamboo leaves. He continued to go to the forbidden stream. Its delights seemed endless. In a small eddy, dark in the shadow of the bank, he came upon a school of small black fish matching their background so well that they might easily have been mistaken for weeds. He lay down on the bamboo leaves and stretched out a hand slowly, but as soon as his fingers touched the water, the fish, with a wriggle and flick, were away. After that, when he saw the fish, he did not try to catch them. He would watch them and then drop things on the water. A dry bamboo leaf might cause a slight tremor among the fish; a bamboo twig might frighten them more; but if he remained still after that and dropped nothing the fish would become calm again. Then he would spit. Though he couldn't spit as well as his brother Pratap who, with casual violence, could make his spit resound wherever it fell, it pleased Mr Biswas to see his spit circling slowly above the black fish before being carried away into the main stream. Fishing he sometimes tried, with a thin bamboo rod, a length of string, a bent pin and no bait. The fish didn't bite; but if he wiggled the string violently they became frightened. When he had gazed at the fish long enough he dropped a stick into the water; it was good then to see the whole school instantly streaking away. Then one day Mr Biswas lost the calf. He had forgotten it, watching the fish. And when, after dropping the stick and scattering the fish, he remembered the calf, it had gone. He hunted for it along the banks and in the adjoining fields. He went back to the field where Dhari had left the calf that morning. The iron piquet, its head squashed and shiny from repeated poundings, was there, but no rope was attached to it, no calf. He spent a long time searching, in fields full of tall weeds with fluffy heads, in the gutters, like neat red gashes, between the fields, and among the sugarcane. He called for it, mooing softly so as not to attract the attention of people. Abruptly, he decided that the calf was lost for good; that the calf was anyway able to look after itself and would somehow make its way back to its mother in Dhari's yard. In the meantime the best thing for him to do would be to hide until the calf was found, or perhaps forgotten. It was getting late and he decided that the best place for him to hide would be at home. The afternoon was almost over. In the west the sky was gold and smoke. Most of the villagers were back from work, and Mr Biswas had to make his way home with caution, keeping close to hedges and sometimes hiding in gutters. Unseen, he came right up to the back boundary of their lot. On a stand between the hut and the cowpen he saw Bipti washing enamel, brass and tin dishes with ashes and water. He hid behind the hibiscus hedge. Pratap and Prasad came, blades of grass between their teeth, their close-fitting felt hats damp with sweat, their faces scorched by the sun and stained with sweat, their legs cased in white mud. Pratap threw a length of white cotton around his dirty trousers and undressed with expert adult modesty before using the calabash to throw water over himself from the big black oil barrel. Prasad stood on a board and began scraping the white mud off his legs. Bipti said, 'You boys will have to go and get some wood before it gets dark.' Prasad lost his temper; and, as though by scraping off the white mud he had lost the composure of adulthood, he flung his hat to the ground and cried like a child, 'Why do you ask me _now?_ Why do you ask me _every_ day? I am not going.' Raghu came to the back, an unfinished walking-stick in one hand and in the other a smoking wire with which he had been burning patterns into the stick. 'Listen, boy,' Raghu said. 'Don't feel that because you are earning money you are a man. Do what your mother asks. And go quickly, before I use this stick on you, even though it is unfinished.' He smiled at his joke. Mr Biswas became uneasy. Prasad, still raging, picked up his hat, and he and Pratap went away to the front of the house. Bipti took her dishes to the kitchen in the front verandah, where Dehuti would be helping with the evening meal. Raghu went back to his bonfire at the front. Mr Biswas slipped through the hibiscus fence, crossed the narrow, shallow gutter, grey-black and squelchy with the ashy water from the washing-up stand and the muddy water from Pratap's bath, and made his way to the small back verandah where there was a table, the only piece of carpenter-built furniture in the hut. From the verandah he went into his father's room, passed under the valance of the bed – planks resting on upright logs sunk into the earth floor – and prepared to wait. It was a long wait but he endured it without discomfort. Below the bed the smell of old cloth, dust and old thatch combined into one overpoweringly musty smell. Idly, to pass the time, he tried to disentangle one smell from the other, while his ears picked up the sounds in and around the hut. They were remote and dramatic. He heard the boys return and throw down the dry wood they had brought. Prasad still raged, Raghu warned, Bipti coaxed. Then all at once Mr Biswas became alert. 'Ey, Raghu?' He recognized Dhari's voice. 'Where is that youngest son of yours?' 'Mohun? Bipti, where is Mohun?' 'With Dhari's calf, I suppose.' 'Well, he isn't,' Dhari said. 'Prasad!' Bipti called. 'Pratap! Dehuti! Have you seen Mohun?' 'No, mai.' 'No, mai.' 'No, mai.' 'No, mai. No, mai. No, mai,' Raghu said. 'What the hell do you think it is? Go and look for him.' 'Oh _God!'_ Prasad cried. 'And you too, Dhari. It was your idea, getting Mohun to look after the calf. I hold you responsible.' 'The magistrate will have something else to say,' Dhari said. 'A calf is a calf, and for one who is not as rich as yourself-' 'I am sure nothing has happened,' Bipti said, 'Mohun knows he mustn't go near water.' Mr Biswas was startled by a sound of wailing. It came from Dhari. 'Water, water. Oh, the unlucky boy. Not content with eating up his mother and father, he is eating me up as well. Water! Oh, Mohun's mother, what you have said?' 'Water?' Raghu sounded puzzled. 'The pond, the pond,' Dhari wailed, and Mr Biswas heard him shouting to the neighbours, 'Raghu's son has drowned my calf in the pond. A nice calf. My first calf. My only calf.' Quickly a chattering crowd gathered. Many of them had been to the pond that afternoon; quite a number had seen a calf wandering about, and one or two had even seen a boy. 'Nonsense!' Raghu said. 'You are a pack of liars. The boy doesn't go near water.' He paused and added, 'The pundit especially forbade him to go near water in its natural form.' Lakhan the carter said, 'But this is a fine man. He doesn't seem to care whether his son is drowned or not.' 'How do you know what he thinks?' Bipti said. 'Leave him, leave him,' Raghu said, in an injured, forgiving tone. 'Mohun is _my_ son. And if I don't care whether he is drowned or not, that is _my_ business.' 'What about my calf?' Dhari said. 'I don't care about your calf. Pratap! Prasad! Dehuti! Have you seen your brother?' 'No, father.' 'No, father.' 'No, father.' 'I will go and dive for him,' Lakhan said. 'You are _very_ anxious to show off,' Raghu said. 'Oh!' Bipti cried. 'Stop this bickering-ickering and let us go to look for the boy.' 'Mohun is _my_ son,' Raghu said. 'And if anybody is going to dive for him, it will be me. And I pray to God, Dhari, that when I get to the bottom of that pond I find your wretched calf.' 'Witnesses!' Dhari said. 'You are all my witnesses. Those words will have to be repeated in court.' 'To the pond! To the pond!' the villagers said, and the news was shouted to those just arriving: 'Raghu is going to dive for his son in the pond.' Mr Biswas, under his father's bed, had listened at first with pleasure, then with apprehension. Raghu came into the room, breathing heavily and swearing at the village. Mr Biswas heard him undress and shout for Bipti to come and rub him down with coconut oil. She came and rubbed him down and they both left the room. From the road chatter and the sound of footsteps rose, and slowly faded. Mr Biswas came out from under the bed and was dismayed to find that the hut was dark. In the next room someone began to cry. He went to the doorway and looked. It was Dehuti. From the nail on the wall she had taken down his shirt and two vests and was pressing them to her face. 'Sister,' he whispered. She heard and saw, and her sobs turned to screams. Mr Biswas didn't know what to do. 'It's all right, it's all right,' he said, but the words were useless, and he went back to his father's room. Just in time, for at that moment Sadhu, the very old man who lived two houses away, came and asked what was wrong, his words whistling through the gaps in his teeth. Dehuti continued to scream. Mr Biswas put his hands into his trouser pockets and, through the holes in them, pressed his fingers on his thighs. Sadhu led Dehuti away. Outside, from an unknown direction, a frog honked, then made a sucking, bubbling noise. The crickets were already chirping. Mr Biswas was alone in the dark hut, and frightened. * The pond lay in swampland. Weeds grew all over its surface and from a distance it appeared to be no more than a shallow depression. In fact it was full of abrupt depths and the villagers liked to think that these were immeasurable. There were no trees or hills around, so that though the sun had gone, the sky remained high and light. The villagers stood silently around the safe edge of the pond. The frogs honked and the poor-me-one bird began to say the mournful words that gave it its name. The mosquitoes were already active; from time to time a villager slapped his arm or lifted a leg and slapped that. Lakhan the carter said, 'He's been down there too long.' Bipti frowned. Before Lakhan could take off his shirt Raghu broke the surface, puffed out his cheeks, spat out a long thin arc of water and took deep resounding breaths. The water rolled off his oiled skin, but his moustache had collapsed over his upper lip and his hair fell in a fringe over his forehead. Lakhan gave him a hand up. 'I believe there is something down there,' Raghu said. 'But it is very dark.' Far away the low trees were black against the fading sky; the orange streaks of sunset were smudged with grey, as if by dirty thumbs. Bipti said, 'Let Lakhan dive.' Someone else said, 'Leave it till tomorrow.' 'Till tomorrow?' Raghu said. 'And poison the water for everybody?' Lakhan said, 'I will go.' Raghu, panting, shook his head. 'My son. _My_ duty.' 'And my calf,' Dhari said. Raghu ignored him. He ran his hands through his hair, puffed out his cheeks, put his hands to his sides and belched. In a moment he was in the water again. The pond didn't permit stylish diving; Raghu merely let himself down. The water broke and rippled. The gleam it got from the sky was fading. While they waited a cool wind came down from the hills to the north; between the shaking weeds the water shimmered like sequins. Lakhan said, 'He's coming up now. I believe he's got something.' They knew what it was from Dhari's cry. Then Bipti began to scream, and Pratap and Prasad and all the women, while the men helped to lift the calf to the bank. One of its sides was green with slime; its thin limbs were ringed with vinelike weeds, still fresh and thick and green. Raghu sat on the bank, looking down between his legs at the dark water. Lakhan said, 'Let me go down now and look for the boy.' 'Yes, man,' Bipti pleaded. 'Let him go.' Raghu remained where he was, breathing deeply, his dhoti clinging to his skin. Then he was in the water and the villagers were silent again. They waited, looking at the calf, looking at the pond. Lakhan said, 'Something has happened.' A woman said, 'No stupid talk now, Lakhan. Raghu is a great diver.' 'I know, I know,' Lakhan said. 'But he's been diving too long.' Then they were all still. Someone had sneezed. They turned to see Mr Biswas standing some distance away in the gloom, the toe of one foot scratching the ankle of the other. Lakhan was in the pond. Pratap and Prasad rushed to hustle Mr Biswas away. 'That boy!' Dhari said. 'He has murdered my calf and now he has eaten up his own father.' Lakhan brought up Raghu unconscious. They rolled him on the damp grass and pumped water out of his mouth and through his nostrils. But it was too late. 'Messages,' Bipti kept on saying. 'We must send messages.' And messages were taken everywhere by willing and excited villagers. The most important message went to Bipti's sister Tara at Pagotes. Tara was a person of standing. It was her fate to be childless, but it was also her fate to have married a man who had, at one bound, freed himself from the land and acquired wealth; already he owned a rumshop and a dry goods shop, and he had been one of the first in Trinidad to buy a motorcar. Tara came and at once took control. Her arms were encased from wrist to elbow with silver bangles which she had often recommended to Bipti: 'They are not very pretty, but one clout from this arm will settle any attacker.' She also wore earrings and a _nakphul,_ a 'nose-flower'. She had a solid gold yoke around her neck and thick silver bracelets on her ankles. In spite of all her jewellery she was energetic and capable, and had adopted her husband's commanding manner. She left the mourning to Bipti and arranged everything else. She had brought her own pundit, whom she continually harangued; she instructed Pratap how to behave during the ceremonies; and she had even brought a photographer. She urged Prasad, Dehuti and Mr Biswas to behave with dignity and to keep out of the way, and she ordered Dehuti to see that Mr Biswas was properly dressed. As the baby of the family Mr Biswas was treated by the mourners with honour and sympathy, though this was touched with a little dread. Embarrassed by their attentions, he moved about the hut and yard, thinking he could detect a new, raw smell in the air. There was also a strange taste in his mouth; he had never eaten meat, but now he felt he had eaten raw white flesh; nauseating saliva rose continually at the back of his throat and he had to keep on spitting, until Tara said, 'What's the matter with you? Are you pregnant?' Bipti was bathed. Her hair, still wet, was neatly parted and the parting filled with red henna. Then the henna was scooped out and the parting filled with charcoal dust. She was now a widow forever. Tara gave a short scream and at her signal the other women began to wail. On Bipti's wet black hair there were still spots of henna, like drops of blood. Cremation was forbidden and Raghu was to be buried. He lay in a coffin in the bedroom, dressed in his finest dhoti, jacket and turban, his beads around his neck and down his jacket. The coffin was strewed with marigolds which matched his turban. Pratap, the eldest son, did the last rites, walking round the coffin. 'Photo now,' Tara said. 'Quick. Get them all together. For the last time.' The photographer, who had been smoking under the mango tree, went into the hut and said, 'Too dark.' The men became interested and gave advice while the women wailed. 'Take it outside. Lean it against the mango tree.' 'Light a lamp.' 'It _couldn't_ be too dark.' 'What do you know? You've never had your photo taken. Now, what I suggest –' The photographer, of mixed Chinese, Negro and European blood, did not understand what was being said. In the end he and some of the men took the coffin out to the verandah and stood it against the wall. 'Careful! Don't let him fall out.' 'Goodness. All the marigolds have dropped out.' 'Leave them,' the photographer said in English. 'Is a nice little touch. Flowers on the ground.' He set up his tripod in the yard, just under the ragged eaves of thatch, and put his head under the black cloth. Tara roused Bipti from her grief, arranged Bipti's hair and veil, and dried Bipti's eyes. 'Five people all together,' the photographer said to Tara. 'Hard to know just how to arrange them. It look to me that it would have to be two one side and three the other side. You sure you want all five?' Tara was firm. The photographer sucked his teeth, but not at Tara. 'Look, look. Why nobody ain't put anything to chock up the coffin and prevent it from slipping?' Tara had that attended to. The photographer said, 'All right then. Mother and biggest son on either side. Next to mother, young boy and young girl. Next to big son, smaller son.' There was more advice from the men. 'Make them look at the coffin.' 'At the mother.' 'At the youngest boy.' The photographer settled the matter by telling Tara, 'Tell them to look at me.' Tara translated, and the photographer went under his cloth. Almost immediately he came out again. 'How about making the mother and the biggest boy put their hands on the edge of the coffin?' This was done and the photographer went back under his cloth. 'Wait!' Tara cried, running out from the hut with a fresh garland of marigolds. She hung it around Raghu's neck and said to the photographer in English, 'All right. Draw your photo now.' Mr Biswas never owned a copy of the photograph and he did not see it until 1937, when it made its appearance, framed in passepartout, on the wall of the drawingroom of Tara's fine new house at Pagotes, a little lost among many other photographs of funeral groups, many oval portraits with blurred edges of more dead friends and relations, and coloured prints of the English countryside. The photograph had faded to the lightest brown and was partially defaced by the large heliotrope stamp of the photographer, still bright, and his smudged sprawling signature in soft black pencil. Mr Biswas was astonished at his own smallness. The scabs of sores and the marks of eczema showed clearly on his knobbly knees and along his very thin arms and legs. Everyone in the photograph had unnaturally large, staring eyes which seemed to have been outlined in black. Tara was right when she said that the photograph was to be a record of the family all together for the last time. For in a few days Mr Biswas and Bipti, Pratap and Prasad and Dehuti had left Parrot Trace and the family split up for good. It began on the evening of the funeral. Tara said, 'Bipti, you must give me Dehuti.' Bipti had been hoping that Tara would make the suggestion. In four or five years Dehuti would have to be married and it was better that she should be given to Tara. She would learn manners, acquire graces and, with a dowry from Tara, might even make a good match. 'If you are going to have someone,' Tara said, 'it is better to have one of your own family. That is what I always say. I don't want strangers poking their noses into my kitchen and bedroom.' Bipti agreed that it was better to have servants from one's own family. And Pratap and Prasad and even Mr Biswas, who had not been asked, nodded, as though the problem of servants was one they had given much thought. Dehuti looked down at the floor, shook her long hair and mumbled a few words which meant that she was far too small to be consulted, but was very pleased. 'Get her new clothes,' Tara said, fingering the georgette skirt and satin petticoat Dehuti had worn for the funeral. 'Get her some jewels.' She put a thumb and finger around Dehuti's wrist, lifted her face, and turned up the lobe of her ear. 'Earrings. Good thing you had them pierced, Bipti. She won't need these sticks now.' In the holes in her lobe Dehuti wore pieces of the thin hard spine of the blades of the coconut branch. Tara playfully pulled Dehuti's nose. _'Nakphul_ too. You would like a nose-flower?' Dehuti smiled shyly, not looking up. 'Well,' Tara said, 'fashions are changing all the time these days. I am just oldfashioned, that is all.' She stroked her gold nose-flower. 'It is expensive to be oldfashioned.' 'She will satisfy you,' Bipti said. 'Raghu had no money. But he trained his children well. Training, piety –' 'Quite,' Tara said. 'The time for crying is over, Bipti. How much money did Raghu leave you?' 'Nothing. I don't know.' 'What do you mean? Are you trying to keep secrets from me? Everyone in the village knows that Raghu had a lot of money. I am sure he has left you enough to start a nice little business.' Pratap sucked his teeth. 'He was a miser, that one. He used to hide his money.' Tara said, 'Is this the training and piety your father gave you?' They searched. They pulled out Raghu's box from under the bed and looked for false bottoms; at Bipti's suggestion they looked for any joint that might reveal a hiding-place in the timber itself. They poked the sooty thatch and ran their hands over the rafters; they tapped the earth floor and the bamboo-and-mud walls; they examined Raghu's walking-sticks, taking out the ferrules, Raghu's only extravagance; they dismantled the bed and uprooted the logs on which it stood. They found nothing. Bipti said, 'I don't suppose he had any money really.' 'You are a fool,' Tara said, and it was in this mood of annoyance that she ordered Bipti to pack Dehuti's bundle and took Dehuti away. Because no cooking could be done at their house, they ate at Sadhu's. The food was unsalted and as soon as he began to chew, Mr Biswas felt he was eating raw flesh and the nauseous saliva filled his mouth again. He hurried outside to empty his mouth and clean it, but the taste remained. And Mr Biswas screamed when, back at the hut, Bipti put him to bed and threw Raghu's blanket over him. The blanket was hairy and prickly; it seemed to be the source of the raw, fresh smell he had been smelling all day. Bipti let him scream until he was tired and fell asleep in the yellow, wavering light of the oil lamp which left the corners in darkness. She watched the wick burn lower and lower until she heard the snores of Pratap, who snored like a big man, and the heavy breathing of Mr Biswas and Prasad. She slept only fitfully herself. It was quiet inside the hut, but outside the noises were loud and continuous: mosquitoes, bats, frogs, crickets, the poor-me-one. If the cricket missed a chirp the effect was disturbing and she awoke. She was awakened from a light sleep by a new noise. At first she couldn't be sure. But the nearness of the noise and its erratic sequence disturbed her. It was a noise she heard every day but now, isolated in the night, it was hard to place. It came again: a thud, a pause, a prolonged snapping, then a series of gentler thuds. And it came again. Then there was another noise, of bottles breaking, muffled, as though the bottles were full. And she knew the noises came from her garden. Someone was stumbling among the bottles Raghu had buried neck downwards around the flower-beds. She roused Prasad and Pratap. Mr Biswas, awaking to hushed talk and a room of dancing shadows, closed his eyes to keep out the danger; at once, as on the day before, everything became dramatic and remote. Pratap gave walking-sticks to Prasad and Bipti. Carefully he unbolted the small window, then pushed it out with sudden vigour. The garden was lit up by a hurricane lamp. A man was working a fork into the ground among the bottle-borders. 'Dhari!' Bipti called. Dhari didn't look up or reply. He went on forking, rocking the implement in the earth, tearing the roots that kept the earth firm. 'Dhari!' He began to sing a wedding song. 'The cutlass!' Pratap said. 'Give me the cutlass.' 'O God! No, no,' Bipti said. 'I'll go out and beat him like a snake,' Pratap said, his voice rising out of control. 'Prasad? Mai?' 'Close the window,' Bipti said. The singing stopped and Dhari said, 'Yes, close the window and go to sleep. I am here to look after you.' Violently Bipti pulled the small window to, bolted it and kept her hand on the bolt. The digging and the breaking bottles continued. Dhari sang: _In your daily tasks be resolute._ _Fear no one, and trust in God._ 'Dhari isn't in this alone,' Bipti said. 'Don't provoke him.' Then, as though it not only belittled Dhari's behaviour but gave protection to them all, she added, 'He is only after your father's money. Let him look.' Mr Biswas and Prasad were soon asleep again. Bipti and Pratap remained up until they had heard the last of Dhari's songs and his fork no longer dug into the earth and broke bottles. They did not speak. Only, once, Bipti said, 'Your father always warned me about the people of this village.' Pratap and Prasad awoke when it was still dark, as they always did. They did not talk about what had happened and Bipti insisted that they should go to the buffalo pond as usual. As soon as it was light she went out to the garden. The flower-beds had been dug up; dew lay on the upturned earth which partially buried uprooted plants, already limp and quailing. The vegetable patch had not been forked, but tomato plants had been cut down, stakes broken and pumpkins slashed. 'Oh, wife of Raghu!' a man called from the road, and she saw Dhari jump across the gutter. Absently, he picked a dew-wet leaf from the hibiscus shrub, crushed it in his palm, put it in his mouth and came towards her, chewing. Her anger rose. 'Get out! At once! Do you call yourself a man? You are a shameless vagabond. Shameless and cowardly.' He walked past her, past the hut, to the garden. Chewing, he considered the damage. He was in his working clothes, his cutlass in its black leather sheath at his waist, his enamel food-carrier in one hand, his calabash of water hanging from his shoulder. 'Oh, wife of Raghu, what have they done?' 'I hope you found something to make you happy, Dhari.' He shrugged, looking down at the ruined flower-beds. 'They will keep on looking, _maharajin.'_ 'Everybody knows you lost your calf. But that was an accident. What about –' 'Yes, yes. My calf. Accident.' 'I will remember you for this, Dhari. And Raghu's sons won't forget you either.' 'He was a great diver.' 'Savage! Get out!' 'Willingly.' He spat out the hibiscus leaf on to a flowerbed. 'I just wanted to tell you that these wicked men will come again. Why don't you help them, _maharajin?'_ There was no one Bipti could ask for help. She distrusted the police, and Raghu had no friends. Moreover, she didn't know who might be in league with Dhari. That night they gathered all Raghu's sticks and cutlasses and waited. Mr Biswas closed his eyes and listened, but as the hours passed he found it hard to remain alert. He was awakened by whispers and movement in the hut. Far away, it seemed, someone was singing a slow, sad wedding song. Bipti and Prasad were standing. Cutlass in hand, Pratap moved in a frenzy between the window and the door, so swiftly that the flame of the oil lamp blew this way and that, and once, with a plopping sound, disappeared. The room sank into darkness. A moment later the flame returned, rescuing them. The singing drew nearer, and when it was almost upon them they heard, mingled with it, chatter and soft laughter. Bipti unbolted the window, pushed it open a crack, and saw the garden ablaze with lanterns. 'Three of them,' she whispered. 'Lakhan, Dhari, Oumadh.' Pratap pushed Bipti aside, flung the window wide open and screamed, 'Get out! Get out! I will kill you all.' 'Shh,' Bipti said, pulling Pratap away and trying to close the window. 'Raghu's son,' a man said from the garden. 'Don't sh me,' Pratap screamed, turning on Bipti. Tears came to his eyes and his voice broke into sobs. 'I will kill them all.' 'Noisy little fellow,' another man said. 'I will come back and kill you all,' Pratap shouted. 'I promise you.' Bipti took him in her arms and comforted him, like a child, and in the same gentle, unalarmed voice said, 'Prasad, close the window. And go to sleep.' 'Yes, son.' They recognized Dhari's voice. 'Go to sleep. We will be here every night now to look after you.' Prasad closed the window, but the noise stayed with them: song, talk, and unhurried sounds of fork and spade. Bipti sat and stared at the door, next to which, on the ground, Pratap sat, a cutlass beside him, its haft carved into a pair of Wellingtons. He was motionless. His tears had gone, but his eyes were red, and the lids swollen. * In the end Bipti sold the hut and the land to Dhari, and she and Mr Biswas moved to Pagotes. There they lived on Tara's bounty, though not with Tara, but with some of Tara's husband's dependent relations in a back trace far from the Main Road. Pratap and Prasad were sent to a distant relation at Felicity, in the heart of the sugar-estates; they were already broken into estate work and were too old to learn anything else. And so Mr Biswas came to leave the only house to which he had some right. For the next thirty-five years he was to be a wanderer with no place he could call his own, with no family except that which he was to attempt to create out of the engulfing world of the Tulsis. For with his mother's parents dead, his father dead, his brothers on the estate at Felicity, Dehuti as a servant in Tara's house, and himself rapidly growing away from Bipti who, broken, became increasingly useless and impenetrable, it seemed to him that he was really quite alone. # 2. Before the Tulsis MR BISWAS could never afterwards say exactly where his father's hut had stood or where Dhari and the others had dug. He never knew whether anyone found Raghu's money. It could not have been much, since Raghu earned so little. But the ground did yield treasure. For this was in South Trinidad and the land Bipti had sold so cheaply to Dhari was later found to be rich with oil. And when Mr Biswas was working on a feature article for the magazine section of the _Sunday Sentinel –_ RALEIGH'S DREAM COMES TRUE, said the headline, 'But the Gold is Black. Only the Earth is Yellow. Only the Bush Green' – when Mr Biswas looked for the place where he had spent his early years he saw nothing but oil derricks and grimy pumps, see-sawing, see-sawing, endlessly, surrounded by red No Smoking notices. His grandparents' house had also disappeared, and when huts of mud and grass are pulled down they leave no trace. His navel-string, buried on that inauspicious night, and his sixth finger, buried not long after, had turned to dust. The pond had been drained and the whole swamp region was now a garden city of white wooden bungalows with red roofs, cisterns on tall stilts, and neat gardens. The stream where he had watched the black fish had been dammed, diverted into a reservoir, and its winding, irregular bed covered by straight lawns, streets and drives. The world carried no witness to Mr Biswas's birth and early years. As he found at Pagotes. 'How old you is, boy?' Lal, the teacher at the Canadian Mission school, asked, his small hairy hands fussing with the cylindrical ruler on his roll-book. Mr Biswas shrugged and shifted from one bare foot to the other. 'How you people want to get on, eh?' Lal had been converted to Presbyterianism from a low Hindu caste and held all unconverted Hindus in contempt. As part of this contempt he spoke to them in broken English. 'Tomorrow I want you to bring your buth certificate. You hear?' 'Buth suttificate?' Bipti echoed the English words. 'I don't have any.' 'Don't have any, eh?' Lal said the next day. 'You people don't even know how to born, it look like.' But they agreed on a plausible date, Lal completed his roll-book record, and Bipti went to consult Tara. Tara took Bipti to a solicitor whose office was a tiny wooden shed standing lopsided on eight unfashioned logs. The distemper on its walls had turned to dust. A sign, obviously painted by the man himself, said that F. Z. Ghany was a solicitor, conveyancer and a commissioner of oaths. He didn't look like all that, sitting on a broken kitchen chair at the door of his shed, bending forward, picking his teeth with a matchstick, his tie hanging perpendicular. Large dusty books were piled on the dusty floor, and on the kitchen table at his back there was a sheet of green blotting-paper, also dusty, on which there was a highly decorated metal contraption which looked like a toy version of the merry-go-round Mr Biswas had seen in the playground at St Joseph on the way to Pagotes. From this toy merry-go-round hung two rubber stamps, and directly below them there was a purple-stained tin. F. Z. Ghany carried the rest of his office equipment in his shirt pocket; it was stiff with pens, pencils, sheets of paper and envelopes. He needed to be able to carry his equipment about; he opened the Pagotes office only on market day, Wednesday; he had other offices, open on other market days, at Tunapuna, Arima, St Joseph and Tacarigua. 'Just give me three or four dog-case or cuss-case every day,' he used to say, 'and I all right, you hear.' Seeing the group of three walking Indians file across the plank over the gutter, F. Z. Ghany got up, spat out the matchstick and greeted them with good-humoured scorn. _'Maharajin, maharajin,_ and little boy.' He made most of his money from Hindus but, as a Muslim, distrusted them. They climbed the two steps into his office. It became full. Ghany liked it that way; it attracted customers. He took the chair behind the table, sat on it, and left his clients standing. Tara began to explain about Mr Biswas. She grew prolix, encouraged by the quizzical look on Ghany's heavy dissipated face. During one of Tara's pauses Bipti said, 'Buth suttificate.' 'Oh!' Ghany said, his manner changing. 'Certificate of buth.' It was a familiar problem. He looked legal and said, 'Affidavit. When did the buth take place?' Bipti told Tara in Hindi, 'I can't really say. But Pundit Sitaram should know. He cast Mohun's horoscope the day after he was born.' 'I don't know what you see in that man, Bipti. He doesn't _know_ anything.' Ghany could follow their conversation. He disliked the way Indian women had of using Hindi as a secret language in public places, and asked impatiently, 'Date of buth?' 'Eighth of June,' Bipti said to Tara. 'It _must_ be that.' 'All right,' Ghany said. 'Eighth of June. Who to tell you no?' Smiling, he put a hand to the drawer of his table and pulled it this way and that before it came out. He took out a sheet of foolscap, tore it in half, put back one half into the drawer, pushed the drawer this way and that to close it, put the half-sheet on the dusty blotting-paper, stamped his name on it and prepared to write. 'Name of boy?' 'Mohun,' Tara said. Mr Biswas became shy. He passed his tongue above his upper lip and tried to make it touch the knobby tip of his nose. 'Surname?' Ghany asked. 'Biswas,' Tara said. 'Nice Hindu name.' He asked more questions, and wrote. When he was finished, Bipti made her mark and Tara, with great deliberation and much dancing of the pen above the paper, signed her name. F, Z. Ghany struggled with the drawer once more, took out the other half-sheet, stamped his name on it, wrote, and then had everybody sign again. Mr Biswas was now leaning forward against one of the dusty walls, his feet pushed far back. He was spitting carefully, trying to let his spittle hang down to the floor without breaking. F. Z. Ghany hung up his name stamp and took down the date stamp. He turned some ratchets, banged hard on the almost dry purple pad and banged hard on the paper. Two lengths of rubber fell apart. 'Blasted thing bust,' he said, and examined it without annoyance. He explained, 'You could print the year all right, because you move that only once a year. But the dates and the months, man, you spinning them round all the time.' He took up the length of rubber and looked at them thoughtfully. 'Here, give them to the boy. Play with them.' He wrote the date with one of his pens and said, 'All right, leave everything to me now. Expensive business, affidavits. Stamps and thing, you know. Ten dollars in all.' Bipti fumbled with the knot at the end of her veil and Tara paid. 'Any more children without certificate of buth?' 'Three,' Bipti said. 'Bring them,' Ghany said. 'Bring all of them. Any market day. Next week? Is better to straighten these things right away, you know.' In this way official notice was taken of Mr Biswas's existence, and he entered the new world. _Ought oughts are ought,_ _Ought twos are ought._ The chanting of the children pleased Lal. He believed in thoroughness, discipline and what he delighted to call stick-to-it-iveness, virtues he felt unconverted Hindus particularly lacked. _One twos are two,_ _Two twos are four._ 'Stop!' Lal cried, waving his tamarind rod. 'Biswas, ought twos are how much?' 'Two.' 'Come up here. You, Ramguli, ought twos are how much?' 'Ought.' 'Come up. That boy with a shirt that looks like one of his mother bodice. How much?' 'Four.' 'Come up.' He held the rod at both ends and bent it back and forth quickly. The sleeves of his jacket fell down past dirty cuffs and thin wrists black with hair. The jacket was brown but had turned saffron where it had been soaked by Lal's sweat. For all the time he went to school, Mr Biswas never saw Lal wearing any other jacket. 'Ramguli, go back to your desk. All right, the two of you. All-you decide now how much ought twos is?' 'Ought,' they whimpered together. 'Yes, ought twos are ought. You did tell me two.' He caught hold of Mr Biswas, pulled his trousers tight across his bottom, and began to apply the tamarind rod, saying as he beat, 'Ought twos are ought. Ought oughts are ought. _One_ twos are two.' Mr Biswas, released, went crying back to his desk. 'And now you. Before we talk about anything, tell me where you get that bodice from?' With its flaming red colour and leg-of-mutton sleeves it was obviously a bodice and had, without comment, been recognized as such by the boys, most of whom wore garments not originally designed for them. 'Where you get it from?' 'My sister-in-law.' 'And you thank her?' There was no reply. 'Anyway, when you see your sister-in-law, I want you to give her a message. I want you' – and here Lal seized the boy and started to use the tamarind rod – 'I want you to tell her that ought twos don't make four. I want you to tell her that ought oughts are ought, ought twos are ought, one twos are two, and _two_ twos are four.' Mr Biswas was taught other things. He learned to say the Lord's Prayer in Hindi from the _King George V Hindi Reader,_ and he learned many English poems by heart from the _Royal Reader._ At Lal's dictation he made copious notes, which he never seriously believed, about geysers, rift valleys, watersheds, currents, the Gulf Stream, and a number of deserts. He learned about oases, which Lal taught him to pronounce 'osis', and ever afterwards an oasis meant for him nothing more than four or five date trees around a narrow pool of fresh water, surrounded for unending miles by white sand and hot sun. He learned about igloos. In arithmetic he got as far as simple interest and learned to turn dollars and cents into pounds, shilling and pence. The history Lal taught he regarded as simply a school subject, a discipline, as unreal as the geography; and it was from the boy in the red bodice that he first heard, with disbelief, about the Great War. With this boy, whose name was Alec, Mr Biswas became friendly. The colours of Alec's clothes were a continual surprise, and one day he scandalized the school by peeing blue, a clear, light turquoise. To excited inquiry Alec replied, 'I don't know, boy. I suppose is because I is a Portuguese or something.' And for days he gave solemn demonstrations which filled most boys with disgust at their race. It was to Mr Biswas that Alec first revealed his secret, and one morning recess, after Alec had given his demonstration, Mr Biswas dramatically unbuttoned and gave his. There was a clamour and Alec was forced to take out the bottle of Dodd's Kidney Pills. In no time the bottle was empty, except for some half a dozen pills which Alec said he had to keep. The pills, like the red bodice, belonged to his sister-in-law. 'I don't know what she going to do when she find out,' Alec said, and to those boys who still begged, he said, 'Buy your own. The drugstore full of them.' And many of them did buy their own, and for a week the school's urinals ran turquoise; and the druggist attributed the sudden rise in sales to the success of the Dodd's Kidney Pills Almanac which, in addition to jokes, carried story after story of the rapid cures the pills had effected on Trinidadians, all of whom had written the makers profusely grateful letters of the utmost articulateness, and been photographed. With Alec Mr Biswas laid six-inch nails on the railway track at the back of the Main Road and had them flattened to make knives and bayonets. Together they went to Pagotes River and smoked their first cigarettes. They tore off their shirt buttons, exchanged them for marbles and with these Alec won more, struggling continually to repair the depredations of Lal, who considered the game low and had forbidden it in the school grounds. They sat at the same desk, talked, were flogged and separated, but always came together again. And it was through this association that Mr Biswas discovered his gift for lettering. When Alec tired of doing inaccurate erotic drawings he designed letters. Mr Biswas imitated these with pleasure and growing success. During an arithmetic test one day, finding himself with an astronomical number of hours in answer to a problem about cisterns, he wrote CANCELLED very neatly across the page and became absorbed in blocking the letters and shadowing them. When the period was over he had done nothing else. Lal, who had noted Mr Biswas's industry with approval, flew into a rage. 'Ah! Sign-painter. Come up.' He didn't flog Mr Biswas. He ordered him to write I AM AN ASS on the blackboard. Mr Biswas outlined stylish, contemptuous letters, and the class tittered approvingly. Lal, racing about the classroom, waving his tamarind rod for silence, brushed Mr Biswas's elbow and a stroke was spoilt. Mr Biswas turned this into an additional decoration which pleased him and impressed the class. It was too late for Lal to flog Mr Biswas or order him to clean the blackboard. Angrily he pushed him away, and Mr Biswas went back to his desk, smiling, a hero. Mr Biswas went to Lal's school for nearly six years and for all that time he was friendly with Alec. Yet he knew little about Alec's home life. Alec never spoke about his mother or father and Mr Biswas knew only that he lived with his sister-in-law, the owner of the red bodice, an unphotographed user of Dodd's Kidney Pills, and, according to Alec, a great beater. Mr Biswas never saw this woman. He never went to Alec's home and Alec never came to his. There was a tacit agreement between them that they would keep their homes secret. It would have pained Mr Biswas if anyone from the school saw where he lived, in one room of a mud hut in the back trace. He was not happy there and even after five years considered it a temporary arrangement. Most of the people in the hut remained strangers, and his relations with Bipti were unsatisfying because she was shy of showing him affection in a house of strangers. More and more, too, she bewailed her Fate; when she did this he felt useless and dispirited and, instead of comforting her, went out to look for Alec. Occasionally she had ineffectual fits of temper, quarrelled with Tara and muttered for days, threatening, whenever there was anyone to hear, that she would leave and get a job with the road-gang, where women were needed to carry stones in baskets on their heads. Continually, when he was with her, Mr Biswas had to struggle against anger and depression. At Christmas Pratap and Prasad came from Felicity, grown men now, with moustaches; in their best clothes, their pressed khaki trousers, unpolished brown shoes, blue shirts buttoned at the collar, and brown hats, they too were like strangers. Their hands were as hard as their rough, sunburnt faces, and they had little to say. When Pratap, with many self-deprecating sighs, half-laughs and pauses which enabled him to deliver a short sentence in easy instalments without in any way damaging its structure, when Pratap told about the donkey he had bought and the current lengths of tasks, Mr Biswas was not really interested. The buying of a donkey seemed to him an act of pure comedy, and it was hard to believe that the dour Pratap was the frantic boy who had rushed about the room in the hut threatening to kill the men in the garden. As for Dehuti, he hardly saw her, though she lived close, at Tara's. He seldom went there except when Tara's husband, prompted by Tara, held a religious ceremony and needed Brahmins to feed. Then Mr Biswas was treated with honour; stripped of his ragged trousers and shirt, and in a clean dhoti, he became a different person, and he never thought it unseemly that the person who served him so deferentially with food should be his own sister. In Tara's house he was respected as a Brahmin and pampered; yet as soon as the ceremony was over and he had taken his gift of money and cloth and left, he became once more only a labourer's child – _father's occupation: labourer_ was the entry in the birth certificate F. Z. Ghany had sent – living with a penniless mother in one room of a mud hut. And throughout life his position was like that. As one of the Tulsi sons-in-law and as a journalist he found himself among people with money and sometimes with graces; with them his manner was unforcedly easy and he could summon up luxurious instincts; but always, at the end, he returned to his crowded, shabby room. Tara's husband, Ajodha, was a thin man with a thin, petulant face which could express benignity rather than warmth, and Mr Biswas was not comfortable with him. Ajodha could read but thought it more dignified to be read to, and Mr Biswas was sometimes called to the house to read, for a penny, a newspaper column of which Ajodha was particularly fond. This was a syndicated American column called _That Body of Yours_ which dealt every day with a different danger to the human body. Ajodha listened with gravity, concern, alarm. It puzzled Mr Biswas that he should subject himself to this torment, and it amazed him that the writer, Dr Samuel S. Pitkin, could keep the column going with such regularity. But the doctor never flagged; twenty years later the column was still going, Ajodha had not lost his taste for it, and occasionally Mr Biswas's son read it to him, for six cents. So, whenever Mr Biswas was in Tara's house, it was as a Brahmin or a reader, with a status distinct from Dehuti's, and he had little opportunity of speaking to her. Bipti had a specific worry about her children: neither Pratap nor Prasad nor Dehuti was married. She had no plans for Mr Biswas, since he was still young and she assumed that the education he was receiving was provision and protection enough. But Tara thought otherwise. And just when Mr Biswas was beginning to do stocks and shares, transactions as unreal to Lal as they were to him, and was learning 'Bingen on the Rhine' from _Bell's Standard Elocutionist_ for the visit of the school inspector, he was taken out of school by Tara and told that he was going to be made a pundit. It was only when his possessions were being bundled that he discovered he still had the school's copy of the _Standard Elocutionist._ It was too late to return it, and he never did. Wherever he went the book went with him, and ended in the blacksmith-built bookcase in the house at Sikkim Street. For eight months, in a bare, spacious, unpainted wooden house smelling of blue soap and incense, its floors white and smooth from constant scrubbing, its cleanliness and sanctity maintained by regulations awkward to everyone except himself, Pundit Jairam taught Mr Biswas Hindi, introduced him to the more important scriptures and instructed him in various ceremonies. Morning and evening, under the pundit's eye, Mr Biswas did the _puja_ for the pundit's household. Jairam's children had all been married and he lived alone with his wife, a crushed, hard-working woman whose only duty now was to look after Jairam and his house. She didn't complain. Among Hindus Jairam was respected for his knowledge. He also held scandalous views which, while being dismissed as contentious, had nevertheless brought him much popularity. He believed in God, fervently, but claimed it was not necessary for a Hindu to do so. He attacked the custom some families had of putting up a flag after a religious ceremony; but his own front garden was a veritable grove of bamboo poles with red and white pennants in varying stages of decay. He ate no meat but spoke against vegetarianism: when Lord Rama went hunting, did they think it was just for the sport? He was also working on a Hindi commentary on the _Ramayana,_ and parts of this commentary were dictated to Mr Biswas to extend his own knowledge of the language. So that Mr Biswas could see and learn, Jairam took him on his rounds; and wherever he went with the pundit Mr Biswas, invested with the sacred thread and all the other badges of caste, found himself, as in Tara's house, the object of regard. It was his duty on these occasions to do the mechanical side of Jairam's offices. He took around the brass plate with the lighted camphor; the devout dropped a coin on the plate, brushed the flame with their fingers and took their fingers to their forehead. He took around the consecrated sweetened milk with strips of the tulsi leaf floating on its surface, and doled it out a teaspoonful at a time. When the ceremonies were over and the feeding of Brahmins began, he was seated next to Pundit Jairam; and when Jairam had eaten and belched and asked for more and eaten again it was Mr Biswas who mixed the bicarbonate of soda for him. Afterwards Mr Biswas went to the shrine, a platform of earth decorated with flour and planted with small banana trees, and pillaged it for the coins that had been offered, hunting carefully everywhere, showing no respect for the burnt offerings or anything else. The coins, dusted with flour or earth or ash, wet with holy water or warm from the sacred fire, he took to Pundit Jairam, who might then be engaged in some philosophical disputation. Jairam would wave Mr Biswas away without looking at him. As soon as they got home, however, Jairam asked for the money, counted it, and felt Mr Biswas all over to make sure he hadn't kept anything back. Mr Biswas also had to bring home all the gifts Jairam received, usually lengths of cotton, but sometimes cumbersome bundles of fruit and vegetables. One particularly large gift was a bunch of Gros Michel bananas. They came to Jairam green and were hung in the large kitchen to ripen. In time the green became lighter, spotted, and soft yellow patches appeared. Rapidly the yellow spread and deepened, and the spots became brown and rich. The smell of ripening banana, overcoming the astringent smell of the glutinous sap from the banana stem, filled the house, leaving Jairam and his wife apparently indifferent, but rousing Mr Biswas. He reasoned that the bananas would become ripe all at once, that Jairam and his wife could not possibly eat them all, and that many would grow rotten. He also reasoned a banana or two would not be missed. And one day, when Jairam was out and his wife away from the kitchen, Mr Biswas picked two bananas and ate them. The gaps in the bunch startled him. They were more than noticeable; they offended the eye. Jairam was no flogger. When he was in a rage he might box Mr Biswas on the ear; but usually he was less intemperate. For a badly conducted _puja,_ for instance, he might make Mr Biswas learn a dozen couplets from the _Ramayana_ by heart, confining him to the house until he had. All that day Mr Biswas wondered what punishment the eating of the bananas would bring, while he copied out Sanskrit verses, which he couldn't understand, on strips of cardboard, having revealed to Jairam his skill in lettering. Jairam came late that evening and his wife fed him. Then, as was his habit every evening after he had eaten and rested, he walked heavily about the bare verandah, talking to himself, going over the arguments he had had that day. First he quoted the opposing view. Then he tested various replies of his own; his voice rose shrill at the end of the final version of the repartee, which he said over and over, breaking off to sing a snatch of a hymn. Mr Biswas, lying on his sugarsack and floursack bed, listened. Jairam's wife was washing up the dishes in the kitchen; the waste water ran down a bamboo spout to a gutter, where it fell noisily among the bushes. Waiting, Mr Biswas fell asleep. When he awoke it was morning and for a moment he had no fears. Then his error returned to him. He had his bath in the yard, cut a hibiscus twig, crushed one end and cleaned his teeth with it, split the twig and scraped his tongue with the halves. Then he collected marigolds and zinnias and oleanders from the garden for the morning _puja,_ and sat without religious fervour before the elaborate shrine. The smell of brass and stale sandalwood paste displeased him; it was a smell he was to recognize later in all temples, mosques and churches, and it was always disagreeable. Mechanically he cleaned the images, the lines and indentations of which were black or cream with old sandalwood paste; it was easier to clean the small smooth pebbles, whose significance had not yet been explained to him. At this stage Pundit Jairam usually came to see that he did not scamp the ritual, but this morning he did not come. Mr Biswas chanted from the prescribed scriptures, applied fresh sandalwood paste to the images and smooth pebbles, decked them with fresh flowers, rang the bell and consecrated the offering of sweetened milk. With the sandalwood marks still wet and tickling on his forehead, he sought out Jairam to offer him some of the milk. Jairam, bathed and dressed and fresh, was sitting against some pillows in one corner of the verandah, spectacles low down on his nose, a brown Hindi book on his lap. When the verandah shook below Mr Biswas's bare feet Jairam looked up and then down through his spectacles, and turned a page of his dingy book. Spectacles made him look older, abstracted and benign. Mr Biswas held the brass jar of milk toward him. 'Baba.' Jairam sat up, rearranged a pillow, held a cupped palm, touching the elbow of the outstretched arm with the fingers of his free hand. Mr Biswas poured. Jairam brought the inside of his wrist against his forehead, blessed Mr Biswas, threw the milk into his mouth, passed his wet palm through his thin grey hair, readjusted his spectacles and looked down again at his book. Mr Biswas went to his room, put on his workaday clothes and came out to breakfast. They ate in silence. Suddenly Jairam pushed his brass plate towards Mr Biswas. 'Eat this.' Mr Biswas's fingers, ploughing through some cabbage, stood still. 'Of course you won't eat it. And I will tell you why. Because I have been eating from this plate.' Mr Biswas's fingers, feeling dry and dirty, bent and straightened. 'Soanie!' Jairam's wife thumped out from the kitchen and stood between them, with her back to Mr Biswas. He looked at the creases on the edge of her soles and saw that the soles were hard and dirty. This surprised him, because Soanie was always washing the floor and bathing herself. 'Go and bring the bananas.' She pulled the veil over her forehead. 'Don't you think you had better forget it? It is such a small thing.' 'Small thing! A whole hand of bananas!' She went to the kitchen and came back, cradling the bananas. 'Put them here, Soanie. Mohun, nobody else can touch these bananas now but yourself. When people, out of the goodness of their hearts, give me gifts, they are for you. Eh?' Then the edge went out of his voice and he became like the benign, expounding pundit he was in company. 'We mustn't waste, Mohun. I have told you that again and again. We mustn't let these bananas get rotten. You must finish what you have begun. Start now.' Mr Biswas had been lulled by Jairam's calm, even manner, and the abruptness of the command took him by surprise. He looked down at his plate and flexed his fingers, the tips of which were stuck with drying shreds of cabbage. 'Start now.' Soanie stood in the doorway, blocking the light. Though it was bright day, the room, with bedrooms on one side and the low roof of the verandah on the other, was gloomy. 'Look. I have peeled one for you.' The banana hovered in Jairam's clean hand before Mr Biswas's face. He took it with his dirty fingers, bit and chewed. Surprisingly, it tasted. But the taste was so localized it gave no pleasure. He then discovered that chewing killed the taste, and chewed deliberately, not tasting, only listening to the loud squelchy sound that filled his head. He had never heard bananas eaten with so much noise. Presently the banana was finished, except for the hard little cone buried at the heart of the banana skin, open like a huge and ugly forest flower. 'Look, Mohun. I have peeled you another.' And while he ate that, Jairam slowly peeled another. And another, and another. When he had eaten seven bananas, Mr Biswas was sick, whereupon Soanie, silently crying, carried him to the back verandah. He didn't cry, not from bravery: he was only bored and uncomfortable. Jairam rose at once and walked heavily to his room, suddenly in a great temper. Mr Biswas never ate another banana. That morning also marked the beginning of his stomach trouble; ever afterwards, whenever he was excited or depressed or angry his stomach swelled until it was taut with pain. A more immediate result was that he became constipated. He could no longer relieve himself in the mornings and he was aware of the dishonour he did the gods by doing the _puja_ unrelieved. The call came upon him at unpredictable times, and it was this which led to his departure from Jairam's, and took him back to that other world he had entered at Pagotes, the world signified by Lal's school and the effete rubber-stamps and dusty books of F. Z. Ghany. One night he got up in a panic. The latrine was far from the house and to go there through the dark frightened him. He was frightened, too, to walk through the creaking wooden house, open locks, undo bolts and possibly waken Jairam who was fussy about his sleep and often flew into a rage even when awakened at a time he had fixed. Mr Biswas decided to relieve himself in his room on one of his handkerchiefs. He had scores of these, made from the cotton given him at the ceremonies he attended with Jairam. When the time came to dispose of the handkerchief, he left his room and tiptoed, the floor creaking, through the open doorway to the enclosed verandah at the back. He carefully unbolted the Demerara window, which hung on hinges at the top, and, keeping the window open with his left hand, flung the handkerchief as far as he could with his right. But his hands were short, the window was heavy, there was too little space for him to manoeuvre, and he heard the handkerchief fall not far off. Not staying to bolt the window, he hurried back to his bed where for a long time he stayed awake, repeatedly imagining that a fresh call was upon him. He had just fallen asleep, it seemed, when someone was shaking him. It was Soanie. Jairam stood scowling in the doorway. 'You are no Brahmin,' he said. 'I take you into my house and show you every consideration. I do not ask for gratitude. But you are trying to destroy me. Go and look at your work.' The handkerchief had fallen on Jairam's cherished oleander tree. Never again could its flowers be used at the _puja._ 'You will never make a pundit,' Jairam said. 'I was talking the other day to Sitaram, who read your horoscope. You killed your father. I am not going to let you destroy me. Sitaram particularly warned me to keep you away from trees. Go on, pack your bundle.' The neighbours had heard and came out to watch Mr Biswas as, in his dhoti, with his bundle slung on his shoulder, he walked through the village. Bipti was not in a welcoming mood when Mr Biswas, after walking and getting rides on carts, came back to Pagotes. He was tired, hungry and itching. He had expected her to welcome him with joy, to curse Jairam and promise that she would never allow him to be sent away again to strangers. But as soon as he entered the yard of the hut in the back trace he knew that he was wrong. She looked so depressed and indifferent, sitting in the sooty open kitchen with another of Ajodha's poor relations, grinding maize; and it did not then surprise him that, instead of being pleased to see him, she was alarmed. They kissed perfunctorily, and she began to ask questions. He thought her manner was harsh and saw her questions as attacks. His replies were sullen, defensive, angry. Her fury rose and she shouted at him. She said that he was ungrateful, that all her children were ungrateful and didn't appreciate the trouble the rest of the world went to on their behalf. Then her rage spent itself and she became as understanding and protective as he hoped she would have been right at the beginning. But it was not sweet now. She poured water for him to wash his hands, sat him down on a low bench and gave him food – not hers to give, for this was the communal food of the house, to which she had contributed nothing but her labour in the cooking – and looked after him in the proper way. But she could not coax him out of his sullenness. He did not see at the time how absurd and touching her behaviour was: welcoming him back to a hut that didn't belong to her, giving him food that wasn't hers. But the memory remained, and nearly thirty years later, when he was a member of a small literary group in Port of Spain, he wrote and read out a simple poem in blank verse about this meeting. The disappointment, his surliness, all the unpleasantness was ignored, and the circumstances improved to allegory: the journey, the welcome, the food, the shelter. After the meal he learned that there was another reason for Bipti's annoyance. Dehuti had run away with Tara's yard boy, not only showing ingratitude to Tara and bringing disgrace to her, for the yard boy is the lowest of the low, but also depriving her at one blow of two trained servants. 'And it was Tara who wanted you to be a pundit,' Bipti said. 'I don't know what we are going to tell her.' 'Tell me about Dehuti,' he said. Bipti had little to say. No one had been to see Dehuti; Tara had vowed never to mention her name again. Bipti spoke as if she herself deserved every reproach for Dehuti's behaviour; and though she declared she could have nothing more to do with Dehuti, her manner suggested that she had to defend Dehuti not only against Tara's anger, but also Mr Biswas's. But he felt no anger or shame. When he asked about Dehuti he was only remembering the girl who pressed his dirty clothes to her face and wept when she thought her brother was dead. Bipti sighed. 'I don't know what Tara is going to say now. You had better go and see her yourself.' And Tara was not angry. True to her vow, she did not mention Dehuti. Ajodha, to whom Jairam had given only a hint of Mr Biswas's misdemeanour, laughed in his high-pitched, breathless way and tried to get Mr Biswas to tell exactly what had happened. Mr Biswas's embarrassment delighted Ajodha and Tara, until he was laughing too; and then, in the cosy back verandah of Tara's house – though it had mud walls it stood on proper pillars, had a neat thatched roof and wooden ledges on the half-walls, and was bright with pictures of Hindu gods – he told about the bananas, blusteringly at first, but when he noticed that Tara was giving him sympathy he saw his own injury very clearly, broke down and wept, and Tara held him to her bosom and dried his tears. So that the scene he had pictured as taking place with his mother took place with Tara. Ajodha had bought a motorbus and opened a garage, and it was in the garage that Alec worked, no longer wearing red bodices or peeing blue, but doing mysterious greasy things. Grease blackened his hairy legs; grease had turned his white canvas shoes black; grease blackened his hands even beyond the wrist; grease made his short working trousers black and stiff. Yet he had the gift, which Mr Biswas admired, of being able to hold a cigarette between greasy fingers and greasy lips without staining it. His lips still twisted easily and his small humorous eyes still squinted; but the cheeks had already sunk on his small square face and he now had a perpetual air of abstraction and debauch. Mr Biswas did not join Alec in the garage. Tara sent him to the rumshop. This had been Ajodha's first business venture and had provided the money for some of his subsequent exploits. But, with Ajodha's growing success, the importance of the rumshop had declined and it was now run by his brother Bhandat, about whom there were unpleasant rumours: Bhandat apparently drank, beat his wife and kept a mistress of another race. Bipti, who had not been consulted, was very grateful to Tara. And Mr Biswas was thrilled at the thought of earning money. He was not going to earn much. He was to live at the shop and be fed by Bhandat's wife; he was to be given suits of clothes every now and then; and he was to get two dollars a month. The rumshop was a long high building of simple design, flat to the ground, with a pitched roof of corrugated iron rising from concrete walls. Swing doors exposed only the wet floor of the shop and the feet of drinkers, and, in a land where all doors are wide open, gave a touch of vice to the building. The doors were needed, for many of the people who came past them meant to drink themselves into insensibility. At any time of the day there were people who had collapsed on the wet floor, men who looked older than they were, women too; useless people crying in corners, their anguish lost in the din and press of the standing drinkers who swallowed their rum at a gulp, made a face, hastily swallowed water, and bought more rum. There was swearing, boasting, threatening; fights, broken bottles, policemen; and steadily the coppers and the silver and the notes went into the greasy drawer below the shelves. And every evening, when the shop was emptied, when the sleepers had been put outside and the broken bottles and glasses swept up, and the floor washed down – though no amount of water could get rid of the smell of raw rum – the drawer was pulled out and the Petromax gas lamp, taken down from the long wire hook that hung from the ceiling, was placed next to the drawer on the counter. The money was arranged in neat piles and Bhandat noted the day's takings on a sheet of stiff brown paper, smooth on one side, rough on the other. Bhandat wrote on the smooth side with a soft pencil that smudged easily. The shop had thick edges of darkness; the smell of dirty boards and stale rum was sharp; and Bhandat made his calculation in whispers against the noise of the Petromax whose hiss, lost in the din of the evening, had now in the silence swollen into a roar. Bhandat's voice, even when low, was a whine with a querulous edge. He was a small man, with a nose as sharp as Ajodha's and a face as thin; but this face could never express benignity; always it looked harassed and irritable, and more so than ever at the end of the evening. He was going bald and the curve of his forehead repeated the curve of his nose. His thin upper lip was heavily outlined and had two neat and equal bumps in the middle which pressed in a swollen way over the lower lip and practically hid it. While Bhandat calculated Mr Biswas studied these bumps. Bhandat made it clear that he regarded Mr Biswas as Tara's spy and distrusted him. And it was not long before Mr Biswas realized that Bhandat was stealing, and that these feverish nightly calculations were meant to frustrate Tara's weekly checks. He was not surprised or critical. Only, he was embarrassed by some of Bhandat's methods. 'When these people have three or four drinks and want another,' Bhandat said, 'don't give them full measure.' Mr Biswas asked no questions. Bhandat looked away and explained, 'It is for their own good really.' Mr Biswas got to know when Bhandat felt he had given short measure often enough to risk pocketing the price of a drink. Bhandat stared straight at the man who had paid him, talked absurdly for a moment, then began to spin the coin. Whenever Mr Biswas saw a coin rising and falling through the air he knew that it would eventually land in Bhandat's pocket. Directly afterwards Bhandat became as gay as he could with the customers, and suspicious and irritable with Mr Biswas. 'You,' he would say to Mr Biswas. 'What the hell are you looking at?' And sometimes he would say to people across the counter, 'Look at him. Always smiling, eh? As though he is smarter than everybody else. Look at him.' 'Yes,' the drinkers said. 'He is a real smart man. You better keep an eye on him, Bhandat.' So to the drinkers Mr Biswas became 'smart man' or 'smart boy', someone who could be ridiculed. He revenged himself by spitting in the rum when he bottled it, which he did early every morning. The rum was the same, but the prices and labels were different: 'Indian Maiden', 'The White Cock', 'Parakeet'. Each brand had its adherents, and to Mr Biswas this was a subsidiary revenge which gave a small but continuous pleasure. The bottling-room was in the ancillary shop-buildings which formed a square about an unpaved yard. Bhandat lived with his family, and Mr Biswas, in two rooms. When it was dry Bhandat's wife cooked on the steps that led to one of these rooms; when it rained she cooked in a corrugated-iron shack, made by Bhandat during a period of sobriety and responsibility, in the yard. The other rooms were used as storerooms or were rented out to other families. The room in which Mr Biswas slept had no window and was perpetually dark. His clothes hung on a nail on one wall; his books occupied a small amount of floor space; he slept with Bhandat's two sons on a hard, smelly coconut fibre mattress on the floor. Every morning the mattress was rolled up, leaving a deposit of coarse fibre grit on the floor, and pushed under Bhandat's fourposter in the adjacent room. When this was done Mr Biswas felt he had no further claim to the room for the rest of the day. On Sundays and on Thursday afternoons, when the shop was closed, he didn't know where to go. Sometimes he went to the back trace to see his mother. He was giving her a dollar a month, but she continued to make him feel helpless and unhappy, and he preferred to seek out Alec. But Alec was now seldom to be found and Mr Biswas often ended by going to Tara's. In the back verandah there the bookcase had been unexpectedly filled with twenty tall black volumes of the _Book of Comprehensive Knowledge._ Ajodha had agreed to buy the books from an American travelling salesman; even before he had paid a deposit the books had been delivered, and then apparently forgotten. The salesman never called again, no one asked to be paid, and Ajodha said happily that the company had gone bankrupt. He had no intention of reading the books, but they were a bargain; and when Mr Biswas proved the books' usefulness by coming week after week to read them, Ajodha was delighted. Presently Mr Biswas fell into a Sunday routine. He went to Tara's in the middle of the morning, read for Ajodha all the _That Body of Yours_ columns which had been cut out during the week, got his penny, was given lunch, and was then free to explore the _Book of Comprehensive Knowledge._ He read folk tales from various lands; he read, and quickly forgot, how chocolate, matches, ships, buttons and many other things were made; he read articles which answered, with drawings that looked pretty but didn't really help, questions like: Why does ice make water cold? Why does fire burn? Why does sugar sweeten? 'You must get Bhandat's boys to read these books too,' Ajodha said enthusiastically. But Bhandat's boys refused to be enticed. They were learning to smoke; they were full of scandalous and incredible revelations about sex; and at night, in whispers, they wove lurid sexual fantasies. Mr Biswas had tried to contribute to these, but could never strike the correct note. He was either so tame or so ill-informed that they laughed, or so revolting that they threatened to tell. For weeks they tormented him with a particular indecency he had spoken until, in exasperation, he told them to go and tell and found, to his surprise, that he had put an end to their threats. And one night when he asked Bhandat's eldest boy how he had come by all his knowledge about sex, the boy said, 'Well, I have a mother, not so?' Bhandat was spending more week-ends away from the shop. His sons talked openly of his mistress, at first with excitement and a little pride; later, when the rows between Bhandat and his wife grew more frequent, with fear. There were moments of shock and humiliation when Bhandat shouted obscenities which his sons casually whispered at night. The silence of Bhandat's wife then was terrible. Occasionally things were thrown and the boys and Mr Biswas burst out screaming. Bhandat's wife would come, very calm, and try to quieten them. They wanted her to stay, but she always went back to Bhandat in the next room. In the shop Bhandat was spinning more coins every day, and there were often scenes on Friday evening when Tara came to examine the accounts. Then one week-end Mr Biswas had the two rooms to himself. One of Ajodha's relations died in another part of the island. The shop was not opened on Saturday and early that morning Bhandat and his family went to the funeral, with Ajodha and Tara. The empty rooms, usually oppressive, now held unlimited prospects of freedom and vice; but Mr Biswas could think of nothing vicious and satisfying. He smoked but that gave little pleasure. And gradually the rooms lost their thrill. Alec had given up his job in the garage, or had been sacked, and was not in Pagotes; Tara's house was closed; and Mr Biswas did not want to go to the back trace. But the feeling of freedom and urgency remained. He walked aimlessly, along the main road and down side streets he had never taken. He stopped buses and went for short rides. He had innumerable soft drinks and hard cakes at roadside shacks. The afternoon wore on. Groups of men, their week's work over, stood in week-end clothes at street corners, outside shops, around coconut-carts. As fatigue overcame him he began to long for the day to end, to relieve him of his freedom. He went back to the dark rooms tired, empty, miserable, yet still excited, still unwilling to sleep. He awoke to find Bhandat standing over his mattress on the floor. Above red eyes Bhandat's lids were swollen, the way they became after he had been drinking. Mr Biswas had not expected anyone to return before evening; he had lost a whole day's freedom. 'Come on. Stop pretending. Where have you put it?' The bumps on Bhandat's top lip were quivering with anger. 'Put what?' 'Oh yes. Smart man. So you don't know?' And Bhandat pulled Mr Biswas off the mattress, grabbed him by the back of his trousers and lifted him to his toes. With this hold, widely known in Lal's school as the policeman's hold, Bhandat led Mr Biswas to the next room. No one else was there; Bhandat's wife and children had not come back from the funeral. A shirt hung on the back of a chair over a pair of neatly folded trousers. On the seat of the chair there were coins, keys and a number of crumpled dollar-notes. 'Last night I had twenty-six dollars in notes. This morning I have twenty-five. Eh?' 'I don't know. I didn't even know when you came in. I was sleeping all the time.' 'Sleeping. Yes, sleeping like the snake. With both eyes open. Big eyes and long tongue. Tongue wagging all the time to Tara and Ajodha. Do you think that has done you any good? You expect them to give you a pound and a crown for that?' He was shouting now, and pulling out his leather belt through the loops of his trousers. 'Eh? You will tell them you stole my dollar?' He raised his arm and brought the belt down on Mr Biswas's head. Whenever the buckle struck a bone it made a sharp sound. Suddenly Mr Biswas howled. 'O God! O God! My eye! My eye!' Bhandat stopped. Mr Biswas had been cut on the cheek-bone and the blood had run below his eye. 'Get out, you nasty tale-carrying lout. Get out of here at once before I peel the skin off your back.' The bumps on Bhandat's lip were trembling again and his arm, when he raised it, was quivering. The sun had not risen and the back trace was still and empty when Mr Biswas roused Bipti. 'Mohun! What has happened?' 'I fell down. Don't _ask_ me.' 'Come, tell me. What's the matter?' 'Why do you keep on sending me to stay with other people?' 'Who beat you?' She pressed a finger under the cut on the cheek-bone and he winced. 'Bhandat beat you?' She undid his shirt and saw the weals on his back. 'He beat you? He beat you?' She made him lie face down on the bed in her room, and, for the first time since he was a baby, rubbed his body down with oil. She gave him a cup of hot milk sweetened with brown sugar. 'I am never going back there,' Mr Biswas said. Instead of giving the consolation he expected, Bipti said, as though arguing with him, 'Where will you go then?' He became impatient. 'You have never done a thing for me. You are a pauper.' He had meant to hurt her, but she was not hurt. 'It is my fate. I have had no luck with my children. And with you, Mohun, I have the least luck of all. Everything Sitaram said about you was true.' 'I have heard you and everybody else talking a lot about this Sitaram. What exactly did he say?' 'That you were going to be a spendthrift and a liar and that you were going to be lecherous.' 'Oh yes. Spendthrift with two dollars a month. Two whole dollars. Two hundred cents. Very heavy if you put that in a bag. And lecherous?' 'Leading a bad life. With women. But you are too small.' 'Bhandat's children are more lecherous than me. And with their mother too.' 'Mohun!' Then Bipti said, 'I don't know what Tara is going to say.' 'Again! Why do you keep on caring what Tara says? I don't want you to go and see Tara. I don't want anything from her. And Ajodha can keep that body of his. Let Bhandat's boys read to him. I am finished with that.' But Bipti went to see Tara, and that afternoon Tara, still in her mourning clothes and her jewellery, fresh from her funeral duties and her struggles with the funeral photographer, came to the back trace. 'Poor Mohun,' Tara said. 'He's shameless, that Bhandat.' 'I am sure he stole the money himself,' Mr Biswas said. 'He's got a lot of practice. He steals all the time. And I can always tell when he is stealing. He spins the coin.' 'Mohun!' Bipti said. 'He's the lecher, spendthrift and liar. Not me.' 'Mohun!' 'And I know all about that other woman. His sons know about her too. They boast about it. He quarrels with his wife and beats her. I am not going back to that shop if he comes and asks me on bended knee.' 'I can't see Bhandat doing that,' Tara said. 'But he is sorry. The dollar wasn't missing. It was at the bottom of his trouser pocket and he didn't notice it.' 'He was too drunk, if you ask me.' Then the humiliation hurt afresh and he began to cry. 'You see, Ma. I have no father to look after me and people can treat me how they want.' Tara became coaxing. Mr Biswas, enjoying the coaxing and his misery, still spoke angrily. 'Dehuti was quite right to run away from you. I am sure you treated her badly.' By mentioning Dehuti's name he had gone too far. Tara at once stiffened and, without saying more, left, her long skirt billowing about her, the silver bracelets on her arm clanking. Bipti ran out after her to the yard. 'You mustn't mind the boy, Tara. He is young.' 'I don't mind, Bipti.' 'Oh Mohun,' Bipti said, when she came back to the room, 'you will reduce us all to pauperdom. You will see me spending the rest of my days in the Poor House.' 'I am going to get a job on my own. And I am going to get my own house too. I am finished with this.' He waved his aching arm about the mud walls and the low, sooty thatch. On Monday morning he set about looking for a job. How did one look for a job? He supposed that one looked. He walked up and down the Main Road, looking. He passed a tailor and tried to picture himself cutting khaki cloth, tacking, and operating a sewingmachine. He passed a barber and tried to picture himself stropping a razor; his mind wandered off to devise elaborate protections for his left thumb. But he didn't like the tailor he saw, a fat man sulkily sewing in a dingy shop; and as for barbers, he had never liked those who cut his own hair; he thought too how it would disgust Pundit Jairam to learn that his former pupil had taken up barbering, a profession immemorially low. He walked on. He had no wish to enter any of the shops he saw and ask for a job. So he imposed difficult conditions on himself. He tried, for example, to walk a certain distance in twenty paces, and interpreted failure as a bad sign. For a moment he was perversely tempted by an undertaker's, a plain corrugated iron shed that made no concession to grief, smelling of new wood, fish-glue and french polish, with coffins lying on the floor among sawdust, shavings and unfashioned planks. Cheap coffins and raw wood stood in rows against one wall; expensive polished coffins rested on shelves; there were unfinished coffins around a work-bench and pieces of coffin everywhere else; in one corner there was a tottering stack of cheap toy coffins for babies. Mr Biswas had often seen babies' funerals; one in particular he remembered, where the coffin was carried under the arm of a man who rode slowly on a bicycle. 'Get a job there,' he thought, 'and help to bury Bhandat.' He passed dry goods shops – strange name: dry goods – and the rickety little rooms bulged with dry goods, things like pans and plates and bolts of cloth and cards of bright pins and boxes of thread and shirts on hangers and brand-new oil lamps and hammers and saws and clothes-pegs and everything else, the wreckage of a turbulent flood which appeared to have forced the doors of the shops open and left deposits of dry goods on tables and on the ground outside. The owners remained in their shops, lost in the gloom and wedged between dry goods. The assistants stood outside with pencils behind their ears or pencils tapping bill-pads with the funereally-coloured carbon paper peeping out from under the first sheet. Grocers' shops, smelling damply of oil, sugar and salted fish. Vegetable stalls, damp but fresh, and smelling of earth. Grocers' wives and children stood oily and confident behind counters. The women behind the vegetable stalls were old and correct with thin mournful faces; or they were young and plump with challenging and quarrelsome stares; with a big-eyed child or two hanging about behind the purple sweet potatoes to which dirt still clung; and babies in the background lying in condensed milk boxes. And all the time donkey-carts, horse-carts and ox-carts rumbled and jangled in the roadway, the heavy iron-rimmed wheels grating over gravel and sand and wobbling over the bumpy road. Continually long whips with knotted ends whistled and cracked, arousing brief enthusiasm in the animals. The men drivers sat on their carts; the boy drivers stood, shouting and whistling at their animals and their rivals; half a dozen races were always in progress. Mr Biswas returned to the back trace, his resolution shaken. 'I am not going to take any job at all,' he told Bipti. 'Why don't you go and make it up with Tara?' 'I don't want to see Tara. I am going to kill myself.' 'That would be the best thing for you. And for me.' 'Good. _Good._ I don't want any food.' And in a great rage he left the hut. Anger gave him energy, and he determined to walk until he was tired. On the Main Road he took the other direction now and went past the office of F. Z. Ghany, dingier but still intact, closed because it wasn't market day; past the same array of shops, it seemed, the same owners, the same goods, the same assistants; and it all filled him with the same depression. Late in the afternoon, when he was some miles out of Pagotes, a slender young man with shining eyes and a thick shining moustache came up to Mr Biswas and tapped him on the shoulder. He was embarrassed to recognize Ramchand, Tara's delinquent yard boy, now Dehuti's husband. He had sometimes seen him at Tara's, but they had not spoken. Ramchand, so far from showing embarrassment, behaved as though he had known Mr Biswas well for years. He asked so many questions so quickly that Mr Biswas had time only to nod. 'How is everything? It is good to see you. And your mother? Well? Nice to hear. And the shop? A funny thing. You know Parakeet and Indian Maiden and The White Cock? I make that rum now. They are the same, you know.' 'I know.' 'No future working for Tara, I can tell you. As you know, I am working at this rum place now, and do you know how much I am getting? Come on. Guess.' 'Ten dollars.' 'Twelve. With a bonus every Christmas. And rum at the wholesale price into the bargain. Not bad, eh?' Mr Biswas was impressed. 'Dehuti talks about you all the time. At one time everybody thought you were drowned, remember?' Then, as though this knowledge had removed whatever unfamiliarity remained between them, Ramchand added, 'Why don't you come and see Dehuti? She was talking about you only last night.' He paused. 'And perhaps you could eat something as well.' Mr Biswas noticed the pause. It reminded him that Ramchand was of a low caste; and though it was absurd in the Main Road to think that of a man earning twelve dollars a month in addition to bonuses and other advantages, Mr Biswas was flattered that Ramchand looked upon him as someone to be flattered and conciliated. He agreed to go to see Dehuti. Ramchand, delighted, talked on, revealing much knowledge of other members of the family. He told Mr Biswas that Ajodha's finances were not as sound as they appeared, and that Tara was offending too many people. Tara may have vowed never to mention Ramchand's name again; he appeared anxious to mention hers as often as possible. Mr Biswas had never questioned the deference shown him when he had gone to Tara's to be fed as a Brahmin and on his rounds with Pundit Jairam. But he had never taken it seriously; he had thought of it as one of the rules of a game that was only occasionally played. When he got to Ramchand's he thought it even more of a game. The hut indicated lowness in no way. The mud walls had been freshly whitewashed and decorated with blue and green and red palm-prints (Mr Biswas recognized Ramchand's broad palm and stubby fingers); the thatch was new and neat; the earth floor was high and had been packed hard; pictures from calendars were stuck on the walls, and in the verandah there was a hatrack. It was altogether less depressing than the crumbling, neglected hut in the back trace. But it seemed that to Dehuti marriage had brought no joy. She was uneasy at being caught among her household possessions, and tried to hint that they had nothing to do with her. When Ramchand started to point out some attractive feature of the hut, she sucked her teeth and he desisted. Mr Biswas couldn't believe that Dehuti had ever spoken about him, as Ramchand had said. She hardly spoke, hardly looked at him. Without expression she brought out an ugly baby from an inner room, asleep, and showed it, suggesting at the same time that she had not brought it out to show it. She looked careworn and sulky, untouched by her husband's bubbling desire to please. Yet in her unhurried way she did what she could to make Mr Biswas welcome. He understood that she feared rebuff and the reports he might take back, and this made him uncomfortable. Dehuti, never pretty, was now frankly ugly. Her Chinese eyes looked sleepy, the pupils without a light, the whites smudged. Her cheeks, red with pimples, bulged low and drooped around her mouth. Her lower lip projected, as though squashed out by the weight of her cheeks. She sat on a low bench, the back of her long skirt caught tightly between her calves and the backs of her thighs, the front draped over the knees. Mr Biswas was surprised by her adulthood. It was the way she sat, knees apart, yet so decorously covered; he had associated that only with mature women. He tried to find in the woman the girl he had known. But seeing her growing needlessly impatient while Ramchand, at her instructions, lit the fire and prepared to boil the rice, Mr Biswas felt that this sight of Dehuti had wiped out the old picture. This was a loss; it added to the unhappiness he had begun to feel as soon as he entered the hut. Ramchand came from the kitchen and sank in the most relaxed way on to the earth floor. He stretched out one short-trousered leg and held his hands around his upright knee. The corrugations of his thick hair glinted with oil. He smiled at Mr Biswas, smiled at the baby, smiled at Dehuti. He asked Mr Biswas to read the writing on the calendar pictures and the Sunday school cards on the walls, and listened in pure pleasure while Mr Biswas did so. 'You are going to be a great man,' Ramchand said. 'A great man. Reading like that at your age. Used to hear you reading those things to Ajodha. Never known a healthier man in all my life. But one day he is going to fall really sick, let him watch out. He's just asking for it. I feel sorry for him, to tell you the truth. I feel sorry for all these rich fellows.' It turned out that Ramchand felt sorry for many other people as well. 'Pratap now. He's got himself into a mess because of these donkeys he keeps on buying, heaven knows why. The last two died. Did you hear about it?' Mr Biswas hadn't, and Ramchand told of the bloody end of the donkeys; one had speared itself on a bamboo stake. He also spoke of Prasad and his search for a wife; with tolerant amusement he mentioned Bhandat and his mistress. He became increasingly avuncular; it was clear he thought his own condition perfect, and this perfection delighted him. 'Not finished with these decorations,' he said, pointing to the walls. 'Getting some more of those Sunday school pictures. Jesus and Mary. Eh, Dehuti?' Laughingly he flung the matchstick he had been chewing at the baby. Dehuti closed her eyes in annoyance, puffed out her pimply cheeks a little more and turned her face away. The matchstick fell harmlessly on the baby. 'Making some improvements too,' Ramchand said. 'Come.' This time Dehuti did not suck her teeth. They went to the back and Mr Biswas saw another room being added to the hut. Trimmed tree-branches had been buried in the earth; the rafters, of lesser boughs, were in place; between the uprights the bamboo had been plaited; the earth floor was raised but not yet packed. 'Extra room,' Ramchand said. 'When it is finished you can come and stay with us.' Mr Biswas's depression deepened. They went on a tour of the small hut, Ramchand pointing out the refinements he had added: shelves set in the mud walls, tables, chairs. Back in the verandah Ramchand pointed to the hatrack. There were eight hooks on it symmetrically arranged about a diamond-shaped glass. 'That is the only thing here I didn't make myself. Dehuti set her heart on it.' He slumped down on the floor again and flung the little ball of earth he had been rolling between his fingers at the baby. Dehuti closed her eyes and pouted. 'Me? I didn't want it. I wish you would stop running round giving people the idea that I have modern ambitions.' He laughed uneasily and scratched his bare leg; the nails left white marks. 'I have no hat to hang on a hatrack,' Dehuti said. 'I don't want a mirror to show me my ugly face.' Ramchand scratched and winked at Mr Biswas. 'Ugly face? Ugly face?' Dehuti said, 'I don't stand up in front of the hatrack combing my hair for hours. My hair is not pretty and curly enough.' Ramchand accepted the compliment with a smile. In the verandah, black and yellow in the light of the oil lamp, they sat down on low benches to eat. But although he was hungry, and although he knew that both Dehuti and Ramchand had much affection for him, Mr Biswas found that his belly was beginning to rise and hurt, and he couldn't eat. Their happiness, which he couldn't share, had upset him. And it pained him more then to see Ramchand's jumpy enthusiasm replaced by uncertainty. Dehuti's sullen expression never changed; it was for just such a rebuff that she had been prepared. He left soon after, promising to come back and see them one day, knowing that he wouldn't, that the links between Dehuti and himself, never strong, had been broken, that from her too he had become separate. The desire to keep on looking for a job had left him. He supposed he had always known he would fall back on Tara for help. She liked him; Ajodha liked him. Perhaps he would apologize, and they would put him in the garage. Then Alec reappeared in Pagotes, and there was no sign of engine grease on him. His hands and arms and face were spotted and streaked with paint of various colours, as were his long khaki trousers and white shirt, where each stain was rimmed with oil. When, at the end of a long, idle and uncertain week, Mr Biswas saw him, Alec had a small tin of paint in one hand and a small brush in the other; he was standing on a ladder against a café in the Main Road and painting a sign, of which he had already achieved THE HUMMING BIRD CA. Mr Biswas was full of admiration. 'You like it, eh?' Alec came down the ladder, pulled out a large paint-spotted cloth from his back pocket and wiped his hands. 'Got to shadow them. In two colours. Blue across, green down.' 'But that will spoil it, man.' Alec spat out a cigarette that had burned down to his lips and gone dead. 'It will look like a little carnival when I finish. But that is the way they want it.' He jerked his head contemptuously towards the proprietor of the Humming Bird Café who was leaning on his counter and looking at them suspiciously. The shelves at his back were half filled with bottles of aerated water. Flies buzzed about him, attracted by the sweat on his neck and those parts of his body exposed by his vest; flies with different tastes had settled on the coarse sugar on the rock cakes in his showcase. To Alec Mr Biswas explained his problem, and they talked for a while. Then they went into the tiny café and Alec bought two bottles of aerated water. Alec said to the proprietor, 'This is my assistant.' The proprietor looked at Mr Biswas. 'How he so small?' 'Young firm,' Alec said. 'Give youth a chance.' 'He could paint humming birds?' 'He want a lot of humming birds in the sign,' Alec explained to Mr Biswas. 'Hanging about and behind the lettering.' 'Like the Keskidee Café,' the proprietor said. 'You see the sign he got?' He pointed obliquely across the road to another refreshment shack, and Mr Biswas saw the sign. The letters were blocked in three colours and shadowed in three other colours. Keskidee birds stood on the K, perched on the D, hung from the C; on EE two keskidees billed. Mr Biswas couldn't draw. Alec said, ' 'Course he could paint humming birds, if you really want them. The only thing is, it would look a little foliow-fashion.' 'And too besides, it oldfashion,' Mr Biswas said. 'I glad you say that,' Alec said. 'Was what I been trying to tell him. The modern thing is to have lots of words. All the shops in Port of Spain have signs with nothing but words. Tell him.' 'What sort of words?' the proprietor said. 'Sweet drinks, cakes and ice,' Mr Biswas said. The proprietor shook his head. 'Beware of the dog,' Alec said. 'I ain't got a dog.' 'Fresh fruits daily,' Alec went on. 'Stick no bills by order.' The proprietor shook his head. 'Trespassers will be prosecuted. Overseas visitors welcomed. If you don't see what you require please ask. Our assistants will be pleased to help you with your inquiries.' The proprietor was thinking. 'No hands wanted,' Alec said. 'Come in and look around.' The proprietor became alert. 'Is exactly what I have to fight in this place.' 'Idlers keep out,' Mr Biswas said. 'By order,' the proprietor said. 'Idlers keep out by order. A good sign,' Alec said. 'This boy will do it for you in two twos.' So Mr Biswas became a sign-writer and wondered why he had never thought of using this gift before. With Alec's help he worked on the café sign and to his delight and amazement it came out well enough to satisfy the proprietor. He had been used to designing letters with pen and pencil and was afraid that he would not be able to control a brush with paint. But he found that the brush, though flattening out disconcertingly at first, could be made to respond to the gentlest pressure; strokes were cleaner, curves truer. 'Just turn the brush slowly in your fingers when you come to the curve,' Alec said; and curves held fewer problems after that. After IDLERS KEEP OUT BY ORDER he did more signs with Alec; his hand became surer, his strokes bolder, his feeling for letters finer. He thought R and S the most beautiful of Roman letters; no letter could express so many moods as R, without losing its beauty; and what could compare with the swing and rhythm of S? With a brush, large letters were easier than small, and he felt much satisfaction after he and Alec had covered long stretches of palings with signs for Pluko, which was good for the hair in various ways, and Anchor Cigarettes. There was some worry about the cigarette packet; they would have preferred to draw it closed, but the contractors wanted it open, condemning Mr Biswas and Alec to draw not only the packet, but the silver foil, crumpled, and eight cigarettes, all marked ANCHOR, pulled out to varying lengths. After a time he started to go again to Tara's. She bore him no ill-will but he was disappointed to find that Ajodha no longer required him to read _That Body of Yours._ One of Bhandat's sons now did that. Two things had happened in the rumshop. Bhandat's wife had died in childbirth, and Bhandat had left his sons and gone to live with his mistress in Port of Spain. The boys were taken in by Tara, who added Bhandat's name to those never mentioned by her again. For years afterwards no one knew where or how Bhandat lived, though there were rumours that he lived in a slum in the city centre, surrounded by all sorts of quarrelling and disreputable people. So Bhandat's sons moved from the squalor of the rumshop to the comfort of Tara's house. It was a passage that Mr Biswas had made often himself, and it was no surprise to him that the boys had soon settled in so well that Bhandat was forgotten and it was hard to think of his sons living anywhere else. Mr Biswas continued to paint signs. It was satisfying work, but it came irregularly. Alec wandered from district to district, sometimes working, sometimes not, and the partnership was spasmodic. There were many weeks when Mr Biswas was out of work and could only read and design letters and practise his drawing. He learned to draw bottles, and in preparation for Christmas drew one Santa Claus after another until he had reduced it to a simple design in red, pink, white and black. Work, when it came, came in a rush. In September most shopkeepers said that they wanted no Christmas-signs nonsense that year. By December they had changed their minds, and Mr Biswas worked late into the night doing Santa Clauses and holly and berries and snow-capped letters; the finished signs quickly blistered in the blazing sun. Occasionally there were inexplicable rashes of new signs, and a district was thronged for a fortnight or so with sign-writers, for no shopkeeper wished to employ a man who had been used by his rival. Every sign then was required to be more elaborate than the last, and for stretches the Main Road was dazzling with signs that were hard to read. Plainness was required only for the posters for Local Road Board Elections. Mr Biswas did scores of these, many on cotton, which he had to stretch and pin to the mud wall of the verandah in the back trace. The paint leaked through and the wall became a blur of conflicting messages in different colours. To satisfy the extravagant lettering tastes of his shopkeepers he scanned foreign magazines. From looking at magazines for their letters he began to read them for their stories, and during his long weeks of leisure he read such novels as he could find in the stalls of Pagotes. He read the novels of Hall Caine and Marie Corelli. They introduced him to intoxicating worlds. Descriptions of landscape and weather in particular excited him; they made him despair of finding romance in his own dull green land which the sun scorched every day; he never had much taste for westerns. He became increasingly impatient at living in the back trace; and although his income, despite Christmas, elections and shopkeepers' jealousies, was small and uncertain, he would have liked to risk moving. But Bipti, who had always talked of moving, now said she had lived there too long and did not want to be among strangers in her old age. 'I leave here. One day you will get married, and where shall I be then?' 'I am never going to get married.' It was his usual threat, for Bipti had begun to say that she had only to see Mr Biswas married and her life's work would be complete. Pratap and Prasad were already married, Pratap to a tall, handsome woman who was bearing a child every eighteen months, Prasad to a woman of appalling ugliness who was mercifully barren. 'You mustn't say things like that,' Bipti said. She could still irritate him by taking everything he said seriously. 'So what? You expect me to bring a wife here?' He walked about the cluttered room, always smelling now of paint and oil and turpentine, and kicked at the dusty brown piles of his magazines and books on the floor. He stayed in the back trace and read Samuel Smiles. He had bought one of his books in the belief that it was a novel, and had become an addict. Samuel Smiles was as romantic and satisfying as any novelist, and Mr Biswas saw himself in many Samuel Smiles heroes: he was young, he was poor, and he fancied he was struggling. But there always came a point when resemblance ceased. The heroes had rigid ambitions and lived in countries where ambitions could be pursued and had a meaning. He had no ambition, and in this hot land, apart from opening a shop or buying a motorbus, what could he do? What could he invent? Dutifully, however, he tried. He bought elementary manuals of science and read them; nothing happened; he only became addicted to elementary manuals of science. He bought the seven expensive volumes of _Hawkins' Electrical Guide,_ made rudimentary compasses, buzzers and doorbells, and learned to wind an armature. Beyond that he could not go. Experiments became more complex, and he didn't know where in Trinidad he could find the equipment mentioned so casually by Hawkins. His interest in electrical matters died, and he contented himself with reading about the Samuel Smiles heroes in their magic land. And yet there were moments when he could persuade himself that he lived in a land where romance was possible. When, for instance, he had to do a rush job and worked late into the night by the light of a gas lamp, excitement and the light transforming the hut; able then to forget that ordinary morning would come and the sign would hang over a cluttered little shop with its doors open on to a hot dusty road. There were the days when he became a conductor on one of Ajodha's buses which ran in competition with other buses on a route without fixed stops. He enjoyed the urgent motion and noisy rivalry, and endangered himself needlessly by hanging far out from the running-board to sing to people on the road, 'Tunapuna, Naparima, Sangre Grande, Guayaguayare, Chacachacare, Mahatma Gandhi and back,' the glorious Amerindian names forming an imaginary route that took in the four corners of the island and one place, Chacachacare, across the sea. And there were times when elusive Alec, with a face that hinted of debauch, came to Pagotes, spoke of pleasures and took Mr Biswas to certain houses which terrified, then attracted, and finally only amused him. With Bhandat's boys he also went; but they seemed to get most of their pleasure from the thought that they were being vicious. And now too there were other occasions of excitement, unrelated to the excitements of books and magazines, unrelated to the visits to those houses: the glimpse of a face, a smile, a laugh. But his experiences had taken him beyond the stage when a girl was something of painful loveliness, and it was a marvel that any creature so soft and lovely could welcome the attentions of hard, ugly men; and few persons now held him. Some features always finally repelled, a tone of voice, a quality of skin, an over-sensuous hang of lip; one such lip had grown gross and obscene in a dream which left him feeling unclean. Love was something he was embarrassed to think about; the very word he mentioned seldom, and then as mockingly as Alec and Bhandat's boys. But secretly he believed. Alec, misunderstanding, said, 'You worry too much. These things come when you least expect them.' But he never ceased to worry. He no longer simply lived. He had begun to wait, not only for love, but for the world to yield its sweetness and romance. He deferred all his pleasure in life until that day. And it was in this mood of expectation that he went to Hanuman House at Arwacas, and saw Shama. # 3. The Tulsis AMONG THE tumbledown timber-and-corrugated-iron buildings in the High Street at Arwacas, Hanuman House stood like an alien white fortress. The concrete walls looked as thick as they were, and when the narrow doors of the Tulsi Store on the ground floor were closed the House became bulky, impregnable and blank. The side walls were windowless, and on the upper two floors the windows were mere slits in the façade. The balustrade which hedged the flat roof was crowned with a concrete statue of the benevolent monkey-god Hanuman. From the ground his whitewashed features could scarcely be distinguished and were, if anything, slightly sinister, for dust had settled on projections and the effect was that of a face lit up from below. The Tulsis had some reputation among Hindus as a pious, conservative, landowning family. Other communities, who knew nothing of the Tulsis, had heard about Pundit Tulsi, the founder of the family. He had been one of the first to be killed in a motorcar accident and was the subject of an irreverent and extremely popular song. To many outsiders he was therefore only a creature of fiction. Among Hindus there were other rumours about Pundit Tulsi, some romantic, some scurrilous. The fortune he had made in Trinidad had not come from labouring and it remained a mystery why he had emigrated as a labourer. One or two emigrants, from criminal clans, had come to escape the law. One or two had come to escape the consequences of their families' participation in the Mutiny. Pundit Tulsi belonged to neither class. His family still flourished in India – letters arrived regularly – and it was known that he had been of higher standing than most of the Indians who had come to Trinidad, nearly all of whom, like Raghu, like Ajodha, had lost touch with their families and wouldn't have known in what province to find them. The deference paid Pundit Tulsi in his native district had followed him to Trinidad and now that he was dead attached to his family. Little was really known about this family; outsiders were admitted to Hanuman House only for certain religious celebrations. Mr Biswas went to Hanuman House to paint signs for the Tulsi Store, after a protracted interview with a large, moustached, overpowering man called Seth, Mrs Tulsi's brother-in-law. Seth had beaten down Mr Biswas's price and said that Mr Biswas was getting the job only because he was an Indian; he had beaten it down a little further and said that Mr Biswas could count himself lucky to be a Hindu; he had beaten it down yet further and said that signs were not really needed but were being commissioned from Mr Biswas only because he was a Brahmin. The Tulsi Store was disappointing. The façade that promised such an amplitude of space concealed a building which was trapezoid in plan and not deep. There were no windows and light came only from the two narrow doors at the front and the single door at the back, which opened on to a covered courtyard. The walls, of uneven thickness, curved here and jutted there, and the shop abounded in awkward, empty, cobwebbed corners. Awkward, too, were the thick ugly columns, whose number dismayed Mr Biswas because he had undertaken, among other things, to paint signs on all of them. He began by decorating the top of the back wall with an enormous sign. This he illustrated meaninglessly with a drawing of Punch, who appeared incongruously gay and roguish in the austere shop where goods were stored rather than displayed and the assistants were grave and unenthusiastic. These assistants, he had learned with surprise, were all members of the House. He could not therefore let his eyes rove as freely as usual among the unmarried girls. So, as circumspectly as he could, he studied them while he worked, and decided that the most attractive was a girl of about sixteen, whom the others called Shama. She was of medium height, slender but firm, with fine features, and though he disliked her voice, he was enchanted by her smile. So enchanted, that after a few days he would very much have liked to do the low and possibly dangerous thing of talking to her. The presence of her sisters and brothers-in-law deterred him, as well as the unpredictable and forbidding appearances of Seth, dressed more like a plantation overseer than a store manager. Still, he stared at her with growing frankness. When she found him out he looked away, became very busy with his brushes and shaped his lips as though he were whistling softly. In fact he couldn't whistle; all he did was to expel air almost soundlessly through the lecherous gap in his top teeth. When she had responded to his stares a few times he felt that a certain communion had been established between them; and, meeting Alec in Pagotes, where Alec was working in Ajodha's garage once again, as a mechanic and a painter of buses and signs, Mr Biswas said, 'I got a girl in Arwacas.' Alec was congratulatory. 'Like I did say, these things come when you least expect them. What you was fussing so for?' And a few days later Bhandat's eldest boy said, 'Mohun, I hear you got a girl at long last, man.' He was patronizing; it was well known that he was having an affair with a woman of another race by whom he had already had a child; he was proud both of the child and its illegitimacy. The news of the girl at Arwacas spread and Mr Biswas enjoyed some glory at Pagotes until Bhandat's younger son, a prognathous, contemptuous boy, said, 'I feel you lying like hell, you know.' When Mr Biswas went to Hanuman House the next day he had a note in his pocket, which he intended to give to Shama. She was busy all morning, but just before noon, when the store closed for lunch, there was a lull and her counter was free. He came down the ladder, whistling in his way. Unnecessarily, he began stacking and restacking his paint tins. Then, preoccupied and frowning, he walked about the store, looking for tins that were not there. He passed Shama's counter and, without looking at her, placed the note under a bolt of cloth. The note was crumpled and slightly dirty and looked ineffectual. But she saw it. She looked away and smiled. It was not a smile of complicity or pleasure; it was a smile that told Mr Biswas he had made a fool of himself. He felt exceedingly foolish, and wondered whether he shouldn't take back his note and abandon Shama at once. While he hesitated a fat Negro woman went to Shama's counter and asked for flesh-coloured stockings, which were then enjoying some vogue in rural Trinidad. Shama, still smiling, took down a box and held up a pair of black cotton stockings. _'Eh!'_ The woman's gasp could be heard throughout the shop. 'You playing with me? How the hell all-you get so fresh and conceited?' She began to curse. _'Playing_ with me!' She pulled boxes and bolts of cloth off the counter and hurled them to the floor and every time something crashed she shouted, _'Playing_ with me!' One of the Tulsi sons-in-law ran up to pacify her. She cuffed him back. 'Where the old lady?' she called, and screamed, 'Mai! Mai!' as though in great pain. Shama had ceased to smile. Fright was plain on her face. Mr Biswas had no desire to comfort her. She looked so much like a child now that he only became more ashamed of the note. The bolt of cloth which concealed it had been thrown to the ground, and the note was exposed, caught at the end of the brass yardstick that was screwed to the counter. He moved towards the counter, but was driven back by the woman's fat flailing arms. Then silence fell on the shop. The woman's arms became still. Through the back doorway, to the right of the counter, Mrs Tulsi appeared. She was as laden as Tara with jewellery; she lacked Tara's sprightliness but was statelier; her face, though not plump, was slack, as if unexercised. Mr Biswas moved back to his tins and brushes. 'Yes, ma'am, I want to see _you.'_ The woman was breathless with anger. 'I want to see _you._ I want you to beat that child, ma'am. I want you to beat that conceited, rude child of yours.' 'All right, miss. All right.' Mrs Tulsi pressed her thin lips together repeatedly. 'Tell me what happened.' She spoke English in a slow, precise way which surprised Mr Biswas and filled him with apprehension. She was now behind the counter and her fingers which, like her face, were creased rather than wrinkled, rubbed along the brass yardstick. From time to time, while she listened, she pressed the corner of her veil over her moving lips. Mr Biswas, now busily cleaning brushes, wiping them dry, and putting soap in the bristle to keep it supple, was sure that Mrs Tulsi was listening with only half a mind, that her eyes had been caught by the note: _I love you and I want to talk to you._ Mrs Tulsi spoke some abuse to Shama in Hindi, the obscenity of which startled Mr Biswas. The woman looked pacified. Mrs Tulsi promised to look further into the matter and gave the woman a pair of flesh-coloured stockings free. The woman began to retell her story. Mrs Tulsi, treating the matter as closed, repeated that she was giving the stockings free. The woman went on unhurriedly to the end of the story. Then she walked slowly out of the shop, muttering, exaggeratedly swinging her large hips. The note was in Mrs Tulsi's hand. She held it just above the counter, far from her eyes, and read it, patting her lips with her veil. 'Shama, that was a shameless thing to do.' 'I wasn't thinking, Mai,' Shama said, and burst into tears, like a girl about to be flogged. Mr Biswas's disenchantment was complete. Mrs Tulsi, holding her veil to her chin, nodded absently, still looking at the note. Mr Biswas slunk out of the store. He went to Mrs Seeung's, a large café in the High Street, and ordered a sardine roll and a bottle of aerated water. The sardines were dry, the onion offended him, and the bread had a crust that cut the inside of his lips. He drew comfort only from the thought that he had not signed the note and could deny writing it. When he went back to the store he was determined to pretend that nothing had happened, determined never to look at Shama again. Carefully he prepared his brushes and set to work. He was relieved that no one showed an interest in him; and more relieved to find that Shama was not in the store that afternoon. With a light heart he outlined Punch's dog on the irregular surface of the whitewashed column. Below the dog he ruled lines and sketched BARGAINS! BARGAINS! He painted the dog red, the first BARGAINS! black, the second blue. Moving a rung or two down the ladder he ruled more lines, and between these lines he detailed some of the bargains the Tulsi Store offered, in letters which he 'cut out', painting a section of the column red, leaving the letters cut out in the whitewash. Along the top and bottom of the red strip he left small circles of whitewash; these he gashed with one red stroke, to give the impression that a huge red plaque had been screwed on to the pillar; it was one of Alec's devices. The work absorbed him all afternoon. Shama never appeared in the store, and for minutes he forgot about the morning's happenings. Just before four, when the store closed and Mr Biswas stopped work, Seth came, looking as though he had spent the day in the fields. He wore muddy bluchers and a stained khaki topee; in the pocket of his sweated khaki shirt he carried a black notebook and an ivory cigarette holder. He went to Mr Biswas and said, in a tone of gruff authority, 'The old lady want to see you before you go.' Mr Biswas resented the tone, and was disturbed that Seth had spoken to him in English. Saying nothing, he came down the ladder and washed out his brushes, doing his soundless whistling while Seth stood over him. The front doors were bolted and barred and the Tulsi Store became dark and warm and protected. He followed Seth through the back door to the damp, gloomy courtyard, where he had never been. Here the Tulsi Store felt even smaller: looking back he saw lifesize carvings of Hanuman, grotesquely coloured, on either side of the shop doorway. Across the courtyard there was a large, old, grey wooden house which he thought must be the original Tulsi house. He had never suspected its size from the store; and from the road it was almost hidden by the tall concrete building, to which it was connected by an unpainted, new-looking wooden bridge, which roofed the courtyard. They climbed a short flight of cracked concrete steps into the hall of the wooden house. It was deserted. Seth left Mr Biswas, saying he had to go and wash. It was a spacious hall, smelling of smoke and old wood. The pale green paint had grown dim and dingy and the timbers revealed the ravages of woodlice which left wood looking so new where it was rotten. Then Mr Biswas had another surprise. Through the doorway at the far end he saw the kitchen. And the kitchen had mud walls. It was lower than the hall and appeared to be completely without light. The doorway gaped black; soot stained the wall about it and the ceiling just above; so that blackness seemed to fill the kitchen like a solid substance. The most important piece of furniture in the hall was a long unvarnished pitchpine table, hard-grained and chipped. A hammock made from sugarsacks hung across one corner of the room. An old sewingmachine, a baby-chair and a black biscuit-drum occupied another corner. Scattered about were a number of unrelated chairs, stools and benches, one of which, low and carved with rough ornamentation from a solid block of cyp wood, still had the saffron colour which told that it had been used at a wedding ceremony. More elegant pieces – a dresser, a desk, a piano so buried among papers and baskets and other things that it was unlikely it was ever used – choked the staircase landing. On the other side of the hall there was a loft of curious construction. It was as if an enormous drawer had been pulled out of the top of the wall; the vacated space, dark and dusty, was crammed with all sorts of articles Mr Biswas couldn't distinguish. He heard a creak on the staircase and saw a long white skirt and a long white petticoat dancing above silver-braceleted ankles. It was Mrs Tulsi. She moved slowly; he knew from her face that she had spent the afternoon in bed. Without acknowledging his presence she sat on a bench and, as if already tired, rested her jewelled arms on the table. He saw that in one smooth ringed hand she was holding the note. 'You wrote this?' He did his best to look puzzled. He stared hard at the note and stretched a hand to take it. Mrs Tulsi pulled the note away and held it up. 'That? I didn't write that. Why should I want to write that?' 'I only thought so because somebody saw you put it down.' The silence outside was broken. The tall gate in the corrugated iron fence at the side of the courtyard banged repeatedly, and the courtyard was filled with the shuffle and chatter of the children back from school. They passed to the side of the house, under the gallery formed by the projecting loft. A child was crying; another explained why; a woman shouted for silence. From the kitchen came sounds of activity. At once the house felt peopled and full. Seth came back to the hall, his bluchers resounding on the floor. He had washed and was without his topee; his damp hair, streaked with grey, was combed flat. He sat down across the table from Mrs Tulsi and fitted a cigarette into his cigarette holder. 'What?' Mr Biswas said. 'Somebody saw me put _that_ down?' Seth laughed. 'Nothing to be ashamed about.' He clenched his lips over the cigarette holder and opened the corners of his mouth to laugh. Mr Biswas was puzzled. It would have been more understandable if they had taken his word and asked him never to come to their house again. 'I believe I know your family,' Seth said. In the gallery outside and in the kitchen there was now a continual commotion. A woman came out of the black doorway with a brass plate and a blue-rimmed enamel cup. She set them before Mrs Tulsi and, without a word, without looking right or left, hurried back to the blackness of the kitchen. The cup contained milky tea, the plate _roti_ and curried beans. Another woman brought similar food in an equally reverential way to Seth. Mr Biswas recognized both women as Shama's sisters; their dress and manner showed that they were married. Mrs Tulsi, scooping up some beans with a shovel of _roti,_ said to Seth, 'Better feed him?' 'Do you want to eat?' Seth spoke as though it would have been amusing if Mr Biswas did want to eat. Mr Biswas disliked what he saw and shook his head. 'Pull up that chair and sit here,' Mrs Tulsi said and, barely raising her voice, called, 'C, bring a cup of tea for this person.' 'I know your family,' Seth repeated. 'Who's your father again?' Mr Biswas evaded the question. 'I am the nephew of Ajodha. Pagotes.' 'Of course.' Expertly Seth ejected the cigarette from the holder to the floor and ground it with his bluchers, hissing smoke down from his nostrils and up from his mouth. 'I know Ajodha. Sold him some land. Dhanku's land,' he said, turning to Mrs Tulsi. 'O yes.' Mrs Tulsi continued to eat, lifting her armoured hand high above her plate. C turned out to be the woman who had served Mrs Tulsi. She resembled Shama but was shorter and sturdier and her features were less fine. Her veil was pulled decorously over her forehead, but when she brought Mr Biswas his cup of tea she gave him a frank, unimpressed stare. He attempted to glare back but was too slow; she had already turned and was walking away briskly on light bare feet. He put the tall cup to his lips and took a slow, noisy draught, studying his reflection in the tea and wondering about Seth's position in the family. He put the cup down when he heard someone else come into the hall. This was a tall, slender, smiling man dressed in white. His face was sunburnt and his hands were rough. Breathlessly, with many sighs, laughs and swallows, he reported to Seth on various animals. He seemed anxious to appear tired and anxious to please. Seth looked pleased. C came from the kitchen again and followed the man upstairs; he was obviously her husband. Mr Biswas took another draught of tea, studied his reflection and wondered whether every couple had a room to themselves; he also wondered what sleeping arrangements were made for the children he heard shouting and squealing and being slapped (by mothers alone?) in the gallery outside, the children he saw peeping at him from the kitchen doorway before being dragged away by ringed hands. 'So you really do like the child?' It was a moment or so before Mr Biswas, behind his cup, realized that Mrs Tulsi had addressed the question to him, and another moment before he knew who the child was. He felt it would be graceless to say no. 'Yes,' he said, 'I like the child.' Mrs Tulsi chewed and said nothing. Seth said: 'I know Ajodha. You want me to go and see him?' Incomprehension, surprise, then panic, overwhelmed Mr Biswas. 'The child,' he said desperately. 'What about the child?' 'What about her?' Seth said. 'She is a good child. A little bit of reading and writing even.' 'A little bit of reading and writing –' Mr Biswas echoed, trying to gain time. Seth, chewing, his right hand working dexterously with _roti_ and beans, made a dismissing gesture with his left hand. 'Just a little bit. So much. Nothing to worry about. In two or three years she might even forget.' And he gave a little laugh. He wore false teeth which clacked every time he chewed. 'The child – ' Mr Biswas said. Mrs Tulsi stared at him. 'I mean,' said Mr Biswas, 'the child knows?' 'Nothing at all,' Seth said appeasingly. 'I mean,' said Mr Biswas, 'does the child like me?' Mrs Tulsi looked as though she couldn't understand. Chewing, with lingering squelchy sounds, she raised Mr Biswas's note with her free hand and said, 'What's the matter? _You_ don't like the child?' 'Yes,' Mr Biswas said helplessly. 'I like the child.' 'That is the main thing,' Seth said. 'We don't want to force you to do anything. Are we forcing you?' Mr Biswas remained silent. Seth gave another disparaging little laugh and poured tea into his mouth, holding the cup away from his lips, chewing and clacking between pours. 'Eh, boy, are we forcing you?' 'No,' Mr Biswas said. 'You are not forcing me.' 'All right, then. What's upsetting you?' Mrs Tulsi smiled at Mr Biswas. 'The poor boy is shy. I know.' 'I am _not_ shy and I am _not_ upset,' Mr Biswas said, and the aggression in his voice so startled him that he continued softly, 'It's only that – well, it's only that I have no money to start thinking about getting married.' Mrs Tulsi became as stern as he had seen her in the store that morning. 'Why did you write this then?' She waved the note. 'Ach! Don't worry with him,' Seth said. 'No money! Ajodha's family, and no money!' Mr Biswas thought it would be useless to explain. Mrs Tulsi became calmer. 'If your father was worried about money, he wouldn't have married at all.' Seth nodded solemnly. Mr Biswas was puzzled by her use of the words 'your father'. At first he had thought she was speaking to Seth alone, but then he saw that the statement had wider, alarming implications. Faces of children and women peeped out from the kitchen doorway. The world was too small, the Tulsi family too large. He felt trapped. How often, in the years to come, at Hanuman House or in the house at Shorthills or in the house in Port of Spain, living in one room, with some of his children sleeping on the next bed, and Shama, the prankster, the server of black cotton stockings, sleeping downstairs with the other children, how often did Mr Biswas regret his weakness, his inarticulateness, that evening! How often did he try to make events appear grander, more planned and less absurd than they were! And the most absurd feature of that evening was to come. When he had left Hanuman House and was cycling back to Pagotes, he actually felt elated! In the large, musty hall with the sooty kitchen at one end, the furniture-choked landing on one side, and the dark, cobwebbed loft on the other, he had been overpowered and frightened by Seth and Mrs Tulsi and all the Tulsi women and children; they were strange and had appeared too strong; he wanted nothing so much then as to be free of that house. But now the elation he felt was not that of relief. He felt he had been involved in large events. He felt he had achieved status. His way lay along the County Road and the Eastern Main Road. Both were lined for stretches with houses that were ambitious, incomplete, unpainted, often skeletal, with wooden frames that had grown grey and mildewed while their owners lived in one or two imperfectly enclosed rooms. Through unfinished partitions, patched up with box-boards, tin and canvas, the family clothing could be seen hanging on lengths of string stretched across the inhabited rooms like bunting; no beds were to be seen, only a table and chair perhaps, and many boxes. Twice a day he cycled past these houses, but that evening he saw them as for the first time. From such failure, which until only that morning awaited him, he had by one stroke made himself exempt. And when that evening Alec asked in his friendly mocking way, 'How the girl, man?' Mr Biswas said happily, 'Well, I see the mother.' Alec was stupefied. 'The mother? But what the hell you gone and put yourself in?' All Mr Biswas's dread returned, but he said, 'Is all right. I got my eyes open. Good family, you know. Money. Acres and acres of land. No more sign-painting for me.' Alec didn't look reassured. 'How you manage this so quick?' 'Well, I see this girl, you know. I see this girl and she was looking at me, and I was looking at she. So I give she a little of the old sweet talk and I see that she was liking me too. And, well, to cut a long story short, I ask to see the mother. Rich people, you know. Big house.' But he was worried, and spent much time that evening wondering whether he should go back to Hanuman House. He began feeling that it was he who had acted, and was unwilling to believe that he had acted foolishly. And, after all, the girl was good-looking. And there would be a handsome dowry. Against this he could set only his fear, and a regret he could explain to no one: he would be losing romance forever, since there could be no romance at Hanuman House. In the morning everything seemed so ordinary that both his fear and regret became unreal, and he saw no reason why he should behave unusually. He went back to the Tulsi Store and painted a column. He was invited to lunch in the hall, off lentils, spinach and a mound of rice on a brass plate. Flies buzzed on fresh food-stains all along the pitchpine table. He disliked the food and disliked eating off brass plates. Mrs Tulsi, who was not eating herself, sat next to him, stared at his plate, brushed the flies away from it with one hand, and talked. At one stage she directed his attention to a framed photograph on the wall below the loft. The photograph, blurred at the edges and in many other places, was of a moustached man in turban, jacket and dhoti, with beads around his neck, caste-marks on his forehead and an unfurled umbrella on the crook of his left arm. It was Pundit Tulsi. 'We never had a quarrel,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'Suppose I wanted to go to Port of Spain, and he didn't. You think we'd quarrel about a thing like that? No. We would sit down and talk it over, and he would say, "All right, let us go." Or I would say, "All right, we _won't_ go." That's the way we were, you know.' She had grown almost maudlin, and Mr Biswas was trying to appear solemn while chewing. He chewed slowly and wondered whether he shouldn't stop altogether; but whenever he stopped eating Mrs Tulsi stopped talking. 'This house,' Mrs Tulsi said, blowing her nose, wiping her eyes with her veil and waving a hand in a fatigued way, 'this house – he built it with his own hands. Those walls aren't concrete, you know. Did you know that?' Mr Biswas went on eating. 'They looked like concrete to you, didn't they?' 'Yes, they looked like concrete.' 'It looks like concrete to _everybody._ But everybody is wrong. Those walls are really made of clay bricks. Clay bricks,' she repeated, staring at Mr Biswas's plate and waiting for him to say something. 'Clay bricks!' he said. 'I would never have thought that.' 'Clay bricks. And he made every brick himself. Right here. In Ceylon.' 'Ceylon?' 'That is how we call the yard at the back. You haven't seen it? Nice piece of ground. Lots of flower trees. He was a great one for flowers, you know. We still have the brick-factory and everything there as well. There's a lot of people don't know about this house. Ceylon. You'd better start getting to know these names.' She laughed and Mr Biswas felt a little stab of fear. 'And then,' she went on, 'he was going to Port of Spain one day, to make arrangements to take us all back to India. Just for a trip, you know. And this car came and knocked him down, and he died, Died,' she repeated, and waited. Mr Biswas swallowed hurriedly and said, 'That must have been a blow.' 'It was a blow. Only one daughter married. Two sons to educate. It was a blow. And we had no money, you know.' This was news to Mr Biswas. He hid his perturbation by looking down at his brass plate and chewing hard. 'And Seth says, and I agree with him, that with the father dead, one shouldn't make too much fuss about marrying people off. You know' – she lifted her heavy braceleted arms and made a clumsy dancer's gesture which amused her a good deal – 'drums and dancing and big dowry. We don't believe in that. We leave that to people who want to show off. You know the sort of people. Dressed up to kill all the time. Yet go and see where they come out from. You know those houses in the County Road. Half built. No furniture. No, we are not like that. Then, all this fuss about getting married was more suitable for oldfashioned people like myself. Not for you. Do you think it matters how people get married?' 'Not really.' 'You remind me a little of _him.'_ He followed her gaze to other photographs of Pundit Tulsi on the wall. There was one of him flanked by potted palms against the sunset of a photographer's studio. In another photograph he stood, a small indistinct figure, under the arcade of Hanuman House, beyond the High Street that was empty except for a broken barrel which, because it was nearer the camera, stood out in clear detail. (How did they empty the street, Mr Biswas wondered. Perhaps it was a Sunday morning, or perhaps they had roped the populace off.) There was another photograph of him behind the balustrade. In every photograph he carried the unfurled umbrella. 'He would have liked you,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'He would have been proud to know that you were going to marry one of his daughters. He wouldn't have let things like your job or your money worry him. He always said that the only thing that mattered was the blood. I can just look at you and see that you come from good blood. A simple little ceremony at the registrar's office is all that you need.' And Mr Biswas found that he had agreed. At Hanuman House everything had appeared simple and reasonable. Outside, he was stunned. He had not had time to think about the problems marriage would bring. Now they seemed enormous. What would happen to his mother? Where would he live? He had no money and no job, for sign-writing, while good enough for a boy living with his mother, was hardly a secure profession for a married man. To get a house he would first have to get a job. He needed much time, but the Tulsis were giving him none at all, though they knew his circumstances. He assumed that they had decided to give more than a dowry, that they would help with a job or a house, or both. He would have liked to talk things over with Seth and Mrs Tulsi; but they had become unapproachable as soon as notice had been given at the registrar's. There was no one in Pagotes he could talk to, for pure shame had kept him from telling Tara or Bipti or Alec that he was going to be married. At Hanuman House, in the press of daughters, sons-in-law and children, he began to feel lost, unimportant and even frightened. No one particularly noticed him. Sometimes, during the general feeding, he might be included; but as yet he had no wife to single him out for attention, to do the little services he saw Shama's sisters doing for their husbands: the ready ladle, the queries, the formal concern. Shama he seldom saw, and when he did, she ostentatiously ignored him. It never occurred to him that he might withdraw. He felt he had committed himself in every legal and moral way. And, telling Bipti one morning that he would be away for a short time on a job, he took some of his clothes and moved to Hanuman House. It was only half a lie: he could not believe that the events he was taking part in had any solidity, and could change him in any way. The days were too ordinary for that; nothing unusual could befall him. And shortly, he knew, he would return, unchanged, to the back trace. As a guarantee of that return, he left most of his clothes and all of his books in the hut; it was partly, too, to guarantee this return that he lied to Bipti. After a brief ceremony at the registrar's, as make-believe as a child's game, with paper flowers in dissimilar vases on a straw-coloured, official-looking desk, Mr Biswas and Shama were given part of a long room on the top floor of the wooden house. And now he became cautious. Now he thought of escape. To leave the way clear for that he thought it important to avoid the final commitment. He didn't embrace or touch her. He wouldn't have known, besides, how to begin, with someone who had not spoken a word to him, and whom he still saw with the mocking smile she had given that morning in the store. Not wishing to be tempted, he didn't look at her, and was relieved when she left the room. He spent the rest of that day imprisoned where he was, listening to the noises of the house. Neither on that day nor on the following days did anyone speak to him of dowry, house or job; and he realized that there had been no discussions because Mrs Tulsi and Seth didn't see that there were any problems to discuss. The organization of the Tulsi house was simple. Mrs Tulsi had only one servant, a Negro woman who was called Blackie by Seth and Mrs Tulsi, and Miss Blackie by everyone else. Miss Blackie's duties were vague. The daughters and their children swept and washed and cooked and served in the store. The husbands, under Seth's supervision, worked on the Tulsi land, looked after the Tulsi animals, and served in the store. In return they were given food, shelter and a little money; their children were looked after; and they were treated with respect by people outside because they were connected with the Tulsi family. Their names were forgotten; they became Tulsis. There were daughters who had, in the Tulsi marriage lottery, drawn husbands with money and position; these daughters followed the Hindu custom of living with their husband's families, and formed no part of the Tulsi organization. Up to this time Mr Biswas thought he had been especially favoured by the Tulsis. But when he came to see how the family disposed of its daughters, he wondered that Seth and Mrs Tulsi had gone to such trouble on two consecutive days to make marriage attractive to him. They had married Shama to him simply because he was of the proper caste, just as they had married the daughter called C to an illiterate coconut-seller. Mr Biswas had no money or position. He was expected to become a Tulsi. At once he rebelled. Pretending not to know what was expected of him, he finished the signs for the Tulsi Store and decided that the time had come to escape, with Shama or without her. It looked as though it would have to be without her. They still had not spoken; and, following his policy of caution, he had not attempted to establish any relations with her in the long room. He was convinced that she was a thorough Tulsi. And he was glad of his caution when she took to crying openly in the hall, surrounded by sisters, brothers-in-law, nephews and nieces, saying that Mr Biswas had been married less than a fortnight but was already doing his best to break her heart and create trouble in the family. In a tremendous temper Mr Biswas began packing his brushes and clothes. 'Yes, take up your clothes and go,' Shama said. 'You came to this house with nothing but a pair of cheap khaki trousers and a dirty old shirt.' He left Hanuman House and went back to Pagotes. He felt unchanged, unmarried. He had simply had a good fright, but had managed things well and escaped. In Pagotes, however, he found that his marriage was not a secret. Bipti welcomed him with tears of joy. She said she had always known that he wouldn't let her down. She had never said it, but she had always felt he would marry into a good family. She could now die happily. If she lived she had something to brighten her old age. Mr Biswas must not reproach himself for his secrecy; he was not to worry about her at all; he had his own life to live. And despite his protests she put on her best clothes and went to Arwacas the next day. She came back overwhelmed by the graciousness of Mrs Tulsi, the diffidence of Shama and the splendour of Hanuman House. She described a house he hardly knew. She spoke of a drawingroom with two tall thronelike mahogany chairs, potted palms and ferns in huge brass vases on marble topped tables, religious paintings, and many pieces of Hindu sculpture. She spoke of a prayer-room above that, which, with its slender columns, was like a temple: a low, cool, white room, empty except for the shrine in the centre. She had seen only the upper floors of the concrete or rather, clay-brick, building. He didn't tell her that that part of the house was reserved for visitors, Mrs Tulsi, Seth and Mrs Tulsi's two younger sons. And he thought it better to keep silent about the old wooden house which the family called 'the old barracks'. He spent two days in hiding at the back trace, not caring to face Alec or Bhandat's boys. On the third day he felt the need of greater comfort than Bipti could give, and that evening he went to Tara's. He entered by the side gate. From the cowpen came a familiar early evening sound: the unhurried stir and rustle of cows in stalls laid with fresh straw. The back verandah outside Tara's kitchen was warm with light. He heard the steady drone of someone reading aloud. He found Ajodha rocking slowly, his head thrown back, frowning, his eyes closed, his eyelids palpitating with anguish while Bhandat's younger boy read _That Body of Yours._ Bhandat's boy stopped reading when he saw Mr Biswas. His eyes became bright with amusement and his prognathous smile was a sneer. Ajodha opened his eyes and gave a shriek of malicious delight. 'Married man!' he cried in English. 'Married man!' Mr Biswas smiled and looked sheepish. 'Tara, Tara,' Ajodha called. 'Come and look at your married nephew.' She came out gravely from the kitchen, embraced Mr Biswas and wept for so long that he began to feel, with sadness and a deep sense of loss, that he really was married, that in some irrevocable way he had changed. She undid the knot at the end of her veil and took out a twenty-dollar note. He objected for a little, then took it. 'Married man!' Ajodha cried again. Tara took Mr Biswas to the kitchen and gave him a meal. And while, in the verandah, Bhandat's boy continued to read _That Body of Yours,_ with the moths striking continually against the glass chimney of the oil lamp, she and Mr Biswas talked. She could not keep the unhappiness and disappointment out of her face and voice, and this encouraged him to be bitter about the Tulsis. 'And what sort of dowry did they give you?' she asked. 'Dowry? They are not so oldfashioned. They didn't give me a penny.' 'Registry?' He bit at a slice of pickled mango and nodded. 'It is a modern custom,' Tara said. 'And like most modern customs, very economical.' 'They didn't even pay me for the signs.' 'You didn't ask?' 'Yes,' he lied. 'But you don't know those people.' He would have been ashamed to explain the organization of the Tulsi house, and to say that his signs were probably considered contributions to the family endeavour. 'You just leave this to me,' Tara said. His heart sank. He had wanted her to declare that he was free, that he needn't go back, that he could forget the Tulsis and Shama. And he was no happier when she went to Hanuman House and came back with what she said was good news. He was not to live at Hanuman House forever; the Tulsis had decided to set him up as soon as possible in a shop in a village called The Chase. He was married. Nothing now, except death, could change that. 'They told me that they only wanted to help you out,' Tara said. 'They said you didn't want any dowry or big wedding and they didn't offer because it was a love match.' Reproach was in her voice. 'Love match!' Ajodha cried. 'Rabidat, listen to that.' He punched Bhandat's younger boy in the belly. 'Love match!' Rabidat gave his contemptuous smile. Mr Biswas looked angrily and accusingly at Rabidat. He held Rabidat, more than anyone else, responsible for his marriage and wanted to say it was Rabidat's taunt which had made him write that note to Shama. Instead, ignoring Ajodha's chuckles and shrieks, he said, 'Love match? What love match? They are lying.' In a disappointed, tired way Tara said, 'They showed me a love letter.' She used the English word; it sounded vicious. Ajodha shrieked again. 'Love letter! Mohun!' Bhandat's boy continued to smile. Their mood seemed to infect Tara. 'Mrs Tulsi told me that she believed you wanted to go on with your sign-writing and that Hanuman House was the best place to work from.' She had begun to smile. 'Everything's all right now, boy. You can go back to your wife.' The stress she gave to the word 'wife' wounded Mr Biswas. 'You have got yourself into a real gum-pot,' she added, more sympathetically. 'And I had such nice plans for you.' 'I wish you had told me,' he said, without irony. 'Go back and get your wife!' Ajodha said. He paid no attention to Ajodha and asked Tara in English, 'You like she?' Hindi was too intimate and tender. Tara shrugged, to say that it was none of her business; and this hurt Mr Biswas, for it emphasized his loneliness: Tara's interest in Shama might have made everything more bearable. He thought he would show an equal unconcern. Lightly, smiling back at Ajodha, he asked Tara, 'I suppose they vex with me now over there, eh?' His tone angered her. 'What's the matter? Are you afraid of them already, like every other man in that place?' 'Afraid? No. You don't know me.' But it was some days before he could make up his mind to go back. He didn't know what his rights were, didn't believe in the shop at The Chase, and his plans were vague. Only, he doubted that he would return to the back trace, and when he packed, he packed everything, Bipti crying happily all the while. As he cycled past the unfinished, open houses on the County Road, he wondered how many nights he would spend behind the closed façade of Hanuman House. 'What?' Shama said in English. 'You come back already? You tired catching crab in Pagotes?' Despite the adventurousness and danger of his calling, the crab-catcher was considered the lowest of the low. 'I thought I would come and help all-you catch some here,' Mr Biswas replied, and killed the giggles in the hall. No other comment was made. He had expected to be met by silence, stares, hostility and perhaps a little fear. He got the stares; the noise continued; the fear was, of course, only a wild hope; and he couldn't be sure of the hostility. The interest in his return was momentary and superficial. No one referred to his absence or return, not Seth, not Mrs Tulsi, both of whom continued, as they had done even before he left, hardly to notice him. He heard nothing about the visits of Bipti and Tara. The house was too full, too busy; such events were insignificant because he mattered little to the house. His status there was now fixed. He was troublesome and disloyal, and could not be trusted. He was weak and therefore contemptible. He had not expected to hear any more about the shop in The Chase. And he didn't. He began to doubt that it existed. He went on with his sign-writing and spent as much time as he could out of the house. But he was unknown in Arwacas and jobs were scarce. Time hung heavily on his hands until he met an equally underemployed man called Misir, the Arwacas correspondent of the _Trinidad Sentinel._ They discussed jobs, Hinduism, India and their respective families. Every afternoon Mr Biswas had to prepare afresh for his return to Hanuman House, though once he had pushed open the tall gate at the side it was a short journey, across the courtyard, through the hall, up the steps, along the verandah, through the Book Room, to his share of the long room. There he stripped to pants and vest, lay down on his bedding and read, leaning on one elbow. His pants, made by Bipti from floursacks, were unfortunate. Despite many washings they were still bright with letters and even whole words; they went down to his knees and made him look smaller than he was. It was not long before the children got to know about these pants, but Mr Biswas, refusing to yield to laughter, comments from the hall and Shama's pleas, continued to parade them. It was impossible to keep anything secret from the children. As soon as darkness fell beds were made for them in the Book Room and all along the verandah upstairs. As the evening wore on, more and more beds were unrolled and the old upstairs became choked with sleepers; sleepers filled the wooden bridge that connected the old upstairs with the concrete house. Beyond the bridge, called 'the new room', lay the seclusion and space of the drawingroom that had impressed Bipti. But even if that part of the house was not reserved for Seth, Mrs Tulsi and her two sons, Mr Biswas would not have cared to go there. It was a forbidding room, with its large brass pots and marble topped tables. There was nothing to sit on apart from the two chairs which Bipti had described as thronelike. And the room was made oppressive by the many statues of Hindu gods, heavy and ugly, which Pundit Tulsi had brought back from his Indian visits. 'He must have bought them wholesale from some godshop,' Mr Biswas told Shama later. Above that was the greater seclusion of the prayer-room, reached from the drawingroom by a staircase as steep as a ship's companionway (a means of testing the faithful, or it might simply have been that Pundit Tulsi, like most builders in the island, got ideas as he went along). But in the prayer-room there was no furniture at all, the ground was of course sacred, and he found the smell of incense and sandalwood insupportable. So, besieged by sleepers, he remained in the long room. His share of it was short and narrow: the long room, originally a verandah, had been enclosed and split up into bedrooms. He had Shama bring up his food there and he ate, squatting on his pants-clad haunches, his left hand squashed between his calf and the back of his thigh. At these times Shama was not the Shama he saw downstairs, the thorough Tulsi, the antagonist the family had assigned him. In many subtle ways, but mainly by her silence, she showed that Mr Biswas, however grotesque, was hers and that she had to make do with what Fate had granted her. But there was as yet little friendliness between them. They spoke in English. She seldom asked about his work and he was cautious about revealing information which might later be used against him, although shame alone might have kept him from telling her what he earned. And it was at these eating sessions that Mr Biswas took his revenge on the Tulsis. 'How the little gods getting on today, eh?' he would ask. He meant her brothers. The elder attended the Roman Catholic college in Port of Spain and came home every week-end; the younger was being coached to enter the college. At Hanuman House they were kept separate from the turbulence of the old upstairs. They worked in the drawingroom and slept in one of the bedrooms off it; these bedrooms were small and badly lighted, but their walls felt thick and their very gloom suggested richness and security. The brothers often did the _puja_ in the prayer-room. Despite their age they were admitted into the councils of Seth and Mrs Tulsi and their views were quoted with respect by sisters and brothers-in-law. To assist their scholarship, the best of the food was automatically set aside for them and they were given special brain-feeding meals, of fish in particular. When the brothers made public appearances they were always grave, and sometimes stern. Occasionally they served in the store, sitting near the cashbox, with open textbooks before them. 'How the gods, eh?' Shama wouldn't reply. 'And how the Big Boss getting on today?' That was Seth. Shama wouldn't reply. 'And how the old queen?' That was Mrs Tulsi. 'The old hen? The old cow?' 'Well, nobody didn't _ask_ you to get married into the family, you know.' 'Family? Family? This blasted fowlrun you calling family?' And with that Mr Biswas took his brass jar and went to the Demerara window, where he gargled loudly, indulging at the same time in vile abuse of the family, knowing that the gargling distorted his words. Then he spat the water down venomously to the yard below. 'Careful, man. The kitchen just down there.' 'I know that. I just hoping I spit on some of your family.' 'Well, you should be glad that nobody would bother to spit on yours.' It was a strain, living in a house full of people and talking to one person alone, and after some weeks Mr Biswas decided to look around for alliances. Relationships at Hanuman House were complex and as yet he understood only a few, but he had noted that two friendly sisters made two friendly husbands, and two friendly husbands made two friendly sisters. Friendly sisters exchanged stories of their husbands' disabilities, the names of illnesses and remedies forcing such discussions to be in English. 'He got one backache these days.' 'You must use hartshorn. He did have backache too. He try Dodd's Kidney Pills and Beecham's and Carter's Little Liver Pills and a hundred and one other little pills. But hartshorn did cure him.' 'He don't like hartshorn. He prefer Sloan's Liniment and Canadian Healing Oil.' 'And _he_ don't like Sloan's Liniment.' Friendly sisters sealed their friendship by being frank about the other's children and even by flogging them on occasion. When the flogged child, unaware of the relationship between the mothers, complained, his mother would say, 'Serve you right. I am glad your aunt is laying her hand on you. _She_ will keep you straight.' And the mother of the beaten child would wait her turn to do some beating among the other's children. Between Shama and C there was a noticeable friendship and Mr Biswas decided to make overtures to C's husband, the former coconut-seller, whose name was Govind. He was tall and well-built and handsome, though in a conventional, unremarkable way. Mr Biswas thought it unseemly that someone so well-made should have been a coconut-seller, and should now do manual work in the fields. And Mr Biswas was pained to see Govind in the presence of Seth. His handsome face became weak in every way. His eyes became small and bright and restless; he stammered and swallowed and gave nervous little laughs. And afterwards, when, released, he sat down at the long pitchpine table to eat, he changed again. Talking loudly and breathlessly, snorting and sighing, he assaulted his food, as though anxious to show enthusiasm even in that activity, anxious to prove that hard work had given him an indiscriminate appetite, and anxious at the same time to proclaim that food didn't matter to him. Mr Biswas thought of Govind as a fellow sufferer, but one who had surrendered to the Tulsis and been degraded. He had forgotten his own reputation as a buffoon and troublemaker, however, and found Govind wary of his approaches. On a few evenings Govind suffered himself to be led outside by Mr Biswas. Sitting under the arcade, nervously swinging his long legs and smiling, sucking his teeth and exploring them with his jagged, dirt-stained fingernails, Govind didn't appear at ease. There was little to talk about. Women, of course, could not be discussed, and Govind didn't wish to discuss India or Hinduism. So Mr Biswas could talk only of the Tulsis. He asked what it was like to work under Seth. Govind said it was all right. He asked what Govind thought of Mrs Tulsi. She was all right. Her two sons were all right. Everybody was all right. So Mr Biswas talked of jobs. Govind showed a little more interest. 'You should give up that sign-painting,' he said one evening, and Mr Biswas was surprised and even slightly annoyed that Govind, of all people, should offer him advice, and so positively. 'They looking for good drivers on the estate,' Govind said. 'Give up sign-painting? And my independence? No, boy. My motto is: paddle your own canoe.' Mr Biswas began to quote from the poem in _Bell's Standard Elocutionist._ 'What about you? How much they paying you?' 'They paying me enough.' 'So you say. But those people are bloodsuckers, man. Rather than work for them, I would catch crab or sell coconut.' At the mention of his former profession Govind gave a nervous laugh and swung his legs agitatedly. 'You wouldn't see the little gods in the field, I bet.' 'Lil gods?' Mr Biswas explained. He explained a lot more. Govind, smiling, sucking his teeth and laughing from time to time, didn't say anything. Late one afternoon Shama came up with food for Mr Biswas and said, 'Uncle want to see you.' Uncle was Seth. 'Uncle want to see me? Man, go back and tell Uncle that if he want to see me, he must come up here.' Shama grew serious. 'What you been doing and saying? You getting everybody against you. You don't mind. But what about me? You can't give me anything and you want to prevent everybody else from doing anything for me. Is all right for you to say that you going to pack up and leave. But you know that is only talk. What you got?' 'I ain't got a damned thing. But I not going down to see Uncle. I not at his beck and call, like everybody else in this house.' 'Go down and tell him so yourself. You talking like a man, go down and behave like one.' 'I not going down.' Shama cried, and in the end Mr Biswas put on his trousers. As he went down the stairs his courage began to leave him, and he had to tell himself that he was a free man and could leave the house whenever he wished. In the hall, to his shame, he heard himself saying, 'Yes, Uncle?' Seth was fixing a cigarette in his long ivory holder, an exquisiteness which no longer seemed an affectation to Mr Biswas. It no longer contrasted with his rough estate clothes and rough, unshaved, moustached face; it had become part of his appearance. Mr Biswas, concentrating on the delicate activity of Seth's thick, bruised fingers, could feel that the hall was full. But no one was raising his voice; the whispers, the sounds of eating, the muted and seemingly distant scuffles, amounted to silence. 'Mohun,' Seth said at last, 'how long you been living here?' 'Two months, Uncle.' And he couldn't help noticing how much he sounded like Govind. Mrs Tulsi was there, sitting on a bench at the long table. Unusually, the two gods, unsmiling boys, were there, sitting together in the sugarsack hammock, their feet on the floor. Sisters were feeding husbands at the other end of the table. Sisters and their children were thick about the black entrance to the kitchen. 'You been eating well?' In Seth's presence Mr Biswas felt diminished. Everything about Seth was overpowering: his calm manner, his smooth grey hair, his ivory holder, his hard swollen forearms: after he spoke he stroked them, and looked at the hairs springing back into their original posture. 'Eating well?' Mr Biswas thought about the miserable meals, the risings of his belly, the cravings which were seldom satisfied. 'Yes. I been eating well.' 'You know who provide all the food you been eating?' Mr Biswas didn't answer. Seth laughed, took the cigarette holder out of his mouth and coughed, from a deep chest. 'This is a helluva man. When a man is married he shouldn't expect other people to feed him. In fact, he should be feeding his wife. When I got married you think I did want Mai mother to feed me?' Mrs Tulsi rubbed her braceleted arms on the pitchpine table and shook her head. The gods were grave. 'And yet I hear that you not happy here.' 'I didn't tell anybody anything about not being happy here.' 'I is the Big Boss, eh? And Mai is the old queen and the old hen. And these boys is the two gods, eh?' The gods became stern. Looking away from Seth, and causing a dozen or more faces instantly to turn away, Mr Biswas saw Govind among eaters at the far end of the table, going at his food in his smiling savage way, apparently indifferent to the inquisition, while C, bowed and veiled, stood dutifully over him. 'Eh?' For the first time there was impatience in Seth's voice, and, to show his displeasure, he began talking Hindi. 'This is gratitude. You come here, penniless, a stranger. We take you in, we give you one of our daughters, we feed you, we give you a place to sleep in. You refuse to help in the store, you refuse to help on the estate. All right. But then to turn around and insult us!' Mr Biswas had never thought of it like that. He said, 'I sorry.' Mrs Tulsi said, 'How can anyone be sorry for something he _thinks?'_ Seth pointed to the eaters at the end of the table. 'What names have you given to those, eh?' The eaters, not looking up, ate with greater concentration. Mr Biswas said nothing. 'Oh, you haven't given them names. It's only to me and Mai and the two boys that you have given names?' 'I sorry.' Mrs Tulsi said, 'How can anyone be sorry–' Seth interrupted her. 'So we want someone to work on the estate. Is nice to keep these things in the family. And what you say? You want to paddle your own canoe. Look at him!' Seth said to the hall. 'Biswas the paddler.' The children smiled; the sisters pulled their veils over their foreheads; their husbands ate and frowned; the gods in the hammock, rocking very slowly with their feet on the floor, glowered at the staircase landing. 'It runs in the family,' Seth said. 'They tell me your father was a great diver. But where has all your paddling got you so far?' Mr Biswas said, 'Is just that I don't know anything about estate work.' 'Oho! Is because you can read and write that you don't want to get dirt on your hands, eh? Look at my hands.' He showed nails that were corrugated, warped and surprisingly short. The hairy backs of his hands were scratched and discoloured; the palms were hardened, worn smooth in some places, torn in others. 'You think I can't read and write? I can read and write better than the whole lot of them.' He waved one hand to indicate the sisters, their husbands, their children; he held the other palm open towards the gods in the hammock, to indicate that they were excepted. There was amusement in his eyes now, and he opened his mouth on either side of the cigarette holder to laugh. 'What about these boys here, Mohun? The gods.' The younger god furrowed his brow, opened his eyes wider and wider until they were expressionless, and attempted to set his small, plump-lipped mouth. 'You think _they_ can't read and write too?' 'See them in the store,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'Reading and selling. Reading and eating and selling. Reading and eating and counting money. They are not afraid of getting their hands dirty.' Not with money, Mr Biswas told her mentally. The younger god got up from the hammock and said, 'If he don't want to take the job on the estate, that is his business. It serve you right, Ma. You choose your son-in-laws and they treat you exactly how you deserve.' 'Sit down, Owad,' Mrs Tulsi said. She turned to Seth. 'This boy has a terrible temper.' 'I don't blame him,' Seth said. 'These paddlers go away, paddling their own canoe – that is how it is, eh, Biswas? – and as soon as trouble start they will be running back here. Seth is just here for people to insult, the same people, mark you, who he trying to help. I don't mind. But that don't mean I can't see why the boy shouldn't mind.' The younger god frowned even more. 'Is not because my father dead that people who eating my mother food should feel that they could call she a hen. I want Biswas to apologize to Ma.' 'Apologize-ologize,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'It wouldn't make any difference. I don't see how anyone can be sorry for something he _feels.'_ There is, in some weak people who feel their own weakness and resent it, a certain mechanism which, operating suddenly and without conscious direction, releases them from final humiliation. Mr Biswas, who had up till then been viewing his blasphemies as acts of the blackest ingratitude, now abruptly lost his temper. 'The whole pack of you could go to hell!' he shouted. 'I not going to apologize to one of the damn lot of you.' Astonishment and even apprehension appeared on their faces. He noted this for a lucid moment, turned and ran up the stairs to the long room, where he began to pack with unnecessary energy. 'You don't care what mess you get other people in, eh?' It was Shama, standing in the doorway, barefooted, veil low over her forehead, looking as frightened as on that morning in the store. 'Family! Family!' Mr Biswas said, stuffing clothes and books – _Self Help, Bell's Standard Elocutionist,_ the seven volumes of _Hawkins' Electrical Guide_ – into a cardboard box whose top flaps bore the circular impressions of tins of condensed milk. 'I not staying here a minute longer. Having that damn little boy talk to me like that! He does talk to all your brother-in-laws like that?' He packed with such energy that he was soon finished. But his anger had begun to cool and he reflected that by leaving the house again so soon he would be behaving absurdly, like a newly-married girl. He waited for Shama to say something that would rekindle his anger. She remained silent. 'Before I go,' he said, unpacking and re-packing the condensed milk case, 'I want you to tell the Big Boss – because it is clear that he is the big bull in the family – I want you to go and tell him that he ain't pay me for the signs I do in the store.' 'Why you don't go and tell him yourself?' Shama was now angry and near to tears. He tried to see himself asking Seth for money. He couldn't. 'You and all,' he said, 'don't start provoking me. You think I want to talk to that man? _You_ know him for a long time. He is like a second father to you. You must ask him.' 'And suppose he ask for what you owe him?' 'I would give you straight back to him.' 'You owe him more than he owe you.' 'He owe me more than I owe him.' They reduced it to a plain argument, which not only killed what remained of his anger, but even left him exhilarated, though a little puzzled as to what he should do next. Before he could decide, C and Padma, Seth's wife, came without knocking into the room. C was crying. Padma begged Mr Biswas, for the sake of family unity and the family name, not to do anything in a temper. He became very offended, turned his back to Padma and C and walked heavily up and down the small room. With the arrival of the women Shama's attitude changed. She ceased to be irritated and suppliant and instead looked martyred. She sat stiffly on a low bench, thumb under her chin, elbow on her knee, and opened her eyes until they were as wide and empty as the younger god's had been a few minutes before in the hall. 'Don't go, brother,' C sobbed. 'Your sister is begging you.' She tried to grab his ankles. He skipped away and looked puzzled. C, sobbing, noticed his puzzlement and elucidated: 'Chinta is begging you.' She mentioned her own name to indicate the depth of her unhappiness and the sincerity of her plea; and she began to wail. By coming up to plead with him Chinta had as good as confessed that it was her husband Govind who had reported Mr Biswas's blasphemies to Seth; she was also claiming that Govind had triumphed. Mr Biswas knew that when husbands quarrelled it was the duty of the wife of the victorious husband to placate the defeated husband, and the duty of the wife of the defeated husband not to display anger, but skilfully to suggest that her unhappiness was due, in equal measure, to both husbands. Shama, following Chinta's arrival, had cast herself as the defeated wife and was making a commendable first attempt at this difficult role. There was no means of protesting at this subtle humiliation. Up to that moment Mr Biswas had never felt that he had enemies. People were simply indifferent to him. But now an enemy, the enemy, had declared itself. And he resolved not to run away. And having made his resolve, he felt he had already won. And, already a winner, he looked upon Chinta and Padma with charity. Chinta was sobbing to herself, dabbing at her eyes with her veil. He said to her, kindly, 'Why your husband don't take a job with the _Gazette,_ eh? He is a born reporter.' This had no effect on the flow of tears from Chinta's bright eyes. Shama still sat martyred and unmoving, eyes wide, knees apart, skirt draped over knees. 'What the hell you playing you thinking, eh?' She didn't hear. Padma continued to behave with fatigued dignity. He said nothing to her. She resembled Mrs Tulsi but was fatter and looked older. Her sallow, unhealthy skin was oily, and she continually fanned herself, as though tormented by some inner heat. After her first plea she hadn't looked at Mr Biswas or spoken to him. She didn't cry or look sadder than usual. She had come on too many of these missions for them to thrill her the way they still thrilled Chinta: there was not a man in the house with whom Seth had not quarrelled at some time or other. Padma simply came, made her plea, sat and looked unwell. She never, in the hall or elsewhere, expressed approval of Seth's actions or disapproval of those of her nieces' husbands; this won her much respect and made her a good peacemaker. Sternly and impatiently Mr Biswas said, 'All right. All right. Dry your tears. I not going.' Chinta gave a short loud sob; it marked the end of her tears. 'But just tell them not to provoke me, that's all.' Sighing, Padma rose, heavily and unhealthily; and without another word she and Chinta left the room. Shama unstiffened. Her eyes narrowed a little, her fingers left her chin. She began to cry, silently, and her body underwent a relaxing, melting process which fascinated Mr Biswas and infuriated him. Her arms seemed to grow rounder; her shoulders rounded and drooped; her back curved; her eyes softened until they were quite liquid with tears; her wrists rested on her knees as if broken; her hands flapped loose; her long fingers swung lifelessly, as if broken at every joint. 'Talk about bad blood,' Mr Biswas said. _'Talk_ about bad blood!' Disappointed in Govind, Mr Biswas began to find virtues in brothers-in-law he had disregarded. There was Hari, a tall, pale, quiet man who spent much time at the long table, working through mounds of rice in a slow, unenthusiastic but efficient way, watched over by his pregnant wife. He spent even more time in the latrine, and this made him feared. 'They should ring a bell when Hari decide to go to the latrine,' Mr Biswas told Shama, 'just as how they ring a bell to tell people they cutting off the water.' It was generally accepted at Hanuman House that Hari was a sick man; his wife told with sorrow and pride of the terrifying diagnoses of various doctors. No man looked less suitable for work on the estate; it was hard to imagine that thin, gentle voice ordering labourers about, reproving the idle and shouting down the argumentative. He was in fact a pundit, by training and inclination, and never looked so happy as when he changed from estate clothes into a dhoti and sat in the verandah upstairs reading from some huge, ungainly Hindi book that rested on a stylishly carved Kashmiri bookrest. He did the _puja_ when the gods were away and he still conducted occasional ceremonies for close friends. He offended no one and amused no one. He was obsessed with his illnesses, his food and his religious books. Between his estate duties, his reading in the verandah and his visits to the latrine, Hari had little free time, and was open to approach only at the long table. But then conversation was not easy. Hari believed in chewing every mouthful forty times, and was a noisy and preoccupied eater. Sitting next to Hari one evening, receiving a brief ruminant glance from him and a concerned stare from his wife, Mr Biswas waited until Hari had champed and ground and squelched through a mouthful. Then he hurriedly asked, 'What do you feel about the Aryans?' He was speaking of the protestant Hindu missionaries who had come from India and were preaching that caste was unimportant, that Hinduism should accept converts, that idols should be abolished, that women should be educated, preaching against all the doctrines the orthodox Tulsis held dear. 'What do you feel about the Aryans?' Mr Biswas asked. 'The Aryans?' Hari said, and started on another mouthful. His tone declared that it was a frivolous question raised by a mischievous person. A look of anguish came over the face of Hari's wife. 'Yes,' Mr Biswas said, despairingly filling in the pause. 'The Aryans.' 'I don't think much about them.' Hari bit at a pepper, baring sharp little white teeth, like a rat's, and surprising in such a tall and sluggish man. 'I hear,' he went on, the merest hint of amusement and reproof in his voice, 'that you have been doing a lot of thinking about them.' Mr Biswas was almost an Aryan convert. It was Misir, the idle journalist, who had encouraged him to go to hear Pankaj Rai. 'He is not one of those illiterate Trinidad pundits, you know,' Misir said. 'Pankaj is a BA and a LLB into the bargain. The man is a real orator. A purist, man.' Mr Biswas had not asked what a purist was, but the word, pronounced with reverence by Misir, appealed strongly to him, suggesting not only purity and fastidiousness, but also elegance and breeding. He had an additional inducement: the meeting was to be held at the home of the Naths. The Naths owned land and a soap factory, and were the Tulsis' most important rivals in Arwacas. Between Naths and Tulsis of all ages there was an enmity as established and unexamined as the enmity between Hindu and Muslim. The enmity had grown more acrimonious since the Naths had built a new house in the modern Port of Spain style. Purist, Mr Biswas thought, when he saw Pankaj Rai. The man _is_ a purist. He was elegant in a long, black, close-fitting Indian coat; and when he shook Mr Biswas by the hand Mr Biswas surrendered to his graciousness, at the same time noting with satisfaction that Pankaj Rai was as short as himself and had an equally ugly nose. He also had unusually heavy, drooping eyelids which could make him look comic or sinister, benevolent or supercilious. They dropped a fraction of an inch and converted a smile into a faint but devastating sneer. This was particularly effective when he began to ridicule the practices of orthodox Hinduism. He spoke without flourish, and slowly, as if tasting the phrases beforehand, like a good purist; and it was a revelation to Mr Biswas that words and phrases which by themselves were commonplace could be welded into sentences of such balance and beauty. He found he agreed with everything Pankaj Rai said: after thousands of years of religion idols were an insult to the human intelligence and to God; birth was unimportant; a man's caste should be determined only by his actions. After he had spoken Pankaj Rai distributed copies of his book, _Reform the Only Way,_ and Mr Biswas asked for his to be autographed. Pankaj Rai did more. He wrote Mr Biswas's name as well, describing him as a 'dear friend'. Below this inscription Mr Biswas wrote: 'Presented to Mohun Biswas by his dear friend Pankaj Rai, BA LLB.' He showed book and inscriptions to Shama when he got back to Hanuman House. 'Go ahead,' Shama said. 'Let me hear what you have against him. You people say you are high-caste. But you think Pankaj would call you that? Let me see. I wonder where Pankaj would place the Big Bull. Ha! With the cows. Make him a cowherd. No. That is a good job.' He remembered his own cowherd days. 'Better make him a leather-worker, skinning dead animals. Yes, that's it. The Big Bull is a member of the leather-worker caste. And what about the two gods? Where you think Pankaj would place them?' 'Just where you would place your brothers.' 'Road-sweeper? Little washerboys? Barber? Yes, little barbers. Pankaj would just look at them and feel that he want a trim. And what about your mother?' He paused. 'Sha-ma! It just hit me. Pankaj would say that your mother ain't a Hindu at all! I mean, look at the facts. Marrying off her favourite daughter in a registry office. Sending the two little barbers to a Roman Catholic college. As soon as Pankaj see your mother he would start making the sign of the cross. Roman Catholic, that's what she is!' 'Why don't you shut your mouth?' Shama tried to sound amused, but he could tell that she was getting angry. 'Ro-man Cat-o-lic! Roman cat, the bitch. You think she could fool Pankaj? And here you have Pankaj bringing the woman a message of hope, saying that Hindus should take in converts and treat them like their own, saying that it is not necessary to be born a high-caste to be a high-caste. A message of hope, man. And what? Your mother running the man down, when she should be grateful like hell, kissing the man foot. Gratitude, eh?' 'I just hope this Pankaj Rai come to lift you out of this gum-pot you surely going to land yourself in. Go ahead.' 'Shama.' 'Why you don't wrap your little tail up and go to sleep?' 'Shama, we have another problem, girl. You think any good Hindu would get married to a Roman Catholic girl, if he was really a good Hindu? Shama, you know what? It look to me that your whole family is just one big low-caste bunch.' 'You should know. You married into it.' 'Married into it. Ha! You think that make me happy. I _look_ as if I happy?' 'Why you should look as if you happy? It should make you miserable. Is the first time in your life you eating three square meals a day. It giving your stomach too much exercise, I should say.' 'Licking up my stomach, you mean. My biggest item of food and drink in this house is soda powder and water.' He pressed his foot against the wall and with his big toe drew circles around one of the faded lotus decorations. He intended to discuss the Aryans less flippantly with Hari. He imagined that Hari, like Pundit Jairam and many other pundits, would welcome disputation. But at the long table Hari remained cold, his wife looked aghast, and Mr Biswas left him to his food. When Hari had changed and was sitting in the verandah upstairs, humming from some holy book in his cheerless way, Mr Biswas, piqued and anxious to provoke some reaction, brought out his copy of _Reform the Only Way_ and showed it, drawing Hari's attention to the inscriptions. Hari looked briefly at the book and said, 'Mm.' Having failed with Hari, Mr Biswas decided that it would be prudent to withhold the message of hope from the other brothers-in-law, who were less intelligent and more temperamental. About a week later Seth met Mr Biswas in the hall and said, laughing, 'How is your _dear_ friend Pankaj Rai?' 'What you asking me for?' Mr Biswas nearly always spoke English at Hanuman House, even when the other person spoke Hindi; it had become one of his principles. 'Why you don't ask Hari, the stargazer?' 'You know Rai nearly went to jail?' 'Some people would say anything.' But Mr Biswas was disturbed by this news about the purist. 'These Aryans say all sorts of things about women,' Seth said. 'And you know why? They want to lift them up to get on top of them. You know Rai was interfering with Nath's daughter-in-law? So they asked him to leave. But a lot of other things left the house when he left.' 'But the man is a BA.' 'And LLB. I know. I wouldn't trust an Aryan with my great-grandmother.' 'Is a trick. The man is a dear friend. A purist. Pankaj wouldn't do a thing like that. You never hear him talk, that's why.' 'Nath's daughter-in-law heard, though. She didn't like what she heard.' 'Scandal, scandal. Is just a piece of scandal you stick-in-the-mud Sanatanists dig up.' 'If I had my way,' Seth said, 'I would cut the balls off all these Aryans. Have they converted you yet?' 'That is my own business.' 'I hear they have made some creole converts. Brothers for you, Mohun!' In the verandah Mr Biswas saw Hari in dhoti, vest and beads, reading. 'Hello, pundit!' Mr Biswas said. Hari stared blankly at Mr Biswas and returned to his book. Mr Biswas went past a door with glass panes of many colours into the Book Room. Here, along the length of one wall, was a bookcase choked with the religious literature Hari was working through. Few of the books were bound. Many were simply stacks of large loose brown-edged sheets which looked stained rather than printed. Each sheet carried partial impressions of the sheet above and the sheet below; the ink had turned russet; and each letter lay in a patch of oil. Mr Biswas turned and walked back to the verandah. He put his head around a brilliant blue pane and whispered loudly down the verandah to Hari, 'Hello, Mr God.' Hari, humming, didn't hear. 'I got a name for another one of your brother-in-laws,' he told Shama that evening, lying on his blanket, his right foot on his left knee, peeling off a broken nail from his big toe. 'The constipated holy man.' 'Hari?' she said, and pulled herself up, realizing that she had begun to take part in the game. He slapped his yellow, flabby calf and pushed his finger into the flesh. The calf yielded like sponge. She pulled his hand away. 'Don't do that. I can't bear to see you do that. You should be ashamed, a young man like you, being so soft.' 'That is all the bad food I eating in this place.' He was still holding her hand. 'Well, as a matter of fact, I have quite a few names for him. The holy ghost. You like that?' 'Man!' 'And what about the two gods? It ever strike you that they look like two monkeys? So, you have one concrete monkey-god outside the house and two living ones inside. They could just call this place the monkey house and finish. Eh, monkey, bull, cow, hen. The place is like a blasted zoo, man.' 'And what about you? The barking puppy dog?' 'Man's best friend.' He flung up his legs and his thin slack calves shook. With a push of his finger he kept the calves swinging. 'Stop doing that!' By now Shama's head was on his soft arm, and they were lying side by side. Abandoning the brothers-in-law altogether, Mr Biswas contented himself with the company of the Aryans at the Naths'. Pankaj Rai was no longer with them and no one was willing to talk about him. His place had been taken by a man who introduced himself as Shivlochan, BA (Professor). He was no purist. He spoke pompous Hindi and little English, and continually allowed himself to be bullied by Misir. Misir was keen on discussions and resolutions, and under his guidance they passed resolutions that education was important, that child marriage should be abolished, that young people should choose their own spouses. Misir, who had suffered from his parents' choice, said, 'The present system is nothing more than cat-in-bag.' (Mr Biswas loved Misir's phrases. 'That is all your family do for you,' he said to Shama that evening. 'Marry off the whole pack of you cat-in-bag.' 'Don't think I don't know where you picking up all that,' Shama said. 'Go ahead.') 'Look what I got,' Misir said, 'from marrying cat-in-bag. What about you, Mohun? You happy about this cat-in-bag business?' 'As a matter of fact,' Mr Biswas said, 'I didn't get married cat-in-bag. I did see the girl first.' 'You mean they let you see the child first?' Whatever remained of Misir's orthodox instincts was clearly outraged. 'Well, she was just there, you know, in the shop, selling cloth and socks and ribbon. And I see her and then –' 'All the old confusion, eh?' 'Well, not exactly. Things just happen after that.' 'I didn't know,' Misir said. 'Well, you ask for what you get. Anyway, I think we could say we are against this early cat-in-bag marriage business.' 'We could say that,' Mr Biswas said. 'Now, how are we going to put our ideas across to the masses?' Misir said, and Mr Biswas noted that Misir's manner was growing more and more like Pankaj Rai's. 'I suggest persuasion.' 'Peaceful persuasion,' Shivlochan said. 'Peaceful persuasion. Start like Mohammed. Start small. Start with your own family. Start with your own wife. Then move on. I want everybody here to go home this evening determined to pass the word on to his neighbours. And I promise you, my friends, that in no time Arwacas will become a stronghold of Aryanism.' 'Just a moment,' Mr Biswas said. 'Not so fast. Start with your own family? You don't know my family. I think we better leave them out.' 'This is a helluva man,' Misir said. 'You want to convert three hundred million Hindus and you let one backward little family of country bookies frighten you?' 'I telling you, man. You don't know my family.' 'All right,' Misir said, a little of his bounce gone. 'Now, supposing peaceful persuasion doesn't work. Just supposing. What do you suggest, my friends? By what means can we bring about the conversion we so earnestly desire?' The last two sentences had occurred in one of Pankaj Rai's speeches. 'By the sword,' Mr Biswas said. 'The only thing. Conversion by the sword.' 'That's how I feel too,' Misir said. 'Just a minute, gentlemen,' Shivlochan, BA (Professor), said, rising. 'You are rejecting the doctrine of non-violence. Do you realize that?' 'Rejecting it just for a short time,' Misir said impatiently. 'Short short time.' Shivlochan sat down. 'I think, then, that we could pass a resolution to the effect that peaceful persuasion should be followed by militant conversion. All right?' 'I think so,' Mr Biswas said. 'I think this would make a good little story,' Misir said. 'Going to telephone it in to the _Sentinel_ straight away.' On the country page of the _Sentinel_ the next day there was an item, two inches high, about the proceedings of the Arwacas Aryan Association, the AAA, Mr Biswas's name was mentioned, as was his address. He left an open and marked copy of the paper on the long table in the hall. And when that evening Shama came up as he was reading _Reform the Only Way_ and said that Seth wanted to see him, Mr Biswas didn't argue. Whistling in his soundless way, he put on his trousers and ran down to face the family tribunal. 'I see you have got your name in the papers,' Seth said. Mr Biswas shrugged. The gods swung slowly in the hammock, frowning. 'What are you trying to do? Disgrace the family? Here you have these boys trying to get on in the Catholic college. Do you believe this sort of thing is going to help them in any way?' The gods looked injured. 'Jealous,' Mr Biswas said. 'Everybody just jealous.' 'What have you got for them to be jealous of?' Mrs Tulsi asked. The elder god got up, in tears. 'I not going to remain sitting down in this hammock and have any-and-everybody in this house insulting me. Is your fault, Ma. Is your son-in-law. You just bring them in here to eat all the food my father money buy and then to insult your sons.' It was a grave charge, and Mrs Tulsi held the boy to her and embraced him and wiped away his tears with her veil. 'It's all right, son,' Seth said. 'I am still here to look after you.' He turned to Mr Biswas. 'All right,' he said in English. 'You see what you cause. You want to get the family in trouble. You want to see them go to jail. They feeding you, but you want to see me and Mai go to jail. You want to see the two boys, who ain't got no father, go through life without a education. All that is all right. This house is like a republic already.' Sisters and brothers-in-law froze into attitudes of sullen penitence. Seth's gratuitous remark about the republic was a rebuke to them all; it meant that Mr Biswas's behaviour was bringing discredit upon the other brothers-in-law. 'So,' Seth went on. 'You want to see girl children educated and choosing their own husband, eh? The same sort of thing that your sister do.' The sisters and their husbands relaxed. Mr Biswas said, 'My sister better than anybody here, and better off too. And too besides, she living in a house a lot cleaner.' Seth rested his elbow on the table and smoked sadly, looking down at his bluchers. 'The Black Age,' he said softly in Hindi. 'The Black Age has come at last. Sister, we have taken in a serpent. It is my fault. You must blame me.' 'I not asking to stay here, you know,' Mr Biswas said. 'I believe in the old ways too. You make me marry your daughter, you promise to do this and do that. So far I ain't got nothing. The day you give me what you promise me, I gone.' 'So you want girl children learning to read and write and picking up boy-friends? You want to see them wearing short frocks?' 'I ain't say a thing about short frocks. I talking about what you promise me.' 'Short frocks. And love letters. Love letters! Remember the love letter you write Shama?' Shama giggled. The sisters and their husbands, more at ease now, giggled. Mrs Tulsi gave a short explosive laugh. Only the gods remained stern; but Mrs Tulsi, still embracing the elder god, coaxed a smile from him. So the encounter was a defeat. But Mr Biswas, so far from being cast down, was exhilarated. He had no doubt now that in his campaign against the Tulsis – for that was how he thought of it – he was winning. Unexpected support came through the Aryan Association. The Association attracted the attention of Mrs Weir, the wife of the owner of a small sugar-estate. She didn't pay her labourers well but was respected by them for her interest in religion and the concern she showed for their spiritual welfare. Most of her labourers were Hindus and Mrs Weir was particularly interested in Hinduism. It was rumoured that her purpose was an eventual wholesale conversion of Hindus, but Misir denied this. He said he had practically converted _her._ She did indeed come to an Aryan meeting. And she invited some of the Aryans to tea. Mr Biswas, Misir, Shivlochan and two others went. Misir talked. Mrs Weir listened and never disagreed. Misir gave books and pamphlets. Mrs Weir said she looked forward to reading them. Just before they left, Mrs Weir presented everyone with copies of the _Meditations_ of Marcus Aurelius, the _Discourses_ of Epictetus, and a number of other booklets. For days afterwards Hanuman House was subjected to the propaganda of a little-known Christian sect. Mrs Weir's booklets turned up on the long table, in the Tulsi Store, in the kitchen, in bedrooms. A religious picture was nailed on the inside of the latrine-door. When a booklet was found on the prayer-room shrine, Seth summoned Mr Biswas and said, 'The next thing will be for you to start teaching the children hymns. I can't understand how anyone could have even tried to turn you into a pundit.' Mr Biswas said, 'Well, since I been in this house I begin to get the feeling that to be a good Hindu you must be a good Roman Catholic first.' The elder god, seeing himself attacked, got up from the hammock, already prepared to cry. 'Look at him,' Mr Biswas said. 'Little Jack Horner. If he just put his hand in his shirt he pull up a crucifix.' The elder god did wear a crucifix. It was regarded in the house as an exotic and desirable charm. The elder god wore many charms and it was thought fitting that someone so valuable should be well protected. On the Sunday before examination week he was bathed by Mrs Tulsi in water consecrated by Hari; the soles of his feet were soaked in lavender water; he was made to drink a glass of Guinness stout; and he left Hanuman House, a figure of awe, laden with crucifix, sacred thread and beads, a mysterious sachet, a number of curious armlets, consecrated coins, and a lime in each trouser pocket. 'You call yourself Hindus?' Mr Biswas said. Shama tried to silence Mr Biswas. The younger god got out of the hammock and stamped. 'I not going to remain in this hammock and hear my brother insulted, Ma. _You_ don't care.' 'What?' said Mr Biswas. 'I insult somebody? At the Catholic college they make him close his eyes and open his mouth and say Hail Mary. What about that?' 'Man!' Shama said. The elder god was crying. The younger god said, _'You_ don't care, Ma.' 'Biswas!' Seth said. 'You want to feel my hand?' Shama pulled at Mr Biswas's shirt and he struggled as though he were being pulled away from a physical fight which he was winning and wanted to continue. But he had noted Seth's threat and allowed himself to be pushed slowly up the stairs. Halfway up they heard Seth calling for his wife. 'Padma! Come quickly and look after your sister. She is going to faint.' Someone raced up the steps. It was Chinta. She ignored Mr Biswas and said accusingly to Shama, 'Mai faint.' Shama looked hard at Mr Biswas. 'Faint, eh?' Mr Biswas said. Chinta didn't say any more. She hurried on to the concrete house to prepare Mrs Tulsi's bedroom, the Rose Room. As soon as Shama had seen Mr Biswas safely to their room she left him, and he heard her running across the Book Room and down the stairs. Mrs Tulsi often fainted. Whenever this happened a complex ritual was at once set in motion. One daughter was despatched to get the Rose Room ready, and Mrs Tulsi was taken there by other daughters working under the direction of Padma, Seth's wife. If, as often happened, Padma was ill herself, Sushila took her place. Sushila's position in the family was unique. She was a widowed daughter whose only child had died. Because of her suffering she was respected, but though she gave herself the airs of authority her status was undefined, at times appearing as high as Mrs Tulsi's, at times lower than Miss Blackie's. It was only during Mrs Tulsi's illnesses that anyone could be sure of Sushila's power. In the Rose Room, then, after a faint, one daughter fanned Mrs Tulsi; two massaged her smooth, shining and surprisingly firm legs; one soaked bay rum into her loosened hair and massaged her forehead. The other daughters stood by, ready to carry out the instructions of Padma or Sushila. The gods were often there as well, looking grimly on. When the massage and the bay rum-soaking was over Mrs Tulsi turned on her stomach and asked the younger god to walk on her, from the soles of her feet to her shoulders. The elder god had done this duty in the past but had grown too heavy. The sons-in-law found themselves alone in the wooden house with the children, who knew without being told that they had to be silent. All activity was suspended; the house became dead. One of the sons-in-law was invariably responsible for precipitating Mrs Tulsi's faint. He was now hounded by silence and hostility. If he attempted to make friendly talk many glances instantly reproved him for his frivolity. If he moped in a corner or went up to his room he was condemned for his callousness and ingratitude. He was expected to stay in the hall and show all the signs of contrition and unease. He waited for the sounds of footsteps coming from the Rose Room; he accosted a busy, offended sister and, ignoring snubs, made whispered inquiries about Mrs Tulsi's condition. Next morning he came down, shy and sheepish. Mrs Tulsi would be better. She would ignore him. But that evening forgiveness would be in the air. The offender would be spoken to as if nothing had happened, and he would respond with eagerness. Mr Biswas didn't go to the hall. He remained on his blanket in the long room, doodling and thinking out subjects for the articles he had promised to write for the New Aryan, a magazine Misir was planning. He couldn't concentrate, and soon the paper was covered with repetitions, in various styles, of the letters RES, a combination he had found challenging and beautiful ever since he had done a sign for a restaurant. The room smelled of hartshorn. 'You happy, eh, now that you make Mai faint?' It was Shama. Her hands were still oily. 'Which foot you rub?' Mr Biswas asked. 'You should be glad they allow you to touch a foot. You know, it does beat me why all you sisters so anxious to look after the old hen. She did look after you? She just pick you up and marry you off to any old coconut-seller and crab-catcher. And still everybody rushing up to rub foot and squeeze head and hand smelling-salts.' 'You know, nobody hearing you talk would believe that you come to this house with no more things than you could hang up on a one-inch nail.' It was a familiar attack. He ignored it. Next morning he went down to the hall and called briskly, 'Morning, morning. Morning, everybody.' He got no reply. He said, 'Shama, Shama. Food, girl. Food.' She brought him a tall cup of tea. Breakfast was tea and biscuits. The biscuits came in a vast drum, returnable to the biscuit makers: the largest economy size, the method of bulk-purchase used by café-owners. While he was diving into the drum, turning away straw, feeling for biscuits – a pleasant task, for the straw and biscuits together had a smell that was good and even better than the meal – while he was doing this, Mrs Tulsi came into the hall, fatigued and heavy, looking almost as old as Padma. Her veil was low over her forehead and every now and then she pressed a handkerchief soaked in eau-de-Cologne to her nose. Without her teeth she looked decrepit, but there was about her decrepitude a quality of ever-lastingness. 'You feeling better, Mai?' Mr Biswas asked, stacking some biscuits on a chipped enamel plate. He spoke very cheerfully. The hall was hushed. 'Yes, son,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'I am feeling better.' And it was Mr Biswas's turn to be astonished. ('I was wrong about your mother,' he told Shama before he left that morning. 'She is not a old hen at all. Nor a old cow.' 'I glad you learning gratitude,' Shama said. 'She is a she-fox. A old she-fox. What they call that? You know what I mean, man. You remember your _Macdougall's Grammar._ Abbot, abbess. Stag, roe, Hart, hind. Fox, what?' 'I not going to tell you.' 'I going to find out. In the meantime, remember the name change. She is the old she-fox.') He remained on the staircase landing, sinking lower and lower through the torn seat of a cane-bottomed chair in front of the stained, battered, disused and useless piano, sipping his tea, cracking biscuits and dropping the pieces into the tea. He watched the pieces swell out and rescued them with his spoon just when they started to sink. Then swiftly, before the soggy biscuit that drooped over the spoon could fall off, he thrust the spoon into his mouth. All around him children were doing the same. The younger god came down the stairs. He had been doing the morning _puja._ With his small dhoti, small vest, beads and miniature caste-marks he looked like a toy holy man. He carried a brass plate on which there was a cube of burning camphor. The camphor had been used to give incense to the images in the prayer-room; now it was to be offered to every member of the family. The god went first to Mrs Tulsi. She put her handkerchief in her bosom, touched the camphor flame with her fingertips and carried her fingertips to her forehead. 'Rama, Rama,' she said. Then she added, 'Take it to your brother Mohun.' The hall was hushed again. And again Mr Biswas was astonished. Sushila, clinging to her sickroom authority of the previous evening, said, 'Yes, Owad. Take it to your brother Mohun.' The god hesitated, frowning. Then he sucked his teeth, stamped up to the landing and offered the aromatic camphor flame to Mr Biswas. Mr Biswas rescued more sodden biscuit from the enamel cup. He put his mouth under the spoon, caught the biscuit that broke off, chewed noisily and said, 'You could take that away. You know I don't hold with this idol worship.' The god, annoyed just the moment before, was stupefied almost into argument and coaxing before the full horror of Mr Biswas's rejection came to him. He stood still, the camphor burning, melting on the plate. The hall was still. Mrs Tulsi was silent. Forgetting her frailty and fatigue, she got up and walked slowly up the stairs. 'Man!' Shama cried. Shama's shout aroused the god. He walked down to the hall, tears of anger in his eyes, saying, 'I didn't want to go and offer him anything. I didn't. I know the amount of respect he have for people.' Sushila said, 'Shh. Not while you are carrying the plate.' 'Man!' Shama said. 'What you go and do now?' Mr Biswas drained his cup, used his spoon to scrape up the mess of biscuit at the bottom, ate that and, getting up, said, 'What I do? I ain't do nothing. I just don't believe in this idol worship, that is all.' 'M-m-m-m. _Mm!'_ Miss Blackie made a loud purring noise. She was offended. She was a Roman Catholic and went to mass every morning, but she had seen the Hindu rites performed every day for many years and regarded them as inviolate as her own. 'Idols are stepping-stones to the worship of the real thing,' Mr Biswas said, quoting Pankaj Rai to the hall. 'They are necessary only in a spiritually backward society. Look at that little boy down there. You think he know what he was doing this morning?' The god stamped and said shrilly, 'I know a lot more about it than you, you – you _Christian!'_ Miss Blackie purred again, now deeply offended. Sushila said to the god, 'You must never lose your temper when you are doing _puja,_ Owad. It isn't nice.' 'It nice for him to insult me and Ma and everybody else the way he doing?' 'Just give him enough rope. He will hang himself.' In the long room Mr Biswas gathered his painting equipment and sang over and over: _In the snowy and the blowy,_ _In the blowy and the snowy._ Words and tune were based, remotely, on _Roaming in the Gloaming,_ which the choir at Lal's school had once sung to entertain important visitors from the Canadian Mission. Yet almost as soon as he had left Hanuman House through the side gate, Mr Biswas's high spirits vanished, and a depression fell upon him and lasted all day. He worked badly. He had to paint a large sign on a corrugated iron paling. Doing letters on a corrugated surface was bad enough; to paint a cow and a gate, as he had to, was maddening. His cow looked stiff, deformed and sorrowful, and undid the gaiety of the rest of the advertisement. He was strained and irritable when he went back to Hanuman House. The aggrieved and aggressive stares he received in the hall reminded him of his morning triumph. All his joy at that had turned into disgust at his condition. The campaign against the Tulsis, which he had been conducting with such pleasure, now seemed pointless and degrading. Suppose, Mr Biswas thought in the long room, suppose that at one word I could just disappear from this room, what would remain to speak of me? A few clothes, a few books. The shouts and thumps in the hall would continue; the _puja_ would be done; in the morning the Tulsi Store would open its doors. He had lived in many houses. And how easy it was to think of those houses without him! At this moment Pundit Jairam would be at a meeting or he would be eating at home, looking forward to an evening with his books. Soanie stood in the doorway, darkening the room, waiting for the least gesture of command. In Tara's back verandah Ajodha sat relaxed in his rockingchair, his eyes closed, listening perhaps to _That Body of Yours_ being read by Rabidat, who sat at an awkward angle, trying to hide the smell of drink and tobacco on his breath. Tara was about, harrying the cowman (it was milking-time) or harrying the yard boy or the servant girl, harrying somebody. In none of these places he was being missed because in none of these places had he ever been more than a visitor, an upsetter of routine. Was Bipti thinking of him in the back trace? But she herself was a derelict. And, even more remote, that house of mud and grass in the swamplands: probably pulled down now and ploughed up. Beyond that, a void. There was nothing to speak of him. He heard footsteps and Shama came into the room with a brass plate loaded with rice, curried potatoes, lentils and coconut chutney. 'How often you want me to tell you that I hate those blasted brass plates?' She put the plate on the floor. He walked round it. 'Nobody ever teach you hygiene at school? Rice, potatoes. All that damn starch.' He tapped his belly. 'You want to blow me up?' At the sight of Shama his depression had turned to anger, but he spoke jocularly. 'I always say,' Shama said, 'that you must complain only when you start providing your own food.' He went to the window, washed his hands, gargled and spat. Someone shouted from below, 'Up there! Look what you doing!' 'I know, I know,' Shama said, running to the window. 'I know this was bound to happen one day. You spit on somebody.' He looked out with interest. 'Who it is? The old she-fox, or one of the gods?' 'You spit on Owad.' They heard him complaining. Mr Biswas took another mouthful of water and gargled. Then, with cheeks puffed out, he leaned as far out of the window as he could. 'Don't think I not seeing you,' the god shouted. 'I marking what you doing, Mr Biswas. But I standing up right here and if you spit on me again I going to tell Ma.' 'Tell, you little son of a bitch,' Mr Biswas muttered, spitting. 'Man!' 'O God!' the god exclaimed. 'You lucky little monkey,' Mr Biswas said. He had missed. 'Man!' Shama cried, and dragged him from the window. He walked slowly around the brass plate. 'Walk,' Shama said. 'You walk until you tired. But wait until you provide your own food before you start criticizing the food other people give you.' 'Who give you that message to give me? Your mother?' He pulled his top teeth behind his lower teeth, but his long floursack pants prevented him from looking menacing. 'Nobody didn't give me any message to give you. It is just something I think of myself.' 'You think of it yourself, eh?' He had seized the brass plate, spilling rice on the floor, and was rushing to the Demerara window. Going to throw the whole damned thing out, he had decided. But his violence calmed him, and at the window he had another thought: throw the plate out and you could kill somebody. He arrested his hurling gesture, and merely tilted the plate. The food slipped off easily, leaving a few grains of rice sticking to streaks of lentils and oily, bubble-ridden trails of curry. 'O God! Oo – Go-o-od!' It began as a gentle cry and rose rapidly to a sustained bawling which aroused sympathetic shrieks from babies all over the house. All at once the bawling was cut off, and seconds later – it seemed much later – Mr Biswas heard a deep, grating, withdrawing snuffle. 'I going to tell Ma,' the god cried. 'Ma, come and see what your son-in-law do to me. He cover me down with his dirty food.' After a sirenlike intake of breath the bawling continued. Shama looked martyred. There was considerable commotion below. Several people were shouting at once, babies screamed, there was much subsidiary bawling and chatter, and the hall resounded with agitated movements. Heavy footsteps made the stairs shake, rattled the glass panes on doors, drummed across the Book Room, and Govind was in Mr Biswas's chamber. 'Is you!' Govind shouted, breathing hard, his handsome face contorted. 'Is you who spit on Owad.' Mr Biswas was frightened. He heard more footsteps on the stairs. The bawling drew nearer. 'Spit?' Mr Biswas said. 'I ain't spit on anybody. I just gargle out of the window and throw away some bad food.' Shama screamed. Govind threw himself on Mr Biswas. Caught by surprise, stupefied by fear, Mr Biswas neither shouted nor hit back at Govind, and allowed himself to be pummelled. He was struck hard and often on the jaw, and with every blow Govind said, 'Is you.' Vaguely Mr Biswas was aware of women massing in the room, screaming, sobbing, falling upon Govind and himself. He was acutely aware of the god bawling, right in his ear, it seemed: a dry, deliberate, scraping noise. Abruptly the bawling ceased. 'Yes, is he!' the god said. 'Is he. He asking for this a long time now.' And at every cuff and kick Govind gave, the god grunted, as though he himself had given the blow. The women were above Mr Biswas and Govind, their hair and veils falling loose. One veil tickled Mr Biswas's nose. 'Stop him!' Chinta cried. 'Govind will kill Biswas if you don't stop him. He is a terrible man, I tell you, when his temper is up.' She burst into a short, sharp wail. 'Stop it, stop it. They will send Govind to the gallows if you don't stop it. Stop it before they make me a widow.' Punched on his hollow chest, short-jabbed on his soft, rising belly, Mr Biswas found, to his surprise, that his mind remained quite clear. What the hell is that woman crying for? he thought. She is going to be a widow all right, but what about me? He was trying to encircle Govind with his arms, but was unable to do more than tap him on the back. Govind didn't appear to notice the taps. Mr Biswas would have been surprised if he had. He wanted to scratch and pinch Govind, but reflected that it would be unmanly to do so. 'Kill him!' the god shouted. 'Kill him, Uncle Govind.' 'Owad, Owad,' Chinta said. 'How can you say a thing like that?' She pulled the god to her and pressed his head against her bosom. 'You too? Do you _want_ to make me a widow?' The god allowed himself to be embraced, but twisted his head to see the struggle and kept on shouting, 'Kill him, Uncle Govind. Kill him.' The women were having little effect on Govind. They had succeeded only in lessening the swing of his arms, but his short jabs were powerful. Mr Biswas felt them all. They no longer caused pain. 'Kill him, Uncle Govind!' He doesn't want any encouragement, Mr Biswas thought. Neighbours were shouting. 'What happening, Mai? Mai! Mrs Tulsi! Mr Seth! What happening?' Their urgent, frightened voices frightened Mr Biswas. Suddenly he heard himself bawling, 'O God! I dead. I dead. He will kill me.' His terror silenced the house. It stilled Govind's arms. It stilled the god, and gave him a fleeting vision of black policemen, courthouses, gallows, graves, coffins. The women lifted themselves off Govind and Mr Biswas. Govind, breathing heavily, lifted himself off Mr Biswas. How I hate people who breathe like that, Mr Biswas thought. And how that Govind smells! It wasn't a smell of sweat, but of oil, body oil, associated in Mr Biswas's mind with the pimples on Govind's face. How unpleasant it must be, to be married to a man like that! 'Has he killed him?' Chinta asked. She was calmer; her voice held pride and genuine concern. 'Talk, brother. Talk. Talk to your sister. Get him to say something, somebody.' Now that Govind was off his chest Mr Biswas's only concern was to make sure that he was properly dressed. He hoped nothing had happened to his pants. He moved a hand down to investigate. 'He is all right,' Sushila said. Someone bent over him. That smell of oil, Vick's Vaporub, garlic and raw vegetables told him it was Padma. 'Are you all right?' she asked, and shook him. He turned over on his side, his face to the wall. 'He is all right,' Govind said, and added in English, 'Is a good thing all you people did come, otherwise I woulda be swinging on the gallows for this man.' Chinta gave a sob. Shama had maintained her martyr's attitude throughout, sitting on the low bench, her skirt draped over her knees, one hand supporting her chin, her staring eyes misting over with tears. 'Spitting on me, eh?' the god said. 'Go ahead. Why you don't spit now? Coming and laughing at our religion. Laughing at me when I do _puja. I_ know the good I doing myself when I do _puja,_ you hear.' 'It's all right, son,' Govind said. 'Nobody can insult you and Mai when I am around.' 'Leave him alone, Govind,' Padma said. 'Leave him, Owad.' The incident was over. The room emptied. Left alone, Shama and Mr Biswas remained as they were, Shama staring through the doorway, Mr Biswas considering the lotuses on the pale green wall. They heard the hall return to life. The evening meal, delayed, was being laid out with unusual zest. Babies were consoled with songs, clapping, chuckles and baby-talk. Children were scolded with exceptional good humour. Between everyone downstairs there was for the moment a new bond, and Mr Biswas recognized this bond as himself. 'Go and get me a tin of red salmon,' he said to Shama, without turning from the wall. 'And some hops bread.' Her throat was tickling. She coughed and tried to hide the swallow by sighing. This wearied him further. He got up, his pants hanging loose, and looked at her. She was still staring through the doorway into the Book Room. His face felt heavy. He put a hand to one cheek and worked his jaw. It moved stiffly. Tears spilled over from Shama's big eyes and ran down her cheeks. 'What happen? Somebody beat you too?' She shook her tears away, without removing her hand from her chin. 'Go and get me a tin of salmon. Canadian. And get some bread and peppersauce.' 'What happen? You have a craving? You making baby?' He would have liked to hit her. But that would have been ridiculous after what had just happened. 'You making baby?' Shama repeated. She rose, shook down her skirt and straightened it. Loudly, as though trying to catch the attention of the people downstairs, she said, 'Go and get it yourself. You not going to start ordering _me_ around, you hear.' She blew her nose, wiped it, and left. He was alone. He gave a kick at a lotus on the wall. The noise startled him, his toe hurt, and he aimed another kick at his pile of books. He sent them toppling and marvelled at the endurance and uncomplainingness of inanimate objects. The bent corner of the cover of _Bell's Standard Elocutionist_ was like a wound silently, accusingly borne. He stooped to pick the books up, then decided it would be a sign of self contempt to do so. Better for them to lie like that for Shama to see and even rearrange. He passed a hand over his face. It felt heavy and dead. Squinting downwards, he could see the rise of cheek. His jaw ached. He was beginning to ache all over. It was odd that the blows had made so little impression at the time. Surprise was a good neutralizer. Perhaps it was the same with animals. Jungle life could be bearable, then; it was part of God's plan. He went over to the cheap mirror hanging at the side of the window. He had never been able to see properly in it. It was an idiotic place to put a mirror, and he was mad enough to pull it down. He didn't. He stepped to one side and looked over his shoulder at his reflection. He knew his face felt heavy; he had no idea it looked so absurd. But he had to go out, leave the house for the time being, get his salmon, bread and peppersauce – bad for him, but the suffering would come later. He put on his trousers, and the rattle of the belt buckle was such a precise, masculine sound that he silenced it at once. He put on his shirt and opened the second button to reveal his hollow chest. But his shoulders were fairly broad. He wished he could devote himself to developing his body. How could he, though, with all that bad food from that murky kitchen? They had salmon only on Good Friday: the influence, doubtless, of the orthodox Roman Catholic Hindu Mrs Tulsi. He pulled his hat low over his forehead and thought that in the dark he might just get away with his face. As he went down the stairs the chatter became a babel. Past the landing, he waited for the silence, the reanimation. It happened as he feared. Shama didn't look at him. Among gay sisters she was the gayest. Padma said. 'You better feed Mohun, Shama.' Govind didn't look up. He was smiling, at nothing, it seemed, and was eating in his savage, noisy way, rice and curry spilled all over his hairy hand and trickling down to his wrist. Soon, Mr Biswas knew, he would clean his hand with a swift, rasping lick. Mr Biswas, his back to everyone in the hall, said, 'I not eating any of the bad food from this house.' 'Well, nobody not going to beg you, you hear,' Shama said. He curled the brim of his hat over his eye and went down into the courtyard, lit only by the light from the hall. The god said, 'Anyone see a spy pass through here?' Mr Biswas heard the laughter. Under the eaves of a bicycle shop across the High Street an oyster stall was yellowly, smokily lit by a flambeau with a thick spongy wick. Oysters lay in a shining heap, many-faceted, grey and black and yellow. Two bottles, stopped with twists of brown paper, contained red peppersauce. Postponing the salmon, Mr Biswas crossed the road and asked the man, 'How the oysters going?' 'Two for a cent.' 'Start opening.' The man shouted, released into happy activity. From somewhere in the darkness a woman came running up. 'Come on,' the man said. 'Help open them.' They put a bucket of water on the stall, washed the oysters, opened them with short blunt knives, and washed them again. Mr Biswas poured peppersauce into the shell, swallowed, held out his hand for another. The peppersauce scalded his lips. The oyster man was talking drunkenly, in a mixture of Hindi and English. 'My son is a helluva man. I feel that something is seriously wrong with him. One day he put a tin can on the fence and come running inside the house. "The gun, Pa," he said. "Quick, give me the gun." I give him the gun. He run to the window and shoot. The tin can fall. "Pa," he say. "Look. I shoot work. I shoot ambition. They dead." ' The flambeau dramatized the oyster man's features, filling hollows with shadow, putting a shine on his temples, above his eyebrows, along his nose, along his cheek-bones. Suddenly he flung down his knife and pulled out a stick from below his stall. He waved the stick in front of Mr Biswas. 'Anybody!' he said. 'Tell anybody to come!' The woman didn't notice. She went on opening oysters, laying them in her scratched, red palms, prising the ugly shells open, cutting the living oysters from their moorings to the pure, just-exposed inside shell. 'Tell anybody,' the man said. 'Anybody at all.' 'Stop!' Mr Biswas said. The woman took her hand out of the bucket and replaced a dripping oyster on the heap. The man put away his stick. 'Stop?' He looked saddened, and ceased to be frightening. He began to count the empty shells. The woman disappeared into the darkness. 'Twenty-six,' the man said. 'Thirteen cents.' Mr Biswas paid. The raw, fresh smell of oysters was now upsetting him. His stomach was full and heavy, but unsatisfied. The peppersauce had blistered his lips. Then the pains began. Nevertheless he went on to Mrs Seeung's. The high, cavernous café was feebly lit. Flies were asleep everywhere, and Mr Seeung was half-asleep behind the counter, his porcupinish head bent over a Chinese newspaper. Mr Biswas bought a tin of salmon and two loaves of bread. The bread looked and smelled stale. He knew that in his present state bread would only bring on nausea, but it gave him some satisfaction that he was breaking one of the Tulsi taboos by eating shop bread, a habit they considered feckless, negroid and unclean. The salmon repelled him; he thought it tasted of tin; but he felt compelled to eat to the end. And as he ate, his distress increased. Secret eating never did him any good. Yet what he considered his disgrace was in fact his triumph. The next morning Seth summoned him and said in English, 'I come back late last night from Carapichaima, just looking for my food and my bed and the first thing I hear is that you try to beat up Owad. I don't think we could stand you here any longer. You want to paddle your own canoe. All right, go ahead and paddle. When you start getting your tail wet, don't bother to come back to me or Mai, you hear. This was a nice united family before you come. You better go away before you do any more mischief and I have to lay my hand on you.' So Mr Biswas moved to The Chase, to the shop. Shama was pregnant when they moved. # 4. The Chase THE CHASE was a long, straggling settlement of mud huts in the heart of the sugarcane area. Few outsiders went to The Chase. The people who lived there worked on the estates and the roads. The world beyond the sugarcane fields was remote and the village was linked to it only by villagers' carts and bicycles, wholesalers' vans and lorries, and an occasional private motorbus that ran to no timetable and along no fixed route. For Mr Biswas it was like returning to the village where he had spent his early years. Only, now the surrounding darkness and mystery had gone. He knew what lay beyond the sugarcane fields and where the roads went. They went to villages which were just like The Chase; they went to ramshackle towns where, perhaps, some store or café was decorated by his signs. To such towns the villagers made arduous and infrequent excursions to obtain dry goods, to make complaints to the police, to appear in court; for The Chase could support neither a dry goods store nor a police station nor even a school. Its two most important public buildings were the two rumshops. And it abounded in small food-shops, one of which was Mr Biswas's. Mr Biswas's shop was a short, narrow room with a rusty galvanized iron roof. The concrete floor, barely higher than the earth, was abraded to a pebbly roughness and encrusted with dirt. The walls leaned and sagged; the concrete plaster had cracked and flaked off in many places, revealing mud, tapia grass and bamboo strips. The walls shook easily, but the tapia grass and bamboo strips had given them an astonishing resilience; so that although for the next six years Mr Biswas never ceased to feel an anxiety when someone leaned on the walls or flung sacks of sugar or flour against them, the walls never fell down, never deteriorated beyond the limberness in which he had found them. At the back of the shop there were two rooms with un-plastered mud walls and a roof of old, rough thatch that extended over an open gallery at one side. The floor of beaten earth had disintegrated and the chickens of the neighbourhood came there to take dust-baths during the heat of the day. The kitchen was a derelict makeshift structure in the yard. It had crooked tree branches for uprights, assorted bits of corrugated iron for roof, and almost anything for walls: sections of tin, strips of canvas and bamboo, boards from shop boxes. One wall had a space for a window, but the rectangular shape that had been intended had become a rhomboid. The window itself, ill-fitting lengths of unmatched wood held together by two crossbars split by massive nails that had been hammered back flat and grown rusty, the window itself was rectangular and was unable to fill the rhomboid vacancy. Though it was small and stood in the open, the kitchen was always dark. The window by day and the flambeau or fire by night showed that the walls were black and fluffy with soot, as though a new species of spider had been bred there, with the ability to spin webs as black and furry as its legs. Everything smelled of woodsmoke. But there was space. Space to the back, right up to a boundary that was lost amid a tangle of tall bush, abandoned land called by the villagers and later by Mr Biswas 'the 'ban-don'. There was more abandoned land to one side; once a well-tilled field, it was now a pasture for those cows of the village that could feed on its weeds and nettles and razor-sharp grass, wild, scrambling growths. The Tulsis had bought this unprofitable property on the advice of Seth. He was a member of a Local Road Board and had received information, later proved to be worthless, that a trunk road was to be driven through the very spot on which Mr Biswas's shop stood. Mr Biswas moved from Hanuman House with little trouble. He had little to move: his clothes, a few books and magazines, his painting equipment. Shama had much more. She had many clothes; and just before she left, she was given bolts of cloth by Mrs Tulsi straight from the shelves of the Tulsi Store. It was Shama, too, who thought of buying pots and pans and cups and plates; and though she got them at cost price from the Tulsi Store, Mr Biswas was disturbed to see that his savings, sign-writing money accumulated during his stay at Hanuman House, had begun to melt even before he had moved. Their goods barely filled a donkey-cart, and their arrival at The Chase was noted by a waiting crowd with pity and some hostility. The hostility came from rival shopkeepers. And Mr Biswas, shakily perched on one of Shama's bundles, with the clang of those cost-price but expensive pans in his ears, was unable to ignore the hostility of Shama herself. She had kept up her martyr's attitude throughout the journey, silently staring at the road through the piquets of the cart, holding on her lap a box containing a Japanese coffee-set of intricate and fantastic design, part of a consignment the Tulsi Store had not been able to sell after three years, and given by Seth as a belated wedding present. Nor did Mr Biswas fail to notice that The Chase appeared to be managing quite well without his shop, which had been closed, as he knew, for many months. 'Is the sort of place you could build up,' he said to the carter. The carter nodded non-committally, looking neither at Mr Biswas nor at the crowd but straight at his donkey, and aiming a gentle lash at the animal's eye. And Shama sighed: the sigh which now told Mr Biswas that she thought him stupid, boring and shaming. The cart stopped. 'Whoa!' some boys shouted. Looking stern, preoccupied and, as he hoped, dangerous, Mr Biswas became very busy, helping the carter to unload. They carried bundles and boxes through the back rooms smelling of dust to the dark shop, warm in the late afternoon with the smell of coarse brown sugar and stale coconut oil. The white lines of light between the boards of the front door carne from a bright, open world; movements inside the shop sounded furtive. Their possessions, spread out on the counter, didn't take up much space. 'Only the first load,' Mr Biswas said to the carter. 'Have a pile of other stuff to come.' The carter said nothing. 'Oh.' Mr Biswas remembered the carter had to be paid. More money. The man took the dirty blue dollar-note and left. 'Is the last time _he_ carry anything for me,' Mr Biswas said. 'I could tell him that.' There was silence in the closed, stuffy shop. 'Is the sort of place you could build up,' Mr Biswas said. His eyes became accustomed to the darkness and he looked about him. On a top shelf he saw some tins, apparently abandoned by the previous shopkeeper. About this person Mr Biswas now began to speculate. There was ambition and despair in these tins: their faded labels had been nibbled by rats and stained by flies; some tins had no labels at all. He heard the carter shouting at his donkey as the cart turned in the narrow road; villagers gave advice, boys shouted encouragement, a whip repeatedly cracked, hoof beats sounded awkward and irregular; then, with a jangle of harness, a cracking of the whip and a shout, the cart was off, cheered by the village boys. Shama started to cry. But this time she didn't cry silently, with the tears running down from the expressionless eyes. She sobbed like a child, leaning over the box with the Japanese coffee-set on the counter. 'You wanted this. You wanted to paddle your own canoe. In all my life I never was so shamed as today. People standing up and laughing. _This_ is what you want to paddle your own canoe with.' She covered her eyes with one hand and waved at the bundles on the counter with the other. He wanted to comfort her. But he needed comfort himself. How lonely the shop was! And how frightening! He had never thought it would be like this when he found himself in an establishment of his own. It was late afternoon; Hanuman House would be warm and noisy with activity. Here he was afraid to disturb the silence, afraid to open the door of the shop, to step into the light. And in the end it was Shama who gave him comfort. For presently she stopped crying, gave a long, decisive blow to her nose and began sweeping, setting up, putting away. He followed her about, watching, offering help, glad to be told to do something and enjoying it when she reproved him for doing it badly. In his careless retreat the previous tenant had abandoned two articles of furniture to the Tulsis; these had now passed to Mr Biswas. In one of the back rooms there was a large, canopy-less cast iron fourposter whose black enamel paint was chipped and lacklustre. 'Smell,' Shama said, holding a bedboard to Mr Biswas's nose. It had the piercing acrid smell of bedbugs. She doused the boards with kerosene. It wouldn't kill the bugs, she said. But it would keep them quiet for the time being. And for years Mr Biswas was to know, particularly on a Saturday morning, the smell of kerosene and bedbugs. The boards changed; the mattress changed; but the bugs remained, following the fourposter wherever it went, from The Chase to Green Vale to Port of Spain to the house at Shorthills and, finally, to the house in Sikkim Street, where it nearly filled one of the two bedrooms on the upper floor. The other piece of furniture that came with the shop was a kitchen table, small, low, and so neatly made that it stood, not in the kitchen in the yard, but in a bedroom. It was on this table, after much dusting and washing and wiping, that Shama placed her clothes and bolts of cloth; the parcel with the Japanese coffee-set she put below it, on the earth floor. Mr Biswas no longer thought the coffee-set, and Shama's attitude to it, absurd. Feeling grateful to Shama, he felt tender towards her coffee-set. He was not prepared for such a change in himself; but then he was astonished at the change in Shama. Till the last she had protested at leaving Hanuman House, but now she behaved as though she moved into a derelict house every day. Her actions were assertive, wasteful and unnecessarily noisy. They filled shop and house; they banished silence and loneliness. And, further miracle, she produced a meal from that kitchen in the yard. He could not look on it as simply food. For the first time a meal had been prepared in a house which was his own. He felt abashed; and was glad that Shama did not treat it as an occasion. Only, feeding him at the table in the bedroom, by the light of a brand-new cost-price oil lamp from the Tulsi Store, she didn't sigh or stare or look weary and impatient as she had done in the lotus-decorated long room at Hanuman House. In a few weeks the house became cleaner and habitable. The atmosphere of decay and disuse, while not disappearing, was made to retreat and held in check. Nothing could be done about the walls of the shop; no amount of washing could remove the smell of oil and sugar; the lower shelves and the two planks on the concrete floor behind the counter remained black with grease that had dried, and rough with dust that had stuck. They poured disinfectant everywhere, until they were almost choked by its fumes. But as the days passed, their zeal abated. They remembered the previous tenants less and less; and the grime, increasingly familiar, eventually became their own, and therefore supportable. Only slight improvements were made to the kitchen. 'It standing up just by the grace of God,' Mr Biswas said. 'Pull out one board, and the whole thing tumble down.' The earth floor of the bedrooms and gallery was mended, packed a little higher and plastered to a smooth, grey dustlessness. The Japanese coffee-set was taken out of its box and displayed on the table, where it appeared to be in peril; but Shama said it would remain there only until a better place was found. And that was what Mr Biswas continued to feel about their venture: that it was temporary and not quite real, and it didn't matter how it was arranged. He had felt that on the first afternoon; and the feeling lasted until he left The Chase. Real life was to begin for them soon, and elsewhere. The Chase was a pause, a preparation. In the meantime he became a shopkeeper. Selling had seemed to him such an easy way of making a living he had often wondered why people bothered to do anything else. On market days in Pagotes, for instance, you could buy a bag of flour, open it, sit down before it with a scoop and a set of scales on one side; and, ridiculously, people came and bought your flour and put money in your pocket. It looked such a simple process that Mr Biswas felt it wouldn't work if he tried it. But when he had stocked the shop, using the rest of his savings, and opened his doors, he found that people did come to him and buy and hand over real money. After every sale in those early days he felt he had pulled off a deep confidence trick, and had difficulty in hiding his exultation. He thought of the tins on the top shelf – he had not got around to taking them down – and was as puzzled by his success as he was delighted by it. At the end of the first month he found he had made the vast profit of thirty-seven dollars. He knew nothing about keeping books and it was Shama who had suggested that he should make notes of goods given on credit on squares of brown shop-paper. It was Shama who suggested that these squares should be spiked. It was Shama who made the spike. And it was Shama who kept the accounts, writing in her round, stylish, slow Mission-school hand in a Shorthand Reporter's Notebook (the words were printed on the cover). During these weeks the strangeness of their solitude lessened. But they were as yet unused to their new relationship and though they never quarrelled their talk remained impersonal and constrained. The solitude embarrassed Mr Biswas by the intimacy it imposed, especially during the serving of food. The atmosphere of service and devotion was flattering, but at the same time unsettling. It strained Mr Biswas and he was even glad when abruptly, it broke. One evening Shama said, 'We must have a house-blessing ceremony, and get Hari to bless the shop and house, and have Mai and Uncle and everybody else here.' He was taken completely by surprise, and lost his temper. 'What the hell you think I look like?' he asked in English. 'The Maharajah of Barrackpore? And what the hell for I should get Hari to come and bless this place? _This_ place? Look for yourself.' He pointed to the kitchen and slapped the wall of the shop. 'Is bad enough as it is. To feed your family on top of all this is really going too damn far.' And Shama did something he hadn't heard for weeks: she sighed, the old weary Shama sigh. And she said nothing. In the days that followed he learned something new: how a woman nagged. The very word, nag, was known to him only from foreign books and magazines. It had puzzled him. Living in a wife-beating society, he couldn't understand why women were even allowed to nag or how nagging could have any effect. He saw that there were exceptional women, Mrs Tulsi and Tara, for example, who could never be beaten. But most of the women he knew were like Sushila, the widowed Tulsi daughter. She talked with pride of the beatings she had received from her short-lived husband. She regarded them as a necessary part of her training and often attributed the decay of Hindu society in Trinidad to the rise of the timorous, weak, non-beating class of husband. To this class Mr Biswas belonged. So Shama nagged; and nagged so well that from the first he knew she was nagging. It amazed him that someone so young should show herself so competent in such an alien skill. But there were things which should have warned him. She had never run a house, but at The Chase she had always behaved like an experienced housewife. Then there was her pregnancy. She took that as easily as if she had borne many children; she never spoke about it, ate no special foods, made no special preparations, and generally behaved so normally that at times he forgot she was pregnant. So Shama nagged. With her gloom and a refusal to speak, first of all; then with a precise, economical and noisy efficiency. She didn't ignore Mr Biswas. She made it clear that she noted his presence, and that it filled her with despair. At nights, next to him, but without touching him, she sighed loudly and blew her nose just at those moments when he was dropping off to sleep. She turned heavily and impatiently from side to side. For the first two days he pretended not to notice. On the third day he asked, 'What happen to you?' She didn't reply, sitting next to him at the table, sighing, watching him while he ate. He asked again. She said, 'Talk about ungrateful!' and was up and out of the room. He ate with diminished appetite. That night Shama blew her nose repeatedly, and turned over in bed. Mr Biswas prepared to stick it out. Then Shama was silent. Mr Biswas thought he had won. Then Shama snuffled, very low, as though ashamed that the sound had escaped her. Mr Biswas grew very still, and listened to his own breathing. It sounded regular and unnatural. He opened his eyes and looked up at the thatched roof. He could make out the rafters and the loose straws that hung straight down, threatening to fall into his eyes. Shama groaned and blew her nose loudly, once, twice, three times. Then she got out of the cast iron fourposter and it rattled. Suddenly silent and energetic, she went out of the room. The latrine was right at the back of her yard. When she came back, minutes later, he acknowledged defeat. 'What happen, man?' he asked. 'You can't sleep?' 'I been sleeping sound sound,' she said. The next morning he said, 'All right, send for the old queen and the big boss and Hari and the gods and everybody else and get the shop bless.' Shama was determined to do things well. Three labourers worked for three days to put up a large tent in the yard. It was a simple affair, with bamboo uprights and a roof of coconut branches; but the bamboos had to be transported from a neighbouring village, and the labourers, after many aggrieved and unintelligible mutterings about the Workmen's Compensation Act, had to be paid extra for climbing the coconut trees to get branches. Enormous quantities of food were bought; and, to assist in its preparation, sisters began arriving at The Chase three days before the house-blessing ceremony. With their arrival Mr Biswas's protests ceased. He consoled himself with the thought that not all of the Tulsis would come. They all came, except Seth, Miss Blackie and the two gods. 'Owad and Shekhar learning,' Mrs Tulsi said in English, meaning only that the gods were at school. She wandered about the yard, opening doors, inspecting, no expression on her face. Hari, the holy man, who was to be the pundit that day, was just as Mr Biswas remembered him, just as soft-spoken and lymphatic. His felt hat sat softly on his head. He greeted Mr Biswas without rancour, without pleasure, without interest. Then he went into the bedroom that was reserved for him and changed into his pundit's garb, which he had brought in a small cardboard suitcase. When he emerged as a pundit everyone treated him with a new respect. Children, most of whom Mr Biswas could associate with no particular parent, swarmed everywhere, the girls in stiff satin dresses and with large rayon bows in long, dank hair, the boys in pantaloons and bright shirts. And there were babies: asleep in mothers' arms, asleep on blankets and sacks under the tent, asleep in various corners of the shop; babies crying and being energetically walked in the yard; babies crawling, babies bawling, babies simply silent; babies performing every babylike function. Govind nodded to Mr Biswas, but didn't speak, and went and sat in the tent, where he talked and laughed loudly with the brothers-in-law. Chinta and Padma asked without warmth after Mr Biswas's health. Padma asked because it was her duty, as Seth's representative; Chinta asked because Padma had done so. The two women were together for much of the time, and Mr Biswas suspected that an equally close relationship existed between Govind and Seth. It seemed, too, that Sushila, the childless widow, was enjoying one of her periods of authority. She had now joined Mrs Tulsi and they both wandered about, peering and prodding and holding muted discussions in Hindi. Mr Biswas found himself a stranger in his own yard. But was it his own? Mrs Tulsi and Sushila didn't appear to think so. The villagers didn't think so. They had always called the shop the Tulsi Shop, even after he had painted a sign and hung it above the door: THE BONNE ESPERANCE GROCERY M. Biswas Prop Goods at City Prices With one bedroom reserved for Hari, the other for Mrs Tulsi, and with the shop full of babies, Mr Biswas could retreat nowhere. He stood before the shop, fondling his belly under his shirt and working out the quarrel he would have with Shama afterwards. A scampering and a series of cries came from the shop. Then Sushila's voice was heard, raised in undoubted authority. 'Get away from here. Go and play in the open. Can't you see you are waking up the babies? Why do you big children like the dark so much?' Every sister was perpetually on the alert for any sign, however slight or veiled, of sexual inclination among the children. Mr Biswas knew the disagreeable rumpus that would follow. He had no taste for it, and walked away from the shop to the boundary of the lot. Here, under a hedge, he came upon a group of children playing house. 'You are Mai,' a girl said to another girl. And to a boy, 'You are Seth.' Mr Biswas withdrew. But the girl – whose litter did she belong to? – saw him and, raising her voice from the whisper with which games of house should be played, said with unmistakable malice, 'And who will be Mohun? You, Bhoj. You have three-quarter white pants. And you are a great fighter.' There was a round of childish laughter which filled Mr Biswas's mind with thoughts of murder, though even as he hurried away he felt some desire to see what Bhoj looked like. For the last three days, since the arrival of her sisters, Shama had become a Tulsi and a stranger again. Now she was unapproachable. The ceremony in the tent was about to begin and she sat in front of Hari, listening to his instructions with bowed head. Her hair was still wet from her ritual bath and she was dressed in white from top to toe. She looked like someone waiting to be sacrificed and Mr Biswas thought he could detect pleasure in the curve of her back. Her status, like Hari's, was only temporary; but while the ceremony lasted, it was paramount. Mr Biswas didn't want to witness the ceremony. It meant sitting with the brothers-in-law in the tent; and he was sure that the sight of Shama's submissive and exultant back would eventually infuriate him. Also, it occurred to him that if he kept moving about he might prevent some of the Tulsi army from looting. It was then that he thought of the shop. He nearly ran there. It was dark, with the front doors closed, and he had to be careful. The shop smelled of babies, who were asleep everywhere: on the counter, flanked by pillows and boxes to keep them from rolling off; under the counter; on the floor planks behind the counter. Then, slowly in the darkness, a group of squatting children defined itself in one corner. They were silent and intent. With equal silence and intentness Mr Biswas picked his way past the babies to the counter. The little group was methodically breaking soda water bottles and extracting the crystal marbles from the necks. The bottles were wrapped in sacking to muffle the noise. There was a deposit of eight cents on every bottle. The sweet jars on the bottom shelf were disarrayed. The Paradise Plums had dwindled substantially. So had the Mintips, a mint sweet with the elasticity and lastingness of rubber. So had the salted prunes. Many tin-lids had not been screwed on properly. Mr Biswas put out a hand to straighten a lid. It felt sticky. He dropped it. A baby bawled, the children in the corner became alert, and Mr Biswas shouted, 'Get out of here before I lay my hand on some of you.' And at the same time, with the dexterity of the practised shopkeeper, he lifted the flap of the counter and opened the little door, almost in one action, and was on the group in the corner. He lifted a boy by the collar. The boy bawled, the girls with him bawled, the babies in the shop bawled. From outside a woman asked, 'What's happening? What's happening?' Mr Biswas dropped the boy he had seized, and the boy ran outside, screaming louder than the babies. 'Uncle Mohun beat me. Ma, Uncle Mohun beat me.' Another woman, doubtless the mother, said, 'But he wouldn't touch you for nothing.' Her tone indicated that Mr Biswas wouldn't dare. 'You must have been doing something.' 'I wasn't doing nothing, Ma,' the boy wailed in English. 'He wasn't doing nothing, Ma.' This was from one of the girls. Mr Biswas knew her: a dumpy little thing, with big contemptuous eyes and full, pendulous lips; she was capable of fantastic physical contortions and often performed for visitors at Hanuman House. 'Blasted liar!' Mr Biswas said. He ran out of the shop, past a woman who was coming, cooing, to a bawling baby. 'Wasn't doing nothing? And who break up all those soda water bottles?' In the tent Hari droned imperturbably on. Shama remained bowed in her white cocoon. The brothers-in-law sat on their blankets, reverentially still. Mr Biswas was lucid enough to hope that he wasn't antagonizing a father. Padma went into the shop in her slow way and came out and said judicially. _'Some_ bottles have been broken.' 'And is eight cents a bottle,' Mr Biswas said. 'Wasn't doing nothing!' The mother of the boy, suddenly enraged, flew to a hibiscus bush and began breaking off a switch. It was a tough bush and she had to bend the switch back and forth several times. Torn leaves fell on the ground. The boy's bawls were now touched with genuine anguish. The mother broke two switches on the boy, speaking as she beat. _'This_ will teach you not to meddle with things that don't belong to you. _This_ will teach you not to provoke people who don't make any allowances for children.' She caught sight of the marks left on the boy's collar by Mr Biswas's fingers, sticky from the tin-lid. 'And _this_ will teach you not to let big people make your clothes dirty. _This_ will teach you that they don't have to wash them. _You_ are a big man. You know _right._ You know _wrong. You_ are not a child. _That_ is why I am beating _you_ as though you are a _big_ man and can take a _big_ man's blows.' The beating had ceased to be a simple punishment and had become a ritual. Sisters came out to witness, rocking crying babies in their arms, and said without urgency, 'You will damage the boy, Sumati.' And: 'Stop it now, Sumati. You have beaten him enough.' Sumati continued to beat, and didn't stop talking. In the tent Hari intoned. From the set of Shama's back Mr Biswas could divine her displeasure. 'House-blessing party!' Mr Biswas said. The beating went on. 'Is just a form of showing-off,' Mr Biswas said. He had seen enough of these beatings to know that later it would be said admiringly, 'Sumati beats her children really well' and that the sisters would say to their children, 'Do you want to be beaten the way Sumati beat her son that day at The Chase?' The boy, no longer crying, was at last released. He sought comfort from an aunt, who calmed her baby, calmed the boy, said to the baby, 'Come, kiss him. His mother has beaten him really badly today'; then to the boy, 'Come, look how you are making him cry.' The whimpering boy kissed the crying baby and slowly the noise subsided. 'Good!' Sumati said, tears in her eyes. 'Good! Everyone is satisfied now. And I suppose the soda water bottles have been made whole again. Nobody is losing eight cents a bottle now.' 'I didn't ask anybody to beat their child, you hear,' Mr Biswas said. 'Nobody asked,' Sumati said, to no one in particular. 'I am just saying that everybody is now satisfied.' She went to the tent and sat down in the section set aside for women and girls. The boy sat among the men. The road was now lined with villagers and a few outsiders as well. They had not been attracted by the flogging, though that had encouraged the children of the village to gather a little earlier than might have been expected. They came for the food that would be distributed after the ceremony. Among these expectant uninvited guests Mr Biswas noticed two of the village shopkeepers. The cooking was being done, under the superintendence of Sushila, over an open fire-hole in the yard. Sisters stirred enormous black cauldrons brought for the occasion from Hanuman House. They sweated and complained but they were happy. Though there was no need for it, some had stayed awake all the previous night, peeling potatoes, cleaning rice, cutting vegetables, singing, drinking coffee. They had prepared bin after bin of rice, bucket upon bucket of lentils and vegetables, vats of tea and coffee, volumes of chapattis. Mr Biswas had given up trying to work out the cost. 'Just going to leave me a damn pauper,' he said. He walked along the hibiscus hedge, plucked leaves, chewed them and spat them out. 'You have a nice little property here, Mohun.' It was Mrs Tulsi, looking tired after her rest on the cast iron fourposter. She had used the English word 'property'; it had an acquisitive, self-satisfied flavour; he would have preferred it if she had said 'shop' or 'place'. 'Nice?' he said, not sure whether she was being satirical or not. 'Very nice little property.' 'Walls falling down in the shop.' 'They wouldn't fall.' 'Roof leaking in the bedroom.' 'It doesn't rain all the time.' 'And I don't sleep all the time either. Want a new kitchen.' 'The kitchen looks all right to me.' 'And who does eat all the time, eh? We could do with a extra room.' 'What's the matter? You want a Hanuman House right away?' 'I don't want a Hanuman House at all.' 'Look,' Mrs Tulsi said. They were in the gallery now. 'You don't want an extra room at all. You could just hang some sugarsacks on these posts during the night, and you have your extra room.' He looked at her. She was in earnest. 'Take them away in the morning,' she said, 'and you have your gallery again.' 'Sugarsack, eh?' 'Just six or seven. You wouldn't need any more.' I would like to bury you in one, Mr Biswas thought. He said, 'You going to send me some of these sugarsacks?' 'You're a shopkeeper,' she said. 'You have more than me.' 'Don't worry. I was just joking. Just send me a coal barrel. You could get a whole family in a coal barrel. You didn't know that?' She was too surprised to speak. 'I don't know why they still building houses,' Mr Biswas said. 'Nobody don't want a house these days. They just want a coal barrel. One coal barrel for one person. Whenever a baby born just get another coal barrel. You wouldn't see any houses anywhere then. Just a yard with five or six coal barrels standing up in two or three rows.' Mrs Tulsi patted her lips with her veil, turned away and stepped into the yard. Faintly she called, 'Sushila.' 'And you could get Hari to bless the barrels right in Hanuman House,' Mr Biswas said. 'No need to bring him all the way to The Chase.' Sushila came and, giving Mr Biswas a hard stare, offered her arm to Mrs Tulsi. 'What has happened, Mai?' In the shop a baby woke and screamed and drowned Mrs Tulsi's words. Sushila led Mrs Tulsi to the tent. Mr Biswas went to the bedroom. The window was closed and the room was dark, but enough light came in to make everything distinct: his clothes on the wall, the bed rumpled from Mrs Tulsi's rest. Violating his fastidiousness, he lay down on the bed. The musty smell of old thatch was mingled with the smell of Mrs Tulsi's medicaments: bay rum, soft candles, Canadian Healing Oil, ammonia. He didn't feel a small man, but the clothes which hung so despairingly from the nail on the mud wall were definitely the clothes of a small man, comic, make-believe clothes. He wondered what Samuel Smiles would have thought of him. But perhaps he could change. Leave. Leave Shama, forget the Tulsis, forget everybody. But go where? And do what? What could he do? Apart from becoming a bus-conductor, working as a labourer on the sugar-estates or on the roads, owning a shop. Would Samuel Smiles have seen more than that? He was in a state between waking and sleeping when there was a rattling on the door: no ordinary rattling: this was rattling with a purpose: he recognized Shama's hand. He shut his eyes and pretended to be asleep. He heard the hook lift and fall. She came into the room and even on the earth floor her footsteps were heavy, meant to be noticed. He felt her standing at the side of the fourposter, looking down at him. He stiffened; his breathing changed. 'Well, you make me really proud of you today,' Shama said. And, really, it wasn't what he was expecting at all. He had grown so used to her devotion at The Chase that he expected her to take his side, if only in private. All the softness went out of him. Shama sighed. He got up. 'The house done bless?' She flung back her long hair, still damp and straight, and he could see the sandalwood marks on her forehead: so strange on a woman. They made her look terrifyingly holy and unfamiliar. 'What you waiting for? Get out and make sure it properly bless.' She was surprised by his vehemence and, without sighing or speaking, left the room. He heard her making excuses for him. 'He has a headache.' He recognized the tone as the one used by friendly sisters to discuss the infirmities of their husbands. It was Shama's plea to a sister to exchange intimacies, to show support. He hated Shama for it, yet found himself anxiously waiting for someone to reply, to discuss his illness sympathetically, headache though it was. But no one even said, 'Give him an aspirin.' Still, he was pleased that Shama had tried. The house-blessing seriously depleted Mr Biswas's resources; and after the ceremony, affairs in the shop began to go less well. One of the shopkeepers Mr Biswas had fed sold his establishment. Another man moved in; his business prospered. It was the pattern of trade in The Chase. 'Well, one thing sure,' Mr Biswas said. 'The house bless. You think everybody was just waiting for all that free food to stop coming here?' 'You give too much credit,' Shama said. 'You must get those people to pay you.' 'You want me to go and beat them?' And when she took out the Shorthand Reporter's Notebook, he said, 'What you want to bust your brains adding up accounts for? I could tell you straight off. Ought oughts are ought.' She worked out the expenses of the house-blessing and added up the outstanding credit. 'I don't want to know,' Mr Biswas said. 'I just don't want to know. How about getting the house un-bless? You think Hari could manage that?' She had a theory. 'The people feeling shame. They owe too much. It used to happen in the store at home.' 'You know what I think it is? Is my face. I don't think I have the face of a shopkeeper. I have the sort of face of a man who does give credit but can't get it.' He got a mirror and studied his face. 'That nose, with that ugly lump on top of it. Those Chinese eyes. Look, girl, suppose – I mean, just supposing you see me for the first time. Look at me and try to imagine that.' She looked. 'All right. Close your eyes. Now open them. First time you see me. You just see me. What you would say I was?' She couldn't say. 'That is the whole blasted trouble,' he said. 'I don't look like anything at all. Shopkeeper, lawyer, doctor, labourer, overseer – I don't look like any of them.' The Samuel Smiles depression fell on him. Shama was a puzzle. Within the girl who had served in the Tulsi Store and romped up and down the staircase of Hanuman House, the wit, the prankster, there were other Shamas, fully grown, it seemed, just waiting to be released: the wife, the housekeeper, and now the mother. With Mr Biswas she continued to be brisk, uncomplaining and almost unaware of her pregnancy. But when she was visited by her sisters, who made it plain that the pregnancy was their business, Tulsi business, and had little to do with Mr Biswas, a change came over her. She did not cease to be uncomplaining; but she also became someone who not so much suffered as endured. She fanned herself and spat often, which she never did when she was alone; but pregnant women were supposed to behave in this way. It was not that she was trying to impress the sisters and get their sympathy; she was anxious not to disappoint them or let herself down. And when her feet began to swell, Mr Biswas wanted to say, 'Well, you are complete and normal now. Everything is going as it should. You are just like your sisters.' For there was no doubt that this was what Shama expected from life: to be taken through every stage, to fulfil every function, to have her share of the established emotions: joy at a birth or marriage, distress during illness and hardship, grief at a death. Life, to be full, had to be this established pattern of sensation. Grief and joy, both equally awaited, were one. For Shama and her sisters and women like them, ambition, if the word could be used, was a series of negatives: not to be unmarried, not to be childless, not to be an undutiful daughter, sister, wife, mother, widow. Secretly, with the help of her sisters, the baby clothes were made. A number of Mr Biswas's floursacks disappeared; later they turned up as diapers. And the time came for Shama to go to Hanuman House. Sushila and Chinta came to fetch her; the pretence was still maintained that Mr Biswas didn't know why. Then he discovered that Shama had made preparations for him as well. His clothes had been washed and darned; and he was moved, though not surprised, to find on the kitchen shelf little squares of shop-paper on which, in her Mission-school script that always deteriorated after the first two or three lines, Shama had pencilled recipes for the simplest meals, writing with a disregard for grammar and punctuation which he thought touching. How quaint, too, to find phrases he had only heard her speak committed to paper in this handwriting! In her instructions for the boiling of rice, for example, she told him to 'throw in just a little pinch of salt' – he could see her bunching her long fingers – and to use 'the blue enamel pot without the handle'. How often, crouched before the _chulha_ fire, she had said to him, 'Just hand me the blue pot without the handle.' During the idle hours in the shop he had begun to choose names, mostly male ones: he never thought anything else likely. He wrote them on shop-paper, rolled them on his tongue, and tried them out on customers. 'Krishnadhar Haripratap Gokulnath Damodar Biswas. What do you think of that for a name? K. H. G. D. Biswas. Or what about Krishnadhar Gokulnath Haripratap Damodar Biswas. K. G. H. D.' 'You are not leaving much room for the pundit to give the child a name.' 'No pundit is giving any name to any child of mine.' And on the back endpaper of the _Collins Clear-Type Shakespeare,_ a work of fatiguing illegibility, he wrote the names in large letters, as though his succession had already been settled. He would have used _Bell's Standard Elocutionist,_ still his favourite reading, if it had not suffered so much from the kick he had given it in the long room at Hanuman House; the covers hung loose and the endpapers had been torn, exposing the khaki-coloured boards. He had bought the _Collins Clear-Type Shakespeare_ for the sake of _Julius Caesar,_ parts of which he had declaimed at Lal's school. Every other play defeated him; the volume remained virtually unread and now, as a repository of the family records, proved to be a mistake. The endpaper blotted atrociously. And the baby was a girl. But it was born at the correct time; it was born without difficulty; it was healthy; and Shama was absolutely well. He expected no less from her. He closed the shop and cycled to Hanuman House, and found that his daughter had already been named. 'Look at Savi,' Shama said. 'Savi?' They were in Mrs Tulsi's room, the Rose Room, where all the sisters spent their confinements. 'It is a nice name,' Shama said. Nice name; when all the way from The Chase he had been working on names, and had decided on Sarojini Lakshmi Kamala Devi. 'Seth and Hari chose it.' 'You don't have to tell me.' Jerking his chin towards the baby, he asked in English, 'They had it register?' On the marble topped table next to the bed there was a sheet of paper under a brass plate. She handed that to him. 'Well! I glad she register. You know the government and nobody else did want to believe that I was even born. People had to swear and sign all sort of paper.' 'All of we was register,' Shama said. 'All of all-you _would_ be register.' He looked at the certificate. 'Savi? But I don't see the name here at all. I only see Basso.' She widened her eyes. 'Shh!' 'I not going to let anybody call my child Basso.' 'Shh!' He understood. Basso was the real name of the baby, Savi the calling name. The real name of a person could be used to damage that person, whereas the calling name had no validity and was only a convenience. He was relieved he wouldn't have to call his daughter Basso. Still, what a name! 'Hari make that one up, eh? The holy ghost.' 'And Seth.' 'Trust the pundit and the big thug.' 'Man, what you doing?' He was scribbling hard on the birth certificate. 'Look.' At the top of the certificate he had written: _Real calling name: Lakshmi. Signed by Mohun Biswas, father._ Below that was the date. They both felt that a government document, which should have remained inviolate, had been challenged. He enjoyed her alarm, and looked at her closely for the first time since he had come. Her long hair was loose and spread about her pillow. To look at him she had to press her chin into her neck. 'You got a double chin,' he said. She didn't reply. Suddenly he jumped up. 'What the hell is this?' 'Show me.' He showed her the certificate. 'Look. Occupation of father. Labourer. Labourer! Me! Where your family get all this bad blood, girl?' 'I didn't see that.' 'Trust Seth. Look. Name of informant: R. N. Seth. Occupation: Estate Manager.' 'I wonder why he do that.' 'Look, the next time you want a informant, eh, just let me know. Calling Lakshmi Basso and Savi. Hello, Lakshmi. Lakshmi, is me, your father, occupation – occupation what, girl? Painter?' 'It make you sound like a house painter.' 'Sign-painter? Shopkeeper? God, not that!' He took the certificate and began scribbling. 'Proprietor,' he said, passing the certificate to her. 'But you can't call yourself a proprietor. The shop belong to Mai.' 'You can't call me a labourer either.' 'They could bring you up for this.' 'Let them try.' 'You better go now, man.' The baby was stirring. 'Hello, Lakshmi.' 'Savi.' 'Basso.' 'Shh!' 'Talk about the old thug. The old scorpion, if you ask me. The old Scorpio.' He left the dark room with its close medicinal smells, its basins and its pile of diapers and came out into the drawingroom where at one end the two tall chairs stood like thrones. He went through the wooden bridge to the verandah of the old upstairs where Hari usually sat reading his unwieldy scriptures. Shyly, he came down the stairs into the hall, anticipating much attention as the father of the newest baby in Hanuman House. No one particularly looked at him. The hall was full of children eating gloomily. Among them he recognized the contortionist and the girl who had been running the house-game at The Chase. He smelled sulphur and saw that the children were not eating food but a yellow powder mixed with what looked like condensed milk. He asked, 'What is that, eh?' The contortionist grimaced and said, 'Sulphur and condensed milk.' 'Food getting expensive, eh?' 'Is for the eggzema,' the house-player said. She dipped her finger in condensed milk, in sulphur, then put her finger in her mouth. Hurriedly she repeated the action. Mrs Tulsi had come out of the black kitchen doorway. 'Sulphur and condensed milk,' Mr Biswas said. 'To sweeten it,' Mrs Tulsi said. Again she had forgiven him. 'Sweeten!' the contortionist whispered loudly. 'My foot.' Her achievements gave her unusual licence. 'Very good for the eczema.' Mrs Tulsi sat down next to the contortionist, took up her plate and shook back the sulphur from the rim, over which the contortionist had been steadily spilling sulphur on to the table. 'Have you seen your daughter, Mohun?' 'Lakshmi?' 'Lakshmi?' 'Lakshmi. My daughter. That is the name _I_ choose.' 'Shama looks well.' Mrs Tulsi brushed the spilled sulphur off the table on to her palm and shook the palm over the condensed milk, which the contortionist had so far kept virgin. 'I have put her in the Rose Room. My room.' Mr Biswas said nothing. Mrs Tulsi patted the bench. 'Come and sit here, Mohun.' He sat beside her. 'The Lord gives,' Mrs Tulsi said abruptly in English. Concealing his surprise, Mr Biswas nodded. He knew Mrs Tulsi's philosophizing manner. Slowly, and with the utmost solemnity, she made a number of simple, unconnected statements; the effect was one of puzzling profundity. 'Everything comes, bit by bit,' she said. 'We must forgive. As your father used to say' – she pointed to the photographs on the wall – 'what is for you is for you. What is not for you is not for you.' Against his will Mr Biswas found himself listening gravely and nodding in agreement. Mrs Tulsi sniffed and pressed her veil to her nose. 'A year ago, who would have thought that you would be sitting here, in this hall, with these children, as my son-in-law and a father? Life is full of these surprises. But they are not really surprising. You are responsible for a life now, Mohun.' She began to cry. She put her hand on Mr Biswas's shoulder, not to comfort him, but urging him to comfort her. 'I let Shama have my room. The Rose Room. I know that you are worried about the future. Don't tell me. I know.' She patted his shoulder. He was trapped by her mood. He forgot the children eating sulphur and condensed milk, and shook his head as if to admit that he had thought profoundly and with despair of the future. Having trapped him in the mood, she removed her hand, blew her nose and dried her eyes. 'Whatever happens, you keep on living. Whatever happens. Until the Lord sees fit to take you away.' The last sentence was in English; it took him aback, and broke the spell. 'As He did with your dear father. But until that time comes, no matter how they starve you or how they treat you, they can never kill you.' They, Mr Biswas thought, who are they? Then Seth stamped into the hall with his muddy bluchers and the children applied themselves with zeal to the sulphur powder. 'Mohun,' Seth said. 'See your daughter? You surprise me, man.' The contortionist giggled. Mrs Tulsi smiled. You traitor, Mr Biswas thought, you old she-fox traitor. 'Well, you are a big man now, Mohun,' Seth said. 'Husband and father. Don't start behaving like a little boy again. The shop gone bust yet?' 'Give it a little time,' Mr Biswas said, standing up. 'After all, is only about four months since Hari bless it.' The contortionist laughed; for the first time Mr Biswas felt charitably towards this girl. Encouraged, he added, 'You think we could get him to un-bless it?' There was more laughter. Seth shouted for his wife and food. At the mention of food the children looked up longingly. 'No food for none of all-you today,' Seth said. 'This will teach you to play in dirt and give yourself eggzema.' Mrs Tulsi was at Mr Biswas's side. She was solemn again. 'It comes bit by bit.' She was whispering now, for sisters were coming out of the kitchen with brass plates and dishes. 'You never thought, I expect, that your own first child would be born in a place like this.' He shook his head. 'Remember, they can't kill you.' That 'they' again. 'Oh,' Mr Biswas said. 'So it have three in the family now.' She was warned by his tone. 'Send me a barrel,' he said loudly. 'A small coal barrel.' He came out through the side gate and wheeled his cycle past the arcade, which was already filling up with the evening crowd of old India-born men who came there to smoke and talk. He cycled to Misir's rickety little wooden house and called at the lighted window. Misir pushed his head past the lace curtain and said, 'Just the man I want to see. Come in.' Misir said he had packed his wife and children off to his mother-in-law. Mr Biswas guessed the reason to be a quarrel or a pregnancy. 'Been working like hell without them, too,' Misir said. 'Writing stories.' 'For the _Sentinel?'_ _'Short_ stories,' Misir said with his old impatience. 'Just sit down and listen.' Misir's first story was about a man who had been out of work for months and was starving. His five children were starving; his wife was having another baby. It was December and the shops were full of food and toys. On Christmas eve the man got a job. Going home that evening, he was knocked down and killed by a motorcar that didn't stop. 'Helluva thing,' Mr Biswas said. 'I like the part about the car not stopping.' Misir smiled, and said fiercely, 'But life is like that. Is not a fairy-story. No once-upon-a-time-there-was-a-rajah nonsense. Listen to this one.' Misir's second story was about a man who had been out of work for months and was starving. To keep his large family he began selling his possessions, and finally he had nothing left but a two-shilling sweepstake ticket. He didn't want to sell it, but one of his children fell dangerously ill and needed medicine. He sold the ticket for a shilling and bought medicine. The child died; the ticket he had sold won the sweepstake. 'Helluva thing,' Mr Biswas said. 'What happen?' 'To the man? Why you asking _me?_ Use your imagination.' 'Hell, hell, helluva thing.' 'People should know about these things,' Misir said. 'Know about life. You should start writing some stories yourself.' 'I just don't have the time, boy. Have a little property in The Chase now.' Mr Biswas paused, but Misir didn't react. 'Married man, too, you know. Responsibilities.' He paused again. 'Daughter.' 'God!' Misir exclaimed in disgust. _'God!'_ 'Just born.' Misir shook his head, sympathizing. 'Cat in bag, cat in bag. That is all we get from this cat-in-bag business.' Mr Biswas changed the subject. 'What about the Aryans?' 'Why you asking? You don't really care. Nobody don't care. Just tell them a few fairy-stories and they happy. They don't want to face facts. And this Shivlochan is a damn fool. You know they send Pankaj Rai back to India? Sometimes I stop and wonder what happening to him over there. I suppose the poor man in rags, starving in some gutter, can't get a job or anything. You know, you could make a good story out of Pankaj.' 'Just what I was going to say. The man was a purist.' 'A born purist.' 'Misir, you still working for the _Sentinel?'_ 'Blasted cent a line still. Why?' 'A damn funny thing happen today. You know what I see? A pig with two heads.' 'Where?' 'Right here, Hanuman House. From their estate.' 'But Hindus like the Tulsis wouldn't keep pigs.' 'You would be surprised. Of course it was dead.' For all his reforming instincts, Misir was clearly disappointed and upset. 'Anything for the money these days. Still, is a story. Going to telephone it in straight away.' And when he left Misir, Mr Biswas said, 'Occupation labourer. This will show them.' It would be three weeks before Shama returned to The Chase. He put up a hammock for the baby in the gallery and waited. The shop and the back rooms became increasingly disordered, and felt cold, like an abandoned camp. Yet as soon as Shama came with Lakshmi – 'Her name is Savi,' Shama insisted, and Savi it remained – those rooms again became the place where he not only lived, but had status without having to assert his rights or explain his worth. He immediately began complaining of the very things that pleased him most. Savi cried, and he spoke as though she were one of Shama's indulgences. Meals were late, and he exhibited an annoyance which concealed the joy he felt that there was someone to cook meals with him in mind. To these outbursts Shama didn't reply, as she would have done before. She was morose herself, as though she preferred this bond to the bond of sentimentality. He liked to watch when the baby was bathed. Shama did this expertly; she might have been bathing babies for years. Her left arm and hand supported the baby's back and wobbly head; her right hand soaped and washed; finally there was the swift, gentle gesture which transferred the baby from basin to towel. He marvelled that someone who had come out of Hanuman House with hands torn by housework could express so much gentleness through those same hands. Afterwards Savi was rubbed with coconut oil and her limbs exercised, to certain cheerful rhymes. The same things had been done to Mr Biswas and Shama when they were babies; the same rhymes had been said; and possibly the ritual had been evolved a thousand years before. The anointing was repeated in the evening, when the sun had dropped and the surrounding bush had begun to sing. And it was at this time, some six months later, that Moti came to the shop and rapped hard on the counter. Moti did not belong to the village. He was a small worried-looking man with grey hair and bad teeth. He was dressed in a dingy clerkish way. His dirty shirt sat neatly on him and the creases on his trousers could just be seen. In his shirt pocket he carried a fountain pen, a stunted pencil and pieces of soiled paper, the equipment and badge of the rural literate. He asked nervously for a pennyworth of lard. Mr Biswas's Hindu instincts didn't permit him to stock lard. 'But we have butter,' he said, thinking of the tall smelly tin full of red, runny, rancid butter. Moti shook his head and took off his bicycle clips. 'Just give me a cent Paradise Plums.' Mr Biswas gave him three in a square of white paper. Moti didn't go away. He put a Paradise Plum in his mouth and said, 'I am glad you don't stock lard. I respect you for it.' He paused and, closing his eyes, crushed the Paradise Plum between his jaws. 'I am glad to see a man in your position not giving up his religion for the sake of a few cents. Do you know that these days some Hindu shopkeepers are actually selling salt beef with their own hands? Just for the few extra cents.' Mr Biswas knew, and regretted the squeamishness which preventéd him from doing the same. 'And look at that other thing,' Moti said, talking through the crushed Paradise Plum. 'Did you hear about the pig?' 'The Tulsi pig? Doesn't surprise me at all.' 'Still, the blessing is that not everyone is like that. You, for instance. And Seebaran. Do you know Seebaran?' 'Seebaran?' 'Don't know Seebaran! L. S. Seebaran? The man who has been handling practically all the work in the Petty Civil.' 'Oh, him,' Mr Biswas said, still in the dark. 'Very strict Hindu. And one of the best lawyers here too, I can tell you. We should be proud of him. The man who was here before you – what's his name? – anyway, the man before you had a lot to thank Seebaran for. He would be a pauper today if it hadn't been for Seebaran.' Moti put another Paradise Plum in his mouth and absently considered the meagrely filled shelves. Mr Biswas followed Moti's gaze, which came to rest on the tins with half-eaten labels, left there by the man Seebaran had assisted. 'So everybody going to Dookhie, eh?' Moti said, more familiar now, and speaking in English. Dookhie was the newest shopkeeper in The Chase. 'Is a shame. Is a shame the way some people spend their whole life living on credit. Is a form of robbery. Take Mungroo. You know Mungroo?' Mr Biswas knew him well. 'A man like Mungroo should be in jail,' Moti said. 'I think so too.' 'Is not,' Moti said judiciously, closing his eyes and cracking the Paradise Plum, 'as if he was a pauper and can't afford to pay. Mungroo richer than you and me could ever hope to be, you hear.' This was news to Mr Biswas. 'Man should be in jail,' Moti repeated. Mr Biswas was about to say that he hadn't been fooled by Mungroo when Moti said, 'He don't rob the rude and crude shopkeepers, people like himself. He frighten they give him a good dose of licks. No, he does look for nice people with nice soft heart, and is them he does rob. Mungroo see you, he think you look nice, and _next_ day his wife come round for two cents this and three cents that, and she forget that she ain't got no money, and if you could wait till next pay day. Well, you wrap up the goods in good strong paper-bag, you send she home happy, and you sit down and wait till next day. Next pay day Mungroo forget. His wife forget. They too busy killing chicken and buying rum to remember you. Two-three days later, eh-eh, wife suddenly remember you. She bawling again. She want more trust. Don't tell me about Mungroo. I know him too good. Man should be in jail, if anybody had the guts to throw him there.' The account was telescoped and dramatized, but Mr Biswas recognized its truth. He felt exposed, and said nothing. 'Just show me your accounts,' Moti said. 'Just to see how much Mungroo owe you.' Mr Biswas took down the spike from the nail between the shelves where it hung above a faded advertisement for Cydrax, a beverage which had not caught the village's fancy. The spike was now a tall, feathery, multi-coloured brush, with the papers at the bottom as brittle and curling as dead leaves. 'Pappa!' Moti said, and became graver and graver as he looked through the papers. He could not look very far because to get at the lower papers he would have had to remove those at the top altogether. He turned away from Mr Biswas and contemplated the blackness outside, staring past the doorway against which the rear wheel of his decrepit bicycle could be seen. Sadly he sucked his Paradise Plum. 'Pity you don't know Seebaran. Seebaran woulda fix you up in two twos. He help out the man before you. Otherwise the man would be a pauper now, man. A pauper. Is a funny thing, but you don't expect to find people getting fat and rich on credit while the poor shopkeeper, who give the credit, not getting enough to eat, wearing rags, watching his children starve, watching them sick.' Mr Biswas, seeing himself as the hero of one of Misir's stories, could scarcely hide his alarm. 'All right, then, man.' Moti fixed his bicycle clips around his ankles. 'I got to go. Thanks for the chat. I hope everything go all right with you.' 'But you know Seebaran,' Mr Biswas said. 'Know him, yes. But I don't know whether I could just go and ask him to help out a friend of mine. Busy man, you know. Handling nearly all the work in the Petty Civil.' 'Still, you could tell him?' 'Yes,' Moti said, without conviction. 'I could tell him. But Seebaran is a big man. You can't go troubling him with just one or two little things.' Mr Biswas brushed his hand up and down the papers on the spike. 'It have a _lot_ of work here for him,' he said aggressively. 'You tell him.' 'All right. I go tell him.' Moti got on his cycle. 'But I ain't promising nothing.' Savi was asleep when Mr Biswas went to the back room. 'Going to settle Mungroo and the rest of them,' Mr Biswas said to Shama. 'Putting Seebaran on their tail.' 'Who is Seebaran?' 'Who is Seebaran! You mean you don't know Seebaran? The man who handling practically all the work in the Petty Civil.' 'I know all that. I hear what the man was saying too.' 'Why the hell you ask me then for?' 'You don't think you better get advice before you start bringing up people?' 'Advice? Who from? The old thug and the old she-fox? I know they know everything. You don't have to tell me that. But they know law?' 'Seth bring up a lot of people.' 'And every time he bring somebody up, he lose. You don't have to tell me that either. Everybody in Arwacas know about Seth and the people he bring up. He don't know everything.' 'He used to study doctor. Doctor or druggist.' 'Used to study doctor! Horse-doctor, if you ask me. He look like a doctor to you? You ever look at his hands? Fat, thick. Can't even hold a pencil properly.' 'He cut open that boil Chanrouti had the other day.' 'And yes. That is another thing I want to tell you, eh. In advance. In _advance._ I don't want Seth cutting open any boil on any of my children. And I don't want him prescribing any blasted sulphur and condensed milk for any of them either.' Mungroo was the leader of the village stick-fighters. He was a tall, wiry, surly man, made ferocious in appearance by a large handlebar moustache, for which the villagers called him Moush, then Moach. As a stickman he was a champion. He had reach and skill, and his responses were miraculous. He converted a parry into a lunge so fluently it seemed to be a single action. He fought every duel as though he had rehearsed its every development. It was Mungroo who had organized the young men of The Chase into a fighting band, ready to defend the honour of the village on the days of the Christian Carnival and the Muslim Hosein. Under his direction and in his yard they practised assiduously in the evenings by the light of flambeaux. The village boys went to watch this evening practice. So, despite Shama's disapproval, did Mr Biswas. As much as the game he liked the making of the sticks. Designs were cut into the bark of the _poui,_ which was then roasted in a bonfire; the burnt bark was peeled off, leaving the design burnt into the white wood. There was no scent as pleasant as that of barely roasted _poui:_ faint, yet so lasting it seemed to come from afar, from some immeasurable depth captive within the wood: as faint as the scent of the _pouis_ Raghu roasted in the village like this, in a yard like this, in a bonfire like this: bringing sensations, not pictures, of an evening meal being cooked over a fire that shone on a mud wall and kept out the night, of cool, new, unused mornings, of rain muffled on a thatched roof and warmth below it: sensations as faint as the scent of the p _oui_ itself, but sadly evanescent, refusing to be seized or to be translated into a concrete memory. Afterwards, the sticks, their heads carved, were soaked in coconut oil in bamboo cylinders, to give them greater strength and resilience. Then Mungroo took the sticks to an old stickman he knew, to have them 'mounted' with the spirit of a dead Spaniard. So that the ritual ended in romance, awe and mystery. For the Spaniards, Mr Biswas knew, had surrendered the island one hundred years before, and their descendants had disappeared; yet they had left a memory of reckless valour, and this memory had passed to people who came from another continent and didn't know what a Spaniard was, people who, in their huts of mud and grass where time and distance were obliterated, still frightened their children with the name of Alexander, of whose greatness they knew nothing. By profession Mungroo was a roadmender. He preferred to say that he worked for the government, and he preferred not to work at all. He made it plain that because he defended the honour of the village, the village owed him a living. He exacted contributions for pitch-oil for the flambeaux, for the 'mounting' fees, and for the expensive costumes the stick-fighters wore on days of battle. At first Mr Biswas contributed willingly. Then Mungroo, the better to devote himself to his art, abandoned the road-gang for weeks at a time and lived on credit from Mr Biswas and other shopkeepers. Mr Biswas admired Mungroo. He felt it would be disloyal to refuse Mungroo credit, unbecoming to remind him of his debts, and dangerous to do either. Mungroo became steadily more demanding. Mr Biswas complained to other customers; they told Mungroo. Mungroo didn't reply, as Mr Biswas had feared, with violence, but with a dignity which, though it struck Mr Biswas as hollow, hurt him as deeply as the silences and sighs of Shama. Mungroo refused to speak to Mr Biswas and spat, casually, whenever he passed the shop. Mungroo's bills remained unpaid; and Mr Biswas lost a few more customers. Earlier than Mr Biswas had expected, Moti returned and said, 'You are a lucky man. Seebaran has decided to help you. I told him you were a friend of mine and a good Hindu, and he's a very strict Hindu himself, as you know. He is going to help you. Even though he's busy.' He took out the papers from his shirt pocket, found the one he wanted and slapped it down on the counter. At the top a mauve stamp, slightly askew, said that L. S. Seebaran was a solicitor and conveyancer. Below that there were many dotted lines between printed sentences. 'Seebaran going to full up those for you as soon as he get your papers,' Moti said, using English, the language of the law. _Unless this sum,_ Mr Biswas read with a thrill, _together with One Dollar and Twenty Cents ($1.02c), the cost of this letter, is paid within ten days, legal proceedings shall he instituted against you._ And there was another dotted line below that, where L. S. Seebaran was to sign himself yours faithfully. 'Powerful, powerful, man,' Mr Biswas said. 'Legal proceedings, eh. I didn't know it was so easy to bring people up.' Moti gave a knowing little grunt. 'One dollar and twenty cents, the cost of this letter,' Mr Biswas said. 'You mean I don't even have to pay that?' 'Not with Seebaran fighting your case for you.' 'One dollar and twenty cents. You mean Seebaran getting that just for fulling up those dotted lines? Education, boy. It have nothing like a profession.' 'You is your own boss, if you is a professional man,' Moti said, his voice touched with a remote sadness. 'But one twenty, man. Five minutes' writing for one twenty.' 'You forgetting that Seebaran had to spend years and years studying all sort of big and heavy books before they allow him to send out papers like this.' 'You know, the thing to do is to have three sons. Make one a doctor, one a dentist, and one a lawyer.' 'Nice little family. If you have the sons. And if you have the money. They don't give trust in _those_ places.' Mr Biswas brought out Shama's accounts. Moti asked to see the credit slips again, and his face fell as he looked through them. 'A lot of these ain't signed,' he said. Mr Biswas had for long thought it discourteous to ask his creditors to do so. He said, 'But they wasn't signed the last time either.' Moti gave a nervous laugh. 'Don't worry. I know cases where Seebaran recover people money even without paper or anything. But is a lot of work here, you know. You got to show Seebaran that you serious.' Mr Biswas went to the drawer below the shelves. The drawer was large but not heavy, and pulled out in an easy, awkward way; the wood inside was oily but surprisingly white. 'A dollar and twenty cents?' he said. A throat was cleared. Shama's. _'Maharajin,'_ Moti said. There was no reply. Mr Biswas didn't turn. 'One twenty?' he repeated, rattling the coins in the drawer. Moti said unhappily, 'You can't give a man like Seebaran one twenty to fight a case for you.' 'Five,' Mr Biswas said. 'That would be good,' Moti said, as though he had hoped to get ten. 'Two,' Mr Biswas said, walking briskly to the counter and laying down a red note. 'Is all right,' Moti said. 'Don't bother to count it.' 'And one is three.' Mr Biswas put down a blue note. 'And one is four. And one is five.' 'Five,' Moti said. 'Tell Seebaran I send that.' Moti put the notes in his side pocket and Shama's Shorthand Reporter's Notebook in his hip pocket. He fixed on his bicycle clips and, looking up, said, _'Maharajin,'_ directing a brief smile over Mr Biswas's shoulder. Then, briskly, not looking back, he wheeled his shaky bicycle across the yellow dirt yard, dusty and cracked, with here and there a bleached and flattened Anchor cigarette packet. 'Right,' he called from the road, hopping on the saddle and pedalling rapidly away. 'Right, man, Moti!' Mr Biswas called back. He remained where he was, palms pressed against the edge of the counter, staring at the road, at the mango tree and the side wall of the hut in the lot obliquely opposite, and the sugarcane fields stretching away with an occasional blob of trees, to the low hills of the Central Range. 'All right!' he said. 'Somebody turn you into a statue?' Shama sighed. 'I suppose I is my own boss.' 'And a professional man,' she said. 'Shoulda give him ten dollars.' 'Is not too late. Why you don't empty the drawer and run after him?' And having stimulated his rage and his appetite for argument, she left the doorway and went to the back room, where after much thumping and sighing she began to sing a popular Hindi song: _Slowly, slowly,_ _Brothers and sisters,_ _Bear his corpse to the water's edge._ He didn't have the Hindu delight in tragedy and the details of death, and he had often asked Shama not to sing this cremation song. Now he had to listen while she sang with sweet lugubriousness to the end. And when, fretted to defeat, he went to the back room, he found Shama, in her best satin bodice and most elaborately worked veil, putting bootees on a fully dressed Savi. 'Hello!' he said. Shama tied one bootee and slipped on the other. 'Going somewhere?' She tied the other bootee. At last she said in Hindi, 'You may have lost all shame. But everyone hasn't. Just remember that.' He knew that the Tulsi daughters who lived with their husbands often went back after a quarrel to Hanuman House, where they complained and got sympathy and, if they didn't stay too long, respect. 'All right,' he said. 'Pack up and go. I suppose they are going to give you some medal at the monkey house.' After she left, he stood in the shop doorway, fondling his belly and watching his creditors coming back from the fields. The only thing that gave him pleasure was the thought of the surprise these people were going to get in a few days: a flutter of disturbances throughout The Chase for which he, inactive in his shop, would be responsible. * 'Biswas!' Mungroo shouted from the road. 'Come out, before I come in.' The day had arrived. Mungroo was holding a sheet of paper in one hand and slapping at it with the other. 'Biswas!' A crowd was beginning to gather. Many held papers. 'Paper,' Mungroo said. 'He has sent me a paper. I am going to make him eat this piece of paper. Biswas!' Unhurriedly Mr Biswas lifted the counter-flap, pulled the little door open and passed to the front of the shop. The law was on his side – he had, indeed, brought it into play – and he felt this gave him complete protection. He leaned against the doorpost, felt the wall quiver, stifled his fear about the wall tumbling down, and crossed his legs. 'Biswas! I am going to make you eat this paper.' Women screamed from the road. 'Touch me,' Mr Biswas said. 'Paper,' Mungroo said, stepping into the yard. 'Touch me and I bring you up.' Still Mungroo advanced. 'I bring you up and you spend Carnival in jail.' The effect was startling. Carnival was less than a month away. Mungroo halted. His followers, seeing themselves leaderless during the two most important days of the stick-fighting year, at once ran to Mungroo and held him back. 'I call all of all-you as witnesses,' Mr Biswas said, unaware of the reasons for his deliverance. 'Let him touch me. And all of all-you have to come to court to be _my_ witnesses.' He believed that by being the first to ask them he had bound them legally. 'Can't ask my wife,' he went on. 'They don't take wife as witness. But I asking all of all-you here.' 'Paper. The man has sent me a paper,' Mungroo muttered, while he allowed himself, without loss of prestige, to be pushed slowly back to the road by his followers. 'Well,' Mr Biswas said. 'One man get his paper. He had it coming to him a long time. Let me tell you, eh. Don't let Tom, Dick or Harry think he can play with me, you hear. One man get his paper. A lot more going to get _their_ paper before I finish. And don't come to talk to me. Go and talk to Seebaran.' When he came to the shop, a week later, Moti was businesslike. As soon as he greeted Mr Biswas he took out a sheet of paper from his shirt pocket, spread it on the counter and began ticking off names with his fountain pen. 'Well, Ratni pay up,' he said. 'Dookhni pay. Sohun pay. Godberdhan pay. Rattan pay.' 'We frighten them, eh? So, no legal proceedings against them, then?' 'Jankie ask for time. Pritam too. But they going to pay, especially as they see the others paying up.' 'Good, good,' Mr Biswas said. 'I could do with their money right now.' Moti folded the sheet of paper. 'So?' Mr Biswas said. Moti put the paper in his pocket. Mr Biswas pretended he hadn't been waiting for anything. 'And Mungroo?' 'I glad you ask about him. As a matter of fact, he giving us a little trouble.' Moti took out a long envelope from his trouser pocket and handed it to Mr Biswas. 'This is for you.' It was a communication, on stiff paper, from the Attorney-General. Mr Biswas read with disbelief, annoyance and distress. 'Who is this damn Muslim Mahmoud who stamp his dirty name down here? He is a solicitor and conveyancer too, eh? I thought Seebaran was handling all the work in the Petty Civil' 'No, no,' Moti said soothingly. 'This is Assize Court business.' 'Assize. _Assize!_ So this is what Seebaran land me up in!' 'Seebaran ain't land you up in nothing. You land yourself. Read the schedule.' 'O God! Look, look. Mungroo bringing _me_ up for damaging _his_ credit!' 'And he have a good case too. You shouldn't go around telling people he owe you money. Over and over I hear Seebaran telling clients, "Leave everything to me and keep your mouth shut. Keep your mouth shut. Keep your mouth shut and leave everything to me." Over and over. But clients don't listen. I know clients who talk their way straight to the gallows.' 'Seebaran didn't tell me a damn thing. I ain't even see the blasted man yet.' 'He want to see you now.' 'Just let me get this straight. Mungroo owe me money. I say so and I damage his credit. So now he can't go around taking goods on trust and not paying. So he bring me up. Exactly what the hell this is? And what about those slips?' 'They wasn't signed. I did warn you about that, remember. But you didn't listen. Clients don't listen. Is a serious business, man. It got Seebaran worried like anything. I could tell you.' 'Hear you. It got Seebaran worried. What about me?' 'Seebaran don't think you would have a chance in court. He say it would be better to settle outside.' 'You mean shell out. All right. Pounds, shillings and pence, dollars and cents. Let me hear who have to get how much. This is the way Seebaran handling all the work in the Petty Civil, eh?' 'Seebaran only want to help you out, you know. You could take your case to some K C or the other and pay him a hundred guineas before he ask you to sit down. Nobody stopping you.' Mr Biswas listened. He learned with surprise that there had already been friendly discussions between Mungroo's lawyer, Mahmoud, and Seebaran; so that the case had been raised and virtually settled without his knowing anything about it at all. It appeared that Mungroo was willing, for one hundred dollars, to call off the action. The fees of both lawyers came to a hundred dollars as well, though Seebaran, appreciating Mr Biswas's position, had said he would accept only such money as he could recover from Mr Biswas's creditors. 'Suppose,' Mr Biswas said, 'that all the others decide to behave like Mungroo. Suppose that every manjack bring me up.' 'Don't think about it,' Moti said. 'You would make yourself sick.' As soon as he could, Mr Biswas cycled to Arwacas to ask Shama to come back. He did not tell her what had happened. And it was not from Mrs Tulsi or Seth that he borrowed the money, but from Misir, who, in addition to his journalistic, literary and religious activities, had set up as a usurer, with a capital of two hundred dollars. More than half the time that remained to Mr Biswas in The Chase was spent in paying off this debt. In all Mr Biswas lived for six years at The Chase, years so squashed by their own boredom and futility that at the end they could be comprehended in one glance. But he had aged. The lines which he had encouraged at first, to give him an older look, had come; they were not the decisive lines he had hoped for that would give a commanding air to a frown; they were faint, fussy, disappointing. His cheeks began to fall; his cheek bones, in a proper light, jutted slightly; and he developed a double chin of pure skin which he could pull down so that it hung like the stiff beard on an Egyptian statue. The skin loosened over his arms and legs. His stomach was now perpetually distended; not fat: it was his indigestion, for that affliction had come to stay, and bottles of Maclean's Brand Stomach Powder became as much part of Shama's purchases as bags of rice or flour. Though he never ceased to feel that some nobler purpose awaited him, even in this limiting society, he gave up reading Samuel Smiles. That author depressed him acutely. He turned to religion and philosophy. He read the Hindus; he read the Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus which Mrs Weir had given him; he earned the gratitude and respect of a stall-keeper at Arwacas by buying an old and stained copy of _The Supersensual Life;_ and he began to dabble in Christianity, acquiring a volume, written mostly in capital letters, called _Arise and Walk._ As a boy he had liked to read descriptions of bad weather in foreign countries; they made him forget the heat and sudden rain which was all he knew. But now, though his philosophical books gave him solace, he could never lose the feeling that they were irrelevant to his situation. The books had to be put down. The shop awaited; money problems awaited; the road outside was short, and went through flat fields of dull green to small, hot settlements. And at least once a week he thought of leaving the shop, leaving Shama, leaving the children, and taking that road. Religion was one thing. Painting was the other. He brought out his brushes and covered the inside of the shop doors and the front of the counter with landscapes. Not of the abandoned field next to the shop, the intricate bush at the back, the huts and trees across the road, or the low blue mountains of the Central Range in the distance. He painted cool, ordered forest scenes, with gracefully curving grass, cultivated trees ringed with friendly serpents, and floors bright with perfect flowers; not the rotting, mosquito-infested jungle he could find within an hour's walk. He attempted a portrait of Shama. He made her sit on a fat sack of flour – the symbolism pleased him: 'Suit your family to a T,' he said – and spent so much time on her clothes and the sack of flour that before he could begin on her face Shama abandoned him and refused to sit any more. He read innumerable novels, particularly those in the Reader's Library; and he even tried to write, encouraged by the appearance in a Port of Spain magazine of a puzzling story by Misir. (This was a story of a starving man who was rescued by a benefactor and after some years rose to wealth. One day, driving along the beach, the man heard someone in the sea shouting for help, and recognized his former benefactor in difficulties. He instantly dived into the water, struck his head on a submerged rock and was drowned. The benefactor survived.) But Mr Biswas could never devise a story, and he lacked Misir's tragic vision; whatever his mood and however painful his subject, he became irreverent and facetious as soon as he began to write, and all he could manage were distorted and scurrilous descriptions of Moti, Mungroo, Seebaran, Seth and Mrs Tulsi. And there were whole weeks when he devoted himself to some absurdity. He grew his nails to an extreme length and held them up to startle customers. He picked and squeezed at his face until his cheeks and forehead were inflamed and the rims of his lips were like welts. When his skin became pitted with little holes, he studied these with interest and found the perfection of their shape pleasing. And once he dabbed healing ointments of various colours on his face and went and stood in the shop doorway, greeting people he knew. He did these things when Shama was away. And more and more frequently she went to Hanuman House, even when there was no quarrel, and stayed longer. Three years after Savi was born, Shama gave birth to a son. He was not given the names that had been written on the endpaper of the _Collins Clear-Type Shakespeare._ Seth suggested that the boy should be called Anand, and Mr Biswas, who had prepared no new names, agreed. Then it was Anand who travelled with Shama. Savi stayed at Hanuman House. Mrs Tulsi wanted this; so did Shama; so did Savi herself. She liked Hanuman House for its activity and its multitude of children; at The Chase she was restless and badly behaved. 'Ma,' Savi said to Shama one day, 'couldn't you give me to Aunt Chinta and take Vidiadhar in exchange?' Vidiadhar was Chinta's newest baby, born a few months before Anand. And the reason for Savi's request was this: by virtue of a tradition whose beginnings no one could trace, Chinta was the aunt who distributed all the delicacies that were given to the House by visitors. Shama told the story as a joke, and couldn't understand it when Mr Biswas became annoyed. Once a week he rode his Royal Enfield bicycle to Hanuman House to see Savi. Often he didn't have to go inside; Savi was waiting for him in the arcade. At every visit he gave her a silver six-cents piece and asked anxious questions. 'Who beat you?' Savi shook her head. 'Who shouted at you?' 'They shout at everybody.' She didn't seem to need a protector. One Saturday he found her wearing heavy boots with long iron bands down the side of her legs and straps over her knees. 'Who put these on you?' 'Granny.' She was not aggrieved. She was proud of the boots, the iron, the straps. 'They are heavy, heavy.' 'Why did she put them on? To punish you?' 'Only to straighten my legs.' She had bow-legs. He didn't believe anything could be done about them and had never tried to find out. 'They are ugly.' That was all he could say. 'They make you look like a cripple.' She frowned at the word. 'Well, I like it.' Then, taking the six cents, 'At least, I don't mind.' She threw out her hands, then put them on her hips and looked away, just like one of the aunts. The numbers of the Tulsis swelled continually. Fresh children were born to the resident daughters. A son-in-law who lived away died, and his brood came to Hanuman House, where they were distinguished and made glamorous by their mourning clothes of black, white and mauve. This Christian custom did not please everyone. And almost at once Shama had tales to take back to The Chase about the low manners and language of the new arrivals. There were even whispers of theft and obscene practises, and Shama reported the general approval when the widow, anxious to appease, took to inflicting spectacular punishments on her bereaved children. All this made Mr Biswas uneasy, and he was mortified to find that Savi now talked of nothing but the mourners, their misdeeds and their punishments. 'Sometimes,' Savi said, 'their mother simply hands over to Granny.' 'Look, Savi. If Granny or anybody else touches you, you just let me know. Don't let them frighten you. I will take you home right away. You just let me know.' 'And Granny tied Vimla to the bed in the Rose Room and blindfolded her and pinched her all over.' 'God!' 'It serves Vimla right. The language that girl has picked up.' Mr Biswas wanted to know whether Savi had been blindfolded and pinched herself; but he was afraid to ask. 'Oh, I like Granny,' Savi said. 'I think she is very funny. And she likes me.' 'Yes?' 'She calls me the little paddler.' He made no comment. Another day Savi said, 'Granny is making me eat fish. I hate it.' 'Well, you just don't eat it. Throw it away. Don't let them feed you any of their bad food.' 'But I can't refuse. Granny takes out all the bones and feeds me herself.' When he got back to The Chase he told Shama, 'Look, I want you to get your mother to stop trying to feed my daughter all sort of bad food, you hear.' She knew about it. 'Fish? But the brains good for the brain, you know.' 'It look to me that your family just eat too much damn fish brains, you hear. And I want them to stop calling the girl the little paddler. I don't want anybody to give names to my child.' 'And what about the names you give?' 'I just want them to stop it, that is all.' Never ceasing to believe that their stay at The Chase was only temporary, he had made no improvements. The kitchen remained askew and rickety; he did not wall off part of the gallery to make a new room; and he had not thought it worth while to plant trees that would bear flowers or fruit in two or three years. It was strange, then, for him to find one day that house and shop bore so many marks of his habitation. No one might have lived there before him, and it was hard to imagine anyone after him moving about these rooms and getting to know them as he had done. The hammock rope had worn polished indentations in the rafters from which it hung. The rope itself had grown darker; where his hands and Shama's had held it there were glints like those on the bumps on the lower half of the mud walls. The thatch was sootier and more bearded; the back rooms smelled of his cigarettes and his paint; window-sills and the gallery uprights had been made clean by constant leaning. The shop was gloomier, dingier, smellier, but entirely supportable. The table that had come with the shop had been so transformed that he felt it had always been his. He had tried to varnish it, but the wood, a local cedar, was absorbent and never sated, drinking in coat after coat of stain and varnish until, in exasperation, he painted it one of his forest greens, and had to be dissuaded by Shama from doing a landscape on it. And it was strange, too, to find that these disregarded years had been years of acquisition. They could not move from The Chase on a donkey-cart. They had acquired a kitchen safe of white wood and netting. This too had been awkward to varnish and had been painted. One leg was shorter than the others and had to be propped up; now they knew without thinking that they must never lean on the safe or handle it with violence. They had acquired a hatrack, not because they possessed hats, but because it was a piece of furniture all but the very poor had. As a result, Mr Biswas acquired a hat. And they had acquired, at Shama's insistence, a dressingtable, the work of a craftsman, french-polished, with a large, clear mirror. To protect it, they had placed it on lengths of wood in a dark corner of their bedroom, so that the mirror was almost useless. The first scratches had been treated as disasters. It had since suffered many more scratches and one major excision, and Shama polished it less often; but it still looked new and surprisingly rich in that low thatched room. Shama, never afraid of debt, had wanted a wardrobe as well, but Mr Biswas said that wardrobes reminded him of coffins, and their clothes remained in the drawers of the dressingtable, on nails on the wall and in suitcases under the fourposter. Though Hanuman House had at first seemed chaotic, it was not long before Mr Biswas had seen that in reality it was ordered, with degrees of precedence all the way down, with Chinta below Padma, Shama below Chinta, Savi below Shama, and himself far below Savi. With no child of his own, he had wondered how the children survived. Now he saw that in this communal organization children were regarded as assets, a source of future wealth and influence. His fears that Savi would be badly treated were absurd, as was his surprise that Mrs Tulsi should go to such trouble to get Savi to overcome her dislike offish. It was not for this reason alone that his attitude to Hanuman House changed. The House was a world, more real than The Chase, and less exposed; everything beyond its gates was foreign and unimportant and could be ignored. He needed such a sanctuary. And in time the House became to him what Tara's had been when he was a boy. He could go to Hanuman House whenever he wished and become lost in the crowd, since he was treated with indifference rather than hostility. And he went there more often, held his tongue and tried to win favour. It was an effort, and even at times of great festivity, when everyone worked with energy and joy, enthusiasm reacting upon enthusiasm, in himself he remained aloof. Indifference turned to acceptance, and he was pleased and surprised to find that because of his past behaviour he, like the girl contortionist, now being groomed for marriage, had a certain licence. On occasion pungent remarks were invited from him, and then almost anything he said raised a laugh. The gods were away most of the time and he seldom saw them. But he was glad when he did; for his relationship with them had changed also, and he considered them the only people he could talk to seriously. Now that he had dropped his Aryan iconoclasm, they discussed religion, and these discussions in the hall became family entertainments. He invariably lost, since his telling points could be dismissed as waggishness; which satisfied everybody. His standing rose even higher when there were guests for important religious ceremonies. It was soon established that Mr Biswas, like Hari, was too incompetent, and too intelligent, to be given the menial tasks of the other brothers-in-law. He was deputed to have disputations with the pundits in the drawingroom. He took to going to Hanuman House the afternoon before these ceremonies, so that he spent the night there. And it was then that he was reminded of an old, secret ambition. As a boy he had envied Ajodha and Pundit Jairam. How often, of an evening, he had seen Jairam bath and put on a clean dhoti and settle down among the pillows in his verandah with his book and spectacles, while his wife cooked in the kitchen! He had thought then that to be grown up was to be as contented and comfortable as Jairam. And when Ajodha sat on a chair and threw his head back, that chair at once looked more comfortable than any. Despite his hypochondria and fastidiousness Ajodha ate with so much relish that Mr Biswas used to feel, even when eating with him, that the food on Ajodha's plate had become more delicious. Late in the evenings, before he went to bed, Ajodha let his slippers fall to the floor, drew up his legs on to the rockingchair and, rocking slowly, sipped a glass of hot milk, closing his eyes, sighing after every sip; and to Mr Biswas it had seemed that Ajodha was relishing the most exquisite luxury. He believed that when he became a man it would be possible for him to enjoy everything the way Ajodha did, and he promised himself to buy a rockingchair and to drink a glass of hot milk in the evenings. But on these evenings when Hanuman House was bright with lights and hummed with happy activity, when he was able to sit among the cushions on the polished floor of the drawingroom and call for a glass of hot milk, he experienced no sharp pleasure, and was instead nagged by the uneasiness he had felt when he visited Tara's and read _That Body of Yours_ to Ajodha. Then he knew that as soon as he stepped out of the yard he returned to nonentity, the rumshop on the Main Road and the hut in the back trace. Now it was the thought of the shop in darkness at The Chase, the shelves of tinned foods that wouldn't sell, the display boards that had lost their pleasant smell of new cardboard and printer's ink and had grown flyblown and dim, the oily drawer that rocked in its socket and held so little money. And always the thought, the fear about the future. The future wasn't the next day or the next week or even the next year, times within his comprehension and therefore without dread. The future he feared could not be thought of in terms of time. It was a blankness, a void like those in dreams, into which, past tomorrow and next week and next year, he was falling. Once, years before, he was conducting one of Ajodha's motorbuses that ran its erratic course to remote and unsuspected villages. It was late afternoon and they were racing back along the ill-made country road. Their lights were weak and they were racing the sun. The sun fell; and in the short dusk they passed a lonely hut set in a clearing far back from the road. Smoke came from under the ragged thatched eaves: the evening meal was being prepared. And, in the gloom, a boy was leaning against the hut, his hands behind him, staring at the road. He wore a vest and nothing more. The vest glowed white. In an instant the bus went by, noisy in the dark, through bush and level sugarcane fields. Mr Biswas could not remember where the hut stood, but the picture remained: a boy leaning against an earth house that had no reason for being there, under the dark falling sky, a boy who didn't know where the road, and that bus, went. And often, among the pundits and the cushions and the statuary in the drawingroom, eating the enormous meals the Tulsis provided on these occasions, he was assailed by this sense of utter desolation. Then, without conviction, he counted his blessings and ordered himself to enjoy the moment, like the others. And while he made greater efforts to please at Hanuman House, with Shama, at The Chase, he became increasingly irritable. After every visit he abused the Tulsis to her, and his invective was without fantasy or humour. 'Talk about hypocrisy,' Shama said. 'Why you don't tell them so to their face?' He began to think that she was plotting to get him back to Hanuman House, and he wondered whether she hadn't encouraged him to believe that The Chase was temporary. She had never urged him to make improvements, and was always interested when something was done at Hanuman House, when the famous clay-brick factory was pulled down or when awnings were put up over the windows. More and more The Chase was a place where Shama only spent time; she had always called Hanuman House home. And it was her home, and Savi's, and Anand's, as it could never be his. As he realized every Christmas. The Tulsis celebrated Christmas in their store and, with equal irreligiosity, in their home. It was a purely Tulsi festival. All the sons-in-law, and even Seth, were expelled from Hanuman House and returned to their own families. Even Miss Blackie went to her own people. For Mr Biswas Christmas was a day of tedious depression. He went to Pagotes to see his mother and Tara and Ajodha, none of whom recognized Christmas. His mother cried so much and with so much feeling he was never sure whether she was glad to see him. Every Christmas she said the same things. He sounded like his father; if she closed her eyes while he spoke she could imagine that his father was alive again. She had little to say about herself. She was happy where she was and did not want to be a burden to any of her sons; her life was over, she had nothing more to do, and was waiting for death. To feel sympathy for her he had to look, not at her face, but at the thinness of her hair. It was still black, however: which was a pity, for grey hair would have helped to put him in a more tender mood. Suddenly she got up and said she was going to make him tea; she was poor, that was all she could offer. She went out to the gallery and he heard her talking to someone. Her voice was quite different; it was firm, without a whine, the voice of a woman still energetic and capable. She brought tea that was lukewarm, with too little tea, too much milk and a taste of woodsmoke. She told him he needn't drink it. Dutifully he put his arm around her. The gesture caused him pain, making him feel his own worthlessness. She didn't respond, and wept and talked as before. She said she was going to give him tomatoes and cabbages and lettuces to take home. When she went out her voice and manner changed again. He gave her a dollar, which he could scarcely afford. She took it without showing surprise and without a word of thanks. He was always glad when he could leave the back trace to go to Tara's. At last Shama said she could stand The Chase no more. She wanted them to give up the shop and return to Hanuman House. This re-opened all their old quarrels. Only, now everything Shama said was true and cutting. 'We are not doing anything here,' she said. 'All right, Mrs Samuel Smiles. Look, I standing up in this shop, behind this dirty old counter. Tell me exactly what it have for me to do. You tell me.' 'You know it isn't that I mean.' 'You want me to make the spinning-jenny and the flying shuttle? Invent the steam-engine?' And these arguments ended in insults and were followed by days of silence. They spent their last two years at The Chase in this state of mutual hostility; at peace only in Hanuman House. She became pregnant for the third time. 'Another one for the monkey house,' he said, passing his hands over her belly. 'You had nothing to do with it.' And though he had spoken humorously, this led to another serious quarrel, which went over the same limited ground until, unable to control his rage, he hit her. They were both astonished. She was silenced in the middle of a sentence; for some time afterwards the unfinished sentence remained in his mind, as though it had just been spoken. She was stronger than he. Her silence and her refusal to retaliate made his humiliation complete. She dressed Anand and went to Arwacas. It was the kite-flying season and in the afternoons, when the wind came from the hills to the north, for miles around multi-coloured kites with long tails plunged and wriggled like tadpoles in the clear sky above the plain. He had been thinking that in two or three years he and Anand would fly kites together. He decided that this time Shama would have to make the first move. So for many months he didn't go to Hanuman House, not even to see Savi. When, however, he judged that the baby was born, he broke his resolution and closed the shop – what was it that made him know, as he put the bar into place, that he was closing the doors for the last time? – and wheeled out the Royal Enfield from the bedroom and cycled to Arwacas, a small man made conspicuous by the exaggeratedly upright way he sat on the low saddle (to tauten his stomach and relieve his indigestion pains), with his palms pressing hard on the handgrips and the inside of his wrists turned outwards. He cycled slowly and steadily, his feet flat on the pedals. From time to time he inclined his head, arched his back and gave a series of small belches. This gave him some relief. He reached Arwacas when it was dark, suffering an additional anxiety because he rode without bicycle lights, an offence zealously pursued by idle policemen. There were no street lamps, only the yellow smoky flames of flambeaux on night stalls and the dim lights of houses coming through curtained doorways and windows. In the arcade of Hanuman House, grey and substantial in the dark, there was already the evening assembly of old men, squatting on sacks on the ground and on tables now empty of Tulsi Store goods, pulling at clay _cheelums_ that glowed red and smelled of ganja and burnt sacking. Though it wasn't cold, many had scarves over their heads and around their necks; this detail made them look foreign and, to Mr Biswas, romantic. It was the time of day for which they lived. They could not speak English and were not interested in the land where they lived; it was a place where they had come for a short time and stayed longer than they expected. They continually talked of going back to India, but when the opportunity came, many refused, afraid of the unknown, afraid to leave the familiar temporariness. And every evening they came to the arcade of the solid, friendly house, smoked, told stories, and continued to talk of India. Mr Biswas went in by the tall side gate. The hall was lit by one oil lamp. Despite the late hour children were still eating. Some were at the long table, some on benches and chairs about the hall, two in the hammock, some on the steps, some on the landing, and two on the disused piano. Two of the lesser Tulsi sisters and Miss Blackie were supervising. No one seemed surprised to see him. He was grateful for that. He looked for Savi and had trouble in locating her. She saw him first, smiled, but didn't leave the table. He went up to her. 'I haven't seen you for a long time,' she said, and he couldn't tell whether she was disappointed or not. 'Missing your six cents, eh?' He studied the food on Savi's enamel plate: curried beans, fried tomatoes and a dry pancake. 'Where's your mother?' 'She had another baby. Did you know?' He noticed the fatherless children. They had given up their offending mourning suits; even so, their clothes were different. He didn't know these children very well and they regarded him, a visiting father, with curiosity. 'Ma said you beat her,' Savi said. The fatherless children looked at Mr Biswas with dread and disapproval. They all had large eyes: another distinguishing feature. Mr Biswas laughed. 'She was only joking,' he said in English. 'She upstairs, rubbing down Myna,' Savi said, in English as well. 'Myna, eh? Another girl.' He spoke light-heartedly, trying to get the attention of the two Tulsi sisters. 'This family just full of girl children.' The sisters tittered. He turned to them and smiled. Shama was not in the Rose Room, but in the wooden bridge between the two houses. A basin with soapy, baby-smelling water was on the floor and, as Savi had said, Shama was rubbing down Myna, the way she had rubbed down Savi herself and Anand (asleep on the bed: no more rubbing for him, for the rest of his life). Shama saw him, but concentrated on the baby, folding limbs this way and that, saying the rhyme that was to end in a laugh, a bunching of the limbs over the belly, a clap, and a release of the limbs. Mr Biswas watched. While she was dressing Myna, Shama said, 'Have you eaten?' He shook his head. They might have parted only the hour before. And not only that. She had spoken about eating, and there was nothing in her voice to hint at the innumerable quarrels they had had about food. He had often opened tins of salmon and sardines from the shop after refusing to eat her food and sometimes throwing it away, food as unimaginative as that he had just seen on Savi's plate. It wasn't that the Tulsis couldn't cook. They thought appetizing food should be reserved for religious festivals; at other times it was a carnal indulgence. Mr Biswas's digestion had been repeatedly shocked to move from plain food before a ceremony to excessively rich food on the day of the ceremony and promptly back to plain food the day after. Myna fell asleep at Shama's breast and was laid on the bed next to Anand. A pillow was placed at her side to keep her from rolling off, and the oil lamp in the bracket on the unpainted wall was turned down. When Mr Biswas and Shama passed through the verandah it was thronged with children sitting on mats, reading or playing cards or draughts. These games had been recently introduced and were taken with the utmost seriousness; they were regarded as intellectual disciplines particularly suitable for children. Savi, too small for books, was playing Go-to-Pack with one of the large-eyed children. Everyone talked in whispers. Shama walked on tiptoe. 'Mai sick,' she said. Which accounted for the children's late dinner and the absence of so many of the sisters. Shama laid out food for Mr Biswas in the hall. The food might be bad at Hanuman House, but there was always some for unexpected visitors. Everything was cold. The pancakes were sweating, hard on the outside and little better than dough inside. He did not complain. 'You going back tonight?' she asked in English. He knew then that he hadn't intended to go back, ever. He said nothing. 'You better sleep here then.' As long as there was floor space, there was bed space. Some sisters came into the hall. Packs of cards were brought out; the sisters split into groups and gravely settled down to play. Chinta played with style. She fussed with her cards, rearranged them often, stared blankly and disconcertingly at the other players, hummed and never spoke; before she played a telling card she frowned at it, pulled it up a little, tapped it down and kept on tapping it; then, suddenly, she threw it on the table with a crack and, still frowning, collected her trick. She was a magnanimous winner and a bad loser. Mr Biswas watched. Shama made a bed for him in the verandah upstairs, among the children. He woke to a babel the next morning and when he went down to the hall found the sisters getting their children ready for school. It was the only time of day when it was reasonably easy to tell which child belonged to which mother. He was surprised to see Shama filling a satchel with a slate, a slate pencil, a lead pencil, an eraser, an exercise book with the Union Jack on the cover, and _Nelson's West Indian Reader,_ First Stage, by Captain J. O. Cutteridge, Director of Education, Trinidad and Tobago. Lastly Shama wrapped an orange in tissue paper and put it in the satchel. 'For teacher,' she said to Savi. Mr Biswas didn't know that Savi had begun to go to school. Shama sat on a bench, held Savi between her legs, combed her hair, plaited it, straightened the pleats on her navy-blue uniform, and adjusted her Panama hat. Mother and daughter had been doing this for many weeks. And he had known nothing. Shama said, 'If your shoelaces come loose again today, you think you would be able to tie them back?' She bent down and undid Savi's shoelaces. 'Let me see you tie them.' 'You know I can't tie them.' 'Do it quick sharp, or I give you a dose of licks.' 'I can't tie them.' 'Come,' Mr Biswas said, shamelessly paternal in the bustling hall. 'I will tie them for you.' 'No,' Shama said. 'She must learn to tie her laces. Otherwise I will keep her at home and beat her until she can tie them.' It was standard talk at Hanuman House. At The Chase Shama had never spoken like that. As yet no one was paying attention. But when Shama started to hunt for one of the many hibiscus switches which always lay about the hall, sisters and children became less noisy and good-humouredly waited to see what would happen. It was not going to be a serious flogging since ineptitude rather than criminality was being punished; and Shama moved about with a comic jerkiness, as though she knew she was only an actor in a farce and not, like Sumati at the house-blessing in The Chase, a figure of high tragedy. Mr Biswas, his eyes fixed on Savi, found himself tittering nervously. Still wearing her Panama hat, Savi squatted on the floor, tangling laces and watching them fall apart, or knotting them double, tight and high, and having to undo them with her nails and teeth. She, too, was partly acting for the audience. Her failures were greeted with approving laughter. Even Shama, standing by with whip in hand, allowed amusement to invade her playacting annoyance. 'All right,' Shama said. 'Let me show you for the last time. Watch me. Now try.' Savi fumbled ineffectually again. This time there was less laughter. 'You just want to shame me,' Shama said. 'A big girl like you, five going on six, can't tie her own laces. Jai, come here.' Jai was the son of an unimportant sister. He was pushed to the front by his mother, who was dandling another baby on her hip. 'Look at Jai,' Shama said. 'His mother don't have to tie his shoelaces. And he is a whole year younger than you.' 'Fourteen months younger,' Jai's mother said. 'Well, fourteen months younger,' Shama said, directing her annoyance to Savi. 'You want to defy me?' Savi was still squatting. 'Hurry up now!' Shama said, so loudly and suddenly that Savi jumped and began playing stupidly with the laces. No one laughed. Stooping, Shama brought the hibiscus switch down on Savi's bare legs. Mr Biswas looked on, a fixed smile on his face. He made phlegmy little noises, urging Shama to stop. Savi was crying. Sushila, the widow, came to the top of the stairs and said authoritatively, 'Remember Mai.' They all remembered. Silence for the sick. The scene was over. Shama, trying too late to turn comedy into tragedy, developed a sudden temper and stamped off, almost unnoticed, to the kitchen. Sumati, the flogger at The Chase, pulled Savi to her long skirt. Savi cried into it and used it to wipe her nose and dry her eyes. Then Sumati tied Savi's laces and sent her off to school. At The Chase Shama had seldom beat Savi, and then it had been only a matter of a few slaps. But at Hanuman House the sisters still talked with pride of the floggings they had received from Mrs Tulsi. Certain memorable floggings were continually recalled, with commonplace detail made awful and legendary by its association with a stupendous event, like the detail in a murder case. And there was even some rivalry among the sisters as to who had been flogged worst of all. Mr Biswas had breakfast: biscuits from the big black drum, red butter, and tea, lukewarm, sugary and strong. Shama, though indignant, was dutiful and correct. As she watched him eat, her indignation became more and more defensive. Finally she was only grave. 'You see Mai yet?' He understood. They went to the Rose Room. Sushila admitted them and at once went outside. A shaded oil lamp burned low. The jalousied window in the thick clay-brick wall was closed, keeping out daylight; cloth was wedged around the frame, to keep out draughts. There was a smell of ammonia, bay rum, rum, brandy, disinfectant, and a variety of febrifuges. Below a white canopy with red appliqué apples Mrs Tulsi lay, barely recognizable, a bandage around her forehead, her temples dotted with lumps of soft candle, her nostrils stuffed with some white medicament. Shama sat on a chair in a shadowed corner, effacing herself. The marble topped bedside table was a confusion of bottles, jars and glasses. There were little blue jars of medicated rubs, little white jars of medicated rubs; tall green bottles of bay rum and short square bottles of eyedrops and nosedrops; a round bottle of rum, a flat bottle of brandy and an oval royal blue bottle of smelling-salts; a bottle of Sloan's Liniment and a tiny tin of Tiger Balm; a mixture with a pink sediment and one with a yellow-brown sediment, like muddy water left to stand from the previous night. Mr Biswas didn't want to talk to Mrs Tulsi in Hindi, but the Hindi words came out. 'How are you, Mai? I couldn't come to see you last night because it was too late and I didn't want to disturb you.' He hadn't intended to give any explanations. 'How are _you?_ ' Mrs Tulsi said nasally, with unexpected tenderness. 'I am an old woman and it doesn't matter how I am.' She reached out for the bottle of smelling salts and sniffed at it. The bandage around her forehead slipped down to her eyes. Adapting her tone of tenderness to one of distress and authority, she said, 'Come and squeeze my head, Shama.' Shama obeyed with alacrity. She sat on the edge of the bed and undid the bandage, undid Mrs Tulsi's hair, parted it in several places, poured bay rum into her palms and from there into the partings. She worked the bay rum into Mrs Tulsi's scalp and the soaked hair squelched. Mrs Tulsi looked comforted. She closed her eyes, screwed the white medicament a little further up her nostrils, and patted her lips with a thin shawl. 'You have seen your daughter?' Mr Biswas laughed. 'Two girls,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'Our family is unlucky that way. Think of the worry I had when your father died. Fourteen daughters to marry. And when you marry your girl children you can't say what sort of life you are letting them in for. They have to live with their Fate. Mothers-in-law, sisters-in-law. Idle husbands. Wife-beaters.' Mr Biswas looked at Shama. She was concentrating on Mrs Tulsi's head. At every press of Shama's long fingers Mrs Tulsi closed her eyes, interrupted what she was saying and groaned, 'Aah.' 'That is what a mother has to put up with,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'I don't mind. I have lived long enough to know that you can't expect anything from anybody. I give you five hundred dollars. Do you think I want you to bow and scrape and touch my feet whenever you see me? No. I expect you to spit on me. I _expect_ that. When you want five hundred dollars again you come back to me. Do you want me to say, "The last time I gave you five hundred dollars you spat on me. Therefore I can't give you five hundred dollars this time"? Do you want me to say that? No. I _expect_ the people who spit on me to come to me again. I have a soft heart. And when you have a soft heart, you have a soft heart. Your father used to say to me, "My bride" – that was the way he called me until the day he died – "my bride," he used to say, "you have the softest heart of any person I know. Be careful of that soft heart. People will take advantage of that soft heart and trample on it." And I used to say, "When you have a soft heart, you have a soft heart." ' She pressed her eyes till tears ran down her cheeks. Her damp grey hair was spread out on the pillow. Now here was a woman with grey hair, and he felt little tenderness towards her. Then he noted, what he had missed in the darkness, that Shama's cheeks were also wet. She must have been crying silently all along. 'I don't mind,' Mrs Tulsi said. She blew her nose and called for bay rum. Shama filled her palm with bay rum, drenched Mrs Tulsi's face and pressed her palm over Mrs Tulsi's nose. Mrs Tulsi's face shone; she screwed up her eyes to prevent the bay rum going into them and breathed loudly through her mouth. Shama removed her hand and Mrs Tulsi said, 'But I don't know what Seth will say.' As at a cue Seth came in. He ignored Mr Biswas and Shama and asked Mrs Tulsi how she was, expressing in those words his concern for Mrs Tulsi and his impatience with the people who were disturbing her. He sat on the other side of the bed. The bed creaked; he sighed; he shifted his feet and his bluchers drummed on the floor in annoyance. 'We've been talking,' Mrs Tulsi said gently. Shama gave a little sob. Seth sucked his teeth. He sounded extremely irritable; it was as if he too were unwell, with a cold or a headache. 'Paddling-addling,' he said. His voice was gruff and indistinct. 'You mustn't mind,' Mrs Tulsi said. Seth held his thigh and looked at the floor. And Mr Biswas was convinced of what he had already guessed from Mrs Tulsi's speech and Shama's tears: that the scene had been arranged, that there had been not only discussions, but decisions. And Shama, who had arranged the scene, was crying to lessen his humiliation, to shift some of it to herself. Her tears were ritual in another way: they were tears for the hardships that had come to her with a husband she had been given by Fate. 'So what we going to do about the shop?' Seth asked in English. He was still irritable and his voice, though businesslike, was weary. Mr Biswas couldn't think. 'Is a bad site for a shop,' he said. 'A bad site today could be a good site tomorrow,' Seth said. 'Suppose I drop a few cents here and there and get the Public Works to run the trunk road through there after all? Eh?' Shama's sobs mingled with the squelch of bay rum in Mrs Tulsi's hair. 'You got any debts?' 'Well, a lot of people owing me but they won't pay.' 'Not after what happen with Mungroo. I suppose you was the only man in Trinidad who didn't know about Seebaran and Mahmoud.' Shama was crying openly. Abruptly Seth lost interest in Mr Biswas. He said, 'Tcha!' and looked at his bluchers. 'You mustn't mind,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'I know you haven't got a soft heart. But you mustn't mind.' Seth sighed. 'So what we going to do with the shop?' Mr Biswas shrugged. 'Insure-and-burn?' Seth said, making it one word: _insuranburn._ Mr Biswas felt that talk like this belonged to the realms of high finance. Seth crossed his big arms high over his chest. 'Is the only thing for you to do now.' 'Insuranburn,' Mr Biswas said. 'How much I going to make out of that?' 'More than you would make if you _don't_ insuranburn. The shop is Mai own. The goods is yours. For the goods you ought to get about seventy-five, a hundred dollars.' It was a large sum. Mr Biswas smiled. But Seth only said, 'And after that, what?' Mr Biswas tried to look thoughtful. 'You still too proud to get your hands dirty in the fields?' And Seth displayed his own hands. 'Soft heart,' Mrs Tulsi muttered. 'I want a driver at Green Vale,' Seth said. Shama gave a loud sob and, suddenly leaving Mrs Tulsi's head, rushed to Mr Biswas and said, 'Take it, man. Take it, I beg you.' She was making it easy for him to accept. 'He will take it,' she cried to Seth. 'He will take it.' Seth looked irritable and turned away. Mrs Tulsi groaned. Shama, still crying, went back to the bed and pressed her fingers into Mrs Tulsi's hair. Mrs Tulsi said, 'Aah.' 'I don't know anything about estate work,' Mr Biswas said, trying to salvage some of his dignity. 'Nobody begging you,' Seth said. 'You mustn't mind,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'You know what Owad always tells me. He always blames me for the way I married off my daughters. And I suppose he is right. But then Owad is going to college, reading and learning all the time. And I am very oldfashioned.' She spoke with pride in Owad and pride in her oldfashionedness. Seth stood up. His bluchers scraped on the floor, the bed made noises, and Mrs Tulsi was slightly disturbed. But Seth's irritability had disappeared. He took out the ivory cigarette holder which had been pushing up through the buttoned flap of the pocket on his khaki shirt, put it in his mouth and blew whistlingly through it. 'Owad. You remember him, Mohun?' He laughed, opening his mouth on either side of the holder. 'The old hen son.' 'What is past is past,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'When people are boys they behave like boys. When they are men they behave like men.' Shama squeezed vigorously at Mrs Tulsi's head and succeeded in reducing Mrs Tulsi's speech to a series of 'Aah. Aah.' She washed bay rum into Mrs Tulsi's hair and face and held her palm over Mrs Tulsi's nose and mouth. 'This insuranburning,' Mr Biswas said, and his tone was light, 'who going to see about it? Me?' He was putting himself back into the role of the licensed buffoon. Shama was the first to laugh. Seth followed. A croak came from Mrs Tulsi and Shama took away her hand from Mrs Tulsi's mouth to allow her to laugh. Mrs Tulsi began to splutter. 'He want,' she said in English, choking with laughter, 'to jump – from – the fryingpan – into – into –' They all roared. '– into – the fire!' The witty mood spread. 'No more paddling,' Seth said. 'We insuranburning right away?' Mr Biswas asked, pitching his voice high and speaking quickly. 'You got to get your furniture out first,' Seth said. 'My bureau!' Shama exclaimed, and put her hand to her own mouth, as though astonished that, when she had left Mr Biswas, she had forgotten to take that piece of furniture with her. 'You know,' Seth said, 'the best thing would be for you to do the insuranburning.' 'No, Uncle,' Shama said. 'Don't start putting ideas in his head.' 'Don't worry with the child,' Mr Biswas said. 'You just tell me.' Seth sat on the bed again. 'Well, look,' he said, and his voice was amused and avuncular. 'You had this trouble with Mungroo. You go to the police station and lay your life on Mungroo head.' 'Lay my what on Mungroo head?' 'Tell them about the row. Tell them that Mungroo threatening to kill you. And the moment anything happen to you, the first person they would pick up would be Mungroo.' 'You mean the first person they would pick up would be me. But let me get this straight. When I dead, like a cockroach, lying on my back with my four foot throw up straight and stiff and high in the air, you want me to walk to the police station and say, "I did tell all-you so." ' Mrs Tulsi, still chuckling over her own joke, the first she had managed in English, made Mr Biswas's an excuse to burst out laughing again. 'Well, you lay your life on Mungroo head,' Seth said. 'You go back to The Chase and stay quiet. You let one week pass, two weeks, even three. Then you make your little preparations. You let Shama collect her bureau. On Thursday, half-day, you drop pitch-oil all over the shop – not where you sleeping – and in the night-time you set a match to it. You give it a little time – not too much – and then you run outside and start bawling for Mungroo.' 'You mean,' Mr Biswas said, 'that this is why all those motorcars burning up every day in this place? And all those houses?' # 5. Green Vale WHENEVER AFTERWARDS Mr Biswas thought of Green Vale he thought of the trees. They were tall and straight, and so hung with long, drooping leaves that their trunks were hidden and appeared to be branchless. Half the leaves were dead; the others, at the top, were a dead green. It was as if all the trees had, at the same moment, been blighted in luxuriance, and death was spreading at the same pace from all the roots. But death was forever held in check. The tonguelike leaves of dead green turned slowly to the brightest yellow, became brown and thin as if scorched, curled downwards over the other dead leaves and did not fall. And new leaves came, as sharp as daggers; but there was no freshness to them; they came into the world old, without a shine, and only grew longer before they too died. It was hard to imagine that beyond the trees on every side lay the clear plain. Green Vale was damp and shadowed and close. The trees darkened the road and their rotting leaves choked the grass gutters. The trees surrounded the barracks. As soon as he saw the barracks Mr Biswas decided that the time had come for him to build his own house, by whatever means. The barracks gave one room to one family, and sheltered twelve families in one long room divided into twelve. This long room was built of wood and stood on low concrete pillars. The whitewash on the walls had turned to dust, leaving stains like those left on stones by bleaching clothes; and these stains were mildewed and sweated and freckled with grey and green and black. The corrugated iron roof projected on one side to make a long gallery, divided by rough partitions into twelve kitchen spaces, so open that when it rained hard twelve cooks had to take twelve coal-pots to twelve rooms. The ten middle rooms each had a front door and a back window. The rooms at the end had a front door, a back window, and a side window. Mr Biswas, as a driver, was given an end room. The back window had been nailed shut by the previous tenant and plastered over with newspaper. Its position could only be guessed at, since newspaper covered the walls from top to bottom. This had obviously been the work of a literate. No sheet was placed upside down, and Mr Biswas found himself continuously exposed to the journalism of his time, its bounce and excitement bottled and made quaint in these old newspapers. Into this room they moved all their furniture: the kitchen safe, the green kitchen table, the hatrack, the iron fourposter, a rockingchair Mr Biswas had bought in the last days at The Chase, and the dressingtable which, during Shama's long absences at Hanuman House, had come to stand for Shama. Only one small drawer of the dressingtable was Mr Biswas's. The others were alien and if by some chance he opened one he felt he was intruding. It was during the move to Green Vale that he discovered that, in addition to the finer clothes of Shama and the children, those drawers contained Shama's marriage certificate and the birth certificates of her children; a Bible and Bible pictures she had got from her mission school and kept, not for their religious content, but as reminders of past excellence; and a packet of letters from a pen-pal in Northumberland, the result of one of the headmaster's schemes. Mr Biswas yearned after the outside world; he read novels that took him there; he never suspected that Shama, of all persons, had been in contact with this world. 'You didn't by any chance keep the letters you did write back?' 'Headteacher used to read them and post them.' 'I woulda _like_ to read your letters.' So Mr Biswas became a driver, or sub-overseer, at a salary of twenty-five dollars a month, which was twice as much as the labourers got. As he had told Seth, he knew nothing about estate work. He had been surrounded by sugarcane all his life; he knew that the tall fields shot up grey-blue, arrowlike flowers just when shop signs were bursting into green and red gaiety, with holly and berries and Santa Claus and snow-capped letters; he knew the 'crop-over' harvest festival; but he didn't know about burning or weeding or hoeing or trenching; he didn't know when new cuttings had to be put in or mounds of trash built around new plants. He got instructions from Seth, who came to Green Vale every Saturday to inspect, and pay the labourers, which he did from the kitchen space outside Mr Biswas's room, using the green kitchen table, and having Mr Biswas sit beside him to read out the number of tasks each labourer had worked. Mr Biswas didn't know the admiration and respect his father Raghu had had for drivers. But he could feel the awe the labourers had for the blue and green moneybags with serrated edges and small circular holes for the money to breathe, and he took some pleasure in handling these bags casually, as though they were a bother. It sometimes occurred to him that, perhaps at that very moment, his brothers were standing in similar slow submissive queues on other estates. On Saturdays, then, he enjoyed power. But on the other days it was different. True, he went out early every morning with his long bamboo rod and measured out the labourers' tasks. But the labourers knew he was unused to the job and was there simply as a watchman and Seth's representative. They could fool him and they did, fearing more a single rebuke of Seth's on Saturday than a week of shy remonstrance from Mr Biswas. Mr Biswas was ashamed to complain to Seth. He bought a topee; it was too big for his head, which was rather small, and he adjusted the topee so badly that it fell down to his ears. For some time after that, whenever the labourers saw Mr Biswas they pulled their hats over their eyes, tilted their heads backwards and looked in his direction. Two or three of the young and impudent even talked to him in this way. He thought he ought to ride a horse, as Seth did; and he was beginning to feel sympathy for those overseers of legend who rode on horseback and lashed labourers on either side. Then, being the buffoon with Seth one Saturday, he mounted Seth's horse, was thrown after a few yards, and said, 'I didn't want to go where he was going.' 'Gee up!' one labourer shouted to another on Monday. 'Oops!' the second labourer replied. Mr Biswas told Seth, 'I got to stop living next door to these people.' Seth said, 'We are going to build a house for you.' But Seth was only talking. He never mentioned the house again, and Mr Biswas remained in the barracks. He began to speak about the brutishness of labourers; and instead of wondering, as he had done at the beginning, how they lived on three dollars a week, he wondered why they got so much. He took it out on Shama. 'Is you who get me in this. You and your family. Look at me. I look like Seth? You could look at me and say that this is my sort of work?' He came back from the fields sweated, itching and dusty, bitten by flies and other insects, his skin torn and tender. He welcomed the sweating and the fatigue and the sensation of burning on his face. But he hated the itching, and dried dirt on his fingernails tortured him as acutely as the sound of slate pencils on slates or shovels on concrete. The barrackyard, with its mud, animal droppings and the quick slime on stale puddles, gave him nausea, especially when he was eating fish or Shama's pancakes. He took to eating at the green table in the room, hidden from the front door, his back to the side window, and determined not to look up at the black, furry underside of the galvanized iron roof. As he ate he read the newspapers on the wall. The smell of damp and soot, old paper and stale tobacco reminded him of the smell of his father's box, under the bed which rested on tree-branches buried in the earth floor. He bathed incessantly. The barracks had no bathroom but at the back there were waterbarrels under the spouts which drained off the water from the roof. However quickly the water was used, there were always larvae of some sort on its surface, jumpy jellylike whiskery things, perfection in their way. Mr Biswas stood in pants and sabots on a length of board next to a barrel and threw water over himself with a calabash dipper. He sang Hindi songs and _In the snowy and the blowy_ while he did so. Afterwards he wrapped a towel around his waist, took off his pants and then, in towel and sabots, made a dash for his room. Since there was no side door to his room, he had to run around to the front, come into full view of all twelve kitchens and all twelve rooms, then bound into his own. One day the towel dropped off. 'Is you,' he told Shama, after a terrible day in the fields. 'Is you and your family who get me in this.' Shama, who had herself spent a day of humiliation at the barracks, cooked one of her especially bad meals, dressed Anand, a boy now big enough to talk, and took him to Hanuman House. On Saturday, after he had paid the labourers, Seth smiled and said, 'Your wife say to look in the top righthand drawer of her bureau and get her pink bodice, and look in the bottom of the lefthand corner of the middle drawer for the pantaloons for the boy.' 'Ask my wife, which boy?' But Mr Biswas explored the alien drawers. 'I nearly forget,' Seth said, just before he left. 'That shop at The Chase. Well, it insuranburn now.' Seth took out a roll of dollar notes from his trouser pocket and displayed it like a magician. Note by note, he counted the roll into Mr Biswas's hand. It came to seventy-five dollars, the sum he had mentioned in the Rose Room at Hanuman House. Mr Biswas was impressed and grateful. He determined to put his money aside, and add to it, until he had enough to build his house. He had thought deeply about this house, and knew exactly what he wanted. He wanted, in the first place, a real house, made with real materials. He didn't want mud for walls, earth for floor, tree branches for rafters and grass for roof. He wanted wooden walls, all tongue-and-groove. He wanted a galvanized iron roof and a wooden ceiling. He would walk up concrete steps into a small verandah; through doors with coloured panes into a small drawingroom; from there into a small bedroom, then another small bedroom, then back into the small verandah. The house would stand on tall concrete pillars so that he would get two floors instead of one, and the way would be left open for future development. The kitchen would be a shed in the yard; a neat shed, connected to the house by a covered way. And his house would be painted. The roof would be red, the outside walls ochre with chocolate facings, and the windows white. His talk about houses made Shama fearful and impatient and had even caused quarrels. So he did not tell her of this picture or of his plan, and she continued to live for long periods at Hanuman House. She needed to give no explanations to her sisters now. Green Vale, part of the Tulsi lands and just outside Arwacas, was considered almost an extension of Hanuman House. Rejecting the stone-cold food Shama occasionally sent from Hanuman House, and tired of tins, Mr Biswas learned to cook for himself; and he bought a primus, since he couldn't manage the coal-pot. Sometimes he went for a walk in the early evening; sometimes he stayed in his room and read. But there were times when, without being fatigued, he could do nothing, when neither food nor tobacco tasted, and he could only lie on the fourposter and read the newspapers on the wall. He soon had many of the stories by heart. And the first line of one story, in breathless capitals, came to possess his mind: AMAZING SCENES WERE WITNESSED YESTERDAY WHEN. Absently he spoke the words aloud, by himself, with the labourers, with Seth. On some evenings, in his room, the words came into his head and repeated themselves until they were meaningless and irritating and he longed to drive them away. He wrote the words on packets of Anchor cigarettes and boxes of Comet matches. And, to fight this exhausting vacancy that left him with the feeling that he had drunk gallons of stale, lukewarm water, he took to lettering religious tags on strips of cardboard, which he hung on the walls against the newspapers. From a Hindi magazine he copied a sentence which, on cardboard, stretched right across one wall, above the papered window: HE WHO BELIE VETH IN ME OF HIM I WILL NEVER LOSE HOLD AND HE SHALL NEVER LOSE HOLD OF ME. The sugarcane was in arrow. The lanes and roads between the fields were clean green canyons. And at Arwacas the shop-signs celebrated snow and Santa Claus. The Tulsi Store was hung with paper holly and berries, but carried no Christmas signs. Mr Biswas's old signs still served. They had faded; the distemper on the wall and columns had flaked off in places and Punch had lost a piece of his nose; near the ceiling the letters were dim with dust and soot. Savi knew, and was proud, that the signs had been done by her father. But their gaiety puzzled her; she couldn't associate them with the morose man she went to see in the dingy barrackroom and who sometimes came to see her. She felt, with a sense of loss that became sharper as Christmas drew nearer, that the signs had been done at some time beyond her memory when her father lived happily at Hanuman House with her mother and everyone else. Christmas was the only time of the year when the gaiety of the signs had some meaning. Then the Tulsi Store became a place of deep romance and endless delights, transformed from the austere emporium it was on other days, dark and silent, its shelves crammed with bolts of cloth that gave off acrid and sometimes unpleasant smells, its tables jumbled with cheap scissors and knives and spoons, towers of dusty blue-rimmed enamel plates interleaved with ragged grey paper, and boxes of hairpins, needles, pins and thread. Now all day there was noise and bustle. Gramophones played in the Tulsi Store and all the other stores and even from the stalls in the market. Mechanical birds whistled; dolls squeaked; toy trumpets were tried out; tops hummed; cars shot across counters, were seized by hands, and held whining in mid-air. The enamel plates and the hairpins were pushed to the back, and their place was taken by black grapes in white boxes filled with aromatic sawdust; red Canadian apples whose scent overrode every other; by a multitude of toys and dolls and games in boxes, new and sparkling glassware, new china, all smelling of their newness; by Japanese lacquered trays, stacked one on top the other like a pack of cards, so elegant as they stood that it was sad to think of them being sold one by one, leaving the store in brown paper and string, and ending drab, broken and disregarded in ugly kitchens and tumbledown houses. There were stacks, too, of the Bookers Drug Stores Almanac, with art paper tickling smooth to the touch and a smell of corresponding richness, with jokes, stories, photographs, quizzes, puzzles, and prizes for competitions which the Tulsi children were all going to enter but never would, though they had already inked in their names and addresses on dotted lines. And the decorations: the paper holly and berries, the spiralling streamers of crêpe paper, the cotton wool and the Jack Frost that stuck to fingers and clothes, the balloons, the lanterns. The sisters masked their excitement by frowns and complaints of fatigue that fooled no one. Mrs Tulsi herself came to the store from time to time, spoke to people she knew, and on occasion even sold something. The two gods strode sternly about, superintending, signing bills, checking money. The elder god was especially stern this Christmas and the children were afraid of him. His behaviour had grown a little strange. He had not yet left the Roman Catholic college, but efforts were being made to find him a wife from among the handful of eligible families. He expressed his disapproval by random angry outbursts, tears and threats of suicide. This was construed as a conventional shyness and, as such, was a source of amusement to sisters and brothers-in-law. But the children were frightened when he talked of leaving the house and buying rope and soft candle; they were not sure what he wanted the soft candle for; and they stayed out of his way. On the morning of Christmas Eve excitement was at its height, but before the afternoon was out had subsided so far that the displays had ceased to be magical, their gaiety became disorder, and the disorder could be seen to be superficial. So that before Christmas came, in the shop it was felt to be over. And throughout the afternoon attention turned more and more to the hall and kitchen where Sumati, the flogger, was in charge of the baking, and Shama, who had no recognized talents, was one of her many helpers. The smells from the kitchen had an added savour because, as always at Hanuman House, the food continued to be ordinary and bad up to the very day of a festival. The Tulsi Store was closed, the toys left in darkness which would transform them into stock and the brothers-in-law prepared to leave Hanuman House for their families. As Mr Biswas cycled through the night to Green Vale, he remembered he had not got presents for Savi and Anand. But they expected none from him; they knew they would find their presents in their stockings on Christmas morning. Because the sisters were busy the children were given a skimpier dinner than usual. Then hunts were started for stockings. There were none to be had. The providential, mostly the girls, had acquired theirs days before, and the boys had to be content with pillowcases. There was talk of staying awake, but one by one the children dropped out of card games and fell asleep to the songs that came from their mothers in the kitchen. Anand had a moment of alarm when he got up. His pillowcase, lying at the foot of his bedding on the floor, looked empty. But when he shook the pillowcase out he found he had got what the other boys had: a balloon, one of those he had seen for weeks past in the store, a red apple in a dark blue wrapper, one of those he had seen in the boxes in the store, and a tin whistle. In her stocking Savi found a balloon, an apple and a tiny rubber doll. Presents were compared, and when it was established that there was no cause for jealousy, the children ate their apples, blew up balloons, and raised a feeble chirruping with tin whistles. Many whistles were soon silenced by spittle or some fundamental mechanical defect, and most of the boys burst their balloons before going downstairs to kiss Mrs Tulsi. Those boys who were to grow up into detestable men gave a single toot on their whistles, nibbled at their apples and blew up their balloons hardly at all, in this resembling the girls, who already showed their pleasure in possession and anticipation rather than fulfilment. Then the children, in varying degrees of contentment, went downstairs and found Mrs Tulsi waiting at the long pitchpine table. Their mothers were waiting as well, happy Santa Clauses. When a discontented child forgot to kiss Mrs Tulsi and impatiently hurried off to see about food, his mother called him back. After breakfast – tea and biscuits from the drum – the children waited for lunch. More whistles were silenced; more balloons burst. The girls seized the scraps of the boys' burst balloons and blew them up into many-coloured bunches of grapes which they rubbed against their cheeks to make a noise like heavy furniture dragging on an unpolished floor. Lunch was good. And after lunch they waited for tea: Sumati's cakes, a local and fraudulent cherry brandy doled out by Chinta, and icecream, made by Chinta again, who, against annual evidence, was supposed to have an especial gift for making icecream. And that was that. Dinner was as bad as usual. Christmas was over. And, like all other Christmases at Hanuman House, it had turned out to be only a series of anticipations. At the barracks there were no apples, no stockings, no baking of cakes, no churning of icecream, no refinements to be waited for. It was from the start a day of abandoned eating and drinking and was to end, not with the beating of children, but with the beating of wives. Mr Biswas went to see his mother and had dinner at Tara's. On Boxing-day he visited his brothers; they had married nondescript women from nondescript families and spent Christmas with their wives. The following day Mr Biswas cycled from Green Vale to Arwacas. When he turned into the High Street the sight of the stores, open again and carelessly displaying Christmas goods at bargain prices, reminded him of the presents he had forgotten. He got off his bicycle and leaned it against the kerb. Before he had taken off his bicycle clips he was accosted by a heavy-lidded shopman who repeatedly sucked his teeth. The shopman offered Mr Biswas a cigarette and lit it for him. Words were exchanged. Then, with the shopman's arm around his shoulders, Mr Biswas disappeared into the shop. Not many minutes later Mr Biswas and the shopman reappeared. They were both smoking and excited. A boy came out of the shop partly hidden by the large doll's house he was carrying. The doll's house was placed on the handlebar of Mr Biswas's cycle and, with Mr Biswas on one side and the boy on the other, wheeled down the High Street. Every room of the doll's house was daintily furnished. The kitchen had a stove such as Mr Biswas had never seen in real life, a safe and a sink. As they progressed towards Hanuman House Mr Biswas's excitement cooled; his extravagance astonished, then frightened him. He had spent more than a month's wages. He couldn't take back the doll's house now; he was attracting continuous attention. And he had bought nothing for Anand. It was always like this. When he thought of his children he thought mainly of Savi. She was part of those early months at The Chase and he knew her. Anand belonged completely to the Tulsis. At Hanuman House they knew about the doll's house before it arrived. The hall was packed with sisters and their children. Mrs Tulsi sat at the pitchpine table patting her lips with her veil. The children exclaimed when the doll's house was set down, and in the hush that followed Savi came forward and stood near it proprietorially. 'Well, what you think?' Mr Biswas asked the hall, using his quick, high-pitched voice. The sisters were silent. Then Padma, Seth's wife, usually taciturn and oppressed and unwell, began on a long and involved story, which Mr Biswas refused to believe, about an incredible doll's house one of Seth's brothers had made for somebody's daughter, a girl of exceptional beauty who had died shortly afterwards. As Padma spoke, the children, boys and girls, gathered round the house. Mr Biswas was not altogether happy about this, but was pleased when the children acknowledged Savi's ownership by asking her permission to open doors and touch beds. Even as she explored, Savi tried to give the impression that she was familiar with everything. 'What have you brought for the others?' It was Mrs Tulsi. 'Didn't have room,' Mr Biswas said gaily. 'When I give, I give to all,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'I am poor, but I give to all. It is clear, however, that I cannot compete with Santa Claus.' Her voice was even and he would have smiled, as at a witticism, but when he looked at her he saw that her face was tight with anger. 'Vidiadhar and Shivadhar!' Chinta shouted. 'Come here at once. Stop interfering with what doesn't belong to you.' As at a signal the sisters pounced on their children, threatening horrible punishments on those who interfered with what didn't belong to them. 'I will peel your backside.' 'I will break every bone in your body.' And Sumati the flogger said, 'I will make you heavy with welts.' 'Savi, go and put it away,' Shama whispered. 'Take it upstairs.' Mrs Tulsi, rising, patting her lips, said, 'Shama, I hope you will have the grace to give me notice before you move to your mansion.' She laboured up the stairs, and Sushila, the widow who ruled the sickroom, followed solicitously. The affronted sisters drew closer together, and Shama stood alone. Her eyes were wide with dread. She stared accusingly at Mr Biswas. 'Well,' he said briskly. 'I better go back home – to the barracks.' He urged Savi and Anand to come with him out to the arcade. Savi came willingly. Anand was, as usual, embarrassed. Mr Biswas couldn't help feeling that, compared with Savi, the boy was a disappointment. He was small for his age, thin and sickly, with a big head; he looked as though he needed protection, but was shy and tongue-tied with Mr Biswas and always seemed anxious to be free of him. Now, when Mr Biswas put his arms around him, Anand sniffed, rubbed a dirty face against Mr Biswas's trousers, and tried to pull away. 'You must let Anand play with it,' Mr Biswas said to Savi. 'He is a boy.' 'Don't worry.' Mr Biswas rubbed Anand's bony back. 'You are going to get something next time.' 'I want a car,' Anand said to Mr Biswas's trousers. 'A big one.' Mr Biswas knew the sort he meant. 'All right,' he said. 'Going to get you a car.' Immediately Anand broke away and ran back through the gate to the yard, riding an imaginary horse, wielding an imaginary whip and shouting, 'And I going to get a car! I going to get a car!' He bought the car; not, despite his promise, the big one Anand wanted, but a clockwork miniature; and on Saturday, after the labourers had been paid, he took it to Arwacas. His arrival was noted from the arcade and, as he pushed the side gate open, he heard the message being relayed by the children in awed and expectant tones: 'Savi, your pappa come to see you.' She came crying to the doorway of the hall. When he embraced her she burst into loud sobs. The children were silent. He heard the stairs creaking continually, and he became aware of a thick shuffling and whispering in the black kitchen at the far end. 'Tell me,' he said. She stifled her sobs. 'They break it up.' 'Show me!' he cried. 'Show me!' His rage shocked her out of her tears. She came down the steps and he followed her through the gallery at the end of the hall into the yard, past a half-full copper reflecting a deep blue sky, and a black riveted tank where fish, bought alive from the market, swam until the time came for them to be eaten. And there, below the almost bare branches of the almond tree that grew in the next yard, he saw it, thrown against a dusty leaning fence made of wood and tin and corrugated iron. A broken door, a ruined window, a staved-in wall or even roof-he had expected that. But not this. The doll's house did not exist. He saw only a bundle of firewood. None of its parts was whole. Its delicate joints were exposed and useless. Below the torn skin of paint, still bright and still in parts imitating brickwork, the hacked and splintered wood was white and raw. 'O God!' The sight of the wrecked house and the silence of her father made Savi cry afresh. 'Ma mash it up.' He ran back to the house. The edge of a wall scraped against his shoulder, tearing his shirt and tearing the skin below. Sisters had now left the stairs and kitchen and were sitting about the hall. 'Shama!' he bawled. 'Shama!' Savi came slowly up the steps from the courtyard. Sisters shifted their gaze from Mr Biswas to her and she remained in the doorway, looking down at her feet. 'Shama!' He heard a sister whisper, 'Go and call your aunt Shama. Quick.' He noticed Anand among the children and sisters. 'Come here, boy!' Anand looked at the sisters. They gave him no help. He didn't move. 'Anand, I call you! Come here quick sharp.' 'Go, boy,' Sumati said. 'Before you get blows.' While Anand hesitated, Shama came. She came through the kitchen doorway. Her veil was pulled over her forehead. This unusual touch of dutifulness he noted. She looked frightened yet determined. 'You bitch!' The silence was absolute. Sisters shooed away their children up the stairs and into the kitchen. Savi remained in the doorway behind Mr Biswas. 'I don't mind what you call me,' Shama said. 'You break up the dolly house?' Her eyes widened with fear and guilt and shame. 'Yes,' she said, exaggeratedly calm. Then casually, 'I break it up.' 'To please who?' He was losing control of his voice. She didn't answer. He noticed that she looked lonely. 'Tell me,' he screamed. 'To please _these_ people?' Chinta got up, straightened out her long skirt and started to walk up the stairs. 'Let me go away, eh, before I hear something I don't like and have to answer back.' 'I wasn't pleasing anybody but myself.' Shama was speaking more surely now and he could see that she was gaining strength from the approval of her sisters. 'You know what I think of you and your family?' Two more sisters went up the stairs. 'I don't care what you think.' And suddenly his rage had gone. His shouts rang in his head, leaving him startled, ashamed and tired. He could think of nothing to say. She recognized the change in his mood and waited, at ease now. 'Go and dress Savi.' He spoke quietly. She made no move. _'Go and dress Savi!'_ His shout frightened Savi and she began to scream. She was trembling and when he touched her she felt brittle. Shama at last moved to obey. Savi pulled away. 'I don't want anybody to dress me.' 'Go and pack her clothes.' 'You are taking her with you?' It was his turn to be silent. The children who had been shooed away into the kitchen pushed their faces out of the doorway. Shama walked the length of the hall to the stairs, where sisters, sitting on the lower steps, pulled their knees in to let her pass. At once everybody relaxed. Sumati said in an amused voice, 'Anand, are you going with your father too?' Anand pulled his head back into the kitchen. The hall became active again. Children drifted back, and sisters hurried between kitchen and hall, laying out the evening meal. Chinta returned and started on a light-hearted song, which was taken up by other sisters. The drama was over, and Shama's re-entry, with ribbons, comb and a small cardboard suitcase, did not have the same attention as her exit. Offering the suitcase with outstretched hand, Shama said, 'She is your daughter. You know what is good for her. You have been feeding her. You know —' He set his mouth, pulling his upper teeth behind his lower. Chinta broke off her singing to say to Savi, 'Going home, girl?' 'Put some shoes on her feet,' Shama said. But that meant washing Savi's feet, and that meant delay; and, pushing away Shama when she tried to comb Savi's hair, he led Savi outside. It was only when they were in the High Street that he remembered Anand. Market day was over and the street was littered with broken boxes, torn paper, straw, rotting vegetables, animal droppings and, though it hadn't rained, a number of puddles. By the light of flambeaux stalls were being stripped and carts loaded by vendors, their wives and tired children. Mr Biswas tied the suitcase to the carrier of his bicycle, and he and Savi walked in silence to the end of the High Street. When the red and ochre police station was out of sight, he put Savi on the crossbar of the cycle, took a short run and, with difficulty and some nervousness, hopped on to the saddle. The cycle wobbled; Savi held on to his left arm and made balance more uncertain. Presently, however, they had left Arwacas and there was nothing but silent sugarcane on either side of the road. It was pitch black. The bicycle had no lights and they couldn't see for more than a few yards ahead. Savi was trembling. 'Don't frighten.' A light flashed in front of them. A gritty male voice said harshly, 'Where you think you going?' It was a Negro policeman. Mr Biswas pulled at his handbrakes. The bicycle leaned to the left and Savi slipped to the ground. The policeman examined the bicycle. 'No licence, eh? No licence. No lights. And you was towing. You have a nice little case coming up.' He paused, waiting to be bribed. 'All right, then. Name and address.' He wrote in his book. 'Good. You go be getting a summons.' So they walked the rest of the way to Green Vale, through the darkness, and then below the dead trees to the barracks. They spent a miserable week. Mr Biswas left the barracks early in the morning and returned in the middle of the afternoon. All that time Savi was alone. An old woman, who was spending time with her son, his wife and five children in a barrackroom, took pity on Savi and gave her food at midday. This food Savi never ate; hunger could not overcome her distrust of food cooked by strangers. She took the plate to the room, emptied it on to a sheet of newspaper, washed the plate, took it back to the old woman, thanked her, and waited for Mr Biswas. When he came she waited for the night; when the night came she waited for the morning. To amuse her, he read from his novels, expounded Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus, made her learn the quotations hanging on the walls, and made her sit still while he unsuccessfully tried to sketch her. She was dispirited and submissive. She was also afraid. Sometimes, especially during walks under the trees, he suddenly seemed to forget her, and she heard him muttering to himself, holding bitter, repetitive arguments with unseen persons. He was 'trapped' in a 'hole'. 'Trap,' she heard him say over and over. 'That's what you and your family do to me. Trap me in this hole.' She saw his mouth twist with anger; she heard him curse and threaten. When they got back to the barracks he asked her to mix him doses of Macleans' Brand Stomach Powder. They were both looking forward to Saturday afternoon, when Seth would come and take her back to Hanuman House. There was a good reason why she couldn't stay any longer: her school was opening on Monday. On Saturday Seth came. He was not alone. Shama, Anand and Myna came with him. Savi ran to the road to meet them. Mr Biswas pretended he didn't see, and Seth smiled, as at the antics of children. Quarrels between Seth and his wife were unknown, and it was his policy-never to interfere in quarrels between sisters and their husbands. But Mr Biswas knew that despite the smile Seth had come as Shama's protector. He immediately took out the green table to the yard, setting it some distance away from the room, and the labourers queued up, screening him from Shama. While he sat beside Seth, calling out tasks and wages and making entries in the ledger, he listened to Savi talking excitedly to Shama and Anand. He heard Shama's cooing replies. Soon she was so sure of the children's affection that she was even scolding them. What a difference there was, though, in the voice she used now and the voice she used at Hanuman House! And even while he noted Shama's duplicity, he felt that Savi had betrayed him. The labourers were paid. Seth said he wanted to have a look at the fields; it was not necessary for Mr Biswas to come with him. Shama was sitting in the kitchen area. She held Myna in her arms and was playing with her, talking baby-talk. Savi and Anand looked on. When Mr Biswas passed, Shama glanced at him but did not stop talking to Myna. Savi and Anand looked up apprehensively. Mr Biswas went into the room and sat in the rockingchair. Shama said loudly, 'Anand, go and ask your father if he would like a cup of tea.' Anand came, shy and worried, and mumbled the message. Mr Biswas did not reply. He studied Anand's big head and thin arms. The skin at the elbow was baggy, and scarred purple with eczema. Had he too been fed on sulphur and condensed milk? Anand waited, then went outside. Mr Biswas rocked. The floor-planks were wide and rough. One had cambered and cracked; whenever the rockers came down on it, it squeaked and snapped. Savi, not looking at Mr Biswas, brought Myna into the room and laid her carefully on the bed. Shama was fanning the coal-pot. Savi, her pyromaniacal instincts aroused, hurried out of the room, saying, 'Ma, you getting coal all over your clothes. Let me.' So. They had all forgotten the doll's house. He drew up his feet on to the chair, leaned his head back, closed his eyes and rocked. The board replied. 'Anand, take this to your father.' He heard Anand approaching but didn't open his eyes. He wondered whether he shouldn't take the tea and fling it over Shama's fussy embroidered dress and smiling, uncertain face. He opened his eyes, took the cup from Anand, and sipped. When Seth came back he smiled at everyone benevolently and sat down on the steps. Shama gave him a large cup of tea and he drank it in three gurgling draughts, snorting and sighing in between. He took off his hat and smoothed his damp hair. Suddenly he began to laugh. 'Mohun, I hear you have a case.' 'Case? Oh, _case!_ Small one. Tiny tiny. Baby case, really.' 'You are a funny sort of paddler. Get your summons yet?' 'Waiting for it.' 'And Savi. You get your summons yet?' Savi smiled, as though there had been no terror in the dark road and the flash of the policeman's torch. 'Well, don't worry.' Seth got up. 'These people just want to see whether your dollar-notes look any different from theirs. I settle it up. Wouldn't do anybody any good for your case to come up.' And he was gone. Mr Biswas closed his eyes, rocked on the noisy board, and the children became anxious again. He remained in the chair until it was dark and time to eat. Oil lamps were lighted in many barrackrooms. Far down a drunk man was swearing. Savi and Anand ate sitting on the steps. As he ate at the green table Mr Biswas became less torpid, and Shama correspondingly gloomier. Towards the end of the meal he even began to clown. He squatted on the chair, with his left hand squashed between calf and thigh, and asked banteringly, 'Why you didn't stay at the monkey house, eh?' She didn't reply. After he had washed his hands and gargled out of the side window, Shama sat down on the steps to eat. He watched her. 'Crying, eh?' Slowly the tears flowed out of her wide eyes. 'So you vex up then?' One tear raced down her cheek and hung trembling over her top lip. 'It tickling?' Her mouth was half full but she stopped chewing. 'Don't tell me the food so bad.' She said, as though to herself, 'If it wasn't for the children –' 'If it wasn't for the children, what?' She continued to chew with a loud and morose deliberation. In one corner Savi and Anand were rolling out sacks and sheets on which to sleep. 'You come,' Shama said. 'You come, you didn't look right, you didn't look left, you start getting on, you curse me upside down –' It was the beginning of her apology. He didn't interrupt. 'You didn't know what I had to put up with. Talking night and day. Puss-puss here. Puss-puss there. Chinta dropping remarks all the time. Everybody beating their children the moment they start talking to Savi. Nobody wanting to talk to me. Everybody behaving as though I kill their father.' She stopped, and cried. 'So I had to satisfy them. I break up the dolly-house and everybody was satisfied. And then you come. You didn't look right, you didn't look left –' 'Charge of the Light Brigade. You think Chinta would break up a dolly-house Govind buy? If you could imagine Govind doing anything like that. Tell me, what does that brother-in-law of yours use for food, eh? Dirt? You think Chinta would break up a dolly-house Govind buy?' She wept over her plate. Later she wept over the washingup, repeatedly interrupting her tears, first to blow her nose, then to sing sad songs softly, and finally to ask about Savi's behaviour during the week. He told how Savi had thrown away the old woman's food. Shama was gratified, and told other stories of the girl's sensibility. Savi, still anxiously awake and only pretending to be asleep, listened with pleasure. Again Shama told of Savi's dislike for fish and how Mrs Tulsi had overcome that dislike. She also spoke of Anand, who was so sensitive that biscuits made his mouth bleed. Mr Biswas, his mood now soft as hers, did not say that he thought this to be a sign of undernourishment. Instead he began to talk about his house and Shama listened without enthusiasm but without objection. 'And as soon as the house finish, going to buy that gold brooch for you, girl!' 'I would like to see the day.' They had come on Saturday. On Monday Savi had to go back to school. 'Stay here,' Mr Biswas said. 'They don't teach much on the first day.' 'How you know?' Savi said. 'You ever went to school?' 'Yes, miss. I went to school. You are not the only one to go to school, you know.' 'If I stay I will have to have an excuse to give Teacher.' 'I will write one for you in two twos. Dear Teacher, My daughter Savi is unable to attend school for the first week because she has been staying with her grandmother and is suffering from serious undernourishment.' On Sunday evening Shama took Savi and Anand back to Arwacas. She went to Hanuman House again. And so for the rest of the term she came and left; and he never ceased to feel that he was alone, with the trees, the newspapers on the wall, the religious quotations, his books. One thing gave him comfort. He had claimed Savi. At Easter he learned that Shama was pregnant for the fourth time. One child claimed; one still hostile; one unknown. And now another. Trap! The future he feared was upon him. He was falling into the void, and that terror, known only in dreams, was with him as he lay awake at nights, hearing the snores and creaks and the occasional cries of babies from the other rooms. The relief that morning brought steadily diminished. Food and tobacco were tasteless. He was always tired, and always restless. He went often to Hanuman House; as soon as he was there he wanted to leave. Sometimes he cycled to Arwacas without going to the house, changing his mind in the High Street, turning round and cycling back to Green Vale. When he closed the door of his room for the night it was like an imprisonment. He talked to himself, shouted, did everything as noisily as he could. Nothing replied. Nothing changed. _Amazing scenes were witnessed yesterday when._ The newspapers remained as jaunty as they had been, the quotations as sedate. _Of him I will never lose hold and he shall never lose hold of me._ But now in the shape and position of everything around him, the trees, the furniture, even those letters he had made with brush and ink, there was an alertness, an expectancy. Seth announced one Saturday that there were to be changes on the estate at the end of the crop season. Some twenty acres which had for many years been rented to labourers were to be taken over. Seth and Mr Biswas went from hut to hut, breaking the news. As soon as he entered a labourer's hut Seth lost his briskness. He looked tired and sounded tired; he accepted a cup of tea and drank it wearily; then he spoke, as though the matter was trivial, burdensome only to him, and the land was being taken from the labourers purely for their benefit. The labourers listened politely and asked Seth and Mr Biswas whether they wanted more tea. Seth accepted at once, saying it was very good tea. He played with the thin-limbed, big-eyed children, made them laugh and gave them coppers to buy sweeties. Their parents protested he was spoiling them. Afterwards Seth said to Mr Biswas, 'You can't trust those buggers. They are going to give a lot of trouble. You better watch out.' The labourers never spoke about the land to Mr Biswas, and while the crop was being reaped there was no trouble. When the land was bare Seth said, 'They will want to dig up the roots. Don't let them.' It was not long before Mr Biswas had to report that some roots had been dug up. Seth said, 'It looks as though I will have to horsewhip one or two of them.' 'No, not that. You go back every night to sleep safe and sound in Arwacas. I have to stay here.' In the end they decided to employ a watchman, and the land was prepared, without further trouble, for the new crop. 'You think the whole thing worth it?' Mr Biswas asked. 'Paying watchman and everything?' 'In a year or so we wouldn't have any trouble,' Seth said. 'People get used to everything.' And it seemed that Seth was right. The dispossessed labourers, though they saw Mr Biswas every day, contented themselves with sending him messages by other labourers. 'Dookinan says that he know you have a kind heart and wouldn't want to do anything to harm him. Five children, you know.' 'Is not me,' Mr Biswas said. 'Is not my land. I just doing a job and drawing a salary.' The labourers' acceptance, at first touched with hope, turned to resignation. And resignation turned to hostility, directed not against Seth, who was feared, but against Mr Biswas. He was no longer mocked; but no one smiled at him, and outside the fields he was ignored. Every night he bolted himself in his room. As soon as he was still he felt the stillness around him and he had to make movements to destroy the stillness, to challenge the alertness of the room and the objects in it. He was rocking hard on the creaking board one night when he thought of the power of the rockers to grind and crush and inflict pain, on his hands and toes and the tenderer parts of his body. He rose at once in agony, covering his groin with his hands, sucking hard on his teeth, listening to the chair as, rocking, it moved sideways along the cambered plank. The chair fell silent. He looked away from it. On the wall he saw a nail that could puncture his eye. The window could trap and mangle. So could the door. Every leg of the green table could press and crush. The castors of the dressingtable. The drawers. He lay face down on the bed, not wanting to see and, to drive out the shapes of objects from his head, he concentrated on the shapes of letters, working out design after design for the letter R. At last he fell asleep, with his hands covering the vulnerable parts of his body, and wishing he had hands to cover himself all over. In the morning he was better; he had forgotten his fears. There had been many changes at Hanuman House, but though he went there two or three times a week he noticed the changes as from a distance and felt in no way concerned. Marriage had taken away one wave of children, among them the contortionist. Marriage had also overtaken the elder god, though for some time it had looked as though he might be reprieved. The search among the eligible families had failed to provide someone beautiful and educated and rich enough to satisfy Mrs Tulsi or her daughters, who, notwithstanding the chancy haste of their own marriages, based solely on caste, thought that their brother's bride should be chosen with a more appropriate concern. For a short time afterwards a search was made for an educated, beautiful and rich girl from a caste family who had been converted to Christianity and had lapsed. Finally, it was agreed that any educated, beautiful and rich Indian girl would do, provided she had no Muslim taint. The oil families, whatever their original condition, were too grand. So they searched among the families in soft drinks, the families in ice, the transport families, the cinema families, the families in filling stations. And at last, in a laxly Presbyterian family with one filling station, two lorries, a cinema and some land, they found a girl. Each side patronized the other and neither suspected it was being patronized; after smooth and swift negotiations the marriage took place in a registry office, and the elder god, contrary to Hindu custom and the traditions of his family, did not bring his bride home, but left Hanuman House for good, no longer talking of suicide, to look after the lorries, cinema, land and filling station of his wife's family. His departure was followed by another. Mrs Tulsi went to live in Port of Spain, not caring for the younger god to be in that city by himself, and not trusting anyone else to look after him. She bought not one house, but three: one to live in, two to rent out. She travelled up to Port of Spain with the god every Sunday evening and came down with him every Friday afternoon. During her absences the accepted degrees of precedence at Hanuman House lost some of their meaning. Sushila, the widow, was reduced to nonentity. Many sisters attempted to seize power and a number of squabbles ensued. Offended sisters ostentatiously looked after their own families, sometimes even cooking separately for a day or two. Padma, Seth's wife, alone continued to be respected, but she showed no inclination to assert authority. Seth exacted the obedience of everyone; he could not impose harmony. That was reestablished every week-end, when Mrs Tulsi and the younger god returned. And just before the school holidays all quarrels were forgotten. The house was scrubbed and cleaned, the brass polished and the yard tidied, as though to receive passing royalty; and the brothers-in-law vied with one another in laying aside offerings for the god: a Julie mango, a bunch of bananas, an especially large purple-skinned avocado pear. Mr Biswas brought nothing. Shama complained. 'And what about my son, eh?' Mr Biswas said. 'He lost in the crowd? Who looking after him? He not studying too?' For, halfway through the term, Anand had begun to go to the mission school. He hated it. He soaked his shoes in water; he was flogged and sent to school in wet shoes. He threw away Captain Cutteridge's _First Primer_ and said it had been stolen; he was flogged and given another copy. 'Anand is a coward,' Savi told Mr Biswas. 'He still frightened of school. And you know what Aunt Chinta say to him yesterday? "If you don't look out you will come a grass-cutter just like your father." ' 'Grass-cutter! Look, look, Savi. The next time your aunt Chinta open that big mouth' – he broke off, remembering grammar – 'the next time she opens her big mouth –' Savi smiled. '– you just ask her whether she has ever read Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus.' These were household names to Savi. 'Munnih-munnih-munnih,' Mr Biswas muttered. 'Munnih-munnih?' 'Money. Checking munnih-munnih-munnih. That is the only way your mother's family like to get their fat little hands dirty. Look, the next time Chinta or anybody else says I am a grass-cutter, you just tell them that it is better to be a grass-cutter than a crab-catcher. You got that? Better to be a grass-cutter than a crab-catcher.' And he opened the campaign himself. He had seen some large blue-backed crabs scrambling awkwardly about the black tank in the yard. 'Whoo!' he said in the hall. 'Those are big crabs in the tank. Where did they come from?' 'Govind bought them for Mai and Owad,' Chinta said proudly. 'Bought them?' Mr Biswas said. 'Anybody would say that he caught them.' When he next went to Hanuman House he found that Savi had delivered all his messages. Chinta came straight up to him and said, with the mannishness she put on when Mrs Tulsi was away, 'Brother-in-law, I want you to know that until you came to this house there were no crab-catchers here.' 'Eh? No what?' 'Crab-catchers.' 'Crab-catchers? What about crab-catchers? You don't have enough here?' 'Marcus Aurelius-Aurelius,' Chinta said, retreating to the kitchen. 'Shama sister, I don't want to meddle in the way you are bringing up your children, but you are turning them into men and women before their time.' Mr Biswas winked at Savi. Presently Chinta came out to the hall again. She had obviously thought of something to say. Sternly and needlessly she rearranged chairs and benches and straightened the photographs of Pundit Tulsi and a huge Chinese calendar which showed a woman of sly beauty against a background of tamed trees and waterfalls. 'Savi,' Chinta said at last, and her voice was gentle, 'you reach first standard at school and you must know the poetry Captain Cutteridge have in that book. I don't think your father know it because I don't think your father reach first standard.' Mr Biswas had not been brought up on Captain Cutteridge but on the _Royal Reader._ Nevertheless he said, 'First standard? I skipped that one. I went straight from Introductory to second standard.' 'I thought so, brother-in-law. But you, Savi, you know the poetry I mean. The one about _felo-de-se._ The little pigs. You know it?' 'I know it! I know it!' a boy exclaimed. This was Jai, the expert lace-knotter, fourteen months younger than Savi. He had developed into something of an exhibitionist. He ran to the centre of the hall, held his hands behind his back and said, 'The Three Little Piggies. By Sir Alfred Scott-Gatty.' _A jolly old sow once lived in a sty._ _And three little piggies had she,_ _And she waddled about, saying, 'Umph! Umph! Umph!'_ _While the little ones said, 'Wee! Wee!'_ _'My dear little brothers,' said one of the brats,_ _'My dear little piggies,' said he,_ _'Let us all for the future say, "Umph! Umph! Umph!"_ _'Tis so childish to say, "Wee! Wee!" '_ While Jai recited Chinta moved her head up and down in time to the rhythm and stared smilingly at Savi. 'So after a time,' Jai went on, _So after a time these little pigs died,_ _They all died of 'felo-de-se',_ _From trying too hard to say, 'Umph! Umph! Umph!'_ _When they could only say, 'Wee! Wee!'_ 'A moral there is to this little song,' Chinta said, continuing the poem with Jai and wagging her finger at Savi. 'A moral that's easy to see.' _'Felo-de-se?'_ Mr Biswas said. 'Sounds like the name of a crab-catcher to me.' Chinta stamped, irritated as when she lost at cards, and, looking as though she was about to cry, went back to the kitchen. 'Shama sister,' Mr Biswas heard her say in a breaking voice, 'I want you to ask your husband to stop provoking me. Otherwise I will just have to tell _him' –_ her husband, Govind – 'and you know what happened when _he_ had a little falling-out with your husband.' 'All right, Chinta sister, I will tell him.' Shama came out and said, with annoyance, 'Man, stop provoking C. You know she can't take jokes.' 'Jokes? What jokes? Crab-catching is no joke, you hear.' Chinta had her revenge a few days later. Mr Biswas arrived at Hanuman House when the evening meal was over and the children were sitting about the hall in groups of three or four, reading primers or pretending to read. One of the economies of the house was that as many children as possible shared a book; and the children were talking among themselves and trying to hide the fact by holding their hands over their mouths and turning pages regularly. When Mr Biswas came they looked at him with amusement and expectancy. Chinta smiled. 'You have come to see your son, brother-in-law?' A rustle of turning pages coincided with many muffled titters. Savi left a group around a book and came to Mr Biswas. She looked unhappy. 'Anand upstairs.' When they were halfway up she whispered, 'He kneeling down.' In the hall Chinta was singing. 'Kneeling down? What for?' 'He mess up himself at school today and had to leave.' They went through the Book Room to the long room, which he and Shama had occupied after their marriage. The lotus decorations on the wall were as faded as before; the Demerara window through which he had gargled was propped open with a section of a broomstick. Anand was kneeling in a corner with his face to the wall. 'He kneeling down since this afternoon,' Savi said. Mr Biswas didn't feel this was true. Anand had been left to himself, and was now kneeling upright, without a sign of fatigue, as though he had just begun. 'Stop kneeling,' Mr Biswas said. He was surprised at Anand's outraged and querulous reply. 'They _tell_ me to kneel down and I _going_ to kneel down.' It was the first time he had seen Anand in a temper. He looked at the boy's narrow shoulder blades below the thin cotton shirt; the slender neck, the large head; the thin eczema-stained legs in small, loose trousers; the blackened soles – shoes were to be worn only outside the house – and the big toes. 'He was frightened,' Savi said. 'To do what?' 'Frightened to ask Teacher permission to leave the room. And when he leave the room he was frightened again. Frightened to use the school wc.' 'Is a _nasty, stinking_ place,' Anand burst out, getting off his knees and turning to face them. 'It really is,' Savi said. 'And then – well –' Anand cried. 'He went back to the classroom and Teacher ask him to leave.' Anand looked down at the floor, sniffing and running his fingers along the grooves between the floorboards. 'Well, just then school was over and everybody walk behind Anand. Everybody was laughing.' 'And when I come home Ma beat me,' Anand said. He wasn't complaining. He was angry. 'Ma _beat_ me. _She_ beat me.' Repeated, the words lost their anger and became pleas for sympathy. Mr Biswas became the buffoon. He told about his own misadventure at Pundit Jairam's, caricaturing himself, and ridiculing Anand's shame. Anand didn't look up or smile. But he had ceased to cry. He said, 'I don't want to go back to that school.' 'You want to come with me?' Anand didn't reply. They all went down to the hall. Mr Biswas said, 'Look, Shama, don't make this boy kneel down again, you hear.' Sushila, the widow, said, 'When we were small Mai used to make us kneel on graters for a thing like that.' 'Well, I don't want my children to grow up like you, that is all.' Sushila, childless, husbandless and now without the protection of Mrs Tulsi, swept upstairs, complaining that advantage was being taken of her situation. Chinta said, 'You are taking your son home with you, brother-in-law?' Shama, noting Mr Biswas's serene mood, said sternly, 'Anand not going anywhere. He got to stay here and go to school.' 'Why?' Chinta asked. 'Brother-in-law could teach him. I sure he know the ABC' 'A for apple, B for bat, C for crab,' Mr Biswas said. Anand followed Mr Biswas outside and seemed unwilling to let him leave. He said nothing; he simply hung around the bicycle, occasionally rubbing up against it. Mr Biswas was irritated by his shyness, but he was again touched by the boy's fragility and the carefully ragged 'home clothes' which Anand, like the other children, wore the minute he came from school. Anand's washed-out khaki shorts were spectacularly patched, had slits but no pockets and a gaping empty fob. His shirt was darned and frayed and the collar was chewed; from the crooked stitches, the irregular cut, the weak and absurd decoration on the pocket Mr Biswas could tell that the shirt had been made by Shama. He asked, 'You want to come with me?' Anand only smiled and looked down and spun the bicycle pedal with his big toe. It would soon be dark. Mr Biswas had no lamp (every bicycle lamp and every bicycle pump he bought was promptly stolen) and he could never contrive, as some cyclists did, less to light their way than to appease the police, to ride with a lighted candle in an open paper-bag in one hand. He cycled down the High Street. Just past the shop with the Red Rose Tea Is Good Tea sign, he looked back. Anand was still under the arcade, next to one of the thick white pillars with the lotus-shaped base; standing and staring like that other boy Mr Biswas had seen outside a low hut at dusk. When he got to Green Vale it was dark. Under the trees it was night. The sounds from the barracks were assertive and isolated one from the other: snatches of talk, the sound of frying, a shout, the cry of a child: sounds thrown up at the starlit sky from a place that was nowhere, a dot on the map of the island, which was a dot on the map of the world. The dead trees ringed the barracks, a wall of flawless black. He locked himself in his room. That week he decided he couldn't wait any longer. Unless he started his house now he never would. His children would stay at Hanuman House, he would remain in the barrackroom, and nothing would arrest his descent into the void. Every night he wound himself up to a panic at his inaction, every morning he reaffirmed his decision, and on Saturday he spoke to Seth about a site. 'Rent you land?' Seth said. 'Rent? Look, man, there is the land. Why don't you just choose a site and build? Don't talk to me about renting.' The site Mr Biswas had in mind was about two hundred yards from the barracks, screened from it by the trees and separated from it by a shallow damp depression which ran with muddy water after rain. Trees also screened the road. But when he thought of the land as the site of his house, the trees did not seem unfriendly; and he liked to think of the spot as a 'bower', a word that had come to him from Wordsworth by way of the _Royal Reader._ On Sunday morning, after he had had some cocoa, shop bread and red butter, he went to see the builder. The builder lived in a crumbling wooden house in a small Negro settlement not far from Arwacas. Just over the gutter a badly-written notice board announced that George Maclean was a carpenter and cabinet-maker; this announcement was choked by much subsidiary information scattered all over the board in small and wavering letters; Mr Maclean was also a blacksmith and a painter; he made tin cups and he soldered; he sold fresh eggs; he had a ram for service; and all his prices were keen. Mr Biswas called, 'Morning!' From the shack in the hard yellow yard a Negro woman came out, a large calabash full of corn in one hand. Her tight cotton dress imperfectly covered her big body and her kinky hair was in curlers and twists of newspaper. 'The carpenter home?' Mr Biswas asked. The woman called, 'Géorgie!' For a fat woman her voice was surprisingly thin. Mr Maclean appeared above the half-door at the side of the house. He looked at Mr Biswas suspiciously. The woman walked to the far end of the yard, scattering corn and clucking loudly, calling the poultry to feed. Mr Biswas didn't know how to begin. He couldn't just say, 'I want to build a house.' He didn't have all the necessary money and he didn't want to deceive Mr Maclean or expose himself to his scorn. He said shyly, 'I have a little business I want to talk to you about.' Mr Maclean pushed open the lower half of the door and came down the concrete steps. He was middle-aged, tall and thin; he looked as eager and uncertain as his board. His profession was a frustrating one. The county abounded in work he had not been allowed to finish: exposed and rotting house-frames, houses that had begun with concrete and dressed wood and ended with mud walls and tree branches. Evidence of his compensating activities lay about the yard. In an open shed at the back a half-finished wheel stood amid shavings. Here and there Mr Biswas saw goat droppings. 'What sort of business?' Mr Maclean asked. He reached up and pulled a window open. It rattled and glittered; it was hung on the inside with strings of tin cups. 'Is about a house.' 'Oh. Repairs?' 'Not exactly. It ain't build yet. As a matter of fact –' 'Georgie!' Mrs Maclean shouted. 'Come and see what that damn mongoose do again.' Mr Maclean went to the back of the house. Mr Biswas heard him mumbling evenly. 'Damn nuisance,' he said, coming back, striking his trousers with a switch. 'So, you want me to build a house for you?' Mr Biswas mistook his wariness for sarcasm and said defensively, 'Is not a mansion.' 'That is a blessing. Too much people putting up mansion these days. You ever had a close look at the County Road?' He paused. 'Upstairs house?' Mr Biswas nodded. 'Upstairs house. Small thing. But neat. I don't want too much to make me happy,' he ran on, made uneasy by Mr Maclean. 'I don't see any point in pretending that you have more money than you really have.' 'Naturally,' Mr Maclean said. With the switch he flicked some fowl droppings from the yard into the thick dust under the floor of his own house. Then he drew two equal and adjacent squares on the ground. 'You want two bedrooms.' 'And a drawingroom.' Mr Maclean added another square of the same size. To this he added half a square and said, 'And a gallery.' 'That's it. Nothing too fancy for me. Small and neat.' 'You want a door from the gallery to the front bedroom. A wood door. And you want another door to the drawingroom. With coloured glass panes.' 'Yes, yes.' 'One side of the gallery you want board up. For the front you would like some fancy rails. You want a nice concrete step with a banister in front.' 'Yes, yes.' 'For the front bedroom you want glass windows, and if you get the money you going to paint them white. The back windows could be pure board. And you want a plain wood staircase at the back, with no banister or anything like that. The kitchen you going to build yourself, somewhere in the yard.' 'Exactly.' 'That's a nice little house you have there. A lot of people would like it. It going to cost you about two hundred and fifty, three hundred dollars. Labour, you know –' He looked at Mr Biswas and slowly rubbed a bare foot over the drawing on the ground. 'I don't know. I busy these days.' He pointed to the unfinished wheel in the shed. A hen cackled, proclaiming an egg. 'Georgie! Is the Leghorn.' There was a tremendous squawking and flapping among the poultry. Mr Maclean said, 'Is a lucky thing. Otherwise she was going straight in the pot.' 'We not bound and 'bliged to build the whole thing right away,' Mr Biswas said. 'Rome wasn't built in a day, you know.' 'So they say. But Rome get build. Anyway, as soon as I get some time I going to come and we could look at the site. You have a site?' 'Yes, yes, man. Have a site.' 'Well, in about two-three days then.' He came early that afternoon, in hat, shoes and an ironed shirt, and they went to look at the site. 'Is a real little bower,' Mr Biswas said. 'Is a sloping site!' Mr Maclean said in surprise and almost with pleasure. 'You really have to have high pillars.' 'High on one side, low on the other. It could practically be a style. And then I was thinking about a little path down to the road here. Steps. In the ground itself. Garden on both sides. Roses. Exora. Oleanders. Bougainvillaea and poinsettia. And some Queen of Flowers. And a neat little bamboo bridge to the road.' 'It sound nice.' 'I was thinking. About the house. It would be nice to have concrete pillars. Not naked though. I don't think that does look nice. Plastered and smooth.' 'I know what you mean. You think you could give me about a hundred and fifty dollars just to start off with?' Mr Biswas hesitated. 'You mustn't think I want to meddle in your private affairs. I just wanting to know how much you want to spend right away.' Mr Biswas walked away from Mr Maclean, among the bushes on the damp site, the weeds and the nettles. 'About a hundred,' he said. 'But at the end of the month I could give you a little bit more.' 'A hundred.' 'All right?' 'Yes, is all right. For a start.' They went through the weeds and over the leaf-choked gutter to the narrow gravelly road. 'Every month we build a little,' Mr Biswas said. 'Little by little.' 'Yes, little by little.' Mr Maclean wasn't animated, but some of his wariness had gone; he even sounded encouraging. 'I will have to get some labour. Helluva thing these days, getting good labour.' He spoke the word with relish. And the word pleased Mr Biswas too. 'Yes, you must get labour,' he said, suppressing his astonishment that there were people who depended on Mr Maclean for a living. 'But you better get a few more cents quick.' Mr Maclean said, almost friendly now. 'Otherwise you wouldn't get any concrete pillars.' 'Must have concrete pillars.' 'Then all the house _you_ going to build will be a row of concrete pillars with nothing on top of them.' They walked on. 'A row of coal barrels,' Mr Biswas said. Mr Maclean didn't intrude. 'Just send me a coal barrel. Yes, you old bitch. Just a coal barrel.' He decided to borrow the money from Ajodha. He didn't want to ask Seth or Mrs Tulsi. And he couldn't ask Misir: their relationship had cooled since he had borrowed from him to pay Mungroo and Seebaran and Mahmoud. And yet he was unwilling to go to Ajodha. He walked out of the barrackyard but before he reached the main road decided to let the matter rest until the following Sunday. He walked back to his room and put on his bicycle clips, thinking he would spend the afternoon at Hanuman House instead. But he knew so clearly what he would find there that he took off his bicycle clips. Eventually it was the room that drove him out. He caught two buses and was at Pagotes in the late afternoon. He entered Tara's yard through the wide side gate of unpainted corrugated iron and went down the gravelled way to the garage and the cowpen. Nothing in this part of the yard seemed to have changed since he had first seen it. The plum tree was as desolate as ever; it bore fruit regularly but its grey branches were almost bare and looked dry and stiff and brittle. He no longer wondered what would be done with the heap of scrap metal, and he had given up the hope, which he had had as a boy, of seeing the rusting body of a motorcar reanimated and driven away. The mound of manured grass changed in size but remained where it always had been. For despite the cost and the trouble, and the multiplication of his business interests, Ajodha still kept two or three cows in his yard. They were his pets; he spent most of his free time in the cowpen, which he could never finish improving. From the cowpen came the hiss of milk in a bucket and the mumble of conversation. It was Sunday; Ajodha would certainly be in the cowpen. Mr Biswas didn't look. He hurried to the back verandah, hoping to see Tara first and to catch her alone. She was alone, except for the servant girl. She greeted him so warmly that he at once felt ashamed of his mission. His resolve to speak directly came to nothing, for when he asked how she was she replied at length and, instead of asking for money, he had to give sympathy. Indeed, she didn't look well. Her breathing had grown worse and she couldn't move about easily; her body had broadened and become slack; her hair had thinned; her eyes had lost their brightness. The servant girl brought him a cup of tea and Tara followed the girl back to the kitchen. The top shelves of the bookcase were still packed with the disintegrating volumes of _The Book of Comprehensive Knowledge,_ for which Ajodha had not paid. The lower shelves contained magazines, motor manufacturers' catalogues and illustrated trilingual souvenir booklets of Indian films. The religious pictures on the walls were crowded out by calendars from the distributors of American and English motor vehicles, and an enormous framed photograph of an Indian actress. Tara came back to the verandah and said that she hoped Mr Biswas would stay to dinner. He had intended to; apart from everything else, he liked their food. She sat down in Ajodha's rockingchair and asked after the children. He told her about the one that was coming. She asked about the Tulsis and he replied as briefly as he could. He knew that, though the two houses had little to do with one another, an antagonism existed between them. The Tulsis, who did _puja_ every day and celebrated every Hindu festival, regarded Ajodha as a man who pursued wealth and comfort and modernity and had alienated himself from the faith. Ajodha and Tara simply thought the Tulsis squalid, and had always made it clear that they considered Mr Biswas's marriage into that house a calamity. It was doubly embarrassing to Mr Biswas to discuss the Tulsis with Tara, since despite his concern for his children he found it hard not to agree with her view, particularly when he was in her clean, uncrowded, comfortable house, waiting for a meal he knew would be good. The cowman came from the pen, called to the girl in the kitchen and passed her the bucket of milk through the window. Then, at the standpipe in the yard he washed his Wellingtons, took them off, washed his feet and hands and face. Mr Biswas felt more and more reluctant to tell Tara what he had come for. Then it was too late. Rabidat, Bhandat's younger son, came in, and Tara and Mr Biswas fell silent. As far as Tara and Ajodha were concerned, Rabidat was still a bachelor, though it was generally known that, like his brother Jagdat, he was living with a woman of another race and had some children, no one knew how many, by her. He was wearing sandals and brief khaki shorts; his tail-less shirt flapped loose, unbuttoned all the way down, the short sleeves rolled up almost to his armpits. It was as though, unable to hide his prognathous face, he wished to display the rest of himself as well. He had a superb body, well proportioned and well developed and not grossly muscular. He barely nodded to Mr Biswas and ignored Tara. When he sat sprawling on a chair, two thin folds of skin appeared about his middle; they were almost a disfigurement of his neatness. He sucked his teeth, took a film booklet from the bookcase and flicked through it, breathing loudly, his small eyes intent, his prognathous sneer more pronounced. He threw the booklet back on the bookcase and said, 'How is everything, Mohun?' Without waiting for an answer he shouted at the kitchen, 'Food, girl!' and clamped his mouth shut. 'Ooh! The married man!' It was Ajodha, back from the cowpen. Rabidat rearranged his legs. Before Mr Biswas could reply, Ajodha stopped smiling and spoke to Rabidat about the behaviour of a certain lorry. Rabidat shifted in his chair and sucked his teeth, not looking up. Ajodha raised his voice querulously. Rabidat explained awkwardly, sulkily, insolently. He seemed to be trying to bite the inside of his lower lip, and his voice, though deep, was blurred. Abruptly Ajodha lost interest in the lorry and smiled mischievously at Mr Biswas. Tara got up from the rockingchair and Ajodha sat in it, fanning his face and opening a shirt button to reveal a grey-haired chest. 'How many children has the married man got now? Seven, eight, a dozen?' Rabidat smiled uneasily, got up and went to the kitchen. Mr Biswas thought he would be brave and begin. 'Late last night,' he said, 'some 'larmist bring me a message that my mother was very sick. So I came to see her today and as I was here I thought I would come and see you.' The servant girl brought a glass of milk for Ajodha. He received it reverentially, holding the glass as though any pressure might cause it to break. He said, 'Bring Mohun some. You know, Mohun, milk is a food in itself, especially when it is fresh like this.' The milk was brought and drunk. Mr Biswas welcomed the pause. The absurd story he had just made up didn't sound convincing, and he hoped he would be allowed to drop it. 'And how was your mother?' Tara asked. 'I heard nothing.' Oh, she. She was all right. It was just some 'larmist, that was all.' Ajodha rocked gently. 'What about your job, Mohun? Somehow I never felt you were made for a job in the fields. Eh, Tara?' 'Well, as a matter of fact,' Mr Biswas said briskly, 'it was that I wanted to talk to you about. You see, this is a steady job –' Ajodha said, 'Mohun, I don't think you are looking well at all. Eh, Tara? Look at his face. And, eh –' He broke off with a giggle and said in English, 'Look, look. He getting a punch.' He stabbed at Mr Biswas's belly with a long sharp finger, and when Mr Biswas winced Ajodha gave a little yelping laugh. 'Pap,' he said. 'Your belly soft like pap. Like a woman. All you young people getting bellies these days.' He winked at Mr Biswas; then, tilting back his head, he said loudly, 'Even Rabidat got a punch.' Tara gave a short, chesty laugh. Rabidat came out of the kitchen, chewing, his mouth full, and mumbled incomprehensibly. Ajodha grimaced, 'Take your face back to the kitchen. You know you make me ill when you talk with your mouth full.' Rabidat swallowed hurriedly. 'Punch?' he said, nibbling at his lower lip. 'I got a punch?' He pulled his shirt off his shoulders, drew in his breath and the definitions of his abdominal muscles became sharper. Above his sneering mouth his small eyes glittered. Smiling, Ajodha said, 'All right, Rabidat. Go back and eat. I was only teasing.' The demonstration had pleased him; he was as proud of Rabidat's body as of his own. 'Good food,' he told Mr Biswas. 'And lots of exercise.' He threw back his shoulders, stuck out his stomach, grabbed Mr Biswas's soft hand with his firm, long fingers and said, 'Feel that. Come on, feel it.' Mr Biswas didn't respond. Ajodha seized one of Mr Biswas's fingers and pulled it hard against his stomach. Mr Biswas felt his finger bend backwards; he wrenched it from Ajodha's grasp. 'There,' Ajodha said. 'Hard as steel. You still sleep with a pillow, I imagine?' Surreptitiously rubbing his paining finger against its neighbour, Mr Biswas nodded. 'I never use a pillow. Nature didn't intend us to use pillows. Train your children from the start, Mohun. Don't let them use pillows. Ooh! _Four_ children!' Ajodha gave another little yelp of laughter, jumped out of his chair, walked to the verandah half-wall and shouted irritably to someone outside. He had heard the cowman preparing to leave and was only bidding him good night; that was the voice he always used with his employees. The cowman replied and Ajodha returned to his chair. 'Married man!' 'Well, as I was saying,' Mr Biswas said, 'this job I have is steady. And I am beginning to build a little house.' 'O good, Mohun,' Tara said. 'Very good.' 'I don't know how you managed to live at Hanuman House,' Ajodha said. 'How many people live in that place?' 'About two hundred,' Mr Biswas said, and they all laughed. 'Now, this house is going to be a proper house —' 'You know what you should do, Mohun?' Ajodha said. 'You should take Sanatogen. Not one bottle. Take the full course. You don't get any benefit unless you take the full course.' Tara nodded. Rabidat came out of the kitchen again. 'What is this I hear about a house, Mohun? You build a house? Where you get all this money from?' 'He has been saving up,' Ajodha said impatiently. 'Not like you. You are going to end up living in a hole in the ground, Rabidat. I don't know what you do with your money.' It was only indirectly, like this, that Ajodha referred to Rabidat's outside life. 'Look. You!' Rabidat said. 'I wasn't born with money, you hear. And I don't have the scheming mind to make any. My father neither.' He was being provocative, since any mention of his father, like any mention of Mr Biswas's sister, was forbidden. Ajodha frowned and rocked violently. And Mr Biswas realized that the time to ask had gone for good. Ajodha's look wasn't the one he assumed so easily, of worry and petulance, which meant nothing, though it filled his employees with dread. It was a look of anger. Ignoring Ajodha and smiling at Mr Biswas, Rabidat asked, 'A dirt house?' 'No, man. Concrete pillars. Two bedrooms and a drawingroom. Galvanized roof and everything.' But Rabidat wasn't listening. 'Tara!' Ajodha said. 'If I didn't take him out of the gutter, where would he be today? If I didn't feed him all that food' – rising so swiftly that the rockingchair shot backwards, he went up to Rabidat and held his biceps – 'do you think he would have these?' _'Don't touch me!'_ Rabidat bawled. Mr Biswas jumped. Ajodha whipped away his hand. 'Don't touch me!' Tears sprang to Rabidat's small eyes. He closed them tightly, as if in great pain, lifted one foot high and brought it down with all his strength on the floor. 'You didn't make me. If you want to touch children, make them. What you want me to do with the food you feed me? What?' Tara got up and passed her hand on Rabidat's back. 'All right, all right, Rabidat. It is time for you to go to the theatre.' One of his duties was to go to the cinema twice a day to check the takings. Breathing hard, almost grunting, and chewing up his words into incomprehensible sounds, he went up the two steps that led from the back verandah to the main section of the house. Ajodha pulled the rockingchair towards him, sat on it and began to rock briskly. Tara smiled at Mr Biswas. 'I don't know what to do with them, Mohun.' 'Gratitude!' Ajodha said. 'Tell us about your house, Mohun,' Tara said. 'You take them out of a barrackroom and this is what you get.' 'House?' Mr Biswas said. 'Oh, is nothing really. A small little thing. Is for the children sake that I really building it.' 'We want to build over this house,' Tara said. 'But the trouble! The moment you want to put up anything good, so many forms, so many people's permission. When we built this house we had nothing like that. But I don't imagine you have that worry.' 'O no,' Mr Biswas said. 'No worry about that at all.' With those light, precise motions on which he prided himself, Ajodha jumped out of his chair and went through the half-door into the yard. 'Those two,' Tara said. 'Always quarrelling. But they don't mean anything. Tomorrow they will be like father and son.' They heard Ajodha in the cowpen abusing the absent cowman. Jagdat, Rabidat's elder brother, came in and asked in his cheerful way, 'Something eating your husband, Aunt?' and chuckled. Whenever Mr Biswas saw Jagdat he felt that Jagdat had just come from a funeral. Not only was his manner breezy; there was also his dress, which had never varied for many years: black shoes, black socks, dark blue serge trousers with a black leather belt, white shirt cuffs turned up above the wrist, and a gaudy tie: so that it seemed he had come back from a funeral, taken off his coat, undone his cuffs, replaced his black tie, and was generally making up for an afternoon of solemnity. His eyes were as small as Rabidat's, but livelier; his face was squarer; he laughed more often, showing rabbitlike teeth. With a hairy ringed hand he slapped Mr Biswas hard on the back, saying, 'The old Mohun, man!' 'The old Jagdat,' Mr Biswas said. 'Mohun is building a house,' Tara said. 'Has he come to invite us to the house-warming? We only see you at Christmas, man. You don't eat the rest of the year? Or is because of all the money you making?' And Jagdat roared with laughter. Ajodha came back from the cowpen and he and Mr Biswas and Jagdat ate in the verandah. Tara ate by herself in the kitchen. Ajodha was silent and sullen, Jagdat subdued. The food was good but Mr Biswas ate without pleasure. He had hoped that after the meal he would get Tara alone. But Ajodha remained rocking in the verandah and after a little Mr Biswas thought the time had come to leave. The girl had finished washing up in the kitchen, and the night silence made it seem later than it was. Tara said he should take back some fruit for the children. 'Vitamin C,' Ajodha said, in his irritable voice. 'Give him lots of vitamin C, Tara.' She obediently filled a bag with oranges. Then Ajodha went inside. As soon as he had gone Tara put some avocado pears into the bag, large purple-skinned ones such as, at Hanuman House, were set aside for Mrs Tulsi and the god. 'They will get ripe soon,' she said. 'The children will like them.' He didn't want to explain where the children lived and where he lived. But he was glad he hadn't asked her for money. 'I am sorry your uncle was in such a temper,' she said. 'But it doesn't mean anything. The boys are being a little difficult. They want money from him all the time and you can't blame him for getting angry sometimes. They are spreading all sorts of stories about him, too. He doesn't say anything. But he knows.' Mr Biswas went to say good-bye to Ajodha. His room was in darkness, the door was open, and Ajodha was lying on his pillowless bed with all his clothes on. Mr Biswas knocked lightly and there was no reply. The ledges on the walls were littered with papers. The room had only four pieces of furniture: the bed, a chair, a low chest of drawers and a black iron chest, the top of which was also covered with papers and magazines. Mr Biswas was about to go away when he heard Ajodha say gently, 'I am not asleep, Mohun. But these days I always rest after eating. You mustn't mind if I don't talk or get up.' On the way to the Main Road to get a bus Mr Biswas was hailed by someone. It was Jagdat. He put his hand on Mr Biswas's shoulder and conspiratorially offered a cigarette. Ajodha forbade smoking and for Jagdat a cigarette was still an excitement. Jagdat said breezily, 'You come to squeeze something out of the old man, eh?' 'What? Me? I just come to see the old people, man.' 'That wasn't what the old man tell me.' Jagdat waited, then clapped Mr Biswas on the back. 'But I didn't tell him anything.' 'The old Mohun, man. Trying out the old diplomatic tactic, eh. The old tic-tac-toe.' 'I wasn't trying out anything.' 'No, no. You mustn't think I look down on you for trying. What else you think I doing every day? But the old man sharp, boy. He could smell a thing like that before you even start thinking about it. So what, eh? You still building this house for the children sake?' 'You build one for yours?' There was a sudden abatement of Jagdat's high spirits. He stopped, half turned, as though about to go back, and raising his voice, said angrily, 'So they spreading stories about me, eh? To you?' He bawled, ' _O God!_ I going to go back and knock out all their false teeth. _Mohun!_ You hearing me?' The melodramatic flair seemed to run through the family. Mr Biswas said, 'They didn't tell me anything. But don't forget that I know you since you was a boy. And if is still the old Jagdat I imagine you have enough outside children now to make up your own little school.' Jagdat, still in the attitude of return, relaxed. They walked on. 'Just four or five,' Jagdat said. 'How you mean, four or five?' 'Well, four.' Some of Jagdat's bounce had gone and when, after some time, he spoke again, it was in an elegiac voice. 'Boy, I went to see my father last week. The man living in a small concrete room in Henry Street in a ramshackle old house full of creole people. And, and' – his voice was rising again – 'that son of a bitch' – he was screaming – 'that son of a bitch not doing a damn thing to help him.' In lighted windows curtains were raised. Mr Biswas plucked at Jagdat's sleeve. Jagdat dropped his voice to one of melancholy piety. 'You remember the old man, Mohun?' Mr Biswas remembered Bhandat well. 'His face,' Jagdat said, 'come small small.' He half-closed his small eyes and bunched the fingers of one hand raised in a gesture so delicate it might have been made by a pundit at a religious ceremony. 'O yes,' he went on, 'Ajodha always ready to give you vitamin A and vitamin B. But when it come to any real sort of help, don't go to him. Look. He employ a gardener one time. Old man, wearing rags, thin, sick, practically starving. Indian like you and me. Thirty cents a day. _Thirty_ cents! Still, poor man can't do better, in all the hot sun the old man working. Doing his little weeding and hoeing. About three o'clock, sun hot like blazes, sweating, back aching as if it want to break, he ask for a cup of tea. Well, they give him a cup of tea. But at the end of the day they dock six cents off his pay.' Mr Biswas said, 'You think they going to send me a bill for the food they give me?' 'Laugh if you want. But that is the way they treat poor people. My consolation is that they can't bribe God. God is good, boy.' They were in the Main Road, not far from the shop where Mr Biswas had served under Bhandat. The shop was now owned by a Chinese and a large signboard proclaimed the fact. The moment came to separate from Jagdat. But Mr Biswas was unwilling to leave him, to be alone, to get on the bus to go back through the night to Green Vale. Jagdat said, 'The first boy bright like hell, you know.' It was some seconds before Mr Biswas realized that Jagdat was talking about one of his celebrated illegitimate children. He saw anxiety in Jagdat's broad face, in the bright jumping little eyes. 'I glad,' Mr Biswas said. 'Now you could get him to read _That Body of Yours_ to you.' Jagdat laughed. 'The same old Mohun.' There was no need to ask where Jagdat was going. He was going to his family. He too, then, lived a divided life. 'She does work in a office,' Jagdat said, anxious again. Mr Biswas was impressed. 'Spanish,' Jagdat said. Mr Biswas knew this was a euphemism for a red-skinned Negro. 'Too hot for me, man.' 'But faithful,' Jagdat said. Knocked about on the wooden seat of the rackety rickety dim-lit bus, going past silent fields and past houses which were lightless and dead or bright and private, Mr Biswas no longer thought of the afternoon's mission, but of the night ahead. Early next morning Mr Maclean turned up at the barracks and said he had put off other pressing work and was ready to go ahead with Mr Biswas's house. He was in his poor but respectable business clothes. His ironed shirt was darned with almost showy neatness; his khaki trousers were clean and sharply creased, but the khaki was old and would not keep the crease for long. 'You decide how much you want to start off with?' 'A hundred,' Mr Biswas said. 'More at the end of the month. No concrete pillars.' 'Is only a sort of fanciness. You watch. I will get you a crapaud that would last a lifetime. Wouldn't make no difference.' 'Once it neat.' 'Neat and nice,' Mr Maclean said. 'Well, I suppose I better start seeing about materials and labour.' Materials came that afternoon. The crapaud pillars looked rough; they were not altogether round or altogether straight. But Mr Biswas was delighted by the new scantlings, and the new nails that came in several wrappings of newspaper. He took up handfuls of nails and let them fall again. The sound pleased him. 'Did not know nails was so heavy,' he said. Mr Maclean had brought a tool-box which had his initials on the cover and was like a large wooden suitcase. It contained a saw with an old handle and a sharp, oiled blade; several chisels and drills; a spirit-level and a T square; a plane; a hammer and a mallet; wedges with smooth, fringed heads; a ball of old, white-stained twine; and a lump of chalk. His tools were like his clothes: old but cared-for. He built a rough work-bench out of the materials and assured Mr Biswas that all the material would be eventually released for the house and would surfer little damage. That was why, he explained in reply to another of Mr Biswas's queries, no nail had been driven right in. The labour also came. The labour was a labourer named Edgar, a muscular, full-blooded Negro whose short khaki trousers were shaggy with patches, and whose vest, brown with dirt, was full of holes that had been distended by his powerful body into ellipses. Edgar cutlassed the site, leaving it a rich wet green. When Mr Biswas returned from the fields he found the brushed site marked in white with the plan of the house. Holes for pillars had been indicated and Edgar was digging. Not far off Mr Maclean had constructed a frame which rested level on stones and answered wonderfully to the design he had drawn in his yard. 'Gallery, drawingroom, bedroom, bedroom,' Mr Biswas said, hopping over the spars. 'Gallery, bedroom, bedroom, drawingroom.' The air smelled of sawdust. Sawdust had spilled rich red and cream on the grass and had been ground into the damp black earth by Edgar's bare feet and Mr Maclean's old, unshining working-boots. Mr Maclean talked to Mr Biswas about the difficulties of labour. 'I try to get Sam,' he said. 'But he a little too erratic and don't-care. Edgar, now, does do the work of two men. The only trouble is, you got to keep a eye on him all the time. Look at him.' Edgar was knee-deep in a hole and regularly throwing up spadefuls of black earth. 'You got to tell him to stop,' Mr Maclean said. 'Otherwise, he dig right through till he come out the other side. Well, boss, how about something to wet the job?' He made a drinking gesture. In the early days he had preferred to drink on the completion of a job; now he got his drink as soon as he could. Mr Biswas nodded and Mr Maclean called, 'Edgar!' Edgar went on digging. Mr Maclean tapped his forehead. 'You see what I tell you?' He put two fingers in his mouth and whistled. Edgar looked up and jumped out of his hole. Mr Maclean asked him to go to the rumshop and buy a nip of rum. Edgar ran to where his belongings were, seized a dusty, squashed and abbreviated felt hat, pressed it on his head and ran off. Some minutes later he came back, still running, one hand holding a bottle, the other holding down his hat. Mr Maclean opened the bottle, said, 'To you and the house, boss,' and drank. He passed the bottle to Edgar, who said, 'To you and the house, mister boss,' and drank without wiping the bottle. Mr Maclean required much space when he worked. Next day he built another frame and left it on the ground beside the frame of the floor. The new frame was of the back wall and Mr Biswas recognized the back door and the back window. Edgar finished digging the holes and set up three of the crapaud pillars, making them firm with stones taken from a heap left by the Public Works Department some distance away. One thing puzzled Mr Biswas. The materials had cost nearly eighty-five dollars. That left fifteen dollars to be divided between Mr Maclean and Edgar for work which, Mr Maclean said, would take from eight to ten days. Yet they were both cheerful; though Mr Maclean had complained, in a whisper, about the cost of labour. That afternoon, when Mr Maclean and Edgar left, Shama came. 'What is this I hear from Seth?' He showed her the frames on the ground, the three erect pillars, the mounds of dirt. 'I suppose you use up every cent you had?' 'Every red cent,' Mr Biswas said. 'Gallery, drawingroom, bedroom, bedroom.' Her pregnancy was beginning to be prominent. She puffed and fanned. 'Is all right for you. But what about me and the children?' 'What you mean? They going to be ashamed because their father building a house?' 'Because their father trying to set himself up in competition with people who have a lot more than him.' He knew what was upsetting her. He could imagine the whisperings at the monkey house, the puss-puss here, the puss-puss there. He said, 'I know you want to spend all the days of your life in that big coal barrel called Hanuman House. But don't try to keep my children there.' 'Where you going to get the money to finish the house?' 'Don't you worry your head about that. If you did worry a little bit more and a little bit earlier, by now we might have a house.' 'You just gone and throw away your money. You _want_ to be a pauper.' 'O God! Stop digging and digging at me like this!' 'Who digging? Look.' She pointed to Edgar's mounds of earth. 'You is the big digger.' He gave an annoyed little laugh. For some time they were silent. Then she said, 'You didn't even get a pundit or anything before you plant the first pillar.' 'Look. I get enough good luck the last time Hari come and bless the shop. Remember that.' 'I not going to live in that house or even step inside it if you don't get Hari to come and bless it.' 'If Hari come and bless it, it wouldn't surprise me if nobody at all even get a chance to live in it.' But she couldn't undo the frames and the pillars, and in the end he agreed. She went back to Hanuman House with an urgent message for Hari, and next morning Mr Biswas told Mr Maclean to wait until Hari had done his business. Hari came early, neither interested nor antagonistic, just constipatedly apathetic. He came in normal clothes, with his pundit's gear in a small cardboard suitcase. He bathed at one of the barrels behind the barracks, changed into a dhoti in Mr Biswas's room and went to the site with a brass jar, some mango leaves and other equipment. Mr Maclean had got Edgar to clean out a hole. In his thin voice Hari whined out the prayers. Whining, he sprinkled water into the hole with a mango leaf and dropped a penny and some other things wrapped in another mango leaf. Throughout the ceremony Mr Maclean stood up reverentially, his hat off. Then Hari went back to the barracks, changed into trousers and shirt, and was off. Mr Maclean looked surprised. 'That is all?' he asked. 'No sharing-out of anything – food and thing – as other Indians does do?' 'When the house finish,' Mr Biswas said. Mr Maclean bore his disappointment well. 'Naturally. I was forgetting.' Edgar was putting a pillar into the consecrated hole. Mr Biswas said to Mr Maclean, 'Is a waste of a good penny, if you ask me.' At the end of the week the house had begun to take shape. The floor-frame had been put on, and the frames for the walls; the roof was outlined. On Monday the back staircase went up after Mr Maclean's work-bench had been dismantled for its material. Then Mr Maclean said, 'We going to come back when you get some more materials.' Every day Mr Biswas went to the site and examined the skeleton of the house. The wooden pillars were not as bad as he had feared. From a distance they looked straight and cylindrical, contrasting with the squareness of the rest of the frame, and he decided that this was practically a style. He had to get floorboards; he wanted pitchpine for that, not the five inch width, which he thought common, but the two and a half inch, which he had seen in some ceilings. He had to get boards for the walls, broad boards, with tongue-and-groove. And he had to get corrugated iron for the roof, new sheets with blue triangles stamped on the silver, so that they looked like sheets of an expensive stone rather than iron. At the end of the month he set aside fifteen of his twenty-five dollars for the house. This was extravagant; he was eventually left with ten. At the end of the second month he could add only eight dollars. Then Seth came up with an offer. 'The old lady have some galvanize in Ceylon,' he said. 'From the old brick-factory.' The factory had been pulled down while Mr Biswas was living at The Chase. 'Five dollars,' Seth said. 'I don't know why I didn't think of it before.' Mr Biswas went to Hanuman House. 'How is the house, brother-in-law?' Chinta asked. 'Why you asking? Hari bless it, and you know what does happen when Hari bless something.' Anand and Savi followed Mr Biswas to the back, where everything was gritty with the chaff from the new rice-mill next door, and the iron sheets were stacked like a very old pack of cards against the fence. The sheets were of varying shapes, bent, warped and richly rusted, with corners curled into vicious-looking hooks, corrugations irregularly flattened out, and nail-holes everywhere, dangerous to the touch. Anand said, 'Pa, you not going to use _that?_ ' 'You will make the house look like a shack,' Savi said. 'You want something to cover your house,' Seth said. 'When you are sheltering from the rain you don't run outside to look at what is sheltering you. Take it for three dollars.' Mr Biswas thought again of the price of new corrugated iron, of the exposed frame of his house. 'All right,' he said. 'Send it.' Anand, who had been displaying more and more energy since his misadventure at school, said, 'All _right!_ Go ahead and buy it and put it on your old house. I don't care what it look like now.' 'Another little paddler,' Seth said. But Mr Biswas felt as Anand. He too didn't care what the house looked like now. When he got back to Green Vale he found Mr Maclean. They were both embarrassed. 'I was doing a job in Swampland,' Mr Maclean said. 'I was just passing by here and I thought I would drop in.' 'I was going to come to see you the other day,' Mr Biswas said. 'But you know how it is. I got about eighteen dollars. No, fifteen. I just went to Arwacas to buy some galvanize for the roof.' 'Just in time too, boss. Otherwise all the money you did spend woulda waste.' 'Not new galvanize, you know. I mean, not brand-brand new.' 'The thing about galvanize is that you could always make it look nice. You go be surprised what a little bit of paint could do.' 'They have a few holes here and there. A few. Tiny tiny.' 'We could fix those up easy. Mastic cement. Not expensive, boss.' Mr Biswas noted the change in Mr Maclean's tone. 'Boss, I know you want pitchpine for the floor. I know pitchpine nice. It does look nice and it does smell nice and it easy to keep clean. But you know it does burn easy. Easy, easy.' 'I was thinking the same thing,' Mr Biswas said. 'At _pujas_ we always use pitchpine.' To burn the offerings in a quick, scented flame. 'Boss, I got some cedar planks. A man in Swampland offer me a whole pile of cedar for seven dollars. Seven dollars for a hundred and fifty foot of cedar is a real bargain.' Mr Biswas hesitated. Of all wood cedar appealed to him least. The colour was pleasing but the smell was acrid and clinging. It was such a soft wood that a fingernail could mark it and splinters could be bitten off with teeth. To be strong it had to be thick; then its thickness made it look ungainly. 'Now, boss, I know they is only rough planks. But you know me. When I finish planing them they would be level level, and when I join them together you wouldn't be able to slip a sheet of bible-paper between them.' 'Seven dollars. That leave eight for you.' Mr Biswas meant it was little to pay for laying a floor and putting on a roof. But Mr Maclean was offended. 'My labour,' he said. The corrugated iron came that week-end on a lorry that also brought Anand and Savi and Shama. Anand said, 'Aunt Sushila bawl off the men when they was loading the galvanize on the lorry.' 'She tell them to throw them down hard, eh?' Mr Biswas said. 'Is that what she tell them? She did want them to dent them up more, eh? Don't frighten to tell me.' 'No, no. She say they wasn't working fast enough.' Mr Biswas examined the sheets as they were unloaded, looking for bumps and dents he could attribute to Sushila's maliciousness. Whenever he saw a crack in the rust he stopped the loaders. 'Look at this. Which one of you was responsible for this? You know, I mad enough to get Mr Seth to dock your money.' That word 'dock', so official and ominous, he had got from Jagdat. Stacked on the grass, the sheets made the site look like an abandoned lot. No corrugation of one sheet fitted into the corrugation of any other; the pile rose high and shaky and awkward. Mr Maclean said, 'I could straighten them out with the hammer. Now, about the rafters, boss.' Mr Biswas had forgotten about those. 'Now, boss, you must look at it this way. The rafters don't show from the outside. Only from the inside. And even then, when you get a ceiling you could hide the rafters. So I think it would be better and it would cost you nothing if you get tree-branches. When you trim them they does make first-class rafters.' And when Mr Maclean set to work, he worked alone. Mr Biswas never saw Edgar again and never asked about him. Mr Maclean went to a 'bandon', brought back tree-branches and trimmed them into rafters. He cut notches in the rafters wherever they were to rest on the main frame, and nailed them on. They looked solid. He used thinner branches, limber, irregular and recalcitrant, for cross-rafters. They looked shaky and reminded Mr Biswas of the rafters of a dirt-and-grass hut. Then the corrugated iron was nailed on. The sheets were dangerous to handle and the rafters shook under Mr Maclean's weight and the blows of his hammer. The weeds below and the frame became covered with rust. When Mr Maclean had packed his tools into his wooden suitcase and gone home for the day, it was a pleasure to Mr Biswas to stand below the roof and be in shade where only the day before, only that morning, there had been openness. As the sheets went up, and they were enough to cover all the rooms except the gallery, the house no longer looked so drab and un-begun. Mr Maclean was right: the sheets did hide the branch-rafters. But every hole in the roof glittered like a star. Mr Maclean said, 'I did mention a thing called mastic cement. But that was before I did see the galvanize. You would spend as much on mastic cement as on five-six sheets of new galvanize.' 'So what? I just got to sit down in my new house and get wet?' 'Where there's a will there's a way, as the people does say. Pitch. You did think about that? A lot of people does use pitch.' They got the pitch free, from a neglected part of the road where asphalt was laid on, without gravel, in lavish lumps. Mr Maclean put small stones over the holes in the roof and sealed them down with pitch. He ran sealings of pitch along the edges of the sheets and down the cracks. It was a slow, long job, and when he was finished the roof was curiously patterned in black with many rough lines, straight down, angularly jagged across, and freaked and blobbed and gouted all over with pitch, above the confused red, rust, brown, saffron, grey and silver of the old sheets. But it worked. When it rained, as it was beginning to do now every afternoon, the ground below the roof remained dry. Poultry from the barrackyard and other places came to shelter and stayed to dig the earth into dust. The cedar floorboards came, rough and bristly, and impregnated the site with their smell. When Mr Maclean planed them they seemed to acquire a richer colour. He fitted them together as neatly as he had said, nailing them down with headless nails and filling in the holes at the top with wax mixed with sawdust which dried hard and could scarcely be distinguished from the wood. The back bedroom was floored, and part of the drawingroom, so that, with care, it was possible to walk straight up to the bedroom. Then Mr Maclean said, 'When you get more materials you must let me know.' He had worked for a fortnight for eight dollars. Perhaps he didn't pay seven dollars for the cedar, Mr Biswas thought. Only five or six. The house now became a playground for the children of the barracks. They climbed and they jumped; many took serious falls but, being barrack children, came to little harm. They nailed nails into the crapaud pillars and the cedar floor; they bent nails for no purpose; they flattened them to make knives. They left small muddy footprints on the floor and on the crossbars of the frame; the mud dried and the floor became dusty. The children drove out the poultry and Mr Biswas tried to drive out the children. 'You blasted little bitches! Let me catch one of you and see if I don't cut his foot off.' As the sugarcane grew taller the dispossessed labourers grew surlier, and Mr Biswas began to receive threats, delivered as friendly warnings. Seth, who had often spoken of the treachery and danger-ousness of the labourers, now only said, 'Don't let them frighten you.' But Mr Biswas knew of the many killings in Indian districts, so well planned that few reached the courts. He knew of the feuds between villages and between families, conducted with courage, ingenuity and loyalty by those same labourers who, as wage-earners, were obsequious and negligible. He decided to take precautions. He slept with a cutlass and a _poui_ stick, one of his father's, at the side of his bed. And from Mrs Seeung, the Chinese café-owner at Arwacas, he got a puppy, a hairy brown and white thing of indeterminate breed. The first night at the barracks the puppy whined at being left outside, scratched at the door, fell off the step and whined until he was taken in. When Mr Biswas woke up next morning he found the puppy in bed beside him, lying quite still, its eyes open. At Mr Biswas's first gesture, which was one of surprise, the puppy jumped to the floor. He called the puppy Tarzan, to prepare it for its duties. But Tarzan turned out to be friendly and inquisitive, and a terror only to the poultry. 'The hens stop laying because of your dog,' the poultry owners complained, and it looked true enough, for Tarzan often had pieces of feather stuck in the corners of his mouth, and he was continually bringing trophies of feathers to the room. Then one day Tarzan ate an egg and immediately developed a taste for eggs. The hens laid their eggs in bush, in places which they thought were secret. Tarzan soon got to know these places as well as the owners of the hens and he often came back to the barracks with his mouth yellow and sticky with egg. The owners of the hens took their revenge. One afternoon Mr Biswas found Tarzan's muzzle smeared with fowl droppings, and Tarzan in great misery at this novel and continuing discomfort. The placards in Mr Biswas's room increased. He worked more slowly on them now, using black and red estate ink and pencils of many colours. He filled the blank space with difficult decorations and his letters became intricate and ornamented. Thinking it would help him if he read novels, he bought a number of the cheap Reader's Library editions. The covers were dark purple with gold lettering and decorations. In the stall at Arwacas they had looked attractive, but in his room he could scarcely bear to touch them. The gilt stuck to his fingers and the covers reminded him of funeral palls and of those undertakers' horses that were draped with the colours of death every day. The sun shone and the rain fell. The roof didn't leak. But the asphalt began to melt and hung limply down: a legion of slim, black, growing snakes. Occasionally they fell, and, falling, curled and died. Late one night, when he had put out the oil lamp and was in bed, he heard footsteps outside his room. He lay still, listening. Then he jumped out of bed, grabbed his stick and deliberately knocked against the kitchen safe and table and Shama's dressingtable. He stood at the side of the door and violently pushed out the top half, his body protected by the lower half. He saw nothing but the night, the still, colourless barrackyard, the dead trees black against the moonlit sky. Two rooms away a light was burning: someone was out, or a child was ill. Then, making a lapping, happy sound, Tarzan was on the step, wagging his tail so hard it struck against the lower half of the door. He let him in and stroked him. His coat was damp. Tarzan, overjoyed at the attention, stuck his muzzle against Mr Biswas's face. 'Egg!' For a second Tarzan hesitated. No threat appearing, he redoubled his tail-wagging, continually shifting his hind legs. Mr Biswas embraced him. After that he always slept with his oil lamp on. He began to fear that his house might be burned down. He went to bed with an added anxiety; every morning he opened his side window as soon as he got up, looking past the trees for signs of destruction; in the fields he worried about it. But the house always stood: the variegated roof, the frames, the crapaud pillars, the wooden staircase. When Shama came he told her of his fears. She said, 'I don't think they would worry about it.' And he regretted telling her, for when Seth came he said, 'So you frighten they burn it down, eh? Don't worry. They not so idle.' Mr Maclean came twice and went away. And every day the rain fell, the sun blazed, the house became greyer, the sawdust, once fresh and aromatic, became part of the earth, the asphalt snakes hanging from the roof grew longer, and many more died, and Mr Biswas worked more and more elaborate messages of comfort for his walls with a steady, unthinking hand, and a mind in turmoil. Then one evening a great calm settled on him, and he made a decision. He had for too long regarded situations as temporary; henceforth he would look upon every stretch of time, however short, as precious. Time would never be dismissed again. No action would merely lead to another; every action was a part of his life which could not be recalled; therefore thought had to be given to every action: the opening of a matchbox, the striking of a match. Slowly, then, as though unused to his limbs, and concentrating hard, he had his evening bath, cooked his meal, ate it, washed up, and settled down in his rockingchair to pass – no, to use, to enjoy, to live – the evening. The house was unimportant. The evening, in this room, was all that mattered. And so great was his assurance that he did something he had not done for weeks. He took down the Reader's Library edition of _The Hunchback of Notre Dame._ He passed his hands over the cover; deliberately he opened the book, broke the spine in a few places, destroying it completely in one place, and, pulling up his legs on to the chair so that he was huddled and cosy, and smacking his lips, which was not one of his habits, he began to read. His mind was clear. He had pushed everything apart from the Victor Hugo to the boundaries. He had made a clearing in the bush: that was the picture he gave himself of his mind: for his mind had become quite separate from the rest of himself. The image changed. It was no longer a forest, but a billowing black cloud. Unless he was careful the cloud would funnel into his head. He felt it pressing on his head. He didn't want to look up. Surely it was only a trick of the oil lamp, which stood directly in front of him on the table? He huddled a little more on the chair and smacked his lips again. Then he was so afraid that he almost cried out. Why should he be afraid? Of whom? Esmeralda? Quasimodo? The goat? The crowd? People. He could hear them next door and all down the barracks. No road was without them, no house. They were in the newspapers on the wall, in the photographs, in the simple drawings in advertisements. They were in the book he was holding. They were in all books. He tried to think of landscapes without people: sand and sand and sand, without the 'oses' Lal had spoken about; vast white plateaux, with himself safely alone, a speck in the centre. Was he afraid of real people? He must experiment. But why? He had spent all his life among people without even thinking that he might be afraid of them. He had faced people across a rumshop counter; he had gone to school; he had walked down crowded main roads on market day. Why now? Why so suddenly? His whole past became a miracle of calm and courage. His fingers were dusted with gilt from the pall-like cover of the book. As he studied them the clearing became overgrown again and the black cloud billowed in. How heavy! How dark! He put his feet down and sat still, staring at the lamp, seeing nothing. The darkness filled his head. All his life had been good until now. And he had never known. He had spoiled it all by worry and fear. About a rotting house, the threats of illiterate labourers. Now he would never more be able to go among people. He surrendered to the darkness. When he roused himself he opened the top half of the door. He saw no one. The barracks had gone to sleep. He would have to wait until morning to find out whether he was really afraid. In the morning he had a full minute of lucidity. He remembered that something had nagged and exhausted him the previous evening. Then, still in bed, he remembered, and the anguish returned. He got up. The bedsheet looked tormented. The mattress was exposed in places and he could smell the dingy old coconut-fibre. Slowly and carefully, like his actions the night before, his thoughts came, and he framed each thought in a complete sentence. He thought: 'The bed is a mess. Therefore I slept badly. I must have been afraid all through the night. Therefore the fear is still with me.' Outside, beyond the closed window, the light breaking through the chinks and fanning out in dust-shot rays, was the world. Outside there were people. He spoke aloud some of the words of cornfort that hung on the walls. Then, trying to feel them as deeply as he could, he closed his eyes and spoke them again slowly, syllable by syllable. Then he pretended to write the words on his head with his finger. Then he prayed. But even in prayer he found images of people, and his prayers were perverted. He dressed and opened the top half of the door. Tarzan was waiting. 'You are glad to see me,' he thought. 'You are an animal and think that because I have a head and hands and look as I did yesterday I am a man. I am deceiving you. I am not whole.' Tarzan wagged his tail. He opened the lower half of the door. People! Fear seized him and hurt like a pain. Tarzan jumped upon him, egg-stained, shining-eyed. Grieving, he stroked him. 'I enjoyed this yesterday and the day before. I was whole then.' Already yesterday, last night, was as remote as childhood. And mixed with his fear was this grief for a happy life never enjoyed and now lost. He set about doing the things he did every morning. At the beginning of every action he forgot his pain: split seconds of freedom, relished only after they had gone. Breaking the hibiscus twig, for instance, as he did every morning, to brush his teeth with one of the crushed ends, he automatically looked past the trees to see whether his house had been destroyed during the night. Then he remembered how unimportant the house had become. Bravely, exposing himself to menace, he stripped to bath at the waterbarrel. The labourers were up. He heard the morning sounds: the hawking, spitting, the fanning of coal-pots, the hissing of fryingpans, the fresh, brisk morning talk. Negligible, nondescript people yesterday, each now had to be considered individually. He looked at them and checked. Fear. The sun was coming up, lighting the dew on the grass, the roof, the trees: a cool sun, a pleasant time of day. As with actions, so with people. Meeting them, he began to speak as though it was yesterday. Then the questioning came, and the inevitable answer: another relationship spoiled, another piece of the present destroyed. The day which had begun, for that minute while he was still in bed, as a normal, happy day, was ending with him in an exhausting frenzy of questioning. He looked, he questioned, he was afraid. Then he questioned again. The process was taking a fraction of a second. By the afternoon, however, he had made some progress. He was not afraid of children. They filled him only with grief. So much that was good and beautiful, from which he was now forever barred, awaited them. He went to his room, lay down on the bed and forced himself to cry for all his lost happiness. There was nothing he could do. The questioning went on ceaselessly. One photograph after another, one drawing after another, one story after another. He tried not to look at the newspapers on the wall, but always he had to check, always he was afraid, and then always he became uncertain again. In the end the futility of lying on the bed caused him to rise and make another of those decisions he had been making all day: decisions to ignore, to behave normally, little decisions, little gestures of defiance that were soon forgotten. He decided to cycle to Hanuman House. Every man and woman he saw, even at a distance, gave him a twist of panic. But he had already grown used to that; it had become part of the pain of living. Then, as he cycled, he discovered a new depth to this pain. Every object he had not seen for twenty-four hours was part of his whole and happy past. Everything he now saw became sullied by his fear, every field, every house, every tree, every turn in the road, every bump and subsidence. So that, by merely looking at the world, he was progressively destroying his present and his past. And there were some things he wanted to leave untouched. It was bad enough to deceive Tarzan. He didn't want to deceive Anand and Savi. He turned and cycled back, past the fields whose terror was already familiar, to Green Vale. It occurred to him that by repeating as far as he could all his actions of the previous night he might somehow exorcize the thing that had fallen on him. So, with a deliberation that was like the deliberation of the day before, he bathed, cooked, ate, then sat down and opened _Notre Dame._ But the reading only brought back the memory of the previous night, the discovery of fear, and left his hands dusted with gilt. Every morning the period of lucidity lessened. The bedsheet, examined every morning, always testified to a tormented night. Between the beginning of a routine action and the questioning the time of calm grew less. Between the meeting of a familiar person and the questioning there was less and less of ease. Until there was no lucidity at all, and all action was irrelevant and futile. But it was always better to be out among real people than to be in his room with the newspapers and his imaginings. And though he continued to solace himself with visions of deserted landscapes of sand and snow, his anguish became especially acute on Sunday afternoons, when fields and roads were empty and everything was still. Continually he looked for some sign that the corruption which had come without warning upon him had secretly gone away again. Examining the bedsheet was one thing. Looking at his fingernails was the other. They were invariably bitten down; but sometimes he saw a thin white rim on one nail, and though these rims never lasted, he took their appearance to mean that release was near. Then, biting his nails one evening, he broke off a piece of a tooth. He took the piece out of his mouth and placed it on his palm. It was yellow and quite dead, quite unimportant: he could hardly recognize it as part of a tooth: if it were dropped on the ground it would never be found: a part of himself that would never grow again. He thought he would keep it. Then he walked to the window and threw it out. One Saturday Seth said, while they were by the unfinished house, 'What's the matter, Mohun? You are the colour of this.' He placed his large hand on one of the grey uprights. And Mr Maclean called. Someone he knew had offered him some timber at a bargain price. It would be enough to wall one room. They went to look at the house. Mr Maclean saw the asphalt hanging from the roof but said nothing about it. The floorboards in the back bedroom had begun to shrink, cracking and cambering. Mr Maclean said, 'The man did say that the wood was cured. But cedar is a damn funny wood. It does never cure at all.' The new timber was bought. It was cedar. 'No tongue-and-groove,' Mr Maclean said. Mr Biswas said nothing. Mr Maclean understood. He had seen this apathy overcome the builders of houses again and again. The back bedroom was walled. The door to the partially floored drawingroom was built and hung. The door to the non-existent front bedroom was built and nailed into the doorway: 'To prevent accident,' Mr Maclean said, 'in case you want to move in right away.' Mr Biswas had wanted doors with panels; he got planks of cedar nailed to two cross bars. The window was built in the same fashion and hung; the new black bolts gleamed on the new wood. 'It coming along nice,' Mr Maclean said. Into Mr Biswas's busy, exhausted mind came the thought: 'Hari blessed it. Shama made him bless it. They gave the galvanized iron and they blessed it.' His sleep was broken by dreams. He was in the Tulsi Store. There were crowds everywhere. Two thick black threads were chasing him. As he cycled to Green Vale the threads lengthened. One thread turned pure white; the black thread became thicker and thicker, purple-black and monstrously long. It was a rubbery black snake; it developed a comic face; it found the chase funny and said so to the white thread, now also a snake. When he passed the house and saw the black snakes hanging from the roof, he touched a crapaud pillar and said, 'Hari blessed it.' He remembered the suitcase, the whining prayers, the sprinkling with the mango leaf, the dropping of the penny. 'Hari blessed it.' He was on a hill, a bare, brown-green hill. It was hot but the wind was cool and blew his hair. A woman was at the foot of the hill. She was crying and coming to him for help. He felt her pain but didn't want to be seen. What help could he give? And the woman – Shama, Anand, Savi, his mother – kept coming up the hill. He heard her sobs and wanted to cry to her to go away. Tarzan was whining outside his door. One of his paws had been damaged. 'You like eggs too much.' Then he remembered the dispossessed labourers. Some nights later he was awakened by barking and shouts. 'Driver! Driver!' He opened the top half of the door. 'They set fire to Dookinan land,' the watchman said. He put on his clothes and hurried to the spot, followed by excited labourers. There was no great danger or damage. Dookinan's plot was small and was separated from the other fields by a trace and a ditch. Mr Biswas ordered the boundary canes of the adjoining fields to be cut, and the labourers, though disappointed at the blaze, which from a distance had promised much, worked with zest. The firelight lit up their bodies and kept away the chill. The tall red and yellow flames shrank; the trash smouldered, red and black, crackled and collapsed, uncovering the red heart of the fire, quickly cooling to black and grey. Glowing scraps rose, twinkling redly, blackened and diminished. At the roots the canes glowed like charcoal; in places it was as if the earth itself had caught fire. The labourers beat the roots and the trash with sticks; ash floated up; smoke turned from grey to white, and thinned. Only then, when the danger had disappeared, Mr Biswas realized that for more than an hour he had not questioned himself. Instantly the questionings, the fear, came. When the labourers returned to the barracks their chatter lasted a short time, and he was left alone. But the hour had proved one thing. He was going to get better soon. It was the first of many disappointments. In time he came to disregard these periods of freedom, just as he no longer expected to wake up one morning and find himself whole again. At the beginning of the Christmas school holidays, when the sugarcane was in arrow once more and the Christmas shop-signs were going up at Arwacas, Shama sent word by Seth that she was bringing the children to Green Vale for a few days. Mr Biswas waited for them with dread. On the day they were to arrive he began to wish for some accident that would prevent their coming. But he knew there would be no accident. If anything was to happen he had to act. He decided that he had to get rid of Anand and Savi and himself, in such a way that the children would never know who had killed them. All morning he was possessed of visions in which he cutlassed, poisoned, strangled, burned, Anand and Savi; so that even before they came his relationship with them had been perverted. About Myna and Shama he didn't care; he didn't want to kill them. They came. At once his designs became insubstantial and absurd. He felt only resignation and a great fatigue. And the deception and especial pain he had wished to avoid began. Even while he allowed himself to be touched and kissed by Anand and Savi he was questioning himself about them, looking for the fear, and wondering whether they had seen the deception and could tell what was going on in his mind. Of Shama he was not afraid; only envious, for her unthinking assurance. Then almost immediately he began to hate her. Her pregnancy was grotesque; he hated the way she sat down; when she ate he listened for the noises she made; he hated the way she fussed and clucked over the children; he hated it when she puffed and fanned and sweated in her pregnant way; he was nauseated by the frills and embroidery and other ornamentation on her clothes. Shama, Savi and Myna slept on bedding on the floor. Anand slept with Mr Biswas on the fourposter. Dreading the boy's touch, Mr Biswas built a bank of pillows between Anand and himself. His fatigue deepened. The next day, Sunday, he scarcely got out of bed. Whereas before he felt he had to be out of the room, now he didn't wish to leave it. He said he was sick and found it easy to simulate the symptoms of malaria. When Seth came Mr Biswas told him, 'Is ague, I think.' After a week his fatigue hadn't left him. Sitting up in bed he made kites and toy-carts for Anand and built a chest-of-drawers with matchboxes for Savi. The longer he stayed in the room the less he wanted to leave it. He became constipated. Yet from time to time he had to go outside; then he came back hurriedly, anxiously, relaxing only when he was on the bed again. He continued to observe Shama closely, with suspicion, hatred and nausea. He never spoke to her directly, but through one of the children; and it was some time before Shama realized this. As he was lying in bed one morning she came and placed her palm, then the back of her hand, on his forehead. The action offended him, flattered him, and made him uneasy. She had been cutting vegetables and he couldn't bear their smell on her hand. 'No fever,' she said. She undid his shirt and put her hand, large and dark and foreign, on his pale, soft chest. He wanted to scream. He said, 'No, I not fat enough yet. You got to put me back and feed me some more. Here, why don't you just feel my finger?' She took her hand away. 'Something on your mind, man?' 'Something on your mind?' he mimicked. 'Something in my mind and you know what it is.' He was violently angry; never before had he been so disgusted by her. Yet he wished her to remain there. Half hoping she would take him seriously, half hoping only to amuse and bewilder her, he said in his quick, high-pitched voice, 'Something in my mind all right. Clouds. Lots of little black clouds.' 'What you say?' 'Is a funny thing. You ever notice that when you insult people or tell them the truth they always pretend not to hear you the first time?' 'Is my own fault for meddling in what is not my business. I don't know why I come here for. If it wasn't for the children –' 'So all-you send Hari with his little black box, eh? All-you must think I look like a real fool.' 'Black box?' 'You see what I mean? You didn't hear the first time.' 'Look, I just don't have the time to stand up here talking to you like this, you hear. I wish you had a real fever. That would stop your mouth.' He was beginning to enjoy the argument. 'I _know_ you want me to get a real fever. I know all-you want to see me dead. And then see the old she-fox crying, the little gods laughing, you crying – dressed up like hell to boot. Nice, eh? I _know_ that is what all-you want.' 'Dress-up and powder-up? Me? On what you give me?' Abruptly Mr Biswas went cold with fear. Seth and the land and the corrugated iron; Hari and the black box; the blessing; and now, since Shama had come, this fatigue. He was dying. They were killing him. He would just remain in this room and die. She was in the kitchen area, cooing to the baby in the hammock. 'Get out!' Shama looked up. He jumped out of bed and grabbed the walking-stick. He was cold all over. His heart beat fast and painfully. Shama climbed up the step to the room. 'Get out! Don't come inside. Don't touch me!' Myna was crying. 'Man,' Shama said. 'Don't come into this room. Don't set foot in it again.' He waved the stick. He moved to the window and, looking at her, waving the stick, began to draw the bolt. 'Don't touch me,' he bawled, and there were sobs mixed with his words. She blocked the door. But he had thought of the window. He pushed it open. It swung out shakily. Light came into the room and fresh air mingled with the musty smell of old boards and newspapers – he had forgotten how musty they smelled. Beyond the flat barrackyard he saw the trees that lined the road and screened his house. Shama walked towards him. He began screaming and crying. He pressed his palms on the window-sill and tried to hoist himself up, looking back at her, the stick now useless as a weapon of defence since his hands were occupied. 'What are you doing?' she said in Hindi. 'Look, you will damage yourself.' He was aware of Tarzan, Savi and Anand below the window. Tarzan was wagging his tail, barking and leaping up against the wall. Shama came closer. He was on the sill. 'O God!' he cried, winding his head up and down. 'Go away.' She was near enough to touch him. He kicked at her. She gave a yelp of pain. He saw, too late, that he had kicked her on the belly. The women from the barracks rushed up when they heard Shama cry out, and helped her from the room. Savi and Anand came round to the kitchen area in front. Tarzan ran in puzzlement between them and the women and Mr Biswas. 'Pack up your clothes and go home,' Dookhnee, one of the barrack-women, said. She had often been beaten and had witnessed many wife-beatings; they made all women sisters. Savi went into the room fearfully and, not looking at her father, started to pack clothes into a suitcase. Mr Biswas stared and shouted, 'Take your children and go away. Go away!' Shama, surrounded by the barrack-women, called, 'Anand, pack up your clothes quick.' Mr Biswas jumped down from the sill. _'No!'_ he said. 'Anand is not going with you. Take your girl children and go.' He didn't know why he had said that. Savi was the only child he knew, yet he had gone out of his way to hurt her; and he didn't know whether he wanted Anand to stay. Perhaps he had spoken only because Shama had mentioned the name. 'Anand,' Shama said, 'Go and pack your clothes.' Dookhnee said, 'Yes, go and pack your clothes.' And many of the women said, 'Go, boy.' 'He is not going with you to that house,' Mr Biswas said. Anand remained where he was, in the kitchen area, stroking Tarzan, not looking at Mr Biswas or the women. Savi came out of the room with a suitcase and a pair of shoes. She dusted her feet and buckled on a shoe. Shama, only now beginning to cry, said in Hindi, 'Savi, I have told you many times to wash your feet before putting on your shoes.' 'All right, Ma. I will go and wash them.' 'Don't bother this time,' Dookhnee said. The women said, 'No, don't bother.' Savi buckled on the other shoe. Shama said, 'Anand, do you want to come with me, or do you want to stay with your father?' Mr Biswas, the stick in his hand, looked at Anand. Anand continued to stroke Tarzan, whose head was now upturned, his eyes partly closed. Mr Biswas ran to the green table and awkwardly pulled out the drawer. He took the long box of crayons he used for his placards and held it to Anand. He shook the box; the crayons rattled. Savi said, 'Come, Anand boy. Go and get your clothes.' Still stroking Tarzan, Anand said, 'I staying with Pa.' His voice was low and irritable. 'Anand!' Savi said. 'Don't beg him,' Shama said, in control of herself again. 'He is a man and knows what he is doing.' 'Boy,' Dookhnee said. 'Your mother.' Anand said nothing. Shama got up and the circle of women around her widened. She took Myna, Savi took the suitcase, and they walked along the path, muddy between sparse and stubborn grass, to the road, scattering the hens and chickens before them. Tarzan followed, and was diverted by the chickens. When he was pecked by an angry hen he looked for Shama and Savi and Myna. They had disappeared. He trotted back to the barracks and Anand. Mr Biswas opened the box and showed Anand the sharpened crayons. 'Take them. They are yours. You can do what you like with them.' Anand shook his head. 'You don't want them?' Tarzan, between Anand's legs, held up his head to be stroked, closing his eyes in anticipation. 'What do you want then?' Anand shook his head. Tarzan shook his. 'Why did you stay then?' Anand looked exasperated. 'Why?' 'Because –' The word came out thin, explosive, charged with anger, at himself and his father. 'Because they was going to leave you alone.' For the rest of that day they hardly spoke. His instinct had been right. As soon as Shama had gone his fatigue left him. He became restless again, and almost welcomed the familiar constricted turmoil in his mind. He returned to the fields, taking Anand with him on the first day. Anand, dusty, itching, scorched by the sun and cut by sharp grass, refused to go again, and thereafter remained at the barracks with Tarzan. He made more toys for Anand. A round tin-lid loosely nailed to a rod provided something that rolled when pushed and gave Anand a deep satisfaction. At night they drew imaginary scenes: snow-covered mountains and fir trees, red-hulled yachts in a blue sea below a clear sky, roads winding between well-kept forests to green mountains in the distance. They also talked. 'Who is your father?' 'You.' 'Wrong. I am _not_ your father. God is your father.' 'Oh. And what about you?' 'I am just somebody. Nobody at all. I am just a man you know.' He showed Anand how to mix colours. He taught him that red and yellow made orange, blue and yellow green. 'Oh. That is why the leaves turn yellow?' 'Not exactly.' 'Well, look then. Suppose I take a leaf and wash it and wash it and wash it, it will turn yellow or blue?' 'Not really. The leaf is God's work. You see?' 'No.' 'Your trouble is that you don't really believe. There was a man like you one time. He wanted to mock a man like me. So one day, when the man like me was sleeping, this other man drop an orange in his lap, thinking, "I bet the damn fool going to wake up and say that God drop the orange." So the other man woke up and began eating the orange. And this man come up and say, "I suppose God give you that orange." "Yes," the other man said. "Well, let me tell you. Is not God. Is me." "Well," the other man said, "I prayed for an orange while I was asleep." ' Anand was impressed. 'Now, look,' Mr Biswas said. 'See this matchbox. You see me holding it in my hand. Oops! It fall down. Why?' 'You leggo, that's why.' 'Not that at all. It fall down because of gravity. The law of gravity. They not teaching you children anything at all these days.' He talked to Anand about people called Coppernickus and Galilyo. And it gave him a thrill to be the first to inform Anand that the world was round and moved about the sun. 'Remember Galilyo. Always stick up for yourself.' He was glad that Anand was interested. It was the week before Christmas and he was fearing the result of Seth's visit. He told Anand, On Saturday we are going to make a compass.' And on Saturday Seth said, 'Why you don't come home, Anand boy? Come home and hang up your stocking. What you doing here with your father?' 'He is not my father. It just look to you that he is my father.' Seth evaded the theological issue. 'They going to make cake and icecream, boy.' Mr Biswas said, 'Remember Galilyo.' Anand stayed. Using the batteries of his electric torch Mr Biswas magnetized a needle and stuck it on a disc of paper; in the centre of the disc he inserted a cap of paper and rested the cap on the head of a pin. 'Where the eye of the needle points, that is north.' They played with that until the needle lost its magnetism. Sometimes Mr Biswas said he had ague. Then, wrapped up tightly and shivering, he made Anand recite Hindi hymns after him. And at these times, though nothing was said, Anand became affected by his father's fear and repeated the hymns like charms. The barrackroom, its door and window closed, its edges in darkness, became cavernous and full of menace, and Anand longed for morning. But there were compensations. 'Today,' Mr Biswas said, 'I am going to show you something about a thing called centrifugal force. Go and get the bucket outside and full it up so high with water.' Anand brought the water. 'Not enough space here really,' Mr Biswas said. 'Why you don't go outside?' Mr Biswas didn't listen. 'Got to give it a good swing.' He swung. The water splashed on the bed, the walls, the floor. 'The bucket was too heavy. Go and get one of the small blue pots from the kitchen. Full that with some water.' And the second time it worked. They made an electric buzzer, using the torch batteries, a piece of tin and a nail, a rusty new nail, one of those Mr Maclean had brought in newspaper on the afternoon Edgar had brushed the site for the house. There were many reasons why Mr Biswas moved from the barracks to the finished room of his house. It was a positive action; it was a confident, defiant gesture; there was his continuing unease at hearing people moving about the barracks. And there was his hope that living in a new house in the new year might bring about a new state of mind. He would not have moved if he had been alone, for he feared solitude more than people. But, with Anand, he had enough company. Tarzan found a pregnant cat in possession of the empty, dusty room and chased her out. The room was swept and cleaned. They tried to scrape the asphalt snakes off the floor; but the asphalt, which melted so easily on the corrugated iron, remained hard on the cedar boards. The room was smaller than the barrackroom; the bed, Shama's dressingtable, the green table, the kitchen safe and the rockingchair nearly filled it. 'Got to be careful now,' Mr Biswas said. 'Can't rock too hard.' And there were other inconveniences. There was no kitchen; they had to cook on boxes downstairs, below the room; they both got nausea. The roof had no gutters and water had to be fetched all the way from the barrack barrels. They also had to use the barrack latrine. And every day Mr Biswas saw the snakes, thin, black, lengthening. The incompleteness of the house didn't depress him. He saw the rafters, the old corrugated iron, the grey uprights, the cracked boards on the floor and walls, the door to the non-existent bedroom nailed and barred. He knew that they had made him unhappy; but that was at a time so remote he could now scarcely imagine it. The snakes appeared more often in his dreams. He began to regard them as living, and wondered what it would be like to have one fall and curl on his skin. The questioning and the fear remained. He hadn't left that at the barracks. The trees could conceal so much. And one night Anand was awakened by Mr Biswas jumping out of bed, screaming, tearing at his vest as though he had been attacked by a column of red ants. A snake had fallen on him. Very thin, and not long. When they looked up they saw the parent snake, waiting to release some more. With poles and brooms they tried to pull down the snakes. The asphalt only swung when they hit it. To grab at it was only to pull away a small snake, leaving the pregnant parent above. He got a cocoa-knife and spent the following evening cutting down the snakes. It was not easy. Below the crust at the roots the asphalt was soft but rubbery. He scraped hard and felt the rust from the roof falling on his face. By the next afternoon the snakes had begun to grow again. He said he had another touch of malaria. He wrapped himself in the floursack sheet and rocked in his chair. Tarzan had his tail crushed; he leapt up with a yell, and went out of the room. 'Say _Rama Rama Sita Rama,_ and nothing will happen to you,' Mr Biswas said. Anand repeated the words, faster and faster. 'You don't want to leave me?' Anand didn't reply. This had become one of Mr Biswas's fears. By concentrating on it – a power he had in his state – he managed to make it the most oppressive of all his fears: that Anand would leave him and he would be left alone. Anand was rolling his tin-lid about the yard one afternoon when two men came to the house and asked whether he lived there. Then they asked for the driver. 'He in the fields,' Anand said. 'But he coming back just now.' Between the trees the road was cool. The men squatted there. They hummed; they talked; they threw pebbles; they chewed blades of grass; they spat. Anand watched them. One of the men called, 'Boy, come here.' He was fat and yellow-skinned with a black moustache and light eyes. The other man, who was younger, said, 'We digging for treasure.' Anand couldn't resist that. Pushing his tin-lid, he went to the road. 'Come on. Dig,' the younger man said. The fat man cried, 'Yaah!' and pulled out a cent from the gravel. Anand went to where the fat man was and began scraping Then the younger man called out, 'Aha!' and took up a penny from the gravel. Anand ran to him. Then the fat man called out again; he had found another cent. Anand moved back and forth between the men. 'But I not finding any,' he said. 'Here,' the younger man said. 'Dig here.' Anand dug and found a penny. 'I could keep it?' 'But is yours,' the younger man said. 'You find it.' The game went on for some time. Anand found two more cents. Then the fat man appeared to lose interest. 'The driver taking long,' he said. 'Where your father, boy?' Anand pointed to the sky and was pleased when the fat man looked puzzled and asked, 'The driver is your father, not so?' 'Well, everybody think he is my father. But he is not my father really. He is just a man I know.' The men looked at one another. The fat man took up a handful of gravel and made as if to throw it at Anand. 'Run away,' he said. 'Go on, haul your little tail.' 'Is not your road,' Anand said. 'Is the PWD road.' 'So you is a smart man into the bargain? Who the hell you think you talking to?' The fat man rose. 'Since you so smart, give me back my money.' 'Find your own. This is mine.' Anand turned to the younger man. 'You see me find it.' 'Leave the boy,' the younger man said. 'I not going to take cheek from a little boy who rob me of my last few cents,' the fat man said. 'I going to teach him a lesson.' He seized Anand. 'Hit me and I tell my father.' The fat man hesitated. 'Leave him, Dinnoo,' the younger man said. 'Look, the driver.' Anand broke away and ran to Mr Biswas. 'That fat man was trying to thief my money.' 'Afternoon, boss,' the fat man said. 'Haul your tail. Who the hell tell you you could lay your hand on my son?' 'Son, boss?' 'He try to thief my money,' Anand said. 'Was a game,' the fat man said. 'Haul off!' Mr Biswas said. 'Job! You not looking for any job. You not getting any either.' 'But, boss,' the younger man said, 'Mr Seth say he did tell you.' 'Didn't tell me nothing.' 'But Mr Seth say —' the fat man said. 'Leave them, Dinnoo,' the younger man said. 'Father and blasted son.' 'Is in the blood,' the fat man said. 'You mind your mouth,' Mr Biswas shouted. 'Tcha!' The man sucked his teeth, backing away. Anand showed Mr Biswas the coppers he had found. 'The road full of money,' he said. 'They was finding silver. But I didn't find any.' Mr Biswas was awake and lying in bed when Anand got up. Anand always got up first. Mr Biswas heard him walk along the resounding boards of the unfinished drawingroom floor and step on to the staircase – that was a firmer sound. Then there was a silence, and he heard Anand coming back across the drawingroom. Anand stood in the doorway. His face was blank. 'Pa.' His voice was weak. His mouth remained half open and quivering. Mr Biswas threw off the sheet and went to him. Anand shrugged off his father's hand and pointed across the drawingroom. Mr Biswas went to look. On the lowest step he saw Tarzan, dead. The body had been flung down carelessly. The hind quarters were on the step, the muzzle on the ground. The brown and white hair was clotted with black-red blood and stained with dirt; flies were thick about him. The tail was propped up against the second step, erect, the hair ruffled in the light morning breeze, as though it belonged to a living dog. The neck had been cut, the belly ripped open; flies were on his lips and around his eyes, which were mercifully closed. Mr Biswas felt Anand standing beside him. 'Come. Go inside. I will look after Tarzan.' He led Anand to the bedroom. Anand walked lightly, very lightly, as though responding only to the pressure of Mr Biswas's fingers. Mr Biswas passed his hand over Anand's hair. Anand angrily shook the hand away. The tight, brittle body quivered and Anand, clutching his shirt with both hands, began dancing on the floor. It was some seconds before Mr Biswas realized that Anand had drawn a deep breath before screaming. He could do nothing but wait, watching the swollen face, the distended mouth, the narrow eyes. And then it came, a terrible whistle of a shriek that went on and on until it broke up into gurgles and strangulated sounds. 'I don't want to stay here! I want to go!' 'All right,' Mr Biswas said, when Anand sat red-eyed and snuffling on the bed. 'I will take you to Hanuman House. Tomorrow.' It was a plea for time. In the anxiety that palpitated through him he had forgotten the dog, and knew only that he didn't want to be left alone. It was a skill he had acquired: to forget the immediately unpleasant. Nothing could distract him from the deeper pain. Anand, too, forgot the dog. All he recognized was the plea and his own power. He beat his legs against the side of the rumpled bed and stamped on the floor. 'No! No! I want to go today.' 'All right. I will take you this afternoon.' Mr Biswas buried Tarzan in the yard, adding another mound to those thrown up by the energetic Edgar and now covered with a skin of vegetation. Tarzan's mound looked raw; but soon the weeds would cover it; like Edgar's mounds it would become part of the shape of the land. The early morning breeze dropped. It became hazy. The heat rose steadily and no relieving shower came in the early afternoon. Then the haze thickened, clouds turned from white to silver to grey to black and billowed heavily across the sky: a watercolour in black and grey. It became dark. Mr Biswas hurried from the fields and said, 'I don't think we can take you to Arwacas today. The rain is going to come any minute.' Anand was content. Darkness at four o'clock was an event, romantic, to be remembered. Downstairs, in the makeshift kitchen of boxes, they prepared a meal. Then they went upstairs to wait for the downpour. Soon it came. Isolated drops, rapping hard on the roof, like a slow roll of drums. The wind freshened, the rain slanted. Every drop that struck the uprights blotted, expanding, into the shape of a spear-head. The rain that struck the dust below the roof rolled itself into dark pellets of dirt, neat and spherical. They lit the oil lamp. Moths flew to it. Flies, deceived by the darkness, had already settled down for the night; they were thick on the asphalt lengths. Mr Biswas said, 'If you go to Hanuman House, you have to give me back the colour-pencils.' The wind blew in gusts, curving the fall of the rain. 'But you did give them to me.' 'Ah. But you didn't take them. Remember? Anyway, I taking them back now.' 'Well, you could take them back. I don't want them.' 'All right, all right. I was only joking. I not taking them back.' 'I don't want them.' 'Take them.' 'No.' Anand went out to the unfinished drawingroom. When the real rain came it announced itself seconds in advance by its roar: the roar of wind, of wind through trees, of the deluge on distant trees. Then came a swift crepitation on the roof, instantly lost in a continuous and even hammering, so loud that if Mr Biswas spoke Anand could not have heard. Here and there Mr Maclean's roof leaked; that added to the cosiness of shelter. Water fell from the corrugations in evenly-spaced streams, enclosing the house. Water flowed down the sloping land below the roof; the pellets of dirt had long disappeared. Water gouged out tortuous channels as it forced its way down to the road and down to the hollow before the barracks. And the rain continued to roar, and the roof resounded. For several seconds at a time lightning lit up a shining chaotic world. Fresh mud flowed off Tarzan's grave in a thin regular stream. Raindrops glittered as they struck the sodden ground. Then the thunder came, grating and close. Anand thought of a monstrous steam-roller breaking through the sky. The lightning was exciting but it made him feel peculiar. That, and the thunder, sent him back to the bedroom. He surprised Mr Biswas writing with his finger on his head. Mr Biswas quickly pretended that he was playing with his hair. The flame of the oil lamp, though protected by a glass chimney, wavered; shadows dodged about the room; the shadows of the snakes swung in an ever-changing pattern on the shivering roof. Still officially annoyed with his father, Anand sat down on the floor, at the foot of the bed, and held his arms over his knees. The din on the roof and the beat of the rain on the trees and earth made him feel chilly. Something fell near him. It was a winged ant, its wings collapsed and now a burden on its wormlike body. These creatures came out only in heavy rain and seldom lived beyond it. When they fell they never rose again. Anand pressed a finger on the broken wing. The ant wriggled, the wing was released; and the ant, suddenly busy, suddenly deceptively whole, moved off towards the dark. All at once a cycle of heavy rain was over. It still drizzled, and the wind still blew, flinging the drizzle on the roof and walls like showers of sand. It was possible to hear the water from the roof falling to the earth, water gurgling as it ran off in its new channels. The rain had soaked through the gaps between the wall-boards. The edges of the floor were wet. _'Rama Rama Sita Rama, Rama Rama Sita Rama.'_ Mr Biswas was lolling on the bed, his legs locked together, his lips moving rapidly. The expression on his face was one of exasperation rather than pain. Anand thought this was a plea for sympathy and ignored it. He leaned his head on his arms crossed over his knees, and rocked on the floor. A fresh cycle of rain started. A winged ant dropped on Anand's arm. Hurriedly he brushed it off; where the ant touched him seemed to burn. Then he saw that the room was full of these ants enjoying the last minutes of their short life. Their small wings, strained by large bodies, quickly became useless, and without wings they were without defence. They kept on dropping. Their enemies had already discovered them. On one wall, in the shadow of the reflector of the oil lamp, Anand saw a column of black ants. They were not the crazy ants, thin frivolous creatures who scattered at the slightest disturbance; they were the biting ants, smaller, thicker, neater, purple-black with a dull shine, moving slowly and in strict formation, as solemn and stately as undertakers. Lightning lit up the room again and Anand saw the column of biting ants stretched diagonally across two walls: a roundabout route, but they had their reasons. 'Hear them!' Anand, watching the ants, his mouth pressed on his goose-fleshed arm, didn't reply. 'Boy!' The anguish, the loudness of the voice rising above rain and wind made Anand jump. He stood up. 'You hear them?' Anand listened, trying to pick up the component parts of the din: the rain, the wind, the running of water, the trees, the rain on walls and roof. Talk, indistinct, a bumble, rising and falling. 'You hear them?' Anything could sound like talk: the gurgle of water, boughs rubbing against one another. Anand opened the door a little way and looked down through the spars of the drawingroom. The ground ran with shining black water. Below the unfloored front bedroom, where the ground was higher and not so wet, two men were squatting before a smoking fire of twigs. Two large heart-shaped leaves of the wild _tannia_ were near the men. They must have used the leaves as umbrellas when they had been caught by the heavier shower. The men stared at the fire. One man was smoking a cigarette. In the weak firelight, in the stillness of the scene in the midst of turmoil, this act of smoking, so intense and unruffled, might have been part of an ancient ritual. 'You see them?' Anand closed the door. On the floor the winged ants had a new life. They were possessed of scores of black limbs. They were being carted away by the biting ants. They wriggled and squirmed, but did not disturb the even solemnity of their bearers. Bodiless wings were also being carried away. Lightning obliterated shadows and colour. The hair on Anand's arms and legs stood straight. His skin tingled. 'You see them?' Anand thought they might be the men from the day before. But he couldn't be sure. 'Bring the cutlass.' Anand put the cutlass against the wall near the head of the bed. The wall was running with water. 'And you take the walking-stick.' Anand would have liked to go to sleep. But he didn't want to get into bed with his father. And with the floor full of ants where it was not wet, he couldn't make up a bed for himself. _'Rama Rama Sita Rama, Rama Rama Sita Rama.'_ _'Rama Rama Sita Rama,'_ Anand repeated. Then Mr Biswas forgot Anand and began to curse. He cursed Ajodha, Pundit Jairam, Mrs Tulsi, Shama, Seth. 'Say _Rama Rama,_ boy.' _'Rama Rama Sita Rama.'_ The rain abated. When Anand looked outside, the men under the house had gone with their _tannia_ leaves, leaving a dead, hardly-smoking fire. 'You see them?' The rain came again. Lightning flashed and flashed, thunder exploded and rolled. The procession of the ants continued. Anand began killing them with the walking-stick. Whenever he crushed a group carrying a living winged ant, the ants broke up, without confusion or haste, re-formed, took away what they could of the crushed body and carried away their dead. Anand struck and struck with his stick. A sharp pain ran up his arm. On his hand he saw an ant, its body raised, its pincers buried in his skin. When he looked at the walking-stick he saw that it was alive with biting ants crawling upwards. He was suddenly terrified of them, their anger, their vindictiveness, their number. He threw the stick away from him. It fell into a puddle. The roof rose and dropped, grinding and flapping. The house shook. _'Rama Rama Sita Rama,'_ Anand said. 'O God! They coming!' 'They _gone!_ ' Anand shouted angrily. Mr Biswas muttered hymns in Hindi and English, left them unfinished, cursed, rolled on the bed, his face still expressing only exasperation. The flame of the oil lamp swayed, shrank, throwing the room into darkness for seconds, then shone again. A shaking on the roof, a groan, a prolonged grinding noise, and Anand knew that a sheet of corrugated iron had been torn off. One sheet was left loose. It flapped and jangled continuously. Anand waited for the fall of the sheet that had been blown off. He never heard it. Lightning; thunder; the rain on roof and walls; the loose iron sheet; the wind pushing against the house, pausing, and pushing again. Then there was a roar that overrode them all. When it struck the house the window burst open, the lamp went instantly out, the rain lashed in, the lightning lit up the room and the world outside, and when the lightning went out the room was part of the black void. Anand began to scream. He waited for his father to say something, to close the window, light the lamp. But Mr Biswas only muttered on the bed, and the rain and wind swept through the room with unnecessary strength and forced open the door to the drawingroom, wall-less, floorless, of the house Mr Biswas had built. Anand screamed and screamed. Rain and wind smothered his voice, overturned the lamp, made the rockingchair rock and skid, rattled the kitchen safe against the wall, destroyed all smell. Lightning, flashing intermittently, steel-blue exploding into white, showed the ants continually disarrayed, continually re-forming. Then Anand saw a light swaying in the dark. It was a man, bending forward against the rain, a hurricane lamp in one hand, a cutlass in the other. The living flame was like a miracle. It was Ramkhilawan from the barracks. He had a jutebag over his head and shoulders like a cape. He was barefooted and his trousers were rolled up above his knees. The hum-cane lamp showed glinting streaks of rain, and, as he climbed the slippery steps, his footprints of mud, instantly washed away. 'Oh, my poor little calf!' he called. 'Oh, my poor little calf!' He closed the drawingroom door. The lamp illuminated a wet chaos. He struggled with the window. As soon as he had pulled it a little way from the wall to which it was pinned, the wind, rising, gave a push, and the window slammed shut, making Ramkhilawan jump back. He took off the dripping jutebag from his head and shoulders; his shirt stuck to his skin. The oil lamp was not broken. There even remained some oil in it. The chimney was cracked, but still whole. Ramkhilawan brought out a damp box of matches from his trouser pocket and put a lighted match to the wick. The wick, waterlogged, spluttered; the match burned down; the wick caught. # 6. A Departure A MESSAGE had to be sent to Hanuman House. The labourers always responded to the melodramatic and calamitous, and there were many volunteers. Through rain and wind and thunder a messenger went that evening to Arwacas and dramatically unfolded his tale of calamity. Mrs Tulsi and the younger god were in Port of Spain. Shama was in the Rose Room; the midwife had been attending upon her for two days. Sisters and their husbands held a council. 'I did always think he was mad,' Chinta said. Sushila, the childless widow, spoke with her sickroom authority. 'It isn't about Mohun I am worried, but the children.' Padma, Seth's wife, asked, 'What do you think he is sick with?' Sumati the flogger said, 'Message only said that he was very sick.' 'And that his house had been practically blown away,' Jai's mother added. There were some smiles. 'I am sorry to correct you, Sumati sister,' Chinta said. 'But Message said that he wasn't right in his head.' Seth said, 'I suppose we have to bring the paddler home.' The men got ready to go to Green Vale; they were as excited as the messenger. The sisters bustled about, impressing and mystifying the children. Sushila, who occupied the Blue Room when the god was away, cleared it of all personal, womanly things; much of her time was devoted to keeping the mysteries of women from men. She also burned certain evil-smelling herbs to purify and protect the house. 'Savi,' the children said, 'something happen to your pappa.' And they stuck pins in the wicks of lamps to keep misfortune and death away. In the verandah and in every bedroom upstairs beds were made earlier than usual, lamps were turned low, and the children fell asleep, lulled by the sound of the rain. Downstairs the sisters sat silently around the long table, their veils pulled close over their heads and shoulders. They played cards and read newspapers. Chinta was reading the _Ramayana;_ she continually set herself new ambitions and at the moment wanted to be the first woman in the family to read the epic from beginning to end. Occasionally the card-players chuckled. Chinta was sometimes called to look at the cards one sister had; often the temptation was too great, and Chinta, adopting her frowning card-playing manner, and not saying a word, stayed to play the hand, tapping each card before she played it, throwing down the winning card with the crack she could do so well, then, still silent, going back to the _Ramayana._ The midwife, an old, thin, inscrutable Madrassi, came to the hall and sat on her haunches in a corner, smoking, silent, her eyes bright. Coffee simmered in the kitchen; its smell filled the hall. When the men returned, dripping, with Anand sleepily and tearfully walking beside them and Govind carrying Mr Biswas in his arms, there was relief, and some disappointment. Mr Biswas was not wild or violent; he made no speeches; he did not pretend he was driving a motorcar or picking cocoa – the two actions popularly associated with insanity. He only looked deeply exasperated and fatigued. Govind and Mr Biswas had not spoken since their fight. By carrying Mr Biswas in his arms Govind had put himself on the side of authority: he had assumed authority's power to rescue and assist when there was need, authority's impersonal power to forgive. Recognizing this, Chinta looked solicitously after Anand, drying his hair, taking off his wet clothes and giving him some of Vidiadhar's, giving him food, taking him upstairs and finding a place for him among the sleeping boys. Mr Biswas was put in the Blue Room, given dry clothes and cautiously offered a cup of hot sweetened milk with nutmeg, brandy and lumps of red butter. He stilled remaining fears by taking the cup without accident, and drinking carefully. He welcomed the warmth and reassurance of the room. Every wall was solid; the sound of the rain was deadened; the ceiling of two and a half inch pitchpine concealed corrugated iron and asphalt; the jalousied window, set in a deep embrasure, was unrattled by wind and rain. He knew he was at Hanuman House; but he couldn't assess what had gone before or what was to come. He felt he was continually awakening to a new situation, which was in some way linked to the memories he had, as instantaneous as snapshots, of other happenings that seemed to have spread over an unmeasurable length of time. The rain on the wet bed; the trip in the motorcar; the appearance of Ramkhilawan; the dead dog; the men talking outside; the thunder and lightning; the room suddenly full of Seth and Govind and the others; and now this warm, closed room, yellowly lit by a steady lamp; the dry clothes. As he concentrated, every object acquired a solidity, a permanence. That marble topped table with the china cup and saucer and spoon: no other arrangement of those objects was possible. He knew that this order was threatened; he had a feeling of expectation and unease. He lay as still as possible. Soon he was asleep. In his last moments of lucidity he thought the sound of the rain, muffled and regular, was comforting. It was still raining next morning, steadily, but the wind had dropped. It was dark, but there was no lightning and thunder. The gutters around the house were full and muddy. In the High Street the canals overflowed and the road was under water. The children could not go to school. There was excitement among them, not only at the unusual weather and unexpected holiday, but also at the overnight disturbance. Some had memories of being awakened briefly during the night; now Anand was with them and his father was in the Blue Room. Some of the girls pretended to know all that had happened. It was like the morning after a birth in the Rose Room: the mysteries were so well kept and everything carried out so secretly that few of the younger children knew what was afoot until they were told. 'Savi,' the children said, 'your pappa here. In the Blue Room.' But she didn't want to go to the Blue Room or the Rose Room. Outside, naked children splashed shrieking in the flooded road and swollen canals, racing paper boats and wooden boats and even sticks. Towards the middle of the morning the sky lightened and lifted, the rain thinned to a drizzle, then stopped altogether. The clouds rolled back, the sky was suddenly blinding blue and there were shadows on the water. Rapidly, their gurgling soon lost in the awakening every day din, canals subsided, leaving a wash of twigs and dirt on the road. In yards, against fences, there were tidemarks of debris and pebbles which looked as though they had been washed and sifted; around stones dirt had been washed away; green leaves that had been torn down were partly buried in silt. Roads and roofs dried, steaming, areas of dryness spreading out swiftly, like ink on a blotter. And presently roads and yards were dry, except for the depressions where water had collected. Heat nibbled at their edges, until even the depressions failed to reflect the blue sky. And the world was dry again, except for the mud in the shelter of the trees. The news about Mr Biswas was broken to Shama. She suggested that the furniture from Green Vale should be brought to Hanuman House. The doctor came, a Roman Catholic Indian, but much respected by the Tulsis for his manners and the extent of his property. He dismissed talk about having Mr Biswas certified and said that Mr Biswas was suffering from nerves and a certain vitamin deficiency. He prescribed a course of Sanatogen, a tonic called Ferrol with reputed iron-giving, body-building qualities, and Ovaltine. He also said that Mr Biswas was to have much rest, and should go to Port of Spain as soon as he was better to see a specialist. Almost as soon as the doctor had gone the thaumaturge came, an unsuccessful man with a flashy turban and an anxious manner; his fees were low. He purified the Blue Room and erected invisible barriers against evil spirits. He recommended that strips of aloe should be hung in doorways and windows and said that the family ought to have known that they should always have a black doll in the doorway of the hall to divert evil spirits: prevention was better than cure. Then he inquired whether he couldn't prepare a little mixture as well. The offer was rejected. 'Ovaltine, Ferrol, Sanatogen,' Seth said. 'Give Mohun your mixture and you turn him into a little capsule.' But they hung the aloe; it was a natural purgative that cost nothing and large quantities were always in the house. And they hung the black doll, one of a small ancient stock in the Tulsi Store, an English line which had not appealed to the people of Arwacas. That same afternoon a lorry brought the furniture from Green Vale. It was all damp and discoloured. The polish on Shama's dressingtable had turned white. The mattress was soaked and smelly; the coconut fibre had swollen and stained the ticking. The cloth covers of Mr Biswas's books were still sticky, and their colours had run along the edges of the pages, which had wrinkled and stuck together. The metal sections of the fourposter were left unmounted in that part of the long room which had once been Shama's and Mr Biswas's; the boards and the mattress were put out to dry in the sun. The safe stood in the hall, near the doorway to the kitchen, looking almost new against the sooty green wall. It still exhibited the Japanese coffee-set (the head of a Japanese woman at the bottom of every cup, an embossed dragon breathing fire outside), Seth's wedding present to Shama, never used, only cleaned. The green table was also put in the hall, but in that jumble of unmatching furniture was scarcely noticeable. The rockingchair was taken to the verandah upstairs. Savi was pained to see the furniture so scattered and disregarded, and angered to see the rockingchair being misused almost at once. At first the children stood on the cane-bottom and rocked violently. From this they evolved a game: four or five climbed into the chair and rocked; another four or five tried to pull them off. They fought over the chair and overturned it: that was the climax of the game. Knowing that to protest was to make herself absurd, Savi went to the Rose Room, with its basins and quaint jugs and tubes and smells, and complained to Shama. Shama, always gentle with her children when she was alone with them, and especially gentle during her confinements, stroked Savi's hair and told her that she was not to mind, she was being selfish, and if she complained to anybody else she would certainly cause a quarrel. Mr Biswas was sick, Shama said; and she herself was sick. Savi ought not to behave in a way that would annoy anyone. 'And where have they put the bureau?' Shama asked. 'In the long room.' Shama looked pleased. Some of Mr Biswas's most elaborate placards had also been brought from Green Vale. They were considered beautiful; though the sentiments, from a man long thought to be an atheist, caused some astonishment. The placards were hung in the hall and the Book Room, and when the children said, 'Savi, your pappa did really paint those signs?' the pain at seeing the furniture scattered was lessened. The children said, 'Savi, so all-you staying here for good now?' Lying in the room next to Shama's, perpetually dark, Mr Biswas slept and woke and slept again. The darkness, the silence, the absence of the world enveloped and comforted him. At some far-off time he had suffered great anguish. He had fought against it. Now he had surrendered, and this surrender had brought peace. He had controlled his disgust and fear when the men had come for him. He was glad he had. Surrender had removed the world of damp walls and paper covered walls, of hot sun and driving rain, and had brought him this: this worldless room, this nothingness. As the hours passed he found he could piece together recent happenings, and he marvelled that he had survived the horror. More and more frequently he forgot fear and questioning; sometimes, for as much as a minute or so, he was unable, even when he tried, to re-enter fully the state of mind he had lived through. There remained an unease, which did not seem real or actual and was more like an indistinct, chilling memory of horror. Further messages had been sent and visitors came. Pratap and Prasad, abashed by the size of the house and conscious of their own condition, felt obliged to be kind to all the children. They began by giving each child a penny; but they had underestimated the number of children; they ended up by giving out halfpennies. They told Mr Biswas exactly what they had been doing when they got Message; it seemed that they both nearly missed Message; they had both, however, had some signs on the night of the storm that something was wrong with Mr Biswas and had told their wives so; they urged Mr Biswas to get confirmation from their wives. Mr Biswas listened with a sense of withdrawal. He asked after their families. Pratap and Prasad construed this as pure politeness, and though there was little to talk about, dismissed their families as worthless of serious consideration. And after making occasional solemn noises, looking down at their hats, examining them from various angles, brushing the bands, they got up to go, sighing. Ramchand, Mr Biswas's brother-in-law, was less restrained. He had acquired a city brashness that went well with his uniform. He had left the country and the rum-factory years before and was now a warden at the Lunatic Asylum in Port of Spain. 'Don't think I shy of you,' he told Mr Biswas. 'I used to this. This is my work.' He spoke of himself, his career, the Lunatic Asylum. 'You ain't got a gramophone here?' he asked. 'Gramophone?' 'Music,' Ramchand said. 'We does play music to them all the time.' He spoke of the perquisites of the job as though the Lunatic Asylum had been organized solely for his benefit. 'Take the canteen now. Everything there five cents and six cents cheaper than outside, you know. But that is because they not running it to make a profit. If you ever want anything you must let me know.' 'Sanatogen?' 'I will see. Look, why you don't leave the country, man, and come to Port of Spain? A man like you shouldn't remain in this backward place. No wonder this thing happen to you. Come up and spend some time with us. Dehuti always talking about you, you know.' Mr Biswas promised to think it over. Ramchand walked heavily through the house and when he came into the hall shouted at Sushila, whom he didn't know, 'Everything all right, _maharajin?'_ 'He looks like a real _chantar_ -caste-type,' Sushila said. 'However much you wash a pig,' Chinta said, 'you can't turn it into a cow.' That evening Seth went to the Blue Room. 'Well, Mohun. How you feeling?' 'All right, I think.' Mr Biswas spoke with something like his humorous high-pitched voice. 'You thinking of going back to Green Vale?' To his own surprise, Mr Biswas found himself behaving in the old way. With an expression of mock-horror he said, 'Who? Me?' 'I glad you feel that way. As a matter of fact you can't go back.' 'Look at me. I crying.' 'Guess what happen.' 'All the cane burn down.' 'Wrong. Only your house.' 'Burn down? You mean it insuranburn.' 'No, no. Not insuranburn. It burn fair and square. Green Vale people. Wicked like hell, man, those people.' Seth saw that Mr Biswas was crying and looked away. But Seth misunderstood. An immense relief had come upon Mr Biswas. The anxiety, the fear, the anguish which had kept his mind humming and his body taut now ebbed away. He could feel it ebbing; it was a physical sensation; it left him weak and very weary. And he felt an enormous gratitude to Seth. He wanted to embrace him, to promise eternal friendship, to make some vow. 'You mean,' he said at last, 'that after all that rain they burn it down?' And he burst out sobbing. That night Shama gave birth to her fourth child, another girl. Mr Biswas's books had been placed among those in the Book Room. Somewhere among them was the _Collins Clear-Type Shakespeare._ No entry was made on its endpaper of this new birth. The thin, short-winded and repetitive cry of the baby hardly made itself heard outside the Rose Room. The midwife no longer squatted in the hall and smoked. She was busy. She washed, she cleaned, she watched and ruled. After nine days she was paid and dismissed. The sisters told Anand and Savi, 'You have a new sister. Somebody else to get a share of your father's property.' And they told Anand, 'You are lucky. You are still the only boy. But wait. One day you will get a brother, and he will cut off your nose.' Mr Biswas mixed and drank Sanatogen, drank table-spoonfuls of Ferrol and, in the evenings, glasses of Ovaltine. One day he remembered his fingernails. When he looked he saw they were whole, unbitten. There were still the periods of darkness, the spasms of panic; but now he knew they were not real and because he knew this he overcame them. He remained in the Blue Room, feeling secure to be only a part of Hanuman House, an organism that possessed a life, strength and power to comfort which was quite separate from the individuals who composed it. 'Savi, what you drinking?' 'Ovaltine.' 'Anand, what you drinking?' 'Ovaltine.' 'It nice?' 'Very nice.' 'Ma, Savi and Anand drinking Ovaltine. Their pappa give it to them.' 'Well, let me tell you, eh, boy, your father is not a millionaire to give _you_ Ovaltine. You hear?' And the next day: 'Jai, what you drinking?' 'Ovaltine, like you.' 'Vidiadhar, you drinking Ovaltine too?' 'No. _We_ drinking Milo. We like it better.' Mr Biswas came out from the Blue Room to the drawingroom with the thronelike chairs and the statuary. He felt safe and even a little adventurous. He went through to the wooden house. In the verandah Hari was reading. Instinctively Mr Biswas took a step back. Then he remembered there was no need. The two men looked at one another and looked away again. Leaning on the verandah half-wall, with his back to Hari, Mr Biswas thought about Hari's position in the family. Hari spent all his free time reading. He used this reading for nothing; he disliked disputation of any sort. No one was able to check his knowledge of Sanskrit and his scholarship had to be taken on trust. Yet he was respected inside the family and outside it. How did Hari get to that position? Mr Biswas wondered. Where did he start? What would happen if he, Mr Biswas, made a sudden appearance in the hall in dhoti and beads and sacred thread? Let his top-knot grow again, as it had grown at Pundit Jairam's. Would Hanuman House care to have two sick scholars? But he couldn't see himself as a holy man for long. Sooner or later someone was bound to surprise him, in dhoti, top-knot, sacred thread and caste-marks, reading _The Manxman_ or _The Atom._ Speculating about this, he reviewed his situation. He was the father of four children, and his position was as it had been when he was seventeen, unmarried and ignorant of the Tulsis. He had no vocation, no reliable means of earning a living. The job at Green Vale was over; he could not rest in the Blue Room forever; soon he would have to make a decision. Yet he felt no anxiety. The second to second agony and despair of those days at Green Vale had given him an experience of unhappiness against which everything had now to be measured. He was more fortunate than most people. His children would never starve; they would always be sheltered and clothed. It didn't matter if he were at Green Vale or Arwacas, if he were alive or dead. His money dwindled: Ovaltine, Ferrol, Sanatogen; the doctor's fees, the midwife's, the thaumaturge's. And there was no more money to come. One evening Seth said, 'That tin of Ovaltine could very well be your last, if you don't decide to do something.' Decide. What was there to decide? There was room for him at Hanuman House if he stayed. If he left he would not be missed. He had not claimed his children; they avoided him and were embarrassed when they met him. But it was only when Seth said, 'Mai and Owad are coming home this week-end,' meaning that the Blue Room had to be prepared for Owad, it was only then that Mr Biswas thought of action, unwilling to move to any other part of the house, unwilling to face Mrs Tulsi and the god. The small brown cardboard suitcase, acquired in exchange for a large number of Anchor Cigarette packets, and decorated on both sides with his monogram, was enough for what he intended to take. He remembered Shama's taunt: 'When you came to us you had no more clothes than you could hang up on a nail.' He still had few clothes; they were all crumpled and dirty. The cork hat he decided to leave; he had always found it absurd, and it belonged to the barracks. He could always send for his books. But he packed his paintbrushes. Through every move they had survived; the soft candle on the bristle of one or two had hardened, cracked and turned to powder. He wanted to leave early in the morning, to have as much time as possible before it became dark. The crumpled clothes felt loose when he put them on; his trousers sagged; he had grown thinner. He remembered the morning the towel had fallen from him in front of the twelve barrackrooms. When Savi brought him the cocoa and biscuits and butter he told her, 'I am going away.' She didn't look surprised or disappointed, and didn't ask where he was going. He was going out into the world, to test it for its power to frighten. The past was counterfeit, a series of cheating accidents. Real life, and its especial sweetness, awaited; he was still beginning. He wondered whether he should go to see Shama and the baby. His senses recoiled. As soon as he heard the children leave for school he went downstairs. He was seen, but no one called out to him: the suitcase was not of a significant size. The High Street was already busy. The market was alive: a high smell of meat and fish, a steady dull roar enlivened by shrieks and the ringing of bells. The haberdashers were coming in, on horse-carts, donkey-carts and ox-carts: ambitious men who set up little boxes and exposed stocks of combs and hairpins and brushes in front of large stores that sold the same things. The spasms of terror didn't come. The knots of fear were still in his stomach, but they were so subdued he knew he could ignore them. The world had been restored to him. He looked at the nails of his left hand; they were still whole. He tested them against his palm; they were sharp and cutting. He walked past the Red Rose Tea Is Good Tea sign; past the rumshop with the vast awning; past the Roman Catholic church; the court house; past the police station, primly ochre-and-red, its lawn and hedges trimmed, the drive lined with large whitewashed stones and palm trees which, whitewashed halfway up their trunks, looked like the legs of Pratap and Prasad when, as boys, they returned from the buffalo-pond. # PART TWO # 1. 'Amazing Scenes' TO THE city of Port of Spain, where with one short break he was to spend the rest of his life, and where at Sikkim Street he was to die fifteen years later, Mr Biswas came by accident. When he left Hanuman House and his wife and four children, the last of whom he had not seen, his main concern was to find a place to pass the night. It was still early morning. The sun was rising directly above the High Street in a dazzling haze, against which everyone was silhouetted, outlined in gold, and attached to shadows so elongated that movements appeared uncoordinated and awkward. The buildings on either side were in damp shadow. At the road junction Mr Biswas had still not decided where to go. Most of the traffic moved north: tarpaulin-covered lorries, taxis, buses. The buses slowed down to pass Mr Biswas, and the conductors, hanging out from the footboard, shouted to him to come aboard. North lay Ajodha and Tara, and his mother. South lay his brothers. None of them could refuse to take him in. But to none of them did he want to go: it was too easy to picture himself among them. Then he remembered that north, too, lay Port of Spain and Ramchand, his brother-in-law. And it was while he was trying to decide whether Ramchand's invitation could be considered genuine that a bus, its engine partially unbonneted, its capless radiator steaming, came to a stop inches away with a squeal of brakes and a racking of its tin and wood body, and the conductor, a young man, almost a boy, bent down and seized Mr Biswas's cardboard suitcase, saying imperiously, impatiently, 'Port of Spain, man, Port of Spain'. As a conductor of Ajodha's buses Mr Biswas had seized the suitcases of many wayfarers, and he knew that in these circumstances a conductor had to be aggressive to combat any possible annoyance. But now, finding himself suddenly separated from his suitcase and hearing the impatience in the conductor's voice, he was cowed, and nodded. 'Up, up, man,' the conductor said, and Mr Biswas climbed into the vehicle while the conductor stowed away his suitcase. Whenever the bus stopped to release a passenger or kidnap another, Mr Biswas wondered whether it was too late to get off and make his way south. But the decision had been made, and he was without energy to go back on it; besides, he could get at his suitcase only with the cooperation of the conductor. He fixed his eyes on a house, as small and as neat as a doll's house, on the distant hills of the Northern Range; and as the bus moved north, he allowed himself to be puzzled that the house didn't grow any bigger, and to wonder, as a child might, whether the bus would eventually come to that house. It was the crop season. In the sugarcane fields, already in parts laid low, cutters and loaders were at work, knee-deep in trash. Along the tracks between fields mudstained, grey-black buffaloes languidly pulled carts carrying high, bristling loads of sugarcane. But soon the land changed and the air was less sticky. Sugarcane gave way to rice-fields, the muddy colour of their water lost in the flawless reflections of the blue sky; there were more trees; and instead of mud huts there were wooden houses, small and old, but finished, painted and jalousied, with fretwork, frequently broken, along the eaves, above doors and windows and around fern-smothered verandahs. The plain fell behind, the mountains grew nearer; but the doll's house remained as small as ever and when the bus turned into the Eastern Main Road Mr Biswas lost sight of it. The road was strung with many wires and looked important; the bus moved westwards through thickening traffic and increasing noise, past one huddled red and ochre settlement after another, until the hills rose directly from the road on the right, and from the left came a smell of swamp and sea, which presently appeared, level, grey and hazy, and they were in Port of Spain, where the stale salt smell of the sea mixed with the sharp sweet smells of cocoa and sugar from the warehouses. He had feared the moment of arrival and wished that the bus would go on and never stop, but when he got down into the yard next to the railway station his uncertainty at once fell away, and he felt free and excited. It was a day of freedom such as he had had only once before, when one of Ajodha's relations had died and the rumshop had been closed and everybody had gone away. He drank a coconut from a cart in Marine Square. How wonderful to be able to do that in the middle of the morning! He walked on crowded pavements beside the slow, continuous motor traffic, noted the size and number of the stores and cafés and restaurants, the trams, the high standard of the shop signs, the huge cinemas, closed after the pleasures of last night (which he had spent dully at Arwacas), but with posters, still wet with paste, promising fresh gaieties for that afternoon and evening. He comprehended the city whole; he did not isolate the individual, see the man behind the desk or counter, behind the pushcart or the steering-wheel of the bus; he saw only the activity, felt the call to the senses, and knew that below it all there was an excitement, which was hidden, but waiting to be grasped. It wasn't until four, when stores and offices closed and the cinemas opened, that he thought of making his way to the address Ramchand had given. This was in the Woodbrook area and Mr Biswas, enchanted by the name, was disappointed to find an unfenced lot with two old unpainted wooden houses and many makeshift sheds. It was too late to turn back, to make another decision, another journey; and after making inquiries of a Negro woman who was fanning a coal-pot in one shed, he picked his way past bleaching stones, a slimy open gutter and a low open gutter and a low clothes-wire, to the back, where he saw Dehuti fanning a coal-pot in another shed, one wall of which was the corrugated iron fence of the sewer trace. His disappointment was matched by their surprise when, after the exclamations of greeting, he made it clear that he intended to spend some time with them. But when he announced that he had left Shama, they were welcoming again, their solicitude touched not only with excitement but also with pleasure that in a time of trouble he had come to them. 'You stay here and rest as long as you want,' Ramchand said. 'Look, you have a gramophone. You just stay here and play music to yourself.' And Dehuti even dropped the sullenness with which she always greeted Mr Biswas, a sullenness which, no longer defensive, held no meaning and was only an attitude fixed by habit, simplifying relationships. Presently Dehuti's younger son came back from school and Dehuti said sternly, 'Take out your books and let me hear what you learn at school today.' The boy didn't hesitate. He took out Captain Cutteridge's _Reader,_ Standard Four, and read an account of an escape from a German prison camp in 1917. Mr Biswas congratulated the boy, Dehuti and Ramchand. 'He is a good little reader,' Ramchand said. 'And what is the meaning of "distribute"?' Dehuti asked, still stern. 'Share out,' the boy said. 'I didn't know that at his age,' Mr Biswas said to Ramchand. 'And bring out your copy book and show me what you do in arithmetic today.' The boy took the book out to her and Dehuti said, 'It look passable. But I don't know anything about arithmetic. Take it to your uncle, let him see.' Mr Biswas didn't know anything about arithmetic either, but he saw the approving red ticks and again congratulated the boy, Dehuti and Ramchand. 'This education is a helluva thing,' Ramchand said. 'Any little child could pick up. And yet the blasted thing does turn out so damn important later on.' Dehuti and Ramchand lived in two rooms. One of these Mr Biswas shared with the boy. And though from the outside the unpainted house with its rusting roof and weatherbeaten, broken boards looked about to fall down, the wood inside had kept some of its colour, and the rooms were clean and well kept. The furniture, including the hatrack with the diamond shaped glass, was brilliantly polished. The area between the kitchen shed and the back room was roofed and partly walled; so that the open yard could be forgotten, and there was room and even privacy. But at night gruff, intimate whispers came through the partitions, reminding Mr Biswas that he lived in a crowded city. The other tenants were all Negroes. Mr Biswas had never lived close to people of this race before, and their proximity added to the strangeness, the adventure of being in the city. They differed from country Negroes in accent, dress and manner. Their food had strange meaty smells, and their lives appeared less organized. Women ruled men. Children were disregarded and fed, it seemed, at random; punishments were frequent and brutal, without any of the ritual that accompanied floggings at Hanuman House. Yet the children all had fine physiques, disfigured only by projecting navels, which were invariably uncovered; for the city children wore trousers and exposed their tops, unlike country children, who wore vests and exposed their bottoms. And unlike country children, who were timid, the city children were half beggars, half bullies. The organization of the city fascinated Mr Biswas: the street lamps going on at the same time, the streets swept in the middle of the night, the rubbish collected by the scavenging carts early in the morning; the furtive, macabre sounds of the nightsoil removers; the newsboys, really men; the bread van, the milk that came, not from cows, but in rum bottles stopped with brown paper. Mr Biswas was impressed when Dehuti and Ramchand spoke proprietorially of streets and shops, talking with the ease of people who knew their way about the baffling city. Even about Ramchand's going out to work every morning there was something knowing, brave and enviable. And with Mr Biswas Ramchand was indeed the knowledgeable townsman. He took Mr Biswas to the Botanical Gardens and the Rock Gardens and Government House. They went up Chancellor Hill and looked down at the ships in the harbour. For Mr Biswas this was a moment of deep romance. He had seen the sea, but didn't know that Port of Spain was really a port, at which ocean liners called from all parts of the world. Mr Biswas was amused by Ramchand's city manners and allowed himself to be patronized by him. Ramchand had in any case always managed to do that, even when he had just stopped being a yard boy at Tara's. Ostracized from the community into which he was born, he had shown the futility of its sanctions. He had simply gone outside it. He had acquired a loudness and heartiness which was alien and which he did not always carry off easily. He spoke English most of the time, but with a rural Indian accent which made his attempts to keep up with the ever-changing Port of Spain slang absurd. And Mr Biswas suffered when, as sometimes happened, Ramchand was rebuffed; when, for instance, partly to impress Mr Biswas, he overdid the heartiness in his relations with the Negroes in the yard and was met with cold surprise. At the end of a fortnight Ramchand said, 'Don't worry about getting a job yet. You suffering from brain fag, and you got to have lots of rest.' He spoke without irony, but Mr Biswas, now practically without money, had begun to feel burdened by his freedom. He was no longer content to walk about the city. He wanted to be part of it, to be one of those who stood at the black and yellow bus-stops in the morning, one of those he saw behind the windows of offices, one of those to whom the evenings and week-ends brought relaxation. He thought of taking up sign-writing again. But how was he to go about it? Could he simply put up a sign in front of the house and wait? Ramchand said, 'Why you don't try to get a job in the Mad House? Good pay, free uniform, and a damn good canteen. Everything there five and six cents cheaper. Ask Dehuti.' 'Yes,' she said, 'Everything there much cheaper.' Mr Biswas saw himself in the uniform, walking alone through long rooms of howling maniacs. 'Well, why the hell not?' he said. 'Is something to do.' Ramchand looked slightly offended. He mentioned difficulties; and though he had contacts and influence, he was not sure that it would create a good impression if he made use of them. 'That is the only thing that keeping me back,' he said. 'The _impression.'_ Then one day Mr Biswas was surprised by the spasms of fear. They were weak and intermittent, but they persisted, and reminded him to look at his hands. The nails were all bitten down. His freedom was over. And as a last act of this freedom he decided to go to the specialist the Arwacas doctor had recommended. The specialist's office was at the northern end of St Vincent Street, not far from the Savannah. House and grounds suggested whiteness and order. The fence pillars were freshly whitewashed; the brass plaque glittered; the lawn was trimmed; not a piece of earth was out of place on the flower-beds; and on the drive the light-grey gravel, free from impurities, reflected the sunlight. He went through a white-walled verandah and found himself in a high white room. A Chinese receptionist in a stiff white uniform sat at a desk on which calendar, diary, inkwells, ledgers and lamp were neatly disposed. A fan whirred in one corner. A number of people reclined on low luxurious chairs, reading magazines or talking in whispers. They didn't look sick: there was not a bandage or an oiled face among them, no smell of bay rum or ammonia. This was far removed from Mrs Tulsi's Rose Room; and it was hard to believe that in the same city Ramchand and Dehuti lived in two rooms of a crumbling house. Mr Biswas began to feel that he had come on false pretences; there was nothing wrong with him. 'You have an appointment?' The receptionist spoke with the nasal, elided Chinese highness, and Mr Biswas detected hostility in her manner. _Fish-face,_ he commented mentally. The receptionist started. Mr Biswas realized with horror that he had whispered the word; he had not lost the Green Vale habit of speaking his thoughts aloud. 'Appointment?' he said. 'I have a letter.' He took out the small brown envelope which the Arwacas doctor had given him. It was creased, dirty, fuzzy along the edges, the corners curled. The receptionist deftly slit the envelope open with a tortoiseshell knife. As she read the letter Mr Biswas felt exposed, and more of a fraud than ever. The blunder he had made worried him. He determined to be cautious. He clenched his teeth and tried to imagine whether 'fish-face', heard in a whisper, couldn't be mistaken for something quite different, something even complimentary. _Fish-face._ The receptionist looked up. Mr Biswas smiled. 'You want to make an appointment, or you prefer to wait?' The receptionist was cold. Mr Biswas decided to wait. He sat on a sofa, sank right into it, fell back and sank further, his knees rising high. He didn't know what to do with his eyes. It was too late to get a magazine. He counted the people in the room. Eight. He had a long time to wait. They probably all had appointments; they were all correctly ill. A short limping man came in noisily, spoke loudly to the receptionist, stumped over to the sofa, sank into it, breathing hard, and stretched out a short straight leg. At least there was something wrong with _him._ Mr Biswas eyed the leg and wondered how the man was going to get up again. The surgery door opened, a man was heard but not seen, a woman came out, and someone else went in. _A soldier of the legion lay dying in Algiers._ Mr Biswas felt the lame man's eyes on him. He thought about money. He had three dollars. A country doctor charged a dollar; but illness was clearly more expensive in this room. The lame man breathed heavily. Money was too worrying to think about, _Bell's Standard Elocutionist_ too dangerous. His mind wandered and settled on _Tom Sawyer_ and _Huckleberry Finn,_ which he had read at Ramchand's. He smiled at the memory of Huckleberry Finn, whose trousers 'bagged low and contained nothing', nigger Jim who had seen ghosts and told stories. He chuckled. When he looked up he intercepted an exchange of glances between the receptionist and the lame man. He would have left right then, but he was too deeply wedged in his chair; if he attempted to rise he would create a disturbance and draw attention to himself. He became aware of his clothes: the washed-out khaki trousers with the frayed turn-ups, the washed-out blue shirt with the cuffs given one awkward fold backwards (no shirt size fitted him absolutely: collars were too tight or sleeves too long), the little brown hat resting in the valley formed by his thighs and belly. And he had only three dollars. _You know, I am not a sick man at all._ The lame man cleared his throat noisily, very noisily for a small man, and agitated his stiff leg. Mr Biswas watched it. Suddenly he had levered himself up from the sofa, rocking the lame man violently, and was walking towards the receptionist. Concentrating on his English, he said, 'I have changed my mind. I am feeling much better, thank you.' And, putting on his hat, he went towards the door. 'What about your letter?' the receptionist asked, surprised into her Trinidad accent. 'Keep it,' Mr Biswas said. 'File it. Burn it. Sell it.' He went through the tiled verandah, crossed the black afternoon shadow on the drive, emerged into the sun, noted a bed of suffering zinnias as he moved briskly down the dazzling gravel to St Vincent Street. The wind from the Savannah was like a blessing. His mind was hot. And now he saw the city as made up of individuals, each of whom had his place in it. The large buildings around the Savannah were white and blank and silent in the heat. He came to the War Memorial Park, sat on a bench in the shade of a tree and studied the statue of a belligerent soldier. Shadows were black and well-defined and encouraged repose and languor. His stomach was hurting. His freedom was over, and it had been false. The past could not be ignored; it was never counterfeit; he carried it within himself. If there was a place for him, it was one that had already been hollowed out by time, by everything he had lived through, however imperfect, makeshift and cheating. He welcomed the stomach pains. They had not occurred for months and it seemed to him that they marked the return of the wholeness of his mind, the restoration of the world; they indicated how far he had lifted himself from the abyss of the past months, and reminded him of the anguish against which everything now had to be measured. Reluctantly, for it was a pleasure just to sit and let the wind play about his face and neck and down his shirt, he left the park and walked south, away from the Savannah. The quiet, withdrawn houses disappeared; pavements grew narrower and higher and more crowded; there were shops and cafés and buses, cars, trams and bicycles, horns and bells and shouts. He crossed Park Street and continued towards the sea. In the distance, above the roofs at the end of the street, he saw the tops of masts of sloops and schooners at St Vincent Jetty. He passed the courts and came to the Red House, bulky in red sandstone. Part of the asphalt forecourt was marked off in white and lettered RESERVED FOR JUDGES. He went up the central steps and found himself under a high dome. He saw many green notice-boards and an unplaying fountain. The basin of the fountain was wet, and held many dead leaves and empty cigarette packets. It was busy under the dome, with messengers in khaki uniforms and clerks in well-ironed clothes carrying buff or green folders, and with people continually passing between St Vincent Street and Woodford Square, where the professional beggars lounged about the bandstand and on benches, so confident of their appearance that they disdained to beg, spending most of their time patching the rags they wore like a uniform, garments thick and shaggy and richly variegated, small rag sewn on to small rag, labours of love. Even about the beggars there was an air of establishment. Woodford Square, cool under the trees and attractively dappled with light, was theirs; they cooked, ate and slept there, disturbed only by occasional political gatherings. They worried no one, and since they all had excellent physiques, and one or two were reputed to be millionaires, no one worried them. On the green notice-boards, which also served to screen the offices on either side, there were government notices. Mr Biswas was reading these when he heard someone call out. He turned to see an elderly Negro, respectably dressed, waving to him with a one-armed pair of spectacles. 'You want a certificate?' The Negro's lips snapped ferociously shut between words. 'Certificate?' 'Birth, marriage, death.' The Negro adjusted his mutilated spectacles low over his nose and from a shirt pocket stuffed with paper and pencils he pulled out a sheet of paper and let his pencil circle impatiently above it. 'I don't want any certificate.' The pencil stopped playing. 'I can't understand it.' The Negro put away paper and pencil, sat down on a long, shiny bench, took off his spectacles, thrust the scratched, white end of the remaining arm into his mouth, and shook his legs. 'Nobody wanting certificates these days. If you ask me, the trouble is that nowadays it just have too damn many searchers. When I sit down on this bench in 1919 I was the onliest searcher. Today every Tom, Dick or Harry running up and down this place' – he jerked his chin towards the fountain –'calling themself searchers.' His lips snapped ferociously. 'You sure you don't want a certificate? You never know when these things could be useful. I get lots of certificates for Indians, you know. In fact, I prefer getting certificates for Indians. And I could get it for you this afternoon self. I know one of the clerks inside there.' He waved to the office at his back and Mr Biswas saw a high, polished brown counter and pale green walls, lit, on this bright afternoon, by electric light. 'Helluva job,' the Negro said. 'No Christmas and Easter for me, you know. At times like that nobody want any certificate at all. And every day, whether I search for ten or two or no certificates, that damn clerk inside there got to get his twenty cigarettes.' Mr Biswas began to move away. 'Still, if you know anybody who want a certificate – birth, death, marriage, marriage _in extremis –_ send them to me. I come here every morning at eight o'clock sharp. The name is Pastor.' Mr Biswas left Pastor, overwhelmed by the thought that in the office behind the green notice-board records were kept of every birth and death. And they had nearly missed him! He went down the steps into St Vincent Street and continued south towards the masts. Even Pastor, for all his grumbling, had found his place. What had driven him on a day in 1919 to take a seat outside the Registrar-General's Department and wait for illiterates wanting certificates? He had thought himself back into the mood he had known at Green Vale, when he couldn't bear to look at the newspapers on the wall. And now he perceived that the starts of apprehension he felt at the sight of every person in the street did not come from fear at all; only from regret, envy, despair. And, thinking of the newspapers on the barrackroom wall, he was confronted with the newspaper offices: the _Guardian,_ the _Gazette,_ the _Mirror,_ the _Sentinel,_ facing each other across the street. Machinery rattled like distant trains; through open windows came the warm smell of oil, ink and paper. The _Sentinel_ was the paper for which Misir, the Aryan, was a cent-a-line country correspondent. All the stories Mr Biswas had got by heart from the newspapers in the barrackroom returned to him. _Amazing scenes were witnessed yesterday when... Passers-by stopped and stared yesterday when..._ He turned down a lane, pushed open a door on the right, and then another. The noise of machinery was louder. An important, urgent noise, but it did not intimidate him. He said to the man behind the high caged desk, 'I want to see the editor.' _Amazing scenes were witnessed in St Vincent Street yesterday when Mohun Biswas, 31..._ 'You got an appointment?' _... assaulted a receptionist._ 'No,' Mr Biswas said irritably. _In an interview with our reporter... In an interview with our special correspondent late last night Mr Biswas said..._ 'The editor is busy. You better go and see Mr Woodward.' 'You just tell the editor I come all the way from the country to see him.' _Amazing scenes were witnessed in St Vincent Street yesterday when Biswas, 31, unemployed, of no fixed address, assaulted a receptionist at the offices of the_ TRINIDAD SENTINEL. _People ducked behind desks as Biswas, father of four, walked into the building with guns blazing, shot the editor and four reporters dead, and then set fire to the building. Passers-by stopped and stared as the flames rose high, fanned by a strong breeze. Several tons of paper were destroyed and the building itself gutted. In an exclusive interview with our special correspondent late last night Mr Biswas said..._ 'This way,' the receptionist said, climbing down from his desk, and led Mr Biswas into a large room which belied the urgent sounds of typewriters and machinery. Many typewriters were idle, many desks untenanted. A group of men in shirtsleeves stood around a green water-cooler in one corner; other groups of two or three were seated on desks; one man was spinning a swivel-chair with his foot. There was a row of frosted-glass cubicles along one wall, and the receptionist, going ahead of Mr Biswas, knocked on one of these, pushed the door open, allowed Mr Biswas to enter, and closed the door. A small fat man, pink and oiled from the heat, half rose from behind a desk littered with paper. Slabs of lead, edged with type, served as paperweights. And Mr Biswas was thrilled to see the proof of an article, headlined and displayed. It was a glimpse of a secret; isolated on the large white sheet, the article had an eminence tomorrow's readers would never see. Mr Biswas's excitement increased. And he liked the man he saw before him. 'And what is your story?' the editor asked, sitting down. 'I don't have a story. I want a job.' Mr Biswas saw almost with delight that he had embarrassed the editor; and he pitied him for not having the decision to throw him out. The editor went pinker and looked down at the proof. He was unhappy in the heat and seemed to be melting. His cheeks flowed into his neck; his neck bulged over his collar; his round shoulders drooped; his belly hung over his waistband; and he was damp all over. 'Yes, yes,' he said. 'Have you worked on a paper before?' Mr Biswas thought about the articles he had promised to write, but hadn't, for Misir's paper, which had never appeared. 'Once or twice,' he said. The editor looked at the door, as though for help. 'Do you mean once? Or do you mean twice?' 'I have read a lot.' Mr Biswas said, getting out of dangerous ground. The editor played with a slab of lead. 'Hall Caine, Marie Corelli, Jacob Boehme, Mark Twain. Hall Caine, Mark Twain,' Mr Biswas repeated. 'Samuel Smiles.' The editor looked up. 'Marcus Aurelius.' The editor smiled. 'Epictetus.' The editor continued to smile, and Mr Biswas smiled back, to let the editor know that he knew he was sounding absurd. 'You read those people just for pleasure, eh?' Mr Biswas recognized the cruel intent of the question, but he didn't mind. 'No,' he said. 'Just for the encouragement.' All his excitement died. There was a pause. The editor looked at the proof. Through the frosted glass Mr Biswas saw figures passing in the newsroom. He became aware of the noise again: the traffic in the street, the regular rattle of machinery, the intermittent chatter of typewriters, occasional laughter. 'How old are you?' 'Thirty-one.' 'You have come from the country, you are thirty-one, you have never written, and you want to be a reporter. What do you do?' Mr Biswas thought of estate-driver, exalted it to overseer, rejected it, rejected shopkeeper, rejected unemployed. He said, 'Sign-painter.' The editor rose. 'I have just the job for you.' He led Mr Biswas out of the office, through the newsroom (the group around the water-cooler had broken up), past a machine unrolling sheets of typewritten paper, into a partially dismantled room where carpenters were at work, through more rooms, and then into a yard. Down the lane at one end Mr Biswas could see the street he had left a few minutes before. The editor walked about the yard, pointing. 'Here and here,' he said. 'And here.' Mr Biswas was given paint and a brush, and he spent the rest of the afternoon writing signs: No Admittance to Wheeled Vehicles, No Entry, Watch out for Vans, No Hands Wanted. Around him machinery clattered and hummed; the carpenters beat rhythms on the nails as they drove them in. _Amazing scenes were witnessed yesterday when..._ 'Tcha!' he exclaimed angrily. _Amazing scenes were witnessed yesterday when Mohun Biswas, 31, a sign-painter, set to work on the offices of the_ TRINIDAD SENTINEL. _Passers-by stopped and stared as Biswas, father of four, covered the walls with obscene phrases. Women hid their faces in their hands, screamed and fainted. A traffic jam was created in St Vincent Street and police, under Superintendent Grieves, were called in to restore order. Interviewed by our special correspondent late last night, Biswas said..._ 'Didn't even know who Marcus Aurelius was, the crab-catching son of a bitch.' _... interviewed late last night, Biswas... Mr Biswas said, 'The ordinary man cannot be expected to know the meaning of "No Admittance".'_ 'What, still here?' It was the editor. He was less pink, less oiled, and his clothes were dry. He was smoking a short fat cigar; it repeated and emphasized his shape. The yard was in shadow; the light was going. Machinery clattered more assertively: a series of separate noises; the carpenters' rhythms had ceased. In the street traffic had subsided, footsteps resounded; the passing of a motor, the trilling of a bicycle bell could be heard from afar. 'But that is good,' the editor said. 'Very good indeed.' You sound surprised, you little chunk of lard. 'I got the letters from a magazine.' You think you are the only one laughing, eh? 'I could eat the Gill Sans R,' the editor said. 'You know, I don't really see why you should want to give up your job.' 'Not enough money.' 'Not much in this either.' Mr Biswas pointed to a sign. 'No wonder you are doing your best to keep people out.' 'Oh. No Hands Wanted.' 'A nice little sign,' Mr Biswas said. The editor smiled and then was convulsed with laughter. And Mr Biswas, the clown again, laughed too. 'That was for carpenters and labourers,' the editor said. 'Come tomorrow, if you are serious. We'll give you a month's trial. But no pay.' A chance encounter had led him to sign-writing. Sign-writing had taken him to Hanuman House and the Tulsis. Sign-writing found him a place on the _Sentinel._ And neither for the Tulsi Store signs nor for those at the _Sentinel_ was he paid. He worked with enthusiasm. His reading had given him an extravagant vocabulary but Mr Burnett, the editor, was patient. He gave Mr Biswas copies of London papers, and Mr Biswas studied their style until he could turn out presentable imitations. It was not long before he developed a feeling for the shape and scandalizing qualities of every story. To this he added something of his own. And it was part of his sudden good fortune that he was working for the _Sentinel_ and not for the _Guardian_ or the _Gazette._ For the facetiousness that came to him as soon as he put pen to paper, and the fantasy he had hitherto dissipated in quarrels with Shama and in invective against the Tulsis, were just the things Mr Burnett wanted. 'Let them get their news from the other papers,' he said. 'That is exactly what they are doing at the moment anyway. The only way we can get readers is by shocking them. Get them angry. Frighten them. You just give me one good fright, and the job is yours.' Next day Mr Biswas turned in a story. Mr Burnett said, 'You made this one up?' Mr Biswas nodded. 'Pity.' The story was headlined: FOUR CHILDREN ROASTED IN HUT BLAZE _Mother, Helpless, Watches_ 'I liked the last paragraph,' Mr Burnett said. This read: 'Sightseers are pouring into the stricken village, and we do not feel we are in a position to divulge its name as yet. "In times like this," an old man told me last night, "we want to be left alone." ' Abandoning fiction, Mr Biswas persevered. And Mr Burnett continued to give advice. 'I think you'd better go a little easy on the amazing scenes being witnessed. And how about turning your passers-by into ordinary people every now and then? "Considerably" is a big word meaning "very", which is a pointless word any way. And look. "Several" has seven letters. "Many" has only four and oddly enough has exactly the same meaning. I liked your piece on the Bonny Baby Competition. You made me laugh. But you haven't frightened me yet.' 'Anything funny happen at the Mad House?' Mr Biswas asked Ramchand that evening. Ramchand looked annoyed. And Mr Biswas gave up the idea of an exposure piece on the Mad House. On his way to the _Sentinel_ next morning he called at a police station. From there he went to the mortuary, then to the City Council's stable-yard. When he got to the _Sentinel he_ sat down at a free desk – no desk was yet his – and wrote in pencil: Last week the _Sentinel_ Bonny Baby Competition was held at Prince's Building. And late last night the body of a dead male baby was found, neatly wrapped in a brown paper parcel, on the rubbish dump at Cocorite. I have seen the baby and I am in a position to say that it did not win a prize in our Bonny Baby Competition. Experts are not yet sure whether the baby was specially taken to the rubbish dump, or simply put out with the rubbish in the usual way. Hezekiah James, 43, unemployed, who discovered the dead baby, told me... 'Good, good,' Mr Burnett said. 'But heavy. Heavy. Why not "I am able" instead of "I am in a position"?' 'I got that from the _Daily Express.'_ 'All right. Let it pass. But promise me that for a whole week you won't be in a position to do or say anything. It's going to be hard. But try. What sort of baby?' 'Sort?' 'Black, white, green?' 'White. Blueish when I saw it, really. I thought, though, that we didn't mention race, except for Chinese.' 'Listen to the man. If I ran across a black baby on the rubbish dump at Banbury, do you think I would just say a baby?' And the headlines the next day read: WHITE BABY FOUND ON RUBBISH DUMP _In Brown Paper Parcel_ Did Not Win Bonny Baby Competition 'Just one other thing,' Mr Burnett said. 'Lay off babies for a while.' The job was urgent: the paper had to be printed every evening; by early morning it had to be in every part of the island. This was not the false urgency of writing signs for shops at Christmas or looking after crops. And even after a dozen years Mr Biswas never lost the thrill, which he then felt for the first time, at seeing what he had written the day before appear in print, in the newspaper delivered free. 'You haven't given me a real shock yet,' Mr Burnett said. And Mr Biswas wanted to shock Mr Burnett. It seemed unlikely that he would ever do so, for in his fourth week he was made shipping reporter, taking the place of a man who had been killed at the docks by a crane load of flour accidentally falling from a great height. It was the tourist season and the harbour was full of ships from America and Europe. Mr Biswas went aboard German ships, was given excellent lighters, saw photographs of Adolf Hitler, and was bewildered by the Heil Hitler salutes. Excitement! The ships sailed away with their scorched tourists, distinguished by their tropical clothes, after only a few hours. But they had come from places with famous names. And in the _Sentinel_ office news from those places spilled out continually on to spools of paper. Outside was the hot sun, the horse-dunged streets, the choked slums, the rooms where he lived with Ramchand and Dehuti; and, beyond that, the level acres of sugarcane, the sunken ricelands, the repetitive labour of his brothers, the short roads leading from known settlement to known settlement, the Tulsi establishment, the old men who gathered every evening in the arcade of Hanuman House and would travel no more. But within the walls of the office every part of the world was near. He went aboard American ships on the South American tourist route, interviewed businessmen, had difficulty in understanding the American accent, saw the galleys and marvelled at the quantity and quality of the food thrown away. He copied down passenger lists, was invited by a ship's cook to join a smuggling ring that dealt in camera flash-bulbs, declined and was unable to write the story because it would have incriminated his late predecessor. He interviewed an English novelist, a man about his own age, but still young, and shining with success. Mr Biswas was impressed. The novelist's name was unknown to him and to the readers of the _Sentinel,_ but Mr Biswas had thought of all writers as dead and associated the production of books not only with distant lands, but with distant ages. He visualized headlines – FAMOUS NOVELIST SAYS PORT OF SPAIN WORLD'S THIRD WICKEDEST CITY – and fed the novelist with leading questions. But the novelist considered Mr Biswas's inquiries to have a sinister political motive, and made slow statements about the island's famed beauty and his desire to see as much of it as possible. I want to see that frighten anybody, Mr Biswas thought. (Years later Mr Biswas came across the travel-book the novelist had written about the region. He saw himself described as an 'incompetent, aggrieved and fanatical young reporter, who distastefully noted my guarded replies in a laborious longhand'.) Then a ship called on the way to Brazil. Within twenty-four hours Mr Biswas was notorious, the _Sentinel,_ reviled on every hand, momentarily increased its circulation, and Mr Burnett was jubilant. He said, 'You have even chilled me.' The story, the leading one on page three, read: DADDY COMES HOME IN A COFFIN _U.S. Explorer's Last Journey_ ON ICE _by M. Biswas_ Somewhere in America in a neat little red-roofed cottage four children ask their mother every day, 'Mummy, when is Daddy coming home?' Less than a year ago Daddy – George Elmer Edman, the celebrated traveller and explorer – left home to explore the Amazon. Well, I have news for you, kiddies. Daddy is on his way home. Yesterday he passed through Trinidad. In a coffin. Mr Biswas was taken on the staff of the _Sentinel_ at a salary of fifteen dollars a fortnight. 'The first thing you must do,' Mr Burnett said, 'is to get out and get yourself a suit. I can't have my best reporter running about in those clothes.' It was Ramchand who brought about the reconciliation between Mr Biswas and the Tulsis; or rather, since the Tulsis had few thoughts on the subject, made it possible for Mr Biswas to recover his family without indignity. Ramchand's task was easy. Mr Biswas's name appeared almost every day in the _Sentinel,_ so that it seemed he had suddenly become famous and rich. Mr Biswas, believing himself that this was very nearly so, felt disposed to be charitable. He was at that time touring the island as the Scarlet Pimpernel, in the hope of having people come up to him and say, 'You are the Scarlet Pimpernel and I claim the _Sentinel_ prize.' Every day his photograph appeared in the _Sentinel_ together with his report on the previous day's journey and his itinerary for the day. The photograph was half a column wide and there was no room for his ears; he was frowning, in an unsuccessful attempt to look menacing; his mouth was slightly open and he stared at the camera out of the corners of his eyes, which were shadowed by the low-pulled brim of his hat. As a circulation raiser the Scarlet Pimpernel was a failure. The photograph concealed too much; and he was too well dressed for ordinary people to accost him in a sentence of such length and correctness. The prizes went unclaimed for days and the Scarlet Pimpernel reports became increasingly fantastic. Mr Biswas visited his brother Prasad and readers of the _Sentinel_ learned next morning that a peasant in a remote village had rushed up to the Scarlet Pimpernel and said, 'You are the Scarlet Pimpernel and I claim the _Sentinel_ prize.' The peasant was then reported as saying that he read the _Sentinel_ every day, since no other paper presented the news so fully, so amusingly, and with such balance. Then Mr Biswas visited his eldest brother Pratap. And there he had a surprise. He found that his mother had been living with Pratap for some weeks. For long Mr Biswas had considered Bipti useless, depressing and obstinate; he wondered how Pratap had managed to communicate with her and persuade her to leave the hut in the back trace at Pagotes. But she had come and she had changed. She was active and lucid; she was a lively and important part of Pratap's household. Mr Biswas felt reproached and anxious. His luck had been too sudden, his purchase on the world too slight. When he got back late that evening to the _Sentinel_ office he sat down at a desk, his own (his towel in the bottom drawer), and with memories coming from he knew not where, he wrote: SCARLET PIMPERNEL SPENDS NIGHT IN A TREE _Anguish of Six-Hour Vigil_ _Oink! Oink!_ The frogs croaked all around me. Nothing but that and the sound of the rain on trees in the black night. I was dripping wet. My motorcycle had broken down miles from anywhere. It was midnight and I was alone. The report then described a sleepless night, encounters with snakes and bats, the two cars that passed in the night, heedless of the Scarlet Pimpernel's cries, the rescue early in the morning by peasants who recognized the Scarlet Pimpernel and claimed their prize. It was not long after this that Mr Biswas went to Arwacas. He got there in the middle of the morning but did not go to Hanuman House until after four, when he knew the store would be closed, the children back from school and the sisters in the hall and kitchen. His return was as magnificent as he had wished. He was still climbing up the steps from the courtyard when he was greeted by shouts, scampering and laughter. 'You are the Scarlet Pimpernel and I claim the _Sentinel_ prize!' He went around, dropping _Sentinel_ dollar-tokens into eager hands. 'Send this in with the coupon from the _Sentinel._ Your money will come the day after tomorrow.' Savi and Anand at once took possession of him. Shama, emerging from the black kitchen, said, 'Anand, you will get your father's suit dirty.' It was as though he had never left. Neither Shama nor the children nor the hall carried any mark of his absence. Shama dusted a bench at the table and asked whether he had eaten. He didn't reply, but sat where she had dusted. The children asked questions continually, and it was easy not to pay attention to Shama as she brought the food out. 'Uncle Mohun, Uncle Mohun. You really spend a night up a tree?' 'What do you think, Jai?' 'Ma say you make it up. And I don't see how _you_ could climb up a tree.' 'I can't tell you how often I fall down.' It was better than he had imagined to be back in the sooty green hall with the shelflike loft, the long pitchpine table, the unrelated pieces of furniture, the photographs of Pundit Tulsi, the kitchen safe with the Japanese coffee-set. 'Uncle Mohun, that man did really chase you with a cutlass when you try to give a coupon to his wife?' 'Yes.' 'Why you didn't give him one too?' 'Go away. You children getting too smart for me.' He ate and washed his hands and gargled. Shama urged him to be careful of his tie and jacket: as though they were not new to her, as though she had a wifely interest even in clothes she had not known from the start. He went up the stairs, past the landing with the broken piano. In the verandah he saw Hari, the holy man, and Hari's wife. They barely greeted him. They both seemed untouched by his new fame or his new suit. Hari, in his pundit's clothes, looked jaundiced and unwell as always; his wife's solemnity was tinged with worry and fatigue. Mr Biswas had often surprised them in similar quiet domestic scenes, withdrawn from the life about them. He felt he was intruding, and hurried past the door with the coloured glass panes into the Book Room, which smelled mustily of old paper and worm-eaten wood. His books were there with traces of their soaking: bleached covers, stained and crinkled pages. Anand came into the room. His hair was long on his big head; he was in his 'home-clothes'. Mr Biswas held Anand to his leg and Anand rubbed against it. He asked Anand about school and got shy, unintelligible replies. They had little to talk about. 'Exactly when they did start seeing my name in the papers?' Mr Biswas asked. Anand smiled, raised one foot off the floor, and mumbled. 'Who see it first?' Anand shook his head. 'And what they say, eh? Not the children, but the big people.' 'Nothing.' 'Nothing? But what about the photo? Coming out every day. What they say when they see _that?_ ' 'Nothing.' 'Nothing at all?' 'Only Auntie Chinta say you look like a crook.' 'Who is the pretty baby? Tell me, _who_ is the pretty baby?' It was Shama, coming into the room and wandering about it with a baby in her arms. Mr Biswas had not seen his fourth child. And now he was embarrassed to look. Shama came closer but did not raise her eyes. 'Who is that man?' she said to the baby. 'Do you _know_ that man?' Mr Biswas did not respond. He felt suffocated, sickened by the picture of mother and child as by the whole furtive domestic scene in this room above the hall: father, mother, children. 'And who is this?' Shama had taken the baby to Anand. 'This is brother.' Anand tickled her chin and the baby gurgled. 'Yes, this is brother. Oh, isn't she a _pretty_ baby?' He noticed that Shama had grown a little plumper. He relented. He took a step towards Shama and immediately she held up the baby to him. 'Her name is Kamla,' Shama said in Hindi, her eyes still on the baby. 'Nice name,' he said in English. 'Who give it?' 'The pundit.' 'This one register too, I suppose?' 'But you were here when she was born –' And Shama stopped, as though she had ventured on to dangerous ground. Mr Biswas took the baby. 'Give her back to me,' Shama said after a short time. 'She might get your clothes dirty.' The reconciliation was soon complete, and on terms that made Mr Biswas feel he had won a victory. It was arranged for him to meet Mrs Tulsi in Port of Spain. She pretended not to know that he had ever left Shama and Hanuman House; he had come to Port of Spain to see the doctor, hadn't he? Mr Biswas said he had. She was glad he was better; Pundit Tulsi always used to say that good health was worth any fortune. She never asked about his job, though she said that she expected much from Mr Biswas and always had; which was why she had been so ready to agree when he came that afternoon to ask for Shama's hand. Mrs Tulsi proposed that Mr Biswas should move his family to Port of Spain and live with her son and herself. Unless, of course, Mr Biswas was thinking of buying a house of his own; she was only a mother and had no control over Shama's fate. If they came, however, they would have the run of the house, except for those rooms used by Owad and herself. In return they would pay eight dollars a month, Shama would cook, do all the housework and collect the rents from her other two houses: a difficult business: not worth the trouble to get an outsider to do it and she was too old to do it herself. The offer was stupendous: a house, no less. It was the climax of his current good fortune, which must now, he felt, surely end. To delay acceptance, to cover up his nervousness, he talked about the difficulty of collecting rents. Mrs Tulsi talked about Pundit Tulsi and he listened with solemn sympathy. They were in the front verandah. Ferns in baskets hung from the eaves, softening the light, cooling the air. Mr Biswas reclined on his morris chair. It was an experience, so new he could not yet savour it, to find himself turned all at once from a visitor into a dweller, in a house that was solid and finished and painted and elegant all over, with a level, gapless floor, straight concrete walls, panelled doors with locks, a complete roof, a ceiling varnished in the drawingroom, painted elsewhere. Finishing details, which up to a few minutes before he had taken for granted, he now noted, one by one, as for the first time. Nothing had to be added, nothing was makeshift; there were no surprises of mud walls or tree-branches, no secret ways of doing anything; everything worked as it was meant to. The house stood on high pillars and was one of the newest and most imposing in the street. The district had been recently redeveloped and was rising fast, though in every street there were still a number of dwellings of the stubborn poor, unfenced wooden huts which spoke of the time when the district was part of a sugar-estate. The streets were straight; every lot measured one hundred feet by fifty; and a sewerage trace, almost a street itself, ran down the middle of each block, separating back fences. So there was space; space below the floor of the house itself, space at the back, space at the sides, space for a garden at the front. Could this luck have been more complete? Ramchand and Dehuti were delighted. The camplife which Mr Biswas's presence enforced on them in their two rooms, though pleasant at first, had begun to be irksome. They were glad, too, that Mr Biswas had been settled. They felt responsible for that as well as the reconciliation. One unexpected result of the negotiations was that Dehuti attached herself to Hanuman House, joining the dozens of strange women who, to Mr Biswas's surprise, were always willing to turn up days before any large function at Hanuman House, abandoning husbands and children, to cook and clean and generally serve, without payment. Dehuti worked hard and was always invited. She often went with the Tulsi sisters to other functions; and at weddings sang the sad songs which had not been sung for her. In time no one thought of her as Mr Biswas's sister, not even Mr Biswas, to whom she became only one of the women attached to the Tulsis. Once more, then, the furniture moved. And what had choked the barrackroom made little impression on the house at Port of Spain. The fourposter and Shama's dressingtable went into a bedroom; the kitchen safe with the coffee-set remained in the back verandah with the green table. The hatrack and the rockingchair alone had places of honour, in the front verandah; they were put out every morning and brought in every night, to prevent them being stolen. For the rest, the house remained furnished in the manner which Mrs Tulsi had thought appropriate to the city. In the drawingroom four cane-bottomed bentwood chairs stood stiffly around a marble topped three-legged table which carried a potted fern on a crocheted and tasselled white cloth. In the diningroom there was a frigid-looking washstand with a ewer and basin. Mrs Tulsi had brought none of the statuary from Hanuman House but many of the brass vases, which, filled with potted plants, were disposed about the verandah and brought in every night. Anand and Savi were not easily persuaded to leave Hanuman House. They remained there for some weeks after Shama had left with Myna and Kamla. Then Savi came one Sunday evening with Mrs Tulsi and the god. She saw the street lamps and the lights of the ships in the harbour. Mrs Tulsi took her to the Botanical Gardens; she saw the ponds and grassy slopes of the sunken Rock Gardens; she heard the band play; and she stayed. Anand, however, refused to be allured, until the younger god said, 'They have a new sweet drink in Port of Spain. Something called Coca Cola. The best thing in the world. Come with me to Port of Spain, and I will get your father to buy you a Coca Cola and some real icecream. In cardboard cups. Real icecream. Not home-made.' To the children of Hanuman House home-made was not a word of commendation. Home-made icecream was the flavourless (officially coconut) congelation churned out by Chinta after lunch on Christmas Day. She used an old, rusted freezer; she said it 'skipped'; and to hasten the freezing she threw lumps of ice into the mixture. The rust from the freezer dripped on the icecream and penetrated it, like a ripple of chocolate. And it was purely this promise of real icecream and Coca Cola that drew Anand to Port of Spain. On a Sunday afternoon, when shadows had withdrawn to under the eaves of houses, when the city was hard and bright and empty, with doors closed everywhere, and the glass windows of shops reflected only those opposite, Mr Biswas took Anand on a tour of Port of Spain. They walked with a sense of adventure in the middle of empty streets; they heard their footsteps; like this, the city could be known; it held no threat. They looked at café after café, rejecting, at Anand's insistence, all those which claimed to sell only home-made cakes and icecream. At last they found one which was suitable. On a high red stool, a revelation and luxury in itself, Anand sat at the counter, and the icecream came. In a cardboard tub, frosted, cold to the touch. With a wooden spoon. The cover had to be taken off and licked; the icecream, light pink and spotted with red, steamed: one preparatory delight after another. 'It don't taste like icecream at all,' Anand said. He cleaned the tub, and it was such a perfectly made thing he would have liked to keep it. When he sipped the Coca Cola he said, 'It is like horse pee.' Which was what some cousin had said of a drink at Hanuman House. 'Anand!' Mr Biswas said, smiling at the man behind the counter. 'You've got to stop talking like that. You are in Port of Spain now.' The house faced east, and the memories that remained of these first four years in Port of Spain were above all memories of morning. The newspaper, delivered free, still warm, the ink still wet, sprawled on the concrete steps, down which the sun was moving. Dew lay on trees and roofs; the empty street, freshly swept and washed, was in cool shadow, and water ran clear in the gutters whose green bases had been scratched and striped by the sweepers' harsh brooms. Memories of taking the Royal Enfield out from under the house and cycling in a sun still cool along the streets of the awakening city. Stillness at noon: stripping for a short nap: the window of his room open: a square of blue above the unmoving curtain. In the afternoon, the steps in shadow; tea in the back verandah. Then an interview at a hotel, perhaps, and the urgent machinery of the _Sentinel._ The promise of the evening; the expectation of the morning. With Mrs Tulsi and Owad away on week-ends and during the holidays it was possible at times for Mr Biswas to forget that the house belonged to them. And their presence was hardly a strain. Mrs Tulsi never fainted in Port of Spain, never stuffed soft candle or Vick's Vaporub into her nostrils, never wore bay-rum-soaked bandages around her forehead. She was neither distant nor possessive with the children, and her relations with Mr Biswas became less cautious and formal as his friendship with Owad grew. Owad appreciated Mr Biswas's work and Mr Biswas, flattered to be established as a wit and a madman, developed a respect for the young man who read such big books in foreign languages. They became companions; they went to the cinema and the seaside; and Mr Biswas showed Owad transcripts, which no paper printed, of court proceedings in cases of rape and brothel-keeping. Mr Biswas ceased to ridicule or resent the excessive care Mrs Tulsi gave to her younger son. Mrs Tulsi believed that prunes, like fish brains, were especially nourishing for people who exercised their brains, and she fed Owad prunes every day. Milk was obtained for him from the Dairies in Phillip Street; it came in proper milk bottles with silver caps; not like the milk Shama got from a man six lots away who, oblivious of the aspirations of the district, kept cows and delivered milk in rum bottles stopped with brown paper. Though with Owad and Mrs Tulsi Mr Biswas's attitude towards his children was gently deprecatory, he was watching and learning, with an eye on his own household and especially on Anand. Soon, he hoped, Anand would qualify to eat prunes and drink milk from the Dairies. His household established, Mr Biswas set about establishing his tyrannies. 'Savi!' No answer. 'Savi! Savi! Oh-Savi-yah! Oh, you there. Why you didn't answer?' 'But I come.' 'Is not enough. You must come _and_ answer.' 'All right.' 'All right what?' 'All right, Pa.' 'Good. On that table in the corner you will find cigarettes, matches and a _Sentinel_ notebook. Hand them to me.' 'O _God!_ That is all you call me for?' 'Yes. That is all. Answer back again, and I make you read out something for me to take down in shorthand.' Savi ran out of the room. 'Anand! Anand!' 'Yes, Pa.' 'That is better. You are getting a little training now. Sit down there and call out this speech.' Anand snatched _Bell's Standard Elocutionist_ and angrily read out some Macaulay. 'You reading too fast.' 'I thought you was writing shorthand.' 'You answering back too! You see what happen to you children, spending all that time at Hanuman House. Just for that, check while I read back.' ' _O God!'_ And Anand stamped, regretting the dying day. But the checking went on. Then Mr Biswas said, 'Anand, this is not a punishment. I ask you to do this because I want you to help me.' He had discovered, with surprise, that this sentence soothed Anand, and he always offered it at the end of these sessions as a consolation. It was soon established that he did much of his work in bed and was to be expected to call constantly for paper, pencils to be sharpened, matches, cigarettes, ashtrays to be emptied, books to be brought, books to be taken away. It was also established that his sleep was important. He flew into terrible rages when awakened, even at a time he had fixed. 'Savi,' Shama would say, 'go and wake your father.' 'Let Anand go.' 'No, the both of you go.' To Shama, who began to complain of his 'strictness' – a word which gave him a curious satisfaction – he said, 'It is not strictness. It is training.' Mrs Tulsi, approving if a little surprised, told tales of the severe training to which Pundit Tulsi had submitted his children. And whenever Mrs Tulsi was away Shama made claims of her own. She was unable to faint like Mrs Tulsi but she complained of fatigue and liked to be attended by her children. She got Savi and Anand to walk on her and said in Hindi, 'God will bless you,' with such feeling that they considered it a sufficient recompense. Soon, and without this recompense, it became the duty of Savi and Anand to walk on Mr Biswas as well. Shama herself did not escape training. She had to file all the stories Mr Biswas wrote. Mr Biswas said she did this inefficiently. He gave her his pay-packet unopened and when she said that the money was insufficient he accused her of incompetence. And so Shama started on her laborious, futile practice of keeping accounts. Every evening she sat down at the green table in the back verandah and noted every penny she had spent during the day, slowly filling both sides of the pages of a bloated, oilstained _Sentinel_ notebook with her Mission-school script. 'Your little daily _puja,_ eh?' Mr Biswas said. 'No,' she said. 'I only trying to give you a raise.' Mr Biswas never asked to see Shama's accounts, but she did them partly as a reproach to Mr Biswas and partly because she enjoyed it. Whatever his other qualities, Mr Burnett didn't believe in paying generously and while he edited the _Sentinel_ Mr Biswas's salary never rose above fifty dollars a month, money which went almost as soon as it came. Shama's household accounts were complicated by the rents she collected. She spent the rent money on the household and then had to make it up with the household money. The figures nearly always came out wrong. And every other week-end Shama's accounting reached a pitch of frenzy, and she was to be seen in the back verandah puzzling over the _Sentinel_ notebook, the rent book, the receipt book, doing innumerable little addition and subtraction sums on scraps of paper and occasionally making memoranda. Shama wrote curious memoranda. She wrote as she spoke and once Mr Biswas came on a note that said, 'Old creole woman from 42 owe six dollars.' 'I always did say that you Tulsis were a pack of financial geniuses,' he said. She said, 'I would like you to know that I used to come first in arithmetic' And when Savi and Anand came to her for help with their arithmetic homework she said, 'Go to your father. He was the genius in arithmetic' 'Know more than you anyway,' he said. 'Savi, ought twos are how much?' 'Two.' 'You are your mother's daughter all right. Anand?' 'One.' 'But what happening these days? They are not teaching as they used to when I was a boy.' He found fault with all the textbooks. 'Readers by Captain Cutteridge! Listen to this. Page sixty-five, lesson nineteen. Some of Our Animal Friends.' He read in a mincing voice: ' "What should we do without our animal friends? The cow and the goat give us milk and we eat their flesh when they are killed." You hear the savage? And listen. "Many boys and girls have to tie up their goats before going to school in the morning, and help to milk them in the afternoon." Anand, you tie up your goat this morning? Well, you better hurry up. Is nearly milking time. That is the sort of stuff they fulling up the children head with these days. When I was a boy it used to be the _Royal Reader_ and _Blackie's Tropical Reader. Nesfield's Grammar!'_ he exclaimed. 'I used to use Macdougall's.' And he sent Anand hunting for the Macdougall's, a typographical antique, its battered boards hinged with strips of blue tape. From time to time he called for their exercise books, said he was horrified, and set himself up as their teacher for a few days. He cured Anand of a leaning towards fancy lettering and got him to abridge the convolutions of his C and J and S. With Savi he could do nothing. As a teacher he was exacting and short-tempered, and when Shama went to Hanuman House she was able to tell her sisters with pride, 'The children are afraid of him.' And, partly to have peace on Sundays, and partly because the combination of the word 'Sunday' with the word 'school' suggested denial and a spoiling of pleasure, he sent Anand and Savi to Sunday school. They loved it. They were given cakes and soft drinks and taught hymns with catchy tunes. At home one day Anand began singing, 'Jesus loves me, yes I know.' Mrs Tulsi was offended. 'How do you know that Jesus loves you?' ' 'Cause the Bible tells me so,' Anand said, quoting the next line of the hymn. Mrs Tulsi took this to mean that, without provocation, Mr Biswas was resuming his religious war. 'Roman cat, your mother,' he told Shama. 'I thought a good Christian hymn would remind her of happy childhood days as a baby Roman kitten.' But the Sunday school stopped. In its place, and also to counter the influence of Captain Cutteridge, Mr Biswas began reading novels to his children. Anand responded but Savi was again a disappointment. 'I can't see Savi ever eating prunes and drinking milk from the Dairies,' Mr Biswas said. 'Let her go on. All I see her doing is fighting to make up accounts like her mother.' Unmoved by Mr Biswas's insults, Shama continued to write up her accounts, continued to wrestle once a fortnight with the rent money, and continued to serve eviction notices. Unknown to her family and almost unknown to herself, Shama had become a creature of terror to Mrs Tulsi's tenants. To get the rents she often had to serve eviction notices, particularly on 'old creole woman from 42'. It amused Mr Biswas to read the stern, grammatical injunctions in Shama's placid handwriting, and he said, 'I don't see how that could frighten anybody.' Shama conducted her exciting operations without any sense that they were exciting. She was unwilling to risk serving notices personally. So late at night, when the tenant was almost certain to be in bed, Shama went out with her notice and pot of glue and pasted the notice on the two leaves of the door, so that the tenant, opening his door in the morning, would tear the notice and would not be able to claim that it had not been served. Mr Biswas learned shorthand, though of a purely personal sort. He read all the books he could get on journalism, and in his enthusiasm bought an expensive American volume called _Newspaper Management,_ which turned out to be an exhortation to newspaper proprietors to invest in modern machinery. He discovered, and became addicted to, the extensive literature aimed at people who want to become writers; again and again he read how manuscripts were to be presented and was warned not to ring up the busy editors of London or New York newspapers. He bought _Short Stories: How to Write Them_ by Cecil Hunt and _How to Write a Book,_ by the same author. His salary being increased about this time, he ignored Shama's pleas and bought a secondhand portable typewriter on credit. Then, to make the typewriter pay for itself, he decided to write for English and American periodicals. But he could find nothing to write about. The books he had read didn't help him. And then he saw an advertisement for the Ideal School of Journalism, Edgware Road, London, he filled in and cut out the coupon for the free booklet. The booklet came after two months. Printed sheets of various colours fell from it: initialled testimonials from all over the world. The booklet said that the Ideal School not only taught but also marketed; and it wondered whether Mr Biswas might not find it worth his while to take a course in short story writing as well. The principal of the Ideal School (a bespectacled grandfatherly man, from the spotty photograph) had discovered the secret of every plot in the world and his discovery had been accepted by the British Museum in London and the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Mr Biswas was impressed but couldn't spare the money. There had already been a row with Shama when he had used up the salary increase for a further three months to pay for the first two journalism lessons. In due course the first lesson came. 'Even people with outstanding writing ability say they cannot find subjects. But in reality nothing is easier. You are sitting at your desk.' (Mr Biswas read this in bed.) 'You look through your window. But wait. There is an article in that window. The various types of window, the history of the window, windows famous in history, houses without windows. And the story of glass itself can be fascinating. Already, then, you have subjects for two articles. You look through your window and you see the sky. The weather is always a subject of conversation and there is no reason why you cannot make it the subject of a lively article. The demand for such material is enormous. For your first exercise, then, I want you to write four bright articles on the seasons. You may incorporate as many of these hints as you wish: 'Summer. The crowded trains to the seaside, the chink of ice in a glass, the slap offish on the fishmonger's slab...' 'Slap of fish on the fishmonger's slab,' Mr Biswas said. 'The only fish I see is the fish that does come around every morning in a basket on the old fishwoman head.' '... the tradesmen's blinds, the crack of bat on ball on the village green, the lengthening shadows...' Mr Biswas wrote the article on summer; and with the help of the hints, wrote other articles on spring, winter and autumn. 'Autumn is with us again!' "Season of mist and mellow fruitfulness," as the celebrated poet John Keats puts it so well. We have chopped up logs for the winter. We have gathered in the corn which soon, before a blazing fire in the depths of winter, we shall enjoy, roasted or boiled on the cob...' He received a letter of congratulation from the Ideal School and was told that the articles were being submitted without delay to the English Press. In the meantime he was asked to apply himself to the second lesson and write pieces on Guy Fawkes Night, Some Village Superstitions, The Romance of Place-Names ('Your vicar is likely to prove a mine of colourful information'), Characters at the Local. He was stumped. No hints were given for these exercises and he wrote nothing. He didn't tell Shama. Not long after he received a heavy envelope from England. It contained his articles on the seasons which he had typed out neatly on _Sentinel_ paper and in the manner prescribed by the Ideal School. A printed letter was attached. 'We regret to inform you that your articles have been submitted without success to: _Evening Standard, Evening News, The Times, The Tatler, London Opinion, Geographical Magazine, The Field, Country Life._ At least two editors spoke highly of the work but were forced to reject it through lack of space. We ourselves feel that work of such quality should not be consigned to oblivion. Why not try your local newspaper? That could very well be the beginning of a regular Nature column. Editors are always looking for new ideas, new material, new writers. At any rate let us know what happens. We at the Ideal like to hear of our pupils' successes. In the meantime continue with your exercises.' 'Continue with your exercises!' Mr Biswas said. He thankfully abandoned Guy Fawkes and Characters at the Local, and ignored the expostulations which reached him at regular intervals for the next two years from the Edgware Road. The typewriter became idle. 'It pay for itself,' Shama said. 'No wonder it now have to rest.' But soon the machine drew him again; and often, while Shama moved heavily about the back verandah and kitchen, Mr Biswas sat before the typewriter on the green table, inserted a sheet of _Sentinel_ paper, typed his name and address at the top righthand corner, as the Ideal School and all the books had recommended, and wrote: ESCAPE by M. Biswas At the age of thirty-three, when he was already the father of four children... Here he often stopped. Sometimes he went on to the end of the page; sometimes, but rarely, he typed frenziedly for page after page. Sometimes his hero had a Hindi name; then he was short and unattractive and poor, and surrounded by ugliness, which was anatomized in bitter detail. Sometimes his hero had a Western name; he was then faceless, but tall and broad-shouldered; he was a reporter and moved in a world derived from the novels Mr Biswas had read and the films he had seen. None of these stories was finished, and their theme was always the same. The hero, trapped into marriage, burdened with a family, his youth gone, meets a young girl. She is slim, almost thin, and dressed in white. She is fresh, tender, unkissed; and she is unable to bear children. Beyond the meeting the stories never went. Sometimes these stories were inspired by an unknown girl in the advertising department of the _Sentinel._ She often remained unknown. Sometimes Mr Biswas spoke; but whenever the girl accepted his invitation – to lunch, a film, the beach – his passion at once died; he withdrew the invitation and avoided the girl; thus in time creating a legend among the girls of the advertising department, all of whom knew, though he did not suspect, for he kept it as a heavy, shameful secret, that at the age of thirty-three Mohun Biswas was already the father of four children. Still, at the typewriter, he wrote of his untouched barren heroines. He began these stories with joy; they left him dissatisfied and feeling unclean. Then he went to his room, called for Anand, and to Anand's disgust tried to play with him as with a baby, saying, 'Shompo! Gomp!' Forgetting that in his strictness, and as part of her training, he had ordered Shama to file all his papers, he thought that these stories were as secret at home as his marriage and four children were at the office. And one Friday, when he found Shama puzzling over her accounts and had scoffed as usual, she said, 'Leave me alone, Mr John Lubbard.' That was one of the names of his thirty-three-year-old hero. 'Go and take Sybil to the pictures.' That was from another story. He had got the name from a novel by Warwick Deeping. 'Leave Ratni alone.' That was the Hindi name he had given to the mother of four in another story. Ratni walked heavily, 'as though perpetually pregnant'; her arms filled the sleeves of her bodice and seemed about to burst them; she sucked in her breath through her teeth while she worked at her accounts, the only reading and writing she did. Mr Biswas recalled with horror and shame the descriptions of the small tender breasts of his barren heroines. Shama sucked her teeth loudly. If she had laughed he would have hit her. But she never looked at him, only at her account books. He ran to his room, undressed, got his own cigarettes and matches, took down Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus, and got into bed. It was not long after this that Mr Biswas, painting the kitchen safe and the green table with a tin of yellow paint, yielded to an impulse and painted the typewriter-case and parts of the typewriter as well. For long the typewriter remained unused, until Anand and Savi began learning to type on it. But still, in the office, whenever he had cleaned his typewriter or changed the ribbon and wished to test the machine, the sentence he always wrote was: _At the age of thirty-three, when he was already the father of four children..._ So used to thinking of the house as his own, and in his new confidence, he made a garden. He planted rose-bushes at the side of the house, and at the front dug a pond for water-lilies, which spread prodigiously. He acquired more possessions, the most massive of which was a combined bookcase and desk, of such weight and sturdiness that three men were required to put it into place in his bedroom, where it stayed until they all moved from Port of Spain to Shorthills. Mice nested in the bookcase, protected and nourished by the mass of paper with which the bookcase was stuffed: newspapers (Mr Biswas insisted that all the newspapers for a month should be kept, and there were quarrels when a particular issue could not be found); every typewritten letter Mr Biswas had received, from the _Sentinel,_ the Ideal School, people anxious or grateful for publicity; the rejected articles on the seasons, the unfinished Escape stories (at first shamefully glanced at, though later Mr Biswas read them and regretted he had not taken up short story writing seriously). Encouraged by Shama, he took an increasing interest in his personal appearance. In his silk suit and tie he had never ceased to surprise her by his elegance and respectability; and whenever she bought him anything, a shirt, cufflinks, a tiepin, he said, 'Going to buy that gold brooch for you, girl! One of these days.' Sometimes, while he was dressing, he would make an inventory of all the things he was wearing and think, with wonder, that he was then worth one hundred and fifty dollars. Once on the bicycle, he was worth about one hundred and eighty. And so he rode to his reporter's job and its curious status: welcomed, even fawned upon, by the greatest in the land, fed as well as anybody and sometimes even better, yet always, finally, rejected. 'A hell of a thing today,' he told Shama. 'As we were leaving Government House H.E. asked me, "Which is your car?" I don't know. I suppose reporters in England must be rich like hell' But Shama was impressed. At Hanuman House she started dropping names, and Padma, Seth's wife, traced a tenuous and intricate family relationship between Seth and the man who had driven the Prince of Wales during his visit to Trinidad. On herself Shama spent little. Unable to buy the best and, like all the Tulsi sisters, having only contempt for the second-rate in cloth and jewellery, she bought nothing at all and made do with the gifts of cloth she received every Christmas from Mrs Tulsi. Her bodices became patched on the breasts and under the arms; and the more Mr Biswas complained the more she patched. But though her indifference to clothes seemed at times almost like inverted pride, she did not wholly lose her concern for appearances. At Hanuman House a wedding invitation to Mrs Tulsi was meant for her daughters as well; and one large gift, invariably part of the Tulsi Store stock, went from the House. But now Shama got invitations in her own right and during the Hindu wedding season she borrowed deeply from the rent money, committing herself to almost inextricable entanglement with her accounts, to buy presents, usually water-sets. 'Forget it this time,' Mr Biswas said. 'They must be so used by now to seeing you with a water-set in your hand that I am sure they would believe that you did carry one.' 'I know what I am doing,' Shama said. 'My children are going to be married one day too.' 'And when they give back all the water-sets poor Savi wouldn't be able to walk, for all the glasses and jugs. If they remember, that is. At least leave it for a few more years.' But weddings and funerals had become important to Shama. From weddings she returned tired, heavy-lidded and hoarse after the night-long singing, to find a house in confusion: Savi in tears, the kitchen in disorder, Mr Biswas complaining about his indigestion. Pleased at the wedding, the gift that did not disgrace her, the singing, the return home, Shama would say, 'Well, as the saying goes, you never miss the water till the well runs dry.' And for the following day or two, when she held Mr Biswas and the children absolutely in her power, she would be very gloomy; and it was at these times that she said, 'I tell you, if it wasn't for the children –' And Mr Biswas would sing, 'Going to buy that gold brooch for you, girl!' As important as weddings and funerals were to Shama, holiday visits became to the children. They went first of all to Hanuman House. But with every succeeding visit they felt more like strangers. Alliances were harder to take up again. There were new jokes, new games, new stories, new subjects of conversation. Too much had to be explained, and Anand and Savi and Myna often ended by remaining together. As soon as they went back to Port of Spain this unity disappeared. Savi returned to bullying Myna; Anand defended Myna; Savi beat Anand; Anand hit back; and Savi complained. 'What!' Mr Biswas said. 'Hitting your sister! Shama, you see the sort of effect one little trip to the monkey house does have on your children?' It was a two-fold attack, for the children preferred visiting Mr Biswas's relations. These relations had come as a revelation. Not only were they an untapped source of generosity; Savi and Anand had also felt up to then that Mr Biswas, like all the fathers at Hanuman House, had come from nothing, and the only people who had a proper family were the Tulsis. It was pleasant and novel, too, for Savi and Anand and Myna to find themselves flattered and cajoled and bribed. At Hanuman House they were three children among many; at Ajodha's there were no other children. And Ajodha was rich, as they could tell by the house he was building. He offered them money and was absurdly delighted that they should know its value sufficiently well to take it. Anand got an extra six cents for reading _That Body of Yours;_ it would have been worth it for the praise alone. They were feted at Pratap's; Bipti was embarrassingly devoted and their cousins were shy and admiring and kind. At Prasad's they were again the only children and lived in a mud hut, which they thought quaint: it was like a large doll's house. Prasad didn't give money, but a thick red exercise book, a Shirley Temple fountain pen and a bottle of Waterman's ink. And so, with this encouragement to milk and prunes, the profitable round of holiday visits ended. Then came the news that Mrs Tulsi had decided to send Owad abroad to study, to become a doctor. Mr Biswas was overwhelmed. More and more students were going abroad; but they were items of news, remote. He had never thought that anyone so close to him could escape so easily. Concealing his sadness and envy, he made a show of enthusiasm and offered advice about shipping lines. And at Arwacas some of Mrs Tulsi's retainers defected. Forgetting that they were in Trinidad, that they had crossed the black water from India and had thereby lost all caste, they said they could have nothing more to do with a woman who was proposing to send her son across the black water. 'Water on a duck's back,' Mr Biswas said to Shama. 'The number of times that mother of yours has made herself outcast!' There was talk about the suitability and adequacy of the food Owad would get in England. 'Every morning in England, you know,' Mr Biswas said, 'the scavengers go around picking up the corpses. And you know why? The food there is not cooked by orthodox Roman Catholic Hindus.' 'Suppose Uncle Owad want more,' Anand said. 'You think they will give it to him?' 'Hear the boy,' Mr Biswas said, squeezing Anand's thin arms. 'Let me tell you, eh, boy, that you and Savi come out of the monkey house as going concerns only because of the little Ovaltine you drink.' 'No wonder the others can hold Anand and beat his little tail,' Shama said. 'Your family are _tough,'_ Mr Biswas said. He spat the word out and made it an insult. ' _Tough_ ,' he repeated. 'Well, I could say one thing. None of us have calves swinging like hammocks.' 'Of course not. Your calves are _tough._ Anand, look at the back of my hands. No hair. The sign of an advanced race, boy. And look at yours. No hair either. But you never know. With some of your mother's bad blood flowing in your veins you could wake up one morning and find yourself hairy like a monkey.' Then, after a trip to Hanuman House, Shama reported that the decision to send Owad abroad had reduced Shekhar, the elder god, married man though he was, to tears. 'Send him some rope and soft candle,' Mr Biswas said. 'He never did want to get married,' Shama said. 'Never did want to get married! Never see anybody skip off so smart to check mother-in-law's money.' 'He wanted to go to Cambridge.' _'Cambridge!'_ Mr Biswas exclaimed, startled by the word, startled to hear it coming so easily from Shama. 'Cambridge, eh? Well, why the hell he didn't go? Why the hell the whole pack of you didn't go to Cambridge? Frighten of the bad food?' 'Seth was against it.' Shama's tone was injured and conspiratorial. Mr Biswas paused. 'Well, you don't say. You _don't_ say!' 'I glad it please somebody.' She could give no more information, and at last said impatiently, 'You getting like a woman.' She clearly felt that an injustice had been done. And he knew the Tulsis too well to be surprised that the sisters, who never questioned their own neglected education, cat-in-bag marriage and precarious position, should yet feel concerned that Shekhar, whose marriage was happy and whose business was flourishing, had not had all that he might. Shekhar was coming to spend a week-end in Port of Spain. His family would not be with him and old Mrs Tulsi would be in Arwacas: the brothers were to be boys together for one last week-end. Mr Biswas waited for Shekhar with interest. He came early on Friday evening. The taxi hooted; Shama switched on the lights in the verandah and the porch; Shekhar ran up the front steps in his white linen suit and breezed through the house on his leather-heeled shoes, charging it with excitement, depositing on the diningtable a bottle of wine, a tin of peanuts, a packet of biscuits, two copies _oí Life_ and a paper-backed volume of Halévy's _History of the English People._ Shama greeted him with sadness, Mr Biswas with a solemnity which he hoped could be mistaken for sympathy. Shekhar responded with geniality: the absent geniality of the businessman sparing time from his business, the family man away from his family. Owad's expensive new suitcases were in the back verandah and Mr Biswas was painting Owad's name on them. 'Sort ofthing to make you feel _you_ want to go away,' Mr Biswas said. Shekhar wasn't drawn. After the wine and peanuts and biscuits had been shared he showed himself almost paternally preoccupied with the arrangements for Owad's journey, and in spite of Mr Biswas's coaxings never once mentioned Cambridge. 'You and your mouth,' Mr Biswas told Shama. She had no time for argument. She felt honoured at having to entertain her two brothers at once, on such an important occasion, and was determined to do it well. She had prepared all week for the week-end, and shortly after breakfast that morning had begun to cook. From time to time Mr Biswas went into the kitchen and whispered, 'Who paying for all this? The old she-fox or you? Not me, you hear. Nobody sending me to Cambridge. Next week, when I eating dry ice, nobody sending me food by parcel post from Hanuman House, you hear.' It was a Hanuman House festival in miniature, and to the children almost like a game of makebelieve. They had the freedom of the kitchen and nibbled and tasted whenever they could. Shekhar bought sweets for them and on Sunday sent them to the one-thirty children's show at the Roxy. And Mr Biswas got on so well with the brothers that he was invaded by the holiday feeling that they were all men together, and he thought himself privileged to be host to the two sons of the family, one of whom was going abroad to become a doctor. He attempted genuinely to contribute to the enthusiasm, talking again about shipping lines and ships as though he had travelled in them all; he hinted at the write-up he was going to give Owad and flattered him by asking him to refuse to see reporters from the other newspapers; he spoke deprecatingly about Anand's achievements and obtained compliments from Shekhar. Sunday brought the _Sunday Sentinel_ and Mr Biswas's scandalous feature, 'I Am Trinidad's Most Evil Man', one of a series of interviews with Trinidad's richest, poorest, tallest, fattest, thinnest, fastest, strongest men; which was following a series on men with unusual callings: thief, beggar, night-soil remover, mosquito-killer, undertaker, birth-certificate searcher, lunatic-asylum warden; which had followed a series on one-armed, one-legged, one-eyed men; which had come about when, after an M. Biswas interview with a man who had been shot years before in the neck and had to cover up the hole in order to speak, the _Sentinel_ office had been crowded with men with interesting mutilations, offering to sell their story. Mr Biswas's article was hilariously received by Owad and Shekhar, particularly as the most evil man was a wellknown Arwacas character. He had committed one murder under great provocation and after his acquittal had developed into a genial bore. The title of the interview promised for the following week, with Trinidad's maddest man, aroused further laughter. After breakfast all the men – and this included Anand – went for a bathe at the harbour extension at Docksite. The dredging was incomplete, but the sea-wall had been built and in the early morning parts of the sea provided safe, clean bathing, though at every footstep the mud rose, clouding the water. The reclaimed land, raised to the level of the sea-wall, was not as yet real land, only crusted mud, sharp along the cracks which patterned it like a coral fan. The sun was not out and the high, stationary clouds were touched with red. Ships were blurred in the distance; the level sea was like dark glass. Anand was left at the edge of the water, near the wall, and the men went ahead, their voices and splashings carrying far in the stillness. All at once the sun came out, the water blazed, and sounds were subdued. Aware of his unimpressive physique, Mr Biswas began to clown; and, as he did more and more now, he tried to extend his clowning to Anand. 'Duck, boy!' he called. 'Duck and let us see how long you can stay under water.' 'No!' Anand shouted back. This abrupt denial of his father's authority had become part of the clowning. 'You hear the boy?' Mr Biswas said to Owad and Shekhar. He spoke an obscene Hindi epigram which had always amused them and which they now associated with him. 'You know what I feel like doing?' he said a little later. 'See that rowingboat there, by the wall? Let us untie it. By tomorrow morning it will be in Venezuela.' 'And let us throw you in it,' Shekhar said. They chased Mr Biswas, caught him, held him above the water while he laughed and squirmed, his calves swinging like hammocks. 'One,' they counted, swinging him. 'Two –' Suddenly he became affronted and angry. 'Three!' The smooth water slapped his belly and chest and forehead like something hard and hot. Surfacing, his back to them, he took some time to rearrange his hair, in reality wiping away the tears that had come to his eyes. The pause was long enough to tell Owad and Shekhar that he was angry. They were embarrassed; and he was recognizing the unreasonableness of his anger when Shekhar said, 'Where is Anand?' Mr Biswas didn't turn. 'The boy is all right. Ducking. His grandfather was a champion diver.' Owad laughed. 'Ducking, hell!' Shekhar said, and began swimming towards the wall. There was no sign of Anand. In the shadow of the wall the rowingboat barely rocked above its reflection. Silently Mr Biswas and Owad watched Shekhar. He dived. Mr Biswas scooped up a handful of water and let it fall on his head. Some of it ran down his face; some of it sprinkled the sea. Shekhar reappeared near the sea-wall, shook the water from his head and dived again. Mr Biswas began to wade towards the wall. Owad began to swim. Mr Biswas began to swim. Shekhar surfaced again, near the rowingboat. There was alarm on his face. He was holding Anand under his left arm and was pulling strongly with his right. Owad and Mr Biswas moved towards him. He shouted to them to keep away. All at once he stopped pulling with his right hand, stood up, and was only waist-high in water. Behind him, in shadow, the rowingboat barely moved. They carried Anand to the top of the wall and rolled him. Then Shekhar did some kneading exercises on his thin back. Mr Biswas stood by, noticing only the large safetypin – one of Shama's, doubtless – on Anand's blue striped shirt, which lay in the small heap of his clothes. Anand spluttered. His expression was one of anger. He said, 'I was walking to the boat.' 'I told you to stay where you were,' Mr Biswas said, angry too. 'And the bottom of the sea drop away.' 'The dredging,' Shekhar said. He had not lost his look of alarm. 'The sea just drop away,' Anand cried, lying on his back, covering his face with a crooked arm. He spoke as one insulted. Owad said, 'Anyway, you've got the record for ducking, Shompo.' 'Shut up!' Anand screamed. He began to cry, rubbing his legs on the hard, cracked ground, then turning over on his belly. Mr Biswas took up the shirt with the safetypin and handed it to Anand. Anand snatched the shirt and said, 'Leave me.' 'We shoulda leave you,' Mr Biswas said, 'when you was there, ducking.' As soon as he spoke the last word he regretted it. 'Yes!' Anand screamed. 'You shoulda leave me.' He got up and, going to his heap of clothes, began to dress furiously, forcing his clothes over his wet and gritty skin. 'I am never going to come out with any of you again.' His eyes were small and red, the lids swollen. He walked away from them, quickly, his small body silhouetted against the sun, across the weed-ridden mud flat. Unused, his towel remained rolled, a large bundle below his arm. 'Well,' Mr Biswas said. 'Back for a little duck?' Owad and Shekhar smiled. Then, slowly, they all dressed. 'I never thought the day would come when I would be glad that I was a sea scout,' Shekhar said. 'It was just like a hole in the sea, you know. And there was a helluva pull. By tomorrow little Anand would really have been in Venezuela.' They found Shama anxious to know why Anand had been sent back. He had said nothing and had locked himself in his room. Savi and Myna burst into tears when they heard. The lunch was the climax of the week-end festivities, but Anand did not come out of his room. He ate only a slice of water melon which Savi took to him. Later that afternoon, after Shekhar had left, Shama gave vent to her annoyance. Anand had spoiled the week-end for everybody and she was going to flog him. She was dissuaded only by Owad's pleas. 'My children! My children!' Shama said. 'Well, the example set. They just following.' The next day Mr Biswas wrote an angry article about the lack of warning notices at Docksite. In the afternoon Anand came home from school a little more composed and, extraordinarily, without being asked, took out a copy book from his bag and handed it to Mr Biswas, who was in the hammock in the back verandah. Then Anand went to change. The copy book contained Anand's English compositions, which reflected the vocabulary and ideals of Anand's teacher as well as Anand's obsession with the stylistic device of the noun followed by a dash, an adjective and the noun again: for example, 'the robbers – the ruthless robbers'. The last composition was headed 'A Day by the Seaside'. Below that the phrases supplied by the teacher had been copied down: project a visit – feverish preparations – eager anticipation – laden hampers – wind blowing through open car – spirits overflowing into song – graceful curve of coconut trees – arc of golden sand – crystalline water – pounding surf –majestic rollers – energetically battling the waves – cries of delirious joy – grateful shade of coconut trees – glorious sunset – sad to leave – memory to be cherished in future days – looking forward in eager anticipation to paying a return visit. Mr Biswas was familiar with the clarity and optimism of the teacher's vision, and he expected Anand to write: 'With anticipation – eager anticipation – we projected a visit to the seaside and we made preparations – feverish preparations – and then on the appointed morning we struggled with hampers – laden hampers – into the motorcar.' For in these compositions Anand and his fellows knew nothing but luxury. But in this last composition there were no clashes and repetitions; no hampers, no motorcar, no golden arcs of sand; only a walk to Docksite, a concrete sea-wall and liners in the distance. Mr Biswas read on, anxious to share the pain of the previous day. 'I raised my hand but I did not know if it got to the top. I opened my mouth to cry for help. Water filled it. I thought I was going to die and I closed my eyes because I did not want to look at the water.' The composition ended with a denunciation of the sea. None of the teacher's phrases had been used but the composition had been given twelve marks out often. Anand had come back to the verandah and was having his tea at the table. Mr Biswas wished to be close to him. He would have done anything to make up for the solitude of the previous day. He said, 'Come and sit down here and go through the composition with me.' Anand became impatient. He was pleased by the marks but was fed up with the composition and even a little ashamed of it. He had been made to read it out to the class, and the confession that he had not struggled with laden hampers into a car and driven to palm-fringed beaches but had walked to common Docksite had caused some laughter. So had the sentences: 'I opened my mouth to cry for help. Water filled it.' 'Come,' Mr Biswas said, making room in the hammock. 'No!' Anand shouted. But there was no one to laugh. Mr Biswas's hurt turned to anger. 'Go and cut me a whip,' he said, getting out of the hammock. 'Go on. Quick sharp.' Anand stamped down the back stairs. From the neem tree that grew at the edge of the lot and hung over into the sewerage trace he cut a thick rod, far thicker than those he normally cut. His purpose was to insult Mr Biswas. Mr Biswas recognized the insult and was further enraged. He seized the rod and beat Anand savagely. In the end Shama had to intervene. 'I can't stand this,' Savi cried. 'I can't stand you people. I am going back to Hanuman House.' Myna was crying as well. Shama said to Anand, 'You see what you cause?' He said nothing. 'Good!' Savi said. 'All this shouting and screaming make this house sound like every other house in the street. I hope the low minds of some people are satisfied.' 'Yes,' Mr Biswas said calmly. 'Some people are satisfied.' His smile drove Savi to fresh tears. But Anand had his revenge that evening. Now that there were only a few days left to Owad in Trinidad, and very few before the family came to Port of Spain for the farewell, Mr Biswas and Anand ate as many meals as possible with him. They ate formally, in the diningroom. And that evening, just before Mr Biswas sat at the table, Anand pulled the chair from under him, and Mr Biswas fell noisily to the floor. 'Shompo! Lompo! Gomp!' Owad said, roaring with laughter. Savi said, 'Well, some people are satisfied.' Mr Biswas didn't talk during the meal. Afterwards he went for a walk. When he came back he went directly to his room and never once called to anyone to get his cigarettes or matches or books. It was his habit to walk through the house at six in the morning, rustling the newspaper and getting everyone up. Then he himself went back to bed: he had the gift of enjoying sleep in snatches. He woke no one the next morning and didn't show himself while the children were getting ready for school. But before Anand left, Shama gave him a six-cents piece. 'From your Father. For milk from the Dairies.' At three that afternoon, when school was over, Anand walked down Victoria Avenue, past the racketing wheels and straps of the Government Printery, crossed Tragarete Road for the shade of the ivory-covered walls of Lapeyrouse Cemetery, and turned into Phillip Street where, in the cigarette factory, was the source of the sweet smell of tobacco which hung over the district. The Dairies looked expensive and forbidding in white and pale green. Anand tiptoed to the caged desk, said to the woman, 'A small bottle of milk, please,' paid, got his voucher, and sat on a tall pale green stool at the milky-smelling bar. The white-capped barman tried to stab off the silver top a little too nonchalantly and, failing twice, pressed it out with a large thumb. Anand didn't care for the ice-cold milk and the cloying sweetness it left at the back of his throat; it also seemed to have the tobacco smell, which he associated with the cemetery. When he got home Shama gave him a small brown paper parcel. It contained prunes. They were his, to eat as and when he pleased. Both he and Savi were told to keep the milk and the prunes secret, lest Owad should hear of it and laugh at them for their presumptuousness. And almost immediately Anand began to pay the price of the milk and prunes. Mr Biswas went to the school and saw the headmaster and the teacher whose vocabulary he knew so well. They agreed that Anand could win an exhibition if he worked, and Mr Biswas made arrangements for Anand to be given private lessons after school, after milk. To balance this, Mr Biswas also arranged for Anand to have unlimited credit at the school shop; thus deranging Shama's accounts further. Savi's heart went out to Anand. 'I am too glad,' she said, 'that God didn't give me a brain.' In the week before Owad's departure the house filled up with sisters, husbands, children and those of Mrs Tulsi's retainers who remained faithful. The women came in their brightest clothes and best jewellery and, though only twenty miles from their villages, looked exotic. Heedless of stares, they stared; and made comments in Hindi, unusually loud, unusually ribald, because in the city Hindi was a secret language, and they were in holiday mood. A tent covered the back of the yard where Anand and Owad had sometimes played cricket. Fire-holes had been dug on the pitch itself, and over these food was always being cooked in large black cauldrons specially brought from Hanuman House. The visitors had come with musical instruments. They played and sang late into the night, and neighbours, too fascinated to object, peeped through holes in the corrugated iron fences. Few of the visitors knew Mr Biswas or knew the position he held in the house. And all at once this position became uncertain. He found himself squeezed into one room, and for periods lost track of Shama and his children. 'Eight dollars,' he whispered to Shama. 'That is the rent I pay every month. I have my rights.' The rose-bushes and the lily-pond suffered. 'Set up trip-wires,' he told Shama. 'Then let them carry on. " _Aré,_ what have we here?" He imitated an old woman talking Hindi. 'Then, oops! Trip! Bam! Fall. All the pretty clothes get dirty like hell. Face wet with mud. Let that happen a few times. Then they will learn that flowers don't just grow like that.' After two days he gave up his flowers as lost. He went for long walks in the evening and stayed out as late as possible, calling at various police stations on the chance of picking up a story. One night he stayed out until the street dogs began their round, futile creatures that hunted in packs, fled at the sound of a human foot and left a trail of overturned dustbins and sifted garbage. The house was alive but subdued when he got back. He found four children on his bed. They were not his. Thereafter he occupied his room early in the evening, bolted the door and refused to answer knocks, calls, scratches and cries. And all at once, too, the bond between Owad and himself seemed to have evaporated. Owad was out for much of the time making farewell calls; when he came to the house he was immediately besieged by friends and relations who gazed on him and wept and offered advice which they later discussed among themselves, to prove their concern: advice about money, the weather, food, alcohol, women. The time came for photographs. Husbands, children and friends watched as Owad posed with Shekhar, with Mrs Tulsi, with Shekhar and Mrs Tulsi, with Shekhar, Mrs Tulsi and the whole array of the sisters who, because the occasion was sad, ignored the pleas of the Chinese photographer and scowled at the camera. On the last day Seth arrived. He wore his khaki uniform; his bluchers rang on the floor; he dominated, imposing formality wherever he went. His absence had been noted, and now everyone was expectant. But after the final family council Owad, Shekhar, Mrs Tulsi and Seth looked only solemn, which could have been a sign of disagreement, or sorrow. Mr Biswas achieved a minor notoriety when he brought the _Sentinel_ photographer to the house, cleared the drawingroom and did his best to appear to be directing both Owad and the photographer. But on the following morning the story, on page three – TRINIDAD MAN OFF TO U.K. FOR MEDICAL STUDIES – was given little attention, for those who were not occupied with dressing their children for the wharf or getting wharf passes were at the service Hari was conducting in the tent. Finally they went to the wharf. Only new-born babies and their mothers stayed behind. The Tulsi contingent stared at the ship; and the ship's rails were presently lined with in-transit passengers and members of the ship's company, getting an unusually exotic glimpse of Port of Spain harbour. The word went around that well-wishers could go aboard and in a matter of minutes the Tulsis and their friends had overrun the ship. They stared at officers and passengers and the photographs of Adolf Hitler, and listened attentively to the guttural language around them, to mimic it later. The older women kicked at decks and rails and the sides of the ship, testing its seaworthiness. Some of the more susceptible took it in turns to sit on Owad's bunk and weep. The men were shyer, and more respectful before the might of the ship; they wandered about silently with their hats in their hands. Whatever doubts remained about ship and crew vanished when an officer began giving out presents: lighters to the men, dolls in country dress to the women. And all the time, unnoticed by those he was seeking to impress, Mr Biswas scurried knowingly about the ship, talking to the foreigners and writing in his notebook. They came out of the ship and massed formally in front of a magenta-coloured shed with French and English notices forbidding smoking. From somewhere a chair had been obtained and Mrs Tulsi sat on it, her veil pulled low over her forehead, a handkerchief crushed in one hand, with Sushila, the sickroom widow, at her side. Owad started to kiss, strangers first. But they were too many; soon he abandoned them and concentrated on the family. He kissed each sister into a spurt of tears; he shook the men by the hand, and when it was Mr Biswas's turn he smiled and said, 'No more ducking.' Mr Biswas was unaccountably moved. His legs shook; he felt unsteady. He said, 'I hope war doesn't break out – ' Tears rushed to his eyes, he choked and could say no more. Owad had passed on. He embraced the children; then Shekhar; then Seth, who cried copiously; and finally Mrs Tulsi, who didn't cry at all. He went into the ship. Presently he appeared at the rails and waved. A passenger joined him; they began to talk. The passengers' gangway was drawn up. Then there were shouts, raucous, unsustained singing, and three Germans with bruised faces and torn and dirty clothes came staggering along the wharf, comically supporting one another, drunk. Someone from the ship called to them harshly; they shouted back and, drunk and collapsing though they were, and without touching the rope-rail, they walked up the narrow gang-board at the stern. All the doubts about the ship were re-excited. Whistles: waves from ship, from shore: the ship edging away: the dock less protected, the dark, dirty water surfaced with litter. And soon they stood quite exposed in front of the customs shed, staring at the ship, staring at the gap it had left. The weakness that had come to him at the touch of Owad's hands remained with Mr Biswas. There was a hole in his stomach. He wanted to climb mountains, to exhaust himself, to walk and walk and never return to the house, to the empty tent, the dead fire-holes, the disarrayed furniture. He left the wharves with Anand and they walked aimlessly through the city. They stopped at a café and Mr Biswas bought Anand icecream in a tub and a Coca Cola. The paper would sprawl on the sunny steps in the morning; there would be stillness at noon and shadow in the afternoon. But it would be a different day. # 2. The New Régime HAVING NO further business in Port of Spain, Mrs Tulsi returned to Arwacas. The tent was taken down and after a few days the house was cleared of stragglers. Mr Biswas set about restoring his rose-beds and the lily-pond, whose edges had collapsed, turning the water into bubbling mud. He worked without heart, feeling the emptiness of the house and not knowing how much longer he would be allowed to stay there. None of Mrs Tulsi's furniture had been removed: the house there seemed to be awaiting change. Some of the savour went out of his job at the _Sentinel._ He needed to address his work mentally to someone. At first this had been Mr Burnett; then it had been Owad. Now there was only Shama. She seldom read his articles; when he read them aloud to her she showed neither interest nor amusement and made no comments. Once he gave her the typescript of an article and she infuriated him by turning over the last page and looking for more. 'No more, no more,' he said. 'I don't want to strain you.' And from Hanuman House came more reports of disturbance. Govind, the eager, the loyal, was discontented; Shama reported his seditious sayings. Nothing had outwardly changed, but Mrs Tulsi no longer directed and her influence was beginning to be felt more and more as only that of a cantankerous invalid. With her two sons settled, she appeared to have lost interest in the family. She spent much of her time in the Rose Room, acquiring illnesses, grieving for Owad. As for Seth, he still controlled; but his control was superficial. Though nothing had been said openly, Shekhar's reported displeasure, uncontradicted, lay against him and made him suspect to the sisters. When all was said and done Seth was not of the family and he alone could not maintain its harmony, as had been shown by his helplessness when squabbles had arisen between sisters during Mrs Tulsi's absences in Port of Spain. Seth ruled effectively only in association with Mrs Tulsi and through her affection and trust. That trust, not officially withdrawn, was no longer so fully displayed; and Seth was even beginning to be resented as an outsider. Then came rumours that Seth had been inspecting properties. 'Buying it for Mai, you think?' Mr Biswas asked. Shama said, 'I glad it make somebody happy.' And Mr Biswas was soon to regret his jubilation. The Christmas school holidays came and Shama took the children to Hanuman House. By now they were complete strangers there. The old crêpe paper decorations and the goods in the dark, choked Tulsi Store were petty country things after the displays in the Port of Spain shops, and Savi felt pity for the people of Arwacas, who had to take them seriously. At last on Christmas Eve the store was closed and the uncles went away. Savi, Anand, Myna and Kamla hunted for stockings and hung them up. And got nothing. There was no one to complain to. Some of the sisters had secretly provided gifts for their children; and on Christmas morning in the hall, where Mrs Tulsi was not waiting to be kissed, the gifts were displayed and compared. With Owad in England, Mrs Tulsi in her room, all the uncles away, and Shekhar spending the day with his wife's family, there was no one to organize games, to give a lead to the gaiety. And Christmas was reduced to lunch and Chinta's icecream, as tasteless and rust-rippled as ever. The sisters were sullen; the children quarrelled, and some were even flogged. Shekhar came on the morning of Boxing Day with a large bag of imported sweets. He went up to Mrs Tulsi's room, had lunch in the hall, and then went away again. When Mr Biswas arrived later that afternoon he found that the talk among the sisters was not of Seth, but of Shekhar and his wife. The sisters felt that Shekhar had abandoned them. Yet no one blamed him. He was under the influence of his wife, and the fault was wholly hers. Relations between the sisters and Shekhar's wife had never been easy. Despite the untraditional organization of Hanuman House, where married daughters lived with their mother, the sisters were alert to certain of the conventions of Hindu family relationships: mothers-in-law, for example, were expected to be hard on daughters-in-law, sisters-in-law were to be despised. But Shekhar's wife had from the first met Tulsi patronage with arrogant Presbyterian modernity. She flaunted her education. She called herself Dorothy, without shame or apology. She wore short frocks and didn't care that they made her look lewd and absurd: she was a big woman who had grown fat after the birth of her first child, and her dresses hung from her high, shelflike hips as from a hoop. Her voice was deep, her manner hearty; once, when she had damaged her ankle, she used a stick, and Chinta remarked that it suited her. Added to all this she sometimes sold the tickets at her cinema; which was disgraceful, besides being immoral. So far, however, from making any impression on Dorothy, the sisters continually found themselves defeated. They had said she wouldn't be able to keep a house: she turned out to be maddeningly house-proud. They had said she was barren: she was bearing a child every two years. Her children were all girls, but this was scarcely a triumph for the sisters. Dorothy's daughters were of exceptional beauty and the sisters could complain only that the Hindi names Dorothy had chosen – Mira, Léela, Lena – were meant to pass as Western ones. And now old charges were made again and for the benefit of Shama and other attentive visiting sisters fresh details added. As the talk scratched back and forth over the same topic these details became increasingly gross: Dorothy, like all Christians, used her right hand for unclean purposes, her sexual appetite was insatiable, her daughters already had the eyes of whores. Over and over the sisters concluded that Shekhar was to be pitied, because he had not gone to Cambridge and had instead been married against his will to a wife who was shameless. Padma, Seth's wife, was present, and Seth's behaviour could not be discussed. Whenever Cambridge was mentioned looks and intonation made it clear to Padma that she was excluded from this implied criticism of her husband, that she, like Shekhar, was to be pitied for having such a spouse. And Mr Biswas marvelled again at the depth of Tulsi family feeling. Mr Biswas had always got on well with Dorothy; he was attracted by her loudness and gaiety and regarded her as an ally against the sisters. But on that hot still afternoon, when a holiday staleness lay over Arwacas, the hall, with its confused furniture, its dark loft and sooty green walls, with flies buzzing in and out of the white sunny spots on the long table, seemed abandoned, deprived of animation; and Mr Biswas, feeling Shekhar's absence as a betrayal, could sympathize with the sisters. Savi said, 'This is the last Christmas I spend at Hanuman House.' Change followed change. At Pagotes Tara and Ajodha were decorating their new house. In Port of Spain new lampposts, painted silver, went up in the main streets and there was talk of replacing the diesel buses by trolley-buses. Owad's old room was let to a middle-aged childless coloured couple. And at the _Sentinel_ there were rumours. Under Mr Burnett's direction the _Sentinel_ had overtaken the _Gazette_ and, though some distance behind the _Guardian,_ it had become successful enough for its frivolity to be an embarrassment to the owners. Mr Burnett had been under pressure for some time. That Mr Biswas knew, but he had no head for intrigue and did not know the source of this pressure. Some of the staff became openly contemptuous and spoke of Mr Burnett as uneducated; a joke went around the office that he had applied from the Argentine for a job as a sub-editor and his letter had been misunderstood. As if in reply to all this Mr Burnett became increasingly perverse. 'Let's face it,' he said. 'Editorials from Port of Spain didn't have much effect in Spain. They are not going to stop Hitler either.' The _Guardian_ responded to the war by starting a fighter fund: in a box on the front page twelve aeroplanes were outlined, and as the fund rose the outlines were filled in. Right up to the end the _Sentinel_ had been headlining the West Indian cricket tour of England, and when the tour was abandoned it printed a drawing of Hitler which, when cut out and folded along certain dotted lines, became a drawing of a pig. Early in the new year the blow fell. Mr Biswas was lunching with Mr Burnett in a Chinese restaurant, in one of those cubicles weakly lit by a low-hanging naked bulb, with lengths of flex loosely attached to the flyblown, grimy celotex partitions, when Mr Burnett said, 'Amazing scenes are going to be witnessed soon. I'm leaving.' He paused. 'Sacked.' As if divining Mr Biswas's thoughts, he added, 'Nothing for you to worry about, though.' Then, in quick succession, he displayed a number of conflicting moods. He was gay; he was depressed; he was glad to leave; he was sorry to go; he didn't want to talk about it; he talked about it; he wasn't going to talk any more about himself; he talked about himself. He ate in spasms, attacking the food as though it had done him some injury. 'Shoots? Is that what they call this? There'll be damned little bamboo left in China at this rate.' He pressed the bell, which lay at the centre of a roughly circular patch of grime on the wall. They heard it ring in some distant cavern, above a multitude of other bells, the pattering of waitresses' feet and talk in adjacent cubicles. The harassed waitress came and Mr Burnett said, 'Shoots? This is just plain bamboo. What do you think I have inside here?' He tapped his belly. 'A paper factory?' 'That was one portion,' the waitress said. 'That was one bamboo.' He ordered more lager and the waitress sucked her teeth and went out, leaving the swing door swinging rapidly to and fro. 'One portion,' Mr Burnett said. 'They make it sound like hay. And this damned room is like a stall. I'm not worried. I've got other strings to my bow. You too. You could go back to your sign-writing. I leave, you leave. Let's all leave.' They laughed. Mr Biswas returned to the office in a state of great agitation. He had been associated, and zestfully, with some of the most frivolous excesses of the _Sentinel._ Now at the thought of each he felt a stab of guilt and panic. He was expecting to be summoned to mysterious rooms and told by their secure occupants that his services were no longer required. He sat at his desk – but it belonged to him no more than the columns of the _Sentinel_ he filled – and listened to the noises made by the carpenters. Those were the noises he had heard on his first day in the office; building and rebuilding had gone on without interruption ever since. The newsroom came to its afternoon life. Reporters arrived, took off their jackets, opened notebooks and typed; groups gathered at the green water-cooler and broke up again; at some desks proofs were being corrected, the inner pages laid out. For more than four years he had been part of this excitement. Now, waiting for the summons, he could only observe it. Getting to believe that by staying in the office he was increasing the risk of dismissal, he left early and cycled home. Fear led to fear. Suppose he had to send the children back to Hanuman House, would there be anyone to receive them? Suppose Mrs Tulsi gave him notice – as Shama did so often to the tenement people – where would he go? How would he live? The years stretched ahead, dark. When he got home he mixed and drank some Maclean's Brand Stomach Powder, undressed, got into bed and began to read Epictetus. But the days went by and no summons came. And at last it was time for Mr Burnett to leave. Mr Biswas wanted to make some gesture to show his gratitude and sympathy, but he could think of nothing. And after all Mr Burnett was escaping; he was staying behind. The _Sentinel_ reported Mr Burnett's departure on the society page. There was an unkind photograph of Mr Burnett looking uncomfortable in a dinner jacket, his small eyes popping in the flash of the camera, a cigar stuck in his mouth as if for comic effect. He was reported as being sorry to leave; he had to take up an appointment in America; he had learned much from his association with Trinidad and the _Sentinel,_ and he would take a great interest in the progress of both; he thought the standards of local journalism 'surprisingly high'. It was left to the other newspapers to reveal the other strings to his bow that Mr Burnett had spoken about. They reported that an Indian troupe, made up of dancers, a fire-walker, a snake-charmer and a man who could rest on a bed of nails, was accompanying Mr Burnett, a former editor of a local newspaper, on his travels to America. One headline was THE CIRCUS MOVES ON. And the new régime started at the _Sentinel_ The day after Mr Burnett's departure the newsroom was hung with posters which said DON'T BE BRIGHT, JUST GET IT RIGHT and NEWS NOT VIEWS and FACTS? IF NOT AXE and CHECK IT OR CHUCK IT. Mr Biswas regarded them all as aimed at himself alone, and their whimsicality scared him. The office was subdued and everyone wore a look of earnestness, those who had gone up, those who had gone down. Mr Burnett's news editor had been made a sub-editor. His bright reporters had been variously scattered. One went to Today's Arrangements, Invalids and The Weather, one to Shipping, one to Diana's Diary on the society page, one to Classified Advertisements. Mr Biswas joined Court Shorts. 'Write?' he said to Shama. 'I don't call that writing. Is more like filling up a form. X, aged so much, was yesterday fined so much by Mr Y at this court for doing that. The prosecution alleged. Electing to conduct his own defence, X said. The magistrate, passing sentence, said.' But Shama approved of the new régime. She said, 'It will teach you to have some respect for people and the truth.' 'Hear you. Hear you! But you don't surprise me. I _expect_ you to talk like that. But let them wait. New régime, eh. Just see the circulation drop now.' It was only to Shama that Mr Biswas spoke about the changes. At the office the subject was never mentioned. Mr Burnett's favourites avoided one another and, fearing intrigue, mixed with no one else. Apart from the posters there had been no directive, but they had all, so far as their new duties permitted writing, changed their styles. They wrote longer paragraphs of complete sentences with bigger words. Presently the directives came, in a booklet called _Rules for Reporters;_ and it was in keeping with the aloof severity of the new authorities that the booklets should have appeared on every desk one morning without explanation, with only the name of the reporter, preceded by a 'Mr', in the top righthand corner. 'He must have got up early this morning,' Mr Biswas said to Shama. The booklet contained rules about language, dress, behaviour, and at the bottom of every page there was a slogan. On the front cover was printed 'THE RIGHTEST NEWS IS THE BRIGHTEST NEWS', the inverted commas suggesting that the statement was historical, witty and wise. The back cover said:REPORT NOT DISTORT. 'Report not distort,' Mr Biswas said to Shama. 'That is all the son of a bitch doing now, you know, and drawing a fat salary for it too. Making up those slogans. Rules for Reporters. _Rules!_ ' A few days later he came home and said, 'Guess what? Editor peeing in a special place now, you know. "Excuse me. But I must go and pee – alone." Everybody peeing in the same place for years. What happen? He taking a course of Dodd's Kidney Pills and peeing blue or something?' In Shama's accounts Maclean's Brand Stomach Powder appeared more often, always written out in full. 'Just watch and see,' Mr Biswas said. 'Everybody going to leave. People not going to put up with this sort of treatment, I tell you.' 'When you leaving?' Shama asked. And worse was to come. 'I don't know,' he said. 'I suppose they just want to frighten me. I will henceforward – henceforward: you hear the sort of words that son of a bitch using – I will henceforward spend my afternoons at the cemeteries of Port of Spain. Just hand me that yellow book. Rules for Reporters! Let me see. Anything about funerals? By God! They damn well have it in! "The _Sentinel_ reporter should be soberly dressed on these occasions, that is, in a dark suit." Dark suit! The man must think I haven't got a wife and four children. He must think he paying me a fortune every fortnight. "Neither by his demeanour nor by his dress should the reporter offend the mourners, since this will certainly lose the paper much goodwill. The _Sentinel_ reporter should remember that he represents the _Sentinel._ He should encourage trust. It cannot be stressed too often that the reporter should get every name right. A name incorrectly spelt is offensive. All orders and decorations should be mentioned, but the reporter should use his discretion in making inquiries about these. To be ignorant of an individual's decorations is almost certain to offend him. To ask an OBE whether he is an MBE is equally likely to offend. Far better, in this hypothetical case, to make inquiries on the assumption that the individual is a CBE. After the immediate family, the names of all mourners should be set out in alphabetical order." 'God! _God!_ Isn't this just the sort of arseness to make you go and dance on the grave afterwards? You know, I could turn the funeral column into a bright little feature. Yesterday's Undertakings. By Gravedigger. Just next to Today's Arrangements. Or set it next to Invalids. Heading: Going Going, Gone. How about this? Photo of weeping widow at graveside. Later, photo of widow hearing about will and laughing. Caption: "Smiling, Mrs X? We thought so. Where there's a will there _is a_ way." Two photos side by side.' In the meantime he bought a dark serge suit on credit. And while Anand walked beside the wall of Lapeyrouse Cemetery on his way to the Dairies in the afternoon, Mr Biswas was often inside the cemetery, moving solemnly among the tombstones and making discreet inquiries about names and decorations. He came home tired, complaining of headaches, his stomach rising. 'A capitalist rag,' he began to say. 'Just another capitalist rag.' Anand remarked that his name no longer appeared in it. 'Glad like hell,' Mr Biswas said. And on four Saturdays in succession he was sent to unimportant cricket matches, just to get the scores. The game of cricket meant nothing to him, but he was made to understand that the assignment was part of his retraining and he cycled from fourth-class match to fourth-class match, copying symbols and scores he did not understand, enjoying only the brief esteem of surprised and thrilled players under trees. Most of the matches finished at half past five and it was impossible to be at all the grounds at the same time. It sometimes happened that when he got to a ground there was no one there. Then secretaries had to be hunted out and there was more cycling. In this way those Saturday afternoons and evenings were ruined, and often Sunday as well, for many of the scores he had gathered were not printed. He began to echo phrases from the prospectus of the Ideal School of Journalism. 'I can make a living by my pen,' he said. 'Let them go ahead. Just let them push me too far.' At this period one-man magazines, nearly all run by Indians, were continually springing up. 'Start my own magazine,' Mr Biswas said. 'Go around like Bissessar, selling them myself. He tell me he does sell his paper like hot cakes. Like hot cakes, man!' He abandoned his own régime of strictness at home and instead spoke so long of various members of the _Sentinel_ staff that Shama and the children got to feel that they knew them well. From time to time he indulged in a tiny rebellion. 'Anand, on your way to school stop at the café and telephone the _Sentinel._ Tell them I don't feel like coming to work today.' 'Why you don't telephone them yourself? You know I don't like telephoning.' 'We can't always do what we like, boy.' 'And you want me to say that you just don't feel like going out to work today.' 'Tell them I'm sick. Cold, headache, fever. You know.' When Anand left, Mr Biswas would say, 'Let them sack me. Let them sack me like hell. Think I care? I _want_ them to sack me.' 'Yes,' Shama said. 'You want them to sack you.' But he was careful to space out these days. He made himself unpopular among the boys and young men of the street who played cricket on the pavement in the afternoons and chattered under the lamp-post at night. He shouted at them from his window and, because of his suit, his job, the house he lived in, his connexion with Owad, his influence with the police, they were cowed. Sometimes he ostentatiously went to the café and telephoned the local police sergeant, whom he had known well in happier days. And he rejoiced in the glares and the mutterings of the players when, soberly dressed, unlikely to offend mourners, he cycled out to his funerals in the afternoon. He read political books. They gave him phrases which he could only speak to himself and use on Shama. They also revealed one region after another of misery and injustice and left him feeling more helpless and more isolated than ever. Then it was that he discovered the solace of Dickens. Without difficulty he transferred characters and settings to people and places he knew. In the grotesques of Dickens everything he feared and suffered from was ridiculed and diminished, so that his own anger, his own contempt became unnecessary, and he was given strength to bear with the most difficult part of his day: dressing in the morning, that daily affirmation of faith in oneself, which at times was for him almost like an act of sacrifice. He shared his discovery with Anand; and though he abstracted some of the pleasure of Dickens by making Anand write out and learn the meanings of difficult words, he did this not out of his strictness or as part of Anand's training. He said, 'I don't want you to be like me.' Anand understood. Father and son, each saw the other as weak and vulnerable, and each felt a responsibility for the other, a responsibility which, in times of particular pain, was disguised by exaggerated authority on the one side, exaggerated respect on the other. Suddenly the pressure ceased at the _Sentinel._ Mr Biswas was taken off court shorts, funerals and cricket matches, and put into the Sunday Magazine, to do a weekly feature. 'If they did just push me so much farther,' he told Shama, 'I would have resigned.' 'Yes. You would have resigned.' 'Sometimes I don't know why the hell I ever bother to talk to you.' He had in fact mentally composed many sonorous letters of resignation, varying from the abusive to the dignified to the humorous and even to the charitable (these ended with his best wishes for the continued success of the _Sentinel)._ But the features he now wrote were not the features he wrote for Mr Burnett. He didn't write scandalous interviews with one-eyed men: he wrote serious surveys of the work done by the Institute for the Blind. He didn't write 'I Am Trinidad's Maddest Man': he wrote about the splendid work of the Lunatic Asylum. It was his duty to praise, to look always beyond the facts to the official figures; for it was part of the _Sentinel's_ new policy of sobriety that this was the best of all worlds and Trinidad's official institutions its most magnificent aspects. He had not so much to distort as to ignore: to forget the bare, toughened feet of the children in an orphanage, the sullen looks of dread, the shameful uniforms; to accept a temporary shaming eminence and walk through workshops and vegetable gardens, noting industry, rehabilitation and discipline; to have lemonade and a cigarette in the director's office, and get the figures; to put himself on the side of the grotesques. These features were not easy to write. In the days of Mr Burnett once he had got a slant and an opening sentence, everything followed. Sentence generated sentence, paragraph led to paragraph, and his articles had a flow and a unity. Now, writing words he did not feel, he was cramped, and the time came when he was not sure what he did feel. He had to note down ideas and juggle them into place. He wrote and rewrote, working extremely slowly, nagged by continual headaches, completing his articles only to meet the Thursday dead-line. The results were laboured, dead, incapable of giving pleasure except to the people written about. He didn't look forward to Sunday. He was up early as usual, but the paper remained on the front steps until Shama or one of the children brought it in. He avoided turning to his article for as long as possible. It was always a surprise, when he did turn to it, to see how photographs and lay-out concealed the dullness of the matter. Even then he did not read through what he had written, but glanced at odd paragraphs, looking for cuts and changes that would indicate editorial disapproval. He said nothing to Shama, but he lived now in constant expectation of the sack. He knew his work was not good. At the office the authorities remained aloof. There was no criticism, but no reassurance. The new régime was still a forbidden subject and reporters still did not mix easily. Of Mr Burnett's favourites only the former news editor was generally accepted; he had, indeed, become an office character. He had grown haggard with worry. He lived in Barataria and came up every morning by bus through the packed, narrow and dangerous Eastern Main Road. He had developed a fear that he would die in a road accident and leave his wife and baby daughter unprovided for. All travel terrified him; morning and evening he had to travel; and every day he laid out stories of accidents, with photographs of 'the twisted wreckage'. He spoke continually of his fear, ridiculed it and allowed himself to be ridiculed. But as the afternoon wore on his agitation became more marked, and at the end he was quite frantic, anxious to go home, yet fearing to leave the office, the only place where he felt safe. Untended, the rose trees grew straggly and hard. A blight made their stems white and gave them sickly, ill-formed leaves. The buds opened slowly to reveal blanched, tattered blooms covered with minute insects; other insects built bright brown domes on the stems. The lily-pond collapsed again and the lily-roots rose brown and shaggy out of the thick, muddy water, which was white with bubbles. The children's interest in the garden was spasmodic, and Shama, claiming that she had learned not to interfere with anything of Mr Biswas's, planted some zinnias and marigolds of her own, the only things, apart from an oleander tree and some cactus, that had flourished in the garden of Hanuman House. The war was beginning to have its effects. Prices were rising everywhere. Mr Biswas's salary was increased, but the increases were promptly absorbed. And when his salary reached thirty-seven dollars and fifty cents a fortnight the _Sentinel_ started giving COLA, a cost-of-living allowance. Henceforth it was COLA that went up; the salary remained stationary. 'Psychology,' Mr Biswas said. 'They make it sound like a tea party at the orphanage, eh?' He raised his voice. 'All right, kiddies? Got your cake? Got your icecream? Got your cola?' The shorter the money became, the worse the food, the more meticulously Shama kept her accounts, filling reporter's notebook after reporter's notebook. These she never threw away; they lay in a swollen, grubby pile on the kitchen shelf. There were fights in shops for hoarded, weevil-ridden flour. The police kept a sharp eye on stall holders in markets, and a number of vegetable growers and small farmers were fined and imprisoned for selling above the scheduled price. Flour continued to be scarce and full of weevils; and Shama's food became worse. To Mr Biswas's complaints she said, 'I walk miles every Saturday to save a cent here and a cent there.' And soon, food forgotten, they were quarrelling. Their quarrels lasted from day to day, from week to week, quarrels differing only in words from those they had had at The Chase. 'Trapped!' Mr Biswas would say. 'You and your family have got me trapped in this hole.' 'Yes,' Shama would say. 'I suppose if it wasn't for my family you would have a grass roof over your head.' 'Family! Family! Put me in one poky little barrackroom and pay me twenty dollars a month. Don't talk to me about your family.' 'I tell you, if it wasn't for the children –' And often, in the end, Mr Biswas would leave the house and go for a long night walk through the city, stopping at some empty shack of a café to eat a tin of salmon, trying to stifle the pain in his stomach and only making it worse; while below the weak electric bulb the sleepy-eyed Chinese shopkeeper picked and sucked his teeth, his slack, bare arms resting on a glasscase in which flies slept on stale cakes. Up to this time the city had been new and held an expectation which not even the deadest two o'clock sun could destroy. Anything could happen: he might meet his barren heroine, the past could be undone, he would be remade. But now not even the thought of the _Sentinel's_ presses, rolling out at that moment reports of speeches, banquets, funerals (with all names and decorations carefully checked), could keep him from seeing that the city was no more than a repetition of this: this dark, dingy café, the chipped counter, the flies thick on the electric flex, the empty Coca Cola cases stacked in a corner, the cracked glasscase, the shopkeeper picking his teeth, waiting to close. And in the house, while he was out, the children would come out of bed and go to Shama. She would take down her bloated reporter's notebooks and try to explain how she had spent the money given her. At school one day Anand asked the boy who shared his desk, 'Your father and mother does quarrel?' 'What about?' 'Oh, about anything. About food, for instance.' 'Nah. But suppose he ask her to go to town and buy something. And suppose she don't buy it. Boy!' One evening, after a quarrel had flared up and died without being concluded, Anand went to Mr Biswas's room and said, 'I have a story to tell you.' Something in his manner warned Mr Biswas. He put down his book, settled a pillow against the head of the bed and smiled. 'Once upon a time there was a man —' Anand's voice broke. 'Yes?' Mr Biswas said, in a mocking friendly voice, still smiling, scraping his lower lip with his teeth. 'Once upon a time there was a man who –' His voice broke again, his father's smile confused him, he forgot what he had planned to say and abandoning grammar, added quickly, 'Who, whatever you do for him, wasn't satisfied.' Mr Biswas burst out laughing, and Anand ran out of the room, trembling with rage and humiliation, to the kitchen, where Shama comforted him. For many days Anand didn't speak to Mr Biswas and, in secret revenge, didn't drink milk at the Dairies, but iced coffee. Mr Biswas was effusive towards Savi and Myna and Kamla, and relaxed with Shama. The atmosphere in the house was less heavy and Shama, now Anand's defender, took much pleasure in urging Anand to speak to his father. 'Leave him, leave him,' Mr Biswas said. 'Leave the storyteller.' Anand became steadily more morose. When he came home after private lessons one afternoon he refused to eat or talk. He went to his room, lay down on the bed and, despite Shama's coaxings, stayed there. Mr Biswas came in and presently walked into the room, saying in his rallying voice, 'Well, well. What happen to our Hans Andersen?' 'Eat some prunes, son,' Shama said, taking out the little brown paper-bag from the table drawer. Mr Biswas saw the distress on Anand's face and his manner changed. 'What's the matter?' Anand said, 'The boys laugh at me.' 'He who laughs last laughs best,' Shama said. 'Lawrence say that his father is your boss.' There was silence. Mr Biswas sat on the bed and said, 'Lawrence is the night editor. Nothing to do with me.' 'He say they have you like an office boy in the office.' 'You know I write features.' 'And he say that when you go to his father house you have to go to the back door.' Mr Biswas stood up. His linen suit was crumpled, the jacket pulled out of shape by the notebooks in the pockets, the tops of which were dirty and a little frayed. 'You never went to his father house?' 'Why should he go to Lawrence's house?' Shama said. 'And you never went to the back door?' Mr Biswas walked to the window. It was dark; his back was to them. 'Let me put on the light,' Shama said briskly. Her footsteps were heavy. The light went on. Anand covered his face with his arm. 'Is that all that's been upsetting you?' Shama asked. 'Your father has nothing to do with Lawrence. You heard what he said.' Mr Biswas went out of the room. Shama said, 'You shouldn't have told him that, you know, son.' For the rest of that evening Shama walked and talked and did everything as noisily as she could. The next morning, with his books and lunch parcel in his bag and the six cents for milk in his pocket, Anand was kissing Shama in the back verandah when Mr Biswas came to him and said, 'I don't depend on them for a job. You know that. We could go back any time to Hanuman House. All of us. You know that.' On Saturday he took the children on a surprise visit to Ajodha's. Tara and Ajodha were as delighted as the children, and the visit lasted till Sunday. There was much to look at in the new house. It was a grand two-storeyed concrete house built and decorated and furnished in the modern manner. The concrete blocks looked like rough-hewn stone; there was no dust-collecting fretwork hanging from the eaves; doors and windows were varnished, not painted, and closed and opened in interesting ways; chairs were upholstered and vast, not small and cane-bottomed; floors were stained and polished; the lavatory flushes were chainless. In the drawingroom they studied Tara's photographs of the dead; they saw Raghu in his flower-strewn coffin surrounded by his thin, big-eyed children. The kitchen was enormous and abounded in modern contrivances; Tara, old, slow and oldfashioned, seemed out of place in it. When they were tired of the house they wandered about the yard, which had not changed. They talked to the cowman and the gardener, examined the various people who called, and played among the abandoned frames of motor vehicles. After lunch on Saturday they went to the cinema, and on Sunday Ajodha arranged an excursion. The following week-end they went again, and the week-end after that; and soon this week-end visit was established. They travelled up on Saturday morning, since that was the only time it was reasonably easy to get a bus out of Port of Spain. As soon as they got on the bus in the George Street station Mr Biswas changed, dropping his week-day moroseness and becoming gay and even impish. The mood lasted until Sunday evening; then they were all silent as they got nearer the city, the house, Shama, Monday morning. For a day or two afterwards the house in Port of Spain seemed dark and clumsy. Shama went on only one of these visits, and that she almost ruined. The old, unspoken antagonism between the families still existed and she was not eager to go. There had been a minor quarrel just before they went through the gate, and Shama was sullen when she stepped into Tara's house. Then, either from pride, or because she was made uneasy by the grandeur of the house, or because she was unable to make the effort, she remained sullen throughout the week-end. She said afterwards that she had known all along that Ajodha and Tara did not care for her; and she never went again. She was often alone in Port of Spain. The children were not anxious to go with her to Hanuman House, and as dissension there increased she went less often herself, regretting the old warmth, fearing to be involved in new quarrels. She had hardly moved outside her own family and did not know how to get on with strangers. She was shy of people of another race, religion or way of life. Her shyness had got her a reputation for hardness among the tenants, and she had done little to get to know the woman who lived in Owad's old room. But now, alone at the week-ends, she felt the need of company and sought out the woman, who not only responded, but showed herself exceedingly curious. And Shama took down her account books and explained. So the house became Shama's, the place where she stayed, the place to which Mr Biswas and the children returned with sadness after the week-end. And during the week Anand's life was a misery. While Mr Biswas struggled with features on the splendid work of the Chacachacare Leper Settlement (with a photograph of lepers at prayer) and the Young Offenders' Detention Institution (with a photograph of young offenders at prayer), Anand wrote down and learned by heart copious notes on geography and English. Textbooks were discarded; only the notes of the teacher mattered; any deviation was instantly and severely punished; and there was not a day when some boy was not flogged and put to stand behind the blackboard. For this was the exhibition class, where no learning mattered except that which led to good examination results; and the teacher knew his job. At home Mr Biswas read Anand _Self-Help_ and on his birthday gave him _Duty,_ adding as a pure frivolity a school edition of Lamb's _Tales from Shakespeare._ Childhood, as a time of gaiety and irresponsibility, was for these exhibition pupils only one of the myths of English Composition. Only in compositions did they give delirious shouts of joy and their spirits overflowed into song; only there did they indulge in what the composition notes called 'schoolboy's pranks'. Anand, following the example of those Samuel Smiles heroes who had in youth concealed the brilliance of their later years, did what he could to avoid school. He pretended to be ill; he played truant, forged excuses, was found out and flogged; he destroyed his shoes. He abandoned private lessons one afternoon, telling the teacher that he was wanted at home for a Hindu prayer ceremony which could take place only at half past three that afternoon, and telling his parents that the teacher's mother had died and the teacher had gone to the funeral. Mr Biswas, anxious to remain in the teacher's favour, cycled to the school the next day to offer his condolences. Anand was called a young scamp (the teacher sank in his estimation for using a word that sounded so slangy), flogged and left behind the blackboard. At home Mr Biswas said, 'Those private lessons are costing me money, you know.' 'Pranks' were permitted only in English Composition. Most of his male cousins had undergone the brahminical initiation, and though Anand shared Mr Biswas's distaste for religious ritual, he was immediately attracted by this ceremony. His cousins had had their heads shaved, they were invested with the sacred thread, told the secret verses, given little bundles and sent off to Benares to study. This last was only a piece of play-acting. The attraction of the ceremony lay in the shaving of the head: no boy with a shaved head could go to a predominantly Christian school. Anand began a strong campaign for initiation. But he knew Mr Biswas's prejudices and worked subtly. He told Mr Biswas one evening that he was unable to offer up the usual prayers with sincerity, since the words had become meaningless. He needed an original prayer, so that he could think of each word. He wanted Mr Biswas to write this prayer for him, though he made it clear that, unlike Mr Biswas, he wanted no east-west compromise: he wanted a specifically Hindu prayer. The prayer was written. And Anand got Shama to bring a coloured print of the goddess Lakshmi from Hanuman House. He hung the print on the wall above his table and objected when lights were turned on in the evening before he had said his prayer to Lakshmi. Shama was delighted at this example of blood triumphing over environment; and Mr Biswas, despite his Aryan aversion to Sanatanist, Tulsi-like idol worship, could not hide the honour he felt at being asked to write Anand's prayer. After some time Anand complained that the whole procedure was improper, a mockery, and would continue to be so until he had been initiated. Shama was thrilled. But Mr Biswas said, 'Wait till the long holidays.' And so, during the long holidays, when Savi and Myna and Kamla were making their round of holiday visits, including a fortnight at a beach house Ajodha had rented, Anand, shaved and thoroughly brahmin, but ashamed of showing his bald head, stayed in Port of Spain and Mr Biswas gave him portions of _Macdougall's Grammar_ to learn and listened to him recite his geography and English notes. The evening worship of Lakshmi stopped. Towards the end of that year a letter came to Mr Biswas from Chicago. The stamp was cancelled: REPORT OBSCENE MAIL TO YOUR POSTMASTER. Though the envelope was long the letter was short, a third of the paper being taken up by the florid, raised red and black letterhead of a newspaper. The letter was from Mr Burnett. Dear Mohun, As you can see, I have left my little circus and am back in the old business. As a matter of fact I didn't leave the circus. It left me. Perhaps fire in Trinidad is different. But when that boy from St James was given one small American fire to walk through, he just ran. Away. My guess is that he is somewhere on Ellis Island, with nobody to claim him. The snake-charmer was all right until his snake bit him. We gave him a good funeral. I hunted high and low to get a Hindu priest to say the last few words, but no luck. I was going to do the job myself, but I couldn't dress the part, not being able to tie the headpiece or the tailpiece. Now and then I see a copy of the _Sentinel._ Why don't you give America a try? Though the letter was a joke and nothing in it was to be taken seriously, Mr Biswas was moved that Mr Burnett had written at all. He immediately began to reply, and went on for pages, writing detailed denigrations of the new members of the staff. He thought he was being light and detached, but when at lunchtime he re-read what he had written he saw how bitter he appeared, how much he had revealed of himself. He tore the letter up. From time to time, until he died, he thought of writing. But he never wrote. And Mr Burnett never wrote again. The school term ended and the children, forgetting the disappointment of the previous year, talked excitedly of going to Hanuman House for Christmas. Shama spent hours in the back verandah sewing clothes on an old hand machine which, mysteriously, was hers, how or since when no one knew. The broken wooden handle was swathed in red cotton and looked as though it had bled profusely from a deep wound; the chest, waist, rump and hind quarters of the animal-like machine, and its wooden stall, were black with oil and smelled of oil; and it was a wonder that cloth emerged clean and unmangled from the clanking, champing and chattering which Shama called forth from the creature by the touch of a finger on its bloody bandaged tail. The back verandah smelled of machine oil and new cloth and became dangerous with pins on the floor and pins between floorboards. Anand marvelled at the delight of his sisters in the tedious operations, and marvelled at their ability to put on dresses bristling with pins and not be pricked. Shama made him two shirts with long tails, the fashion among the boys at school (even exhibition pupils have their unscholarly moments) being for billowing shirts, barely tucked into the trousers. But none of the clothes Shama made then were worn at Hanuman House. One afternoon Mr Biswas came back from the _Sentinel_ and as soon as he pushed his cycle through the front gate he saw that the rose garden at the side of the house had been destroyed and the ground levelled, red earth mingling with the black. The plants were in a bundle against the corrugated iron fence. The stems, hard and stained and blighted on the outside, yet showed white and wet and full of promise where they had been cleanly gashed; their ill formed leaves had not begun to quail; they still looked alive. He threw his bicycle against the concrete steps. 'Shama!' He walked briskly, his footsteps resounding, through the drawingroom to the back verandah. The floor was littered with scraps of cloth and tangles of thread. 'Shama!' She came out of the kitchen, her face taut. Her eyes sought to still his voice. He took in the table and the sewingmachine, the scraps of cloth, the thread, the pins, the kitchen safe, the rails, the banister. Below, in the yard, standing in a group against the fence, he saw the children. They were looking up at him. Then he saw the back of a lorry, a pile of old corrugated iron sheets, a heap of new scantlings, two Negro labourers with dusty heads, faces and backs. And Seth. Rough and managerial in his khaki uniform and heavy bruised bluchers, the ivory cigarette holder held down in one shirt pocket by the buttoned flap. He saw it clearly. For what seemed a long time he contemplated it. Then he was running down the back steps; Seth looked up, surprised; the labourers, stooping on the lorry, looked up; and he was fumbling among the scantlings. He tried to take one up, had misjudged its size, abandoned it, Shama saying from the verandah, 'No, no,' picked up a large stained wet stone from the bleaching-bed and 'Who tell you you could come and cut down my rose trees? Who?' Scraping the words out of his throat so that they didn't seem to come from where he stood, but from someone just behind him. A labourer jumped down from the lorry, there was surprise and even dread in Seth's eyes. 'Pa!' one girl cried, and he hoisted his arm, Shama saying 'Man, man.' His wrist was seized, roughly, by large hot gritty fingers. The stone fell to the ground. Disarmed, he was without words. Beside the three men he felt his frailty, his baggy linen suit beside Seth's tight khaki clothes and the labourers' working rags. The cuffs of his jacket bore the imprints of dirty fingers; his wrist burned where it had been held. Seth said, 'You see. You make your children frighten like hell' And to the loaders, 'All right, all right.' The unloading continued. 'Rose trees?' Seth said. 'They did just look like black sage bush to me.' 'Yes,' Mr Biswas said. 'Yes! I know they just look like bush to you. Tough!' he added. 'Tough!' As he turned he stumbled against the bed of bleaching stones. 'Oops!' Seth said. 'Tough!' Mr Biswas repeated, walking away. Shama followed him. Heads were withdrawn from the fence on either side. Curtains dropped back into place. 'Thug!' Mr Biswas said, going up the steps. 'Eh, eh,' Seth said, smiling at the children. 'Helluva temper, man. But my lorries can't sleep in the road.' From the verandah Mr Biswas, unseen, said, 'This is not the end of this. The old lady will have something to say about this, I guarantee you. And Shekhar.' Seth laughed. 'The old hen and the big god, eh?' He looked up at the verandah and said in Hindi, 'Too many people have the idea that everything belongs to the Tulsis. How do you think this house was bought?' Mr Biswas appeared at the banister of the verandah. Anand looked away. 'You will be hearing from my solicitor,' Mr Biswas said. 'And those two _rakshas_ you have with you. They too.' He disappeared again. The labourers, unaware of their identification with Hindu mythological forces of evil, unloaded. Seth winked at the children. 'Your father is a damn funny sort of man. Behaving as though he own the place. Let me tell you that when you children born your father couldn't feed you. Ask him. And see the gratitude I get? Everybody defying me these days. Or you don't know?' 'Savi! Myna! Kamla! Anand!' Shama called. 'You know what your father was doing when I pick him up and marry him to your mother? You know? He tell you? He wasn't even catching crab. He was just catching flies.' 'Savi! Anand!' They hesitated, afraid of Seth, afraid of the house and Mr Biswas. 'Today, look! White suit, collar and tie. And me. Still in the same dirty clothes you see me with since you born. Gratitude, eh? But I will tell you children that if I leave them today, all of them – your father, mother and all – all of them start catching crab tomorrow, I guarantee you.' From somewhere in the house Mr Biswas's voice came, raised, indistinct, heated. Seth moved to the lorry. 'Eh, Ewart?' he said gently to one of the loaders. 'They was nice roses, eh?' Ewart smiled, his tongue over his top lip, and made sounds which committed him in no way. Seth jerked his chin toward the house, still the source of angry, indistinct words. He smiled. Then he stopped smiling and said, 'We mustn't pay any mind to these damn jackasses.' The children moved to the foot of the back steps, where they were hidden from Seth and the loaders. Mr Biswas's mutterings died away. Suddenly an obscenity cracked out from the house. The children were quite still. There was silence, even from the lorry. Anand could have wept. Then the corrugated iron sheets jangled again. A series of resonant crashes came from the kitchen. 'Cut down the rose trees,' Mr Biswas was shouting. 'Cut them down. Break up everything else.' The children, now below the house, heard his footsteps on the floor above as he went from room to room, pulling things down. Anand walked under the house to the front, past Mr Biswas's abandoned bicycle. The fence cast a shadow over the pavement and part of the road. Anand leaned against the fence and envied the calm of the other houses in the street, the group of boys and young men, the cricket players, the night chatterers, around the lamp-post. Fresh noises came from the yard. It was not Mr Biswas pulling things down, but Seth and Ewart and Ewart's colleague putting up a shed for Seth's lorries at the side of the house, over Mr Biswas's garden. On the road the shadows of houses and trees quickly lengthened, were distorted, became unrecognizable and finally dissolved into darkness. Mr Biswas came down the front steps. 'Come with me for a walk.' Anand would have liked to go, if only because he didn't want to hurt by refusing. But he wanted more to inspect the damage and comfort Shama. The damage was slight. Mr Biswas had ordered his destruction with economy. The mirror of Shama's dressingtable had been unhinged and thrown on the bed, where it lay intact, reflecting the ceiling. The books had been knocked about a good deal; _Selections from Sankaracharya_ had suffered especially. Mrs Tulsi's marble topped tables had all been overturned; the marble tops, crashing, must have been responsible for some of the more frightening noises. Many of the brass vases had been dented, and two potted palms had lost their pots without in any way losing their shape. The hatrack was in a semi-recumbent position against the half-wall of the front verandah, but it had been thrown there gently: a few hooks had snapped, but the glass was whole. In the kitchen no glass or china had been thrown, only noisy things like pots and pans and enamel plates. When Mr Biswas returned his mood had changed. 'Shama, _how_ did those marble tops break?' he asked, mimicking Mrs Tulsi. Then he acted himself. 'Break, Mai? What break? Oh, marble top. Yes, Mai. It really break. It _look_ as if it break. Now I wonder how that happened.' He examined the broken hooks of the hatrack. 'Didn't know metal was such a funny thing. Come and look, Savi. Is not smooth inside, you know. Is more like packed sand.' As for the rediffusion set, which he had kicked from room to room and disembowelled, he said, 'I wanted to do that for a long time. The company always saying that they replace sets free.' When the engineers saw the battered box and asked what had happened, he said, 'I feel we listen to it too hard.' They left a brand-new set in exchange, of the latest design. Every night Seth's lorries rested in the shed at the side of the house. Mr Biswas had never thought of Tulsi property as belonging to any particular person. Everything, the land at Green Vale, the shop at The Chase, belonged simply to the House. But the lorries were Seth's. # 3. The Shorthills Adventure DESPITE THE solidity of their establishment the Tulsis had never considered themselves settled in Arwacas or even Trinidad. It was no more than a stage in the journey that had begun when Pundit Tulsi left India. Only the death of Pundit Tulsi had prevented them from going back to India; and ever since they had talked, though less often than the old men who gathered in the arcade every evening, of moving on, to India, Demerara, Surinam. Mr Biswas didn't take such talk seriously. The old men would never see India again. And he could not imagine the Tulsis anywhere else except at Arwacas. Separate from their house, and lands, they would be separate from the labourers, tenants and friends who respected them for their piety and the memory of Pundit Tulsi; their Hindu status would be worthless and, as had happened during their descent on the house in Port of Spain, they would be only exotic. But when Shama went hurrying to Arwacas to give her news of Seth's blasphemies, she found Hanuman House in commotion. The Tulsis had decided to move on. The clay-brick house was to be abandoned, and everyone was full of talk of the new estate at Shorthills, to the northeast of Port of Spain, among the mountains of the Northern Range. The High Street was bright and noisy as always at the Christmas season, though because of the war there were few imported goods in the shops. In the Tulsi Store there were no Christmas goods except for the antique black dolls, and no decorations except Mr Biswas's faded, peeling signs. Many shelves were empty; everything that could be of use at Shorthills had been packed. And Shama's news was stale. The disagreement between Seth and the rest of the family had already turned to open war. He and his wife and children had left Hanuman House and were living in a back street not far away; they were taking no part in the move to Shorthills. The cause of the quarrel remained obscure, each side accusing the other of ingratitude and treachery, and Seth abusing Shekhar in particular. Neither Mrs Tulsi nor Shekhar had made any statement. Shekhar, besides, was seldom in Arwacas, and it was the sisters who carried on the quarrel. They had forbidden their children to speak to Seth's children; Seth had forbidden his children to speak to the Tulsi children. Only Padma, Seth's wife, was welcome, as Mrs Tulsi's sister, at Hanuman House; she could not be blamed for her marriage and continued to be respected for her age. Since the breach she had paid one clandestine visit to Hanuman House. The sisters regarded her loyalty as a tribute to the lightness of their cause; that she had had to come secretly was proof of Seth's brutality. The crop season was at hand and the sugarcane fields, managerless, were open to the malice of those who bore the Tulsis grudges. Two fires had already been started and there were rumours that Seth was stirring up fresh trouble, claiming Tulsi property as his own. The husbands of some sisters said they had been threatened. Yet the talk was less of Seth than of the new estate. Shama heard its glories listed again and again. In the grounds of the estate house there was a cricket field and a swimming pool; the drive was lined with orange trees and gri-gri palms with slender white trunks, red berries and dark green leaves. The land itself was a wonder. The saman trees had lianas so strong and supple that one could swing on them. All day the immortelle trees dropped their red and yellow bird-shaped flowers through which one could whistle like a bird. Cocoa trees grew in the shade of the immortelles, coffee in the shade of the cocoa, and the hills were covered with tonka bean. Fruit trees, mango, orange, avocado pear, were so plentiful as to seem wild. And there were nutmeg trees, as well as cedar, _poui,_ and the _bois-canot_ which was light yet so springy and strong it made you a better cricket bat than the willow. The sisters spoke of the hills, the sweet springs and hidden waterfalls with all the excitement of people who had known only the hot, open plain, the flat acres of sugarcane and the muddy ricelands. Even if one didn't have a way with land, as they had, if one did nothing, life could be rich at Shorthills. There was talk of dairy farming; there was talk of growing grapefruit. More particularly, there was talk of rearing sheep, and of an idyllic project of giving one sheep to every child as his very own, the foundation, it was made to appear, of fabulous wealth. And there were horses on the estate: the children would learn to ride. Though it was never clear afterwards why this large decision had been taken so suddenly, and puzzling that the last corporate effort of the Tulsis should have been directed towards this uprooting, Shama left for Port of Spain full of enthusiasm. She wanted to be part of her family again, to share the adventure. 'Horses?' Mr Biswas said. 'I bet you when you go there all you find is one old monkey swinging from the liana on the saman tree. I can't understand this craziness that possess your family.' Shama spoke about the sheep. 'Sheep?' Mr Biswas said. 'To ride?' She said that Seth was no longer part of the family and that two husbands who had left Hanuman House after disagreements with Seth had rejoined the family for the move to Shorthills. Mr Biswas didn't listen. 'About those sheep. Savi get one, Anand get one, Myna get one, Kamla get one. Make four in all. What are we going to do with four sheep. Breed more? To sell and kill? Hindus, eh? Feeding and fattening just in order to kill. Or you see the six of us sitting down and making wool from four sheep? You know how to make wool? Any of your family know how to make wool?' The children did not want to move to a place they didn't know, and they were a little frightened of living with the Tulsis again. Above all, they did not want to be referred to as 'country pupils' at school; the advantages – being released fifteen minutes earlier in the afternoon – could not make up for the shame. And Mr Biswas turned Shama's propaganda into a joke. He read out 'The Emperor's New Clothes' from _Bell's Standard Elocutionist;_ he drove imaginary flocks of sheep through the drawingroom, making bleating noises. As always during the holidays, he announced his arrival by ringing his bicycle bell from the road; then the children walked out in single file to meet him, staggering under imaginary loads. 'Watch it, Savi!' he would call. 'Those tonka beans are heavy like hell, you know.' Later he would ask, 'Make a lot of wool today?' And once, when Anand came into the drawingroom just as the lavatory chain was pulled, Mr Biswas said, 'Walking back? What's the matter? Forgot your horse at the waterfall?' Shama sulked. 'Going to buy that gold brooch for you, girl! Anand, Savi, Myna! Come and sing a Christmas carol for your mother.' They sang 'While Shepherds Watched their Flocks by Night'. Shama's gloom, persisting, defeated them all. And that Christmas, the first they spent by themselves, was made more memorable by Shama's gloom. She could not make icecream because she didn't have a freezer, but she did what she could to turn the day into a miniature Hanuman House Christmas. She got up early and waited to be kissed, like Mrs Tulsi. She spread a white cloth on the table and put out nuts and dates and red apples; she cooked an extravagant meal. She did everything punctiliously, but as one martyred. 'Anybody would think you were making another baby,' Mr Biswas said. And in his diary, a _Sentinel_ reporter's notebook which he had begun to fill at Mr Biswas's suggestion, as an additional exercise in English Composition and as practice in natural writing, Anand wrote, 'This is the worst Christmas Day I have ever spent;' and, not forgetting the literary purpose of the diary, added, 'I feel like Oliver Twist in the workhouse.' But Shama never relented. Soon she received impressive assistance. The house became full of sisters and husbands on their way to and from Shorthills. The fine dresses, veils and jewellery of the sisters contrasted with their mood, which they seemed to get from Shama. They fixed Mr Biswas with injured, helpless, accusing woman's looks which he found difficult to ignore. The jokes about sheep and waterfalls and tonka beans stopped; he locked himself in his room. Sometimes Shama, after much coaxing from her sisters, dressed and went to Shorthills with them. She came back gloomier than ever, and when Mr Biswas said, 'Well, tell me, girl, tell me,' she did not reply and only cried silently. When Mrs Tulsi came Shama cried all the time. Since the quarrel with Seth Mrs Tulsi had ceased to be an invalid. She had left the Rose Room to direct the move from Arwacas and was, indeed, the source of the new enthusiasm. She tried to persuade Mr Biswas to join the move, and Mr Biswas, flattered at this attention, listened sympathetically. There would be no Seth, Mrs Tulsi said; one could live for nothing at Shorthills; Mr Biswas would be able to save his salary; there were many good sites for houses, and with timber from the estate Mr Biswas might even build himself a little house. 'Leave him, leave him,' Shama said. 'All this talk about house was only to spite me.' 'But if I keep my job in Port of Spain I don't see how I would be able to do anything on the estate,' Mr Biswas said. 'Never mind,' Mrs Tulsi said. He wasn't sure whether she wanted him to move for Shama's sake; or whether, without Seth, she needed as many men as possible around her; or whether she wanted no one, by his coolness, to make her question her own enthusiasm. And he agreed to go to Shorthills with her one morning, to have a look at the estate. He made Anand telephone the _Sentinel_ and went with Mrs Tulsi to the bus stop. There he suffered some moments of anxiety, for with her long white skirt, her veil, her arms braceleted from wrist to elbow and a thick gold yoke around her neck, Mrs Tulsi was noticeable in any Port of Spain street, and Mr Biswas feared he would be spotted by someone from the office. He leaned against the lamp-post, hiding his face. 'Regular bus service,' he said after a time. 'From Shorthills, the buses always leave on the dot.' 'Instead of giving every child a sheep, better to give them a horse. Ride to school. Ride back.' At last the bus came, empty except for the driver and the conductor. The body had been made locally, a crude jangling box of wood and tin and felt and large naked bolts. Mr Biswas bumped exaggeratedly up and down on the rough wooden seat. 'Just practising,' he said. The city ended abruptly at the Maraval terminus. The road climbed and dipped; hills intermittently shut out the view. After half an hour Mr Biswas pointed to the bush on a roundabout. 'Estate?' They went past a puzzling huddle of three crumbling shacks. Two black water barrels stood in the hard yellow yard. 'Cricket field?' Mr Biswas said. 'Swimming pool?' After many curves and climbs the road straightened out and ran steadily down into a widening valley. The hills looked wild, the tops of trees rising one behind the other: a coagulation of greenery. But here and there the faded thatch of a lean-to, warm against the still, dark green, showed that the wilderness had been charted. Houses and huts appeared on either side of the road, widely separated and so hidden by green that, from the bus, Shorthills was only flitting patches of colour: the rust of a roof, the pink or ochre of a wall. 'Next bus to Port of Spain in ten minutes,' the conductor said conversationally. Mr Biswas got up. Mrs Tulsi pulled him down. 'They like to reverse first.' The bus reversed in a dirt lane and came to rest on the verge, under an avocado pear tree. The driver and conductor squatted under the tree, smoking. Across the road and next to the lane in which the bus had reversed Mr Biswas saw an open square of ground, mounds and faded wreaths alone indicating its purpose. Mr Biswas waved at the forlorn little cemetery and the dirt lane which, past a few tumbledown houses, disappeared behind bush and apparently led only to more bush and the mountain which rose at the end. 'Estate?' he asked. Mrs Tulsi smiled. 'And on this side.' She waved at the other side of the road. Beyond a deep gully, whose sides were sheer, whose bed was strewn with boulders, stones and pebbles, perfectly graded, Mr Biswas saw more bush, more mountains. 'A lot of bamboo,' he said. 'You could start a paper factory.' It was easy to see just how far the buses went. Up to the dirt lane the road was smooth, its centre black and dully shining. Past that the road narrowed, was gravelly and dusty, its edges obscured by the untended verge. 'I suppose we go along there,' Mr Biswas said. They began walking. Mrs Tulsi bent down and tore up a plant from the verge. 'Rabbit meat,' she said. 'Best food for rabbits. In Arwacas you have to buy it.' Below the overarching trees the road was in soft shadow. Sunlight spotted the gravel in white blurs, spotted the wet green verges, the dark ridged trunks of trees. It was cool. And then Mr Biswas began seeing the fruit trees. Avocado pear trees grew at the side of the road as casually as any bush; their fruit, only just out of flower, were tiny but already perfectly shaped, with a shine they would soon lose. The land between the road and the gully widened; the gully grew shallower. Beyond it Mr Biswas saw the tall immortelles and their red and yellow flowers. And then the untrodden road blazed with the flowers. Mr Biswas picked one up, put it between his lips, tasted the nectar, blew, and the bird-shaped flower whistled. Even as they stood flowers fell on them. Under the immortelles he saw the cocoa trees, stunted, their branches black and dry, the cocoa pods gleaming with all the colours between yellow and red and crimson and purple, not like things that had grown, but like varnished wax models stuck on to dead branches. Then there were orange trees, heavy with leafand fruit. And always they walked between two hills. The road narrowed; they heard no sound except that of their feet on the loose gravel. Then, far away, they heard the bus starting on its journey back to bustling, barren, concrete and timber Port of Spain. Impossible that it was less than an hour away! The gully grew shallower and shallower, and then it was only a depression carpeted with a soft vine of a tender green. Mrs Tulsi bent down and disturbed it. A vine hung from her fingers; it had a faint smell of mint. 'Old man's beard,' she said. 'In Arwacas they grow it in baskets.' The house was partly hidden by a large, branching, towering saman tree. Swollen parasite vines veined its branches and massive trunk; wild pines sprouted like coarse hair from every crotch; and it was hung with lianas. Below the tree, beside the gully, there was a short walk lined with orange trees, and around the trunk there was a clump of wild tannia, pale green, four feet tall, nothing but stem and giant heart-shaped leaves, cool with quick beads of dew. An old signpost stood slightly askew in the gully. The letters were bleached and faint: _Christopher Columbus Road._ It was fitting. The land, though fruitful from a former cultivation, felt new. 'This used to be the old road,' Mrs Tulsi said. And Mr Biswas found it easy to imagine the other race of Indians moving about this road before the world grew dark for them. Nothing in Shama's accounts had prepared him for the view of the house from the gully, at the end of the tree-lined drive. It was a two-storeyed house with a long verandah on the lower floor; it stood far from the road on an escarpment on the hill, above a broad flight of concrete steps, white against the surrounding green. And everything was as Shama had said. On one side of the drive there was a cricket field; the pitch was red and broken: obviously the village team did not use matting. On the other side, beyond the saman tree, the lianas, the wild tannia, there was a swimming pool, empty, cracked, sandy, plants pushing up through the concrete, but it was easy to see it mended and filled with clear water; and beyond that, on an artificial mound, a cherry tree, its thick branches trimmed level at the bottom above a wrought-iron seat. And in the drive the gri-gri palms, with their white trunks, red berries and dark green leaves; though they were perhaps too old: they had grown so tall they could not be seen whole, and could even be missed. Then at the far end of the cricket ground Mr Biswas saw a mule. It looked old and dispirited. Untethered, it remained still, against a camouflage of cocoa-trees. 'Ah!' Mr Biswas said, breaking the silence. 'Horses.' 'That's not a horse,' Mrs Tulsi said. They left the drive and stood among the wild tannia under the saman tree. Mrs Tulsi held a liana and offered it to Mr Biswas. While he felt it, she held a thinner liana and pulled it down. 'As strong as rope,' she said. 'The children could skip with this.' They walked along the weed-ridden drive. The narrow canal at one side was silted with fine, rippled sand. 'You could just sell the sand from this place,' Mrs Tulsi said. They came to the broad flight of shallow concrete steps. Mr Biswas went up slowly: impossible not to feel regal ascending steps like these. On either side of the house there was an abandoned garden, flowerless except for some stray marigolds; but through the bush it was possible to see the pattern of the beds, edged with concrete and the stunted shrubs called 'green tea' and 'red tea'. At the end of one garden a Julie mango tree stood on a concrete-walled circular bed more than three feet high. 'Just the spot for a temple,' Mrs Tulsi whispered. The house was of timber, but the timber had been painted to look like blocks of granite: grey, flecked with black, red, white and blue, and marked with thin white lines. A folding screen separated the regal drawingroom from the regal diningroom; and there was a multiplicity of rooms whose purposes were uncertain. The house had its own electricity plant; not working at the moment, Mrs Tulsi said, but it could be fixed. There was a garage, servants' quarters, an outdoor bathroom with a deep concrete tub. The kitchen, linked to the house by a roofed way, was vast, with a brick oven. The hill rose directly behind the kitchen; the view through the back window was of the green hillside just a few feet away. And tonka beans grew on the hill. 'Who owned the house before?' Mr Biswas asked. 'Some French people.' This, allied to a brief acquaintance during his Aryan days with the writings of Romain Rolland, gave Mr Biswas a respect for the French. They walked and looked. The silence, the solitude, the fruitful bush in a broken landscape: it was an enchantment. They heard the bus in the distance. 'Well,' he said. 'I suppose it is time to go home now.' 'Home?' said Mrs Tulsi. 'Isn't this your home now?' So the Tulsis left Arwacas. The lands were rented out and it fell to the tenants to contend with Seth's claims. The Tulsi Store was leased to a firm of Port of Spain merchants. At Port of Spain one of the tenements was sold and Shama relieved of her rent-collecting duties. It was only then that Shama, still sulking after her victory, disclosed that Mrs Tulsi had decided to raise the rent of the Port of Spain house. Mr Biswas was shocked, and to shock him further Shama brought down her account books and showed how his salary went to the grocer almost as soon as it came, how her debts were rising. The solitude and silence of Shorthills was violated. The villagers bore the invasion without protest and almost with indifference. They were an attractive mixture of French and Spanish and Negro and, though they lived so near to Port of Spain, formed a closed, distinctive community. They had a rural slowness and civility, and spoke English with an accent derived from the French patois they spoke among themselves. They appeared to exercise some rights on the grounds of the house. They played cricket on the cricket field most afternoons and there was a match every Sunday, when the grounds were virtually taken over by the villagers. For some time after the coming of the Tulsis courting couples strolled about the orange walks and the drive in the afternoon, disappearing from time to time into the cocoa woods. But this custom soon ceased. The couples, finding themselves surprised at every turn by a Tulsi, moved further up the gully. Mr Biswas's first impression on moving to Shorthills was that the Tulsi family had increased. Seth and his family were absent; but those sisters who for one reason and another had lived away from Hanuman House had brought their families; and there were many married grandchildren as well, and their families. Mr Biswas was given a room on the upper floor, one of six rooms of equal size about a central corridor. It was a hotel-like arrangement, with a couple in each room, and widows and children moving about the common area downstairs. Mr Biswas's room became the headquarters of his family; it was there that Anand did his homework, there that the children came to complain, there that Mr Biswas gave them delicacies to eat in private. The fourposter, Shama's dressingtable, the bookcase and desk and the table were in this room; the rest of his furniture, rockingchair, hatrack, kitchen safe, was disposed, like his children at night, about the house. The drawingroom furnishings of Hanuman House had been similarly scattered. There could be no division of this house into the used and the unused, and the thronelike chairs, the statuary and the vases were left in the drawingroom, which in appearance and purpose presently became the equivalent of the Hanuman House hall. A certain unpleasantness was added to Mr Biswas's situation by the presence directly across the corridor of a brother-in-law he had never seen at Hanuman House, a tall, contemptuous man who had taken an immediate dislike to him and expressed this dislike by a quivering of the nostrils. Anand said, 'Prakash say his pappa got more books than you.' Mr Biswas sent Anand to find out what books Prakash's father had. Anand reported, 'All the books exactly the same size. On the cover they have a green shield marked "Boots". And they are all by a man called W. C. Turtle.' 'Trash,' Mr Biswas said. 'Trash,' Anand told Prakash. 'You call my books trash?' Prakash's father asked Mr Biswas some mornings later, when they opened their doors at the same time. 'I didn't call your books trash.' The nostrils quivered. 'What about your Epictetus and _Manxman_ and Samuel Smiles?' 'How do you know about my Epictetus?' 'How do you know about my books?' Thereafter Mr Biswas locked his room whenever he left it. The news spread and there were comments. 'So you start up already?' Shama said. And having got to Shorthills, everyone waited, for the sheep, the horses, for the swimming pool to be repaired, the drive weeded, the gardens cleaned, the electricity plant fixed, the house repainted. Waiting, the children stripped the saman tree of its lianas. But there was no use to which they could put these improbable and pleasing growths; they were not good for skipping, as Mrs Tulsi had said: the thin ones frayed easily, the fat ones were unwieldy. Hari cut down the Julie mango tree on the raised bed at the end of the garden and built a small, kennel-like box-board hut; this was the temple. The reader of W. C. Tuttle put up a large framed print of the goddess Lakshmi in the drawingroom and offered up his own prayers before it every evening; Prakash said his father knew more of these matters than Hari. The brick oven in the kitchen was levelled; the roofed way between the house and kitchen was pulled down and the open area roofed with old corrugated iron and tree-branches from the hillside at the back. Anand's patience broke. Spreading a rumour among the children that the house was going to be repainted right away but that the old paint had to be scraped off first, he soon had more than a dozen helpers working on the granite blocks. They made many pink and cream scars on the grey verandah walls before they were noticed; and this effort to force improvements ended in a mass flogging. Mr Biswas, too, was waiting for improvements. But he did not greatly care about them. For him Shorthills was an adventure, an interlude. His job made him independent of the Tulsis; and Shorthills was an insurance against the sack. It also provided an opportunity to save, an opportunity to plunder. And secretly he was plundering: half a dozen oranges at a time, half a dozen avocado pears or grapefruit or lemons, sold to a café keeper in St Vincent Street with some story about the variety of fruit trees he had in his backyard. The money was little but regular, the thrill of plundering delicious. Plunder! The very sound of the word excited Mr Biswas. Cycling to work in the cool of the morning and whistling in his way, he would suddenly jump off his bicycle, look right, look left, pull down oranges or avocado pears, drop them into his saddlebag, hop on to his saddle and cycle me asuredly away, whistling. He came back one afternoon to find the cherry tree cut down, the artificial mound partly dug up, the swimming pool partly filled in. By the end of the week the mound was a flat black patch and the swimming pool did not exist. A tent was put up over the area occupied by the pool and sisters and husbands remarked again and again that it was wonderful not only to have so much bamboo so near but not to have to pay for it either, as they had had to at Arwacas. The tent was for wedding guests. It appeared that a whole wave of Shama's nieces was to be married off. One marriage had been arranged before the move, and during the idle weeks at Shorthills the idea had grown. Action was swift and sudden. Details – the bridegrooms and dowries – had been easily settled, and now the puzzling estate was forgotten and all energy went to preparing for the weddings. Days before the ceremony guests and retainers and dancers, singers and musicians came from Arwacas. They slept in the tent, the verandah, the garage, the covered space between the kitchen and house, and by day wandered through the grounds and woods, plundering. Much bamboo was used in the decorations. The drive and walks were lined with bamboo poles placed horizontally on vertical bamboo poles; every horizontal section was filled with oil and fitted with a wick. On the night of the weddings many small flickering flames seemed to be suspended in the darkness; trees, outlined, not illuminated, looked solid; and the grounds felt protected, a warm cave in the night. The seven bridegrooms came in seven cavalcades with seven teams of drummers, followed by the stupefied villagers. At the foot of the concrete steps there were seven ceremonies of welcome, and in the wedding-tent, built over one of the gardens flattened for the purpose, the seven wedding ceremonies went on all night, while in the tent over the swimming pool there was singing, dancing and feasting. When the weddings were over, the population of the house temporarily reduced by seven, the guests gone away, and the tents over the ruined garden and swimming pool taken down, everyone began waiting again, for the small cricket pavilion to be restored, the drive cleaned, its culverts mended, the canal cleared of silt, for the evergreen hedges at the bottom of the hill to be trimmed, for the unruined garden to be replanted. Unasked, the children did what they could, but their scattered efforts made no impression on the grounds. They collected tonka beans from the hillside and, not knowing what to do with them, left them in the garage, where they presently rotted and smelled. Then suddenly some sheep appeared. Haifa dozen scraggy, bare, bewildered sheep. The children had been promised sheep, but they had expected fleecy things, and there was no rush to claim these. The sheep remained nibbling in the cricket field, offending the children and the cricketers. Nothing was done to the cocoa trees or the orange trees. Week by week the bush advanced and the estate, from looking neglected, began to look abandoned. There was still no one to plan or direct. As suddenly as she had emerged from her sickroom to supervise the move, so Mrs Tulsi had now withdrawn. She had a small room on the lower floor, overlooking the ruined garden and Hari's box-board temple. But her window was closed, the room was sealed against light and air, and there, in an ammoniac darkness, she spent much of the day, looked after by Sushila and Miss Blackie. It was as though her energy had been stimulated only by the quarrel with Seth and, ebbing, had depressed her further into exhaustion and grief. Govind tore down the cricket pavilion one day. A rough cowshed went up in its place, and Mr Biswas heard, with astonishment, that his cow was to be stabled there. 'Cow? My cow?' It turned out that the cow, whose name was Mutri, was one of Shama's secret possessions, like her sewingmachine. Mutri had been kept on the estate at Arwacas with all the other Tulsi cows. She was an old black cow, tired, with short bruised horns. 'What about the milk?' Mr Biswas asked. 'The calves?' 'What about the grass?' Shama replied. 'The water? The feed?' Govind looked after the cows and for that reason alone Mr Biswas made no further inquiries. Govind was becoming increasingly surly. He scarcely spoke to anyone, and worked off his rages on the cows. He beat them with thick lengths of wood and at milking time the slightest misdemeanour threw him into a rage. The animals didn't moan or wince or show anger; they only tried to move away. No one protested; there was no one to complain to. Mr Biswas said, 'Poor Mutri.' Before cows and sheep the cricketers retreated. The cricket field turned to mud and manure, and someone planted a pumpkin vine at the edge of it. Then the tree-cutting began. In less than a morning the reader of W. C. Tuttle cut down the gri-gri palms along the drive. He came back sweating to the house and, since none of the watertaps worked, had a bath at a waterbarrel. Mrs Tulsi ate the hearts of the trees, which had been recommended to her by one of her Arwacas friends, and the children consoled themselves with the red berries. Govind, asserting himself, then cut down the orange trees: they were blighted, encouraged snakes, and could conceal thieves. 'Damn stupid thieves if they think they could find anything in this place,' Mr Biswas said. 'They cut down the trees only to make it easier to pick the oranges, that is all.' The oranges were collected by Govind and Chinta and their children, put into sacks and sent to Port of Spain by bus. Everyone wondered who took the money. The trees were chopped into logs and burned in the kitchen, the moss-covered barks making excellent kindling. The children lost heart. They now had to be compelled to gather tonka beans, to pick oranges and avocado pears to be sent to Port of Spain. On some Saturdays they pulled up weeds from the drive, urged on by the adults to hollow competitions to see who could amass the highest pile of weeds. The plumbing remained unrepaired. Some lesser husbands built a latrine on the hillside. The house toilet, unused, became a sewingroom. In place of the orange trees and the palm trees seedlings were planted along the drive and hedged around with bamboo stakes. The cows broke down the cricket field fence. The sheep, escaping, broke down the bamboo stakes and stripped the seedlings clean. The silt rose in the canal at the side of the drive. Weeds grew from the cracks in the concrete culvert and up the wide, shallow steps. Every morning Hari said his prayers and rang his bell and beat his gong in his boxboard kennel in the ruined garden; and every evening the man Mr Biswas now thought of as W. C. Tuttle said his prayers before the framed print in the drawingroom. The rubbish heap started by the Tulsis at the foot of the hill grew higher and wider. The sheep, neglected, unfruitful, survived. The cows were milked. The pumpkin vine spread rapidly in the manured mud and broke into frail yellow flower. The first pumpkin, the first Tulsi fruit, was welcomed with enthusiasm; and since, because of a Hindu taboo no one could explain, women were forbidden to cut pumpkins open, a man was invited to do so. And the man was W. C. Tuttle. It was W. C. Tuttle who dismantled the electricity plant and melted down the lead to make dumb-bells. And it was W. C. Tuttle who announced that a furniture factory was to be started. Scores of cedar trees were cut down, sawed and stacked in the garage, and W. C. Tuttle sent to his own village for a Negro called Théophile. Théophile was a blacksmith whose trade had declined with the coming of the motorcar. He was lodged in a small room below the drawingroom, fed three times a day and turned loose among the cedar planks. He made many benches; gaining confidence, he put together a vast, irregularly oval table; then a number of wardrobes like sentry-boxes. No joint was clean; no door fitted; and the soft wood showed many little clusters of hammer indentations. It was stated by W. C. Tuttle, his wife, his children and Théophile himself that stain and varnish would hide these flaws. And, Tulsi excitement mounting, Théophile went to work on morris chairs. W. C. Tuttle ordered a bookcase. Mr Biswas ordered a bookcase. The doors of Mr Biswas's bookcase sloped at the top and would have formed a peak if they could meet: Théophile said it was a style. By this time the planks on the oval table had shrunk, the joints were loose and the wax had dropped out, and the wardrobe doors could never close. Théophile worked with saw and hammer and nails on the table and wardrobes; then the chairs and bookcases needed attention; then the wardrobes gave trouble again. Théophile was dismissed to his village, and there was no further talk about the furniture factory. The morris chairs fell apart and were used as firewood; some of the more adventurous children slept on the table at night. W. C. Tuttle, acting as Mrs Tulsi's agent, sold the cedar planks in the garage. Shortly afterwards he bought a lorry, and hired it out to the Americans. Then the Americans came to the village. They had decided to build a post somewhere in the mountains, and day and night army lorries rolled through the village on skid chains. The lane next to the cemetery was widened and on the dark green mountains in the distance a thin dirt-red line zigzagged upwards. The Tulsi widows got together, built a shack at the corner of the lane and stocked it with Coca Cola, cakes, oranges and avocado pears. The American lorries didn't stop. The widows spent some money on a liquor licence and, with great trepidation, spent more money on cases of rum. The lorries didn't stop. One night a lorry crashed into the shack. The widows retreated. Though surrounded by devastation, Mr Biswas remained detached. He paid no rent; he spent nothing on food; he was saving most of his salary. For the first time he had money, and every fortnight it was increasing. He closed his heart to sorrow and anger at a dereliction he was powerless to prevent; and, recognizing with a thrill that it was now every man for himself – the phrase gave him much pleasure – he continued to plunder, enjoying the feeling that in the midst of chaos he was calmly going about his own devilish plans. Then the news of the ravages of W. C. Tuttle and Govind was whispered through the house. W. C. Tuttle had been selling whole cedar trees. Govind had been selling lorry loads of oranges and papaws and avocado pears and limes and grapefruit and cocoa and tonka beans. Mr Biswas felt exceedingly foolish next morning when he dropped half a dozen oranges into his bag. He wondered, too, how it was possible for someone to steal a cedar tree without being noticed. Shama, outraged like most of the sisters, explained the trees had been sold on the ground, for very little. The buyers' lorries had come to the estate from the north, taking the roundabout, dangerous and virtually unused road over the mountains. Nothing would have been known had not the clearing on the hillside grown too large and attracted the attention of the estate overseer, a sad worried man who had come with the estate, like the mule, and without knowing what his duties were, had to look occupied to keep his job. Govind and Chinta ignored the whispers and silence. W. C. Tuttle replied to them by scowling and exercising with his dumb-bells. His wife looked offended. The nine little Tuttles refused to speak to the other children. The villagers at last banded against the Tulsis. Many of the Tulsi children were going to schools in Port of Spain and they filled the seven o'clock bus at the terminus near the graveyard. The villagers, who had hitherto found the hourly bus service to Port of Spain quite adequate, began to board the bus just before it reached the graveyard, paying the extra penny to be sure of their seat to Port of Spain. And the children found that the seven o'clock bus came in nearly full, and no one got out. There was no great competition for the vacant seats, and for many days most of the children did not go to school, until W. C. Tuttle, frowningly forgiving, offered, for no more than the bus fare, to take the children to school on his lorry. The lorry had to be at the American base at six in the morning. Therefore the children could not be deposited at school much after half past five. To do this they had to leave Shorthills at a quarter to five. So they had to be up at four. It was still night when, sitting close together on planks fixed to the tray of the lorry, their teeth chattering, they drove through the chilly hills below the low dripping trees; and the street lamps were still on when they got to Port of Spain. They were put down outside their schools before newsboys delivered papers, before servants were up, before the school gates opened. They remained on the pavement and played hopscotch in the pre-dawn light. The caretaker of the girls' school rose at six and dressed hurriedly and let them in, asking them not to make too much noise and disturb his wife, who was still asleep. The caretaker's house was small, with only two rooms and a tiny, partly-exposed kitchen; and the caretaker had a numerous family. They had been used to wandering about the school yard in the early mornings dressed as they pleased; they brushed their teeth and spat in the sandy yard; they quarrelled; they slipped naked from house to outdoor bathroom and towelled themselves in the open; they cooked and ate under the tamarind tree; they hung up intimate washing. Now correctness was imposed on them from dawn. While the caretaker and his family breakfasted, in silence, the children became hungry again and ate the lunches which had been prepared for them three hours before. It was the best time to eat the lunches, for by midday the curry was beginning to go red and smell. The children who kept their food till lunchtime often gave it away then in exchange for things like bread and cheese; and, the reputation of Indian food surviving even Tulsi cooking, both sides thought they were getting the better bargain. The return to Shorthills had its own problems. The children left school at three. The lorry left the American base at six. It was therefore out of the question if the children were to get home before eight. And the bus service from Port of Spain became more difficult from week to week. Because of wartime shortages and restrictions there were fewer city buses, and the Shorthills bus was used by people who didn't go all the way. To get the bus the children had to walk nearly three miles to the terminus at the railway station. The last uncrowded bus was the two-thirty; to get this meant leaving school shortly after lunch. The child who hoped to get the three-thirty left school at half past two, walked to the terminus and joined the waiting crowd. There was no queue and the bus on its arrival became the object of an immediate scrimmage. People scrambled through the open windows, climbing up on tyres and the cap of the petrol tank, and burst through the emergency exit at the back; so that even if a child managed to squeeze in first through the door he found the seats taken. So the children walked until they could be taken on by the bus when it was less full, or by the lorry returning from the American base. Mrs Tulsi sent word from her room that the children could lessen the fatigue of walking in the afternoon if they all sang; if the girls were molested they were to take off their shoes (they wore crêpe soles) and strike the molester on the head. Eventually, however, a car was bought, and one of the sons-in-law drove it to Port of Spain with the children and the oranges. It was a Ford V-8 of the early nineteen-thirties, not inelegant, and it might have performed less erratically if it carried a lighter load. Under the weight of children and oranges it sank low on the rear springs, the bonnet was slightly uptilted, and for the steeper climbs the children had to get off. Often the car broke down and then the driver, who knew nothing about cars, asked the children to push. Like ants around a dead cockroach the children surrounded the car (the girls in their dark blue uniforms) and pushed and pulled. Sometimes they pushed for more than a mile. Sometimes they pushed the car to the top of a hill, jumped aside as it rolled down, heard it start, raced after it, the driver urging them to hurry, sprang inside three at a time. Then the engine stalled; and they sat, crouched or half-stood, suffocated and silent, waiting for the fruitless, scraping whine of the starter. Sometimes the car got into Port of Spain with one side of the bonnet up and a child on the wing, operating a pump of some sort. Sometimes the car didn't get to Port of Spain at all. This pleased the children more than the driver; he had no packed lunch. Sometimes the car was laid up for days. Then the children went to Port of Spain by lorry; or they surprised the villagers, who had relaxed their precautions, by taking the seven o'clock bus. The Ford V-8 was finally abandoned when some of the lesser sons-in-law, not profiting by the experience of the children, went in it one evening to a film-show in Port of Spain. The house blazed with lights all night; and the sisters concerned, armed with sticks to daunt molesters, made frequent sallies along the Port of Spain road. The men returned just before dawn, pushing. The children went to school by lorry. The car was pushed from the road into the gully and up to the clump of wild tannia under the saman tree, where, being presently stripped by an unknown person of its saleable parts, it remained, a plaything for the children. Another car was bought, another Ford V-8, but a sports model with a dicky seat. And into this, miraculously, all the children were squeezed, standing in the dicky seat like stemmed flowers in a vase. A second trip was made for the oranges. While they were in the country the children could pretend to be on the top of a stage-coach, but when they got to Port of Spain they attracted derisive attention and missed the shelter of the saloon. So for the children Shorthills became a nightmare. Daylight was nearly always gone when they returned, and there was little to return to. The food grew rougher and rougher and was eaten more casually, in the kitchen itself, where the brick floor had been topped with mud, or in the covered space between the kitchen and the house. No child knew from one night to the next where he was going to sleep; beds were made anywhere and at any time. On Saturdays the children pulled up weeds; on Sundays they collected oranges or other fruit. At week-ends the children submitted to the laws of the family. But during the week, when they spent so much time away from the house, they formed a community of their own, outside family laws. No one ruled; there were only the weak and the strong. Affection between brother and sister was despised. No alliance was stable. Only enmities were lasting, and the hot afternoon walks which Mrs Tulsi had seen lightened by song were often broken by bitter fights of pure hate. Mr Biswas scarcely saw his children, and they became separated from one another. Anand felt disgraced by his sisters. They were all among the weak. Myna had developed a bad bladder; every journey with her involved shame. Sometimes the car stopped, sometimes it didn't. Kamla walked in her sleep; but this was a novelty and was thought endearing, especially in one so young. Savi was unnoticed until she had been chosen to sing at a school concert organized by the distributors of a face lotion called Limacol. She had never used Limacol but agreed with the master of ceremonies that the slogan, 'The Freshness of a Breeze in a Bottle', was just. Then in a high voice and with many quaverings she sang 'Some Sunday Morning' and was given a miniature Limacol bottle. The Tulsi sisters were shocked. They spoke of Savi almost as of a public entertainer, and lectured their children. Thereafter Savi was mocked and ridiculed. She drew maps with minutely indented coastlines, on the basis of her observations at beaches. She had attempted to propagate this method and had some disciples; but now one of Govind's daughters said that these indentations were as stupid and conceited as the quavers with which Savi had sung 'Some Sunday Morning', and Savi's disciples recanted. When one evening she was put off the bus because she had lost her fare, and had to walk all the way to Shorthills, arriving after nightfall, ill with fright and fatigue, and having to be massaged by Shama, it was felt that justice had been done. The news of the massage in the room on the upper floor, Savi's tears, Mr Biswas's rage when he returned, quickly went round the house. Kamla, the petted sleep-walker, was pumped for details, and Kamla gave them, pleased to excite so much interest and amusement. Though no one recognized his strength, Anand was among the strong. His satirical sense kept him aloof. At first this was only a pose, and imitation of his father. But satire led to contempt, and at Shorthills contempt, quick, deep, inclusive, became part of his nature. It led to inadequacies, to self-awareness and a lasting loneliness. But it made him unassailable. The children were ready to go to school one morning. Their lunches, wrapped in brown paper, were stuffed in their bags, and the car was waiting on the road. Quickly the children filled the car. They squashed in. They wedged themselves in. They screwed themselves in. A door was slammed. Anand, somewhere in the dicky seat, heard a shriek and a groan. They came from Savi. The children, always breathless and bad-tempered when the car was stationary, shouted for the car to drive off. But someone cried, 'Quick! Open the door. Her hand.' Anand laughed. No one joined him. The car emptied and he saw Savi sitting on the wet rabbit-grass of the verge. He could not bear to look at her hand. Shama and Mr Biswas and some of the sisters came out to the road. Myna said, 'Anand laugh, Pa.' Mr Biswas slapped Anand hard. And Mr Biswas decided that the time had come for him to withdraw from the Shorthills adventure. A return to Port of Spain was impossible. When he went for walks about the estate he kept his eye open for a suitable site. Then, in quick succession, a number of deaths occurred. Sharma, the son-in-law who collected oranges and drove the children to school, slipped off a mossy orange branch one rainy morning and broke his neck. He died almost at once. The children did not go to school that day. Sharma's widow tried to turn the holiday into a day of mourning. She sobbed and wailed and embraced everyone who went near her and asked for messages to be sent. Messages were sent and Sharma's relations turned up in the afternoon, nondescript people, not able even in their sorrow to drown their shyness. They put Sharma in a plain coffin and carried him to the graveyard, where the village had assembled to see the Hindu rites. Hari, in white jacket and beads, whined over the grave and sprinkled water over it with a mango leaf. 'Same thing he did to my house,' Mr Biswas said to Anand. Sharma's widow shrieked, fainted, revived and tried to fling herself into the grave. The villagers watched with interest. Some of the knowing whispered about _suttee._ W. C. Tuttle took over the job of driving the children to school. He placed all his children in the front seat next to himself and stuffed the others into the dicky seat. He complained about the behaviour of the car and attributed all its faults to Sharma. Soon there was talk that W. C. Tuttle was using the car to transport his subsidiary plunder. He threatened not to drive the car if the talk didn't stop. There was no one else who could drive, apart from the surly Govind, and the talk stopped. Despite W. C. Tuttle's abuse Sharma was speedily forgotten. And one hot Sunday afternoon, when nearly everyone was out of doors, Anand came upon Hari and his wife sitting alone in the diningroom, at one end of the vast cedar table that had been made by W. C. Tuttle's blacksmith. They made a sad couple. Hari's wife had tears in her eyes, and Hari's expressionless face was yellow. Anand, wishing to animate them and to show off a new accomplishment, offered to recite a poem to them. He had just mastered all the gestures illustrated on the frontispiece of _Bell's Standard Elocutionist._ Hari and his wife looked moved; they smiled and asked Anand to recite. Anand drew his feet together, bowed, and said, 'Bingen on the Rhine.' He joined his palms, rested his head on them, and recited: _'A soldier of the legion lay dying in Algiers.'_ He was pleased to see that the smiles of Hari and his wife had been replaced by looks of the utmost solemnity. _'There was lack of woman's nursing, there was dearth of woman's tears._ _'But a comrade stood beside him while his life blood ebbed away.'_ Anand's voice quavered with emotion. Hari stared at the floor. His wife fixed her large eyes on a spot somewhere above Anand's shoulder. Anand had not expected such a full and immediate response. He increased the pathos in his voice, spoke more slowly and exaggerated his gestures. With both hands on his left breast he acted out the last words of the dying legionnaire. _'Tell her the last night of my life, for ere this moon be risen,_ _'My body will be out of pain, my soul be out of prison.'_ Hari's wife burst out crying. Hari put his hand on hers. In this way they listened to the end; and Anand, after being given a six-cents piece, left them shaken. Less than a week later Hari died. It was only then that Anand learned that Hari had known for some time that he was going to die soon. W. C. Tuttle, ferociously brahminical in an embroidered silk jacket, did the last rites. The house went into mourning for Hari; no one used sugar or salt. He was one of those men who, by a negativeness that amounts to charity, are thought of kindly by everyone. He had taken part in no disputes; his goodness, like his scholarship, was a family tradition. Everyone had been used to seeing Hari as the officiating pundit at religious ceremonies; everyone had been used to receiving the consecrated foods from him every morning. Hari, in dhoti, his forehead marked with sandalwood paste; Hari doing morning and evening _puja;_ Hari with his religious texts on the elaborately carved bookrest: these had been fixed sights in the Tulsi house. There had been no one to take Seth's place. There was no one to take Hari's. The duty of the _puja_ was shared by many of the men and boys. Sometimes even Anand had to do it. Untutored in the prayers, he could only go through the motions of the ritual. He washed the images, placed fresh flowers on the shrine, diverted himself by trying to stick the stem of a flower in the crook of a god's arm or between the god's chin and chest. He put fresh sandalwood paste on the foreheads of the gods, on the smooth black and rose and yellow pebbles, and on his own forehead; lit the camphor, circled the flame about the shrine with his right hand while with his left he tried to ring the bell; blew at the conch shell, emitting a sound like that of a heavy wardrobe scraping on a wooden floor; then, his cheeks aching from the effort of blowing the conch shell, he hurried out to eat, first making the round of the house to offer the milk and tulsi leaves which, unbelievably, he had consecrated. When he dressed for school he brushed the caked sandalwood marks from his forehead. About a fortnight after Hari died news came from Arwacas of another death. Anand was working at the table in the room on the upper floor one evening, and Mr Biswas was reading in bed, when the door was thrown open and Savi ran in and said, 'Great Aunt Padma is dead!' Mr Biswas closed his eyes and put his hand on his heart. Anand screamed, 'Savi!' She stood still, her eyes shining. From downstairs a deep-drawn lamentation burst out and spread through the house, rising, falling, relayed from one sister to the other and back again, like the barking of dogs at night. Sharma's death had done little more than upset routine. Hari's had saddened. Padma's terrified. She was Mrs Tulsi's sister: death had come closer to them all. She had known them all their lives; she had died away from them. The sisters said these things over and over as they embraced each other and embraced their children. The house shook with footsteps, shrieks, wails and the crying of frightened children. Mrs Tulsi was reported to be out of her mind; there were rumours that she too was dying. The children stuck pins into lamp wicks and murmured incantations to keep off fresh disaster. They heard Mrs Tulsi clamouring to be taken to the body of her sister. The cry was taken up by some of the sisters, and despite the hour and despite the quarrel with Seth, preparations were made and the lorry and sports car set off for Arwacas, and only men and children were left in the house. The women returned the following afternoon, with more than their grief. For most of them it had been their first visit to Arwacas since the move, their first glimpse of Seth. They had not spoken to him, but the truce had enabled them to inspect the property which Seth, still vigorously pursuing the quarrel, had bought on the High Street not far from Hanuman House, a first step, they had been told, to his buying over of Hanuman House itself. It was a grocery and it was large enough and new enough and well enough stocked to alarm the sisters. But there could be no talk of Seth just then. Padma appeared in many dreams that night. In the morning every dream was recounted and it was agreed that Padma's spirit had come to the house in Shorthills, which she had never visited while she lived. This was confirmed by the experience of one sister. In the middle of the night she had heard footsteps in the road. She recognized them as Padma's. There was silence as Padma had crossed the gully, footsteps again as Padma came up the sandy drive and up the concrete steps. Padma had then made a tour of the house, sat down on the back steps and wept. Many people saw Padma after that. Much attention was given to the story of one of the Tuttle children. In broad daylight he had seen a woman in white walking from the graveyard towards the house. He caught up with her and said, 'Aunt.' She turned. It wasn't an aunt. It was Padma; she was crying. Before he could speak she pulled her veil over her face, and he had run. When he looked back he saw no one. Yet it was some time before the sisters realized that Padma appeared so often because she had a message. They then decided that anyone who saw her should ask what her message was. The messages varied. At first Padma merely asked after certain people and said she wished she were alive and with them; sometimes she also said she had died of a broken heart. But Padma's later messages, when whispered from sister to sister, from child to child, caused consternation. She said Seth had driven her to take poison; she said Seth had poisoned her; she said Seth had beaten her to death and bribed the doctor not to have a post mortem. 'Don't tell Mai,' the sisters said. Anger overrode their grief. Every sister cursed Seth and vowed never to speak to him again. Mrs Tulsi kept to the room with the closed windows. Sushila and Miss Blackie made brandy poultices for her eyelids, as before, and massaged her head with bay rum. But in the box-board temple at the end of the ruined, overgrown garden there was no Hari to say prayers for her and the house. Bells were rung and gongs were struck, but the luck, the virtue had gone out of the family. And two of the sheep died. The canal at the side of the drive was at last completely silted over and the rain, which ran down the hillside in torrents after the briefest shower, flooded the flat land. The gully, no longer supported by the roots, began to be eaten away. The old man's beard was deprived of a footing; its thin tangled roots hung over the banks like a threadbare carpet. The gully bed, washed clean of black soil and the plants that grew on it, showed sandy, then pebbly, then rocky. It could no longer be forded by the car, and the car stayed on the road. The sisters were puzzled by the erosion, which seemed to them sudden; but they accepted it as part of their new fate. Govind stopped looking after the cows. He bought a secondhand motorcar and operated it as a taxi in Port of Spain. W. C. Tuttle opened a quarry on the estate. His enterprise aroused envy. He had been the first to sell estate trees; now that there were few trees to sell he was selling the very earth. Mr Biswas continued to transport his plunder of oranges and avocado pears in the saddlebag of his bicycle. For nearly all the sisters still with husbands Shorthills had become only an interlude. For the widows there was only Shorthills, and land they did not understand. It was not rice-land or caneland. But the widows united, and after much whispered discussion and ostentatious silence when other sisters, husbands or their children were near, the widows announced that they were going to start a chicken farm. To feed the chickens they needed maize. They cut down a hillside, burned it, and planted maize. Then they bought some chickens and set them loose. At first the chickens stayed close to the house and sometimes inside it, leaving their droppings everywhere. Presently snakes and mongooses attacked the chickens. Those that survived took to the bush, learned to fly high, and laid their eggs where the widows couldn't get them. In the meantime the maize was reaped and husked. The widows and their children ate much corn, boiled and roasted. The remainder was heaped in the verandah; there were no chickens to give it to. The corn turned from pale yellow to hard bright orange. Intermittently the widows and their children shelled the cobs on graters. There was talk of selling maize flour; with the continuing shortage of wheat flour the prospects were considered bright. The widows invested in a mill: two circular slabs of toothed stone resting one on the other. After some time and much labour a little flour was ground, but there was not the demand for it that the widows had expected. The maize remained in the verandah; weevils and other insects burrowed neatly through the golden cobs. Mrs Tulsi remained in her dark room, devising economies and issuing directives about food. She had heard that the Chinese, an ancient race, ate bamboo shoots. The estate abounded in bamboo; Mrs Tulsi ordered that bamboo shoots were to be eaten. But what were bamboo shoots? Were they the neat little green buds at the joints of the bamboo trunks? Were they the very young bamboo stalks? Were they the very young bamboo leaves? No one knew. Buds, stalks and leaves were collected, washed, chopped, boiled, and curried with tomatoes. No one could eat it. The leaves of the shining bush, a prolific shrub that grew even in sand, had been used in the house to make a mildly purgative brew that was not unpleasant and was reputedly good for colds, coughs and fevers. Mrs Tulsi directed that tea should no longer be bought: the shining bush was to be used instead. Already the widows and their children were making coffee and chocolate from the beans on the estate. Now maize flour was to be used instead of wheat flour, and coconut oil was to be made, not bought. No one had thought of growing vegetables and, since they too could not be bought, efforts were made to find vegetable substitutes: hard coconut, green papaw, green mango, green _pomme cithère,_ and almost any green fruit. But when Mrs Tulsi ordered the widows to experiment with birds' nests, which the Chinese ate, and the widows looked at the long stockinglike corn-bird nests of dry twigs hanging from the saman tree, there was such an outcry that the idea was dropped. It was W. C. Tuttle's duty, after taking the children to school, to bring back stale cakes for the cows. To prevent them being stolen, the cakes were heaped in the verandah next to the widows' dry corn. The widows' children, foraging among the stale cakes, came upon some that were still edible. The news was reported to Mrs Tulsi; thereafter stale cakes were shared between the cows and the widows. In this period of experiment many new foods were discovered. The children discovered that brown sugar in a dry pancake made a better lunch than curried bamboo, which could not be exchanged for anything at school. Someone hit upon the idea of dipping sardines in condensed milk, and someone else made the accidental discovery that condensed milk burned in the tin had an original and pleasing flavour. Economy went further. Directing that no tins were to be thrown away, Mrs Tulsi summoned a tinker from Arwacas. For a fortnight he shared the household food, slept in the verandah, and made tin cups and tin plates; from a sardine tin he made a whistle. Ink was no longer bought; a violet liquid, faint but unwashable, was extracted from the small berries of the black sage. Mrs Tulsi, hearing that coconut husks were being thrown away, decided that mattresses and cushions were to be made, and possibly sold. The widows and their children soaked and pounded and stretched and shredded the coconut husks, washed the fibre and dried it. Then Mrs Tulsi sent for the mattress-maker from Arwacas. He came and made mattresses and cushions for a month. Sisters with husbands fed their children secretly. And when it was learned that some of the widows' sons had killed a sheep, roasted it in the woods and eaten it, W. C. Tuttle expressed his outrage at this un-Hindu act, refused to eat any more from the common kitchen and made his wife cook separately. One of his sons reported that W. C. Tuttle's brahmin mouth had burst into sores the day the sheep was eaten. Mr Biswas, though unable to produce W. C. Tuttle's spectacular symptoms, made Shama cook separately as well. Touched by the prevailing obsession with food, Mr Biswas had been making experiments of his own. He had decided that the gospo, a mixture of the orange and the lemon, and the shadduck, which no one ate, had extraordinary virtues. There was one gospo tree on the estate, and the fruit had been used by the children to play cricket (using bats of _bois-canot)._ Mr Biswas put an end to that. He drank a glass of the unpleasant gospo juice every morning and made his children do the same, until the gospo tree, which stood at one corner of the cricket field, collapsed into the gully after a flood, still laden with its hybrid fruit. With the disappearance of the gospo tree the cricket field shrank rapidly. After every shower part of it was carved away, leaving a grass-covered overhang which collapsed in a day or two and was carried off by the next downpour. The drive became tall with weeds, and through the weeds a narrow, curiously wavering path led to the concrete steps, now cracked and sagging and bursting into vegetation at every crack. The evergreen hedge was a tangle of small trees, and whenever it rained the grounds smelled fresh, as of fish, telling that snakes were about. No one had time to fight the bush. The widows, when not cooking or washing or cleaning or looking after the cows, were making coffee or chocolate or coconut oil or grinding maize. Their clothes became patched, their arms hard. They looked like labourers, and they had to bear with the exulting comments Seth sent through common friends. He had given his life to the family; then he had been rejected and slandered. Their punishment was only beginning. Had he not said that when he left them they would all start catching crabs? And the widows worked like men. When the gully became a gorge they threw a bridge of coconut trunks across it. The gorge widened; the trunks collapsed. The widows built another bridge; that collapsed too. The widows prevailed on Mrs Tulsi to buy lengths of rail. The rails were laid across the gorge, coconut trunks laid across the rails, and for a time this structure survived, shaky, slippery, with gaps through which a child might fall to the rocks below. Mr Biswas could no longer ignore the dereliction about him; yet when he spoke about moving, Shama, though excluded from the councils of the widows and the confidences of the other sisters, became sullen and sometimes cried. Then came the scandal of the eighty dollars. Chinta announced one day that someone had stolen eighty dollars from her room. It was an astonishing announcement, not only because an accusation of theft had never been made in the family before, but also because no one knew that Chinta and Govind had so much money. Chinta told again and again of the last time she had checked the money, and of the accident that had led her to find out that the money was missing. She said she knew who had stolen the money, but was waiting for the thief to trip himself up. After a few days the thief had not tripped himself up, and Chinta went on searching, drawing crowds wherever she went. Sometimes she spoke Hindi incantations; sometimes she searched with a candle in one hand and a crucifix in the other; sometimes she spat on her left palm, struck the spittle with a finger, and searched in the direction indicated by the flight of the spittle. Finally she decided to hold a trial by Bible and key. 'The old Roman cat and kitten,' Mr Biswas said to Shama. 'Like mother, like daughter. But look, eh, I don't want my children meddling in that sort of tomfoolery.' This was repeated throughout the house. Chinta said, 'I don't blame him.' The Bible-and-key trial lasted the whole of one afternoon. Chinta invoked the names of Saints Peter and Paul and spoke the accusations; Miss Blackie, invoking the same names, defended; and the innocence of everyone except Mr Biswas and his family was established. Mr Biswas refused to have his room searched and ignored Shama's pleas that he should allow the children to be tried. 'She is a Roman cat,' he said. 'So what? I look like a Hindu mouse?' For some time he and Govind had not spoken; now he and Chinta did not speak. Shama attempted to maintain relations with Chinta, but was rebuffed. 'I am not blaming anybody,' Chinta said. 'I am only blaming the man who set the example.' Then the whisperings began. 'Don't talk to them. But watch them.' 'Vidiadhar! Quick! I left my purse on the table in the diningroom.' 'Anand likes his nose to run. He swallows the snot. It is like condensed milk to him.' 'Savi does eat the scabs of sores.' 'You ever see Kamla's head? Crawling with lice. But she is like a monkey. She eats them.' And the girls begged Mr Biswas to move. He had found a site such as he always wanted, isolated, unused and full of possibilities. It was some way from the estäte house, on a low hill buried in bush and well back from the road. The house was begun and, unblessed, completed in less than a month. Its pattern was precisely that of the house he had attempted in Green Vale, precisely that of thousands of houses in rural Trinidad. It had a verandah, two bedrooms and a drawingroom, and stood on tall pillars. Estate trees provided the timber; he had to pay only for the sawing. He bought corrugated iron for the roof, plain glass and frosted glass for the windows, coloured glass for the drawingroom door, and cement for the pillars. The speed with which the house went up took him by surprise. The builders had given him no opportunity to withdraw, and at the end he found that his savings were nearly all gone. He felt uneasy. His circumstances had changed; but his ambition had remained steady, and now seemed only idyllic and absurd. He had built his own house, in a place as wild and out-of-the-way as he could have wished. But Shama had to walk a mile to the village to do her shopping, water had to be brought up the hill from a spring in the cocoa woods. And there was the problem of transport. He had to cycle long distances every day, and though he had cut himself off from the family, his children had to go to school in the family car. After he had bought a Slumberking bed (delivered by two Port of Spain vanmen who swore as they made their various trips up and down the improperly cleared and precipitous path) his money was exhausted. The house was not painted. It stood red-raw in its unregulated green setting, not seeming to invite habitation so much as decay. Shama, though pained by the quarrel with Chinta, did not approve of the move. She regarded it as provocative, and like the children, she had watched the house rise and wished it not to be completed. The children wanted to go back to Port of Spain, to the life they had had before Shorthills. They knew about the housing shortage but blamed Mr Biswas for not trying hard enough. The new house imprisoned them in silence and bush. They had no pleasures, no cinema shows, no walks, no games even, for the land around the house still smelled of snakes. The nights seemed longer and blacker. The girls stayed close to Shama, as though frightened to be by themselves; and in her shanty kitchen Shama sang sad Hindi songs. Late one afternoon, not long after they had moved, Anand found himself alone in the house. Mr Biswas was out, the girls were in the kitchen with Shama. The house felt bare, unused and still exposed; corners held no secrets; none of the furniture seemed to have found its place. Moved by boredom more than curiosity, Anand opened the bottom drawer of Shama's dressingtable. In an envelope he found his parents' marriage certificate and the birth certificates of his sisters and himself. On a birth certificate, which he did not at first recognize as Savi's, he saw a name, Basso, which he had never heard used. He saw Mr Biswas's harsh scrawl: _Real calling name: Lakshmi._ In the column headed 'Father's Occupation' _labourer_ had been energetically scratched out and _proprietor_ written in. No other birth certificate had been so scribbled over. Some photographs were wrapped in crinkled brown paper. One was of the Tulsi sisters standing in a straight line and scowling; the others were of the entire Tulsi family, of Hanuman House, of Pundit Tulsi, of Pundit Tulsi in Hanuman House. In the kitchen Shama was singing her doleful song and slapping dough between her palms. Anand came upon a bundle of letters. They were all still in their envelopes. The stamps were English and bore the head of George V. From one envelope fell small brown photographs of an English girl, a dog, a house with a faded X on a window; in another envelope there was a newspaper clipping with one name underlined in ink in a long paragraph of names. The letters were neatly written and said little at great length. They spoke about letters received, about school, about holidays; they thanked for photographs. Abruptly they were touched with feeling; they expressed surprise that arrangements for marriage had been made so soon; they attempted to soften surprise with congratulation. Then there were no more letters. Anand closed the drawer and went to the drawingroom. He rested his elbows on the window-sill and looked out. The sun had just set and the bush was turning black against a sky that was still clear. Smoke came through the kitchen door and window and Anand listened to Shama singing. Darkness filled the valley. That evening Shama discovered the ransacked drawer. ' Thief!' she said. 'Some thief was in the house.' Refusing to yield to the gloom of his family and his own feeling that he had been rash, Mr Biswas set about clearing the land. He spared only the _poui_ trees, for their branches and their yellow flowers, which came out bright and pure for one week in the year. The integrity of living bush was replaced by a brown chaos of collapsed and dying trees. Through this Mr Biswas made a winding path from the house down to the road, cutting steps into the earth and shoring them with bamboo. The debris could not be immediately fired, for though the leaves were dead and brittle the wood was green. Waiting, Mr Biswas cut _poui_ sticks and roasted them in bonfires. And he was reminded of a duty. He sent for his mother. He had for so long been telling her – ever since he was a boy in the back trace – that she was to come to stay with him when he had built his own house, that he now doubted whether she would come. But she came, for a fortnight. Her feelings could not be read. He was at first extravagantly affectionate. But Bipti remained calm, and Mr Biswas followed her example. It was as if the relationship between them had been granted without their asking, and had only to be accepted. Though the children understood Hindi they could no longer speak it, and this limited communication between them and Bipti. From the start, however, Shama and Bipti got on well. Shama gave not a hint of the sullenness she used with Bipti's sister Tara; to Mr Biswas's surprise and pleasure, she treated Bipti with all the respect of a Hindu daughter-in-law. She had touched Bipti's feet with her fingers when Bipti came, and she never appeared before Bipti with her head uncovered. Bipti helped with the housework and on the land. When, after Bipti's death, Mr Biswas wished to be reminded of her, he thought less of his childhood and the back trace than of this fortnight at Shorthills. He thought of one moment in particular. The ground in front of the house had been only partly cleared, and one afternoon, when he had pushed his bicycle up the earth steps to the top of the hill, he saw that part of the ground, which he had left that morning cumbered and unbroken, had been cleared and levelled and forked. The black earth was soft and stoneless; the spade had cut cleanly into it, leaving damp walls as smooth as mason's work. Here and there the prongs of the fork had left shallow parallel indentations on the upturned earth. In the setting sun, the sad dusk, with Bipti working in a garden that looked, for a moment, like a garden he had known a dark time ages ago, the intervening years fell away. Thereafter the marks of a fork in earth made him think of that moment at the top of the hill, and of Bipti. The children looked forward to the firing of the land as to a celebration. The Civil Defence authorities had given them a taste for large conflagrations, and now they were to have a hill on fire in their own backyard. It would be almost as good as the mock air-raid on the Port of Spain race course. Of course there would be no dummy houses to burn, no ambulances, no nurses attending to people groaning at mock wounds, no Boy Scouts on motor bicycles dashing about through the thick smoke with dummy dispatches; but at the same time there would be none of those eager firefighters who, in spite of the public outcry, had rescued some of the dummy buildings before they were even scorched. Mr Biswas, displaying manual skills which his children secretly distrusted, dug trenches and prepared little nests of twigs and leaves at what he called strategic points. On Saturday afternoon he summoned the children, soaked a brand in pitch-oil, set it alight, and ran from nest to nest, poking the brand in and jumping back, as though he had touched off an explosion. A leaf caught here and a twig there, blazed, shrank, smouldered, died. Mr Biswas didn't wait to see. Ignoring the cries of the children, he ran on, leaving a trail of subsiding wisps of dark smoke. 'Is all right,' he said, coming down the hillside, the brand dripping fire. 'Is all right. Fire is a funny thing. You think it out, but it blazing like hell underground.' One of the smoke wisps shrank like a failing fountain. 'That one take your advice and gone underground,' Savi said. 'I don't know,' he said, rubbing one itching ankle against the other. 'Perhaps it is a little too green. Perhaps we should wait until next week.' There were protests. Savi put her hand to her face and backed away. 'What's the matter?' 'The heat,' Savi said. 'You just carry on. See if you don't get hot somewhere else. Clowns. That's what I'm raising. A pack of clowns.' From the kitchen Shama shouted, 'Hurry up, all-you. The sun going down.' They went to examine the nests Mr Biswas had fired. They found them collapsed, reduced: shallow heaps of grey leaves and black twigs. Only one had caught, and from it the fire proceeded unspectacularly, avoiding thick branches and nibbling at lesser ones, making the bark curl, attacking the green wood with a great deal of smoke, staining it, then retreating to run up a twig with a businesslike air, scorching the brown leaves, creating a brief blaze, then halting. On the gound there were a few isolated flames, none higher than an inch. 'Fireworks,' Savi said. 'Well, do it yourself.' The children ran to the kitchen and seized the pitch-oil Shama had bought for the lamps. They poured the pitch-oil haphazardly on the bush and set it alight. In minutes the bush blazed and became a restless sea of yellow, red, blue and green. They exchanged theories about the various colours; they listened with pleasure to the chatter and crackle of the quick fire. Too soon the tall flames contracted. The sun set. Charred leaves rose in the air. After dinner they had the sad task of beating down the fire at the edge of the trench. The brown sea had turned black, with red glitters and twinkles. 'All right,' Mr Biswas said. _'Puja_ over. Books now.' They retired to the bare drawingroom. From time to time they went to the window. The hill was black against a lighter sky. Here and there it showed red and occasionally burst into yellow flame, which seemed unsupported, dancing in the air. Anand was in a bus, one of those dilapidated, crowded buses that ran between Shorthills and Port of Spain. Something was wrong. He was lying on the floor of the bus and people were looking down at him and chattering. The bus must have been running over a newly-repaired road: the wheels were kicking up pebbles against the wings. Myna and Kamla stood over him, and he was being shaken by Savi. He lay on his bedding in the drawingroom. 'Fire!' Savi said. 'What o'clock it is?' 'Two or three. Get up. Quick.' The chattering, the pebbles against the wings, was the noise of the fire. Through the window he saw that the hill had turned red, and the land was red in places where no fire had been intended. 'Pa? Ma?' he asked. 'Outside. We have to go to the big house to tell them.' The house appeared to be encircled by the red, unblazing bush. The heat made breathing painful. Anand looked for the two _poui_ trees at the top of the hill. They were black and leafless against the sky. Hurriedly he dressed. 'Don't leave us,' Myna said. He heard Mr Biswas shouting outside, 'Just beat it back. Just beat it back from the kitchen. House safe. No bush around it. Just keep it back from the kitchen.' 'Savi!' Shama called. 'Anand wake?' 'Don't leave us,' Kamla cried. All four children left the house and walked past the newly-forked land in front to the path that led to the road. Just below the brow of the hill they were surprised by an absolute darkness. Between the path and the road there was no fire. Myna and Kamla began to cry, afraid of the darkness before them, the fire behind them. 'Leave them,' Shama called. 'And hurry up.' Savi and Anand picked their way down the earth steps they couldn't see. 'You can hold my hand,' Anand said. They held hands and worked their way down the hill, into the gully, up the gully and into the road. Trees vaulted the blackness. The blackness was like a weight; it was as if they wore hats that came down to their eyebrows. They didn't look up, not willing to be reminded that darkness lay above them and behind them as well as in front of them. They fixed their eyes on the road and kicked the loose gravel for the noise. It was chilly. 'Say _Rama Rama,'_ Savi said. 'It will keep away anything.' They said _Rama Rama._ 'Is Pa to blame for this,' Savi said suddenly. The repetition of _Rama Rama_ comforted them. They became used to the darkness. They could distinguish trees a few yards ahead. The squat concrete box, where behind a steel door estate explosives were kept, was a reassuring white blur on the roadside. At last they came to the bridge of coconut trunks. The white fretwork along the eaves of the house were visible. In Mrs Tulsi's room, as always at night, a light burned. They made their way across the dangerous bridge and emerged into the open, grateful at that moment for the tree-cutting of Govind and W. C. Tuttle. The tall wet weeds on the drive stroked their bare legs. They sniffed, alert for the smell of snakes. They heard a heavy breathing. They could not tell from which direction it came. They stopped muttering _Rama Rama,_ came close together and began to run towards the concrete steps, a distant grey glow. The breathing followed, and a dull, unhurried tramp. Glancing to his left, Anand saw the mule in the cricket field. It was following them, moving along the snarled fence-wires. They reached the end of the drive. The mule reached the corner of the field and stopped. They ran up the concrete steps, avoiding the overhanging nutmeg tree. They fumbled with the bolt on the verandah gate and the noise frightened them. They scratched at doors and windows, tapped the wall of Mrs Tulsi's room, rattled the tall drawingroom doors. They called. There was no reply. Every noise they made seemed to them an explosion. But in the silence and blackness they were only whispering. Their footsteps, their knockings, Anand's stumbling among the stale cakes and the widow's corn, sounded only like the scuttling of rats. Then they heard voices: low and alarmed: one aunt whispering to another, Mrs Tulsi calling for Sushila Anand shouted: 'Aunt!' The voices were silenced. Then they were raised again, this time defiantly. Anand knocked hard on a window. A woman's voice said, 'Two of the little people!' There was an exclamation. They were thought to be the spirits of Hari and Padma. Mrs Tulsi groaned and spoke a Hindi exorcism. Inside, doors were opened, the floor pounded. There was loud aggressive talk about sticks, cutlasses and God, while Sushila, the sickroom widow, an expert on the supernatural, asked in a sweet conciliatory voice, 'Poor little people, what can we do for you?' 'Fire!' Anand cried. 'Fire,' Savi said. 'Our house on fire!' And Sushila, though she had taken part in the whisperings against Savi and Mr Biswas, found herself obliged to continue talking sweetly to Savi and Anand. The apprehension of the house turned to joyous energy at the news of the fire. 'But really,' Chinta said, as she happily got ready, 'what fool doesn't know that to set fire to land in the night is to ask for trouble?' Lights went on everywhere. Babies squealed, were hushed. Mrs Tuttle was heard to say, 'Put something on your head, man. This dew isn't good for anyone.' 'A cutlass, a cutlass,' Sharma's widow called. And the children excitedly relayed the news: 'Uncle Mohun's house is burning down!' Some thrilled alarmists feared that the fire might spread through the woods to the big house itself; and there was speculation about the effects of the fire on the explosives. The journey to the fire was like an excursion. Once there, the Tulsi party fell to work with a will, cutting, clearing, beating. It became a celebration. Shama, host for the second time to her family, prepared coffee in the kitchen, which was untouched. And Mr Biswas, forgetful of animosities, shouted to everyone, 'Is all right. Is all right. Everything under control.' Some eggs were discovered, burnt black, and dry inside. Whether they were snakes' eggs or the eggs of the widows' errant hens no one knew. A snake was found burnt to death less than twenty yards from the kitchen. 'The hand of God,' Mr Biswas said. 'Burning the bitch up before it bite me.' Morning revealed the house, still red and raw, in a charred and smoking desolation. Villagers came running to see, and were confirmed in their belief that their village had been taken over by vandals. 'Charcoal, charcoal,' Mr Biswas called to them. 'Anybody want charcoal?' For days afterwards the valley darkened with ash whenever the wind blew. Ash dusted the plot Bipti had forked. 'Best thing for the land,' Mr Biswas said. 'Best sort of fertilizer.' # 4. Among the Readers and Learners HE COULD not simply leave the house in Shorthills. He had to be released from it. And presently this happened. Transport became impossible. The bus service deteriorated; the sports car began to give as much trouble as its predecessor and had to be sold. And just about this time Mrs Tulsi's house in Port of Spain fell vacant. Mr Biswas was offered two rooms in it, and he immediately accepted. He considered himself lucky. The housing shortage in Port of Spain had been aggravated by the steady arrival of illegal immigrants from the other islands in search of work with the Americans. A whole shanty town had sprung up at the east end of the city; and even to buy a house was not to assure yourself of a room, for there were now laws against the indiscriminate eviction Shama had so coolly practised. He put up a sign in the midst of the desolation he had created: HOUSE FOR RENT OR SALE, and moved to Port of Spain. The Shorthills adventure was over. From it he had gained only two pieces of furniture: the Slumberking bed and Théophile's bookcase. And when he moved back to the house in Port of Spain, he did not move alone. The Tuttles came, Govind and Chinta and their children came, and Basdai, a widow. The Tuttles occupied most of the house. They occupied the drawingroom, the diningroom, a bedroom, the kitchen, the bathroom; this gave them effective control of both the front and back verandahs, for which they paid no rent. Govind and Chinta had only one room. Chinta hinted that they could afford more, but were saving and planning for better things; and, as if in promise of this, Govind suddenly gave up wearing rough clothes, and for six successive days, during which he smiled maniacally at everyone, appeared in a different threepiece suit. Every morning Chinta hung out five of Govind's suits in the sun, and brushed them. She cooked below the tall-pillared house, and her children slept below the house, on long cedar benches which Théophile had made at Shorthills. Basdai, the widow, lived in the servantroom, which stood by itself in the yard. Mr Biswas's two rooms could be entered only through the front verandah, which was Tuttle territory. At first Mr Biswas slept in the inner room. Light and noise from the Tuttles' drawingroom came through the ventilation gaps at the top of the partition and drove him to the front room, where he was enraged by the constant passage of Shama and the children to and from the inner room. Shama, like Chinta, cooked below the house; and when Mr Biswas shouted for his food or his Maclean's Brand Stomach Powder, it had to be taken to him up the front steps, in full view of the street. The house was never quiet, and became almost unbearable when W. C. Tuttle bought a gramophone. He played one record over and over: _One night when the moon was so mellow_ _Rosita met young man Wellow._ _He held her like this, his loveliness,_ _And stole a kiss, this fellow. Tippy-tippy-turn tippy-turn_ — and here W. C. Tuttle always joined in, whistling, singing, drumming; so that whenever the record came on, Mr Biswas was compelled to listen, waiting for W. C. Tuttle's accompaniment to: _Tippy-tippy-turn tippy-turn_ _Tippy-tippy-teeeeepi-tum-tum turn._ A dispute also arose between W. C. Tuttle and Govind. They both parked their vehicles in the garage at the side of the house, and in the morning one was invariably in the way of the other. They conducted this quarrel without ever speaking to one another. W. C. Tuttle told Mrs Tuttle that her brothers-in-law were unlettered, Govind grunted at Chinta, and both wives listened penitentially. And now, away from Mrs Tulsi, the sisters also had daily squabbles of their own, about whose children had dirtied the washing, whose children had left the wc filthy. Basdai, the widow, often mediated, and sometimes there were maudlin reconciliations in the Tuttles' back verandah. It was Chinta who remarked that these reconciliations had the habit of taking place after the Tuttles had acquired some new item of furniture or clothing. Despite the strict brahminical régime of his household, W. C. Tuttle was all for modernity. In addition to the gramophone he possessed a radio, a number of dainty tables, a morris suite; and he created a sensation when he bought a four foot high statue of a naked woman holding a torch. An especially long truce followed the arrival of the torchbearer, and Myna, wandering about the Tuttles' establishment one day, accidentally broke off the torchbearing arm. The Tuttles sealed their frontiers again. Myna, in response to wordless pressure, was flogged, and a frostiness came once more into the relations between the Tuttles and the Biswases. Matters were not helped when Shama announced that she had ordered a glass cabinet from the joiner in the next street. The glass cabinet came. Chinta shouted to her children in English. 'Vidiadhar and Shivadhar! Stay away from the front gate. I don't want you to go breaking other people things and have other people saying that is because I jealous.' As the elegant cabinet was being taken up the front steps one of the glass doors swung open, struck the steps and broke. This was observed by the Tuttles, imperfectly concealed behind the jalousies on either side of the drawingroom door. 'Oh! Oh!' Mr Biswas said that evening. 'Glass cabinet come, Shama. Glass cabinet come, girl. The only thing you have to do now is to get something to put inside it.' She spread out the Japanese coffee-set on one shelf. The other shelves remained empty, and the glass cabinet, for which she had committed herself to many months of debt, became another of her possessions which were regarded as jokes, like her sewingmachine, her cow, the coffee-set. It was placed in the front room, which was already choked with the Slumberking, Théophile's bookcase, the hatrack, the kitchen table and the rockingchair. Mr Biswas said, 'You know, Shama girl, what we want to put these rooms really straight is another bed.' In the house the crowding became worse. Basdai, the widow, who had occupied the servantroom as a base for a financial assault on the city, gave up that plan and decided instead to take in boarders and lodgers from Shorthills. The widows were now almost frantic to have their children educated. There was no longer a Hanuman House to protect them; everyone had to fight for himself in a new world, the world Owad and Shekhar had entered, where education was the only protection. As fast as the children graduated from the infant school at Shorthills they were sent to Port of Spain. Basdai boarded them. Between her small servantroom and the back fence Basdai built an additional room of galvanized iron. Here she cooked. The boarders ate on the steps of the servantroom, in the yard, and below the main house. The girls slept in the servantroom with Basdai; the boys slept below the house, with Govind's children. Sometimes, driven out by the crowd and the noise, Mr Biswas took Anand for long night walks in the quieter districts of Port of Spain. 'Even the streets here are cleaner than that house,' he said. 'Let the sanitary inspector pay just one visit there, and everybody going to land up in jail. Boarders, lodgers and all. I mad to lay a report myself.' The house, pouring out a stream of scholars every morning and receiving a returning stream in the afternoon, soon attracted the attention of the street. And whether it was this, or whether a sanitary inspector had indeed made a threat, news came from Shorthills that Mrs Tulsi had decided to do something. There was talk of flooring and walling the space below the house, talk of partitions and rooms, of lattice work above brick walls. The outer pillars were linked by a half-wall of hollow clay bricks, partly plastered, never painted; there was no sign of lattice work. Instead, to screen the house, the wire fence was pulled down and replaced by a tall brick wall; and this was plastered, this was painted; and the people in the street could only make surmises about the arrangements for the feeding and lodging of the childish multitude who, in the afternoons and evenings and early mornings, buzzed like a school. The children were divided into residents and boarders, and subdivided into family groups. Clashes were frequent. The boarders also brought quarrels from Shorthills and settled them in Port of Spain. And all evening, above the buzzing, there were sounds of flogging (Basdai had flogging powers over her boarders as well), and Basdai cried, 'Read! Learn! Learn! Read!' And every morning, his hair neatly brushed, his shirt clean, his tie carefully knotted, Mr Biswas left this hell and cycled to the spacious, well-lit, well-ventilated office of the _Sentinel._ Now when he said to Shama: 'Hole! That's what your family has got me in. This hole!' his words had an unpleasant relevance. For whereas before he had spoken of his house in the country and his mother-in-law's estate, now he kept his address as secret as an animal keeps its hole. And his hole was not a haven. His indigestion returned, virulently; and he saw his children increasingly riddled with nervous afflictions. Savi suffered from a skin rash, and Anand suddenly developed asthma, which laid him in bed for three days at a time, choking, having his chest scorched and peeled by the futile applications of a medicated wadding. Still the boarders came. The education frenzy had spread to Mrs Tulsi's friends and retainers at Arwacas. They all wanted their children to go to Port of Spain schools, and Mrs Tulsi, fulfilling a duty that had been imposed in a different age, had to take them in. And Basdai boarded them. The floggings and the rows increased. The cries of 'Read! Learn!' increased; and every morning, not long after the babbling children had streamed through the narrow gateway between the high walls, Mr Biswas emerged, neatly dressed, and cycled to the _Sentinel._ Despite his duties and despite the fear of the sack, which he had never quite lost, even during the adventure at Shorthills, the office now became the haven to which he escaped every morning; and like Mr Burnett's news editor, he dreaded leaving it. It was only at midday, when the readers and learners were at school and W. C. Tuttle and Govind were at work, that he found the house bearable. He gave himself a longer midday break and stayed later in the office in the afternoons. Then once more Shama started to bring out her account books, and once more she showed how impossible it was for them to live on what he earned. Self-disgust led to anger, shouts, tears, something to add to the concentrated hubbub of the evening, the nerve-torn helplessness. In daylight, in a _Sentinel_ motorcar and with a _Sentinel_ photographer, he drove through the open plain to call on Indian farmers to get material for his feature on Prospects for This Year's Rice Crop. They, illiterate, not knowing to what he would return that evening, treated him as an incredibly superior being. And these same men who, like his brothers, had started on the estates and saved and bought land of their own, were building mansions; they were sending their sons to America and Canada to become doctors and dentists. There was money in the island. It showed in the suits of Govind, who drove the Americans in his taxi; in the possessions of W. C. Tuttle, who hired out his lorry to them; in the new cars; the new buildings. And from this money, despite Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus, despite Samuel Smiles, Mr Biswas found himself barred. It was now that he began to speak to his children of his childhood. He told them of the hut, the men digging in the garden at night; he told them of the oil that was later found on the land. What fortune might have been theirs, if only his father had not died, if only he had stuck to the land like his brothers, if he had not gone to Pagotes, not become a sign-writer, not gone to Hanuman House, not married! If only so many things had not happened! He blamed his father; he blamed his mother; he blamed the Tulsis; he blamed Shama. Blame succeeded blame confusedly in his mind; but more and more he blamed the _Sentinel,_ and hinted savagely to Shama, almost as if she were on the board of the paper, that he was going to keep his eye open for another job, and that if the worst came to the worst he would get a job as a labourer with the Americans. 'Labourer!' Shama said. 'With those hammocks you have for muscles, I would like to see how long you would last.' Which either made him angry, or reduced him to an absurd puckishness. Then, lying on the Slumberking in vest and pants, as was his wont when he indulged in speculations about the future, he would lift up one leg and prod the slack calf with a finger, or make it swing, as he had done when they were newly married, in the long room at Hanuman House. These were the times (for the children were not excluded from this talk about money) when Mr Biswas delivered insincere homilies on the honest manner of his livelihood, and told his children that he had nothing to leave them but good education and a sound training. It was at one of these sessions that Anand told how at school boys were being challenged to say what their fathers did. This, a new school game, had spread even to the exhibition class. The most assiduous challengers came from the most harassed and insecure strata, and their aggressive manner suggested that they were neither harassed nor insecure themselves. Anand, who had read in an American newspaper that 'journalist' was a pompous word, had said that his father was a reporter; which, though not grand, was unimpeachable. Vidiadhar, Govind's son, had said that his father worked for the Americans. 'That is what all of them are saying these days,' Anand said. 'Why didn't Vidiadhar say that his father was a taxi-driver?' Mr Biswas didn't smile. Govind had six suits, Govind was making money, Govind would soon have his own house. Vidiadhar would be sent abroad to get a profession. And what awaited Anand? A job in the customs, a clerkship in the civil service: intrigue, humiliation, dependence. Anand felt his joke going bad. And a few days later, when a new quiz was going round the school – what did the boys call their parents? – Anand, wishing only to debase himself, lied and said, 'Bap and Mai,' and was duly derided; while Vidiadhar, shrewd despite his short stay at the school, unhesitatingly said, 'Mummy and Daddy.' For these boys, who called their parents Ma and Pa, who all came from homes where the sudden flow of American dollars had unleashed ambition, push and uncertainty, these boys had begun to take their English compositions very seriously: their Daddies worked in offices, and at week-ends Daddy and Mummy took them in cars to the seaside, with laden hampers. Mr Biswas knew that for all his talk he would never leave the _Sentinel_ to go to work for the Americans as labourer, clerk or taxi-driver. He lacked the taxi-driver's personality, the labourer's muscles; and he was frightened of throwing up his job: the Americans would not be in the island forever. But as a gesture of protest against the _Sentinel,_ he enrolled all his children in the Tinymites League of the _Guardian,_ the rival paper; and in the _Junior Guardian,_ for years thereafter, Mr Biswas's children were greeted on their birthdays. The pleasure he got from this was enhanced when W. C. Tuttle, imitating, enrolled his children among the Tinymites as well. The _Sentinel_ had its revenge. A small but steady decline in circulation hinted to the directors that there might be something wrong with their policy that conditions in the colony could not be better; they began to admit that readers might occasionally want views instead of news, and that news was not necessarily bright if right. For not only was the _Guardian_ winning over _Sentinel_ readers, the _Guardian_ was also getting people who had never read newspapers. So the _Sentinel_ started the Deserving Destitutes Fund, the name suggesting that there was not a necessary inconsistency between the fund and the leaders which spoke of the unemployed as the unemployable. The Deserving Destitutes Fund was an answer to the _Guardians_ Neediest Cases Fund; but while the Neediest Cases Fund was a Christmas affair, the Deserving Destitutes Fund was to be permanent. Mr Biswas was appointed investigator. It was his duty to read the applications from destitutes, reject the undeserving, visit the others to see how deserving or desperate they were, and then, if the circumstances warranted it, to write harrowing accounts of their plight, harrowing enough to encourage contributions for the fund. He had to find one deserving destitute a day. 'Deserving Destitute number one,' he told Shama. 'M. Biswas. Occupation: investigator of Deserving Destitutes.' The _Sentinel_ could not have chosen a better way of terrifying Mr Biswas, of reviving his dread of the sack, illness or sudden disaster. Day after day he visited the mutilated, the defeated, the futile and the insane living in conditions not far removed from his own: in suffocating rotting wooden kennels, in sheds of box-board, canvas and tin, in dark and sweating concrete caverns. Day after day he visited the eastern sections of the city where the narrow houses pressed their scabbed and blistered façades together and hid the horrors that lay behind them: the constricted, undrained backyards, coated with green slime, in the perpetual shadow of adjacent houses and the tall rubble-stone fences against which additional sheds had been built: yards choked with flimsy cooking sheds, crowded fowl-coops of wire-netting, bleaching stones spread with sour washing: smell upon smell, but none overcoming the stench of cesspits and overloaded septic tanks: horror increased by the litters of children, most of them illegitimate, with navels projecting inches out of their bellies, as though they had been delivered with haste and disgust. Yet occasionally there was the neat room, its major piece of furniture, a table, a chair, polished to brilliance; giving no hint of the squalor it erupted into the yard. Day after day he came upon people so broken, so listless, it would have required the devotion of a lifetime to restore them. But he could only lift his trouser turn-ups, pick his way through mud and slime, investigate, write, move on. He was treated with respect by most of the DDS or Deserving Destees, as, in order to lessen the dread they inspired, he had begun to call them. But sometimes a destitute turned sullen and, suddenly annoyed by Mr Biswas's probings, refused to divulge the harrowing details Mr Biswas needed for his copy. On these occasions Mr Biswas was accused of being in league with the rich, the laughing, the government. Sometimes he was threatened with violence. Then forgetting shoes and trouser turn-ups, he retreated hastily to the street, pursued by words, his undignified movements followed with idle interest by several dozen people, all destitute, all perhaps deserving. 'Deserving Destitute Turns Desperate,' he thought, visualizing the morning's headline. (Though that would never have done: the _Sentinel_ wanted only the harrowing details, the grovelling gratitude.) His bicycle suffered. First the valve-caps were stolen; then the rubber handlegrips; then the bell; then the saddlebag in which he had transported his plunder from Shorthills; and one day the saddle itself. It was a pre-war Brooks saddle, highly desirable, new ones being unobtainable. Cycling that afternoon from the east end of the city to the west end, continually bobbing up and down, unable to sit, had been fatiguing and, judging by the stares, spectacular. There were other dangers. He was sometimes accosted by burly Negroes, pictures of health and strength; 'Indian, give me some money.' Occasionally exact sums were demanded: 'Indian, give me a shilling.' He had been used to such threatening requests from healthy Negroes outside the larger cinemas, but there the bright lights and the watchful police had given him the confidence to refuse. In the east end the lights were not bright and there were few policemen; and, not wishing to antagonize destitutes any more than was necessary, he took the precaution of going on his investigations with coppers distributed about his pockets. These he gave, and later recovered from the _Sentinel_ as expenses. And other dangers. Once, climbing up a short flight of steps and pushing past the obstructing lace curtain in a room of exceptional cleanliness, he found himself confronted by a woman of robust appearance. Her large lips were grotesquely painted; rouge flared on her black cheeks. 'You from the paper?' she asked. He nodded. 'Give me some money,' she said, as roughly as any man. He gave her a penny. His promptness surprised her. She gazed at the coin with awe, then kissed it. 'You don't know what a thing it is, when a man _give_ you money.' His experience on 'Court Shorts' enabling him to recognize a piece of the prostitute's lore, he made perfunctory inquiries and prepared to go. 'Where my money?' the woman said. She followed him to the door, shouting, 'The man – me right here, behind this curtain, and now he don't want to pay.' She called the women and children of the yard and the yards on either side to witness her injury; and Mr Biswas, feeling that his suit, his air of respectability, and the time of day gave some weight to the accusation, hurried guiltily away. It was some time before he could distinguish the applications of the fraudulent: people who merely wanted the publicity, those who wanted to work off grudges, those who had wanted merely to write, and an astonishing number of well-to-do shopkeepers, clerks and taxi-drivers who wanted money and publicity, and offered to share what money they got with Mr Biswas. Many of his early visits were wasted, and since he had to provide a convincing destitute every morning he had sometimes had to take a mediocre destitute and exaggerate his situation. The authorities at the _Sentinel_ continued neither to comment on his work nor to interfere; and this policy, which he had at first regarded as sinister, now made his position one of responsibility and power. His recommendations were the only things that mattered; his decision was final. He was given a by-line and described as 'Our Special Investigator', which won Anand some respect at school. And for the first time in his life Mr Biswas was offered bribes. It was a mark of status. But, largely through a distrust of the Deserving Destees, he accepted nothing, though he did allow a crippled Negro joiner to make him a diningtable at a low price. He wished he hadn't, for when the table came it made the congestion in his rooms absolute. Shama's glass cabinet was taken to the inner room, and the table placed in his, parallel to the bed and separated from it by a way so narrow that, after bending down to put on his shoes, for instance, he often knocked his head when he straightened up; and if, having put his shoes on, he stood up too quickly, he struck the top of his hip-bone against the table. The generous joiner had made the table six feet long and nearly four feet wide, wide enough to make shutting and opening the side window possible only if you climbed on to the table. On his restless nights Mr Biswas had been in the habit of relegating Anand to the foot of the Slumberking; now when this happened Anand left the bed in a huff and spent the rest of the night on the table, an arrangement Mr Biswas tried to make permanent. The window had to remain open: the room would have been stifling otherwise. The afternoon rain came swiftly and violently. Shama could never mount the table quickly enough; and presently that part of the table directly below the window acquired a grey, black-spotted bloom which defied all Shama's stainings, varnishings and polishings. 'First and last diningtable I buy,' Mr Biswas said. He was lying in vest and pants on the Slumberking one evening, reading, trying to ignore the buzzing and shrieks of the readers and learners, and W. C. Tuttle's new gramophone record of a boy American called Bobby Breen singing 'When There's a Rainbow on the River'. Someone came into the room and Mr Biswas, his back to the door, added to the pandemonium by wondering aloud who the hell was standing in his light. It was Shama. 'Hurry up and get some clothes on,' she said excitedly. 'Some people have come to see you.' He had a moment of panic. He had kept his address secret, yet since he had become investigator of destitutes he had been repeatedly traced. Once, indeed, he had been accosted by a destitute just as he was wheeling his bicycle between the high walls. He had pretended that he was investigating a deserving case, and as this had looked likely, he had managed to get rid of the man by taking down his particulars there and then, standing on the pavement, and promising to investigate him as soon as possible. Now he twisted his head and saw that Shama was smiling. Her excitement contained much self-satisfaction. 'Who?' he asked, jumping out of bed, striking the top of his hip-bone against the diningtable. Standing between the table and the bed, it was impossible for him to bend down to get his shoes. He sat down carefully on the bed again and fished out a shoe. Shama said it was the widows from Shorthills. He relaxed. 'I can't see them outside?' 'Is private.' 'But how the hell I can see them inside here?' It was a problem. The widows would have to stand just inside the door, in the narrow area between the bed and the partition; and he would have to stand between the bed and the table. However, it was evening. He took the cotton sheet from below the pillow and threw it over himself. Shama went out to summon the widows, and the five widows entered almost at once, in their best white clothes and veils, their faces roughened by sun and rain, their demeanour grave and conspiratorial as it always was whenever they were hatching one of their disastrous schemes: poultry farming, dairy farming, sheep raising, vegetable growing. Mr Biswas, the sheet pulled halfway up his chest, scratched his bare, slack arms. 'Can't ask you to sit down,' he said. 'Nowhere to sit down. Except the table.' The widows didn't smile. Their solemnity affected Mr Biswas. He stopped scratching his arms and pulled the sheet up to his armpits. Only Shama, already conspicuous in her patched and dirty home-clothes, continued to smile. Sushila, the senior widow, came to the foot of the bed and spoke. Could they be considered Deserving Destitutes? She spoke in a steady, considered way. Mr Biswas was too embarrassed to reply. Of course, Sushila said, they couldn't _all_ be Deserving Destitutes. But couldn't one? It was impossible. However destitute they might be, they were relations. But they had put on their best clothes and jewellery and come all the way from Shorthills, and he could not reject them at once. 'What about the name?' he asked. That had occurred to them. The Tulsi name need not be mentioned. Their husbands' names could be used. Mr Biswas thought rapidly. 'But what about the children at school?' They had thought of that too. Sushila had no children. And as for the photograph: with veil, glasses and a few pieces of facial jewellery she could be effectively disguised. Mr Biswas could think of no other delaying objection. He scratched his arms slowly. The widows gazed solemnly, then accusingly at him. As his silence lengthened, Shama's smile turned to a look of annoyance; in the end she, too, was accusing. Mr Biswas slapped his left arm. 'I would lose my job.' 'But that time,' Sushila said, 'when you were the Scarlet Pimpernel, you went around dropping tokens-okens to your mother, your brothers and all the children.' 'That was different,' Mr Biswas said. 'I am sorry. Really.' The five widows were silent. For some time they remained immobile, staring at Mr Biswas until their eyes went blank. He avoided their eyes, felt for cigarettes, and patted the bed until the matchbox rattled. Sushila started on a deep sigh, and one by one the widows, staring at Mr Biswas's forehead, sighed and shook their heads. Shama gave Mr Biswas a look of perfect fury. Then she and the widows trooped out of the door. A child was being flogged downstairs. W. C. Tuttle's gramophone was playing 'One Night When the Moon Was so Mellow'. 'I am sorry,' Mr Biswas said, to the back of the last widow. 'But I would lose my job. Sorry.' And really he was sorry. But even if they were not relations, he could not have made their case convincing. How could one speak of a woman as destitute when she lived on her mother's estate, in one of her mother's three houses; when her brother was studying medicine in the United Kingdom; and when another brother was a figure of growing importance in the South, his name all over the paper, in the gossip columns, in the news columns for his business deals and political statements, in his own stylish advertisements ('Tulsi Theatres Trinidad proudly present...')? It was not long after this that Mr Biswas had another request which disturbed him. It came from Bhandat, Ajodha's ostracized brother. Mr Biswas had never seen Bhandat since Bhandat had left the rumshop in Pagotes for his Chinese mistress in Port of Spain; he had only heard from Jagdat, Bhandat's son, that Bhandat was living in a poverty which he bore with fortitude. Mr Biswas could do nothing for Bhandat. They were related, and again it would have been impossible to make a case for a man whose brother was known to be one of the wealthiest men in the colony. Bhandat had given an address in the city centre which might have led someone without a knowledge of the city's slums to believe that Bhandat was a dealer in cocoa or sugar, an import-and-export king. In fact he lived in a tenement that lay between an importer of eastern goods and an exporter of sugar and copra. It was an old, Spanish style building. The flat façade, diversified by irregular areas of missing plaster, small windows with broken shutters, and two rusty iron balconies, rose directly from the pavement. From the exporter came the rancid smell of copra and the heavy smell of sacked sugar, a smell quite different from the fetid, sweet smell of the sugar factories and buffalo ponds Mr Biswas remembered from his boyhood. From the importer came the many-accented smell of pungent spices. From the road came the smell of dust, straw, the urine and droppings of horses, donkeys and mules. At every impediment the gutters had developed a wrinkled film of scum, as white as the skin on boiled milk, with a piercing, acrid smell, which, blended and heated by the afternoon sun, rose suffocatingly from the road and pursued Mr Biswas as he turned off into the sudden black shadow of an archway between the tenement and the exporter's. He leaned his bicycle against the cool wall, fought off the bees from the exporter's sugar, and made his way down a cobbled lane along which ran a shallow green and black gutter, glittering in the gloom. The lane opened out into a paved yard which was only slightly wider. On one side was the high blank wall of the exporter's; on the other was the wall of the tenement, with windows that gaped black above dingy curtains. A leaning standpipe dripped on a mossy base and fed the gutter; at the end of the yard, their doors open, were a newspaper-littered lavatory and a roofless bathroom. Above was the sky, bright blue. Sunlight struck diagonally across the top of the exporter's wall. Beyond the standpipe Mr Biswas turned into a passage. He was passing a curtained doorway when a shrill voice cried out, almost gaily, 'Mohun!' He felt he had become a boy again. All the sense of weakness and shame returned. It was a low, windowless room, lit only by the light from the passage. A folding screen barred off one corner. In another corner there was a bed, and from it came gurgling happy sounds. Bhandat was not decrepit. Mr Biswas, who had feared to find him shrunken to a melodramatic Indian decrepitude, was relieved. The face was thinner; but the bumps on the top lip were the same; the eyebrows, still those of a worrying man, bunched over eyes that were still bright. Bhandat raised thin arms. 'You are my child, Mohun. Come.' The shrillness in the voice was new. 'How are you, Uncle?' Bhandat didn't seem to hear. 'Come, come. You may think you are a big man, but to me you are still my child. Come, let me kiss you.' Mr Biswas stood on the sugarsack rug and bent over the stale-smelling bed. He was at once pulled vigorously down. He saw that the distempered ceiling and walls were coated with dust and soot, felt Bhandat's unshaven chin scraping against his neck, felt Bhandat's dry lips on his cheek. Then he cried out. Bhandat had pulled sharply at his hair. He jumped back and Bhandat hooted. Waiting for Bhandat to calm down, Mr Biswas looked around the room. Clothes hung on one wall from nails that had been driven into the mortar between the stones. On the gritty concrete floor what had at first looked like bundles of clothes turned out to be stacks of newspapers. Next to the screen there was a small table with more newspapers, a cheap writingpad, a bottle of ink and a chewed pen: it was at that table, no doubt, that Bhandat had written his letter. 'You are examining my mansion, Mohun?' Mr Biswas refused to be moved. 'I don't know. It seems to me that you are all right here. You should see how some people live.' And he nearly added, 'You should see how I live.' 'I am an old man,' Bhandat said, in his new, hooting voice. His eyes became wet, and a small, unreliable smile appeared on his lips. Mr Biswas edged further away from the bed. Sounds came from behind the dingy cotton-print screen: a clink of a coal-pot ring, the striking of a match, brisk fanning. The Chinese woman. A thrill of curiosity ran through Mr Biswas. White charcoal smoke rose above the screen, coiled about the room and escaped, racing, through the door. 'Why do you use Lux Toilet Soap?' Mr Biswas saw that Bhandat was staring at him earnestly. 'Lux Toilet? I think we use Palmolive. A green thing –' Bhandat said in English, 'I use Lux Toilet Soap because it is the soap used by lovely film stars.' Mr Biswas was disturbed. Bhandat turned on his side and began to rummage among the newspapers on the floor. 'None of my worthless sons ever come to see me. You are the only one, Mohun. But you were always like that.' He frowned at a newspaper. 'No. This one is over. Fernandes Rum. The perfect round in every circle. That is the sort ofthing they want. Rum, Mohun. Remember? Ah! Yes, this is the one.' He handed Mr Biswas a newspaper and Mr Biswas read the details of the Lux slogan competition. 'Help an old man, Mohun. Tell me why you use Lux Toilet Soap.' Mr Biswas said, 'I use Lux Toilet Soap because it is antiseptic, refreshing, fragrant and inexpensive.' Bhandat frowned. The words had made no impression on him. And Mr Biswas knew for sure then, what he had intuited and dismissed: Bhandat was deaf. 'Write it down, Mohun,' Bhandat cried. 'Write it down before I forget it. I don't have any luck with these things. Crosswords. Missing Ball competitions. Slogans. They are all the same.' While Mr Biswas wrote, Bhandat began on an account of his life. His deafness must have occurred some time ago: he spoke in complete sentences, which gave his talk a literary quality. It was a familiar story of jobs acquired and lost, great enterprises which had failed, wonderful opportunities Bhandat had not taken because of his own honesty or the dishonesty of his associates, all of whom were now famous and rich. He liked the slogan. 'This is bound to win, Mohun. Now, what about the crosswords, Mohun. Couldn't you make me win just one?' Mr Biswas was saved from replying, for just then the woman came from behind the screen. She moved briskly, furtively, setting an enamel plate with small yellow cakes on the table, pulling out the chair, placing it next to where Mr Biswas stood, then hurrying behind the screen again. She was middle-aged, very thin, with a long neck and a small face. She gave an impression of perpendicularity: her unwashed black hair hung straight, her washed-out blue cotton dress dropped straight, her thin legs were straight. Mr Biswas looked at Bhandat for signs of embarrassment. But Bhandat went on talking undisturbed about the competitions he had entered and lost. The woman came out again with two tall enamel cups of tea. She put a cup on the table and pushed the plate of cakes towards Mr Biswas, who was now seated on the chair she had pulled out. She gave the other cup to Bhandat, who sat up to receive it, handing her the sheet of paper on which Mr Biswas had written the slogan. Bhandat sipped his tea, and for a moment he could have been Ajodha. The gesture was the same: the slow bringing of the cup to the lips, the half-closing of the eyes, the lips resting on the brim, the blowing at the tea. Then came the sip with closed eyes, as though the drink had been consecrated; and peace spread across the tormented face. He opened his eyes: torment returned. 'It good, eh?' he said to the woman in English. She glanced hastily at Mr Biswas. She seemed anxious to return behind her screen. 'He is a big man now,' Bhandat said. 'But you know, I did know him when he was a boy so high.' He gave a hoot. 'Yes, so high.' Mr Biswas tried to avoid Bhandat's gaze by taking one of the yellow cakes and biting at it. 'Since he was a boy so high. He is a big man now. But I used to put the licks on him good too, you know. Eh, Mohun? Yes, man.' Bhandat held the cup in his left hand and whipped his right forefinger against his thumb. This was the moment Mr Biswas had feared. But now that it had come, he found only that he was relieved. Bhandat had not revived the shame: he had removed it. The cup trembled in Bhandat's hand. The woman ran to the bed and opened her mouth wide. No words came out of that mouth: only a clacking of the tongue that erupted, at the end, into a shrill croak. The tea had spilled on the bed, on Bhandat. And Mr Biswas, thinking of deafness, dumbness, insanity, the horror of the sexual act in that grimy room, felt the yellow cake turn to a sweet slippery paste in his mouth. He could neither chew nor swallow. On the bed Bhandat was in a paroxysm of rage, cursing in Hindi, while the woman, unheeding, took the cup from his hand, ran behind the screen and brought out a floursack rag, burned in places, and began rubbing briskly on the sheet and Bhandat's vest. 'You awkward barren cow!' Bhandat screamed in Hindi. 'Always full to the brim! Always full to the brim!' As she rubbed, her thin dress shook, revealing the thick coarse hair under her arms, the shape of her graceless body, the outline of one of her undergarments. Mr Biswas forced himself to swallow the paste in his mouth and washed it down with the strong sweet tea. He was glad when the woman rolled up the floursack rag, put it under Bhandat's vest, and went behind the screen. Bhandat calmed down at once. He smiled impishly at Mr Biswas and said, 'She doesn't understand Hindi.' Mr Biswas rose to go. The woman appeared again, and croaked at Bhandat. 'Stay and eat a proper meal, Mohun,' Bhandat said. 'I am not so poor that I can't afford to feed my child.' Mr Biswas shook his head and tapped the notebook in his jacket pocket. The woman withdrew. 'Antiseptic, fragrant, refreshing and inexpensive, eh? God will thank you for this, Mohun. As for those worthless sons of mine –' Bhandat smiled. 'Come and let me kiss you before you go, Mohun.' Mr Biswas smiled, left Bhandat hooting, and went behind the screen to say good-bye to the woman. A lighted coal-pot stood on a box; on another box there were vegetables and plates. A basin of dirty water rested on the wet, black floor. He said, 'I'll see what I can do. But I can't promise anything.' The woman nodded. 'Is his back, really.' The words were low but clear. She was not dumb! He did not wait for an explanation. He hurried out of the room into the lane. It was chokingly warm. Once more he received the shock of the street's hot smells. The bees, honey-makers, buzzed around the exporters' sweating sugarsacks. Bits of the coarse cake were still between his teeth. He swallowed. Instantly his mouth filled with saliva again. As soon as he got to the house he went to the old bookcase, dug past his newspaper clippings, his correspondence from the Ideal School, a nest of pink blind baby mice, and took out his unfinished _Escape_ stories, the dreams of the barren heroine. He took the stories to the lavatory in the yard and stayed there for some time, creating a din of his own, pulling the chain again and again. When he came out there was a little queue of readers and learners, impatient but interested. On Sundays the din of the readers and learners was at its peak, and Mr Biswas started once more to take his children on visits to Pagotes. But now he spent little time with them when they got there. Jagdat, like a vicious schoolboy eager to corrupt, was always anxious to get Mr Biswas out of the house, and Mr Biswas was always willing. Between Jagdat and Mr Biswas there had developed an easy, relaxing relationship. They had never quarrelled; they could never be friends; yet each was always pleased to see the other. Neither believed or was interested in what the other said, and did not feel obliged even to listen. Mr Biswas liked, too, to be with Jagdat in Pagotes, for once outside the house Jagdat was a person of importance, Ajodha's heir, and his manner was that of someone used to obedience and affection. Despite his age, his family, his premature, attractive grey hair, Jagdat was still treated as the young man for whom allowances had to be made. His main pleasure lay in breaking Ajodha's rules, and for a few hours Mr Biswas had to pretend that these rules applied to him as well. Smoking was forbidden: they began to smoke as soon as they were in the road. Drinking was forbidden, and on Sunday mornings rumshops were closed by law: therefore they drank. Jagdat had an arrangement with a rumshop-keeper who, in return for free petrol from Ajodha's pumps, offered the use of his drawingroom for this Sunday morning drinking. In this drawingroom, which was strangely respectable, with four highly polished morris chairs around a small table, Mr Biswas and Jagdat drank whisky and soda. In the beginning they were young men, for whom the world was still new, and neither mentioned the affections to which he had that day to return. But there always came a time when, after a silence, with each willing the talk to continue as before, anxieties and affections returned. Jagdat mentioned his family; he spoke their names: they became individuals. Mr Biswas spoke about the _Sentinel,_ about Anand and the exhibition. And always at the end the talk turned to Ajodha. Mr Biswas heard old and new stories of Ajodha's selfishness and cruelty; again and again he heard how it was Bhandat who had made Ajodha's early success possible. Distrustful of the family, despite the drink, Mr Biswas listened and made no comments, only squeezing in words about the Tulsis from time to time, half-heartedly trying to suggest that he had suffered as grand a betrayal as Bhandat. One Sunday morning he told Jagdat about his visit to Bhandat. 'Ah! So you see the old man then, Mohun? How he keeping? Tell me, he say anything about that bloodsucking hog?' This was clearly Ajodha. Mr Biswas, looking down at his glass as though deeply moved, shook his head. 'You see the sort of man he is, Mohun. No malice.' Mr Biswas drank some whisky. 'He tell me that none of you does go to see him or give him a little help or anything.' After a pause Jagdat said, 'Son of a bitch lying like hell. That old bitch he living with smart too, you know. She always putting him up to something or the other.' Thereafter Jagdat never spoke of Bhandat, and Mr Biswas resolved only to listen. At these sessions Jagdat gave every indication of growing drunk. Mr Biswas nearly always became drunk, and when they left the rumshop-keeper's drawingroom they sometimes decided to break more rules. They went to Ajodha's garage, filled one of Ajodha's vans or lorries with Ajodha's petrol and drove to the river or the beach. Jagdat drove very fast, but with acute judgement; and it was a recurring mortification to Mr Biswas to find that as soon as they got back to Ajodha's Jagdat became quite sober. He said that he had been out on some business, described conversations and incidents with an abundance of inconsequential, credible detail, and talked happily all through lunch. Mr Biswas said little and moved with a slow precision. His children noted his bloodshot eyes and wondered what had happened to subdue the vivacity he had shown earlier that morning in the bus-station in Port of Spain. At lunch Ajodha invariably spoke to Mr Biswas of his business problems. 'They didn't give me that contract, you know, Mohun. I think you should write an article about these Local Road Board contracts.' And: 'Mohun, they are not giving me a permit to import diesel lorries. Can you find out why? Will you write them a letter for me? I am sure the oil companies are behind it. Why don't you write an article about it, Mohun?' And there and then followed the looking at official forms, correspondence, illustrated booklets from American firms, with Mr Biswas adopting a side-sitting attitude, breathing away from Ajodha, mumbling inanities through half-closed lips about the war and restrictions. When the children asked Mr Biswas what was wrong he complained of his indigestion; and sometimes he slept through the afternoon. He did get indigestion too: his increased consumption of Maclean's Brand Stomach Powder, his silence, his unquenchable thirst were symptoms which Shama came to understand, to her shame. So the children often found themselves on their own at Pagotes. There was only Tara to welcome them, and she was now crippled by asthma. In the large, well-equipped, empty house only the antagonism between Ajodha and his nephews could be felt. Anything could lead to a quarrel: the pronunciation of 'Iraq', a discussion of the merits of the Buick. As quarrels became more frequent they became shorter, but so violent and obscene it seemed impossible that uncle and nephews could ever speak to one another again. Yet in a few minutes Ajodha would come out of his room, his glasses on, papers in his hand, and there would be normal talk and even laughter. Ajodha was bound to his nephews, and they to him. Ajodha needed his nephews in his business, since he distrusted strangers; he needed them more in his house, since he feared to be alone. And Jagdat and Rabidat, with large unacknowledged families, with no money, no gifts, and no status except that they derived from Ajodha's protection, knew that they were tied to Ajodha for as long as he lived. Rabidat, of the beautiful, exposed body, seemed to have his prognathous mouth perpetually set for a snarl. Jagdat's giggles could turn in a moment to screams and tears. In Ajodha's presence he was always on the verge of hysteria: it showed in his small unsteady eyes, which always belied his hearty, back-slapping manner. More and more the children felt like intruders. They became aware of their status. And they were eventually humiliated. In response to a plea from Aunt Juanita of the _Guardian_ Tinymites League, Anand had gone around with a blue card collecting money for Polish refugee children. He had collected from teachers, the school caretaker, shopkeepers, and even from W. C. Tuttle. The cashier at the Dairies in Port of Spain had given six cents and congratulated him for undertaking good works while yet so young. And in the back verandah at Pagotes one Sunday morning, after he had read out an article on the importance of breathing, he presented the blue card to Ajodha and asked for a contribution. Ajodha bunched his eyebrows and looked offended. 'You are a funny sort of family,' Ajodha said. 'Father collecting money for destitutes. You collecting for Polish refugees. Who collecting for you?' It was a long time before Anand went back to Ajodha's. He collected no more money for Polish refugees, tore up the card. The money he had collected melted away, and for some months he lived in the dread of being summoned by Aunt Juanita to account for it. The kindness he received every afternoon from the woman in the Dairies was like a pain. These Sunday excursions, mornings of makebelieve, afternoons and evenings of distress, grew less frequent, and Mr Biswas found himself more fully occupied with his campaigns at home. To combat W. C. Tuttle's gramophone Chinta and Govind had been giving a series of pious singings from the _Ramayana._ The study of the _Ramayana,_ which Chinta had started many years before, while Mr Biswas still lived at Green Vale, was now apparently complete; she sang very well. Govind sang less mellifluously: he partly whined and partly grunted, from his habit of singing while lying on his belly. Caught in this crossfire of song, which sometimes lasted a whole evening, Mr Biswas, listening, listening, would on a sudden rush in pants and vest to the inner room and bang on the partition of Govind's room and bang on the partition of W. C. Tuttle's drawingroom. The Tuttles never replied. Chinta sang with added zest. Govind sometimes only chuckled between couplets, making it appear to be part of his song: the _Ramayana_ singer is free to add his own rubric in sound between couplets. Sometimes, however, he interrupted his singing to shout insulting things through the partition. Mr Biswas shouted back, and then Shama had to run upstairs to silence Mr Biswas. Govind had become the terror of the house. It was as if his long spells in his taxi with his back to his passengers had turned him into a complete misanthrope, as if his threepiece suits had buttoned up whatever remained of his eagerness and loyalty and turned it into a brooding which was liable to periodic sour eruptions. He had suffered a corresponding physical change. His weak handsome face had become gross and unreadable, and since he had taken to driving a taxi his body had lost its hardness and broadened into the sort of body that needs a waistcoat to give it dignity, to suggest that the swelling flesh is under control. His behaviour was odd and unpredictable. The _Ramayana_ singing had taken nearly everyone by surprise, and would have been amusing if it hadn't coincided with several displays of violence. For days he noticed nobody; then, without provocation, he fastened his attention on someone and pursued him with childish taunts and a frightening smile. He insulted Shama and the children; Shama, appreciating the limitations of Mr Biswas's hammock-like muscles, bore these insults in silence. He made a number of surprise assaults on Basdai's readers and learners and generally terrorized them. Appeals to Chinta were useless; the fear Govind inspired was to her a source of pride. The story how Govind had once thrashed Mr Biswas she passed on to her children, and they passed it on to the readers and learners, terrifying them utterly. A quarrel between Govind and Mr Biswas upstairs was invariably accompanied by a quarrel between their children downstairs. Once Savi said, 'I wonder why Pa doesn't buy a house.' Govind's eldest daughter replied, 'If some people could put money where their mouth is they would be living in palaces.' 'Some people only have mouth and belly.' 'Some people at least have a belly. Other people have nothing at all.' Savi took these defeats badly. As soon as the quarrel upstairs subsided she went to the inner room and lay down on the fourposter. Not wishing to hurt herself again or to hurt her father, she could not tell him what had happened; and he was the only person who could have comforted her. In the circumstances W. C. Tuttle came to be regarded as a useful ally. His physical strength matched Govind's (though this was denied by Govind's children), and their dispute about the garage still stood. It helped, too, that W. C. Tuttle and Mr Biswas had something in common: they both felt that by marrying into the Tulsis they had fallen among barbarians. W. C. Tuttle regarded himself as one of the last defenders of brahmin culture in Trinidad; at the same time he considered he had yielded gracefully to the finer products of Western civilization: its literature, its music, its art. He behaved at all times with a suitable dignity. He exchanged angry words with no one, contenting himself with silent contempt, a quivering of his longhaired nostrils. And, indeed, apart from the unpleasantness caused by the gramophone, there was between Mr Biswas and W. C. Tuttle only that rivalry which had been touched off when Myna broke the torchbearer's torchbearing arm and Shama bought a glass cabinet. The battle of possessions Mr Biswas lost by default. After the acquisition of the glass cabinet (its broken door unrepaired, its lower shelves filled with schoolbooks and newspapers) and the grateful destitute's diningtable, Mr Biswas had no more room. W. C. Tuttle had the whole of the front verandah: he bought two moms rockingchairs, a standard lamp, a rolltop desk and a bookcase with sliding glass doors. Mr Biswas had gained a slight advantage by being the first to enrol his children in the _Guardian_ Tinymites League; but he had squandered this by imitating W. C. Tuttle's khaki shorts. W. C. Tuttle's shorts were proper shorts, and he had the figure for them. Mr Biswas lacked this figure, and his khaki shorts were only long khaki trousers which Shama, against her judgement, had amputated, and hemmed on her machine with a wavering line of white cotton. Mr Biswas suffered a further setback when the Tuttle children revealed that their father had taken out a life insurance policy. 'Take out one too?' Mr Biswas said to Myna and Kamla. 'If I start paying insurance every month, you think any of you would live to draw it?' The picture war started when Mr Biswas bought two drawings from an Indian bookshop and framed them in passepartout. He found he liked framing pictures. He liked playing with clean cardboard and sharp knives; he liked experimenting with the colours and shapes of mounts. He saw the glass cut to his measurements, he cycled tremulously home with it, and a whole evening was transformed. Framing a picture was like writing a sign: it required neatness and precision; he could concentrate on what his hands did, forget the house, subdue his irritations. Soon his two rooms were as hung with pictures as the barrackroom in Green Vale had been with religious quotations. W. C. Tuttle began with a series of photographs, in large wooden frames, of himself. In one photograph W. C. Tuttle, naked except for dhoti, sacred thread and caste-marks, head shown except for the top-knot, sat crosslegged, fingers bunched delicately on his upturned soles, and meditated with closed eyes. Next to this W. C. Tuttle stood in jacket, trousers, collar, tie, hat, one well-shod foot on the running-board of a motorcar, laughing, his gold tooth brilliantly revealed. There were photographs of his father, his mother, their house; his brothers, in a group and singly; his sisters, in a group and singly. There were photographs of W. C. Tuttle in various transitory phases: W. C. Tuttle with beard, whiskers and moustache, W. C. Tuttle with beard alone, moustache alone; W. C. Tuttle as weight-lifter (in bathing trunks, glaring at the camera, holding aloft the weights he had made from the lead of the dismantled electricity plant at Shorthills); W. C. Tuttle in Indian court dress; W. C. Tuttle in full pundit's regalia, turban, dhoti, white jacket, beads, standing with a brass jar in one hand, laughing again (a number of blurred, awestruck faces in the background). In between there were pictures of the English countryside in spring, a view of the Matterhorn, a photograph of Mahatma Gandhi, and a picture entitled 'When Did You Last See Your Father?' It was W. C. Tuttle's way of blending East and West. But Govind, taxi-driving, _Ramayana_ -grunting, remained untouched by this or any other rivalry and continued as menacing and offensive as before. The readers and learners openly wished that he would be maimed or killed in a motor accident. Instead, he won a safety award and had his hand shaken by the mayor of Port of Spain. This appeared to free him of all inhibitions, and both Basdai and Mr Biswas began to talk of calling in the police. But the police were never called. For, quite suddenly, Govind ceased to be a problem. An abrupt, stunning silence fell on the house one evening. The learners and readers stopped buzzing. W. C. Tuttle's gramophone went dead. The _Ramayana_ singing broke off in mid-couplet. And from Govind's room came a series of grunts, thumps, cracks and crashes. Anand came running on tiptoe into Mr Biswas's room and whispered joyfully, 'Daddy is beating Mummy.' Mr Biswas sat up and listened. It sounded true. Vidiadhar's Daddy was beating Vidiadhar's Mummy. The whole house listened. And when the noises from Govind's room died down, and Govind resumed whining out the _Ramayana,_ the buzzing downstairs built up again, a new, satisfied sound, and W. C. Tuttle's gramophone played, music of celebration. So it was whenever Chinta was beaten by Govind. Which was often. The readers and learners recovered from their terror, for having found this outlet, Govind sought no other. Her beatings gave Chinta a matriarchal dignity and, curiously, gained her a respect she had never had before. They had the subsidiary effects of quelling her children, killing her song, and rousing her to cultural rivalry. Vidiadhar was also in the exhibition class. He was not in the star section, like Anand; but Chinta put this down only to bribery and corruption. And one afternoon, while Anand was sitting on the end stool at the bar in the Dairies, an Indian boy came in. It was Vidiadhar. Anand was surprised. Vidiadhar looked surprised as well. And in their surprise, neither boy spoke to the other. Vidiadhar walked past Anand to the stool at the other end of the bar and asked for a half-pint of milk. Anand was pleased to see him making this mistake: money was first paid at the desk, and the receipt presented to the barman. So Vidiadhar had to walk past the whole row of high stools again, get his receipt from the cashier, and walk past the stools once more to the end he had chosen. Without looking at one another, they drank their milk, slowly, each unwilling to be the first to leave. Neither had intended to cut the other; the cutting had simply happened. But each boy considered he had been cut; and never again, until they were men, did they speak. In the shifting, tangled, multifarious relationships in that crowded house, this silence remained constant. It became historic. Then Vidiadhar said that he had done the cutting that afternoon, and Anand said that _he_ had done it. And every afternoon, at five minutes past three, the people in the Dairies saw two Indian boys sitting at opposite ends of the milk bar, drinking half-pints of milk through straws, not looking at one another, never speaking. Myna and Kamla, resenting the challenge of Vidiadhar, who was now openly eating prunes, began to claim astounding scholastic achievements for Anand. 'My brother read more books than all of all-you put together.' 'Hear you. But all right. If Anand read so much, let him tell me who is the author of _Singing Guns.'_ This from a young Tuttle. 'Tell him, Anand. Tell him who is the author of _Singing Guns.'_ 'I don't know.' 'Ah-ah-ah!' 'But how you could expect him to know that?' Myna said. 'He does only read books of common sense.' 'Okay. Anand does read a lot of books. But my brother _write_ a book. A _whole_ book. And he writing another right now.' The writer had indeed done that. He was the eldest Tuttle boy. He had impressed his parents by a constant demand for exercise books and by a continuous show of writing. He said he was making notes. In fact, he had copied out every word of _Nelson's West Indian Geography,_ by Captain Cutteridge, Director of Education, author _of Nelson's West Indian Readers_ and _Nelson's West Indian Arithmetics._ He had completed the _Geography_ in more than a dozen exercise books, and was at the moment engaged on the first volume of _Nelson's West Indian History,_ by Captain Daniel, Assistant Director of Education. With the exhibition examination less than two months away, Anand lived a life of pure work. Private lessons were given in the morning for half an hour before school; private lessons were given in the afternoon for an hour after school; private lessons were given for the whole of Saturday morning. Then in addition to all these private lessons from his class teacher, Anand began to take private lessons from the headmaster, at the headmaster's house, from five to six. He went from school to the Dairies to school again; then he went to the headmaster's, where Savi waited for him with sandwiches and lukewarm Ovaltine. Leaving home at seven in the morning, he returned at half past six. He ate. Then he did his school homework; then he prepared for all his private lessons. All the boys in the star section of the exhibition class endured almost similar privation, but they strove to maintain the fiction that they were schoolboys given to pranks, enjoying the most carefree days of their lives. There were a few anxious boys who talked of nothing but work. But most talked of the football season just beginning, the Santa Rosa race meeting just concluded, giving one another to understand that their Daddies had taken them to the races in cars with laden hampers and that they had proceeded to bet, and lose, vast sums on the pari mutuel. They discussed the prospects of Brown Bomber and Jetsam at the Christmas meeting (the examination was in early November and this was a means of looking beyond it). Anand was not the most backward in these conversations. Though horseracing bored him to a degree, he had made it his special subject. He knew, for example, that Jetsam was by Flotsam out of Hope of the Valley; he claimed to have seen all three horses and spread a racetrack story that the young Jetsam used to eat clothes left out to dry. Retailing some more racetrack gossip, he maintained (and began to be known for this) that, in spite of a career of almost unmitigated disaster, Whitstable was the finest horse in the colony; it was a pity he was so erratic, but then these greys were temperamental. The talk turned one Monday lunchtime to films, and it appeared that nearly every boy who lived in Port of Spain had been to see the double programme at the London Theatre over the week-end: _Jesse James_ and _The Return of Frank James._ 'What a double!' the boys exclaimed. 'A major double!' Anand, whose championship of Whitstable had established him as the holder of the perverse opinion, said he didn't care for it. The boys rounded on him. Anand, who had not seen the double, repeated that he didn't care for it. 'Give me _When the Daltons Rode_ and _The Daltons Ride Again._ Any day, old man.' It was just his luck for one boy to say then, 'I bet you he didn't go to see it! You could see that old crammer going to a theatre?' 'You are a hypocritical little thug,' Anand said, using two words he had got from his father. 'You are a bigger crammer than me.' The boy wished to shift the conversation: he was a tremendous crammer. He repeated, less warmly, 'I bet you didn't go.' By now, however, the other boys had prepared to listen, and the accuser, gaining confidence, said, 'All right-all right. He went. Just let him tell me what happened when Henry Fonda –' Anand said, 'I don't like Henry Fonda.' This created a minor diversion. 'How you mean, you don't like Fonda. Anybody would think that you never see Fonda walk.' ' _That_ is walk, old man.' 'All right-all right,' the accuser went on. 'What happened when Henry Fonda and Brian Donlevy –' 'I don't like him either,' Anand said. And, to his great relief, the bell rang. He could tell from the annoyance of his accuser that the cross-examination would be continued. He went straight after school to the Dairies; when he came back it was time for private lessons; and after private lessons he managed to slip away to the headmaster's. When he got home he said he could do no work that evening and wanted to go to the London Theatre, to give his brain a rest. 'I have no money,' Shama said. 'You will have to ask your father.' Mr Biswas said, 'When you get to my age you wouldn't care for Westerns.' Anand lost his temper. 'When I get to your age I don't want to be like you.' He regretted what he had said. He was, indeed, fatigued; and Mr Biswas's dismissing manner had seemed to him callous. But he made no apology. He talked instead about the headaches he was getting and said he was sure he was suffering from brainfag and brainfever, crammer's afflictions, which his rivals at school had often prophesied for him. Mr Biswas said, 'I haven't got a red cent on me. I don't get pay till the day after tomorrow. Right now I am dipping into the Deserving Destees' petty cash at the office. Go and ask your mother.' As usual, it turned out that she did have some money. 'How much you want?' Anand calculated. Adult, twelve cents, children, half price. Just to make sure, however, he said, 'Thirty-six cents.' He would return the change afterwards. 'Thirty-six cents. Well, boy, you clean me out. Look.' All he saw in her purse were a few coppers. But she always managed. And pay day was the day after tomorrow. The evening show began at half past eight. Mr Biswas and Anand left the house at about eight. Not far from the cinema there was a Chinese café. Something had to be bought there; it was part of the cinema ritual. They had eighteen cents to spend. They bought peanuts, _chauna_ and some mint sweets, six cents in all. The entrance to the London pit was through a narrow tunnel, as to a dungeon of romance. It allowed not more than one person to advance at a time and enabled the ticket-collector, who sat at the end with a stout stick laid across the arms of his chair, to repel gate-crashers. Mr Biswas and Anand arrived to find the mouth of the tunnel blocked by a turbulent, unaccommodating mob. They stood hesitantly at the edge of the mob, and in an instant, driven from behind, found themselves part of it. They lost control of their hands and feet. Anand, wedged between tall men, shut off from light and air, could only allow himself to be carried along. Cries of frustration and anguish ran through the mob: the film had started: they could hear the opening music. The pressure on Anand increased; he feared he would be crushed against the angle of wall and tunnel; Mr Biswas called to him in a voice that seemed to come from far; he could not answer; he could not look up or down. There was only the thought that at the end of this lay Henry Fonda and Brian Donlevy and Tyrone Power, all of whom, despite what he had said at school, commanded Anand's highest esteem. He heard men crying for tickets; they were getting near. Through a small, semicircular, lighted hole in the wall of the tunnel money was being pushed in, tickets out, and the hands of the ticketseller occasionally flashed: a woman's hands, fat and cool. It was Mr Biswas's turn. Struggling to remain in front of the hole, to prevent himself being swept down, ticketless, to the ticket-collector with the stick, he placed a shilling on the smooth, shining wood. 'One and a half.' A woman's voice said, 'Half price only at matinée.' The hands, about to tear a ticket from the reel, waited. 'Two, then.' Two green tickets were pushed towards him, and he and Anand yielded gratefully to the pressure at their backs. 'Hey, you!' the woman's voice called from the hole. Selling had stopped, and the clamour redoubled all down the tunnel. 'You!' Mr Biswas went back to the lighted hole. 'What you mean, giving me only a shilling?' The coin lay on her palm. 'Two twelves.' 'Two twenties. Sixteen cents more.' Anand stood where he was. The turmoil and the shouting became remote. The soundtrack indicated that a fire was in progress. People who had seen the film before recognized the sound; it wound them up to a frenzy. How could he have forgotten that there was half price only at matinées? How could he have forgotten that on Mondays as on Saturdays and Sundays, the price was not twelve cents, but twenty? Mr Biswas put the two green tickets down. One was torn off and given back to him, with four cents. They stood against the wall next to the ticket-collector, while the men who had been behind them hurried past, rearranging their disordered clothes. 'You go,' Mr Biswas said. Anand's cheeks bulged over the mint sweet. He had stopped sucking it; it felt cold and wet. He shook his head. Shock had taken away all desire to see the films; if he stayed he would have to walk home alone at midnight. They were continually jostled. They were in the way. Mr Biswas said, 'I'll come back for you.' Anand hesitated. But at that moment there was a new scramble up the tunnel; someone shouted, 'Why the hell you don't go if you going?'; the ticket-collector said, 'Make up your mind. You blocking the way.' And Anand said to Mr Biswas, 'You go,' and Mr Biswas, appearing to obey instantly, vanished behind many backs and was propelled into the cinema to see films he hadn't wanted to see. Anand stayed in the tunnel, pressed flat against the wall, while people passed inside. Presently, with the film well advanced, the tunnel was empty. The distempered ochre walls were rubbed shiny. In the lighted hole the hands were knitting. He walked past the Woodbrook Market Square, the Chinese café, the Murray Street playground. The house, when he returned to it, was humming. But no one saw him. He went straight to the front room, took off his shoes and lay down on the Slumberking. There Shama found him when she came upstairs and turned on the light. 'Boy! You had me frightened. You didn't go to the theatre?' 'Yes. But I had a headache.' 'And your father?' 'He is there.' The front gate clicked, and someone came up the concrete steps. The door opened and they saw Mr Biswas. 'Well!' Shama said. 'You had a headache too?' He didn't answer. He worked his way between table and bed, and sat on the bed. 'I can't understand the pair of you,' Shama said. She went into the inner room, came out with some sewing and went downstairs. Mr Biswas said, 'Boy, get me the _Collins Clear-Type Shakespeare._ And my pen.' Anand climbed over the head of the bed and got the book and the pen. For some time Mr Biswas wrote. 'Blasted thing blot like hell. But, still, read it.' On the fly-leaf, below the four masculine names that had been chosen for Savi before she was born, Anand read: ' _I, Mohun Biswas, do hereby promise my son Anand Biswas that in the event of his winning a College Exhibition, I will buy him a bicycle._ ' Signature and date followed. Mr Biswas said, 'I think you'd better witness it.' Anand wrote the latest version of his signature and added 'witness' in brackets. 'All fair and square now,' Mr Biswas said. 'Just a minute though. Let me see the book again. I think I left out something.' He took the _Collins Clear-Type Shakespeare,_ changed the full stop of his declaration into a comma and added, _war conditions permitting._ In the house the eruptions of sound had ceased. The humming had subsided to a low, steady burr. It was late. Shama and Savi came up and went to the inner room, where Myna and Kamla were already asleep. Anand lay down on the Slumberking, separated from Mr Biswas by a bank of pillows. He pulled the cotton sheet over his face to keep out the light, and soon fell asleep. Mr Biswas stayed awake for some time, reading. Then he got up, turned off the light, and felt his way back to the bed. He awoke, as nearly always now, when it was still night. He never wished to know the time: it would be too early or too late. The house was full of sound: with renters, readers and learners upstairs and downstairs, the house snored. The world was without colour; it awaited no one's awakening. Through the open window, above the silhouette of trees and the roof of the house next door, he could see the deep starlit sky. It magnified his distress. Anguish quickened to panic, the familiar knot in his stomach. He slept late next morning; bathed in the open-air bathroom, ate in the sunny front room, put on yesterday's shirt (he wore one shirt for two days), wrist-watch, tie, jacket, hat; and, respectably attired, cycled out to interview destitutes. And at school, when confronted by his accuser, Anand said, 'Of course I went. But I hated it so much I left before it began.' It was agreed that it was a characteristic remark. Anand's attacks of asthma occurred at intervals of four weeks or less, and Mr Biswas and Shama feared that he might get one during the week of the exhibition examination. But the attack came in the week before, ran for its three days, and then, his chest discoloured and peeling from the medicated wadding, Anand was free to attend to his last, intensive private lessons. His labours were increased when Mr Biswas, determined to leave as little as possible to chance, wrote essays on the Grow More Food Campaign and the Red Cross and made Anand commit them to memory, Mr Biswas flattering himself that he had concealed his own personality in these essays and made them the work, not of a dissident adult, but of a brilliant and loyal schoolboy. They were as full of noble sentiments as a _Sentinel_ leader; they appealed urgently for support for campaign and society; they said that the war had to be won, to preserve those free institutions which Anand dearly loved. The examination was on a Saturday. On Friday evening Shama laid out Anand's speechday clothes and all his equipment. Anand, objecting to the clothes, said it was like preparing for a _puja._ And Chinta, who had kept her plans secret, did have a little _puja_ for Vidiadhar. A pundit came up from Arwacas on his motorbike on Friday evening and spent the night among the readers and learners below the house. On Saturday morning, while Anand was doing a last-minute revision, Vidiadhar bathed in consecrated water, put on a dhoti and faced the pundit across a sacrificial fire. He listened to the pundit's prayers, burned some ghee and chipped coconut and brown sugar, and the readers and learners rang bells and struck gongs. Anand did not escape ritual himself. He had to wear the dark-blue serge shorts, the white shirt, the unchewed school tie; and Shama, braving his anger, sprinkled his shirt with lavender water when he wasn't looking. He said he was willing to rely on the clock in the school hall, but he was given Mr Biswas's Cyma wrist-watch; it hung on his wrist like a loose bracelet and had to be pulled down to his forearm. He was given Mr Biswas's pen, in case his own should fail. He was given a large new bottle of ink, in case the examiners didn't provide enough. He was given many blotters, many _Sentinel_ pencils, a pencil sharpener, a ruler, and two erasers, one for pencil, one for ink. He said, 'Anybody would believe I am going to this place to get married.' Lastly, Shama gave him two shillings. She didn't say what this was a precaution against, and he didn't ask. Similar attentions were being bestowed on a simpering, lip-licking Vidiadhar; he was also provided by Chinta with many charms, which were put on under the pundit's supervision and with ostentatious secrecy, after much shooing away of curious readers and learners. At last the boys left for the school, both smelling of lavender, Vidiadhar going in his father's taxi, Anand walking, accompanied by Mr Biswas, who wheeled his Royal Enfield bicycle. Halfway down the street Anand put his hand in his trousers pocket and felt something soft, small and round. It was a dry lime. It must have been put there by Shama, to cut bad luck. He threw it into the gutter. It was as Anand feared. The exhibition candidates, prepared for years for the sacrificial day, had all come dressed for the sacrifice. They all wore serge shorts, white shirts and school ties, and Anand could only guess at what charms these clothes concealed. Their pockets were stuffed with pens and pencils. In their hands they carried blotters, rulers, erasers and new pots of ink; some carried complete cases of mathematical instruments; many wore wrist-watches. The schoolyard was full of Daddies, the heroes of so many English compositions; they seemed to have dressed with as much care as their sons. The boys looked at the Daddies; and the Daddies, wrist-watchless, eyed each other, breeders of rivals. There were few cars outside the school and Vidiadhar had achieved a temporary glory when he arrived in his father's car. But Govind hadn't left quickly enough and the boys, skilled in noticing such things, saw the H on the number plate which indicated that the car was for hire. Altogether it was a dreadful day, a day of reckoning, with Daddies exposed to scrutiny on every side, and the examination to follow. Anand wanted Mr Biswas to go at once. Not that Mr Biswas couldn't withstand scrutiny; but no boy with an anxious father at his side could pretend that he didn't care about the examination, and Anand wanted passionately to give that impression. Mr Biswas submitted and left, thinking about the ingratitude and callousness of children. Anand joined the fatherless boys who, for the benefit of the Daddies, were making an exaggerated show of being schoolboys: they shouted, bullied the bullied, called each other by nicknames, and laughed noisily at stale, but private, classroom jokes. Loudly they discussed the football match that was to take place that afternoon in the Savannah, just at the end of the street; many said they were going to watch it. One brave soul talked about the film he had seen the night before. They talked, their sweating hands staining blotters, rulers, and slipping over ink-bottles; and they waited. When the bell rang the schoolyard was instantly stilled. Shouts were suspended, sentences hung unfinished. The traffic on Tragarete Road could be heard, the din from the kitchens of the Queen's Park Hotel. A fluttering of white shirts; newly polished shoes pattering on the asphalt quadrangle and grating up the concrete steps; a wavering line of blue serge at every door; unemphatic footsteps in the hall; here and there a defiant banging of a desk-lid. Then silence. And the Daddies, alone in the schoolyard, looked at the hall doors. Slowly they dispersed. Three hours later they began to reassemble, their clothes hanging a little more loosely, their faces shining. Many carried oilstained paper parcels. They stood in the shade of buildings and trees and stared at the hall doors. A self-possessed invigilator in shirtsleeves walked slowly up and down, sheets of paper in his hand; from time to time he coughed noiselessly into a loosely-clenched fist. A car stopped not far from the school gates; the middle-aged driver lounged in the angle of seat and door, rested a newspaper on the steering-wheel and read, picking his nose. Then a hamper appeared. A wicker basket with the edges of an ironed white napkin peeping out below the flaps. A uniformed maid held the hamper in the crook of her arm and waited in the shade of the tree next to the caretaker's house, ignoring the glances of the Daddies with oilstained paper parcels. More cars came. Mr Biswas, fresh from writing up the sensational decline and fall of a destitute for the _Sunday Sentinel,_ arrived on his Royal Enfield. Yielding to a habit he had formed since frequenting destitutes, he chained the bicycle to the school rails. He walked into the schoolyard with his bicycle clips still on: they gave him an urgent, athletic air. Two more hampers came. Their carriers, one in uniform, one in a black cotton frock, stood next to the other hamper carrier. Govind came. His mood had changed since the morning. He slammed the door of his taxi hard and paced up and down outside the school gates, smiling at the pavement, humming, his hands behind his back. A flutter as of pigeons in the hall: papers being collected. A steady and prolonged banging of desk-lids, a shuffling and a scraping, footsteps more assertive than in the morning, a disorderly rash of white shirts, many broken lines of blue serge: as though the disciplined battalion of a few hours before had been routed and were retreating hurriedly, their equipment abandoned. And the Daddies advanced, like people welcoming a train, some purposefully, claiming their own, some getting lost in the eddies of white and dark blue, and hesitating. Even in this disorder the hampers were noted, and two provided surprises, for their recipients were mild mannered and insignificant; they were now being bullied by maids and led to classrooms. Everywhere Daddies were getting reports. Question papers were displayed, inkstained fingers pointed. Already, too, backs were being turned, and brown paper parcels and white paper parcels unwrapped and furtively explored. Mr Biswas saw Vidiadhar first: running down the steps, a lime bulging clearly in each trouser pocket, clothes a little battered, but a face as gay and as fresh and as unstained as when he went in. The little thug. He joined a group of fatherless who had gathered around the class-teacher. No longer posing for the Daddies or one another, they were anxious, excited and shrill. Anand avoided them when he came out. The pen Mr Biswas had lent him, just in case, had leaked in his shirt pocket and left a large wet stain: it was as though his heart had bled ink. His hair was disordered, his lips black and moustached with ink, his cheeks and forehead smudged. His face was drawn; he looked dejected, exhausted and irritable. 'Well,' Mr Biswas said, smiling, his heart sinking. 'It went all right?' 'Take your bicycle clips off!' Stunned by the boy's vehemence, Mr Biswas obeyed. Anand handed him the question papers, clumsily folded, already dirty. Mr Biswas began opening them. 'Oh, put it in your pocket,' Anand said, and Mr Biswas obeyed again. A worried Chinese boy, looking irreparably scruffy, with over-broad and over-long serge trousers flapping below thin knees, left the group around the teacher and came up to them. In one small hand he unashamedly held a large cheese sandwich, far too thick, it would have seemed, for his narrow mouth; but one end of the sandwich was already irregularly pinked. In the other hand he had a bottle of aerated water. His shrunken face was distorted with anxiety: sandwich and aerated water were irrelevant. 'Biswas,' he said, paying no attention to Mr Biswas. 'That sum about the cyclist —' 'Oh, don't bother me,' Anand said. Mr Biswas smiled apologetically at the boy, but the boy didn't notice. Daddyless, he wandered off, alone with his anxieties, no one to assure him that his answer was right, the teacher's wrong. 'You shouldn't behave like that,' Mr Biswas said. 'Here. Take back your pen.' Mr Biswas took back his pen. It dripped with ink. 'And your wrist-watch.' Anand was anxious to get rid of every reminder of the morning's preparations. Govind and Vidiadhar had gone. So had the other cars. The yard was less noisy. Mr Biswas took Anand to the Dairies for lunch. Crowded with boys and their fathers, it had become an unfamiliar place. As a treat Anand had a chocolate drink instead of milk; but he didn't enjoy that or anything else: it was only part of the day's sacrificial ritual. The schoolyard filled again. Cars came back, deposited boys, and left. The hampers and the maids left. When the bell rang there was not the instant and complete silence of the morning: there was chatter, shuffling and banging, dwindling to silence. Mr Biswas opened Anand's question papers. The arithmetic paper was filled in its margins with crabbed and frantic figures: fractions being reduced, and many little multiplications, some completed, some abandoned. Mr Biswas didn't like the look of them. Then he saw that on the geography paper Anand had written his initials elaborately, outlining them in pencil, shading them in pencil; and this dismayed him entirely. The afternoon session was shorter, and at the end of it few Daddies were in the schoolyard. Only one car came. The drama of the day was over. There was no rush out of the hall. The boys took off their ties, folded them and put them in their shirt pockets with the broad end hanging out (a recent fashion). An invigilator, in a dingy jacket and bicycle clips, brought his rickety bicycle down the steps: no longer remote and awesome, only a man going home after work. Anand, his tie in his shirt pocket, his collar turned up, ran smiling to Mr Biswas. 'Look!' he said, showing the English paper. One of the essay subjects was the Grow More Food Campaign. They smiled at each other, conspirators. 'Biswas!' a boy called. 'You coming to the Savannah?' 'Yes, man!' He ran to join the boys; and Mr Biswas, loaded with the pen and pencils, the ruler and erasers and bottle of ink, cycled home. It was strange that, having talked about football and racing all through the term, the boys should now, watching an important football match, talk about nothing but the examination. Anand returned home shortly after nightfall. His serge trousers were dusty, his shirt wet with perspiration, and he was very gloomy. 'I've failed,' he said. 'What happened?' Mr Biswas asked. 'In the spelling paper. The synonyms and homonyms. They were so easy I thought I'd leave them for last. Then I just didn't do them.' 'You mean you left out a whole question?' 'I realized it in the Savannah.' The gloom spread to Savi and Myna and Kamla and Shama, and was deepened by the joy of Vidiadhar's brothers and sisters. Vidiadhar had been untouched by the day's events, and was at that moment in the Roxy Theatre, seeing the complete serial of _Daredevils of the Red Circle._ He had brought home question papers that were quite clean except for gay ticks at the side of those questions he had answered. His arithmetic answers, neatly written on a strip of paper, were all correct. He had known the meanings of all the difficult words; he had spotted the synonyms and had not been fooled by one homonym. And he had not had private lessons. He had not had private lessons after private lessons. No one had taken him Ovaltine and sandwiches at five. He had not been going for very long to a Port of Spain school; he had drunk little milk and eaten few prunes. 'I always say,' Shama said, though she had never said anything of the sort, 'I always say that carelessness was going to be your downfall.' 'In a few years you will look back on this and laugh,' Mr Biswas said. 'You did your best. And no true effort is ever wasted. Remember that.' 'What about you?' Anand said. And though they slept on the same bed, neither spoke to the other for the rest of the evening. Anand had no more work to do that year and no more milk to drink, but on Monday he went to school. All Saturday's candidates were there. They had become a superior, leisured caste. A few boys did spend the day writing the examination as nearly as possible as they had done on Saturday. (The Chinese boy, with a mortification that amounted almost to terror, got the correct answer to the sum about the cyclist.) The others flaunted their idleness. At first they were content to be in the classroom and not of the class, seeing the exhibition discipline enforced on next year's candidates. But this soon palled, and they wandered out into the yard. Their attitude to the examination had changed since Saturday afternoon: they all now had tales of disaster. Anand, believing none of them, magnified his own blunder. In the end they were all boasting of how badly they had done; and apparently none of them really cared. Time hung heavily on their hands, and the afternoon was only partially enlivened by a packet of cigarettes: disappointing, but a prank, at last. For the first time for many years Anand was free to go home as soon as the afternoon bell rang. Up to last week this had seemed the supreme freedom. But now he dreaded leaving the boys, dreaded going back to the house. He did not get home till six. Unusually, Mr Biswas was below the house, in that section of it which Shama used as a kitchen. He was in his working clothes, and tired, but very gay. 'Ah, the young man himself,' he greeted Anand. 'I've been waiting for you. I've got something for you, young man.' He took out an envelope from his jacket pocket. It was a letter from an English judge. He said he had been following Mr Biswas's work in the _Sentinel,_ admired it, and would like to meet Mr Biswas, to try and persuade him to join a literary group he had formed. 'What about me, eh. What about me. I tell you, man, no true effort is wasted. Not that I expect to get anything from that blasted paper. Or from you.' Mr Biswas's elation was extravagant. Anand thought he knew why. But he was in no mood to give comfort, to associate himself with weakness. He handed back the letter to Mr Biswas without a word. Mr Biswas took the letter absently, told Shama to send up his food, and went to the front room. He was alone, too, when he awoke in the night to the snoring house, Anand asleep beside him, and looked through the window at the clear, dead sky. He saw the judge the next day, and went to the meeting of the literary group on Friday evening. He was especially glad to be out of the house then, for on Friday evenings the widows came up from Shorthills and spent the night below the house. Encouraged by the success of Indian shirtmakers, the widows had decided to go into the clothesmaking business. Since none of the five could sew at all well, they had decided to learn, and every Friday they went to the sewing classes at the Royal Victoria Institute, each widow specializing in a different aspect of the craft. They came in the late afternoon, they were rapturously welcomed by the readers and learners, and Basdai fed them. The readers and learners, not subject to Basdai's floggings while their mothers were present, were unusually vociferous; there was an air of festival. Mr Biswas found himself a little out of his depth in the literary group. Apart from the poems in the _Royal Reader_ and _Bell's Standard Elocutionist,_ the only poems he knew were those of Ella Wheeler Wilcox and Edward Carpenter; and at the judge's the emphasis was on poetry. But there was much to drink, and it was late when Mr Biswas came back and wheeled his bicycle below the house, his head ringing with the names of Lorca and Eliot and Auden. The readers and learners were asleep on benches and tables. The widows, dressed in white and singing softly, sat below a weak bulb, playing cards, drinking coffee, and handling pieces of sewing which had grown grubby over the weeks of tuition. He went up the dark front stairs and turned the light on in his room. Anand sprawled on the bed behind the bank of pillows. He undressed and squeezed himself between the diningtable and the bed. Shama came from the inner room, in answer to the light, and noted those symptoms, of slowness, precision and silence, which she associated with his Sunday excursions to Pagotes. As a condition of his acceptance by the group he had to read something of his own. He didn't know what to offer them. He couldn't write poetry, and he had thrown away the 'Escape' stories. He knew that story well, however; it could be written again. He still could think of no satisfactory end, but he had read enough of modern prose to know that a neat end might offend the group. He couldn't make his hero the faceless 'John Lubbard', who was 'tall, broad-shouldered, handsome'; he would be laughed down. He had to be ruthless. His hero would be Gopi, a country shopkeeper, 'small, spare and shrunken'. He took a _Sentinel_ pad, got into bed and, neatly, began to write the familiar words: _At the age of thirty-three, when he was already the father of four children..._ Those words were never read to the group. This story, like the others, was never finished. For, even before Gopi could meet his barren heroine, news came that Bipti, Mr Biswas's mother, had died. He called the children away from school and they went with Shama to Pratap's. From the road the open verandah and steps, thick with mourners, appeared to be draped with white. He had not expected such a crowd. Tara was there, and Ajodha, looking annoyed. But most of the mourners he didn't know: the families of his sister-in-law, his brother's friends, Bipti's friends. He might have been attending the funeral of a stranger. The body laid out in a coffin on the verandah belonged more to them. He longed to feel grief. He was surprised only by jealousy. Shama did her duty and wept. Dehuti, who had been ostracized since her marriage, sat halfway up the steps, shrieking at new mourners and grabbing at their feet, as if anxious to trip them up, to prevent them going any further. The mourners, finding their trousers or skirts clutched to a wet face, stroked Dehuti's covered head and at the same time tried to shake their garments free. No one made any effort to move Dehuti. Her story was known, and it was felt that she was doing a penance which it would have been improper to interrupt. Ramchand was more controlled but equally impressive. He occupied himself with the funeral arrangements, and behaved with such authority that no one would have guessed that he had not spoken to Bipti or Mr Biswas's brothers. Mr Biswas went past Dehuti to look at the body. Then he did not wish to see it again. But always, as he wandered about the yard among the mourners, he was aware of the body. He was oppressed by a sense of loss: not of present loss, but of something missed in the past. He would have liked to be alone, to commune with this feeling. But time was short, and always there was the sight of Shama and the children, alien growths, alien affections, which fed on him and called him away from that part of him which yet remained purely himself, that part which had for long been submerged and was now to disappear. The children did not go to the burial ground. They strayed about Pratap's large yard, eyed other groups of children, town children versus country children. Anand, in his exhibition clothes, led his sisters through the vegetable garden to the cowpen. They examined a broken cartwheel. Behind the pen they surprised a hen and its brood scratching a dung heap. Girls and chickens fled in opposite directions, and the country children tittered. Back in Port of Spain, they noticed Mr Biswas's stillness, his silence, his withdrawal. He did not complain about the noise; he discouraged, but gently, all efforts to engage him in conversation; he went alone for long night walks. He summoned no one to get his matches or cigarettes or books. And he wrote. He told no one what he was writing. He wrote with energy but without enthusiasm, doggedly, destroying sheet after sheet. He ate little, but his indigestion had gone. Shama bought him tinned salmon, his favourite food; she had the girls clean his bicycle and made Anand pump the tyres every morning. But he did not appear to notice these attentions. She went to the front room one evening and stood at the head of the bed. He was writing; his back was to her. She was in his light, but he did not shout. 'What's the matter, man?' He said in an expressionless voice, 'You are blocking the light.' He laid down paper and pencil. She worked her way between the table and bed and sat on the edge of the bed, near his head. Her weight created a minor disturbance. The pillow tilted and his head slipped off it, falling almost into her lap. He tried to move his head, but when she held it he remained still. 'You don't look well,' she said. He accepted her caresses. She stroked his hair, remarked on its fine quality, said it was going thin, but not, thank God, going grey like hers. She pulled out a hair from her head and laid it across his chest. 'Look,' she said, 'completely grey,' laughing. 'Grey all right.' She looked over his chest to the sheets he had put down. She saw _My Dear Doctor,_ with the _My_ crossed out and written in again. 'Who you writing to?' She couldn't read more, for beyond the first line the handwriting had deteriorated into a racing scrawl. He didn't reply. For some time, until the position became uncomfortable for Shama, they remained like that, silent. She stroked his head, looked from him to the open window, heard the buzz and shrieks upstairs and downstairs. He closed his eyes and opened them under her stroking. 'Which doctor?' Though there had been a long silence, there seemed to be no break between her questions. He was silent. Then he said, 'Doctor Rameshwar.' 'The one who...' 'Yes. The one who signed my mother's death certificate.' She went on stroking his head, and, slowly, he began to speak. There had been some trouble about the certificate. No, it wasn't really trouble. Pratap had first dispatched messages; Prasad had come and they had both gone, with urgent grief, to the doctor's. It was midday, hot; the body would not last. They had been made to wait for very long in the doctor's verandah; they had complained, and the doctor had damned them and damned their mother. His bad temper continued all the way to the house; with anger and disrespect he had examined Bipti's body, signed the certificate, demanded his fee and left. This had been told to Mr Biswas by his brothers, not in anger; they told it simply as part of the tribulations of the day: the death, the sending of messages, the arrangements. 'And why didn't you tell me?' Shama asked in Hindi. He didn't say. It was something that concerned him alone. By speaking of it he would have exposed himself to the disregard of Shama and the children; he would also have involved them in his own humiliation. Shama's solace was a surprise. She spoke to the children, and he was further strengthened when they expressed, not hurt, but anger. He became almost gay, and addressed himself to the letter now with something like zest. He read out to Anand the drafts he had made and asked for comments. The drafts were hysterical and libellous. But in his new mood, and after many re-writings, the letter developed into a broad philosophical essay on the nature of man. Both he and Anand thought it humorous, charitable and in parts correctly condescending; and it thrilled them to think of the doctor's surprise at receiving such a letter from the relation of someone he had thought to be only a peasant. Mr Biswas introduced himself as the son of the woman whose death the doctor had so rudely certified. He compared the doctor to an angry hero of a Hindu epic, and asked to be forgiven for mentioning the Hindu epics to an Indian who had abandoned his religion for a recent superstition that was being exported wholesale to savages all over the world (the doctor was a Christian). Perhaps the doctor had done so for political reasons or social reasons, or simply to escape from his caste; but no one could escape from what he was. This theme was developed and the letter concluded that no one could deny his humanity and keep his selfrespect. Mr Biswas and Anand hunted through the _Collins Clear-Type Shakespeare_ and found the play of _Measure for Measure_ rich in things that could be quoted. They also quoted from the New Testament and the _Gita._ The letter ran to eight pages. It was typed on the yellow typewriter and posted; and Mr Biswas, exhilarated by his fortnight's work, said to Anand, 'How about a few more letters before Christmas? One to a business man. To fix up Shekhar. One to an editor. Fix up the _Sentinel_ Publish them as a booklet. Dedicate it to you.' But the wound was still there, too deep for anger or thoughts of retribution. What had happened was locked away in time. But it was an error, not a part of truth. He wished this stated; and he wanted to do something that would be a defiance of what had happened. The body, lying in earth, was unhallowed, and he owed it honour: the mother who had remained unknown and whom he had never loved. Waking in the night, he felt exposed and vulnerable. He longed for hands to cover him all over, and he could only fall asleep again with his hands over his navel, unable to bear the feel of any alien object, however slight, on that part of his body. To do honour he had no gifts. He had no words to say what he wanted to say, the poet's words, which held more than the sum of their meanings. But awake one night, looking at the sky through the window, he got out of bed, worked his way to the light switch, turned it on, got paper and pencil, and began to write. He addressed his mother. He did not think of rhythm; he used no cheating abstract words. He wrote of coming up to the brow of the hill, seeing the black, forked earth, the marks of the spade, the indentations of the fork prongs. He wrote of a journey he had made a long time before. He was tired; she made him rest. He was hungry; she gave him food. He had nowhere to go; she welcomed him. The writing excited, relieved him; so much so that he was able to look at Anand, asleep beside him, and think, 'Poor boy. Failed his exam.' The poem written, his selfconsciousness violated, he was whole again. And when on Friday the five widows arrived in Port of Spain for their sewing lessons at the Royal Victoria Institute, and the house resounded with clatter and chatter and shrieks and singing and the radio and the gramophone, Mr Biswas went to the meeting of his literary group and announced that he was going to read his offering at last. 'It is a poem,' he said. 'In prose.' Everything glowed richly in the judge's dimly-lit verandah. On the table there were bottles of whisky and rum, ginger and soda water, and a bowl of crushed ice. Mr Biswas sat in the chair below the reading light and sipped his whisky and soda. 'There is no title,' he said. And, as he had expected, this was received with satisfaction. Then he disgraced himself. Thinking himself free of what he had written, he ventured on his poem boldly, and even with a touch of selfmockery. But as he read, his hands began to shake, the paper rustled; and when he spoke of the journey his voice failed. It cracked and kept on cracking; his eyes tickled. But he went on, and his emotion was such that at the end no one said a word. He folded the paper and put it in his jacket pocket. Someone filled his glass. He stared down at his lap, as if angry, as if he had been completely alone. He said nothing for the rest of the evening, and in his shame and confusion drank much. When he went home the widows were singing softly, the children were asleep, and he shamed Shama by being noisily sick in the outdoor lavatory. Whatever happened, Anand would go to college. So Mr Biswas and Shama decided. It wouldn't be easy, but it would be cruel and foolish to give the boy nothing more than an elementary school education. The girls agreed. They had not had any milk and prunes, and their chances of going to high schools were slight; but they did badly in their classes and did not consider themselves worthy. Myna and Kamla insisted that Mr Biswas should make a public declaration that Anand was going to the college, for Vidiadhar was behaving as though he had already won the exhibition and was openly learning Latin and French and algebra and geometry, the wonderful subjects taught at the college. The declaration was made, though neither Mr Biswas nor Shama could say where the money was going to come from. Shama talked of recovering her cow Mutri from Shorthills. 'Where you going to keep it?' Mr Biswas asked. 'With the boarders downstairs?' 'Milk selling at ten and twelve cents a bottle,' Shama said. 'What about grass, eh? You think you could just tie out Mutri in Adam Smith Square or the Murray Street playground? You've been reading too much Captain Cutteridge. And how much milk you think poor old Mutri going to give after living all those years with your family?' Commercial ventures were running high in Shama's mind since one of the widows, despairing of any but long-term returns from the clothesmaking scheme, had brought up a bag of oranges from Shorthills one Friday. She was exceptionally grave. She called one of her sons aside and ordered him to place the oranges on a tray, the tray on a box, and the box on the pavement. Then she went to the Royal Victoria Institute. The widow's idea was simplicity itself: it required little effort and no outlay. There was much agitated discussion among the sisters that evening; many plans were adumbrated, and futures tremulously envisaged. The widow herself said nothing, and continued as grave and mournful as before, sucking thread, threading needles, and sewing. The appearance of a shallow heap of oranges on a tray outside the tall blank walls of the house created a small sensation in the residential street. And it increased Mr Biswas's dread of being traced to his home by impatient destitutes. With the exhibition examination and the death of his mother he had been neglecting the destitutes. Correspondence had accumulated, and as he was sitting in the _Sentinel_ office one morning and typing for the tenth time, _Dear Sir, Your letter awaited me on my return from holiday...,_ a reporter came to his desk and said, 'Congrats, old man.' It was the _Sentinel's_ education correspondent. He held some typewritten sheets. They were the exhibition results. In a page of names the name stood out. Anand had been placed third, had got one of the twelve exhibitions. As bewitching as the news was the generosity with which it was welcomed by the older members of the staff. The very young, who had sat the examination not many years before, were aloof and unimpressed. But third! Third in the island! It was fantastic. Only two boys more intelligent! It couldn't be grasped right away. Recovering, Mr Biswas attempted to deflect some of the praise. 'Mark you, the teacher knows his stuff.' But he couldn't keep this up. 'Careless boy, too, you know. Left out one whole question. In the spelling paper. Synonyms and homonyms.' He began to lose his audience. 'He knew them. Thought they were easy.' Reporters returned to their desks. 'And then didn't do them at all. Left them out. A whole question.' After a light-hearted morning in which he investigated the circumstances of two destitutes with a good humour which offended those people, he returned to the office and invited the education correspondent and Mr Burnett's news editor to have beers with him at the café on the corner. There, surrounded by flamboyant murals of revelry on tropical beaches, they drank: three men, none over forty, who considered their careers closed and rested their ambitions on the achievements of their children. The success of the son of one gave the others hope. They shared Mr Biswas's joy; they could not achieve his delirium. 'You could leave old Mutri to die in peace,' he said to Shama when he got back to the quiet house at midday; and his gaiety had her guessing. 'What about oranges? Want to go in the selling business? Join the widows? The five financial wizards.' The orange venture had in fact failed. Three oranges had been sold to a stray American soldier for a penny; the others had gone bad in the sun. The failure was put down to the unsuitability of the site and the snobbishness and jealousy of the neighbours who, to spite the widow, had preferred to go all the way to the city market to buy their oranges at a higher price. The widow's son was also blamed for his lack of enthusiasm and his false pride: he had stood some distance from the tray of oranges and tried to pretend that they had nothing to do with him. When Mr Biswas broke the news of the exhibition, Shama set about defending the widows, and she and Mr Biswas had a long and friendly squabble about the Tulsi family. It was like old times, and Mr Biswas, the victor as always, solaced Shama by saying, what he had forgotten for some time, 'Going to buy that gold brooch for you, girl! One of these days.' 'I suppose it would look nice in my coffin.' The school had taken the first four places and won seven of the twelve exhibitions. The teacher's notes and private lessons, legendarily virtuous, had triumphed once again. Five of the exhibitions went to known crammers like Anand and the Chinese boy and aroused little comment. The sixth went to one of the mild, hamper-fed boys; he was now considered sly. But the biggest surprise was provided by the boy who had come first. He was a Negro boy of astonishing size. He was a year younger than Anand but looked incomparably older. His forearms were already veined, and his chin and cheeks were dotted with little springs of hair. He had been loud in his denunciation of crammers; he had taken a leading part in discussions about films and sport; he had a phenomenal knowledge of English county cricket scores throughout the nineteen-thirties; and he had introduced the topic of sex. He claimed to have had many sexual encounters and his talk encouraged the belief that when he left school after private lessons, his satchel bouncing off his high bottom, it was not to do homework but to indulge in sexual intrigue and, joyously, to be pursued by older women. He displayed a convincing knowledge of the female body and its functions; and the conception of his life away from school as one of indifference to books and notes and homework was reinforced by his passionate devotion to the novels of P. G. Wodehouse, whose style he successfully imitated in his English compositions. His popularity was at its lowest that morning; his success cast doubt on all his tales of sexual adventure. He protested that he had not worked, that he had done no more than a hasty last-minute revision, and that the result had surprised him more than anyone else. But he protested in vain. Photographers from the newspapers came. The exhibitioners straightened their ties and were photographed. Then they were free. They had ceased to be members of the school. School and teacher dwindled, and the boys were anxious to be out of the yard. None dared say he wanted to go home to break the news; besides, none wanted to put an end to the day. The city was black and white in the sun. Trees were still, the sky high. They walked up to the Savannah, sat and looked at the people going in and out of the Queen's Park Hotel. In the whitewashed bays on either side of the hotel entrance two doorkeepers of a rare blackness stood in stiff snow-white tunics. The effect was severe but picturesque. The boys wondered aloud what made the hotel get the blackest men in the island for that job, and what made the men take the job. Then they had a long discussion whether, given such a blackness, they would take the job themselves. The taxi-drivers, squatting on the asphalt pavement, chuckled; and the doorkeepers, compelled because of the constant coming and going to maintain their statuesque pose, could only make furtive threatening gestures and open their mouths to frame silent, hurried obscenities. The boys laughed and retreated. They walked along the Savannah, always in the shade of large trees. At Queen's Park West they came on a mobile stall selling syrupy ice shavings in two colours. They bought; they sucked; they stained hands, faces, shirts. Then the Negro boy, anxious to regain his character, suggested that they should go to the Botanical Gardens to look for copulating couples. They went, they looked. Deployed by the Negro boy, they surprised one couple into a hasty show of decency. The second time they were chased by an enraged American sailor. They retreated to the Rock Gardens, and walked past the architectural marvels of Maraval Road. They walked past the Scottish baronial castle, the Moorish mansion, the semi-Oriental palace, the Bishop's Spanish Colonial residence, and came to the blue and red Italianate college, empty now, though there were two cars below a pillared and balustraded balcony. They were proud and a little frightened. Kings for half a day, they would soon be new boys here, and nothing. The clock struck three. They looked up at the tower. The dial would be seen for weeks and months and years; those chimes would become familiar. They would warn of many things; they would mark many beginnings and ends. Now they said that the half-holiday was over. 'See you next term,' the boys said, and went their separate ways. That evening, while Mr Biswas and the parents of the other exhibitioners beat their way to the teacher's door with gifts of rum and whisky, trussed fowls and hobbled goats, the Tuttle children were set to their books with a new rigidity, although Christmas was not far off and the school term nearly ended. The writer, encouraged, completed the first volume of Captain Daniel's _West Indian History._ For Vidiadhar it was an unhappy evening. He was given no food. For he had not won an exhibition, Vidiadhar who had brought home clean question papers with ticks beside the questions he had done and a neat list of correct answers to the arithmetic sums, who had begun to learn Latin and French, who had gone to the intercollegiate football match and uttered partisan cries. Now, deprived of his Latin and French books, he was made to sit up late before his exhibition notes, and was repeatedly flogged by Chinta. The newspapers next morning carried photographs of Anand and the other exhibitioners. There were also columns of fine print containing the names of the many hundred who had only passed the examination. The readers and learners searched among these for Vidiadhar's name. They didn't find it. Always on the winning side, the readers and learners turned over the page and pretended to look there, and then they pretended to go through the classified advertisements, which were in the same small type. Having no flogging powers over the readers and learners, and unable now to threaten them with Govind, Chinta could only abuse them. She abused them individually; she abused Shama; she abused W. C. Tuttle; she abused Anand and his sisters; she accused Mr Biswas of bribing the examiners; she brought up the theft of the eighty dollars. Her voice was a grating whine; her eyes were red, her whole face inflamed. The readers and learners giggled. Vidiadhar, enjoying the holiday granted to the school for its exhibition successes, was set to his exhibition notes again. From time to time Chinta interrupted her abuse to scream at him. 'Watch me! Give me that knife and see if I don't cut his little tongue.' And: 'You are going to live on bread and water from now on. That is the only thing that will satisfy some people in this house.' Sometimes she fell silent and ran, literally ran, to the table where he sat and twisted his ears as if she were winding up an alarm clock, until, like an alarm, Vidiadhar went off. Then she slapped him and cuffed him, pulled his hair and pressed her fingers around his throat. Stupefied, Vidiadhar filled page after page with meaningless notes in his crapaud-foot handwriting; and his sisters and brothers scowled at everyone as though they were all responsible for Vidiadhar's failure and punishment. All day and all evening Chinta kept it up, her shrill voice part of the background noise of the house, until even W. C. Tuttle was driven to comment, in his pure Hindi, in a voice loud enough to penetrate the partition of Mr Biswas's inner room, whence the comment was reported to Mr Biswas in the front room, preparing the way for a reconciliation between the two men, which was completed when W. C. Tuttle's second eldest boy, due to write the exhibition examination next year, came down to ask Anand to be his tutor. And it was from the Tuttles that Anand got the only presents he had for winning the exhibition: a copy of _The Talisman_ from W. C. Tuttle, which he found unreadable, and a dollar from Mrs Tuttle, which he gave to Shama. Mr Biswas was ashamed to mention the promise in the _Collins Clear-Type Shakespeare,_ and Anand didn't remind him: he was content to assume that war conditions did not permit the buying of a bicycle. There was no prize from the school either. Again war conditions did not permit; and as 'a war measure' Anand was given a certificate printed by the Government Printery at the bottom of the street, 'in lieu of' the leather-bound, gilt-edged book stamped with the school crest. It had been a year of scarcity, of rising prices and fights in shops for hoarded flour. But at Christmas the pavements were crowded with overdressed shoppers from the country, the streets choked with slow but strident traffic. The stores had only clumsy local toys of wood, but the signs were bright as always with rosy-cheeked Santa Clauses, prancing reindeer, holly and berries and snow-capped letters. Never were destitutes more deserving, and Mr Biswas worked harder than ever. But everything – shops, signs, crowds, noise, busyness – generated the urgent gaiety that belonged to the season. The year was ending well. And it was to end even better. One morning early in Christmas week, when Mr Biswas was looking through applications in the hope of finding a destitute carpenter for Christmas Eve, a well-dressed middle-aged man whom he did not know came straight to his desk, handed him an envelope with a stiff gesture, and, without a word, turned and walked briskly out of the newsroom. Mr Biswas opened the envelope. Then he pushed back his chair and ran outside. The man was in a car and already driving away. 'You didn't see him?' the receptionist asked. 'He did ask for you. Doctor feller. Rameshwar.' He had returned the letter. The error had been acknowledged. 'What about it, boy?' he said to Anand later that day. 'Series of letters. To a doctor. A judge. Businessman, editor. Brother-in-law, mother-in-law. _Twelve Open Letters,_ by M. Biswas. What about it?' # 5. The Void THE COLLEGE had no keener parent than Mr Biswas. He delighted in all its rules, ceremonies and customs. He loved the textbooks it prescribed, and reserved to himself the pleasure of taking Anand's exhibitioner's form to Muir Marshall's in Marine Square and bringing home a parcel of books, free. He papered the covers and lettered the spines. On the front and back endpapers of each book he wrote Anand's name, form, the name of the college, and the date. Anand was put to much trouble to conceal this from the other boys at school who wrote their own names and were free to desecrate their books in whatever way they chose. Though it concerned neither Anand nor himself, Mr Biswas went to the college speech day. He insisted, too, on going to the Science Exhibition, and spoiled it for Anand; for while the Negro boy ran to the parentless, saying, 'Look, man, a snail can screw itself,' Anand had to remain with Mr Biswas who, dutifully beginning at the beginning, looked long and carefully at the electrical exhibits and got no further than the microscopes. 'Stand up here,' he told Anand. 'Hide me while I pull out this slide. Just going to cough and spit on it. Then we could both have a look.' 'Yes, _Daddy,'_ Anand said. 'Of course, _Daddy.'_ But they didn't see the snails. When, as an experiment, each boy was given a homework book which parents or guardians were supposed to fill in and sign every day, Mr Biswas filled in and signed punctiliously. Few other parents did; and the homework books were soon abandoned, Mr Biswas filling in and signing to the last. He had no doubt that his interest in Anand was shared by the entire college; and when Anand went back to classes after one of his asthmatic attacks, Mr Biswas always asked in the afternoon, 'Well, what did they say, eh?' as though Anand's absence had dislocated the running of the school. In October Myna was put on milk and prunes. She had unexpectedly been chosen to sit the exhibition examination in November. Mr Biswas and Anand went with her to the examination hall, Anand condescending, revisiting the scenes of his childhood. He saw his name painted on the board in the headmaster's room, and was touched at this effort of the school to claim him. When Myna came out at lunchtime she was very cheerful, but under Anand's severe questioning she had grown dazed and unhappy, had admitted mistakes and tried to show how other mistakes could be construed as accurate. Then they took her to the Dairies, all three feeling that money was being wasted. When the results came out no one congratulated Mr Biswas, for Myna's name was lost in the columns of fine print, among those who had only passed. Change had come over him without his knowing. There had been no precise point at which the city had lost its romance and promise, no point at which he had begun to consider himself old, his career closed, and his visions of the future became only visions of Anand's future. Each realization had been delayed and had come, not as a surprise, but as a statement of a condition long accepted. But it was not so when, waking up one night, he saw that he had for some time grown to accept his circumstances as unalterable: the buzzing house, the kitchen downstairs, the food being brought up the front steps, the growing children and Shama and himself squeezed into two rooms. He had grown to look upon houses – the bright drawingrooms through open doors, the chink of cutlery from diningrooms at eight, when he was on the way to a cinema, the garages, the hose-sprayed gardens in the afternoons, the barelegged lounging groups in verandahs on Sunday mornings – he had grown to look upon houses as things that concerned other people, like churches, butchers' stalls, cricket matches and football matches. They had ceased to rouse ambition or misery. He had lost the vision of the house. He sank into despair as into the void which, in his imagining, had always stood for the life he had yet to live. Night after night he sank. But there was now no quickening panic, no knot of anguish. He discovered in himself only a great unwillingness, and that part of his mind which feared the consequences of such a withdrawal was increasingly stilled. Destitutes were investigated and the deserving written about. The truce with W. C. Tuttle was broken, patched up and broken again. The readers and learners read and learned. Anand and Vidiadhar continued not to speak, and this silence between the cousins was beginning to be known at the college, which Vidiadhar had also managed to enter, though at a suitably low form. Govind beat Chinta, wore his threepiece suits and drove his taxi. The widows stopped taking sewing lessons at the Royal Victoria Institute, gave up the clothesmaking scheme and all other schemes. One came and camped, roomless, under the house, threatened to take a stall in the George Street Market, was dissuaded, and returned to Shorthills. W. C. Tuttle acquired a gramophone record of a fifteen-year-old American called Gloria Warren singing 'You Are Always in My Heart'. And every morning, after the readers and learners had streamed out of the house, Mr Biswas escaped to the _Sentinel_ office. Suddenly, quite suddenly, he was revivified. It happened during Anand's second year at the college. Because of his unrivalled experience of destitutes Mr Biswas had become the _Sentinel's_ expert on matters of social welfare. His subsidiary duties had included interviewing the organizers of charities and eating many dinners. One morning he found a note on his desk requesting him to interview the newly arrived head of the Community Welfare Department. This was a government department that had not yet begun to function. Mr Biswas knew that it was part of the plan for postwar development, but he did not know what the department intended to do. He sent for the file. It was not helpful. Most of it he had written himself, and forgotten. He telephoned, arranged for an interview that morning, and went. When, an hour later, he walked down the Red House steps into the asphalt court, he was thinking, not of his copy, but of his letter of resignation to the _Sentinel._ He had been offered, and had accepted, a job as Community Welfare Officer, at a salary fifty dollars a month higher than the one he was getting from the _Sentinel._ And he still had no clear idea of the aims of the department. He believed it was to organize village life; why and how village life was to be organized he didn't know. He had been immediately attracted by Miss Logie, the head of the department. She was a tall, energetic woman in late middle age. She was not pompous or aggressive, as he had found women in authority inclined to be. She had the graces, and even before there was talk of the job he had found himself attempting to please. She also had the attraction of novelty. He had known no Indian woman of her age as alert and intelligent and inquiring. And when the matter of the job was raised he had no hesitation. He rejected Miss Logie's offer of time to think it over; he feared all delay. He walked light-heartedly down St Vincent Street back to the office. What had just happened was unexpected in every way. He had stopped thinking of a new job. He had paid no more than a journalist's attention to all the talk of postwar development, since he did not see how it involved him and his family. And now, on a Monday morning, he had walked into a new job, and his job made him part of the new era. And it was a job with the government! He thought with pleasure of all the jokes he had heard about civil servants, and felt the full weight of the fears that had been with him since Mr Burnett had left. He could have been sacked from the _Sentinel_ at any moment; there was nothing or no one to protect him. But in the Service no one could be sacked just like that. There were things like Whitley Councils, he believed. The matter would have to go through all sorts of channels – that was the delicious word – and this, he understood, was such a complicated proceeding that few civil servants ever did get the sack. What was that story about the messenger who had stolen and sold all a department's typewriters? Didn't they just say, 'Put that man in a department where there are no typewriters'? How many letters of resignation he had mentally addressed to the _Sentinel_! Yet when, letters having passed between the Secretariat and himself, the moment came and he sat up in the Slumberking to write to the _Sentinel,_ he used none of the phrases and sentences he had polished over the years. Instead, to his surprise, he found himself grateful to the paper for employing him for so long, for giving him a start in the city, equipping him for the Service. He felt a fool when he received the editor's reply. In five lines he was thanked for his letter, his services were acknowledged, regret was expressed, and he was wished luck in his new job. The letter was typed by a secretary, whose smart lowercase initials were in the bottom left corner. Working out his notice, he let the Destees slide, and prepared zestfully for his new job. He borrowed books from the Central Library and from the department's small collection. He began with books on sociology and immediately came to grief: he could not understand their charts or their language. He moved on to simpler paperbacked books about village reconstruction in India. These were more amusing: they gave pictures of village drains before and after, showed how chimneys could be built at no cost, how wells could be dug. They stimulated Mr Biswas to such a degree that for a few days he wondered whether he oughtn't to practise on the little community in his own house. A number of books laid a puzzling stress on the need for folk dances and folk singing during the carrying out of cooperative undertakings; some gave examples of songs. Mr Biswas saw himself leading a singing village as they cooperatively mended roads, cooperatively put up superhuts, cooperatively dug wells; singing, they harvested one another's fields. The picture didn't convince: he knew Indian villagers too well. Govind, for instance, sang, and W. C. Tuttle liked music; but Mr Biswas couldn't see himself leading them and the singing readers and learners to re-concrete the floor under the house, to plaster the half-walls, to build another bathroom or lavatory. He doubted whether he could even get them to sing. He read of cottage industries: romantic words, suggesting neatly clad peasants with grave classical features sitting at spinning wheels in cooperatively built superhuts and turning out yards and yards of cloth before going on to the folk singing and dancing under the village tree in the evening, by the light of flambeaux. But he knew what the villages were by night, when the rumshop emptied. He saw himself instead in a large timbered hall, walking up and down between lines of disciplined peasants making baskets. From cottage industries he was diverted by juvenile delinquency, which he found more appealing than adult delinquency. He particularly liked the photographs of the hardened delinquents: stunted, smoking, supercilious, and very attractive. He saw himself winning their confidence and then their eternal devotion. He read books on psychology and learned some technical words for the behaviour of Chinta when she flogged Vidiadhar. Miss Logie, who had at first encouraged his enthusiasm, now attempted to control it. He saw her often during the month, and their relationship grew even better. Whenever she introduced him to anyone she spoke of him as her colleague, a graciousness he had never before experienced; and from being relaxed with her he became debonair. Then he had a fright. Miss Logie said she would like to meet his family. Readers! Learners! Govind! Chinta! The Slumberking bed and the destitute's diningtable! And perhaps some widow might want to try again, and there would be a little tray of oranges or avocado pears outside the gate. 'Mumps,' he said. It was partly true. The contagion had struck down Basdai's readers and learners wholesale, had attacked a little Tuttle; but it had not yet got to Mr Biswas's children. 'They are all down with mumps, I fear.' And when later Miss Logie asked after the children, Mr Biswas had to say they had recovered, though they had in fact just succumbed. Promptly at the end of the month the free delivery of the _Sentinel_ stopped. 'Don't you think a little holiday before you begin would be refreshing?' Miss Logie said. 'I was thinking of that.' The words came out easily; they were in keeping with his new manner. And he saw himself condemned to a pay-less week among the readers and learners. 'Yes, a little holiday would be most refreshing.' 'Sans Souci would be very nice.' Sans Souci was in the northeast of the island. Miss Logie, a newcomer, had been there; he had not. 'Yes,' he said. 'Sans Souci would be nice. Or Mayaro,' he added, trying to take an independent line by mentioning a resort in the southeast. 'I am sure your family would enjoy it.' 'You know, I believe they would.' Family again! He waited. And it came. She still wanted to meet them. Poise deserted him. What could he suggest? Bringing them to the Red House one by one? Miss Logie came to his rescue. She wondered whether they couldn't all go to Sans Souci on Sunday. That at least was safer. 'Of course, of course,' he said. 'My wife can cook something. Where shall we meet?' 'I'll come and pick you up.' He was caught. 'As a matter of fact I have taken a house in Sans Souci,' Miss Logie said. And then her plan came out. She wanted Mr Biswas to take his family there for a week. Transport was difficult, but the car would come for them at the end of the week. If Mr Biswas didn't go, the house would be empty, and that would be a waste. He was overwhelmed. He had regarded his holidays simply as days on which he did not go to work; he had never thought that he might use the time to take his family to some resort: the thing was beyond ambition. Few people went on such holidays. There were no boarding-houses or hotels, only beach houses, and these he had always imagined to be expensive. And now this! After all those letters to destitutes beginning, _Dear Sir, Your letter awaited me on my return from holiday..._ He made objections, but Miss Logie was firm. He thought it better not to make a fuss, for he did not wish to give the impression that he was making the thing bigger than it was. Miss Logie had made the offer out of friendship; he would accept as a friend. He warned her, however, that he would have to consult Shama, and Miss Logie said she understood. But he felt that he had been found out, that he had revealed more of himself to Miss Logie than he had thought; and this feeling was especially oppressive on the following morning when, after his bath in the outdoor bathroom, he stood before Shama's dressingtable in the inner room. In moods of self-disgust he hated dressing, and this morning he saw that his comb, which he had repeatedly insisted was his and his alone, was webbed with woman's hair. He broke the comb, broke another, and used language which went neither with his clothes nor with the manner he assumed when he put them on. He reported to Miss Logie that Shama was delighted, and self-reproach was quickly forgotten when he and Shama began to prepare for the holiday. They were like conspirators. They had decided on secrecy. There was no reason for this except that it was one of the rules of the house: the Tuttles, for instance, had been unusually aloof just before the arrival of the naked torchbearer, and Chinta had been almost mournful before Govind had gone into threepiece suits. On Saturday Shama began packing a hamper. The secret could no longer be kept from the children. The laden hamper, the car, the drive to the seaside: it was something they knew too well. 'Vidiadhar and Shivadhar!' Chinta called. 'You just keep your little tails here, eh, and read your books, you hear. Your father is not in any position to take _you_ for excursion, you hear. He not drawing money regular from the government, let me tell you.' The readers and learners stood around Shama while she packed the hamper. Shama, uncharacteristically stern and preoccupied, ignored them. Her manner suggested that the whole affair – as indeed she said to Basdai, the widow, who had come to watch and offer advice – was very troublesome, and she was going through with it simply to please the children and their father. Their destination and length of the holiday had been disclosed. The manner of transportation was still kept secret: it was to be the final surprise. It also caused Mr Biswas much anxiety. All week he had been dreading the arrival of Miss Logie in her brand-new Buick. He intended the gap between her arrival and their departure to be as brief as possible. Under no circumstances was she to be allowed to get out of the car. For then she might go through the gate and get a glimpse of what went on below the house; she might even go there. Or she might go up the steps and knock on the front door; W. C. Tuttle would come out, and heaven knows what pose he would be in that morning: yogi, weight-lifter, pundit, lorry-driver at rest. At all costs she had to be prevented from entering the front room and seeing the Slumberking where Mr Biswas had lain and written his formal acceptance of the post of Community Welfare Officer, seeing the destitute's diningtable still stacked with books on sociology, village reconstruction in India, cottage industries and juvenile delinquency. Accordingly, although Miss Logie had said she would arrive at nine, the children were fed and dressed by eight, and set up as sentinels by the gate. From time to time they deserted their posts; then, after agitated search, they were extricated from groups of readers and learners or hurried out of the lavatory. Shama was finding she had forgotten all sorts of things: toothbrushes, towels, bottle-opener. Mr Biswas himself could not decide what book to take, and was in and out of the front room. Eventually all was ready and they stood strung out on the front steps, waiting to pounce. Mr Biswas was dressed as for holiday: tieless, with Saturday's shirt bearing the impress of Saturday's tie, his coat over his arm and his book in his hand. Shama was in her ornate visiting clothes; she might have been going to a wedding. Waiting, they were infiltrated by readers and learners. 'Haul your little tail,' Mr Biswas whispered savagely. 'Get back inside. Go and comb your hair. And you, go and put on some shoes.' A few of the younger were cowed; the older, knowing that Mr Biswas had no rights, flogging or ordering, over them, were openly contemptuous and, to Mr Biswas's dismay, some went out on to the pavement, where they stood like storks, jamming the sole of one foot against the smudged and streaked pink-washed wall. The gramophone was playing an Indian film song; Govind was whining out the _Ramayana;_ Chinta's scraping voice was raised querulously; Basdai was shrilling after some of her girls to come and help with the lunch. Then the cries came. A green Buick had turned the corner. Mr Biswas and his family were down the steps with suitcases and hampers, Mr Biswas shouting angrily now to the readers and learners to get away. When the car stopped, Mr Biswas and his family were standing right on the edge of the pavement. Miss Logie, sitting next to the chauffeur, smiled and gave a little wave, using fingers alone. She appeared to recognize what was required of her and did not get out of the car. Expressionlessly the chauffeur opened doors and stowed away suitcases and hampers in the boot. W. C. Tuttle came out to the verandah, the lorry-driver at rest. His khaki shorts revealed round sturdy legs, and his white vest showed off a broad chest and large flabby arms. Leaning over the half-wall of the verandah, under the hanging ferns, he put a long finger delicately to one quivering nostril and, with a brief explosive noise, emitted some snot from the other nostril. Mr Biswas chattered on in a daze, to divert attention from the readers and learners and W. C. Tuttle, to drown the noises from the house, the sudden piercing cry from Chinta, as from someone in agony: 'Vidiadhar and Shivadhar! Come back here this minute, if you don't want me to break your foot.' Shy, interested readers and learners streamed steadily through the gate. 'There's lots of room,' Miss Logie said, smiling. 'It won't be a squeeze for long. I shan't be going all the way to Sans Souci. I don't feel very well and a day at the beach would be too much for me.' Mr Biswas understood. 'Only these four,' he said. 'Only these four.' He kicked backwards in the direction of the readers and learners. The circle merely widened. 'Orphans,' Mr Biswas said. Then mercifully they were off, some of the orphans racing the Buick a little way down the street. They commiserated with Miss Logie on her indisposition and begged her to change her mind; there would be no pleasure for them if she did not come. She said she hadn't intended to go bathing at all; she had intended to come with them only for the ride. But presently, when it was established without doubt that there were only four children in the car and that there would be no stops for more, her resolution weakened and she said the fresh air had revived her a little and she would come with them after all. When people stared from the road the children didn't know whether to smile, frown or look away; those who were near the straps held on to them. Never, as from the windows of that Buick, did North Trinidad look so beautiful. They noted, as though they had never seen it before from a bus, how the landscape changed, from marsh just outside Port of Spain, to straggling suburb, to hilly country, to country village, to country town, to rice fields and sugarcane fields, with the Northern Range always on their left. They drove along the smooth new American highway, were checked on entering and leaving the American army post by soldiers with helmets and rifles. Then they drove along a winding road overarched by cool trees to Arima, which welcomed careful drivers; and on to Valencia, where the road ran straight for miles, with untouched bush on either side. They were, Anand reflected, driving with hampers – laden hampers – to the sea. The English composition had come true. Mr Biswas was worried about Shama. Sitting plumply next to Miss Logie on the front seat, her elaborate georgette veil over her hair, Shama was showing herself self-possessed and even garrulous. She was throwing off opinions about the new constitution, federation, immigration, India, the future of Hinduism, the education of women. Mr Biswas listened to the flow with surprise and acute anxiety. He had never imagined that Shama was so well-informed and had such violent prejudices; and he suffered whenever she made a grammatical mistake. They stopped at Balandra, and walked to the dangerous part of the bay where the waves were five feet high and a sign warned against bathing. Never had water seemed so blue; never had sand shone so golden; never had bay curved so beautifully, waves broken so neatly. It was a perfect world, the curve of the coconut trees repeated in the curve of the bay, the curl of the waves, the arc of the horizon. Already they could taste the salt on their lips. The fresh wind blew; the trousers of Mr Biswas and the chauffeur sausaged out; the women and girls held down their skirts. They bathed where it was safe. (And later Anand pointed out to Mr Biswas that in spite of what she had said Miss Logie had brought her bathing suit.) They opened the hampers and ate on the dry sand in the dangerous shade of coconut trees ('Over a million coconuts will fall on the East Coast today,' had been the hollow bright opening of a feature he had written for the _Sentinel_ on the copra industry). Then they drove to Sans Souci, through narrow, ill-tended roads darkened by bush on both sides. Small villages surprised them here and there, lost and lonely. And now the sea was always with them. Unseen, it thundered continuously. The wind never ceased to rage through the trees; above the swaying bush, the dancing plumes of green, the sky was high and open. From time to time they had glimpses of the sea: so near, so unending, so alive, so impersonal. What would happen if, by some accident, they should drive off the road into it? In a dream that night this accident was to happen, and Kamla was to wake gratefully, yet to find herself in a new dread, for she had forgotten the room where they had all gone to sleep, in the large bare house at the top of the hill, impenetrably black all round, with the sea beating a little distance away and the coconut trees groaning in the perpetual wind. They had arrived in the late afternoon and had not had much time to explore. Miss Logie, the chauffeur and the Buick had gone back; and finding themselves alone, in a large house, on holiday, they had all grown shy with one another. Night brought an additional uneasiness. In the strange, musty, blank-walled drawingroom they sat around an oil lamp, the contents of the hamper gone stale and unappetizing, the cream cheese, bought from the Dairies the day before, already gone bad. The house was large enough for them to have had one room each; but the noise, the loneliness, the unknown surrounding blackness had kept them all in one room. Wind and sea welcomed them in the morning. Light showed them where they were. The wind and the sea raged all night, but now they were both fresh, heralds of the new day. The children walked about the shining wet grass on the top of the hill; the sea, glimpsed through the tormented coconut trees, lay below them; their hands and faces became sticky with salt. Their shyness slowly wore away. They went to deserted beaches, where lay the partly buried wrecks of strange trees brought across the sea. Beyond the wavering tidewrack the dimpled sand was pitted with the holes of sand crabs, small, nervous creatures the colour of sand. They made excursions to the places with French names: Blanchisseuse, Matelot; and to Toco and Salybia Bay. They picked almonds, sucked them, crushed the seeds; in land so wild and remote it was inconceivable that anything was owned by anyone. From trees that bordered the road they picked bright red cashew nuts, sucked the fruit and took the nuts to the house and roasted them. The days were long. Once they came upon a group of fishermen who were talking a French patois; once they met a group of well-dressed, noisy Indian youths, one of whom asked Myna what Savi's name was, and Mr Biswas saw that as a father he now had fresh responsibilities. In the evenings, with the noise of sea and wind, comforting now, around them, they played cards: they had found four packs in the house. Another discovery, in a cupboard full of tinned food, was Cerebos Salt. They had never seen salt in tins. The shop salt they knew was coarse and damp; this was fine and dry, and ran as easily as the drawing on the tin showed. They forgot the house in Port of Spain and spread themselves about the house on the hill. It seemed there was no one in the world but themselves, nothing alive but themselves and the sea and the wind. They had been told that on a clear day they could see Tobago; but that never happened. And then the Buick came for them. As they drove back to Port of Spain the new shy pleasure they had found in being alone was forgotten. They were preparing for the two rooms, the city pavements, the badly concreted floor under the house, the noise, the quarrels. On the way out they had feared arrival, a casting off into the unknown; now they dreaded returning to what they knew. But they spoke of other things. Shama spoke about the evening meal, remembered she had nothing. The car stopped at a shop in the Eastern Main Road and they enjoyed a brief distinction as the occupants of a chauffeur-driven car. There was no reception for them in Port of Spain. It was evening. The readers and learners were reading and learning. Everything was as they had left it: the weak light bulbs, the long tables, the chanting of some readers as they attempted to learn lessons by heart. Only, the house seemed lower, darker, suffocating. At first they were ignored. But presently the questioning began, the prying to see whether any disaster had befallen, for the sadness with which they had returned had already made them irritable and short-tempered. Did the wilderness really exist? Was the house still at the top of the hill? Was the wind still making the coconut trees groan? Did the sea beat on those empty beaches? Was it at that moment of night bringing to shore those black berries, branches and strands of seaweed from miles and thoughtless miles away? They fell asleep with the roar of wind and sea in their heads. In the morning they woke to the humming house. Mr Biswas did not immediately superintend lines of peasants making baskets. No one sang for him. And he encouraged no one to build better huts or to take up cottage industries. He began to survey an area, and went from house to house filling in questionnaires prepared by Miss Logie. Most of the people he interviewed were flattered. Some were puzzled: 'Who send you? Government? Think they really care?' Some were more than puzzled: 'You mean they paying you for this? Just to find out how we does live. But I could tell them for nothing, man.' Mr Biswas hinted that there was more to the survey than they thought; pressed, he had to bluff. It was like interviewing destitutes; only there was no money for anyone except himself at the end. And he was doing well. In addition to his salary he could claim subsistence and travel allowances; and on many evenings he had to lay aside his books and work out his claims. He filled in a form, submitted it, and after a few days got a voucher. He took the voucher to the Treasury and exchanged it with a man behind a zoo-like cage for another voucher which was limp with handling and ticked, initialled, signed and stamped in various colours. This he exchanged at another cage, this time for real money. It took time, but these trips to the Treasury made him feel that he was at last getting at the wealth of the colony. He found that the extra money could be spent in any of a number of new ways, and he did not save as much as he had hoped. Savi had to be sent to a better school; their food had to be improved; something had to be done about Anand's asthma. And he decided, and Shama agreed, that it was time he got himself some new suits, to go with his new job. Apart from the serge suit in which he had gone to funerals, he had never had a proper suit, only cheap things of silk and linen; and he ordered his new suits with love. He discovered he was a dandy. He fussed about the quality and tone of the cloth, the cut of the suits. He enjoyed fittings: the baked smell of the white-tacked cloth, the tailor's continual reverential destruction of his own work. When the first suit was ready he decided to wear it right away. It pricked his calves unpleasantly; it had a new smell; and when he looked down at himself the cascade of brown appeared grotesque and alarming. But the mirror reassured him, and he felt the need to show off the suit without delay. There was an inter-colonial cricket match at the Oval. He did not understand the game, but he knew that there was always a crowd at these matches, that shops and schools closed for them. It was the fashion at the time for men to appear on sporting occasions with a round tin of fifty English cigarettes and a plain box of matches held in one hand, the forefinger pressing the matchbox to the top of the tin. Mr Biswas had the matches; he used half a day's subsistence allowance to buy the cigarettes. Not wishing to derange the hang of his jacket, he cycled to the Oval with the tin in his hand. As he came along Tragarete Road he heard faint scattered applause. It was just before lunch, too early for the crowds; it would have been better after tea. Nevertheless he cycled round to the stands side of the Oval, leaned his bicycle against the peeling corrugated iron fence, chained it, removed the clips from his carefully folded trousers, shook down the trousers, smoothed out the pleats, straightened the prickly jacket over his shoulders. There was no queue. He paid a dollar for his ticket and, holding his tin of cigarettes and box of matches, walked up the stairs to the stand. It was less than a quarter full. Most of the people were at the front. He spied an empty seat in the middle of one of the few packed rows. 'Excuse me,' he said, and started on a slow progress down the row, people rising before him, people rising in the row behind, people settling down again in his wake, and 'Excuse me,' he kept on saying, quite urbane, unaware of the disturbance. At last he came to his seat, dusted it with a handkerchief, stooping slightly in response to a request from someone behind. While he unbuttoned his jacket a burst of applause came from all. Absently casting a glance at the cricket field, Mr Biswas applauded. He sat down, hitched up his trousers, crossed his legs, operated the cutter on the lid of the cigarette tin, extracted a cigarette and lit it. There was a tremendous burst of applause. Everyone in the stand stood up. Chairs scraped backwards, some overturned. Mr Biswas rose and clapped with the others. What crowd there was had advanced on to the field; the cricketers were racing away, flitting blobs of white. The stumps had disappeared; the umpires, separated by the crowd, were walking sedately to the pavilion. The match was over. Mr Biswas did not inspect the pitch. He went outside, unlocked his bicycle and cycled home, holding the tin of cigarettes in his hand. His one suit, hanging out to sun on Shama's line in the backyard, did not make much of a showing against Govind's five threepiece suits on Chinta's line, which had to be supported by two pronged poles. But it was a beginning. The interviews completed, it was Mr Biswas's duty to analyze the information he had gathered. And here he floundered. He had investigated two hundred households; but after every classification he could never, on adding, get two hundred, and then he had to go through all the questionnaires again. He was dealing with a society that had no rules and patterns, and classifications were a chaotic business. He covered many sheets with long, snakelike addition sums, and the Slumberking was spread with his questionnaires. He pressed Shama and the children into service, damned them for their incompetence, dismissed them, and worked late into the night, squatting on a chair before the diningtable. The table was too high; sitting on pillows had proved unsatisfactory; so he squatted. Sometimes he threatened to cut down the legs of the diningtable by half and cursed the destitute who had made it. 'This blasted thing is getting me sick,' he shouted, whenever Shama and Anand tried to get him to go to bed. 'Getting me sick, I tell you. _Sick._ I don't know why the hell I didn't stay with my little destitutes.' 'Everywhere you go, is the same,' Shama said. He did not tell her of his deeper fears. Already the department was under attack. Citizen, Taxpayer, Pro Bono Publico and others had written to the newspapers to ask exactly what the department was doing and to protest against the waste of taxpayers' money. The party of Southern businessmen to which Shekhar belonged had started a campaign for the abolition of the department: a distinguishing cause, long sought, for no party had a programme, though all had the same objective: to make everyone in the colony rich and equal. This was Mr Biswas's first experience of public attack, and it did not console him that such letters had always been written, that the government in all its departments was being continually criticized by all the island's parties. He dreaded opening the newspapers. Pro Bono Publico had been particularly nasty: he had written the same letter to all three papers, and there was a whole fortnight between the letter's first appearance and its last. Nor did it console Mr Biswas that no one else appeared to be worried. Shama considered the government unshakable; but she was Shama. Miss Logie could always go back to where she came from. The other officers had been seconded from various government departments and they could go back to where they came from. He could only go back to the _Sentinel_ and fifty dollars a month less. He was glad he had written a mild letter of resignation. And, preparing for misfortune, he took to dropping in at the _Sentinel_ office. The newspaper atmosphere never failed to excite him, and the welcome he received stilled his fears: he was regarded as one who had escaped and made good. Yet with every improvement in his condition, every saving, he felt more vulnerable: it was too good to last. In time he completed his charts (to display the classifications clearly he joined three double foolscap sheets and produced a scroll nearly five feet long, which made Miss Logie roar with laughter); and he wrote his report. Charts and report were typed and duplicated and, he was told, sent to various parts of the world. Then he was at last free to get villagers to sing or to take up cottage industries. He was given an area. And a memorandum informed him that, to enable him to move easily about his area, he was to be given a car, on a painless government loan. The rule of the house was followed again. The children were sworn to secrecy. Mr Biswas brought home glossy booklets which had the aromatic smell of rich art paper and seemed to hold the smell of the new car. Secretly he took driving lessons and obtained a driving licence. Then, on a perfectly ordinary Saturday morning, he drove to the house in a brand-new Prefect, parked it casually before the gate, not quite parallel to the pavement, and walked up the front steps, ignoring the excitement that had broken out. 'Vidiadhar! Come back here this minute, if you don't want me to break your hand and your foot.' When Govind arrived at lunchtime he found his parking space occupied. His Chevrolet was larger, but old and unwashed; the mudguards had been dented, cut, welded; one door had been ducoed in a lustreless colour that did not exactly match; there was the H – for hire – on the number plate; and the windscreen was made ugly by various stickers and a circular plaque which carried Govind's photograph and taxi-driver's permit. 'Matchbox,' Govind muttered. 'Who leave this matchbox here?' He did not impress the orphans, and he did not diminish the energy of Mr Biswas's children who, ever since the car had been so carelessly parked by Mr Biswas, had been wiping away dust and saying crossly how a new car collected dust. They found dust everywhere: on the body, the springs, the underside of the mudguards. They wiped and polished and discovered, with distress, that they were leaving scratches on the paintwork, very slight, but visible from certain angles. Myna reported this to Mr Biswas. He was lying on the Slumberking, surrounded by many glossy booklets. He asked, 'You hear anything? What they saying, eh?' 'Govind say it is a matchbox.' 'Matchbox, eh. English car, you know. Would last for years and still be running when his Chevrolet is on the rubbish dump.' He returned to studying an intricate drawing in red and black which explained the wiring of the car. He could not fully understand it, but it was his habit whenever he bought anything new, whether a pair of shoes or a bottle of patent medicine, to read all the literature provided. Kamla came into the room and said that the orphans had been fingering the car and blurring the shine. Mr Biswas knelt on the bed and advanced on his knees to the front window. He lifted the curtain and, pushing a vested chest outside, shouted, 'You! Boy! Leave the car alone! You think is a taxi?' The orphans scattered. 'I coming to break the hands of some of you,' Basdai, the guardian widow, called. News of her advance and her pause to break a whip from the neem tree at the side of the yard was relayed by hoots and shouts and giggles. Some orphans, disdaining to run, were flogged on the pavement. There was crying, and Basdai said, 'Well, _some_ people satisfy now.' Shama stayed under the house and did not go out to see the car. And when Suniti, the former contortionist, now baby-swollen, who often stopped at the house on her way to and from Shorthills after quarrels and reconciliations with her husband, and attempted to shock by talk of getting a divorce, and wore ugly and unsuitable frocks as a mark of her modernity, when Suniti came to Shama and said, 'So, Aunt, you come a big-shot now. Car and thing, man!' Shama said, 'Yes, my child,' as though the car was another of Mr Biswas's humiliating excesses. But she had begun to prepare another hamper. There was no need for Mr Biswas to ask where they wanted to go. They all wanted to go to Balandra, to repeat the experience of delight: the drive in the private car, the hampers, the beach. They went to Balandra, but it was a different experience. They did not attend to the landscape. They savoured the smell of new leather, the sweet smell of a new car. They listened to the soft, steady beat of the engine and compared it with the grinding and pounding of the vehicles they met. And they listened acutely for wrong noises. The grilled cover of an ashtray on one door did not sit properly and tinkled distractingly; they attempted to stop it with a matchstick. The ignition key had already been provided by Mr Biswas with a chain. The chain struck the dashboard. That distracted them too. At one moment it looked as though it might rain; a few drops flecked the windshield. Anand promptly put the wiper on. 'You'll scratch the glass!' Mr Biswas cried. They worried about putting their shoes on the floormats. They consulted the dashboard clock constantly, comparing it with those they saw on the road. They marvelled at the working of the speedometer. 'Man was telling me,' Mr Biswas said, 'that these Prefect clocks go wrong in no time.' And they decided to call in on Ajodha. They parked the car in the road and walked around the house to the back verandah. Tara was in the kitchen. Ajodha was reading the _Sunday Guardian._ Mr Biswas said they were going to the beach and had just dropped in for a minute. There was a pause, and each of them wondered whether they should tell. Ajodha commented on the sickliness of them all, pinched Anand's arms and laughed when the boy winced. Then, as though to cure them at once, he made them drink glasses of fresh milk and had the servant girl peel some oranges from the bag in the corner of the verandah. Jagdat came in, his funeral clothes relieved by his broad, bright tie, his unbuttoned cuffs folded back above hairy wrists. He asked jocularly, 'Is your car outside, Mohun?' The children studied their glasses of milk. Mr Biswas said gently, 'Yes, man.' Jagdat roared as at a good joke. 'The old Mohun, man!' 'Car?' Ajodha said, puzzled, petulant. 'Mohun?' 'A little Prefect,' Mr Biswas said. 'Some of those pre-war English cars can be very good,' Ajodha said. 'This is a new one,' Mr Biswas said. 'Got it yesterday.' 'Cardboard.' Ajodha bunched his fingers. 'It will mash like cardboard.' 'A drive, man, Mohun!' Jagdat said. The children, Shama, were alarmed. They looked at Mr Biswas, Jagdat smiling, slapping his hands together. Mr Biswas was aware of their alarm. 'You are right, Mohun,' Ajodha said. 'He will lick it up.' 'It isn't that,' Mr Biswas said. 'Seaside.' He looked at his Cyma watch. Then, noticing that Jagdat had stopped smiling, he added, 'Running in, you know.' 'I run in more cars than you,' Jagdat said angrily. 'Bigger and better.' 'He will lick it up,' Ajodha repeated. 'It isn't that,' Mr Biswas said again. 'Hear him,' Jagdat said. 'But don't give me that, eh, man. Listen. I was driving motorcars before you even learn to drive a donkey-cart. Look at me. You think I pining to drive in your sardine can? You think that?' Mr Biswas looked embarrassed. The children didn't mind. The car was safe. _'Mohun! You think that?'_ At Jagdat's scream the children jumped. 'Jagdat,' Tara said. He strode out of the verandah into the yard, cursing. 'I know what it is, Mohun,' Ajodha said. 'The first time you get a car is always the same.' He waved at his yard, the graveyard of many vehicles. He went out with them to the road. When he saw the Prefect he hooted. 'Six horse power?' he said. 'Eight?' 'Ten,' Anand said, pointing to the red disc below the bonnet. 'Yes, ten.' He turned to Shama. 'Well, niece, where are you going in your new car?' 'Balandra.' 'I hope the wind doesn't blow too hard.' 'Wind, Uncle?' 'Or you will never get there. Poof! Blow you off the road, man.' They continued in gloom for some way. 'Wanting to drive my car,' Mr Biswas said. 'As if I would let him. I know the way he does drive cars. Lick them up in no time at all. No respect for them. And getting vexed into the bargain, I ask you.' 'I always say you have some low people in your family,' Shama said. 'Another man wouldn't even ask a thing like that,' Mr Biswas said. 'I wouldn't ask it. Feel how the car sitting nice on the road? Feel it, Anand? Savi?' 'Yes, Pa.' 'Poof! Blow me off the road. You wouldn't expect an old man like that to be jealous, eh? But that is exactly what he is. Jealous.' Yet whenever they saw another Prefect on the road they could not help noticing how small and fussy it looked; and this was strange, for their own car enclosed them securely and did not feel small in any way. They continued to listen for noises. Anand held the chain of the ignition key to keep it from striking the dashboard. When they stopped at Balandra they made sure the car was parked away from coconut trees; and they worried about the effect of the salt air on the body. Disaster came when they were leaving. The rear wheels sank into the hot loose sand. They watched the wheels spinning futilely, kicking up sand, and felt that the car had been irremediably damaged. They pushed coconut branches and coconut shells and bits of driftwood under the wheels and at last got the car out. Shama said she was convinced that the car now leaned to one side; the whole body, she said, had been strained. On Monday Anand cycled to school on the Royal Enfield, and the promise in the _Collins Clear-Type Shakespeare_ was thereby partly fulfilled. War conditions had at last permitted; in fact, the war had been over for some time. And during all this time W. C. Tuttle had remained quiet. He had not attempted to reply to Mr Biswas's new suits, the new car, the holiday; so that it seemed that these reverses, coming one after the other, had been too much for him. But when the glory of the Prefect began to fade, when it was accepted that floormats became dirty, when washing the car became a chore and was delegated by the children to Shama, when the dashboard clock stopped and no one noticed the tinkle of the ashtray lid, W. C. Tuttle with one stroke wiped out all Mr Biswas's advantages, and killed the rivalry by rising above it. Through Basdai, the widow, he announced that he had bought a house in Woodbrook. Mr Biswas took the news badly. He neglected Shama's consolations and picked quarrels with her. ' "What is for you is for you",' he mocked. 'So that is your philosophy, eh? I'll tell you what your philosophy is. Catch him. Marry him. Throw him in a coal barrel. That is the philosophy of your family. Catch him and throw him in a coal barrel.' He became acutely sensitive to criticism of the Community Welfare Department. The books on social work and juvenile delinquency gathered dust on the diningtable, and he returned to his philosophers. The Tuttles' gramophone played with infuriating gaiety, and he banged on the partition and shouted, 'Some people still living here, you know.' Philosophically, he attempted to look on the brighter side. The garage problem would be simplified: with three vehicles the position had become impossible, and he had often had to leave his car on the road. There would be no gramophone. And he might even rent the rooms the Tuttles were vacating. But the days passed and the Tuttles didn't move. 'Why the hell doesn't he take up his gramophone and naked woman and clear out?' Mr Biswas asked Shama. _'If_ he got this house.' Basdai came up with fresh information. The house was full of tenants, and W. C. Tuttle, for all his calm, was at that moment engaged in tortuous litigation to get them out. 'Oh,' Mr Biswas said. 'Is _that_ sort of house.' He imagined one of those rotting warrens he had visited when investigating destitutes. And now at one moment Mr Biswas wished W. C. Tuttle out of the house immediately and at another moment wanted him to fail in his litigation. 'Throwing those poor people out. Where they going to live, eh? But your family don't care about things like that.' One morning Mr Biswas saw W. C. Tuttle leaving the house in a suit, tie and hat. And that afternoon Basdai reported that litigation had failed. 'I thought he was going to Ace Studios to take out another photo,' Mr Biswas said. Overjoyed, he did what he had so far resisted doing: he drove to see the house. To his disappointment he found that it was in a good area, on a whole lot: a sound, oldfashioned timber building that needed only a coat of paint. Not long after Basdai reported that the tenants were leaving. W. C. Tuttle had persuaded the City Council that the house was dangerous and had to be repaired, if not pulled down altogether. 'Any old trick to throw the poor people out,' Mr Biswas said. 'Though I suppose with ten fat Tuttles jumping about no house could be safe. Repairs, eh? Just drive the old lorry down to Shorthills and cut down a few more trees, I suppose.' 'That is exactly what he is doing,' Shama said, affronted at the piracy. 'You want to know why I can't get on in this place? That is why.' And even as he spoke he recognized that he was sounding like Bhandat in the concrete room. The Tuttles left without ceremony. Only Mrs Tuttle, braving the general antagonism, kissed her sisters and those of the children she found in the way. She was sad but stern, and her manner suggested that though she had nothing to do with it, her husband's piracy was justified and she was ready for trouble. Cowed, the sisters could only be sad in their turn, and the leave-taking was as tearful as if Mrs Tuttle had just been married. Mr Biswas's hopes of renting the rooms the Tuttles had vacated were dashed when it was announced that Mrs Tulsi was coming from Shorthills to take them over. The news cast a gloom over the whole house. Her daughters now accepted that Mrs Tulsi's active life was finished, that only death awaited her. But she still controlled them all in varying ways, and her caprices had to be endured. Miserable herself, Basdai made the readers and learners miserable by threats of what Mrs Tulsi would do to them. She came with Sushila, the sickroom widow, and Miss Blackie; and at once the house became quieter. The readers and learners were quelled, but Mrs Tulsi's presence brought them an unexpected advantage: they knew that if they howled loud enough beforehand they would be spared floggings. Mrs Tulsi had no precise illness. She was simply ill. Her eyes ached; her heart was bad; her head always hurt; her stomach was fastidious; her legs were unreliable; and every other day she had a temperature. Her head had continually to be soaked in bay rum; she had to be massaged once a day; she needed poultices of various sorts. Her nostrils were stuffed with soft candle or Vick's Vaporub; she wore dark glasses; and she was seldom without a bandage around her forehead. Sushila was kept on the go all day. At Hanuman House Sushila had sought to gain power by being Mrs Tulsi's nurse; now that the organization of the house had been broken up, the position carried no power, but Sushila was bound to it, and she had no children to rescue her. Time hung heavily on Mrs Tulsi's hands. She did not read. The radio offended her. She was never well enough to go out. She moved from her room to the lavatory to the front verandah to her room. Her only solace was talk. Daughters were always at hand, but talk with them seemed only to enrage her; and as her body decayed so her command of invective and obscenity developed. Her rages fell oftenest on Sushila, whom she ordered out of the house once a week. She cried out that her daughters were all waiting for her to die, that they were sucking her blood; she pronounced curses on them and their children, and threatened to expel them from the family. 'I have no luck with my family,' she told Miss Blackie. 'I have no luck with my race.' And it was Miss Blackie who received her confidences, Miss Blackie who reported and comforted. And there was the Jewish refugee doctor. He came once a week and listened. The house was always specially prepared for him, and Mrs Tulsi treated him with love. He resurrected all that remained of her softness and humour. When he left, she said to Miss Blackie, 'Never trust your race, Black. Never trust them.' And Miss Blackie said, 'No'm.' Gifts of fruit were sent regularly to the doctor and sometimes Mrs Tulsi would suddenly order Basdai and Sushila to prepare an elaborate meal and take it to the doctor's house, treating the matter as one of urgency, as though she was satisfying some craving of her own. Still her daughters came to the house. They knew they all had some small hold on her: they knew that she feared loneliness and never wished to push them beyond her reach; they knew they could hurt her by staying away. If Miss Blackie reported that one daughter had been particularly upset, then Mrs Tulsi made overtures, and made promises. In such moods she might give a piece of jewellery, she might take off a ring or a bracelet and give it. So the daughters came, and none was willing to let Mrs Tulsi be alone with any other. The visits of Mrs Tuttle were especially distrusted. She bore abuse with unexampled patience and was able at the end to suggest that Mrs Tulsi should look at plants, because green nourished the eyes and soothed the nerves. Though she abused her daughters, she took care not to offend her sons-in-law. She greeted Mr Biswas briefly but politely. And she never attempted to remonstrate with Govind, who continued to behave as before. He beat Chinta when the mood took him, and, ignoring pleas for silence for Mrs Tulsi's headaches, sang from the _Ramayana._ It was left to the sisters to comment on Govind's behaviour. There were times when she wished to have children about her. Then she summoned the readers and learners to scrub the floor of the drawingroom and verandah, or she made them sing Hindi hymns. Her mood changed without warning, and the readers and learners were perpetually apprehensive, never knowing whether they were required to be solemn or amusing. Sometimes she stood them in lines in her room and made them recite arithmetic tables, flogging the inaccurate with as much vigour as her arms would allow, flabby, muscleless arms, broad and loose towards the armpit, and swinging like dead flesh. Miss Blackie burst into squelchy laughter when a child made a stupid mistake or when Mrs Tulsi made a witticism; and Mrs Tulsi, her eyes masked by dark glasses, would give a pleased, crooked smile. In sterner moments Miss Blackie grew stern as well and moved her jaws up and down quickly, saying 'Mm!' at every blow Mrs Tulsi gave. Another trial for the readers and learners was Mrs Tulsi's concern for their health. Every five Saturdays or so she called them to her room and dosed them with Epsom salts; and between these gloomy, wasted week-ends she listened for coughs and sneezes. There was no escaping her. She had learned to recognize every voice, every laugh, every footstep, every cough and almost every sneeze. She took a special interest in Anand's wheeze and doglike cough. She bought him some poisonous herb cigarettes; when these had no effect she prescribed brandy and water and gave him a bottle of brandy. Anand, while hating the brandy and water, drank it for its literary associations: he had read of the mixture in Dickens. Sometimes she sent for old friends from Arwacas. They came and camped for a week or so, and listened to Mrs Tulsi. She, refreshed, talked all day and late into the night, while the friends, lying on bedding on the floor, made drowsy mechanical affirmations: 'Yes, Mother. Yes, Mother.' Some visits were cut short by illness, some by carefully documented dreams of bad omen; those visitors who stayed to the end went away fatigued, doped, bleary-eyed. Regularly too, she had _pujas,_ austere rites aimed at God alone, without the feasting and gaiety of the Hanuman House ceremonies. The pundit came and Mrs Tulsi sat before him; he read from the scriptures, took his money, changed in the bathroom and left. More and more prayer flags went up in the yard, the white and red pennants fluttering until they were ragged, the bamboo poles going yellow, brown, grey. For every _puja_ Mrs Tulsi tried a different pundit, since no pundit could please her as well as Hari. And, no pundit pleasing her, her faith yielded. She sent Sushila to burn candles in the Roman Catholic church; she put a crucifix in her room; and she had Pundit Tulsi's grave cleaned for All Saints' Day. The more she was recommended not to exert herself the less she was able to exert herself, until she appeared to live only for her illness. She became obsessed with the decay of her body, and finally wanted the girls to search her head for lice. No louse could have survived the hourly dousing with bay rum which her head received, but she was enraged when the girls found nothing. She called them liars, pinched them, pulled their hair. Sometimes she was only hurt; then she shuffled out to the verandah and sat, taking her veil to her lips, feeding her eyes on the green, as Mrs Tuttle had recommended. She would speak to no one, refuse to eat, reject all care. She would sit, feeding her eyes on the green, the tears running down her slack cheeks below her dark glasses. Of all hands she liked Myna's best. She wanted Myna to search her head for lice, wanted Myna to kill them, wanted to hear them being squashed between Myna's fingernails. This preference created some jealousy, upset Myna, annoyed Mr Biswas. 'Don't go and pick her damn lice,' Mr Biswas said. 'Don't worry with your father,' Shama said, unwilling to lose this unexpected hold over Mrs Tulsi. And Myna went and spent hours in Mrs Tulsi's room, her slender fingers exploring every strand of Mrs Tulsi's thin, grey, bay-rum-scented hair. From time to time, to satisfy Mrs Tulsi, Myna clicked her fingernails, and Mrs Tulsi swallowed and said, 'Ah,' pleased that one of her lice had been caught. An additional constraint came upon the house when Shekhar and his family paid one of their visits to Mrs Tulsi. If Shekhar had come alone he would have been more warmly welcomed by his sisters. But the antagonism between them and Shekhar's Presbyterian wife Dorothy had deepened as Shekhar had prospered and Dorothy's Presbyterianism had become more assertive and excluding. There had almost been an open quarrel when Shekhar, approached by the widows for a loan to start a mobile restaurant, had offered them jobs in his cinemas instead. They regarded this as an insult and saw in it the hand of Dorothy. Of course they refused: they did not care to be employed by Dorothy and they would never work in a place of public entertainment. Shekhar could never appear as more than a visitor. He came in his car, led his wife and five elegant daughters upstairs, and for a long time nothing was heard except occasional footsteps and Mrs Tulsi's low voice going evenly on. Then Shekhar came downstairs by himself, forbiddingly correct in white short sleeved sports shirt and white slacks. Having listened to his mother, he now listened to his sisters, staring them in the eye and saying, 'Hm – hm,' his top lip hanging over his lower lip and almost concealing it. He spoke little, as though unwilling to disturb the set of his mouth. His words came out abruptly, his expression never changed, and everything he said seemed to have an edge. When he tried to be friendly with the readers and learners he only frightened them. Yet he never appeared unkind; only preoccupied. After lunch, prepared by Basdai and Sushila and eaten upstairs, Dorothy and her daughters passed downstairs, Dorothy booming out her greetings, her daughters remaining close together and speaking in fine, almost inaudible voices. Then Dorothy would look at her watch and say, _'Caramba! Ya son las tres. Dónde está tu Padre? Lena, va a llamarle. Vamos, vamos. Es demasiado tarde._ Well, all right, people,' she would say, turning to the outraged sisters and the wondering readers and learners, 'we got to go.' Since they had taken to spending holidays in Venezuela and Colombia, Dorothy used Spanish when she spoke to her children or to Shekhar in the presence of her sisters-in-law. Later the sisters agreed that Shekhar was to be pitied; they had all noted his unhappiness. Before they left, Shekhar and Dorothy always called on Mr Biswas. Mr Biswas did not relish these calls. It wasn't only that Shekhar's party was campaigning against the Community Welfare Department. Shekhar had never forgotten that Mr Biswas was a clown, and whenever they met he tried to provoke an act of clowning. He made a belittling remark, and Mr Biswas was expected to extend this remark wittily and fancifully. To Mr Biswas's fury, Dorothy had also adopted this attitude; and from this relationship there was no escape, since anger and retaliation were counted parts of the game. Shekhar came into the front room and asked in his brusque, humourless manner, 'Is the welfare officer still well-fed?' Then he hoisted himself on to the destitute's diningtable and threatened Mr Biswas with the destruction of the department and joblessness. For a time Mr Biswas responded in his old way. He told stories about civil servants, spoke of the trouble he had making up his expense sheets, the work he had looking for work. But soon he made his annoyance plain. 'You take these things too personally,' Shekhar said, still playing the game. 'Our differences are only political. You've got to be a little more sophisticated, man.' 'Be a little more sophisticated,' Mr Biswas said, when Shekhar left. 'On a hungry belly? The old scorpion. Wouldn't care a damn if I lose my job tomorrow.' For some time there had been rumours. And now at last the news was given out: Owad, Mrs Tulsi's younger son, was returning from England. Everyone was excited. Sisters came up from Shorthills in their best clothes to talk over the news. Owad was the adventurer of the family. Absence had turned him into a legend, and his glory was undiminished by the numbers of students who were leaving the colony every week to study medicine in England, America, Canada and India. His exact attainments were not known, but were felt by all to be extraordinary and almost beyond comprehension. He was a doctor, a professional man, with letters after his name! And he belonged to them! They could no longer claim Shekhar. But every sister had a story which proved how close she had been to Owad, what regard he had had for her. Mr Biswas felt as proprietary as the sisters towards Owad and shared their excitement. But he was uneasy. Once, many years before, he had felt that he had to leave Hanuman House before Owad and Mrs Tulsi returned to it. Now he experienced the same unease: the same sense of threat, the same need to leave before it was too late. Over and over he checked the money he had saved, the money he was going to save. His additions appeared on cigarette packets, in the margins of newspapers, on the backs of buff government folders. The sum never varied: he had six hundred and twenty dollars; by the end of the year he would have seven hundred. It was a staggering sum, more than he had ever possessed all at once. But it couldn't attract a loan to buy any house other than one of those wooden tenements that awaited condemnation. At two thousand dollars or so they were bargains, but only for speculators who could take the tenants to court, rebuild, or wait for the site to rise in value. Now, his anxiety growing with the excitement about him, Mr Biswas scanned agents' lists every morning and drove about the city looking for places to rent. When for one whole week the City Council bought pages and pages in the newspapers to serialize the list of houses it was putting up for auction because their rates had not been paid, Mr Biswas turned up at the Town Hall with all the city's estate agents; but he lacked the confidence to bid. He could not avoid Mrs Tulsi when he returned to the house. She sat in the verandah, feeding her eyes on the green, patting her lips with her veil. And though he had nerved himself for the blow, he grew frantic when it came. It was Shama who brought the message. 'The old bitch can't throw me out like that,' Mr Biswas said. 'I still have some rights. She has got to provide me with alternative accommodation.' And: 'Die, you bitch!' he hissed towards the verandah. 'Die!' 'Man!' 'Die! Sending poor little Myna to pick her lice. That did you any good? Eh? Think she would throw out the little god like that? O no. The god must have a room to himself. You and me and my children can sleep in sugarsacks. The Tulsi sleeping-bag. Patents applied for. Die, you old bitch!' They heard Mrs Tulsi mumbling placidly to Sushila. 'I have my rights,' Mr Biswas said. 'This is not like the old days. You can't just stick a piece of paper on my door and throw me out. Alternative accommodation, if you please.' But Mrs Tulsi had provided alternative accommodation: a room in one of the tenements whose rents Shama had collected years before. The wooden walls were unpainted, grey-black, rotting; at every step on the patched, shaky floor wood dust excavated by woodlice showered down; there was no ceiling and the naked galvanized roof was fluffy with soot; there was no electricity. Where would the furniture go? Where would they sleep, cook, wash? Where would the children study? He vowed never to talk to Mrs Tulsi again; and she, as though sensing his resolve, did not speak to him. Morning after morning he went from house to house, looking for rooms to rent, until he was exhausted, and exhaustion burned out his anger. Then in the afternoons he drove to his area, where he stayed until evening. Returning late one night to the house, which seemed to him more and more ordered and sheltering, he saw Mrs Tulsi sitting in the verandah in the dark. She was humming a hymn, softly, as though she were alone, removed from the world. He did not greet her, and was passing into his room when she spoke. 'Mohun?' Her voice was groping, amiable. He stopped. 'Mohun?' 'Yes, Mother.' 'How is Anand? I haven't heard his cough these last few days.' 'He's all right.' 'Children, children. Trouble, trouble. But do you remember how Owad used to work? Eating and reading. Helping in the store and reading. Checking money and reading. Helping head and head with everybody else, and still reading. You remember Hanuman House, Mohun?' He recognized her mood, and did not wish to be seduced by it. 'It was a big house. Bigger than the place we are going to.' She was unruffled. 'Did they show you Owad's letter?' Those of Owad's letters which went the rounds were mainly about English flowers and the English weather. They were semi-literary, and were in a large handwriting with big spaces between the words and big gaps between the lines. 'The February fogs have at last gone,' Owad used to write, 'depositing a thick coating of black on every window-sill. The snowdrops have come and gone, but the daffodils will be here soon. I planted six daffodils in my tiny front garden. Five have grown. The sixth appears to be a failure. My only hope is that they will not turn out to be blind, as they were last year.' 'He never took much interest in flowers when he was a boy,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'I suppose he was too busy reading.' 'He always liked you, Mohun. I suppose that was because you were a big reader yourself. I don't know. Perhaps I should have married all my daughters to big readers. Owad always said that. But Seth, you know –' She stopped; it was the first time he had heard her speak the name for years. 'The old ways have become oldfashioned so quickly, Mohun. I hear that you are looking for a house.' 'I have my eye on something.' 'I am sorry about the inconvenience. But we have to get the house ready for Owad. It isn't his father's house, Mohun. Wouldn't it be nice if he could come back to his father's house?' 'Very nice.' 'You wouldn't like the smell of paint. And it's dangerous too. We are putting up some awnings and louvres here and there. Modern things.' 'It sounds very nice.' 'Really for Owad. Though I suppose it would be nice for you to come back to.' 'Come back to?' 'Aren't you coming back?' 'But yes,' he said, and couldn't keep the eagerness out of his voice. 'Yes, of course. Louvres would be very nice.' Shama was elated at the news. 'I never did believe,' she said, 'that Ma did want us to stay away for good.' She spoke of Mrs Tulsi's regard for Myna, her gift of brandy to Anand. 'God!' Mr Biswas said, suddenly offended. 'So you've got the reward for lice-picking? You're sending back Myna to pick some more, eh? God! God! Cat and mouse! Cat and mouse!' It sickened him that he had fallen into Mrs Tulsi's trap and shown himself grateful to her. She was keeping him, like her daughters, within her reach. And he was in her power, as he had been ever since he had gone to the Tulsi Store and seen Shama behind the counter. 'Cat and mouse!' At any moment she might change her mind. Even if she didn't, to what would they be allowed to come back? Two rooms, one room, or only a camping place below the house? She had shown how she could use her power; and now she had to be courted and pacified. When she was nostalgic he had to share her nostalgia; when she was abusive he had to forget. To escape, he had only six hundred dollars. He belonged to the Community Welfare Department: he was an unestablished civil servant. Should the department be destroyed, so would he. 'Trap!' he accused Shama. 'Trap!' He sought quarrels with her and the children. 'Sell the damn car!' he shouted. And knowing how this humiliated Shama, he said it downstairs, where it was heard by sisters and the readers and learners. He became surly, constantly in pain. He threw things in his room. He pulled down the pictures he had framed and broke them. He threw a glass of milk at Anand and cut him above the eye. He slapped Shama downstairs. So that to the house he became, like Govind, an object of contempt and ridicule. Beside him, the Community Welfare Officer, the absent Owad shone with virtue, success and the regard of everyone. They moved the glass cabinet, Shama's dressingtable, Théophile's bookcase, the hatrack and the Slumberking to the tenement. The iron fourposter was dismantled and taken downstairs with the destitute's diningtable and the rockingchair, whose rockers splintered on the rough, uneven concrete. Life became nightmarish, divided between the tenement room and the area below the house. Shama continued to cook below the house. Sometimes the children slept there with the readers and learners; sometimes they slept with Mr Biswas in the tenement. And every afternoon Mr Biswas drove to his area to spread knowledge of the finer things in life. He distributed booklets; he lectured; he formed organizations and became involved in the complicated politics of small villages; and late at night he drove back to Port of Spain, to the tenement which was far worse than any of the houses he had visited during the day. The Prefect became coated with dust which rain had hardened and dappled; the floormats were dirty; the back seat was dusty and covered with folders and old, brown newspapers. His duties then took him to Arwacas, where he was organizing a 'leadership' course. And, to avoid the long late drive to Port of Spain, to avoid the tenement and his family, he decided to spend the time at Hanuman House. The back house had been vacant for some time, and no one lived there except a widow who, pursuing an undisclosed business scheme, had stolen back from Shorthills, trusting to her insignificance to escape Seth's notice. There was little need for her to worry. For some time after the death of his wife Seth had acted wildly. He had been charged with wounding and using insulting behaviour, and had lost much local support. His skills appeared to have left him as well. He had tried to insuranburn one of his old lorries and had been caught and charged with conspiracy. He had been acquitted but it had cost much money; and he had thereafter grown quiescent. He looked after his dingy foodshop, sent no threats, and no longer spoke of buying over Hanuman House. The family quarrel, never bursting into incident, had become history; neither Seth nor the Tulsis were as important in Arwacas as they had been. In the store the Tulsi name had been replaced by the Scottish name of a Port of Spain firm, and this name had been spoken for so long that it now fully belonged and no one was aware of any incongruity. A large red advertisement for Bata shoes hung below the statue of Hanuman, and the store was bright and busy. But at the back the house was dead. The courtyard was littered with packing cases, straw, large sheets of stiff brown paper, and cheap untreated kitchen furniture. In the wooden house the doorway between the kitchen and hall had been boarded over and the hall used as a storeroom for paddy, which sent its musty smell and warm tickling dust everywhere. The loft at one side was as dark and jumbled as before. The tank was still in the yard but there were no fish in it; the black paint was blistered and flaked, and the brackish rainwater, with iridescent streaks as of oil on its surface, jumped with mosquito larvae. The almond tree was still sparse-leaved, as though it had been stripped by a storm in the night; the ground below was dry and fibrous. In the garden the Queen of Flowers had become a tree; the oleander had grown until its virtue had been exhausted and it was flowerless; the zinnias and marigolds were lost in bush. All day the Sindhis who had taken over the shop next door played mournful Indian film songs on their gramophone; and their food had strange smells. Yet there were times when the wooden house appeared to be awaiting reanimation: when, in the still hot afternoons, from yards away came the thoughtful cackling of fowls, the sounds of dull activity; when in the evenings oil lamps were lit, and conversation was heard, and laughter, a dog being called, a child being flogged. But Hanuman House was silent. No one stayed when the store closed; and the Sindhis next door slept early. The widow occupied the Book Room. This large room had always been bare. Stripped of its stacks of printed sheets, surrounded by emptiness, the muted sounds of life from neighbouring houses, the paddy rising high in the hall downstairs, it seemed more desolate than ever. A cot was in one corner; religious and comforting pictures hung low on the walls about it; next to it was a small chest in which the widow kept her belongings. The widow, pursuing her business, visiting, was seldom in. Mr Biswas welcomed the silence, the stillness. He requisitioned a desk and swivel-chair from government stores (strange, such proofs of power), and turned the long room into an office. In this room, where the lotuses still bloomed on the wall, he had lived with Shama. Through the Demerara window he had tried to spit on Owad and flung the plateful of food on him. In this room he had been beaten by Govind, had kicked _Bell's Standard Elocutionist_ and given it the dent on the cover. Here, claimed by no one, he had reflected on the unreality of his life, and had wished to make a mark on the wall as proof of his existence. Now he needed no such proof. Relationships had been created where none existed; he stood at their centre. In that very unreality had lain freedom. Now he was encumbered, and it was at Hanuman House that he tried to forget the encumbrance: the children, the scattered furniture, the dark tenement room, and Shama, as helpless as he was and now, what he had longed for, dependent on him. On the baize-covered desk in the long room there were glasses and spoons stained white with Maclean's Brand Stomach Powder, sheafs and sheafs of paper connected with his duties as Community Welfare Officer, and the long, half-used pad in which he noted his expenses for the Prefect, parked in the grounds of the court house. The redecoration of the house in Port of Spain proceeded slowly. Frightened by the price, Mrs Tulsi had not handed over the job to a contractor. Instead, she employed individual workmen, whom she regularly abused and dismissed. She had no experience of city workpeople and could not understand why they were unwilling to work for food and a little pocketmoney. Miss Blackie blamed the Americans and said that rapaciousness was one of her people's faults. Even after wages had been agreed Mrs Tulsi was never willing to pay fully. Once, after he had worked for a fortnight, a burly mason, insulted by the two women, left the house in tears, threatening to go to the police. 'My people, mum,' Miss Blackie said apologetically. It was nearly three months before the work was done. The house was painted upstairs and downstairs, inside and out. Striped awnings hung over the windows; and glass louvres, looking fragile and out of place in that clumsy, heavy house, darkened the verandahs. And Mr Biswas's nightmare came to an end. He was invited to return from the tenement. He did not return to his two rooms but, as he had feared, to one, at the back. The rooms he had surrendered were reserved for Owad. Govind and Chinta moved into Basdai's room, and Basdai, able now only to board, moved under the house with her readers and learners. In his one room Mr Biswas fitted his two beds, Théophile's bookcase and Shama's dressingtable. The destitute's diningtable remained downstairs. There was no room for Shama's glass cabinet, but Mrs Tulsi offered to lodge it in her diningroom. It was safe there and made a pleasing, modern show. Sometimes the children slept in the room; sometimes they slept downstairs. Nothing was fixed. Yet after the tenement the new arrangement seemed ordered and was a relief. And now Mr Biswas began to make fresh calculations, working out over and over the number of years that separated each of his children from adulthood. Savi was indeed a grown person. Concentrating on Anand, he had not observed her with attention. And she herself had grown reserved and grave; she no longer quarrelled with her cousins, though she could still be sharp; and she never cried. Anand was more than halfway through college. Soon, Mr Biswas thought, his responsibilities would be over. The older would look after the younger. Somehow, as Mrs Tulsi had said in the hall of Hanuman House when Savi was born, they would survive: they couldn't be killed. Then he thought: 'I have missed their childhoods.' # 6. The Revolution A LETTER from London. A postcard from Vigo. Mrs Tulsi ceased to be ill and irritable, and spent most of her day in the front verandah, waiting. The house began to fill with sisters, their children and grandchildren, and shook with squeals and thumps. A huge tent was put up in the yard. The bamboo poles were fringed with coconut branches which curved to form arches, and a cluster of fruit hung from every arch. Cooking went on late into the night, and singing; and everyone slept where he could find a place. It was like an old Hanuman House festival. There had been nothing like it since Owad had gone away. A cable from Barbados threw the house into a frenzy. Mrs Tulsi became gay. 'Your heart, mum,' Miss Blackie said. But Mrs Tulsi couldn't sit still. She insisted on being taken downstairs; she inspected, she joked; she went upstairs and came downstairs again; she went a dozen times to the rooms reserved for Owad. And in the confusion a messenger was sent to summon the pundit even after the pundit had come, a self-effacing man who, in trousers and shirt, had passed unnoticed in the growing crowd. The sisters announced their intention of staying awake all that night. There was so much cooking to do, they said. The children fell asleep. The group of men around the pundit thinned; the pundit fell asleep. The sisters cooked and joyously complained of overwork; they sang sad wedding songs; they made pots of coffee; they played cards. Some sisters disappeared for an hour or so, but none admitted she had gone to sleep, and Chinta boasted that she could stay awake for seventy-two hours, boasting as though Govind was still the devoted son of the family, as though his brutalities had not occurred, as though time had not passed and they were still sisters in the hall of Hanuman House. They grew lethargic just before dawn, but the morning light kindled them into fresh, over-energetic activity. Children were washed and fed and dressed before the street awoke; the house was swept and cleaned. Mrs Tulsi was bathed and dressed by Sushila; on her smooth skin there were small beads of perspiration, although the sun had not yet come out and she seldom perspired. Presently the visitors started arriving, many of them only tenuously related to the house, and not a few – the relations, say, of a grandchild's in-laws – unknown. The street was choked with cars and bright with the dresses of women and girls. Shekhar and Dorothy and their five daughters came. Everyone fussed about something: children, food, wharf-passes, transport. Continually cars drove off with an important noise. Their drivers, returning, showed passes and told of encounters with startled harbour officials. For Mr Biswas it had been a difficult night. And the morning began badly. When he asked Anand to bring him the _Guardian_ Anand reported that the paper had been appropriated by the pundit and had disappeared. Then he was turned out of the room while Shama and the girls dressed. Downstairs was chaos. He took one look at the bathroom and decided not to use it that day. When he went back to the room it was filled with the slight but offensive smell of face powder and there were clothes everywhere. Miserably, he dressed. 'The wreck of the blasted Hesperus,' he said, using a comb to clean his brush of woman's hair, sniffing as the dust rose visibly in the sunlight that slanted in below the striped awning. Shama noted his irritability but did not comment upon it; this enraged him further. The house, upstairs and down, resounded with impatient footsteps, shouts and shrieks. The cavalcade left the house in sections. Mrs Tulsi travelled in Shekhar's car. Mr Biswas went in his Prefect; but his family had split up and gone in other cars, and he was obliged to take some people he didn't know. The liner, white and reposed, lay at anchor in the gulf. A chair was found for Mrs Tulsi and set against the dull magenta wall of the customs shed. She was dressed in white, her veil pulled over her forehead. She pressed her lips together from time to time and crumpled a handkerchief in one hand. She was flanked by Miss Blackie, in her churchgoing clothes and a straw hat with a red ribbon, and by Sushila, who carried a large bag with an assortment of medicines. A tug hooted. The liner was being towed in. Some of the children, those who had learnt at school that one proof of the roundness of the earth was the way ships disappeared beyond the horizon, exaggerated the distance between ship and wharf. Many said the ship would come alongside in two to three hours. Shivadhar, Chinta's younger son, said it wouldn't do so until the evening of the following day. But the adults were concerned with something else. 'Don't tell Mai,' the sisters whispered. Seth was on the wharf. He stood two customs sheds away. He was in a cheap suit of an atrocious brown, and to anyone who remembered him in his khaki uniform and heavy bluchers he looked like a labourer in his Sunday suit. Mr Biswas glanced at Shekhar. He and Dorothy were staring resolutely at the approaching ship. Seth was uncomfortable. He fidgeted. He took out his long cigarette holder from his breast pocket and, concentrating, fixed a cigarette into it. With that suit, and with such uncertain gestures, the cigarette holder was an absurd affectation, and appeared so to the children who could not remember him. As soon as he had lighted the cigarette a khaki-uniformed official pounced and pointed to the large white notices in English and French on the customs sheds. Seth ejected the cigarette and crushed it with the sole of an unshining brown shoe. He replaced the holder in his breast pocket and clasped his hands behind his back. Soon, too soon for some of the children, the ship was alongside. The tugs hooted, retrieved their ropes. Ropes were flung from ship to wharf, which now, in the shadow of the white hull, was sheltered and almost roomlike. Then they saw him. He was wearing a suit they had never known, and he had a Robert Taylor moustache. His jacket was open, his hands in his trouser pockets. His shoulders had broadened and he had grown altogether bigger. His face was fuller, almost fat, with enormous round cheeks; if he wasn't tall he would have looked gross. 'Is the cold in England,' someone said, explaining the cheeks. Mrs Tulsi, Miss Blackie, the sisters, Shekhar, Dorothy and every granddaughter who had borne a child began to cry silently. A young white woman joined Owad behind the rails. They laughed and talked. _'Aré bap!'_ one of Mrs Tulsi's woman friends cried out through her tears. But it was only a passing alarm. The gangway was laid down. The children went to the edge of the quay and examined the mooring ropes and tried to look through the lighted portholes. Someone started a discussion about anchors. And then he was down. His eyes were wet. Mrs Tulsi, sitting on her chair, all her effervescence gone, lifted her face to him as he stooped to kiss her. Then she held him round the legs. Sushila, in tears, opened her bag and held a bright blue bottle of smellig-salts at the ready. Miss Blackie wept with Mrs Tulsi, and every time Mrs Tulsi sniffed, Miss Blackie said, 'Hm-mm. Hm. Mm.' Children, ungreeted, stared. The brothers shook hands, like men, and smiled at one another. Then it was the turn of the sisters. They were kissed; they burst into new tears and feverishly attempted to introduce those of their children who had been born in the intervening years. Owad, kissing, crying, went through them quickly. Then it was the turn of the eight surviving husbands. Govind, who had known Owad well, was not there, but W. C. Tuttle, who had scarcely known him, was. Long brahminical hairs sprouted out of his ears, and he drew further attention to himself by closing his eyes, neatly shaking away tears, putting a hand on Owad's head and speaking a Hindi benediction. As his turn came nearer Mr Biswas felt himself weakening, and when he offered his hand he was ready to weep. But Owad, though taking the hand, suddenly grew distant. Seth was advancing towards Owad. He was smiling, tears in his eyes, raising his hands as he approached. In that moment it was clear that despite his age, despite Shekhar, Owad was the new head of the family. Everyone looked at him. If he gave the sign, there was to be a reconciliation. 'Son, son,' Seth said in Hindi. The sound of his voice, which they had not heard for years, thrilled them all. Owad still held Mr Biswas's hand. Mr Biswas noted Seth's cheap, flapping brown jacket, the stained cigarette holder. Seth held out his hands and nearly touched Owad. Owad turned and said in English, 'I think I'd better go and see about the baggage.' He released Mr Biswas's hand and walked briskly away, his jacket swinging. Seth stood still. The tears suddenly stopped. But the smile remained. The Tulsi crowd became agitated, drowning their relief in noise. He could have turned away before, Mr Biswas kept on thinking. He could have turned away before. Seth's hands dropped slowly. The smile died. One hand went up to the cigarette holder and he held his head to one side as though he was going to say something. But he only jiggled the cigarette holder, turned and walked firmly away between two customs sheds towards the main gates. Owad came back to the group. 'With mother? With brother? With father? Or with all of all-you?' someone asked, and Mr Biswas recognized the sardonic voice of the _Sentinel_ photographer. The photographer nodded and smiled at Mr Biswas, as though he had found Mr Biswas out. 'By himself,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'Just by himself.' Owad threw back his shoulders and laughed. His teeth showed; his moustache widened; his cheeks, shining and perfectly round, rose and rested against his nose. 'Thank you,' the photographer said. A young reporter, whom Mr Biswas didn't know, came up with a notebook and pencil, and from the way he handled these implements Mr Biswas could tell that he was inexperienced, as inexperienced as he himself had been when he interviewed the English novelist and tried to get him to say sensational things about Port of Spain. Many emotions came to him and, saying good-bye to no one, he left the crowd and got into the Prefect, oven-hot with the windows closed, and drove to his area. 'Tulips and daffodils!' he muttered, remembering Owad's horticultural letters as he drove along the Churchill-Roosevelt Highway, past the swamplands, the crumbling huts, the rice fields. It was just after ten when he got back to Port of Spain. The house was silent and upstairs was in darkness: Owad had gone to bed. But downstairs and in the tent lights blazed. Only the younger children were asleep; for everyone else, including those of the morning's visitors who had decided to stay the night, the excitement of the day still lingered. Some were eating, some were playing cards; many were talking in whispers; and a surprising number were reading newspapers. Anand and Savi and Myna ran to Mr Biswas as soon as they saw him and breathlessly began telling of Owad's adventures in England: his firefighting during the war, the rescues he had conducted, his narrow escapes; the operations he had been called in to perform at the last minute on famous men, the jobs that had been offered to him as a result, the seat in parliament; the distinguished men he had known and sometimes defeated in public debate: Russell, Joad, Radhakrishnan, Laski, Menon: these had already become household names. The whole house had fallen under Owad's spell, and everywhere in the tent little groups were going over Owad's tales. Chinta had already worked up a great antipathy for Krishna Menon, whom Owad particularly disliked. And in one afternoon the family reverence for India had been shattered: Owad disliked all Indians from India. They were a disgrace to Trinidad Indians; they were arrogant, sly and lecherous; they pronounced English in a peculiar way; they were slow and unintelligent and were given degrees only out of charity; they were unreliable with money; in England they went around with nurses and other women of the lower classes and were frequently involved in scandals; they cooked Indian food badly (the only true Indian meals Owad had in England were the meals he had cooked himself); their Hindi was strange (Owad had repeatedly caught them out in solecisms); their ritual was debased; the moment they got to England they ate meat and drank to prove their modernity (a brahmin boy had offered Owad curried corn beef for lunch); and, incomprehensibly, they looked down on colonial Indians. The sisters said they had never really been fooled by Indians from India; they spoke of the behaviour of the missionaries, merchants, doctors and politicians they had known; and they grew grave as they realized their responsibilities as the last representatives of Hindu culture. The pundit, in dhoti, vest, sacred thread, caste-marks and wrist-watch, reclined on a blanket spread on the swept and flattened earth. He was reading a paper Mr Biswas had never seen before. And Mr Biswas saw then that the many other newspapers in the tent were similar to the pundit's. It was the _Soviet Weekly._ It was past midnight before Mr Biswas, moving from group to group, decided he had heard enough; and when Anand tried to tell of Owad's meeting with Molotov, of the achievements of the Red Army and the glories of Russia, Mr Biswas said it was time for them to go to sleep. He went up to his room, leaving Anand and Savi in the festival atmosphere downstairs. His head rang with the great names the children and the sisters had spoken so casually. To think that the man who had met those people was sleeping under the same roof! There, where Owad had been, was surely where life was to be found. For a full week the festival continued. Visitors left; fresh ones arrived. Perfect strangers – the ice-man, the salted-peanuts-man, the postman, the beggars, the street-sweepers, many stray children – were called in and fed. The food was supplied by Mrs Tulsi and there was communal cooking, as in the old days, which seemed to have returned with Owad. The fruit hanging from the coconut-frond arches in the tent disappeared; the fronds became yellow. But Owad was still followed by admiring eyes, it was still an honour to be spoken to by him, and everything he had said was to be repeated. At any time and to anyone Owad might start on a new tale; then a crowd instantly collected. Regularly in the evening there were gatherings in the drawingroom or, when Owad was tired, in his bedroom. Mr Biswas attended as often as he could. Mrs Tulsi, forgetting her own illnesses and anxious instead to nurse, held Owad's hand or head while he spoke. He had canvassed for the Labour Party in 1945 and was considered by Kingsley Martin to be one of the architects of the Labour victory. In fact Kingsley Martin had pressed him to join the _New Statesman and Nation;_ but he, laughing as at a private joke, said he had told Kingsley no. He had earned the bitter hatred of the Conservative Party by his scathing denunciations of Winston Churchill's Fulton speech. Scathing was one of his favourite words, and the person he had handled most scathingly was Krishna Menon. He didn't say, but it appeared from his talk that he had been gratuitously insulted by Menon at a public meeting. He had collected funds for Maurice Thorez and had discussed Party strategy in France with him. He spoke familiarly of Russian generals and their battles. He pronounced Russian names impressively. 'Those Russian names are ugly like hell,' Mr Biswas ventured one evening. The sisters looked at Mr Biswas, then looked at Owad. 'Beauty is in the eye of the beholder,' Owad said. 'Biswas is a funny name, if you say it in a certain way.' The sisters looked at Mr Biswas. 'Rokossovsky and Coca-cola-kowsky,' Mr Biswas said, a little annoyed. 'Ugly like hell.' 'Ugly? Vyacheslav Molotov. Does that sound ugly to you, Ma?' 'No, son.' 'Joseph Dugashvili,' Owad said. 'That's the one I had in mind,' Mr Biswas said. 'Don't say you think _that_ pretty.' Owad replied scathingly, ' _I_ think so.' The sisters smiled. 'Gawgle,' Owad said, raising his chin (he was lying in bed) and making a strangulated noise. Mrs Tulsi passed her hand from his chin to his Adam's apple. 'What was that?' Mr Biswas asked. 'Gogol,' Owad said. 'The world's greatest comic writer.' 'It sounded like a gargle.' Mr Biswas waited for the applause, but Shama only looked warningly at him. 'You couldn't say that in Russia,' Chinta said. This led Owad from the beauty of Russian names to Russia itself. 'There is work for everyone and everyone must work. It is distinctly written in the Soviet Constitution – Basdai, pass me that little book there – that he who does not work shall not eat.' 'That is fair,' Chinta said, taking the copy of the Soviet Constitution from Owad, opening it, looking at the title page, closing it, passing it on. 'Is exactly the sort of law we want in Trinidad.' 'He who does not work shall not eat,' Mrs Tulsi repeated slowly. 'I just wish they could send some of _my_ people to Russia,' Miss Blackie said, sucking her teeth, shaking her skirt and shifting in her chair to express the despair to which her people reduced her. Mr Biswas said, 'How can he, who does not eat, work?' Owad paid no attention. 'In Russia, you know, Ma' – it was his habit to address many of his sentences to her – 'they grow cotton of different colours. Red and blue and green and white cotton.' 'Just growing like that?' Shama asked, making up for Mr Biswas's irreverence. 'Just growing like that. And you,' Owad said, speaking to a widow who had been trying without success to grow an acre of rice at Shorthills, 'you know the labour it is to plant rice. Bending down, up to your knees in muddy water, sun blazing, day in, day out.' 'The backache,' the widow said, arching her back and putting her hand where she ached. 'You don't have to tell me. Just planting that one acre, and I feel like going to hospital.' 'None of that in Russia,' Owad said. 'No backache and bending down. In Russia, you know how they plant rice?' They shook their heads. 'Shoot it from an aeroplane. Not shooting bullets. Shooting rice.' 'From an aeroplane?' the rice-planting widow said. 'From an aeroplane. You could plant your field in a few seconds.' 'Take care you don't miss,' Mr Biswas said. 'And you,' Owad said to Sushila. 'You should really be a doctor. Your bent is that way.' 'I've been telling her so,' Mrs Tulsi said. Sushila, who had had enough of nursing Mrs Tulsi, hated the smell of medicines and asked for nothing more than a quiet dry goods shop to support her old age, nevertheless agreed. 'In Russia you _would_ be a doctor. Free.' 'Doctor like you?' Sushila asked. 'Just like me. No difference between the sexes. None of this nonsense about educating the boys and throwing the girls aside.' Chinta said, 'Vidiadhar always keep on telling me that he want to be a aeronautical engineer.' This was a lie. Vidiadhar didn't even know the meaning of the words. He just liked their sound. 'He would be an aeronautical engineer,' Owad said. 'To take out the rice grains from the aeroplane gas-tank,' Mr Biswas said. 'But what about me?' 'You, Mohun Biswas. Welfare Officer. After they have broken people's lives, deprived them of opportunity, sending you around like a scavenger to pick the pieces up. A typical capitalist trick, Ma.' 'Yes, son.' 'M-m-m-m.' It was Miss Blackie, purring. 'Using you like a tool. You have given us five hundred dollars profit. Here, we give you five dollars charity.' The sisters nodded. O God, Mr Biswas thought, another scorpion trying to do me out of a job. 'But you are not really a capitalist lackey,' Owad said. 'Not really,' Mr Biswas said. 'You are not really a bureaucrat. You are a journalist, a writer, a man of letters.' 'Yes, I suppose so. Yes, man.' 'In Russia, they see you are a journalist and a writer, they give you a house, give you food and money and tell you, "Go ahead and write." ' 'Really really?' Mr Biswas said. 'A house, just like that?' 'Writers get them all the time. A dacha, a house in the country.' 'Why,' asked Mrs Tulsi, 'don't we all go to Russia?' 'Ah,' Owad said. 'They fought for it. You should hear what they did to the Czar.' 'M-m-m-m.' Miss Blackie said, and the sisters nodded gravely. 'You,' Mr Biswas said, now full of respect, 'are you a member of the Communist Party?' Owad only smiled. And his reaction was equally cryptic when Anand asked how, as a communist working for the revolution, he could take a job in the government medical service. 'The Russians have a proverb,' Owad said. 'A tortoise can pull in its head and go through a cesspit and remain clean.' By the end of the week the house was in a ferment. Everyone was waiting for the revolution. The Soviet Constitution and the _Soviet Weekly_ were read more thoroughly than the _Sentinel_ or the _Guardian._ Every received idea was shaken. The readers and learners, happy to think themselves in a society that was soon to be utterly destroyed, relaxed their efforts to read and learn and began to despise their teachers, whom they had previously reverenced, as ill-informed stooges. And Owad was an all-rounder. He not only had views on politics and military strategy; he not only was knowledgeable about cricket and football; he lifted weights, he swam, he rowed; and he had strong opinions about artists and writers. 'Eliot,' he told Anand. 'Used to see him a lot. American, you know. _The Waste Land. The Song of J. Alfred Prufrock._ Let us go then, you and I. Eliot is a man I simply loathe.' And at school Anand said, 'Eliot is a man I simply loathe'; and added, 'I know someone who knows him.' While they waited for the revolution, life had to be lived. The tent was taken down. Sisters and married granddaughters left. Visitors no longer came in great numbers. Owad took up his duties at the Colonial Hospital and for a time the house had to be content with stories of the operations he had carried out. The refugee doctor was dismissed and Owad looked after Mrs Tulsi himself. She improved spectacularly. 'These doctors stopped learning twenty years ago,' Owad said. 'They don't even bother to keep up with the journals.' Journals had been coming to him by almost every post from England, and drug samples, which he displayed proudly, though sometimes with scathing comments. Communal cooking had stopped, but communal life continued. Sisters and granddaughters often came to spend a night or a week-end. They brought all their illnesses to him and he attended to them without charge, giving injections wholesale with new miracle drugs which he said were as yet unknown in the colony. Later the sisters worked out what they would have had to pay another doctor, and there was a gentle rivalry as to who had been favoured with the most expensive treatment. And Owad's success grew. For long the emphasis in the house had been on reading and learning, which many of the readers and learners couldn't do well and approached reluctantly. Now Owad said that this emphasis was wrong. Everyone had something to offer. Physical strength and manual skills were as important as academic success, and he spoke of the equality in Russia of peasants, workers and intellectuals. He organized swimming parties, boating expeditions, ping-pong tournaments; and such was the admiration and respect felt for him that even enemies came together. Anand and Vidiadhar played some ping-pong sets and, though not speaking a word to one another before or after, were scrupulously polite during the game, saying 'Good shot!' and 'Bad luck!' at the least opportunity. Vidiadhar, who had developed into a games-playing thug, more keen than competent and never picked for any college side, excelled in these family games and was the house champion. 'I can't tell you,' Chinta said to Owad, 'how Vidiadhar got me worried. That boy does sweat so much. You can't get him to stick in a corner with some old book. He always exercising or playing some rough game or other. He done break a hand, a foot and some ribs. I does keep on trying to stop him. But he don't listen. And he does sweat so much.' 'Nothing to worry about there,' Owad said, the doctor now. 'That is quite normal.' 'You take a weight off my mind,' Chinta said, disappointed, for she believed that profuse sweating was a sign of exceptional virility and had hoped to be told so. 'He _does_ sweat so much.' Regularly Shekhar, Dorothy and their five daughters came to the house, and these visits gave the sisters a sweet revenge. They treated Shekhar with the respect due to him, but they made their contempt for Dorothy plain. 'I am sorry,' Chinta said to her one Sunday. 'I cannot understand you. I only speak Spanish.' Dorothy had not spoken Spanish since Owad's arrival and the sisters felt that they were at last making her boil down. But their behaviour had an unexpected result. For Owad, taking his cue from the sisters, spoke rallyingly to Dorothy; she responded with rough good humour and soon a familiarity grew up between them; and one Sunday, to the dismay of the sisters, Dorothy came with her cousin, a handsome young woman who had graduated from McGill University and had all the elegance of the Indian girl from South Trinidad. When they had gone Owad calmed the sisters' fears by deriding the girl's Canadian degree, her slight Canadian accent and her musical skills. 'She went all the way to Canada to learn to play the violin,' he said. 'I hope she doesn't want to play to me. I'll break the bow on her parents' heads. People starving, not getting enough to eat in Trinidad, and she playing the violin in Canada!' And though he spent more and more time with his friends and colleagues and often went south to Shekhar's, and though when his friends called the house had to be silent and the sisters and the readers and learners hidden, the sisters continued to feel safe. For after every journey, every meeting, Owad related his adventures to them. His appetite for talk was insatiable, his dramatic gifts never failed, and the comments he made on the people he had met were invariably scathing. The sisters now sought audience with him singly or in small groups. They came to the house, waited up for him, and when he returned they fell to talking, under the house, so as not to disturb Mrs Tulsi's sleep. In time each sister felt she had a special hold on him; and having received his confidences, offered hers. At first the sisters spoke of their financial difficulties. But Owad was unwilling to anticipate the revolution. Then the sisters complained. They complained about the teachers who were keeping their children back at school; they complained about Dorothy, about Shekhar, about their husbands; they complained about absent sisters. Every scandal was gone over, every petty dispute, every resentment. And Owad listened. The children listened as well, kept awake by the sisters' bumbling and their frequent hawking and spitting (a sign of intimacy: the warmer the feeling, the noisier the hawk, the longer the period of speaking through the spittle). In the morning the sisters who had talked late into the night were brisk and exceptionally friendly towards the people they had criticized, exceptionally proprietary towards Owad. The house was always full of sisters on Sunday, when there was communal cooking. Sometimes Shekhar came by himself and then before lunch there were discussions between the brothers and Mrs Tulsi. The sisters did not feel threatened by these discussions as they had done when Shekhar and Dorothy and Mrs Tulsi talked. They did not feel excluded. For, with Owad there, these discussions were like the old Hanuman House family councils. So the sisters cooked below the house and sang and were gay. They were even anxious to exaggerate the difference between their brothers and themselves. It was as if by doing so they paid their brothers a correct reverence, a reverence which comforted and protected the sisters by assigning them a place again. They spoke no Hindi, used the grossest English dialect and the coarsest expressions and vied with one another in doing menial jobs and getting themselves dirty. In this way they sealed the family bond for the day. It was the custom on these Sunday mornings, after the discussions and before lunch, which came before the trip to the sea, for the men to play bridge. And on this morning Shekhar, despite Anand's pleas for sophistication, showed his disrelish of Owad's talk about the extermination of capitalists and what the Russians had done to the Czar, and tried to turn the conversation. It turned, oddly, to modern art. 'I can't make head or tail of this Picasso,' Shekhar said. 'Picasso is a man I loathe,' Owad said. 'But isn't he a comrade?' Anand said. Owad frowned. 'And as for Chagall and Rouault and Braque —' 'What do you think of Matisse?' Shekhar asked, using a name he had got from _Life_ and putting a stop to the flow of names he didn't know. _'He's_ all right,' Owad said. 'Delicious colour.' This was unfamiliar language to Shekhar. He said, 'That was a nice picture they made. Didn't do too well, though. _The Moon and Sixpence._ With George Sanders.' Owad, concentrating on his cards, didn't reply. 'These artists are funny fellers,' Shekhar said. They were playing for matches. Anand scattered his heap and said, 'Portrait by Picasso.' Everyone laughed, except Owad. 'Is a long time now I want to read the book,' Shekhar said. 'Isn't it by Somerset Morgue-hum?' Anand scattered his matches again. Owad said, 'Why don't you look in the mirror if you want to see a portrait by Picasso?' This was clearly one of Owad's scathing comments. Shekhar smiled and grunted. The watching sisters and their children roared with laughter. Owad acknowledged their approval by smiling at his cards. Anand felt betrayed. He had adopted all of Owad's political and artistic views; he had announced himself as a communist at school, he had stated that Eliot was a man he loathed. It was his turn to deal. In his confusion he dealt to himself first. 'Sorry, sorry,' he said, looking down and trying to inject a laugh into his voice. 'There is no need to apologize for that,' Owad said sternly. 'It is simply a sign of your conceited selfishness and egocentricity.' The watchers held their breath. Joviality fled from the table, Shekhar studied his cards. Owad frowned at his. His foot was tapping on the concrete floor. More watchers came. Anand felt his ears burning. He looked hard at his cards, feeling the silence that had spread to all parts of the house. He was aware of watchers coming, Savi, Myna, Kamla. He was aware of Shama. Owad breathed heavily and swallowed noisily. When Shekhar bid his voice was low, as though he wished to take no part in the struggle. Vidiadhar, Shekhar's partner, bid in a voice choked by saliva; but there was no mistaking the voice of the free, unoffending man. Anand bid stupidly. Owad pressed his teeth far below his lower lip, shook his head slowly, tapped his feet, and breathed more loudly. When he bid, his voice, full of anger now, suggested that he was trying to redeem a hopeless situation. The game dragged on. Anand played worse and worse. Shekhar, as though doing it against his will, gathered in trick after trick. Owad's breathing and swallowing made Anand feel choked. His back was cold: his shirt was wet with perspiration. At last the game was over. Neatly, deliberately, Shekhar noted the score. They waited for Owad to speak. Shuffling the cards, though it was not his turn, breathing heavily, he said, 'That's what we get from your genius.' The tears rushed to Anand's eyes. He jumped up, throwing his chair backwards, and shouted, 'I didn't tell you I was any blasted genius.' _Slap!_ His right cheek burned; then trembled, even after Owad's hand was removed, as though the cheek had had to wait before registering the blow. And Owad was standing and Shekhar was bending down, picking up the cards from the dusty floor. And _slap!_ his left cheek burned and trembled heavily. He forgot the watchers, concentrating only on the breathing before, the rising of the white-shirted chest. Owad's chair was overthrown. And Shekhar, leaning awkwardly on the table, his chair pushed back, was looking at the cards as he let them fall from one palm to another, his brow furrowed, his top lip swelling over the lower. The table was jerked aside. Anand found himself standing ridiculously upright, half blinded by the shaming tears. Owad was striding energetically to the front steps. And then Anand had time to take in the thrill, the satisfaction of the watchers, the silence of the house, with Govind's singing in the background, the noise of some children in the street, the roll of a car from the main road. Shekhar still sat at the table, playing with the cards. A mumble came from the watchers. 'You!' Anand turned to them. 'What the hell are you standing up there for? Puss-puss, puss-puss all the blasted night, talk-talk-talk.' The effect was unexpected and humiliating. They laughed. Even Shekhar lifted his head and gave his grunting laugh, shaking his shoulders. Shama's gravity made her almost absurd. The watchers broke up. Everyone went back to his task. A lightness that was like gaiety spread through the house. Shekhar stacked the cards neatly on the table, rose, put his hands on Anand's shoulders, sighed, and went upstairs. They heard Owad moving about from room to room. Anand found Mr Biswas lying in vest and pants on the bed, his back to the door, papers on his drawn-up knees. He said without turning, 'You, boy? Here, see if you can work out these blasted travelling expenses right.' He passed the pad. 'What's the matter, boy?' 'Nothing, nothing.' 'All right, just work those figures out. Everybody else making a fortune out of their cars. I sure I losing.' 'Pa.' 'Just a minute, boy. Ought oughts are ought. Two fives are ten. Put down ought. Carry one.' Mr Biswas was relaxed, and even clowning: he knew that his method of multiplying always amused. 'Pa. We must move.' Mr Biswas turned. 'We must move. I can't bear to live here another day.' Mr Biswas heard the distress in Anand's voice. But he was unwilling to explore it. 'Move? All in good time. All in good time. Just waiting for the revolution and my dacha.' These happy moods of his father were getting rare. And Anand said nothing more. He did the complicated sums for the travelling expenses. Presently he heard the dry, crisp sounds of the ping-pong ball, the exclamations of Owad and Vidiadhar and Shekhar and the others. He did not go down to have the lunch to which he had looked forward; and when Shama brought it up he could not eat or drink. Mr Biswas, his clowning mood persisting, squatted on the chair and pretended to spit on his food, to save it from Anand's gluttony. He knew this trick infuriated Anand. But Anand did not respond. Downstairs the men were getting ready to go to the sea. Sons asked their mothers for towels, mothers urged their sons to be careful. 'Not going with them?' Anand didn't reply. Mr Biswas had withdrawn from these excursions. They were far too energetic, and the example of Owad led to dangerous competitive feats. Instead, after lunch he went for a walk by himself, looking at houses, occasionally making inquiries, but mostly simply looking. The brightness of their aunts and cousins, their new and excluding chumminess, drove Savi and Kamla and Myna to join Anand in their room, where they lay on the bed, for want of places to sit, and made disjointed, selfconscious conversation. Anand sipped his orange juice. The ice had melted, the juice gone flat and warm. The girls went for a walk to the Botanical Gardens. Shama had her bath: Anand heard her singing in the open-air bathroom and washing clothes. When she came up her hair was wet and straight, her fingers pinched, but for all her songs her anxiety had not gone. She said in Hindi, 'Go and apologize to your uncle.' 'No!' It was the first word he had spoken for a long time. She petted him. 'For my sake.' 'The revolution,' he said. 'You wouldn't lose anything. He is older than you. And your uncle.' 'Not my uncle. Shooting rice from aeroplanes!' Shama began to sing softly. She flung her hair down over her face and beat it with a stretched towel. The noises were like muffled sneezes. The girls came back from their walk. They were brighter and talked more easily. Then they were silent. The men had returned. They heard their loud talk, their footsteps; Owad's voice raised in friendliness, breaking into laughter; the light inquiries from aunts; Shekhar's goodbyes, his car driving off. Savi asked Shama in a whisper, 'What happened?' 'Nothing has happened,' Shama said coaxingly, not replying to Savi, but repeating her plea to Anand. 'He will just go and apologize to your uncle, and that is all. Nothing at all.' The girls did not want to desert Anand, and they feared going downstairs. 'Remember,' Shama said. 'Not a word to your father. You know what he is like.' She left the room. They heard her talking normally, even jestingly, with one of the aunts, and they admired her for her courage. Then the girls also went down, to face the righteousness of the unpersecuted. The shower upstairs was going. Owad was in the bathroom, singing a song from an old Indian film. This was part of his virtue: it showed how untainted he had been by England and flattered everyone. For the virtue with which everyone had endowed him in his absence was now found in the smallest things: Anand remembered one sister saying that Owad had brought back from England the shoes and shirts and underclothes he had taken from Trinidad. 'Same shoes after eight years,' Anand muttered. 'Blasted liar.' The bathroom went silent. Shama came to the room. 'Quick. Before they go to the theatre.' Anand knew the Sunday routine: the bridge, the ping-pong, lunch, the sea, the shower, dinner, then the evening show. The cousins could be heard assembling in the diningroom. Owad's voice, smothered by a towel, came from his bedroom. Anand walked down the back stairs and up the stairs to the back verandah, the same verandah to which he had returned after he had nearly been drowned at Docksite. From the verandah he had a glimpse of the diningroom, where he had pulled the chair from under his father in the presence of Owad. The cousins saw him. Some aunts saw him. The talk stopped. Faces were turned down, though the aunts continued to look solemn and offended and judicial. Then the talk broke out again. The cousins were playing with cards, idly, waiting for dinner. Vidiadhar, the sweater, was smiling down at the table, licking his lips. Anand had to wait in the verandah for some time before Owad came out from the bedroom. He came out with his usual heavy brisk steps. As soon as he saw Anand he became stern. And there was silence. Anand went in, held his hands behind his back. 'I apologize,' Anand said. Owad continued to look stern. At last he said, 'All right.' Anand didn't know what to do. He remained where he was, so that it seemed he was waiting for an invitation to dinner and the theatre. But there was no word. He turned and walked slowly out of the room to the back verandah. As he went down the steps he heard the talk break out, heard the conscientious bustling of the aunts in the kitchen. Shama was waiting for him in their room. He knew that her pain was as great as his, possibly greater, and he did not wish to increase it. She waited for him to do or say something, so that she could apply the soothing words. But he said nothing. 'You will eat something now?' He shook his head. How ridiculous were the attentions the weak paid one another in the shadow of the strong! She went downstairs. When Owad and the cousins left she came back. He was willing to eat then. Shortly after, Mr Biswas returned from his walk. His mood had changed. His face was twisted with pain and Anand had to mix him some stomach powder. He was tired after his walk and wanted to go to bed. He could sleep early on Sundays; on other evenings he came back late from his area. The light from the diningroom came through the tall ventilation gaps at the top of the partition. He called Shama and told her, 'Go and get them to take off that light.' It was an awkward request at the best of times, though before Owad's return Shama had sometimes made it successfully. Now she could do nothing. Mr Biswas lost his temper. He ordered Shama and Anand to get sheets of cardboard, and with these he tried to block the gaps at the top of the partition, jumping from the bed to the ledge on the partition. Of the three sections he put up two fell down almost at once. 'Uncle Podger,' Savi said. He was about to lose his temper with her as well; but, as if in answer to the commotion, the light in the diningroom went out. He lay down on the bed in the dark and was soon asleep, grinding his teeth, and making strange contented smacking sounds with his mouth. Anand sat in the darkness. Shama came to the room and got into the fourposter. Anand did not want to go downstairs. He lay on the bed beside his father and remained quite still. He was disturbed by chatter and heavy footsteps, and made wide awake by the light coming in through the two open sections above the partition. Some aunts who had been waiting up below the house were now heard moving about the kitchen. The chatter continued, and laughter. Mr Biswas stirred and groaned. 'Good _God!'_ Anand felt Shama awake and anxious. Listened to in this way, the chatter was as unbearable as the dripping of a water-tap. _'God!'_ Mr Biswas cried. There was a moment's silence in the diningroom. 'Other people in this house,' Mr Biswas shouted. The visiting sisters and the readers and learners could be heard awakening downstairs. Softly, as though speaking only to the people with him, Owad said, 'Don't we all know it, old man.' There were giggles. The giggles maddened Mr Biswas. 'Go to France!' he cried. 'And you can go to hell.' It was Mrs Tulsi. Her words, evenly spaced, were cold and firm and clear. 'Ma!' Owad said. Mr Biswas didn't know what to say. Surprise was followed by shock, shock by anger. Shama got up from the fourposter and said, 'Man, man.' 'Let him go to hell,' Mrs Tulsi said, almost conversationally. Her voice was followed by a groan, a creaking of a bed-spring and a shuffling on the floor. Lights went on downstairs, lit up the yard and reflected through the jalousied door into Mr Biswas's room. 'Go to hell?' Mr Biswas said. 'Go to hell? To prepare the way for you? Praying to God, eh? Cleaning up the old man's grave.' 'For God's sake, Biswas,' Owad called, 'hold your damned tongue.' 'You don't talk to me about God. Red and blue cotton! Shooting rice from aeroplanes!' The girls came into the room. Savi said, 'Pa, stop being stupid. For God's sake, stop it.' Anand was standing between the two beds. The room was like a cage. 'Let him go to hell,' Mrs Tulsi sobbed. 'Let him get out.' 'Neighbour! Neighbour!' a woman cried shrilly from next door. 'Anything wrong, neighbour?' 'I can't _stand_ this,' Owad shouted. 'I can't stand it. I don't know what I've come back to.' His footsteps were heard pounding across the drawingroom. He mumbled loudly, angrily, indistinctly. 'Son, son,' Mrs Tulsi said. They heard him going down the steps, heard the gate click and shiver. Mrs Tulsi began to wail. 'Neighbour! Neighbour!' A wonderful sentence formed in Mr Biswas's mind, and he said, 'Communism, like charity, should begin at home.' Mr Biswas's door was pushed open, fresh light and shadows confused the patterns on the walls, and Govind came into the room, his trousers unbelted, his shirt unbuttoned. 'Mohun!' His voice was kind. Mr Biswas was overwhelmed to tears. 'Communism, like charity,' he said to Govind, 'should begin at home.' 'We know, we know,' Govind said. Sushila was comforting Mrs Tulsi. Her wail broke up into sobs. 'I am giving you notice,' Mr Biswas shouted. 'I curse the day I step into your house.' 'Man, man.' 'You curse the day,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'Coming to us with no more clothes than you could hang on a nail.' This wounded Mr Biswas. He could not reply at once. 'I am giving you notice,' he repeated at last. 'I am giving _you_ notice,' Mrs Tulsi said. 'I gave it to you first.' There was an abrupt silence. Then in the drawingroom there was an outburst of low, amused chatter, and downstairs the readers and learners, who had kept silent all along, were whispering. 'Cha!' the woman next door said. 'Bother with people business.' Govind patted Mr Biswas on the shoulder, gave a little laugh and left the room. The whispers downstairs subsided. The light which came through the jalousies from the yard and striped the room was extinguished. The laughter in the drawingroom died away. Throats were cleared with faint satiric intonations, and there were muted apprehensive chuckles. There were shuffles on the floor, and whispers. Then the light went out and the room was in darkness and the house was absolutely silent. They remained appalled in the room, not daring to move, to break the silence, unable in the dark and the stillness to believe fully in what had just happened. Presently, exhausted by their inactivity, the children went downstairs. Morning would show the full horror of the past few minutes. They awoke with a sense of unease. Almost at once they remembered. They avoided one another. They listened, above the hawking and spitting, the running taps, the continuous scuffling, the fanning of coal-pots, the metallic hiss of the lavatory flush, for the footsteps and voices of Mrs Tulsi and Owad. But the house was quiet upstairs. Then they learned that Owad had left early that morning for a week's tour of Tobago. The instinct of Mr Biswas's children was to get away at once, to escape from the house to the separate reality of the streets and school. Mr Biswas's anger had gone stale; it burdened him. Now there was also shame at his behaviour, shame at the whole gross scene. But the uncertainty that had been with him ever since he heard that Owad was returning from England had disappeared. He found it easy to ignore his fears; and after he had had his bath he felt energetic and even light-headed. He too was anxious to get out of the house. And as he left it his sympathy went out to Shama, who had to remain. The sisters looked chastened. Unpersecuted, they believed in their righteousness; and though Owad's departure, in anger, as was reported, involved them all in disgrace and threatened them all, every sister was sure of her own hold on Owad, and her attitude to Shama was one of blame and recoil. 'So, Aunt,' Suniti, the former contortionist, said, 'I hear you moving to a new house, man.' 'Yes, my dear,' Shama said. At school Anand defended Eliot, Picasso, Braque, Chagall. He who had been leaving copies of the _Soviet Weekly_ in the readingroom between the pages of _Punch_ and _The Illustrated London News_ now announced that he frowned upon communism. The phrase was thought odd; but the action, coinciding with the widespread renunciation of communism by distinguished intellectuals in Europe and America, caused little comment. Shortly after he had been taken on the _Sentinel_ Mr Biswas went late one night to the city centre to interview the homeless people, whose families among them, who regularly slept in Marine Square. 'That conundrum – the housing question —' he had begun his article; and though the words were excised by Mr Burnett, Mr Biswas was taken by their rhythm and had never forgotten them. They drummed in his head that morning; he spoke them and sang them under his breath; and throughout the Monday conference at the office he was exceptionally lively and garrulous. When the conference was over he went down St Vincent Street to the café with the gay murals and sat at the bar, waiting for people he knew. 'Got notice to quit, man,' he said. He spoke lightly, expecting solicitude, but his lightness was met with lightness. 'I expect I will be joining you in Marine Square,' a _Guardian_ reporter said. 'Hell of a thing, though. Married with four children and nowhere to go. Know any places for rent?' 'If I know one I would be there right now.' 'Ah, well. I suppose it will be the square.' 'It look so.' The café, close to newspaper offices, government offices and the courts, was frequented by newspapermen and civil servants; by people who came in for a drink before their cases were called and then disappeared, sometimes for months; by solicitors' clerks and by junior clerks who spent days of tedium tracing titles at the polished desks in the outer room of the Registrar-General's Department. It was a title-tracer who said, 'If Billy was still here I woulda tell you to go and see Billy. All-you remember Billy? 'Billy used to promise them that he wasn't only going to get them a house, but that he was going to move them free into the bargain. Everybody rushing to get this free move – you know black people – and paying Billy deposit. When he pick up a good few deposit Billy decide it was time to put a end to this stupidness and to make tracks for the States. 'But listen. The day before he leave, Billy plan leak out. But Billy get to know that the plan leak out. So the next day, Billy ship waiting in the harbour, Billy hire a lorry, put on his khaki working-clothes and went around to all the people he take money from. Everybody so surprise they forgetting they vex. All of them telling Billy how they call police and they saying, "But, Billy, we hear that you was leaving today." And Billy saying, "I don't know where you get the niggergram from. I not leaving. _You_ leaving. I come to move you. You got everything pack?" None of them had anything pack, and Billy start getting into one big temper, saying how they make him waste his time, and he was mad not to move them at all. And they calm him down by saying if he pass back in the afternoon they would have everything pack and ready to move. So Billy leave and the people pack and wait for Billy. They still waiting.' The laughter broke, but Mr Biswas could take no part in it. Outside it had grown dark. There was a blue instant of lightning, a crack and roll of thunder. The thought of driving to his area with the windows closed was not appealing. He had drunk many lagers and they had steadily reduced him to silence and stillness. He did not want to go to the country; he did not want to stay in the café. But the rain, which had begun to fall in heavy drops that blotted on the pavement and presently had it wet and running, encouraged him to stay, silent and unlistening on a tall stool, drinking lager, staring at the crude bright murals, surrendering to the gloom. He felt a hand on his shoulder and turned to see a very tall, thin coloured man. He had occasionally seen this man about St Vincent Street and knew him to be a solicitor's clerk. In the past year or two they had been nodding to one another but they had never spoken. 'Is true?' the man asked. Mr Biswas noted the man's size, the concern in his voice and in his young-old face. 'Yes, man.' 'You really got notice?' Mr Biswas responded to this sympathy by pursing his lips, looking down at his glass and nodding. 'Hell of a thing. How long?' 'Notice. A month, I suppose.' 'Hell of a thing. Married? Children?' 'Four.' 'God! You try the government? You in the Service now, not so? And ain't they have some sort of housing loans scheme?' 'Only for established people.' 'You can't get a good place to rent for all the tea in China,' the man said. He edged his way around Mr Biswas, cutting him off from the talkers, some of whom were beginning to eat, at the bar, at tables. 'Much easier to buy a house really. In the long run. What you drinking? Lager? Two lagers, miss. A hell of a thing, man.' The lagers came. 'I know,' the man said. 'I was in the same position not so long ago. I only had my mother. But even that was hell, I could tell you. Is like being sick.' 'Sick?' 'When you sick you forget what it is to be well. And when you well you don't really know what it is to be sick. Is the same with not having a place to go back to every afternoon.' Lights were turned on in the café. People stood silently in every doorway, looking out at the rain. From the dark street came the hiss of wet tyres and the beat of the rain, drowning the scrape of knives and forks on plates, the chatter. 'I don't know,' the man said. 'But look. What you doing now?' 'I got to go to the country. But with all this rain –' 'You know what? You better come and have some lunch with me. No, not here.' He looked around the café, and in his look Mr Biswas saw the chatterers rebuked for their callousness. They went outside and hurried through the rain, brushing against people who stood close to walls. They turned into a side street and entered the grimy green hall of a Chinese restaurant. The coconut-fibre mat was damp and black, the floor wet. They went up bare steps and the solicitor's clerk seemed to be continually meeting people he knew. To all of them he said, patting Mr Biswas on the shoulder, 'Hell of a thing here, man. The man got notice. And he got nowhere to go.' People looked at Mr Biswas, made sympathetic sounds, and Mr Biswas, muddled by the lager, the strange faces and the unexpected interest, became very tragic. They went to a celotex-partitioned cubicle and the solicitor's clerk ordered food. 'I don't know,' he said. 'But look. My position is this. I living with my mother in a two-storey house in St James. But she a lil old now, you know –' 'My mother dead,' Mr Biswas said, finding himself, to his surprise, eating. 'Blasted doctor didn't want to give a death certificate. Write him a letter, though. A long one –' 'Hell of a thing, man. But the position is this. The old queen have a lil heart trouble. Can't climb steps and that sort of thing. It does strain the heart, you know.' The solicitor's clerk put his hand on his chest and his shoulders see-sawed. 'And right at this moment I have a offer of a house in Mucurapo which would suit the old lady right down to the ground. Trouble is, I can't buy it unless somebody buy mine.' 'And you want me buy yours.' 'In a sort of way. I could help you and you could help me. And the old queen.' 'Upstairs house, you say.' 'All modern conveniences and full and immediate vacant possession.' 'I wish I had that sort of money, old man.' 'Wait until you see it.' And before the meal was over Mr Biswas had agreed to go to see the house. He knew what he was doing. He knew that he had no more than eight hundred dollars and was only wasting the clerk's time and his own. But courtesy demanded no less. 'You would be doing me a favour,' the solicitor's clerk said. 'And you would be doing the old queen a favour.' So in the pouring rain, the windscreen wiper occasionally sticking, they drove down St Vincent Street and around Marine Square and along Wrightson Road – settled by secure people – and across Woodbrook to the Western Main Road, past the vast grounds and the saman-lined drive of the Police Barracks, and turned into Sikkim Street. It was still raining when the car stopped outside the house. The fence, half concrete, with lead pipes running between square concrete pillars, was covered with the vines of the Morning Glory spattered with small red flowers drooping in the rain. The height of the house, the cream and grey walls, the white frames of doors and windows, the red brick sections with white pointing: all these things Mr Biswas took in at once, and knew that the house was not for him. When, racing into the house out of the rain, he met the old queen, not as old as the solicitor's clerk had made out, he was overwhelmed by her courtesy. Continually, with his suit and tie and shining shoes and Prefect car, he felt he was deceiving the public. Here, in this house in Sikkim Street, so desirable, so inaccessible, deception was especially painful. He tried to respond to the old queen's civility with equal civility; he tried not to think of his crowded room, his eight hundred dollars. Slowly and carefully, aware now of the lager, he sipped tea and smoked a cigarette. Hesitantly, fearing a frank appraisal would be rude, he took in the distempered walls, the washed celotex ceiling with strips of wood painted chocolate and looking brand-new, frosted-glass windows and frosted-glass doors with white woodwork, white lattice work, a polished floor, a polished morris suite. And when the solicitor's clerk, frank and trusting, ignorant of the eight hundred dollars, insisted that Mr Biswas should see the rooms upstairs, Mr Biswas went round quickly, seeing a bathroom with a toilet bowl and – luxury! – a porcelain wash-basin, two bedrooms with green walls, a verandah, so cool without the sun, the Morning Glory on the fence below, his Prefect in the road, and just for a moment he thought of the house as his own, and the thought was so heady he rejected it at once and hurried downstairs. The old queen, whose heart had not permitted her to climb the steps, greeted him as though he had returned from a long journey. He sat in one of the morris chairs and drank more tea and took another cigarette. Not a word had been said so far about the price. Mr Biswas kept on fixing it in his mind at something high and impossible which would relieve him of responsibility and regret. He thought of eight thousand, nine thousand. So near the busy Main Road: an ideal site for a shop. And yet so quiet in the rain! 'Not bad for six thousand,' the solicitor's clerk said. Mr Biswas smoked and said nothing. The old queen came out from the kitchen with a plate of cakes. The solicitor's clerk insisted that Mr Biswas should try one. The old queen had made them herself. Mr Biswas took a cake. The old queen smiled at him, and he smiled back. 'Well, to be honest. We both want to make a sale in a hurry. So let's say five five.' Once Mr Biswas had read a story by a French writer about a woman who worked for twenty years to pay off a debt on an imitation necklace. He had never been able to understand why it was considered a comic story. Debt was a fearful thing; and with all its ifs and might-have-beens the story came too near the truth: hope followed by blight, the passing of the years, the passing of life itself, and then the revelation of waste: Oh, my poor Matilda! But they were false! Now, sitting in the clerk's morris chair, Mr Biswas knew he was close to such a debt, a similar blight, a similar waste: and he was again lying awake at night, hearing the snores of the crowded house, looking through the window at the empty sky swept by silent searchlights. 'Five five and we will throw in this morris suite.' The clerk gave a little laugh. 'I always hear that Indians was sharp bargainers, but I never know till now just how sharp they was.' The old queen smiled as charitably as ever. 'I will have to think about it.' The old queen smiled. On the way back Mr Biswas decided to be aggressive. 'You so anxious to sell your house I don't understand why you don't go to an agent.' 'Me? You mean you didn't hear what those people was saying in the café. Those agents are just a bunch of crooks, man.' He felt he had seen the last of the house. He did not know then that, in the five years of life left to him, that drive along the Western Main Road, through Woodbrook to Wrightson Road and South Quay was to become familiar and even boring. Alone once more, his depression, his panic returned. But when he got back to the house he assumed an air of confidence and sternness and said loudly to Shama, who was surprised to see him back so soon. 'Didn't go to the country today. Been looking at some properties.' The headache which had been nagging him, which he had put down to his uneasiness, now defined itself as the alcoholic headache he always had when he drank in the day. He went up to the room, stripped to pants and vest, tried to read Marcus Aurelius, failed, and soon fell asleep, to the astonishment of his children, who wondered how in a crisis which affected them all their father could find time for sleep so early in the afternoon. He had seen the house like a guest under heavy obligation to his host. If it had not been raining he might have walked around the small yard and seen the absurd shape of the house. He would have seen where the celotex panels on the eaves had fallen away, providing unrestricted entry to the bats of the neighbourhood. He would have seen the staircase that hung at the back, open, with only a banister, and sheltered by unpainted corrugated iron. He would not have been deceived into cosiness by the thick curtain over the back doorway on the lower floor. He would have seen that the house had no back door at all. If he had not had to rush out of the rain he might have noticed the street lamp just outside the house; he would have known that a street lamp, so near the main road, attracted idlers like moths. But he saw none of these things. He had only a picture of a house cosy in the rain, with a polished floor, and an old lady who baked cakes in the kitchen. If he had not been disturbed he might have queried the clerk's eagerness more impolitely. But events were too rapid, too neat. A quarrel in the night, the offer of a house with immediate possession the very next afternoon. And before the evening was out the sum of five thousand five hundred dollars had become less inaccessible. 'Somebody come for you,' Shama was saying. He awoke and was puzzled to find it was evening. 'Another destee?' His fame had survived his resignation from the _Sentinel;_ destitutes still occasionally sought him out. 'I don't know. I don't think so.' He dressed, his head humming, walked through the house downstairs to the foot of the front steps and surprised the visitor, a respectably dressed Negro of the artisan class, who was waiting for him at the top of the steps. 'Good night,' the Negro said. His accent betrayed him as an illegal immigrant from one of the smaller islands. 'Is about the house I come. I want to buy it.' Everybody wanted to buy or sell houses that day. 'I ain't even pay down for it yet,' Mr Biswas said. 'The house in Shorthills?' 'Oh, that. That. But I can't sell that. The land isn't mine. I don't even rent it.' 'I know. If I buy the house I would take it away.' He went on to explain. He had bought a lot in Petit Valley. He wanted to build his own house, but building materials were scarce and expensive and he was offering to buy Mr Biswas's house, not as a house, but for the materials. He said he was not prepared to haggle. He had studied the building carefully and was prepared to offer four hundred dollars. And when Mr Biswas went back to the room with the rumpled beds, the disarrayed furniture, the chaos on Shama's dressingtable, he had twenty twenty-dollar bills in his pocket. 'You don't believe in God,' he said to Anand. 'But look.' Between eight hundred dollars and one thousand two hundred dollars there is a great difference. Eight hundred dollars are petty savings. One thousand two hundred dollars stand for real money. The difference between eight hundred and five thousand is immense. The difference between one thousand two hundred and five thousand is negotiable. A week before Mr Biswas would have dismissed any thought of buying a house for five thousand dollars. He wanted one at three thousand or three thousand five hundred; he never looked at any above four thousand. And the strange thing now was that, having raised his sights, it did not occur to him to look at other five-thousand-dollar houses. He sought out the solicitor's clerk the next day, paid him a deposit of one hundred dollars, and was shrewd enough to ask for a stamped receipt. 'I going to take this money and pay down right away on the house I want to buy,' the solicitor's clerk said. 'Wait until the old queen hear. She going to be so glad.' When Shama heard she burst into tears. 'Ah!' Mr Biswas said. 'Swelling up. Vexed. You could only be happy if we just keep on living with your mother and the rest of your big, happy family, eh?' 'I don't think anything. _You_ have the money, _you_ want to buy house, and I don't have to think anything.' And that was when Shama, leaving the room, encountered Suniti, and Suniti said, 'I hear that you come like a big-shot. Buying house and thing.' 'Yes, child.' 'Shama!' Mr Biswas called. 'Tell that girl to go back and help that worthless husband of hers to look after their goats at Pokima Halt.' The goats were an invention of Mr Biswas which never failed to irritate Suniti. 'Goats,' she said to the yard, sucking her teeth. 'Well, some people at least have goats. That is more than I could say for some other people.' Mr Biswas had divined only part of Shama's motives. She knew that the time had come for them to move. But she did not want this to happen after a quarrel and a humiliation. She hoped that the estrangement between her mother and herself would disappear; and she regarded Mr Biswas's action as rash and provocative. He released the tremendous details one by one. 'Five thousand five hundred,' he said. He had his effect. 'O God!' Shama said. 'You mad! You mad! You hanging a millstone around my neck.' 'A necklace.' Her despair frightened him. But it made him suffer: he mortified himself to inflict pain on her. 'Well, we still paying for the car. And you don't know how long this job with the government going to last.' 'Your brother hoping it won't last at all. Tell me, eh. Deep down in your heart you really believe that this job I am doing is nothing, eh? Deep down you really believe that. Eh?' 'If you think so,' she cried, and went down the steps to the kitchen below the house, to the readers and learners and sisters and married nieces, working and talking in the light of weak, flyblown bulbs. She was surrounded by security; yet disaster was coming upon her and she was quite alone. She went back up to the room. 'How you going to get the money?' 'You don't worry about that.' 'If you start throwing away your money I could always help you. Tomorrow I going to go to de Lima's and buy that brooch you always talking about.' He sniggered. As soon as she went out of the room he was seized by panic. He left the house and went for a walk around the Savannah, along the wide, silent, grass-lined streets of St Clair, where open doors revealed softly lit, opulent, undisturbed interiors. Having committed himself, he lacked the courage to go back yet found the energy to go ahead. He was encouraged by the gloom of Shama and strengthened by the enthusiasm of the children. He avoided questioning himself; and, dreading the return of Owad, he developed the anxiety that he might not after all be good enough for the house of the solicitor's clerk and the old queen who baked cakes and served them with such grace. It was this anxiety which made him drive on Thursday afternoon to Ajodha's and tell Tara as soon as he saw her that he had come to borrow four thousand dollars to buy a house. She took it well; she said she was glad that he was at last going to be free of the Tulsis. And when Ajodha came in, fanning himself with his hat, Mr Biswas was equally forthright and Ajodha treated the matter as a petty business transaction. Four thousand five hundred dollars at eight per cent, to be repaid in five years. Mr Biswas stayed to have a meal with them, and continued to be blunt and loud and full of bounce. It was only when he drove away that his exhilaration left him and he saw that he had involved himself not only in debt but also in deception. Ajodha did not know that the car had not yet been paid for; Ajodha did not know that he was only an unestablished civil servant. And the loan could not be repaid in five years: the interest alone would come to thirty dollars a month. Still there were occasions he could have withdrawn. When, for instance, they went to see the house on Friday evening. Anxious to show himself worthy of the house, he insisted that the children should put on their best clothes, and urged Shama to say as little as possible when they got there. 'Leave me behind. Leave me behind,' Shama said. 'I have no shame for you and I will shame you in front of your high and mighty house-seller.' And all the way she kept it up until, just before they turned into Sikkim Street, Mr Biswas lost his temper and said, 'Yes. You damn well will shame me. Stay and live with your family and leave me alone. I don't want you to come in with me.' She looked surprised. But there was no time for the quarrel to subside. They were in Sikkim Street. He drove the car past the house, parked it some distance away, called to the children to come with him if they wanted to or stay with their mother and continue living with the Tulsis if they wanted to do that, slammed the door and walked away. The children got out and followed him. So that the one glimpse Shama had of the house before it was bought was from the moving Prefect. She saw concrete walls softly coloured in the light of the street lamp, with romantic shadows thrown by the trees next door. And she, who might have noticed the grossness of the staircase, the dangerous curve of the beams, the lack of finish in the lattice work and in all the woodwork, she who might have noticed the absence of a back door, the absence of a hundred small but important touches, sat in the car overcome by anger and dread. While the children, on their best behaviour, made conversation with the old queen and were pleased by the interest she showed in them and her approval of nearly everything they said. They saw the polished floor, the rich curtains, the celotex ceiling, the morris suite, and they wanted to see little more. They drank tea and ate cakes; while Mr Biswas, not at all displeased by the success of his children, smoked cigarettes and drank whisky with the solicitor's clerk. When they went upstairs, the solicitor's clerk went first. It was dark. They did not note the absence of a light on the staircase; the darkness masked the crudity of the construction. Used for so long to the makeshift and the oldfashioned, dazzled by what they had seen, and in the position of guests, they didn't stop to inquire; and once they had got to the top they were too taken by the bathroom and the green bedrooms and the verandah and the rediffusion set. 'A radio!' they cried. They had forgotten what it was like to have one. 'I will leave it here if you want it,' the solicitor's clerk said, as if offering to pay the rental of the set. 'Well, you like it?' Mr Biswas asked, when they left. There was no doubt that they did. Something so new, so clean, so modern, so polished. They were anxious to win Shama over to it, to get her to see it herself. But in the face of Mr Biswas's gaiety and triumph Shama was firm. She said she had no intention of shaming Mr Biswas or his children. During the week Mrs Tulsi had been ill but placid. With Owad's return she became maudlin. She spent most of the day in her room, asking for her hair to be soaked in bay rum, and listening for Owad's footsteps. She sought to win him back by talking about his boyhood and Pundit Tulsi. Abusing no one, raging against no one, the tears flowing from the wells, as it seemed, of her dark glasses, she wove a lengthy tale of injustice, neglect and ingratitude. Her daughters came to listen. They came bowed and penitent and respected their brother's silence by showing themselves solemn and correct. They spoke Hindi; they did not debase themselves; they all tried to look as though they had offended. But Owad's mood did not break. He did not relate his adventures in Tobago; and the sisters directed their own silent accusations at Shama. Owad spent more time away from home. He mixed with his medical colleagues, a new caste separate from the society from which it had been released. He went south to Shekhar's. He played tennis at the India Club. And, almost as suddenly as it had started, talk of the revolution ended. # 7. The House THE SOLICITOR'S clerk was as good as his word, and as soon as the transaction was completed he and the old queen hurriedly abandoned the house. On Monday night Mr Biswas made his final decision. On Thursday the house awaited him. Late on Thursday afternoon they went in the Prefect to Sikkim Street. The sun came through the open windows on the ground floor and struck the kitchen wall. Woodwork and frosted glass were hot to the touch. The inside of the brick wall was warm. The sun went through the house and laid dazzling stripes on the exposed staircase. Only the kitchen escaped the sun; everywhere else, despite the lattice work and open windows, was airlessness, a concentration of heat and light which hurt their eyes and made them sweat. Without curtains, empty except for the morris suite, with the hot floor no longer shining and polished, the sun showing only grit and scratches and dusty footprints, the house seemed smaller than the children remembered and had lost the cosiness they had noted at night, in the soft lights, with thick curtains keeping out the world. Undraped by curtains, the large areas of lattice work left the house open, to the green of the breadfruit tree next door, the bleedingheart vine thick and tendrilled on the rotting fence, the decaying slum house at the back, the noises of the street. They discovered the staircase: unhidden by curtains, it was too plain. Mr Biswas discovered the absence of a back door. Shama discovered that two of the wooden pillars supporting the staircase landing were rotten, whittled away towards the bottom and green with damp. They all discovered that the staircase was dangerous. At every step it shook, and at the lightest breeze the sloping corrugated iron sheets rose in the middle and gave snaps which were like metallic sighs. Shama did not complain. She only said, 'It look as though we will have to do a few repairs before we move.' In the days that followed they made more discoveries. The landing pillars had rotted because they stood next to a tap which emerged from the back wall of the house. The water from the tap simply ran into the ground. Shama spoke about the possibility of subsidence. Then they discovered that the yard had no drainage of any sort. When it rained the water from the pyramidal roof fell directly to the ground, turned the yard into mud and spattered walls and doors, the bottoms of which appeared to have been sprayed with wet soot. They discovered that none of the windows downstairs would close. Some grated on the concrete sill; others had been so warped by the sun that their bolts could no longer make contact with the grooves. They discovered that the front door, elegant with white woodwork and frosted panes and with herringbone lattice work on either side, flew open in a strong wind even when locked and bolted. The other drawingroom door could not open at all: it was pinned to the wall by two floorboards which had risen, pressing against each other, to make a miniature and even mountain range. 'Jerry-builder,' Mr Biswas said. They discovered that nothing was faced and that the lattice work was everywhere uneven, and split in many places by nails which showed their large heads. 'Tout! Crook!' They discovered that upstairs no door resembled any other, in shape, structure, colour or hinging. None fitted. One stood six inches off the floor, like the swingdoor of a bar. 'Nazi and blasted communist!' The upper floor curved towards the centre and from downstairs they noted a corresponding bend in the two main beams. Shama thought that the floor curved because the inner verandah wall it supported was made of brick. 'We'll knock it down,' Shama said, 'and put a wood partition.' 'Knock it down!' Mr Biswas said. 'Be careful you don't knock down the house. For all we know it is that same wall which is keeping the whole damned thing standing.' Anand suggested a pillar rising from the drawingroom downstairs to support the sagging beams. Soon they began to keep their discoveries secret. Anand discovered that the square pillars of the front fence, so pretty with Morning Glory, were made of hollow bricks that rested on no foundation. The pillars rocked at the push of a finger. He said nothing, and only suggested that the mason might have a look at the fence when he came. The mason came to build a concrete drain around the house and a low sink below the tap at the back. He was a squat Negro with catlike whiskers and he sang continually: _There was a man called Michael Finnegan_ _Who grew whiskers on his chin again._ His gaiety depressed them all. Daily they moved between the hostile Tulsi house and Sikkim Street. They became short-tempered. They took little joy in the morris suite or the rediffusion set. ' "I will leave the rediffusion set for you." ' Mr Biswas said, mimicking the solicitor's clerk. 'You old crook. If I don't see you roasting in hell!' The rental of the rediffusion set was two dollars a month. Landrent was ten dollars a month, six dollars more than he paid for his room. Rates, which had always seemed as remote as fog or snow, now had a meaning. Landrent, rediffusion set, rates, interest, repairs, debt: he was discovering commitments almost as fast as he discovered the house. Then the painters came, two tall sad Negroes who had been out of work for some time and were glad to get a job at the very low wages Mr Biswas had to borrow to pay them. They came with their ladders and planks and buckets and brushes and when Anand heard them jumping about on the top floor he became anxious and went up to reassure himself that the house was not falling down. The painters did not share Anand's concern. They continued to jump from plank to floor and he was too ashamed to tell them anything. He stayed to watch. The fresh distemper made the long, ominous crack in the verandah wall clearer and more ominous. While the rediffusion set filled the hot empty house with light music and bright commercials, the painters talked, sometimes of women, but mostly of money. When, from the rediffusion set, a woman sang, as from some near but inaccessible city of velvet, glass and gold where all was bright and secure and even sadness was beautiful: _They see me night and day time_ _Having such a gay time._ _They don't know what I go through –_ one painter said, 'That's me, boy. Laughing on the outside, crying on the inside.' Yet he had never laughed or smiled. And for Anand the songs that came over and over from the rediffusion set into the hollow, distemper-smelling house were forever after tinged with uncertainty, threat and emptiness, and their words acquired a facile symbolism which would survive age and taste: 'Laughing on the Outside', 'To Each His Own', 'Till Then', 'The Things We Did Last Summer'. And more expense was to come. Sewer pipes had not been laid down in this part of the city and the house had a septic tank. Before the painters left, the septic tank became choked. The lavatory bowl filled and bubbled; the yard bubbled; the street smelled. Sanitary engineers had to be called in, and a new septic tank built. By this time the money Mr Biswas had borrowed had run out altogether, and Shama had to borrow two hundred dollars from Basdai, the widow who took in boarders. But at last they could leave the Tulsi house. A lorry was hired – more expense – and all the furniture packed into it. And it was astonishing how the furniture, to which they had grown accustomed, suddenly, exposed on the tray of the lorry in the street, became unfamiliar and shabby and shameful. About to be moved for the last time: the gatherings of a lifetime: the kitchen safe (encrusted with varnish, layer after layer of it, and paint of various colours, the wire-netting broken and clogged), the yellow kitchen table, the hatrack with the futile glass and broken hooks, the rockingchair, the fourposter (dismantled and unnoticeable), Shama's dressingtable (standing against the cab, without its mirror, with all the drawers taken out, showing the unstained, unpolished wood inside, still, after all these years, so raw, so new), the bookcase and desk, Théophile's bookcase, the Slumberking (a pink, intimate rose on the headrest), the glass cabinet (rescued from Mrs Tulsi's drawingroom), the destitute's diningtable (on its back, its legs roped around, loaded with drawers and boxes), the typewriter (still a brilliant yellow, on which Mr Biswas was going to write articles for the English and American Press, on which he had written his articles for the Ideal School, the letter to the doctor): the gatherings of a lifetime for so long scattered and even unnoticed, now all together on the tray of the lorry. Shama and Anand rode with the lorry. Mr Biswas drove the girls; they carried dresses which would have been damaged by packing. They could only unpack that evening. A rough meal was prepared in the kitchen and they ate in the chaotic diningroom. They said little. Only Shama moved and spoke without constraint. The beds were mounted upstairs. Anand slept in the verandah. He could feel the floor curving below him towards the offending brick wall. He placed his hand on the wall, as if that might give him some idea of its weight. At every footstep, particularly Shama's, he could feel the floor shake. When he closed his eyes he experienced a spinning, swaying sensation. Hurriedly he opened them again to reassure himself that the floor had not sunk further, that the house still stood. Every afternoon they had seen an elderly Indian rocking contentedly in the verandah of the house next door. He had a square, heavy-lidded face that was almost Chinese; he always looked impassive and sleepy. Yet when Mr Biswas, pursuing his policy of getting on good terms with the neighbours, greeted him, the man brightened at once, sat forward in his rockingchair and said, 'You have been doing a lot of repairs.' Mr Biswas took the man's words as an invitation to his verandah. His house was new and well-built; the walls were solid, the floor even and firm, the woodwork everywhere neat and finished. There was no fence; and a shed of rusted corrugated iron and grey-black boards abutted at the back of the house. 'Nice house you have here,' Mr Biswas said. 'With the help of God and the boys we manage to build it. Still have to put up a fence and build a kitchen, as you see. But that could wait for the time being. You had to do a lot of repairs.' 'A few things here and there. Sorry about the septic tank.' 'You don't have to be sorry about that. I did expect it to happen even before. He build it himself.' 'Who? The man?' 'And not only that. He build the whole house himself. Working on Saturday and Sunday and in the afternoons. It was like a hobby with him. If he employ a carpenter I didn't see it. And I better warn you. He do all the wiring too. The man was a joke, man. I don't know how the City Council pass a house like that. The man used to bring all sort of tree-trunk and tree-branch to use as rafters and beams.' He was an old man, pleased that after a lifetime, with the help of his sons, he had built a solid, well-made house. The past lay in the shed at the back of his house, in the ruinous wooden houses still in the street. He spoke only out of a sense of achievement, without malice. 'A strong little house, though,' Mr Biswas said, looking at it from the old man's verandah. And he saw how the old man's breadfruit tree framed the house to advantage, how elegant the lattice work looked through the bleedingheart vine, its lack of finish unimportant at this distance. But he noticed how pronounced the crack was that spread from the brick wall in the verandah. And it was only then that he noticed how many of the celotex panels had fallen from the eaves; and even as he looked bats flew in and out. 'Strong little house. That is the main thing.' The old man continued to talk, no hint of argument in his voice. 'And those pillars at the four corners. Anybody else woulda make them of concrete. You know what he make them of? Just those clay bricks. Hollow inside.' Mr Biswas could not hide his alarm and the old man smiled benevolently, pleased to see his information having such an effect. 'The man was a joke, man,' he went on. 'As I say, it was like a hobby to him. Picking up window frames here and there, from the American base and where not. Picking up a door here and another one there and bringing them here. A real disgrace. I don't know how the City Council pass the place.' 'I don't suppose,' Mr Biswas said, 'that the City Council woulda pass it if it _wasn't_ strong.' The old man paid no attention. 'A spec'lator, that's what he was. A real spec'lator. This ain't the first house he built like this, you know. He build two-three in Belmont, one in Woodbrook, this one, and right now he building one in Morvant. Building it and living in it at the same time.' The old man rocked and chuckled. 'But he get stick with this one.' 'He live in it a long time,' Mr Biswas said. 'Couldn't get anybody to buy it. Is a good little site, mark you. But he was asking too much. Four five.' 'Four five!' 'If you please. And look. Look at that little house down the road.' He pointed to a new neat bungalow, which Mr Biswas, with his newly acquired eye for carpentry, had recognized as of good design and workmanship. 'Small, but very nice. _That_ sell this year for four five.' A Tuttle boy, the writer, came unexpectedly to the house one afternoon, talked of this and that and then, casually, as if delivering a message he had forgotten, said that his parents were going to call that evening, because Mrs Tuttle wanted to ask Shama's advice about something. Rapidly, they made ready. The floor was polished and walking on it was forbidden. Curtains were rearranged, and the morris suite and the glass cabinet and the bookcase pushed into new positions. The curtains masked the staircase; the bookcase and the glass cabinet hid part of the lattice work, which was also draped with curtains. The door that couldn't close was left wide open and curtains hung over the doorway. The door that couldn't open was left shut; and a curtain hung over that. The windows that couldn't close were left open and curtains hung over them as well. And when the Tuttles came they were greeted by an enclosed, shining, softly-lit house, the morris chairs and the small palm in the brass pot reflecting on the polished floor. Shama seated them on the morris chairs, left them to marvel in silence for a minute or so, and, as cosily as the old queen herself, made tea in the kitchen and offered that and biscuits. And the Tuttles were taken in! Shama could tell from the hardening of Mrs Tuttle's expression into one of outrage and self-pity, from the nervous little chuckles of W. C. Tuttle who sat with a mixture of Eastern and Western elegance on his morris chair, rubbing one hand over the ankle that rested on his left knee, twirling the long hairs in his nose with the other hand. Mrs Tuttle said to Myna, who had amputated the torch-bearer's torchbearing arm, 'Hello, Myna girl. You forget your aunt these days. I don't suppose you want to come round to my old house after this.' Myna smiled, as though Mrs Tuttle had hit on an embarrassing truth. Mrs Tuttle said to Shama in Hindi, 'Well, it is old. But it is full of room.' She pressed her elbows to her side to show the constriction she felt in Shama's house. 'And we didn't want to get into debt or anything like that.' W. C. Tuttle played with the hairs in his nose and smiled. 'I don't want anything bigger,' Shama said. 'This is just right for me. Something small and nice.' 'Yes,' W. C. Tuttle said. 'Something nice and small.' And they had a moment of panic when he jumped up from his chair and, going to the wall with the lattice work, began measuring it by extending his fingers, gathering them up again and extending them once more. But it was only the length of the wall, not the quality of the work, that interested him. He measured, gave a little laugh and said, 'Twelve by twenty.' 'Fifteen by twenty-five,' Shama said. 'Nice and small,' W. C. Tuttle said. 'That, to me, is the beauty of it.' And Shama had another uneasy moment when W. C. Tuttle asked to be shown upstairs. But it was night. They had enclosed the staircase with lattice work from banister to roof, with strips of wood from banister to steps, and it had all been painted. A weak bulb lit up the landing, threw the yard into darkness, and the effect of cosiness was maintained. And how quickly they forgot the inconveniences of the house and saw it with the eyes of the visitors! What could not be hidden, by bookcase, glass cabinet or curtains, they accommodated themselves to. They mended the fence and made a new gate. They put up a garage. They bought rose trees and planted a garden. They began to grow orchids and Mr Biswas had the exciting idea of attaching them to dead coconut trunks buried in the ground. At the side of the house, in the shade of the breadfruit tree, they had a bed of anthurium lilies. To keep the lilies cool they surrounded them with damp, rotting immortelle wood which they got from Shorthills. And it was on a visit to Shorthills that they saw the concrete pillars rising out of tall bush on the hill where Mr Biswas had once built a house. Soon it seemed to the children that they had never lived anywhere but in the tall square house in Sikkim Street. From now their lives would be ordered, their memories coherent. The mind, while it is sound, is merciful. And rapidly the memories of Hanuman House, The Chase, Green Vale, Shorthills, the Tulsi house in Port of Spain would become jumbled, blurred; events would be telescoped, many forgotten. Occasionally a nerve of memory would be touched – a puddle reflecting the blue sky after rain, a pack of thumbed cards, the fumbling with a shoelace, the smell of a new car, the sound of a stiff wind through trees, the smells and colours of a toyshop, the taste of milk and prunes – and a fragment of forgotten experience would be dislodged, isolated, puzzling. In a northern land, in a time of new separations and yearnings, in a library grown suddenly dark, the hailstones beating against the windows, the marbled endpaper of a dusty leather-bound book would disturb: and it would be the hot noisy week before Christmas in the Tulsi Store: the marbled patterns of oldfashioned balloons powdered with a rubbery dust in a shallow white box that was not to be touched. So later, and very slowly, in securer times of different stresses, when the memories had lost the power to hurt, with pain or joy, they would fall into place and give back the past. Though Mr Biswas had mentally devised many tortures to which he was going to put the solicitor's clerk, he took care to avoid the café with the gay murals. And it was with surprise and embarrassment that he came back one afternoon, less than five months after he had moved, to find the solicitor's clerk, a cigarette hanging from his lips, pacing with some method about the lot next to his house. The clerk was unabashed. 'How, man? How the wife? And the children? Still getting on all right with their studies?' Instead of replying, what he felt, 'Stop asking about my children and their studies, you nasty old crooked communist tout!' Mr Biswas said that they were all well and asked, 'How the old queen?' 'Half and half. The old heart still playing the fool.' The lot next door was practically empty. At the far end it contained only a neat two-roomed building, the office of a friendly society; so that Mr Biswas had no neighbours on one side. Mr Biswas did not like the clerk's concentration. But he decided to keep cool. 'You happy in Mucurapo?' he asked. 'Eh, but what I saying? Is Morvant, not so?' 'The old queen don't care for the area. Damp, you know.' 'And the mosquitoes. I can imagine. I hear that is bad for the heart.' 'Still,' the clerk said. 'We got to keep on trying.' 'You sell the Morvant house yet?' 'Not yet. But I have a lot of offers.' 'And you thinking of building here again.' 'Want to put up a lil house like yours. Two-storey.' 'You not putting up any damn two-storey house here, you old jerry-building tout!' The clerk stopped pacing and came to the fence, scarlet and green with a bougainvillaea Mr Biswas had planted. Over the bougainvillaea he wagged a long finger in Mr Biswas's face and said, 'Mind your mouth! Mind your mouth! You say enough to spend a nice lil time in jail. Mind your mouth! It look like you don't know the law.' 'The City Council not going to pass this one. I pay rates and I have my rights.' 'Don't say I didn't warn you. You just mind your mouth, you hear.' When the solicitor's clerk left, Mr Biswas walked about the yard, trying to imagine the effect in the street of two tall boxes side by side. He walked and looked and pondered and gauged. Then, before the sun went down, he called out, 'Shama! Shama! Bring a ruler or your tape measure.' She brought a ruler and Mr Biswas began measuring the width of his lot foot by foot, starting from the half-empty lot and working towards the house of the old Indian, who had observed everything, rocking, his Chinese face wrinkled with smiles. 'He come to build another one, eh?' he called out, when Mr Biswas was near enough. 'That don't surprise me at all.' 'He going to build it over my dead body,' Mr Biswas called back, measuring. The old man rocked, greatly amused. 'Aha!' Mr Biswas said, when he got to the end of the lot. 'Aha! I always suspected.' He stooped and started to measure back to the half-empty lot, while the old man rocked and chuckled. 'Shama!' Mr Biswas said, running to the kitchen. 'Where you have the deed for the house?' 'In the bureau.' She went up to get it. She brought it down and Mr Biswas read. 'Aha! The old tout! Shama, we going to get a bigger yard.' By accident or design the fence the solicitor's clerk had put up was a full twelve feet inside the boundary indicated in the deed. 'I always thought,' Shama said, 'that we didn't have a fifty-foot frontage.' 'Frontage, eh?' Mr Biswas said. 'Nice word, Shama. But you're picking up a lot of nice words in your old age, you know.' And the solicitor's clerk appeared in the street no more. 'So you catch him then,' the old man said. 'But you must say this for him. He was a sharp fellow.' 'Didn't fool me,' Mr Biswas said. In the extra space Mr Biswas planted a laburnum tree. It grew rapidly. It gave the house a romantic aspect, softened the tall graceless lines, and provided some shelter from the afternoon sun. Its flowers were sweet, and in the still hot evenings their smell filled the house. # Epilogue BEFORE THE end of the year Owad left Port of Spain. After his marriage to Dorothy's cousin, the Presbyterian violinist, he left the Colonial Hospital and moved to San Fernando, where he set up in private practice. And at the end of the year the Community Welfare Department was abolished. It was not because of Shekhar's party; that had disintegrated even before, when all four of its candidates were defeated in the colony's first general election, encouraging Shekhar ('The Poor Man's Friend', according to his posters) to withdraw from public life and concentrate on his cinemas. The department was abolished because it had grown archaic. Thirty, twenty or even ten years before, there would have been people to support it. But the war, the American bases, an awareness of America had given everyone the urge, and many the means, to self-improvement. The encouragement and guidance of the department were not needed. And when the department was attacked, no one, not even those who had enjoyed its 'leadership' courses, knew how to defend it. And Miss Logie, like Mr Burnett, left. Mr Biswas slipped from his low eminence as a civil servant and returned to the _Sentinel._ The car was now his own; but he was getting less than those who had stayed with the paper. He had paid five hundred dollars of the debt; now he could hardly pay the interest. He wanted to sell the car, and an Englishman came to the house one day to look it over. Shama was exceedingly rude, and the Englishman, finding himself in the centre of a family quarrel, withdrew. Mr Biswas gave in. Shama had never reproached him for the house, and he had begun to credit her with great powers of judgement. Again and again she said she was not worried, that the debt would settle itself; and though Mr Biswas felt that her words were hollow, he did get comfort from them. But the debt remained. At nights, with a clear view of the sky through the slightly crooked window frames on the top floor, he felt the time flying by, the five years shrinking to four, to three, bringing disaster closer, devouring his life. In the morning the sun struck through the lattice work on the landing and below the bar-room door into his bedroom, and calmness returned. The children would see about the debt. But the debt remained. Four thousand dollars. Like a buffer at the end of a track, frustrating energy and ambition. Beyond the _Sentinel_ there was nothing. And though he had at first found the newspaper office stimulating, with its urgency, the daily miracle of seeing what he had written in the afternoon transformed into solid print read by thousands the next morning, his enthusiasm, unsupported by ambition, faded. His work became painstaking and laboured: the zest went out of his articles as it had gone out of himself He grew dull and querulous and ugly. Living had always been a preparation, a waiting. And so the years had passed; and now there was nothing to wait for. Except the children. Suddenly the world opened for them. Savi got a scholarship and went abroad. Two years later Anand got a scholarship and went to England. The prospects of repaying the debt receded. But Mr Biswas felt he could wait; at the end of five years he could make other arrangements. He missed Anand and worried about him. Anand's letters, at first rare, became more and more frequent. They were gloomy, self-pitying; then they were tinged with a hysteria which Mr Biswas immediately understood. He wrote Anand long humorous letters; he wrote about the garden; he gave religious advice; at great expense he sent by air mail a book called _Outwitting Our Nerves_ by two American women psychologists. Anand's letters grew rare again. There was nothing Mr Biswas could do but wait. Wait for Anand. Wait for Savi. Wait for the five years to come to an end. Wait. Wait. They sent a message to Shama one afternoon and she packed Mr Biswas's pyjamas and hurried to the Colonial Hospital. He had collapsed in the _Sentinel_ office. It was not the stomach which was at fault, the stomach which he had so often said he would like to cut out of himself and have a good look at, to see exactly what was playing the fool. It was the heart, about which he had never complained. He spent a month in hospital. When he came home he found that Shama and Kamla and Myna had distempered the walls downstairs. The floor had been freshly stained and polished. The garden was blooming. He was moved. He wrote to Anand that he hadn't realized until then what a nice little house it was. But writing to Anand was like taking a blind man to see a view. Forbidden to climb staircases, Mr Biswas lived downstairs; and this was a recurring humiliation, for the lavatory was upstairs. The afternoon sun made it hard to be downstairs all day; even when Shama put up an awning over the windows the glare remained and the heat was stifling. Knowing his heart was unreliable, he was afraid. He feared for his heart. He feared for Anand. He feared for the end of the five years. He continued to write cheerful letters to Anand. At long intervals the replies came, impersonal, brief, empty, constrained. Then the _Sentinel_ put Mr Biswas on half-pay. Within a month he was back at work, climbing the steps to the _Sentinel_ office, climbing the steps to his bedroom, driving the Prefect, now old and troublesome, to all parts of the island, in all weathers; then sweating over his articles, injecting what gaiety he could into dull subjects. These articles he sent to Anand, but they were seldom acknowledged, and, as if ashamed of them, he ceased to send them. A lethargy fell over him. His face grew puffy. His complexion grew dark; not the darkness of a naturally dark skin, not the darkness of sunburn: this was a darkness that seemed to come from within, as though the skin was a murky but transparent film and the flesh below it had been bruised and become diseased and its corruption was rising. Then Shama got another message one day, and when she went to the hospital she found it was much more serious. His face held a pain she could scarcely bear to watch; he was not able to talk. She wrote to Anand and Savi. Savi answered in about a fortnight. She was returning as soon as possible. Anand wrote a strange, maudlin, useless letter. Mr Biswas came home after six weeks. Again he lived downstairs. Everyone was now adjusted to his condition and no preparations had been made to welcome him as before. The distemper was still new; the curtains remained unchanged. He had stopped smoking altogether; his appetite returned and he fancied he had made a significant discovery. He wrote Anand warning him against cigarettes and continued to talk about the garden and the growth of his shade tree, which they all called his 'shade'. His face grew puffier, even gross; it grew darker; and he began to put on weight. Waiting for Savi, waiting for Anand, waiting for the end of the five years, he became more and more irritable. Then the _Sentinel_ sacked him. It gave him three months' notice. And now Mr Biswas needed his son's interest and anger. In all the world there was no one else to whom he could complain. And at last, forgetting Anand's own pain, he wrote on the yellow typewriter a hysterical, complaining, despairing letter, with not a mention of the shade or the roses or the orchids or the anthurium lilies. When, after three weeks, he had received no reply from Anand, he wrote to the Colonial Office. This elicited a brief letter from Anand. Anand said he wanted to come home. At once the debt, the heart, the sack, the five years became less important. He was prepared to take on a further debt to get Anand home. But the plan fell through; Anand changed his mind. And Mr Biswas never complained again. In his letters he once again became the comforter. The time for his last paypacket from the _Sentinel_ drew near, and not far behind that the end of the five years. And right at the end everything seemed to grow bright. Savi returned and Mr Biswas welcomed her as though she were herself and Anand combined. Savi got a job, at a bigger salary than Mr Biswas could ever have got; and events organized themselves so neatly that Savi began to work as soon as Mr Biswas ceased to be paid. Mr Biswas wrote to Anand: 'How can you not believe in God after this?' It was a letter full of delights. He was enjoying Savi's company; she had learned to drive and they went on little excursions; it was wonderful how intelligent she had grown. He had got a Butterfly orchid. The shade was flowering again; wasn't it strange that a tree which grew so quickly could produce flowers with such a sweet scent? One of the first stories Mr Biswas had written for the _Sentinel_ had been about a dead explorer. The _Sentinel_ was then a boisterous paper and he had written a grotesque story, which he had often later regretted. He had tried to lessen his guilt by thinking that the explorer's relations were unlikely to read the _Sentinel._ He had also said that when his own death was reported he would like the headline to be ROVING REPORTER PASSES ON. But the _Sentinel_ had changed, and the headline he got was JOURNALIST DIES SUDDENLY. No other paper carried the news. An announcement came over twice on rediffusion sets all over the island. But that was paid for. Her sisters did not fail Shama. They all came. For them it was an occasion of reunion, no longer so frequent, for they had all moved to their own houses, some in the town, some in the country. Downstairs the doors of the house were open. The door that couldn't open had been made to, and its hinges dislocated. The furniture was pushed to the walls. All that day and evening well-dressed mourners, men, women and children, passed through the house. The polished floor became scratched and dusty; the staircase shivered continually; the top floor resounded with the steady shuffle. And the house did not fall. The cremation, one of the few permitted by the Health Department, was conducted on the banks of a muddy stream and attracted spectators of various races. Afterwards the sisters returned to their respective homes and Shama and the children went back in the Prefect to the empty house. # ALSO BY V. S. NAIPAUL "For sheer abundance of talent, there can hardly be a writer alive who surpasses V. S. Naipaul." _—The New York Times Book Review_ A BEND IN THE RIVER In this novel V. S. Naipaul takes us deeply into the life of one man—an Indian who, uprooted by the bloody tides of Third World history, has come to live in an isolated town at the bend of a great river in a newly independent African nation. Naipaul gives us the most convincing and disturbing vision yet of what happens in a place caught between the dangerously alluring modern world and its own tenacious past and traditions. Fiction/Literature/0-679-72202-5 THE ENIGMA OF ARRIVAL The story of a writer's singular journey—from one place to another, from the British colony of Trinidad to the ancient countryside of England, and from one state of mind to another—this is perhaps Naipaul's most autobiographical work. Yet it is also woven through with remarkable invention to make it a rich and complex novel. Fiction/Literature/0-394-75760-2 GUERRILLAS Set on a troubled Caribbean island—where Asians, Africans, Americans, and former British colonials coexist in a state of suppressed hysteria— _Guerrillas_ is a novel of colonialism and revolution. A white man arrives with his mistress, an Englishwoman inflamed by fantasies of native power and sexuality, unaware of the consequences of her actions. Together with a mulatto leader of the "revolution," they act out a gripping drama of death, sexual violence, and spiritual impotence. Fiction/Literature/0-679-73174-1 IN A FREE STATE This grouping of two short stories and a short novel within a prologue and an epilogue from Naipaul's travel journals is, as Nadine Gordimer wrote in _The New York Times Book Review,_ "not a collection of occasional pieces but an entity... part of the achievement that... will show [Naipaul] to have been a great writer." Winner of the Booker Prize, Britain's highest literary award, it is held together by its pervading concern with the themes of exile, freedom, and prejudice. Fiction/Literature/0-394-72205-1 A WAY IN THE WORLD Spanning continents and centuries, _A Way in the World_ tells intersecting stories whose protagonists include the disgraced and half-demented Sir Walter Raleigh fruitlessly seeking El Dorado in the New World; the nineteenth-century insurgent Francisco Miranda, who in his quest to liberate South America becomes entangled in his own fantasies and borrowed ideas; and the doomed Blair, a present-day Caribbean revolutionary stranded—and eventually martyred—in East Africa. Fiction/Literature/0-679-76166-7 VINTAGE BOOKS Available at your local bookstore, or call toll-free to order: 1-800-793-2665 (credit cards only).

More Google employees are blowing the whistle about intimidation, discrimination, and dogma at the company following the firing of viewpoint diversity advocate James Damore. Breitbart News’ interview series, Rebels of Google, has revealed an atmosphere of profound fear at the company, in which employees who challenge Google’s hyper-progressive narratives face bullying and ostracization from co-workers, and frequently find themselves added to blacklists aimed at destroying peoples’ careers both inside and outside Google. Our last interviewee even described an incident in which someone was punched for expressing a contrary viewpoint. In our latest interview, current Google employee (alias “Gordon”) reveals more stories of intolerance and dogma at the company. He describes senior managers at Google being on the “verge of tears” following Trump’s election win, “cult-like” diversity training sessions, and an autistic employee who was fired after questioning the idea of gender as a spectrum. Every week, Google holds an end-of-week meeting with all its Mountain View employees called a “TGIF meeting” (Thank God It’s Friday). According to Gordon, the TGIF that followed Trump’s election victory was something to behold. “After the 2016 election, we had an entire TGIF dedicated to the election result, in which several of our top management gave emotional speeches as though the world was going to end, and seemed to be on the verge of tears.” says Gordon “It was embarrassing.” (our previous interviewee, Emmett, similarly described an “internal meltdown” at Google after Trump’s win) He recounts the story of an autistic Google employee who was fired shortly after questioning the idea, popular among progressives, that gender is a “spectrum” rather than a “binary” of male and female. “There used to be a Googler very high on the autism spectrum. At our TGIFs (weekly propaganda sessions) he would always take up time during the question period with long, strange, frustrating questions.” “This went on for months, and was always tolerated until one fateful LGBT-themed TGIF when he expressed skepticism about the gender “spectrum.” He was fired very shortly afterward.” Before publishing, we checked with our previous interviewee, Emmett, to see if he recalled the incident and could corroborate. He did. Gordon also recalls an incident in which an employee was sent to Human Resources for questioning the idea of special treatment for minorities. “On an internal list, there were people from certain minority groups presenting poor arguments demanding to be listened to because of their victimization.” “A coworker asked if any of them had been personally victimized, and if not, why they should receive special treatment. A few days later I found out he’d received a complaint from HR (they took it seriously).” According to Gordon, things took a turn for the worse when the Black Lives Matter ideology started to spread through the corporate culture. “One thing that’s unusual about Google is that it is fine to harshly and even unprofessionally criticize managers and other teams. Before we became politicized, this seemed liberating. Then, when Black Lives Matter hysteria hit its peak, sometime in 2015, it became taboo to criticize identity politics, and later on, it became very dangerous to criticize any member of a minority group at all (even if the criticism had nothing to do with their identity).” “The worst part isn’t the ‘diversity.'” says Gordon “It’s the “inclusion” – the banner under which they justify dangerous pseudosciences like unconscious bias and microaggressions, and try to make them company policy.” Ideological conformity at Google, says Gordon, is “far worse” than James Damore’s viewpoint diversity memo indicates. “Google is run like a religious cult. Conform and carry out the rituals, and you’ll be rewarded and praised; ask any uncomfortable questions or offend the wrong people, and the threats and public shaming will be swift and ruthless. The religion in this case is a kind of intersectional feminism, its central tenets are Diversity and Inclusion, its demonic enemy is Bias, and its purifying rituals include humiliating forms of “training” that resemble Maoist struggle sessions.” “This might sound crazy to a lot of your readers, but college students should understand, since it’s a similar culture.” According to Gordon, efforts to terrorize employees over identity politics come from both managers and rank-and-file Googlers. “The agitation ranges from very subtle (“it’s not OK,” “we cannot stand for this,” “these are shitty opinions”) to quite overt (“this is violently offensive,” “I will not tolerate,” “I could not in good conscience assign anyone to work with you”).” “I’ve seen around 20-30 managers agitating this way, each of whom is in charge of anywhere from a few dozen to over a thousand employees. There are some very high-level people who consider the progressive agenda to be more important than the success and mental health of their teams.” “I can’t categorically say that it goes up to “the very top”. However, as you now already know from James’s unceremoniously quick firing, the top brass are either sympathetic to or afraid of the mob.” Gordon says there’s only one way to fight back. “Tell the truth, even when the truth hurts. Especially when the truth hurts. Tell it to everyone who will listen and make sure they pass it on.” This interview is part of the “Rebels of Google” series. Read previous interviews here. You can follow Allum Bokhari on Twitter, Gab.ai and add him on Facebook. Email tips and suggestions to abokhari@breitbart.com.

Yana Romanova Yana Sergeyevna Romanova (; born 11 May 1983) is a retired Russian biathlete. She competed in various events at the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics and won a silver medal in the 4×6 km relay in 2014. Her medal was later annulled for doping violations. Career Romanova was awarded the Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" I class in 2014. In May 2015 she retired from competitions. In April 2016 she became a candidate to participate in the primaries of the "United Russia" in the Omsk Oblast for the elections to the State Duma. In December 2016, the International Biathlon Union provisionally suspended her for doping violations during the 2014 Winter Olympics, along with Olga Vilukhina. On 27 November 2017, the International Olympic Committee disqualified Vilukhina and Romanova, banned them for life from the Olympics, and stripped them of their Olympic medals. References External links Profile on biathlonworld.com Statistics Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:People from Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast Category:Russian female biathletes Category:Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics Category:Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics Category:Olympic biathletes of Russia Category:Recipients of the Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" I class Category:Doping cases in biathlon Category:Russian sportspeople in doping cases Category:Competitors stripped of Winter Olympics medals

Debra, Charlie Wojta of the above referenced company has agreed to have the GISB Base Contract we have with them amended to designate ENA as the confirming party. Details are as follows: Contract #: 96028979 E-mail: cwojta@national-fuel.com Phone: (303) 796-0325 Fax: (303 796-0151 I will be glad to e-mail Mr. Wojta the amendment once it is ready. Thanks, Ann

Q: How to convert a vertical string in a list? d = {'Banana' : {'price': 7, 'Color' : "yellow"}, 'Apple' : {'price' : 8, 'Color': "green"}, 'Orange' :{'price' : 6, 'Color': "orange"}} for fruit, props in dict.iteritems(): prices= str(props['price']): Now I want to have the price of each fruit in a list print prices 6 7 8 But if I use split(), I get: print prices.split() ['6'] ['7'] ['8'] And what I really want is [6,7,8]. Can someone help me? A: You can use str.splitlines. From the documentation: Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line boundaries. You can use it like this: >>> mystring = """1 2 3""" >>> mylist = mystring.splitlines() >>> print(mylist) ['1', '2', '3'] And since you want the lines as integers: >>> mylist = [int(i) for i in mystring.splitlines()] >>> print(mylist) [1, 2, 3] Keep in mind that you'll get an error if any line is not a integer or float. EDIT (after the post revision): It seems like your main problem is the for loop. You are setting prices on each iteration, overwriting the last. You should use something like this: prices = [] for fruit, props in d.iteritems(): prices.append(props['price']) Then you have a list, looking like this: [8, 6, 7] Notice it has no order. This is because dictionaries are unstructured data types. From the docs: It is best to think of a dictionary as an unordered set of key: value pairs, with the requirement that the keys are unique (within one dictionary). If you want, you could sort your prices: Least to Greatest >>> sorted(prices) [6, 7, 8] Greatest to Least >>> sorted(prices, reverse=True) [8, 7, 6]

We all love sweet rolls, soft and fluffy and packed full of flavour! The flavour combinations are unlimited with these lovely rolls I have already shared a few with you Sweet Pumpkin Rolls and Christmas Sweet Rolls and I have another one for you today! Banana Fudge Sweet Rolls 😀 Grab your FREE copy of 'The Little Boof of Easy Healthy Recipes' and sign up for new weekly recipes. All recipes are Vegetarian, many are Vegan & some are Gluten Free. For information on how we use your data please read our full Privacy Policy. Opt-In to emails Check your email for subscription details Filling I thought it was about time I stuffed some sweet rolls with my all time favourite flavour, banana! I love and adore it so much I have shared so many banana recipes with you already, Chocolate and Banana Loaf, Pumpkin and Banana Muffins, Banana Maple Cake with Salted Caramel Swirl, Rum Banana and Coffee Cupcakes, Banana Cake but to name a few. Sorry my banana obsession can be a little too much at times 😀 so I thought it was about time I mixed the two 🙂 But if that wasn’t enough for you, these lovely rolls are also packed full of creamy fudge. I am sure you can imagine how gorgeously gooey these rolls were 🙂 Cinnamon I also added a generous helping of cinnamon, as well as being a lovely companion to the banana I just couldn’t bring myself to make sweet rolls without adding cinnamon. After all, all these variations come from the classic and timeless cinnamon rolls. Breakfast Treat These beautiful sweet rolls make a lovely late breakfast treat for a lazy weekend, soft, sweet and sticky! Could you ask for more? But I have to be honest Michael (Mr. Bake Then Eat) and I ate them throughout the day and enjoyed them after lunch, for afternoon tea and also for dessert. As you can imagine these didn’t last very long in our house 😀 then again sweet rolls of any kind never do. Glaze I kept the glaze really simple for these rolls, I did try a fudge topping but on my second bake I just drizzled them with a little simple icing and I found that to be perfect, not too sweet but enough to give them a lovely sticky sweetness. Storage Like all bread based baked products these are best eaten on the day of baking but kept in an airtight tin will keep for up to 3 days. Recipe:

Kappapahad Kappapahad is a village in Ranga Reddy district in Telangana, India. It falls under Ibrahimpatnam mandal. References Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district

Q: Creating a (good) struct from a javascript typed array? I'm thinking about typed arrays in javascript; in particular, reading binary file headers. Reading the MDN Typed Arrays documentation, they blithely say we can represent the C struct: struct someStruct { unsigned long id; char username[16]; float amountDue; }; with the javascript: var buffer = new ArrayBuffer(24); // ... read the data into the buffer ... var idView = new Uint32Array(buffer, 0, 1); var usernameView = new Uint8Array(buffer, 4, 16); var amountDueView = new Float32Array(buffer, 20, 1); and then you can say amountDueView[0] but seem oblivious to the fact that treating a scalar as a one-element array is terrible and being able to say something like sizeof(someStruct) is useful as well. So... is there something better? MDN makes reference to js-ctypes but it's no standard javascript. Edit: Yes, I know about javascript objects. Modeling the data isn't the problem; reading and writing binary data elegantly is. A: For what it's worth, there's jBinary, which lets you do stuff like: var binary_data = '\x0f\x00\x00\x00Bruce\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xecQXA'; var myTypeset = { 'jBinary.all': 'someStruct', 'jBinary.littleEndian': true, someStruct: { id: 'uint32', username: ['string0', 16], amountDue: 'float' } }; var binary = new jBinary(binary_data, myTypeset); header = binary.readAll(); // Object {id: 15, username: "Bruce", amountDue: 13.520000457763672} header.username = "Jim"; binary.writeAll(header); binary.readAll(); // Object {id: 15, username: "Jim", amountDue: 13.520000457763672} It's not particularly well-documented (an example like the above would be very welcome) but it's quite good. The biggest caveat is that it relies on javascript objects having properties remain in the order they're defined, which is practically the case but not part of the javascript spec. I suspect this will never actually change because it would break a kajillion things, but still.

Check out our new site Makeup Addiction add your own caption add your own caption add your own caption add your own caption add your own caption add your own caption add your own caption add your own caption add your own caption add your own caption add your own caption Dies in Black Ops Doesnt get mad

Q: Populating textbox ng attributes from within directive A JSFiddle is here: http://jsfiddle.net/DfLdF/ The problem description is as follows, I have a controller wrapping a form which contains some logic, and can not be defined within the directive hash as controller: I need the ability to populate a field from a directive dynamically like so: App.Directive.SomeAwesomeDirective = -> restrict: 'C' link: (scope, element, attrs) -> someValue = scope.someValue field = element.find(".some-class") scope.fieldValue = someValue field.ngModel = "scope.fieldValue" field.ngClass = "scope.someAwesomeClass" monitorFields = (newValue, oldValue) -> console.log "we are here" console.debug newValue console.debug oldValue scope.addValue(newValue) scope.$watch "scope.fieldValue", monitorFields, true I need the following to be fulfilled: 1) When the textfields value is changed, I want scope.fieldValue to be updated. 2) After this happens, I want the addValue method (defined on the wrapping controller), to be called with the new value for validation. 3) The addValue method should set the someAwesomeClass scope variable, and the input fields class should update. 4) The ngClasses to be applied are ng-valid/ng-invalid. Form validation should function correctly in correspondence with these classes As can be seen in my jsfiddle, none of these things are currently happening, and I am unsure as to why... Thanks! A: You can fix it by defining a directive someClass, which will execute the function on its parent. The form tag gets an extra attribute execute, which holds the function to execute. The someClass directive will search the controller of dir directive (hence require: '^dir') and execute it. Another solution would have been to drop the dir directive and define the execute attribute on the someClass directive (e.g. when each input field should trigger a different function). <form class="dir" execute="someFunction"> Directives: app.directive('dir', function () { return { restrict: 'C', scope: { execute: '=' }, controller: function ($scope) { this.execute = $scope.execute; } }; }); app.directive('someClass', function () { return { restrict: 'C', require: '^dir', replace: true, template: '<INPUT name="foo" id="bar" type="text" ng-model="fieldValue" >', scope: { fieldValue: '@' }, link: function (scope, elm, attrs, ctrl) { var monitorField = function (newValue, oldValue) { if (newValue) { ctrl.execute(newValue); } }; scope.$watch("fieldValue", monitorField, true); } }; }); See jsFiddle.

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------- THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright (C) 1999 - 2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. fcopy.cpp This program demonstrates how to use file mappings to implement a file-copy program. It can copy any size file on Windows NT. The size of the file mapping view is a multiple of the system's allocation size. With relatively large views, this program runs faster than if it used many small views. The size of the view can be adjusted up or down by changing the ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER constant. The only recommendation is that the view size must be no more than can fit into the process's address space. Note: Supports 64-bit file systems. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN #include <windows.h> #include <stdio.h> #if defined (DEBUG) #define DEBUG_PRINT(X) printf(X) #else #define DEBUG_PRINT(X) #endif #include <crtdbg.h> // maximum view size DWORD dwMaxViewSize ; // multiplying the system allocation size by the following constant // determines the maximum view size const WORD ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER = 1 ; const int SUCCESS = 0; /* for return value from main() */ const int FAILURE = 1; /* for return value from main() */ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------- main (argc, argv) The main program. Takes the command line arguments, copies the source file to the destination file. Parameters argc Count of command-line arguments, including the name of the program. argv Array of pointers to strings that contain individual command-line arguments. Returns Zero if program executed successfully, non-zero otherwise. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ int main (int argc, char **argv) { int fResult = FAILURE; SYSTEM_INFO siSystemInfo ; DWORD dwMaxViewSize ; ULARGE_INTEGER liSrcFileSize, liBytesRemaining, liMapSize, liOffset; HANDLE hSrcFile = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, hDstFile = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, hSrcMap = 0, hDstMap = 0; BYTE * pSrc = 0, * pDst = 0; char * pszSrcFileName = 0, * pszDstFileName = 0; if (argc != 3) { printf("usage: fcopy <srcfile> <dstfile>\n"); return (FAILURE); } pszSrcFileName = argv[argc-2]; // Src is second to last argument pszDstFileName = argv[argc-1]; // Dst is the last argument // Obtain the system's allocation granularity, then multiply it by an // arbitrary factor to obtain the maximum view size GetSystemInfo(&siSystemInfo); dwMaxViewSize = siSystemInfo.dwAllocationGranularity * ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER; /* Steps to open and access a file's contents: 1) Open the file, 2) Create a mapping of the file, 3) Map a view of the file. This yields a pointer to the file's contents, which can then be used to access the file, just as if it's contents were in a memory buffer. For the source file, open and map it as read only; for the destination file, open and map it as read-write. We allow other processes to read the source file while we're copying it, but do not allow access to the destination file since we're writing it. */ // Open the source and destination files hSrcFile = CreateFile (pszSrcFileName, GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, 0, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, 0); if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hSrcFile) { printf("fcopy: couldn't open source file.\n"); goto DONE; } hDstFile = CreateFile (pszDstFileName, GENERIC_READ|GENERIC_WRITE, 0, 0, CREATE_ALWAYS, 0, 0); if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hDstFile) { printf("fcopy: couldn't create destination file.\n"); goto DONE; } // Need source file's size to know how big to make the destination mapping. liSrcFileSize.LowPart = GetFileSize(hSrcFile, &liSrcFileSize.HighPart); if ( (-1 == liSrcFileSize.LowPart) && (GetLastError() != NO_ERROR) ) { DEBUG_PRINT("couldn't get size of source file.\n"); goto DONE; } /* Special case: If the source file is zero bytes, we don't map it because there's no need to and CreateFileMapping cannot map a zero-length file. But since we've created the destination, we've successfully "copied" the source. */ if (0 == liSrcFileSize.QuadPart) { fResult = SUCCESS; goto DONE; } /* Map the source and destination files. A mapping size of zero means the whole file will be mapped. */ hSrcMap = CreateFileMapping (hSrcFile, 0, PAGE_READONLY, 0, 0, 0); if (!hSrcMap) { DEBUG_PRINT("couldn't map source file\n"); goto DONE; } hDstMap = CreateFileMapping (hDstFile, 0, PAGE_READWRITE, liSrcFileSize.HighPart, liSrcFileSize.LowPart, 0); if (!hDstMap) { DEBUG_PRINT("couldn't map destination file.\n"); goto DONE; } /* Now that we have the source and destination mapping objects, map views of the source and destination files, and do the file copy. To minimize the amount of memory consumed for large files and make it possible to copy files that couldn't be mapped into our virtual address space entirely (those over 2GB), we limit the source and destination views to the smaller of the file size or a specified maximum view size (dwMaxViewSize, which is ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER times the system's allocation size). If the file is smaller than the max view size, we'll just map and copy it. Otherwise, we'll map a portion of the file, copy it, then map the next portion, copy it, etc. until the entire file is copied. MAP_SIZE is 32 bits because MapViewOfFile requires a 32-bit value for the size of the view. This makes sense because a Win32 process's address space is 4GB, of which only 2GB (2^31) bytes may be used by the process. However, for the sake of making 64-bit arithmetic work below for file offets, we need to make sure that all 64 bits of liMapSize are initialized correctly. Note structured exception handling is used in case a MapViewOfFile call failed. That should never happen in this program, but in case it does, we should handle it. Since the possibility is so remote, it is faster to handle the exception when it occurs rather than test for failure in the loop. */ __try { liBytesRemaining.QuadPart = liSrcFileSize.QuadPart; // stan bug fix liMapSize.QuadPart = dwMaxViewSize; // Make sure that the arithmetic below is correct during debugging. _ASSERT(liMapSize.HighPart == 0); do { liMapSize.QuadPart = min(liBytesRemaining.QuadPart, liMapSize.QuadPart); liOffset.QuadPart = liSrcFileSize.QuadPart - liBytesRemaining.QuadPart; pSrc = (BYTE *)MapViewOfFile (hSrcMap, FILE_MAP_READ, liOffset.HighPart, liOffset.LowPart, liMapSize.LowPart); pDst = (BYTE *)MapViewOfFile (hDstMap, FILE_MAP_WRITE, liOffset.HighPart, liOffset.LowPart, liMapSize.LowPart); CopyMemory (pDst, pSrc, liMapSize.LowPart); UnmapViewOfFile (pSrc); UnmapViewOfFile (pDst); liBytesRemaining.QuadPart -= liMapSize.QuadPart; } while (liBytesRemaining.QuadPart > 0); fResult = SUCCESS; } __except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER) { /* Only way we should get here is if a MapViewOfFile failed. That shouldn't happen, but in case it does clean up the resources. */ if (pSrc) UnmapViewOfFile (pSrc); if (pDst) UnmapViewOfFile (pDst); } DONE: /* Clean up all outstanding resources. Note views are already unmapped. */ if (hDstMap) CloseHandle (hDstMap); if (hDstFile != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) CloseHandle (hDstFile); if (hSrcMap) CloseHandle (hSrcMap); if (hSrcFile != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) CloseHandle (hSrcFile); // Report to user only if a problem occurred. if (fResult != SUCCESS) { printf("fcopy: copying failed.\n"); DeleteFile (pszDstFileName); } return (fResult); }

In the document entitled “New Gate Control Unit for Automotive Synchronous Rectifiers”, authors Stephan Rees and Ulrich Ammann, published by the Institute of Power Electronics and Control Engineering, University of Stuttgart, there is shown a control device for suitably controlling the transistors of the bridge rectifier in order to correctly rectify the sinusoidal induced current. A control device is connected to each transistor of the bridge rectifier/inverter. The control device comprises an operational amplifier for controlling the associated transistor. One of the drawbacks of this device is that it is subjected to the leakage currents coming from the battery. Because of this, the transistors of the bridge rectifier/inverter may be damaged because of these leakage currents and, when the vehicle is stopped, the bridge rectifier/inverter continuously consumes current, which may discharge the battery.

O empresário de Mário Rui contou à TSF que o internacional português do Nápoles vê com bons olhos a hipótese de regressar ao Benfica. Mario Giuffredi adianta que não há contactos com os encarnados, mas não fecha a porta a negociações. "Neste momento não há contactos. Mas a ideia de regressar ao Benfica, uma equipa de primeiro nível, agrada muito ao jogador. Se durante o defeso houver alguma aproximação, o Mário Rui ficaria muito contente e disponível para regressar ao Benfica", disse à TSF o empresário italiano."Nos últimos dois anos jogou muito e fez dois campeonatos importantes. Ficou duas vezes em segundo na Serie A, jogou a Champions e há diversos clubes interessados, em Itália e no estrangeiro, mas sobretudo em Itália. No entanto, ele tem o sonho de regressar ao Benfica", acrescentou.A TSF falou também com João Alves, treinador que trabalhou com Mário Rui no Benfica. "Ofensivamente é muito bom, com muita raça, é um jogador reguila (no bom sentido), descomplexado. O Mário Rui não é muito alto, mas compensa isso com uma raça tremenda, e com um pé esquerdo maravilhoso. É um grande jogador", analisou o técnico."Tem feito a carreira dele a pulso: quando chegou a sénior foi dispensado pelo Benfica, embora os relatórios indicassem que tinha valor para poder vir a singrar. A carreira dele passou por outros lados e acabou por chegar à Seleção e tem feito um percurso brilhante. Neste momento é um jogador completo, a atacar e a defender é muito equilibrado", garantiu.Mário Rui, recorde-se, foi convocado por Fernando Santos para a final-four da Liga das Nações.

WASHINGTON — In the legislative blueprint that Republicans hope will serve as a roadmap to winning control of the House, they declared their two highest priorities to be creating jobs and stopping “out-of-control spending” by the federal government. “To create jobs, we need to end the uncertainty for job creators and the spending spree in Washington,” the House Republican leader, John A. Boehner of Ohio, said on Thursday at a hardware store in Sterling, Va., where the party unveiled its agenda. The approach Mr. Boehner set out is based on a belief that smaller government, lower taxes and less regulation will fuel economic growth, create jobs and ultimately lead to a more prosperous nation. It deviated little from the tenets of mainstream conservatism over the last generation. But even conservative-leaning budget and policy analysts said that the Republican blueprint, as drafted, would lead to bigger, not smaller, deficits and that it did not contain the concrete, politically difficult steps needed to alter the nation’s fiscal trajectory.

Introduction {#Sec1} ============ Neurologic diseases in the elderly, such as dementia and stroke, will pose an ever increasing burden on societies over the next couple of decades \[[@CR1]--[@CR4]\]. However, effective therapeutic or preventive strategies are lacking. In order to develop such strategies, knowledge on the etiology of these diseases is essential. A feature of neurodegenerative diseases is that morphologic brain pathology may be already present years before clinical onset and can be visualized using magnetic resonance imaging \[[@CR5]--[@CR10]\]. Realizing this potential benefit, already in the 1990s various population-based studies implemented neuroimaging to study the preclinical brain changes that ultimately lead to or may indicate an increased risk of developing clinically manifest diseases, such as dementia and stroke \[[@CR7], [@CR11]--[@CR19]\]. However, most studies implemented neuroimaging in only a subset of their population leading to limited sample sizes. More importantly, over the course of the last two decades MR imaging has undergone a dramatic improvement in hardware and software leading to higher field strengths, higher resolution, shorter scanning times, and more sensitive sequences. Furthermore, digital imaging techniques have led to a new field of research aimed at automating and increasing through-put of image processing for better visualization and quantification of imaging findings. Taken together, these developments now allow for performing neuroimaging in larger sample sizes and using state-of-the-art imaging and processing techniques. In turn, this has opened the way for more in depth and thorough investigation of (more subtle) brain changes that can lead to neurological diseases. It was in this light, that in 1995 the Rotterdam Scan Study was initiated to investigate risk factors and risk indicators of neurological diseases in the elderly using MR imaging to visualize the underlying brain changes and brain pathology. In 1995 and 1999, random subsets of the Rotterdam Study underwent neuroimaging off site in clinical scanners. From 2005 onwards, the Rotterdam Scan Study has been embedded within the core protocol of the Rotterdam Study. This was possible due to installation of a dedicate research scanner on site. The purpose of this paper is to give a general outline of the study population, scanning protocol, image post-processing and to discuss the main findings of the Rotterdam Scan Study, with the main focus on the period from 2005 to 2011. Design and study population {#Sec2} =========================== The source population of the Rotterdam Scan Study originates from the Rotterdam Study \[[@CR20]--[@CR23]\], which is a population-based study in the Netherlands and aims to investigate causes and determinants of chronic diseases in the elderly. The Rotterdam Study (RS I) was initiated in 1990 with 7,983 participants aged 55 years and over, who were interviewed and underwent physical exam at baseline and during follow-up visits every 3--4 years. In 2000 the cohort was expanded by 3,011 persons (RS II), who were aged 55 and over at that time. In 2006 the cohort was further expanded by 3,932 persons aged 45 years and over (RS III). The whole cohort undergoes re-examinations every 3--4 years. The total Rotterdam Study population encompasses 14,926 persons. Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} shows an overview of the various Rotterdam Study cohorts, the time of their (re-)examination visits, and the implementation of MRI-scanning in the core protocol of the Rotterdam Study in 2005. Initially, we invited random persons from the second visit of RS II to undergo MRI. Subsequently, we have scanned all eligible and consenting participants from the first visit of RS III and fifth visit of RS I. Currently, persons from the third visit of RS II are undergoing scanning. For 2012, participants from RS III are scheduled to be re-invited. Because the throughput of performing MR imaging has been higher than that of the Rotterdam Study (56 MRI slots per week versus 36 slots for regular study center visits), we were able to invite additional subsets for re-scanning. As such, we re-invited participants from RS I in 2006, RS II in 2008, and RS III in 2010 outside their regular visits for the Rotterdam Study. As a result, some of the participants are already undergoing their third MRI-exam.Fig. 1Overview of the subcohorts and examination visits of the Rotterdam Study, and imaging visits of the Rotterdam Scan Study. *Boxes* indicate examination visits of the three cohorts of the Rotterdam Study. *Boxes* with *solid colors* indicate visits, during which MRI imaging was conducted as part of the core protocol. Examination visits indicated with an '*X*' indicate extra visits during which only MRI was performed. The *red vertical line* indicates the implementation of MRI on site in the core protocol of the Rotterdam Study. In 1995 and 1999 (indicated with \*) 567 persons underwent MRI as part of the Rotterdam Scan Study outside the core protocol of the Rotterdam Study. '*Total*' indicates the total number of persons taking part in that Rotterdam Study examination visit. '*N*' indicates the number of persons that were eligible (non-demented and no MRI contra-indications) and invited to take part in the Rotterdam Scan Study. '*n*' indicates the number of persons taking part in the Rotterdam Scan Study Of all persons taking part in the Rotterdam Study, those who are demented or with MRI contra-indications are considered not eligible for the Rotterdam Scan Study. Furthermore, persons suffering from claustrophobia are also not considered further. Therefore, as of January 2011, a total of 5,886 brain MR-scans have been obtained on the research scanner. This includes multiple scans from the same person. Scan protocol {#Sec3} ============= In 2005, a 1.5T MRI unit (General Electric Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA, software version 11×) dedicated to the research project was installed in the Rotterdam Study research center. Besides the possibility of high throughput image acquisition, this enabled us to maintain acquisition parameters unchanged by excluding software or hardware upgrades in order to ensure data stability and comparability over time. The MRI unit was fitted with a dedicated 8-channel head coil (best coil configuration available at time of installation) and the possibility for parallel imaging using the array spatial sensitivity encoding technique (ASSET). Maximum total examination time (from arrival of one participant in the MRI suite until the next) was set at 45 min, in order to accommodate the MRI acquisition into the generic workflow of the Rotterdam Study. We therefore designed a 30 min brain imaging protocol that balanced the restrictions of time, costs and inconvenience for the participants with the relevance and quality of the acquired imaging data. To ensure participant compliance and reproducible image quality (reduce motion artefacts) an acquisition limit of 6 min per sequence was chosen. To facilitate easier applicability of the current MRI protocol by radiology technicians, we chose to use the standard brain imaging package delivered by the system manufacturer instead of custom developed sequences. The MRI sequences were chosen based on the primary variables of interest, i.e.:quantitative measures of brain tissue volumes and volumes of various neurostructures (e.g. hippocampus)quantitative assessment of white matter lesions,qualitative assessment of brain infarcts (lacunar and cortical) and microbleeds,quantitative assessment of white matter microstructural integrity and connectivity,quantitative assessment of total cerebral blood flow. In designing the protocol, we tried to meet both the time constraint and the contrast and resolution requirements. Where possible, we preferred 3D over 2D sequences because of higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), enabling the acquisition of smaller voxel sizes. Yet, acquisition time, sensitivity to motion and blurring artefacts did not allow 3D acquisition in all sequences. For each sequence, we adjusted the imaging parameters during optimization procedures to obtain a specific target resolution with adequate SNR (≥25) for tissues in the center of the brain while scan time was limited to 6 min for each sequence. The resulting protocol is presented in the Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} with all the relevant imaging parameters and the execution order listed. The protocol starts with a three-plane localizer, executed with the shimming option enabled. For subsequent sequences shimming is turned off to accelerate receiver adjustments. Morphological imaging is performed with T1-weighted (T1w), proton density-weighted (PDw) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences. The combination of different MR contrasts provided by these sequences can be used for automated brain tissue and white matter lesion segmentation (see section on processing). For this purpose, the T1w scan is acquired in 3D at high in-plane resolution and with thin slices (voxel size \<1 mm^3^). A 3D T2\*-weighted gradient-recalled echo (GRE) scan is used to image cerebral microbleeds. For this sequence a TE \> 30 ms was selected to obtain stronger T2\*-weighting. For registration purposes, the same slice thickness with a lower in-plane resolution as compared to the 3D T1w scan is used. Parallel imaging is applied for this sequence to stay within the 6 min scan time limit.Table 1The magnetic resonance imaging protocol used in the Rotterdam Scan StudySequenceCommentModeReadout moduleTime (min:s)TR/TE (ms)TI (ms)BW (kHz)Flip angle (degrees)Number of slicesSlice thickness (mm)FOV (cm^2^)MatrixScout (1)Positioning2DGRE0:077.9/1.831.25303430256 × 256Scout (2)Localizer for 2D phase contrast scan; VENC = 60 cm/s2DGRE0:1224/9.08.061016032256 × 160PDw2DFSE6:0912300/17.317.8690--180901.625416 × 2562D Phase ContrastCarotid and basilar flow; VENC = 120 cm/s, NEX = 82DGRE0:5120/4.022.7381519256 × 160T1w3DGRE6:2413.8/2.840012.52096 (192)1.6 (0.8)25416 × 256FLAIR2DFSE6:258,000/120200031.2590--180642.525320 × 224ASSETCoil sensitivity correction data for calibration of parallel imaging2DGRE0:06150/1.831.257039103032 × 32DTI25 directions; b = 1,000mm2/s, b~0~ NEX = 32DEPI3:448,000/74.625090--180393.52164 × 96T2\*w3DGRE5:5545/3114.711396 (192)1.6 (0.8)25320 × 224*PDw* proton-density weighted, *T1w* T1-weighted, *FLAIR* fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, *ASSET* array spatial sensitivity encoding technique, *DTI* diffusion tensor imaging, *T2\*w* T2\*-weighted, *GRE* gradient-recalled echo, *FSE* fast spin echo, *TR* repetition time, *TE* echo time, *TI* inversion time, *BW* bandwith, *FOV* field of view, *VENC* velocity encoding, *NEX* number of excitations Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is used to quantitatively assess white matter microstructural integrity \[[@CR24], [@CR25]\]. For this 2D DTI scan, we use an echo planar imaging (EPI) readout with gradients (b = 1,000 s/mm^2^) applied in 25 directions \[[@CR24], [@CR25]\]. The b = 0 s/mm^2^ image is collected with NEX = 3. The number of gradient directions, i.e. 25, was chosen to best fit the optimized protocol by Jones et al. \[[@CR24], [@CR25]\] whilst remaining within time limits and maximum number of slices permitted by the scanner. To minimize geometrical distortions, the number of frequency encoding points was set to 64 and parallel imaging was applied with an acceleration factor of 2, with an imaging matrix of 64 × 96 and providing a voxel size of 3.3 × 2.2 × 3.5 mm^3^. An ungated 2D GRE phase contrast flow measurement is applied for assessment of total cerebral blood flow \[[@CR26]\], which has shown to be fast and accurate \[[@CR26]\]. A 2D thick slab projection phase contrast angiographic localizer (60 mm thick, velocity encoding (VENC) = 60 cm/sec) is positioned sagittally to determine the location of the carotid and basilar arteries. Next a thin slice perpendicular to all three vessels at the level of the precavernous internal carotid artery is positioned (VENC = 120 cm/s, slice thickness 5 mm, NEX = 8). Flow velocity data can be calculated from the phase difference images as described before \[[@CR26]\]. Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} illustrates an example of all the different sequences acquired in the final protocol. The sequence acquisition order was chosen in a way to provide adequate reconstruction speeds and to eliminate delays. The 3D T2\*w GRE scan was the last sequence executed in the protocol pipeline because of the long reconstruction time necessary for parallel imaging and the resulting lag time in scan execution.Fig. 2Depiction of the images acquired using the MRI protocol. First row: T1-weighted (**a**), proton-density-weighted (**b**), and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (**c**) images. Second row: T2\*-weighted (**d**) image, sagittal scout for the 2D phase contrast measurement (**e**), and the resulting flow image (**f**). Third row: example of an image acquired using diffusion tensor imaging (**g**), map of fractional anisotropy (**h**), and map of mean diffusivity (**i**) For quality check, a daily quality assessment (measuring transmit gain, center frequency and SNR) is performed by technicians using a phantom. In addition, weekly measurements of echo-planar stability, isocenter reliability and accuracy of absolute scaling along the cardinal axes (x, y, z) are performed. Regular scanner maintenance is performed by the manufacturer and results are filed in a log. Furthermore, interscan reproducibility measurements have been performed by re-inviting study participants (*n* = 20--30) within on average 2 weeks after initial examination for repeat MRI. Both for brain tissue segmentation as well as for diffusion tensor connectivity analysis, interscan reproducibility has been shown to be very good \[[@CR27]\]. Image processing {#Sec4} ================ Within the context of the Rotterdam Scan Study, a standardized and validated image analysis workflow is being developed to enable the objective, accurate, and reproducible extraction of relevant parameters describing brain anatomy, possible brain pathologies, and brain connectivity from multispectral MRI data. Image processing in the Rotterdam Scan Study has initially been centered around three main goals: First, owing to the sheer size and complexity of the imaging database being generated, we aim to automate the tedious task of manual analysis, both qualitative (e.g. use of rating scales, for example for cortical atrophy) and quantitative (e.g. manual contouring for volume analyses). Second, our goal is to replace qualitative image assessment by quantitative analyses as much as possible. Third, we aim to limit or avoid altogether inter- and intraobserver variability. In recent years, image processing has been expanded to also allow the extraction of relevant image-derived parameters that would not be feasible manually or cannot be assessed visually. In the following paragraphs, we briefly describe the different quantitative image analysis methods that have been developed and/or employed within the Rotterdam Scan Study. Image pre-processing {#Sec5} -------------------- Prior to analysis, a number of pre-processing steps are performed. For multispectral image analysis, the different scans are spatially registered using rigid registration. Subsequently, the brain is extracted from the scan. Hereto a manually segmented brain mask, which excludes a.o. the cerebellum, eyes and skull, is non-rigidly registered to the T1-weighted image using Elastix \[[@CR28]\]. Finally, scans are corrected for intensity non-uniformity using the N3 method \[[@CR29]\]; non-uniformity correction is carried out within the brain mask. Brain tissue segmentation {#Sec6} ------------------------- Automated brain tissue segmentation on MRI has received considerable attention \[[@CR11], [@CR30]--[@CR39]\]. An important distinction that can be made is whether methods are supervised (i.e. they depend on annotated training data), or unsupervised. In the Rotterdam Scan Study we have used two types of supervised approaches, both based on k-nearest neighbour (kNN) segmentation. In kNN segmentation, image voxels are assigned labels (grey matter (GM), white matter (WM), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or background (BG)) based on the most similar voxels in the training data. Similarity here depends on the distance in normalized MR image intensities. We have both investigated segmentation based on T1w images, and multispectral MRI data (T1w and PDw images). The two approaches we have used differ in the way that the training data are obtained. In the first approach manual segmentations by two observers of six T1w datasets (the PDw dataset is implicitly segmented after rigid registration to the T1w datasets), that include labels for GM, WM, CSF, and BG, were used as training data \[[@CR30], [@CR40]\]. In the second approach the training data were obtained from the scan to be segmented itself. Hereto, the manually segmented scans are used as atlases and are non-rigidly transformed to the scan, creating probability density maps that indicate the likeliness of each voxel to belong to a certain tissue type. After random selection of likely voxels for each class, and a pruning step to remove outliers, the training samples for WM, GM, CSF and BG are obtained \[[@CR40], [@CR41]\]. Both methods have been extensively evaluated within the context of the Rotterdam Scan Study, showing good accuracy and reproducibility \[[@CR27], [@CR40]\]. An example of the automated tissue segmentation is shown in Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}.Fig. 3K-nearest neighbor based tissue segmentation into grey matter (*red*), white matter (*yellow*), cerebrospinal fluid (*blue*), and background (*black*) To facilitate more regionalized analysis of total brain, WM and GM volumes, individual lobes have been segmented. This is achieved by non-rigidly registering a template image in which the lobes have been manually outlined \[[@CR42]--[@CR44]\]. White matter lesion classification {#Sec7} ---------------------------------- The brain tissue segmentation methods described above have been complemented with white matter lesion (WML) segmentation \[[@CR45]\]. Hereto, both the brain tissue segmentation, and the FLAIR image is used. In the brain tissue segmentation, possible WMLs are misclassified as GM with a ring of WM voxels. In the FLAIR image the WMLs are hyperintense. We therefore process the histogram from the FLAIR image intensities of all voxels that are classified as GM, to estimate the mean and standard deviation of true GM voxels. Subsequently, WML voxels are extracted by intensity thresholding, where the threshold depends on the estimated GM distribution. False positives are removed by excluding voxels which are not sufficiently connected to the white matter. The different parameters (intensity threshold, and quantitative definition of not being sufficiently connected) have been optimized on large reference dataset. The method has been quantitatively evaluated \[[@CR45]\] and has successfully been applied to the whole cohort \[[@CR46]\]. Visual inspection of the results indicates that the method is robust, with approximately only 4% of the scans containing false positive or false negative WMLs. Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} demonstrates the automated WML segmentation result.Fig. 4White matter lesion segmentation (*purple*), using both the FLAIR image (*left*) and brain tissue segmentation (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) as input Brain structure segmentation and shape analysis {#Sec8} ----------------------------------------------- Within the Rotterdam Scan Study we have developed a graph cut framework for neurostructure segmentation \[[@CR47]\] combining atlas registration and statistical models of image appearance \[[@CR48]\]. As the hippocampus is one of the first regions to be affected by Alzheimer's disease, most work has focused on developing and optimizing the framework for this application. The developed framework requires annotated training data (atlases), which are used both for atlas registration, and for training the statistical image appearance models. Two observers manually outlined the hippocampus in twenty datasets, following a well-described protocol \[[@CR49]\]. The twenty atlases are nonrigidly registered to an image to be segmented, after which by averaging a spatial probability map is obtained which indicates the likeliness of a voxel to belong to the hippocampus. Within the graph cut framework, this information is complemented by the likeliness that a voxel is part of the hippocampus based on intensity information. Hereto voxel intensities are related to the expected intensity distributions of the hippocampus and the surrounding tissue. The method has been shown to improve on existing manual hippocampus segmentation techniques \[[@CR48]\], and has been applied to a number of studies \[[@CR50], [@CR51]\]. An example of hippocampus segmentation is shown in Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}. The graph cut framework developed for hippocampus segmentation has additionally been used for ventricle segmentation \[[@CR52]\], and segmentation of the cerebellum \[[@CR53]\]. We are working on further extending the applicability to other neurostructures.Fig. 5Hippocampus segmentation, which is used as a basis for both volumetric and shape analysis Currently, our focus extends beyond plain volumetry to incorporating shape-based analysis. Therefore, we have developed a method to quantify hippocampal shape, and investigated its potential to predict dementia. Because our aim is prediction, the most suitable datasets are those obtained in 1995, which have more than 10 years of clinical follow-up. We compared MRI scans of 47 persons who were cognitively normal at scan time and developed dementia during 10-years of follow-up, with 47 age- and gender-matched controls who remained free of dementia. A statistical shape model was built from the 94 segmentation results and was used to predict incident dementia. We found that the combination of hippocampal volume and hippocampal shape performed better than when just using volume \[[@CR54]\]. Diffusion tensor imaging: global and tract-based analysis {#Sec9} --------------------------------------------------------- DTI enables measurement of the microstructural integrity of white matter. Within the Rotterdam Scan Study, a number of image analysis techniques have been employed and developed for the analysis of DTI data. These include conventional global and regional analysis of DTI-derived measures such as Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Mean Diffusivity (MD) \[[@CR55]\], and tract-based analysis of FA \[[@CR56]\]. Global and regional analysis of FA and MD has been performed using the FSL toolbox \[[@CR57]\], and consisted of Eddy current correction, head motion correction, skull stripping and tensor model fitting. As discussed below, DTI data were registered with the other imaging data to study relations between atrophy, white matter lesions, and DTI-derived measures. Tract-based analysis of DTI enables a more localized comparison of FA and MD between groups. In the Rotterdam Scan Study, tract-based analysis has been achieved using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) \[[@CR58]\] a technique that creates a common skeleton of the white matter tracts from a series of images, onto which for each individual the local maximum FA value is projected. This enables robust voxelwise statistical analysis of the microstructural integrity of white matter across persons \[[@CR56]\]. Statistical analysis is performed with multiple linear regressions, adjusting for age, sex and multiple comparisons. In addition, to study relations between macroscopic white matter changes and white matter microstructure, DTI data are aligned with the other MR imaging data. Diffusion tensor imaging: connectivity analysis {#Sec10} ----------------------------------------------- Using deterministic or probabilistic tractography, DTI can also be used to study structural connectivity of the brain. In order to compare structural connectivity across persons in the Rotterdam Scan Study, we developed a novel framework, SAMSCo, which enables construction of weighted structural brain connectivity networks which can be effectively analyzed using statistical methods \[[@CR59], [@CR60]\]. The weighted networks are obtained using a minimum cost path (mcp) method with an anisotropic local cost function based on the locally estimated diffusion tensor weighted images. Start and end regions of the mcp were defined by a FreeSurfer segmentation \[[@CR61], [@CR62]\] of subcortical structures and cortical parcellation. In proof of principle experiments we showed that the brain connectivity maps contain information on age and sex \[[@CR59], [@CR60]\]; we hypothesize that it can also be used for getting valuable insight into normal brain ageing and disease progression. Using a re-scan on 30 persons, good reproducibility of the connectivity maps was shown \[[@CR27]\]. Visual ratings {#Sec11} ============== Scan quality and incidental findings {#Sec12} ------------------------------------ Each MRI scan that is acquired is visually examined within 1 week after acquisition by a research physician in the Rotterdam Scan Study. During this visual inspection, the MRI scan is rated for quality and the presence and severity of motion artefacts or signal inhomogeneity (for example due to metallic implants) is recorded. Furthermore, each scan is evaluated by trained research physicians for presence of incidental findings, i.e. abnormalities of potential clinical relevance that were previously unknown, that are unexpected and that are unrelated to the purpose of the scan \[[@CR63], [@CR64]\]. All potential findings are recorded in a database and are in a later stage evaluated by an experienced neuroradiologist. The most frequent findings in the Rotterdam Scan Study are aneurysms (1.8%) and benign primary tumors (1.6%) \[[@CR63]\]. Referral of participants for further medical examination occurs in accordance with an expert-defined protocol \[[@CR63]\]. Ischemic small vessel disease on MRI {#Sec13} ------------------------------------ Infarcts are rated on FLAIR, proton density-weighted, and T1-weighted sequences. Lacunar infarcts are defined as focal lesions ≥3 and \<15 mm in size with the same signal characteristics as CSF on all sequences, and (when located supratentorially) with a hyperintense rim on the FLAIR sequence \[[@CR63]\]. Lesions ≥15 mm in size, but otherwise similar, are rated as subcortical infarcts. Infarcts showing involvement of cortical gray matter are classified as cortical infarcts. Cerebral microbleeds {#Sec14} -------------------- All 3D T2\* GRE scans are reviewed for the presence, number, and location of cerebral microbleeds. Microbleeds are defined as focal areas of very low signal intensity on T2\*-weighted imaging that are not accompanied by evident signal abnormality on other structural sequences \[[@CR65]\]. Microbleed location is categorized into one of three locations: lobar (cortical gray and subcortical or periventricular white matter), deep (deep gray matter: basal ganglia and thalamus, and the white matter of the corpus callosum, internal, external, and extreme capsule), and infratentorial (brainstem and cerebellum) \[[@CR65]\]. Intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities for microbleed rating are very good (κ = 0.85--0.87 \[[@CR66]\]) and review of the intial ratings by an experienced neuroradiologist yielded very high accordance as well \[[@CR66]\]. Visual check of automated processing performance {#Sec15} ------------------------------------------------ Though post-processing for tissue segmentation and structure segmentation takes places fully automated and without user interaction, all end results are visually checked for performance. For example, small motion artefacts in the FLAIR sequence that do not necessitate exclusion of an MRI scan may interfere with white matter lesion segmentation and cause false positive lesions after automated segmentation; or brain masking may result in minimal inclusion of dura or skull. After visual inspection, manual editing of any errors is needed in less than 10% of scans, depending on the type of post-processing. Furthermore, less than 1% of scans are excluded based on artefacts that are only discovered after automated post-processing (for example motion or susceptibility artefacts in diffusion tensor images, which are not apparent in the raw unprocessed data). Main findings {#Sec16} ============= Vascular factors and brain pathology {#Sec17} ------------------------------------ Previous experience with brain MRI in the Rotterdam Study had learned that markers of small vessel disease such as white matter lesions and lacunar infarcts are highly prevalent in the elderly and that these relate to common cardiovascular risk factors \[[@CR44], [@CR67]--[@CR78]\]. In the MRI scans obtained from 2005 onwards, we confirmed the frequent occurrence of WML and infarcts in the elderly and further extended the prevalence and volume estimates to the middle aged population \[[@CR63]\]. Furthermore, cerebral microbleeds were added as a new marker of vascular brain pathology, and their interrelationship with 'classic' markers of small vessel disease was examined (see further below). In addition to known classic cardiovascular risk factors, we examined cerebral blood flow as a measure of brain perfusion and studied its determinants and association with cognition and vascular brain disease, as further described below. In line with this, we investigated the association between arterial calcification (measured with computed tomography), a relatively new marker of atherosclerosis, and subclinical vascular disease and found arterial calcification in various vessel beds to be related to both WMLs and lacunar infarcts \[[@CR79]\]. Besides our quantitative measures of brain tissue atrophy and lesion volume, DTI added new quantitative information on tissue microstructural integrity, as further elaborated upon below. Finally, in collaboration with research partners in the CHARGE consortium \[[@CR80]\], we performed a genome-wide association study of WML burden and were able to identify 6 novel risk-associated SNPs on chromosome 17q25 \[[@CR81]\], which we subsequently replicated in a separate Rotterdam Scan Study cohort \[[@CR46]\]. After *Apolipoprotein E* (*APOE*) this is the first common genetic variant to be robustly associated with brain pathology on MRI. Similar analyses have been undertaken for brain infarcts \[[@CR82]\]. These are only the first of more projects that will combine genetic information and imaging markers in the Rotterdam Scan Study. Cerebral microbleeds {#Sec18} -------------------- In 200 Rotterdam Scan Study participants, we showed that the 3D high-resolution T2\* GRE sequence detected more microbleeds in more persons, compared with a conventional MRI sequence. When we applied this high-resolution sequence in 1,062 participants, we found that cerebral microbleeds were present in 1 in 5 persons over age of 60 and in over 1 in 3 in persons aged 80 years and older \[[@CR66]\]. This prevalence is much higher than reported previously, which in part may be explained by the use of a more sensitive MRI sequence. We recently updated this prevalence estimate for a larger population (4,006 persons, mean age 60.3 years) and found that it still holds \[[@CR83]\]. Furthermore, we have consistently shown that risk factors for microbleeds vary according to the location of microbleeds in the brain. Cardiovascular risk factors and markers of ischemic small vessel disease were related to deep or infratentorial microbleeds, whilst *APOE* genotype related to strictly lobar microbleeds \[[@CR66], [@CR83]\]. This is indirect evidence that deep or infratentorial microbleeds result from arteriolosclerotic angiopathy, whereas strictly lobar microbleeds are caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy. This is also corroborated by our finding that spatial distribution of lobar microbleeds in our population follows the known topographic distribution of amyloid angiopathy \[[@CR84]\]. The high prevalence of cerebral microbleeds and their potential link with bleeding-prone microangiopathy raised our interest in how these relate to antithrombotic drug use. We found that persons who had used or were using antithrombotic medication significantly more often had cerebral microbleeds \[[@CR85]\]. Longitudinal research needs to confirm this association and may unravel a potential link with risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Interestingly, we found a potential link between microbleeds and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage when investigating lipid factions as risk factor for both \[[@CR86]\]. We also studied the occurrence of incident microbleeds on follow-up MR imaging after an interval of 3--4 years. We found that 10% of persons developed new microbleeds and that this was strongly related to presence of microbleeds at baseline, but also to various risk factors such as hypertension and smoking \[[@CR87]\]. Again, risk factors differed according to the location of new microbleeds, lending further support to the hypothesis on microbleed etiology. Finally, we recently showed that presence of numerous microbleeds, especially in a strictly lobar location, was associated with worse performance on cognitive tests, even after adjustment for vascular risk factors and other imaging markers of small vessel disease \[[@CR88]\]. These results suggest an independent role for microbleed-associated vasculopathy in cognitive impairment. Cerebral blood flow {#Sec19} ------------------- Total cerebral blood flow (tCBF) and total brain perfusion (tCBF per 100 ml brain tissue) were measured with 2D phase contrast imaging as described above. We showed a close relationship between tCBF and markers of the microvasculature, e.g. retinal vessel diameters \[[@CR77]\]. In 892 persons aged 60 years and older, we further showed that determinants of tCBF and total brain perfusion differed largely, due to the large influence of brain volume on tCBF values \[[@CR89]\]. Higher pulse pressure, higher body mass index, and current smoking were all associated with higher total brain perfusion. Furthermore, persons with low total brain perfusion had significantly more white matter lesions compared to those with high total brain perfusion. The role of tCBF with cognitive performance appeared more complex with brain atrophy either confounding or mediating the association \[[@CR90]\]. White matter microstructural integrity {#Sec20} -------------------------------------- We have found DTI parameters within white matter lesions and normal-appearing white matter to be associated with cognitive function, even when taking into account volume of white matter lesions and white matter atrophy \[[@CR55]\]. This indicates that the deleterious effect of white matter changes on cognition not only depends on lesion burden or amount of atrophy, but also on characteristics that are not easily evaluated by conventional MRI. Also, we demonstrated that age-related changes in the normal-appearing white matter are primarily explained by white matter atrophy and white matter lesion formation and not by the aging process in itself. Furthermore, we found that white matter atrophy and white matter lesion formation related to loss of integrity in distinct brain regions, indicating that the two processes are not sequential events but are rather independent and thus pathophysiologically potentially different \[[@CR56]\]. Future perspectives {#Sec21} =================== The Rotterdam Scan Study provides a unique environment to study the etiology of neurological diseases in the elderly. Nearly 6,000 persons have already undergone brain MRI-scanning and in coming years repeated waves of follow-up examination will ensure a wealth of imaging data, both cross-sectional and longitudinal. So far, the focus of research has been on finding risk factors and determinants of brain pathology. In the coming years we hope to expand the scope of research in several ways, which include novel image sequences, novel post-processing techniques, novel risk factors, and study the relationship of imaging markers with clinical outcomes. Currently, we are performing pilot studies to investigate the feasibility of resting state functional MRI in the Rotterdam Scan Study. This will allow us to explore not only structural markers of brain pathology, but also functional correlates thereof. The current planning is to fully incorporate BOLD-fMRI in the core scanning protocol by the end of 2011. In the coming years ongoing hardware developments will necessitate upgrading of the scanner. Although there are no current plans to change the scanner, we foresee upgrading to a 3 Tesla scanner in a few years. Standardized and evaluated automated image processing techniques are crucial in exploiting the rich information that is available in population imaging data. They have enabled a transition from qualitative image interpretation into quantitative imaging. Quantitative imaging is non-trivial; it requires standardization and optimization in all the steps from data acquisition, to data analysis in structured reporting. In the next years, the number of validated quantitative image analysis techniques will further increase, also including more complex measures. Also, the results of these analyses will increasingly be stored in a standardized manner. This will enable a richer characterization of brain anatomy, pathology, connectivity and function. Relating these quantitative image measures to disease status, progression and events, will be a powerful tool for development of novel diagnostic and prognostic quantitative imaging biomarkers. The standardization of image acquisition and processing protocols also implies that high quality reference data are being acquired. These can be used in a clinical setting to contrast findings in an individual with a reference population. Our visual ratings currently include infarcts and microbleeds. We are exploring the possibilities of developing a validated visual rating for enlaraged Virchow Robin-spaces (perivascular spaces). Evidence suggests that these may be a hallmark of either small vessel disease or atrophy \[[@CR91], [@CR92]\]. Finally, the concomitant continuous monitoring of all participants in the Rotterdam Study ensure that we have a wealth of clinical data available, including cognitive performance and the occurrence of dementia and stroke. By the end of 2012, we will already have 6 years of clinical follow-up for the first participants of the Rotterdam Scan Study. In the coming years we hope to investigate how MRI markers of brain pathology relate to these clinical outcomes. It will be especially interesting to investigate how the recently introduced markers, i.e. microbleeds, microstructural integrity, and cerebral blood flow, relate to incident disease, and whether these markers can contribute additional information on top of established markers, such as white matter lesions and infarcts. The authors thank all participants, technicians, and research staff of the Rotterdam Scan Study. We are also grateful to the general practitioners of the Ommoord area for their continued support. We thank Piotr Wielopolski and Henri Vrooman for their continued technical assistance during the study. The Rotterdam Scan Study is supported by the Erasmus MC University Medical Center, the Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) grant 918-46-615, the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW), the Research Institute for Disease in the Elderly (RIDE), the Alzheimer's Association (Dr Vernooij, grant NIRG-09-131680; Dr van der Lugt, grant NIRG-08-91393), the Netherlands Heart Foundation (Dr Ikram, grant 2009B102), and the Internationaal Parkinson Fonds (Dr Ikram). Further support was obtained from General Electric Health Care. **Open Access** This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

Placement of metallic stents for treatment of postoperative biliary strictures: long-term outcome in 25 patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate the results of our 7-year experience with Gianturco-Rosch metallic stents, used for the management of postoperative biliary strictures. From January 1989 to April 1995, self-expanding Gianturco-Rosch metallic stents were placed in 25 patients with postoperative bile duct stenosis. All patients had a history of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. Twenty-four patients had a conventional open cholecystectomy and one patient had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Eight patients had stenosis at the level of the common bile duct. The other 17 patients, who had undergone surgical repair of the bile duct, had a stricture at the level of the hepaticojejunostomy. These anastomotic strictures recurred after simple cholangioplasty. Patients were monitored for 9-84 months (mean, 55 months). Treatment was considered successful if the initial stenosis did not recur. Treatment was considered a failure if the initial stenosis recurred within the stent. Two patients had early complications: one had bile pleural effusion, treated with percutaneous drainage, and the other had arterial hemobilia, treated with embolization. Eighteen (72%) of 25 patients had no recurrence of the initial strictures. Among these patients, 11 had no further symptoms of biliary obstruction and seven, all with strictured hepaticojejunostomies, had recurrent episodes of cholangitis caused by secondary sclerosing cholangitis or intrahepatic stone formation. Seven (28%) of 25 patients had recurrence of the initial stenoses, causing repeated episodes of cholangitis. Among these seven patients, six had common bile duct stenoses and one had an anastomotic stricture. Recurrent biliary obstruction was treated surgically or with percutaneous methods, despite the presence of the metallic stent. Gianturco-Rosch stent placement should be considered in patients with postoperative bile duct stenoses in whom another operation is not indicated and cholangioplasty has failed. The results are better in patients who have hepaticojejunostomy strictures rather than common bile duct strictures. Overall, a long-term recurrence rate of cholangitis of more than 50% of patients was seen because of recurrence of the original stenosis or intrahepatic bile duct obstruction.

400 Mal hat das Chemische Untersuchungsamt in Karlsruhe ganz genau nachgemessen und Thermometer in frisch aufgebrühten Kaffee gesteckt. Überall dort, wo Verbraucher ihn Tag für Tag zu sich nehmen: "Das waren typische Cafés, alle bekannten Kaffeeketten, Bäckereien und sonstige Stellen. Denken Sie an den Hauptbahnhof, wo man sich schnell noch einen Kaffee mitnimmt. All dieses haben wir gemessen. Auch alle Maschinentypen. Es gibt ja Vollautomaten oder Siebträgermaschinen. Und im Haushalt gibt's verschiedene Typen: Filtermaschinen, Padmaschinen - all das haben wir berücksichtigt." Über die Ergebnisse der Messungen berichtete Projektleiter Dirk Lachenmeier jetzt in Würzburg auf dem Deutschen Lebensmittelchemikertag. Demnach ist Kaffee im Durchschnitt 75 Grad heiß, wenn er frisch aus der Maschine kommt. "Unsere Messungen wurden grundsätzlich als Serviertemperatur durchgeführt, das heißt: Wenn ich den Kaffee wie der normale Kunde auf dem Tisch stehen hatte oder auf dem Tresen, wenn es eben Selbstbedienung ist, dann habe ich die Messungen durchgeführt. Wenn ich den dann unmittelbar trinke, kann ich davon ausgehen, dass ich ihn dann auch mit der gemessenen Temperatur verzehre, das heißt mit den 75 Grad im Durchschnitt. Die höchsten Werte waren auch über 80 Grad oder sogar 90 Grad in Einzelfällen." Zu heißer Kaffee erhöht das Risiko einer Speiseröhrenkrebs-Erkrankung Kaffee wird also viel zu heiß serviert. Denn wer ihn ohne Umschweife so trinkt, hat ein erhöhtes Risiko, an Speiseröhrenkrebs zu erkranken. Das hat die Weltgesundheitsorganisation WHO im vergangenen Jahr noch einmal bekräftigt. Demnach ist der Genuss von Heißgetränken schon dann mit einem Krebsrisiko verbunden, wenn die Trinktemperatur 65 Grad übersteigt: "Das ist aus Südamerika bekannt oder auch aus dem Iran. Das sind Länder, wo Getränke nochmal deutlich heißer konsumiert werden als hier. Man vermutet, dass das eine ständige Reizung des Gewebes ist, so entzündliche Prozesse. Man verbrennt sich einfach und schädigt das Gewebe. Vielleicht erleichtert man dadurch auch den Eintritt für andere Stoffe, denen man ständig ausgesetzt ist, die dann das Gewebe, das eh schon vorgeschädigt ist, eher angreifen können." Wenn Kaffee bei uns im Schnitt mit 75 Grad Celsius serviert wird, wie die neuen Messungen zeigen, dann bewegen sich auch deutsche Verbraucher im roten Bereich. Doch wie sollen sie wissen, wann ihr Getränk nur noch 65 Grad hat und damit bedenkenlos genießbar ist? Wie lange der Kaffee heiß bleibe, hänge von verschiedenen Dingen ab, erläutert Lebensmittelchemiker Lachenmeier: "War die Porzellantasse vorgewärmt oder nicht? Das macht schon 'mal einen Unterschied. Gebe ich kalte Milch rein oder warme Milch wie beim Cappuccino? Oder nehme ich einen sogenannten To-go-Becher, der isolierend ist? Da hält sich die Temperatur teilweise bis zu 20 Minuten oder noch länger in diesem sehr heißen Bereich." Lieber warten als direkt trinken Also besser weder das Gefäß noch die Milch vorwärmen! Wer seinen Kaffee schwarz trinkt, sollte die Tasse nach dem Servieren erst einmal fünf bis zehn Minuten lang nicht anrühren. So lange dauere es in etwa, bis die Trinktemperatur von 75 auf 65 Grad gefallen sei, sagen die Analytiker. Der Leiter des Karlsruher Untersuchungsamtes, Stephan Walch, möchte aber auch die Hersteller mit ins Boot holen: "Die Empfehlung ist jetzt sicherlich, dass man sich mit dieser Studie oder mit diesen Daten an die Industrie wendet und generell anregt, darüber nachzudenken, vielleicht die Temperatur bei den Geräten runterzuregulieren." Das haben die Karlsruher Lebensmittelchemiker jetzt auch in einer Branchenzeitschrift der Gastronomie angeregt. Eine Reaktion darauf steht noch aus. Dirk Lachenmeier ist derweil selbst aktiv geworden und trinkt seinen Kaffee inzwischen nicht mehr so heiß wie vorher. Zumal dann auch das Aroma besser zur Geltung komme, der Kaffeegenuss also eigentlich größer sei: "Ich persönlich habe 'mal in meinen Vollautomaten geschaut, und da kann man tatsächlich die Temperatur einstellen. Das weiß kaum jemand. Das ist fast bei jedem Vollautomaten möglich. Und ich habe meinen jetzt auf die geringste Temperatur eingestellt."

knee prosthesis resection guideVISIONAIRESmith & Nephew Characteristics Guide type: knee prosthesis Description VISIONAIRE Patient Matched Technology is simplified surgery with personalized performance. The VISIONAIRE process allows Smith & Nephew to design and produce a set of cutting guides based on your patient’s unique anatomy. The VISIONAIRE set of customized cutting guides reduces the number of steps and surgical instruments required for surgery creating a simplified surgical environment. The guides are designed from surgeon specific preferences, then developed by a dedicated engineer, allowing for personalized performance. The inner shape of the cutting guide matches the outer shape of your patient’s distal femur and proximal tibia. This hand-in-glove fit allows surgeons to make the precise bone cuts needed to position the knee implant in the optimal alignment. VISIONAIRE cutting blocks can be used with: JOURNEY◊ II BCS and JOURNEY II CR LEGION◊ PRIMARY GENESIS◊ II PRIMARY *TC-PLUS◊ PRIMARY is not available in Australia, New Zealand, or the U.S. *Prices are pre-tax. They exclude delivery charges and customs duties and do not include additional charges for installation or activation options. Prices are indicative only and may vary by country, with changes to the cost of raw materials and exchange rates.

Pages Sunday, December 10, 2017 This morning I completed my 22nd half at the Rotary Run For Tomorrow Half Marathon... This "race" was less of a race and more of a training run as part of my general Pittsburgh Marathon training plan. So with that in mind, my goal was to finish the distance using intervals that pushed my endurance -- run 1/2 mile: walk 1 minute... The race average temperature was cold (but perfect for running)... And people were decked out in their sweaters and mittens from the beginning... The course doesn't have many any sights to see. It's essentially 13.1 miles of neighborhood streets. But it's pretty flat and simple so if you wanted to aim for a PR you could. But if you like lots of attractions on your half marathon route this is not the race for you. Since this was basically a training run for me I just focused on my intervals and breathing, and then distracted myself with music for the last 3 miles of the course. My earbuds aren't working so I was playing the music on my phone speaker which may have annoyed a few of the runners as they passed me or as I passed them. But, the distraction was what I needed after 10 miles of only my thoughts and breathing to keep me company. Once I was done I took a few "yes I was here and earned this medal" pictures... ... and then headed back home to change out of my cold and wet running gear. So here's the thing about using races as training runs... you get a lot of on course support (water stations and porta potties (if you need it) etc.) but you also need to stay focused on the fact that it's a training run. It's easy to submit to the temptation to race it as people pass you by, but that can be dangerous if you're not properly trained. Although this was half marathon #22 for me, my legs (and lungs) are really not in tiptop half marathon shape right now. After Berlin I essentially started my training over and I've pushed it along by incorporating races into my schedule (which has proven to be the best way to keep me motivated for training). But even though I've been trying to push myself, and training has been ok so far, I'm still far from where I need to be pace & endurance-wise. I am really happy about my intervals today though. I'm working my way up to running 1 mile: walking 1 minute, and that will be my goal interval (with hopefully a consistent sub-12 min pace) for 2018. I have a race next weekend to close out the year and then I will spend most of the holiday period cross training and keeping my baseline mileage up while I prepare for all that 2018 has in store for my running life. How was your weekend? Any races? Have you thought about your 2018 goals yet? Do you use shorter races as training runs when preparing for longer distance events? Saturday, December 2, 2017 This training week started off with a 4 mile run on Tuesday and ended with a 10 mile run this morning. My training plan for Pittsburgh includes 4 days of running + 2 days of cross training & 1 day of rest. I nailed the 4 days of running part, but my 2 days of cross training were converted to 2 days of "rest". Tomorrow is supposed to be a rest day but we'll see what the morning holds. Until then, I'm just going to focus on this week's runs and the fact that I was able to get through them all... (not really the pace I'm aiming for but hopefully that will get better on future runs) While I'm super excited about completing my runs and the start of my Pittsburgh Marathon training, nothing was more exciting than finding out I was selected to be an official blogger for the marathon!!! I'm honored to be a part of this esteemed group of bloggers and I'm really looking forward to blogging for the marathon. Pittsburgh happens to be in May (my birthday month) which makes it extra special for me. It will be a birthday present to myself and I plan to train hard for it so that when I cross the finish line I can cross it smiling (not crying like I did for Berlin & New York). Deep down I really want to PR in Pittsburgh (so that's goal A), but I'll also be happy with a sub-6 hour marathon finish time (since both NY and Berlin were over 6 hours and I really don't want that to be a trend)... Saturday, November 18, 2017 After a lot of contemplation I decided not to do a traditional race recap of the Ragnar South Beach Relay I did last weekend. I had (have) a lot of thoughts feelings about the event and how things went. Not all are good. So instead of focusing on the not-so-good stuff, I'll just share the highlights and some of my favorite moments of the weekend... The Friday before the relay began included several last minute changes and associated logistical challenges that seemed to set the tone of the entire weekend. But despite all of that I happened to be on a team with great people who I am better off for having met and run with... (Some of Van 1 & 2 before we started) (Some of Van 1 after all our legs were over) And of course, at different points along the course, we had (most of) the team together... This was the first time I happened to be team captain... But being captain of the team didn't mean I got to sit back and kick my feet up... (although I did do that once) My captain time was mostly spent try to ensure that everyone was having a good time and that they spent (most of) the time smiling... My goal was to ensure that they started their legs looking this happy... Even if they ended feeling this exhausted... I had pretty short legs for this event, and overall the first two weren't too bad... But then fatigue and hypoglycemia kicked in and I lost all sense of rational thinking... (ready to run with only one shoe) (night gear) My third leg definitely sucked... (I walked A LOT) And my "Leg 3.5" also sucked, but it wasn't as bad as my regular Leg 3... When Van 1 was officially done we went to the Finish area to wait for Van 2's Runner 12 to come in. The finish was crowded and parking was a nightmare, but the joy of knowing I was done was great... (post race finish area) The post-race team & medal & feet/shoe Ragnar pic... Team 13: Run Away With Me... (missing Stephanie) I'm grateful for all my teammates! (even when we got on each others nerves); and I have to say a special thank you to Kirsten for her last minute fill in (and saving us from having to do a lot of extra miles)... (I really appreciated it!) There's never a question about whether or not I would do Ragnar again. I absolutely will, every year for as long as I can run. This year I ran two and was able to earn the coveted "connector"... Next year I want to do another trail (or two) and several road relays. I would do a South Florida Ragnar again (they just need to work out some of the logistics and maybe don't have us run through areas that are not the best safety-wise), and I plan to do the Alafia trail again (next year December), but I'm hoping my other Ragnars can take me to new cities/race courses. Right now my 2018 "Ragnar Race Calendar" wish list looks like this: June: Ragnar Wasatch Back (road) June: Ragnar Pennsylvania (road) Sept: Ragnar Cottage Country (trail) Sept: Ragnar Reach the Beach (road) Nov: Ragnar South Beach (road) Dec: Ragnar Alafia (trail) So I need a lot of other suggestions for next year. Most of my Ragnars will have to be in the second half of 2018 because my race/training calendar is already packed for the first half of the year (leading up to the Pittsburgh Marathon). In the meantime, I have to shift my focus to the Tampa Hot Chocolate 15K coming up next month, which will be my final race of 2017! 💪🍫🏃(Blogger really needs to update their emoji options 😒). Monday, November 6, 2017 In t-minus 5 days team Run Away With Me will be running south from Melbourne Beach to South Beach for my final Ragnar of 2017! I wanted to do more Ragnar events this year but money has been tight and my schedule has been hectic. Last year, when I was planning for my 2017 running goals, I wanted to complete 2 road and 2 trail events this year. But unfortunately time and money did not allow for that. It sucks when your bank account and your schedule don't comply with your running/racing expectations doesn't it? Next year I'm hoping that I'll be able to do at least 3 Ragnar relays (fingers crossed). But I don't have to worry about that this week because race week is finally here and my team is ready! Well... we're mostly ready. There are still a few logistics that need to be worked out, but it's mainly minor stuff so I'm not too worried. What's most important is that we are excited to start a weekend full of fun and fatigue! Training for Ragnar has not been the greatest but I also wanted to make sure I had a slow return to running after the Berlin Marathon. So I tried to stick to a "no more than 4 runs a week" plan for October, and then for November I started with 3 runs but I'll resume my 4 runs/week schedule this week (hopefully tomorrow)... Even with my slow build up and the decreases in temperature, I'm still battling blisters :( I even tried using an excessive amount of anti-blister powder (as evidenced by my shoes after my run yesterday)... But that didn't work so I'm still on the hunt for effective blister prevention methods (share your tips please!) I definitely need to get them under control before Pittsburgh marathon training starts next month. I've planned for an earlier start because Christmas (and all the associated holiday activities and travel) may throw my training schedule off a bit. So I decided to build some "cut-back" weeks into the plan to accommodate that. But, if all goes well with my mileage build-up, there shouldn't be any negative effects on my training as a result of the adjustments I've had to make. In the meantime, I'm just going to focus on one run at a time and, during my Ragnar weekend, one leg at a time :) How do you adjust your training schedule during the holidays? What are your running/racing plans this week? If you've run Ragnar before, what's your #1 piece of advice for all the newbies on my team? Saturday, October 28, 2017 This week I've done three 4 mile runs and they didn't totally suck! It has been a long time since I've felt good about all my runs in a week so I'm kind of excited about training right now. Especially since it's been so hard for me to get (and stay) motivated... I feel like that's been my MO for the past several training cycles but I'm trying to break out of it. I know that a lot of things can contribute to lack of motivation. For me it's usually when I don't see myself progressing the way I want to... and when I gain weight. And typically the weight gain leads to me feeling slower and sluggish, and then that inhibits my progress and so I feel demotivated, and then I eat a ton of comfort food (cause food = joy), and that leads to more weight gain.... and so it goes on and on and on... Although I did a lot of stress eating this week, it was definitely a good training week. So far I've run Tuesday, Friday and this morning (Saturday), with another run scheduled for tomorrow. On Tuesday I did a solo "focus on how I feel" run... And then on Friday I did another solo run with longer running intervals (which included running the last mile non-stop)... And this morning I joined Mimi (from my running group) for the last 4 miles of her eight mile run. We did intervals (run 1 minute: walk 30 seconds)... It seems like later start times correlated with a faster overall pace. Which makes sense since I haven't been sleeping well (the nightmares are back) so the longer I'm able to stay in bed the more rested my legs are (at least that's what should happen in theory). In addition to the nightmares, this week in general was just a stressful work week... ...so I definitely needed as much rest as I could possibly get. Quite fittingly, the warning signs that corresponded with my mood/stress level this week were on display in the hospital's gift shop... So between my Garmin reminders and the gift shop reminders I'm going to take the hint and try and have a relaxing weekend. Over the past 5 days I spent more time trying to map out my training plan for Pittsburgh (maybe that was the main source of stress?) I'm definitely not a believer that "one plan fits all" and now that I'm entering my fourth marathon training cycle I really want to focus on the ideal components of several plans that work best for me. I'm an injury prone runner with a propensity for blisters so my ideal marathon training plan requires: flexibility, a moderate mileage build-up, a focus on both endurance and strength (i.e. A LOT of cross training and non-impact but simultaneously endurance/strength building activities), and different types of training runs. For the last two training cycles (2016:NY marathon training & 2017: Berlin marathon training), all my runs were pretty much the same. The only thing that varied was the distance. For this upcoming training cycle I'm planning for a speed workout every other week (it takes me a long time to recover from speed work so I want to space it out); a tempo run at a 10k - 10k+30s pace every other week; varied interval runs; non-stop runs mid week; hill work... actually change that to mandatory hill work (because the course is hilly especially in the last half of the race); and the ever important long run with an interval build up to running for 5 minutes: walking for 30-45 seconds. I really feel like the variety of different runs will keep me from getting bored and help me stay motivated. The diversity in my training plan will also be enhanced by my cross training plans (still tweaking those at the moment but swimming will be a foundational component of my cross training). The more I work on modifying the training plan, the more excited about it I become. I really hope (and pray) that I can have a great training cycle and a great race. I know I may not PR, but I definitely want to get as close to my PR as possible. Plus, I'm reserving my PR plans for Chicago in October. Wouldn't it be amazing to break my PR at my first and favorite marathon? Just the thought of it makes me happy. I had to defer my entry from this year to next year so as soon as I get that email confirmation from the race organizers I will start to focus on planning for Chicago as well. I'm off to relax, rest my legs, and hydrate (in preparation for tomorrow's run). I hope you have a great weekend! Anyone racing this weekend? Do you follow a specific training plan/method or do you create your own? Saturday, October 14, 2017 Race morning started like any other. Early. The night before I'd implemented my usual multi-alarm system to ensure I didn't oversleep... But between race nerves and an early night I was up well before that... We were staying at a hotel that was filled with runners and had a free breakfast option so once everyone was ready we grabbed a quick bite to eat... (↑↑breakfast of champions↑↑) And then took some "before we head into the cold wet weather" pictures in the hotel lobby... (↑↑Me with my parents and Kai↑↑) Berlin has an amazing transportation system (which is only one of the really great things about the city) so it didn't take us long to get to the station closest to the start corrals. As we were walking towards the entrance to the corrals runners were all around... The excitement in the air was starting to get palpable and I was starting to get more nervous. The moment I would take on my third Marathon Major was here! And in a city so beautiful and rich with culture... it was an unbelievable feeling. On the way we saw remnants of the Wall so I stopped and took a few pics... And then we continued on our journey. It was a pretty decent walk to the start. Runners who opted for gear check eventually went in one direction and others (like me) who opted for the poncho were sent in a different direction. And then there was more walking. And still a bit more walking. Until we finally made it to the start... That's where I parted ways with my parents and Kai... And went to Corral H (after a quick visit to the porta potty)... The Corrals had screens so we could see the elite athletes at the beginning of their attempt to break some records... Which made the wait for the Corrals to start tolerable. Plus, someone left their blanket behind so I took advantage of that and sat down while we waited... Finally we started and I have to say the excitement reminded me of how I felt in Chicago. It was pretty incredible. I was able to catch a glimpse of my mom and Kai in the Grand Stand cheering area at the start, which added to my excitement as well. My strategy for the race was to stick to the right side of the course, get beyond the crowd at the start, and then start my intervals. I figured that I would start to slow down during the second half of the race so I wanted to run the first half under 3 hours. I already knew the points where my family was going to try to be along the course (we mapped it out the day before) and I was prepared to run the first 7K without seeing them. So I decided to take in the sites... After the 5K mark (and first water station) we runners had to carefully maneuver through the increasingly wet streets... I continued to take pictures along the course (which I'll post throughout) but for the life of me I can't remember where along the course most of them were taken. When I saw a nice building or something that looked like it would be "symbolic" of Berlin I just stepped off to the side and snapped a pic. Normally I try and remember the mile marker (or I guess in this case the Km marker) so that I can explain more about what that aspect of the course was like; but this time I really don't have that reference (sorry guys) so a few of the pics may be out of sync. I do remember that just beyond the 7K mark I started to feel some blisters popping up, but it wasn't horrible. Yet. That's also the point where I saw my parents and Kai for the first time since I started... While I was able to take off my gloves at that point, it was still too cold to take off my long sleeve running top... but too hot to need full sleeve coverage. I tried to keep the sleeves 3/4 way up but between the rain and sweat the top was soaked and I was only partially successful in finding the right balance. Oh well, that was, as I would soon find out, the least of my worries along the course. I left my first family meet up and continued on. I wasn't going to see them again until just around the 21K mark so I had some more time to distract myself with taking pictures along the route. I was paying close attention to my pace because I knew I would be cutting it close toward the latter part of the race, but so far my pace was ok. I was on target to finish well before the cut off and even though my blisters were getting worse, I wasn't in any significant pain. Somewhere between 7K (or the start) and 21K (and maybe a little bit beyond that) I took these... I (briefly) contemplated researching what these buildings are and confirming where along the course they exist but then I thought "Well, suppose someone reading the blog gets curious by not knowing and uses that curiosity as the platform to enter the Berlin Marathon, train hard for it, save up enough money, and go to run Berlin to find out for themselves? I wouldn't want to take that away from them would I?" I decided I didn't and therefore no additional research and confirmation was done (you're welcome). After a while seeing the city was less and less thrilling as my fatigue got more and more intense. My blisters were getting much worse and my legs were getting really tired. I distracted myself by counting down the Km markers until it was time to see my family. My Mom took pictures while Kai searched for my MaxFreeze spray (which I applied quickly before moving on) and my Dad sang... Then I was off for another long stretch of running before the final family meet up. I was already really tired by this point. Gradually my legs felt like they were on fire and my pace really started to slow. And then there was Mile 21. Sigh. I don't even know where to start... At Mile 21 my left knee felt like it was going to explode. I don't know what I did. I don't know if I landed wrong. I don't remember a sudden sharp pain. I don't remember feeling something pull. I do remember that I could no longer land on it without pain, I realized I still had 7K to go, and when I tried to reach my Mom and Kai on their phones I could not get through. I was in pain and I was in trouble. So I messaged my twin sister... By the time I got to my parents and Kai I had slowed down so much that I was in serious danger of not making the cutoff. They didn't have Advil but they had my MaxFreeze spray so I soaked my knee in as much of it as possible... And then, while I anxiously checked my pace, I made my way under the arch that was deflating as rapidly as my Berlin dreams were... My Dad suggested that I take the spray with me so Kai graciously ran after me so I could carry it in case I needed it later on (since I wasn't going to see them again until after I finished). I took the spray and kept on going and tried not to cry. I knew crying would lead to me gasping for air and I was already out of breath. My lungs couldn't handle any additional work so I really tried to stay calm. But I cried for a bit anyway. The trek from 35K to 40K was the longest 5K of my life. It seemed like it would never end and I spent most of it walking with my MaxFreeze in hand... Eventually I saw the Brandenburg Gate and I knew the end was near. I was in so much pain that I couldn't even muster up the energy to smile (or open my eyes)... And then once I passed Brandenburg I realized that the end was not quite as "near" as I had hoped. I still had another Km or so to go... Shortly after MarathonFoto took that picture I looked at my watch and saw that I had passed the finish time I wanted. I was devastated. It took everything out of me not to break down in tears again. I was running as much as I could to make it to the finish in as little time as possible but I knew that the finish would be bittersweet. Once I was done, I called Sanya in tears again for the second marathon in a row. Why do I do this to myself? It's a question that I asked myself repeatedly during those last miles of the course. I'm pretty sure that question popped up during my training as well. And I continued to ask it for several days after the race. I finished and I was really happy about that... ...but it wasn't the finish that I wanted so my heart was still a little broken in the end. Although I didn't meet my goal for Berlin, this race is definitely one worth doing. It was a beautiful course! The crowd support was awesome!! And the city is so incredible!!! It's a Bucket List marathon for sure! And whether or not you want to do the World Marathon Majors, Berlin is a "must do" event.

Andriki Kolonia Andriki Kolonia (Male Cologne) is the second album recorded by popular Greek artist Elli Kokkinou. It was released in 2000 by Sony Music Greece and included Elli Kokkinou's first big hit "Na'ta Mas Pali", which gained airplay in clubs and radio stations in Greece. Track listing "Andriki Kolonia" "Paradinomai" "Kai Mou Leei" "Pao Pao" "Na'ta Mas Pali" "Leksi Pros Leksi" "Ki Oso Gia Sena" "Prospatho" "Giati Na Ypohoro" "Ego Den Tha Hatho" "Den Tha Haseis" "Gia Mia Fora" "Pao Pao" References Category:2000 albums Category:Elli Kokkinou albums Category:Greek-language albums Category:Sony Music Greece albums

There’s a full slate of mid-week La Liga fixtures this week–two matches today and the rest of La Liga playing tomorrow. One of today’s matches has Barcelona hosting Granada. It shouldn’t really be much of a contest–Barcelona hasn’t lost at home all season. Perhaps the only reason to watch is that there’s a good chance Lionel Messi will pull even with or even surpass César as Barcelona’s all-time leading scorer. But it’s also a chance to take a look at Granada’s unique arrangement with Italian club Udinese. Granada essentially serves as a development squad for Udinese, with a large number of Granada’s squad over the past few years arriving on loan from Udinese. From AFootballReport piece on how this came about: In 2009, Granada CF was a club in crisis, both competitively and financially. The club was on the brink of disappearing, despite a rich 80 year history. Gino Pozzo saw a money-making opportunity that would double as a way to develop Udinese talent, and in July 2009, the two clubs signed a partnership agreement so the majority of Granada’s squad would become Udinese-owned, while the Italian club could also send over its reserves and youngsters. So what are the benefits for Gino Pozzo and Udinese Calcio? Well, the strategy is to use the exposure Granada gets in the Spanish league to showcase Udinese-owned talent that will, in turn, gain value in the transfer market. With Pozzo’s commitment to investing, Granada only seems likely to improve in the future. And Pozzo’s “buy cheap, gain exposure, sell high” philosophy is already working. Just imagine the possibilities for profit if Granada gets into the top flight in Spain. The agreement came about via a Spanish football wheeler and dealer named Quique Pina, who took over as Granada’s president in 2009, in that time of crisis. Although he had operated in Spain, he happened to be working for an Italian club at the time. From a Sid Lowe SI column about Granada from last fall: Pina was a former player (with Mérida), agent, and the owner of the short-lived Ciudad de Murcia — a club that was founded in 1999 and disappeared in 2007 when Pina effectively sold its Second Division place to the owner of Granada 74, which in turn, disappeared in 2009. At the time, Pena was working for Udinese in Italy. When Pina was asked to take over at Granada, the Pozzo family who own Udinese, allowed him to combine both jobs with their blessing. In fact, they supported Pina — and they supported his “other” new club. Really supported. How did the Pozzo family and Udinese support Pina’s new venture in the south of Spain? By essentially providing him with the fruits of their extensive and much-admired scouting system. From a column in The Independent last summer, when Alexis Sanchez was the biggest transfer target in Europe, headlined “Super Sanchez is the latest big success story of little Udinese’s scouting system“: Udine is a city of 100,000 in the misty terrain between Venice and the Alps. With crowds at the Stadio Friuli typically no more than 17,000, annual gate receipts are equivalent to those trousered by Manchester United after a single match at Old Trafford. According to the erudite football blog, Swiss Ramble, Udinese’s 2009-10 wage bill of €31m compared with €230m and €172m at Internazionale and Milan respectively. Only the club’s ageless talisman, Di Natale, has an annual salary exceeding €1m; Sanchez himself has apparently been taking home around €700,000. Internazionale, Milan and Juventus, meanwhile, all enjoyed annual revenues of over €200m. At €41m, Udinese did not match a single Premier League club. Income from television accounted for €26m; Internazionale’s was €138m. […] When Giampaolo Pozzo bought Udinese, 25 years ago, the club was still prey to the maddening, odious debilities that have so retarded the Italian game. A betting scandal earned a points deduction, and relegation. But Pozzo devised a solution that has now secured 16 consecutive seasons in Serie A, and regular European competition. Udinese built up a network of 50 scouts around the world, concentrated primarily in South America and Africa. They focused especially on youngsters from second-tier nations, and duly found Sanchez as a 16-year-old in Chile. He cost just €2m, but his sale this summer will merely consummate a policy that has already yielded a transfer surplus of €112m over the past decade. Stars to have used Udinese as a stepping stone include David Pizarro, Asamoah Gyan, Vincenzo Iaquinta, Sulley Muntari, Andrea Dossena, Fabio Quagliarella and Gaetano D’Agostino. Unlike so many clubs with a reputation for grooming young talent, however, Udinese have consolidated their status to the extent that they can now provide Champions League football themselves. Indeed, although Udinese fell to Arsenal in the qualifying stage and failed to make it to the Champions League group stage, they’ve remarkably repeated their domestic success of last season and are poised to get another shot at European competition. They current sit 4th in Serie A, tied with Napoli (and that only thanks to two late goals last Sunday by Edinson Cavani that salvaged a draw for Napoli in Udine)–despite selling off not only Alexis Sanchez to Barcelona, but Swiss-Turkish midfielder Gökhan Inler to Napoli and Colombian defender Cristian Zapata to Villareal. Swiss Ramble’s long piece on “Udinese Selling Their Way to the Top“, also from last summer following their impressive performance in Serie A, mentions the Granada component of their business plan: Udinese have bolstered their strategy by forming a partnership with Granada, a club playing in the Spanish second division, where they loan youngsters that need playing time, such as the Ghanaian Jonathan Mensah. Given the Friuli club’s connections with the South American market, it is no coincidence that they opted for a club in a Spanish speaking country to park their players. In total, Granada currently have an amazing 14 players on loan from Udinese. In fact, one of the logical results of Udinese’s approach is that they end up having an extremely large squad, so they absolutely need to loan out a vast number of players every season (earning them €3.6 million in 2010). Including the players at Granada, I make the current total 63, though I may well have lost count. This is the sort of “wheeler dealing” that makes Harry Redknapp look like a rank amateur. That was last season, as Granada fought their way to promotion out of Segunda Division (a fuller account of that promotion, and in fact the story of their promotion from even lower tiers of Spanish football, can be found on yet another treatment of the Pozzo-Pina/Udinese-Granada story, titled “Granada’s Italian job“, on In Bed With Maradona. Another account from the Spanish press, in Madrid-based sports daily AS is headlined “Pina y Pozzo: un tándem para reflotar equipos en crisis“) This season, the number of players on Granada’s current squad (included below) on loan from Udinese is apparently down to five. But there are six additional players on loan from other clubs, including three from Benfica, another club that Pina has strong ties with. Again from Sid Lowe: In total, 12 of Granada’s first team squad [last season] were Udinese players. It was good for the Italians because their squad members got playing time, the chance to develop and gain first team experience, while keeping them in the shop window for potential buyers; it was good for Granada because it helped them clinch a top division place at last — and on the cheap. The relationship has continued. Of those in this year’s squad, Allan Nyom, Odion Ighalo, Jaime Romero, Benítez, Geijo and Diego Mainz are all on loan from Udinese in one capacity or another. Guilherme Siqueira has been signed from them. Meanwhile Pena’s relationship with Benfica has facilitated them bringing in four others from Portugal, three on loan and one on a free transfer. And at the other end of the scale, nine players have been loaned out to Cádiz. Where Pena is employed as the sporting director. For the details, see Granada’s squad list below. But to bring this back around to today’s match, we quote the opener to that IBWM piece for a nice bit of historical resonance: October 28th 1973; quite the memorable date in Spanish football history. A young, straggly but immensely gifted Dutchman by the name of Johan Cruyff made his league debut for FC Barcelona, and the effect he’d have on football from that point on, not just in Spain, is one that still shapes the game today. This story, however, is not about the number 14 – it’s about the number 35. Barça’s opponents that day were Granada CF, a team who have spent 35 years away from the Spanish top flight…until now. Granada’s squad list as of today (according to Wikipedia):

Q: Getting a "system is computationally singular" error in sleuth I am analysing 142 samples belonging to 6 batches. Additionally, those samples belong to 72 strains, which means that for most of the strains there are two samples. I could fit simple models (for strain and batches for instance), but when I get to the "full" model (~batch+strain), I get the following error: so <- sleuth_fit(so, ~strain+batch, 'full') Error in solve.default(t(X) %*% X) : system is computationally singular: reciprocal condition number = 5.2412e-19 I should point out that of the 72 strains, only 15 have samples in distinct batches. This means that most strains (57) have both samples in the same batch. Is the error due to an unknown bug or rather to the experimental design? Does it mean that the information on batches cannot be used? Thanks EDIT I've posted the experimental design in a gist batch strain replica batch_1 strain_41 1 batch_4 strain_41 2 batch_1 strain_28 1 batch_4 strain_28 2 batch_1 strain_26 1 [...] A: This happen when the variables (strain +batch) create a design matrix like this: batch strain 1 1 # 1 1 # 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 ... 16 72 Which means that some of the covariates are not linearly independent (ie batch 1 and strain 1), all the strain 1 is in batch 1. You can correct for batch effects, but not in this design of the linear model (if you want to take into account the strain). You could do one batch more with those 15 strains that are in a single batch (if they are in different batch between them) that way you would get an independent design. Many strains in a single batch are in the same batch. You need to increase the number of samples (recommended anyway due to the low number of samples per strain) to avoid this problem. There are a lot of related question in Bioconductor support forum, from where I expanded an answer. A: You should be able to remove any one of the following strains to end up with a rank-sufficient model matrix: 5, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 26, 28, 3, 30, 32, 36, 39, 41, 45, 46, 49, 5, 50, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60, 69, 8. As an aside you can figure this sort of thing out as follows (I read your dataframe in a the d object): > m = model.matrix(~batch+strain, d) > dim(m) # 142 row, 77 columns, so minimum rank is 77 > qr(m)$rank # 76, so just barely rank insufficient > #see if we can remove a single column and still get rank 76 > colnames(m)[which(sapply(1:77, function(x) qr(m[,-x])$rank) == 76)] You obviously don't want to remove the batch columns or the intercept. The normal tricks that you can sometimes use to get around this issue with case-control studies don't appear to help here, which is why I would just drop a strain and call it done. Keep in mind that your power is still likely terrible. I generally recommend at least 6 replicates per group (scale down the number of groups to fit your budget). EDIT: Once the desired strain is removed from the model, it can be fit directly into the sleuth_fit function to obtain the full model: > m = m[, -9] # whatever column to drop to get the appropriate rank > so <- sleuth_fit(so, m, 'full')

Ivy.FM - Grails Based New Online Music Service - accavdar http://ivy.fm/ ====== azauskas Thank you. It looks fine to discover music. ~~~ accavdar Great. Enjoy it. :)

Hello people ☺ Just wanted to quickly update you with another outfit that we shot this week. I finally got to wear this printed dress in different shades of blue that I had bought this winter on sale together with the shoes and bag. I love this print because it gives you […]

string = {} --[[ Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters s[i], s[i+1], ..., s[j]. The default value for i is 1; the default value for j is i. Note that numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. --]] function string.byte( s, i, j ) return __std.Number end --[[ Receives zero or more integers. Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments, in which each character has the internal numerical code equal to its corresponding argument. Note that numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. --]] function string.char( ... ) return __std.String end --[[ Returns a string containing a binary representation of the given function, so that a later loadstring on this string returns a copy of the function. func must be a Lua function without upvalues. --]] function string.dump( func ) return __std.String end --[[ Looks for the first match of pattern in the string s. If it finds a match, then find returns the indices of s where this occurrence starts and ends; otherwise, it returns nil. A third, optional numerical argument init specifies where to start the search; its default value is 1 and can be negative. A value of true as a fourth, optional argument plain turns off the pattern matching facilities, so the function does a plain "find substring" operation, with no characters in pattern being considered "magic". Note that if plain is given, then init must be given as well. If the pattern has captures, then in a successful match the captured values are also returned, after the two indices. --]] function string.find( s, pattern, init, plain ) return __std.Number end --[[ Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string). The format string follows the same rules as the printf family of standard C functions. The only differences are that the options/modifiers *, l, L, n, p, and h are not supported and that there is an extra option, q. The q option formats a string in a form suitable to be safely read back by the Lua interpreter: the string is written between double quotes, and all double quotes, newlines, embedded zeros, and backslashes in the string are correctly escaped when written. For instance, the call string.format('%q', 'a string with "quotes" and \n new line') will produce the string: "a string with \"quotes\" and \ new line" The options c, d, E, e, f, g, G, i, o, u, X, and x all expect a number as argument, whereas q and s expect a string. This function does not accept string values containing embedded zeros, except as arguments to the q option. --]] function string.format( formatstring, ... ) return __std.String end --[[ Returns an iterator function that, each time it is called, returns the next captures from pattern over string s. If pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is produced in each call. As an example, the following loop s = "hello world from Lua" for w in string.gmatch(s, "%a+") do print(w) end will iterate over all the words from string s, printing one per line. The next example collects all pairs key=value from the given string into a table: t = {} s = "from=world, to=Lua" for k, v in string.gmatch(s, "(%w+)=(%w+)") do t[k] = v end For this function, a '^' at the start of a pattern does not work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration. --]] function string.gmatch( s, pattern ) return __std.String end --[[ Returns a copy of s in which all (or the first n, if given) occurrences of the pattern have been replaced by a replacement string specified by repl, which can be a string, a table, or a function. gsub also returns, as its second value, the total number of matches that occurred. If repl is a string, then its value is used for replacement. The character % works as an escape character: any sequence in repl of the form %n, with n between 1 and 9, stands for the value of the n-th captured substring (see below). The sequence %0 stands for the whole match. The sequence %% stands for a single %. If repl is a table, then the table is queried for every match, using the first capture as the key; if the pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is used as the key. If repl is a function, then this function is called every time a match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments, in order; if the pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is passed as a sole argument. If the value returned by the table query or by the function call is a string or a number, then it is used as the replacement string; otherwise, if it is false or nil, then there is no replacement (that is, the original match is kept in the string). Here are some examples: x = string.gsub("hello world", "(%w+)", "%1 %1") --> x="hello hello world world" x = string.gsub("hello world", "%w+", "%0 %0", 1) --> x="hello hello world" x = string.gsub("hello world from Lua", "(%w+)%s*(%w+)", "%2 %1") --> x="world hello Lua from" x = string.gsub("home = $HOME, user = $USER", "%$(%w+)", os.getenv) --> x="home = /home/roberto, user = roberto" x = string.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", "%$(.-)%$", function (s) return loadstring(s)() end) --> x="4+5 = 9" local t = {name="lua", version="5.1"} x = string.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", "%$(%w+)", t) --> x="lua-5.1.tar.gz" --]] function string.gsub( s, pattern, repl, n ) return __std.String end --[[ Receives a string and returns its length. The empty string "" has length 0. Embedded zeros are counted, so "a\000bc\000" has length 5. --]] function string.len( s ) return __std.Number end --[[ Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all uppercase letters changed to lowercase. All other characters are left unchanged. The definition of what an uppercase letter is depends on the current locale. --]] function string.lower( s ) return __std.String end --[[ Looks for the first match of pattern in the string s. If it finds one, then match returns the captures from the pattern; otherwise it returns nil. If pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is returned. A third, optional numerical argument init specifies where to start the search; its default value is 1 and can be negative. --]] function string.match( s, pattern, init ) return __std.String end --[[ Returns a string that is the concatenation of n copies of the string s. --]] function string.rep( s, n ) return __std.String end --[[ Returns a string that is the string s reversed. --]] function string.reverse( s ) return __std.String end --[[ Returns the substring of s that starts at i and continues until j; i and j can be negative. If j is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1 (which is the same as the string length). In particular, the call string.sub(s,1,j) returns a prefix of s with length j, and string.sub(s, -i) returns a suffix of s with length i. --]] function string.sub( s, i, j ) return __std.String end --[[ Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all lowercase letters changed to uppercase. All other characters are left unchanged. The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale. --]] function string.upper (s) return __std.String end

Based on the 1982 by Chris Claremont and Frank Miller that sent Logan to Japan to battle ninjas and the politics of the Tokyo criminal underworld for the heart of his ex-lover, The Wolverine was dealt twin setbacks in March with the devastating earthquake in Japan and the surprise departure of director Darren Aronofsky, who was unwilling to be out of the United States, away from his family, for the duration of the production. The screenplay by Christopher McQuarrie (The Usual Suspects, Valkyrie), which had been praised by Jackman and Claremont, is being rewritten by Mark Bomback, who penned the upcoming Total Recall remake.

Vampires in Havana ¡Vampiros en La Habana! (English title: Vampires in Havana) is a 1985 Cuban animated film directed by Juan Padrón and features trumpet performances by Arturo Sandoval. A sequel to the film, called Más vampiros en La Habana (English title: More Vampires in Havana!), was released in 2003. Plot Joseph Amadeus von Dracula, known as Pepito to his friends, is a trumpet player in 1930s Havana who spends his time away from the bandstand dabbling in quasi-terrorist plots to overthrow the Cuban government of dictator, Gerardo Machado. He is unaware that he is really a vampire, and that his uncle Werner Amadeus von Dracula, the son of Count Dracula, has been using him as a test subject for a formula that negates the usually fatal effects of sunlight. A Chicago-based crime syndicate and a group of vampires with members from several countries in Europe have both learned of the formula and wish to possess it for different reasons—the Chicago group to suppress it and thus maintain their monopoly on indoor, artificial beach resorts, and the Europeans to market it as "Vampisol." When Pepito learns of his true heritage (and his uncle's wish to give the formula away to vampires everywhere) he becomes the target of a multi-pronged manhunt, leading all parties involved on a wild chase through some of the seediest neighborhoods of Havana. At the film's climax, Pepito and his girlfriend Lola find themselves cornered by the Chicago vampire cartel, led by vampire mobster Johnny Terrori. He tells Pepito to have some O positive blood as his last drink, the blood type which vampires consider to be the most delicious. However, when he spits it out in disgust, Terrori realizes that Pepito's dislike of drinking blood, the fact that he was harmed by a lead bullet earlier (vampires can only be harmed by silver bullets), and that he is completely impervious to sunlight (it instantly kills vampires) means that Pepito has stopped being a vampire. Terrori loses interest in the Vampisol formula, realizing that its effect is to turn vampires into humans. However, the leader of the European vampires suggests a deal with his counterparts from Chicago, whereby they can encourage vampires to take small amounts of Vampisol in the summer and visit the mobsters' artificial beaches in the winter. Both groups believe that they are going to make a fortune from Vampisol but, as a final resolution, Pepito sings instructions on how to prepare the formula over the radio to vampires worldwide, instructing them to use it sparingly to avoid becoming human. The Vampisol formula becomes financially worthless and both vampire cartels find themselves defeated. At the very end of the film a vampire addresses the audience and says, "Be careful, because that guy next to you on the beach... might just be a vampire!" See also List of Cuban films External links Category:1985 films Category:1985 animated films Category:Spanish black comedy films Category:Cuban speculative fiction films Category:Spanish-language films Category:Vampires in animated film Category:Culture in Havana Category:Cuban animated films Category:Spanish animated films

Video Vehicle Options This is a great looking 1950 Ford Two door Sedan that has been streetroded a few years back and still looks great! Its powered by a tune port injected 350 and backed up by a 3 speed automatic transmission. It comes equipped with power steering, power disk brakes, aftermarket tachometer and gauges, dual exhaust, am fm cassette, and is riding on a set of American Racing Torque thrust rims. This Street Rod runs and drives nice down the road and has a nice white bucket seat with console interior. There was a lot of time and work put into this Shoe Box Ford making it the hot rod it is today. Its exterior paint and chrome was all redone years ago and has been buffed back to a brilliant shine. Its a great looking cruiser that sounds awesome! Visit Coyote Classics online at coyoteclassics.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 641-512-4727 today to schedule your test drive. This is a great looking 1950 Ford Two door Sedan that has been streetroded a few years back and still looks great! Its powered by a tune port injected 350 and backed up by a 3 speed automatic transmission. It comes equipped with power steering, power disk brakes, aftermarket tachometer and gauges, dual exhaust, am fm cassette, and is riding on a set of American Racing Torque thrust rims. This Street Rod runs and drives nice down the road and has a nice white bucket seat with console interior. There was a lot of time and work put into this Shoe Box Ford making it the hot rod it is today. Its exterior paint and chrome was all redone years ago and has been buffed back to a brilliant shine. Its a great looking cruiser that sounds awesome! Visit Coyote Classics online at coyoteclassics.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 641-512-4727 today to schedule your test drive. Vehicle Disclaimer Share to Social Media Text us First Name: Last Name: Mobile Phone Number: Message: I hereby consent to receive text messages from or on behalf of dealer at the mobile phone number I provided above. I understand that I am opting in to receive text messages from dealer or their employees. I include consent to receive phone calls at the mobile phone number I provided. I understand that message and data rates may apply. Text us First Name: Last Name: Mobile Phone Number: Message: I hereby consent to receive text messages from or on behalf of dealer at the mobile phone number I provided above. I understand that I am opting in to receive text messages from dealer or their employees. I include consent to receive phone calls at the mobile phone number I provided. I understand that message and data rates may apply.

On August 28, 2018, Sarah Leamon was interviewed by CTV News for an article on the newly approved drug testing device, the Draeger DrugTest 5000. The Draeger DrugTest 5000 will be used by police officers for roadside screening purposes and in order to detect drivers who are possibly impaired by drugs. But there are a lot of potential problems with the device. In the article, Sarah is quoted as saying: "I have concerns about the fact that police have never had any on-hand training with them or any experience with them," She goes on to say: "I also have concerns about whether or not they will be suitable for our Canadian environment." This is because the device doesn't work in temperatures below 4 C, and anyone who's had a drink or snack within 10 minutes may have skewed results.

--- abstract: 'We consider the spectrum of a second-order elliptic operator in divergence form with periodic coefficients, which is known to be completely described by Bloch eigenvalues. We show that under small perturbations of the coefficients, a multiple Bloch eigenvalue can be made simple. The Bloch wave method of homogenization relies on the regularity of spectral edge. The spectral tools that we develop, allow us to obtain simplicity of an internal spectral edge through perturbation of the coefficients. As a consequence, we are able to establish Bloch wave homogenization at an internal edge in the presence of multiplicity by employing the perturbed Bloch eigenvalues. We show that all the crossing Bloch modes contribute to the homogenization at the internal edge and that higher and lower modes do not contribute to the homogenization process.' address: 'Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.' author: - Sivaji Ganesh Sista - Vivek Tewary bibliography: - 'mylit.bib' title: Generic Simplicity of Spectral Edges and Applications to Homogenization --- Bloch eigenvalues ,Genericity ,Periodic Operators ,Homogenization 47A55 ,35J15 ,35B27 Introduction ============ The goal of the paper is to study regularity properties of spectral edges of a periodic second-order elliptic operator in divergence form, given by $$\mathcal{A}u:=-\frac{\partial}{\partial y_k}\left(a_{kl}(y)\frac{\partial u}{\partial y_l}\right),\label{eq1:operator}$$ where summation over repeated indices is assumed. We make the following assumptions on the coefficients of the operator : The coefficients $a_{kl}(y)$ are measurable bounded real-valued periodic functions defined on $\mathbb{R}^d$. Let $Y=[0,2\pi)^d$ be a basic cell for its lattice of periods in the $d$-dimensional euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^d$. The space of measurable bounded periodic real-valued functions in $Y$ is denoted by $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$. Hence, $a_{kl}\in L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$. In many instances, we will identify $Y$ with a torus $\mathbb{T}^d$ and the space $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$ with $L^\infty(\mathbb{T}^d,\mathbb{R})$, in the standard way. The matrix $A=(a_{kl})$ is symmetric, i.e., $a_{kl}(y)=a_{lk}(y)$. Further, the matrix $A$ is [*coercive*]{}, i.e., there exists an $\alpha>0$ such that $$\label{coercivity} \forall\, v\in\mathbb{R}^d\mbox{ and } a.e.\, y\in\mathbb{R}^d,\langle A(y)v, v\rangle\geq \alpha||v||^2.$$ Let $Y^{'}=\left[-\dfrac{1}{2},\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^d$ be a basic cell for the dual lattice in $\mathbb{R}^d$. Then, the spectrum of $\mathcal{A}$ can be studied by evaluating, for $\eta\in Y'$, the spectrum of the shifted operator $$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{A}(\eta)=e^{-i\eta\cdot y}\mathcal{A}e^{i\eta\cdot y}=-\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial y_k}+i\eta_k\right)a_{kl}(y)\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial y_l}+i\eta_l\right).\label{shiftedoperator}\end{aligned}$$ This is an unbounded operator in $L^2_\sharp(Y)$, the space of all $L^2_{loc}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ functions that are $Y$-periodic. The operator $\mathcal{A}$ in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ is unitarily equivalent to the fibered operator $$\int^{\bigoplus}_{Y^{'}}\mathcal{A}(\eta)d\eta$$ in the Bochner space $L^2(Y^{'},L^2_{\sharp}(Y))$. As a consequence of this fact, the spectrum of $\mathcal{A}$ is the union of the spectra of $\mathcal{A}(\eta)$ in $L^2_{\sharp}(Y)$ as $\eta$ varies in $Y^{'}$. For a proof, see [@Reed1978 p. 284]. Let $(\lambda_n(\eta))_{n=1}^\infty$ denote the sequence of increasing eigenvalues for $\mathcal{A}(\eta)$, counting multiplicity. The functions $\eta\mapsto\lambda_n(\eta)$ are known as the Bloch eigenvalues of the operator $\mathcal{A}$. Let $\sigma_n^-=\displaystyle\min_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\lambda_n(\eta)$ and $\sigma_n^+=\displaystyle\max_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\lambda_n(\eta)$, then, the spectrum of the operator $\mathcal{A}$ is given by $\bigcup_{n\in\mathbb{N}}[\sigma_n^-,\sigma_n^+]$. Therefore, it is a union of closed intervals, which may overlap. However, it may also be written as $[0,\infty)\setminus\sqcup_{j=1}^N (\mu_j^-,\mu_j^+)$, where $N$ takes values in $\mathbb{N}\cup\{\infty\}$. The pairwise disjoint intervals $(\mu_j^-,\mu_j^+)$ are known as spectral gaps and $(\mu_j^{\pm})_{j=1}^N$ are known as spectral edges. As depicted in Fig. \[figure1\], $\sigma_n^\pm$ may not be spectral edges, even though the corresponding Bloch eigenvalue is simple. In the first part of the paper, we will study regularity of Bloch eigenvalues near the points where the spectral edge is attained in the dual parameter space. Regularity properties of the Bloch eigenvalues in the parameter are important in applications in the theory of effective mass [@AllairePiatnitski2005] and Bloch wave method in homogenization [@Conca1997]. For periodic Schrödinger operators, Wilcox [@Wilcox78] proved that outside a set of measure zero in the dual parameter space, the Bloch eigenvalues are analytic and the Bloch eigenfunctions may be chosen to be analytic. However, this measure zero set might intersect the spectral edge, which would limit applicability of such a result. For the linear elasticity operator, the Bloch eigenvalues are not analytic near the bottom spectral edge, which poses a major difficulty in the passage to limit in the Bloch wave method of homogenization [@SivajiGanesh2005]. Study of parametrized eigenvalue problems is an active area of research, even in finite dimensions [@michor98], [@Rainer2014]. Broadly speaking, regularity results for parametrized eigenvalues of selfadjoint operators are available in two cases: (i) for one parameter eigenvalue problems [@Rellich1969], [@Kato1995]. (ii) for simple eigenvalues, regardless of the number of parameters. Multiple parameters are unavoidable in most applications of interest. Examples include propagation of singularities for hyperbolic systems of equations with multiple characteristics leading to novel phenomena such as conical refraction [@lax1982], [@dencker1988], stability of hyperbolic initial-boundary-value problems [@Zumbrun2005] and Bloch waves for elasticity system [@SivajiGanesh2005]. Hence, an assumption of simplicity is useful in applications [@AllaireVanni2004], [@AllaireRauch2011], [@AllaireRauch2013]. In the literature, it has been shown that under perturbations of some relevant parameters like domain shape, coefficients, potentials etc, a multiple eigenvalue can be made simple. In a well-known paper [@Albert1975], Albert proves that, for a compact manifold $M$, the set of all smooth potentials $V\in C^{\infty}(M)$ for which the operator $-\Delta+V$ has only simple eigenvalues is a residual set in the space of all smooth admissible potentials. Similar results were proved by Uhlenbeck [@Uhlenbeck1976] using topological methods. Generic simplicity of the spectrum with respect to domain has been established and applied in proving stabilizability and controllability results for the plate equation [@Zuazua2000] and the Stokes system in two dimensions [@Zuazua2001] by Ortega and Zuazua. We intend to generalize Albert’s method to the spectrum of periodic operators. Albert’s result is applicable to operators with discrete spectrum, whereas a periodic operator typically has no eigenvalues. The symmetries of the periodic operator allow us to write it as a direct integral of operators with compact resolvent. Hence, the method of Albert may be applied in a fiberwise manner. However, the fiber  is an operator with complex-valued coefficients. Further, the perturbation is sought in the second-order term as opposed to the zeroth-order term in [@Albert1975]. In this paper, we overcome these difficulties and prove that the Bloch eigenvalues can be made simple locally in the parameter through a perturbation in the coefficients of the operator $\mathcal{A}$. Further, by applying fiberwise perturbation on the fibered operator $\int^{\bigoplus}_{Y^{'}}\mathcal{A}(\eta)d\eta$, we can make sure that the corresponding eigenvalue of interest is simple for all parameter values. ![Bloch eigenvalues $\lambda_4$ and $\lambda_5$ are simple, but have no spectral gap between them.[]{data-label="figure1"}](1.pdf) The latter part of the paper is concerned with the theory of Bloch wave homogenization. In homogenization, one studies the limits of solutions to equations with highly oscillatory coefficients, such as $$\begin{aligned} \label{anotherequation} -\nabla\cdot\left(A\left(\frac{x}{\epsilon}\right)\nabla u^{\epsilon}\right)+\varkappa^2u^{\epsilon}=f~~\mbox{ in }\mathbb{R}^d,\end{aligned}$$ for $f\in L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ and $\varkappa>0$. Suppose that $u^\epsilon$ converges weakly in $H^1(\mathbb{R}^d)$ to $u^{*}$. Then, the theory of homogenization [@Tartar2009], [@Bensoussan2011] shows that the limit $u^{*}$ solves an equation of the same type and identifies the matrix $A^*$: $$\begin{aligned} -\nabla\cdot\left(A^*\nabla u^{*}\right)+\varkappa^2u^{*}=f~~\mbox{ in }\mathbb{R}^d.\end{aligned}$$ Bloch wave method of homogenization achieves this characterization through regularity properties of Bloch eigenvalues at the bottom of the spectrum. In particular, the homogenized matrix $A^{*}$ is characterized by the Hessian of the lowest Bloch eigenvalue at $0\in Y^{'}$ [@Conca1997]. Similarly, in the theory of internal edge homogenization [@Birman2006], the following regularity properties of Bloch eigenvalues near the spectral edge play an important role in obtaining operator error estimates: 1. The spectral edge must be simple, i.e., it is attained by a single Bloch eigenvalue. 2. The spectral edge must be attained at finitely many points by a Bloch eigenvalue. 3. The spectral edge must be non-degenerate, i.e., for some $m,r\in\mathbb{N}$, if the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta)$ attains the spectral edge $\lambda_0$ at the points $\{\eta_j\}_{j=1}^r$, then the Bloch eigenvalue must satisfy, for $j=1,2,\ldots,r$, $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_{m}(\eta)-\lambda_0=(\eta-\eta_j)^T B_j (\eta-\eta_j)+{O}(|\eta-\eta_j|^3), \mbox{ for } \eta \mbox{ near } \eta_j, \end{aligned}$$ where $B_j$ are positive definite matrices. While these features are readily available for the lowest Bloch eigenvalue corresponding to the divergence-type scalar elliptic operator, these properties may not be available for other spectral gaps of the same operator [@Kuchment]. However, the following results are available regarding these properties: Klopp and Ralston [@KloppRalston00] proved the simplicity of a spectral edge of Schrödinger operator $-\Delta+V$ under perturbation of the potential term. In two dimensions, spectral edges are known to be isolated [@Filonov15]. Also, in two dimensions, a degenerate spectral edge can be made non-degenerate through a perturbation with a potential having a larger period [@ParShteren17]. The validity of hypotheses (A), (B), (C) is usually assumed in the literature [@Kuchment]; for example, in establishing Green’s function asymptotics [@KuchmentRaich2012], [@KhaKuchmentRaich2017], for internal edge homogenization [@Birman2006] and to establish localization for random Schrödinger operators [@Veselic2002]. Local simplicity of Bloch eigenvalues is assumed in the study of diffractive geometric optics [@AllaireRauch2011], [@AllaireRauch2013] and homogenization of periodic systems [@AllaireVanni2004]. Following Klopp and Ralston [@KloppRalston00], we apply a perturbation to the coefficients of the operator $\mathcal{A}$ so that a multiple spectral edge becomes simple, under the condition that the coefficients are in $W^{1,\infty}$. However, if the coefficients of $\mathcal{A}$ are in $L^\infty$, a multiple spectral edge can be made simple through a small perturbation of the coefficients with the added assumption that the spectral edge is attained at only finitely many points. Thus, our results suggest a possible interplay between the validity of these assumptions and the regularity of the coefficients. Further, these spectral tools also allow us to achieve homogenization at an internal edge in the presence of multiplicty. More details on the spectrum of elliptic periodic operators may be found in Reed and Simon [@Reed1978] and for state of the art on periodic differential operators, see the review by Kuchment [@Kuchment]. Main Results ------------ Let $S\!ym(d)$ denote the space of all real symmetric matrices, i.e., if $A=(a_{kl})\in S\!ym(d)$, then $a_{kl}=a_{lk}$. Let $$M_B^{>}=\{A:\mathbb{R}^d\to{S\!ym}(d):a_{kl}\in L^{\infty}_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R}) \mbox{ and $A$ is coercive }\}.$$ $M_B^{>}$ may be identified as a subset of the space of $d(d+1)/2$-tuples of $L^{\infty}_\sharp$ functions and we shall use the norm-topology on this space in our further discussion. A Baire space is a topological space in which the countable intersection of dense open sets is dense. Note that $M_B^{>}$ is an open subset of the space of all symmetric matrices with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$ entries, which forms a complete metric space, and hence $M_B^{>}$ is a Baire Space. We shall call a property [*generic*]{} in a topological space $X$, if it holds on a set whose complement is of first category in $X$. In particular, a property that is generic on a Baire space holds on a dense set. The rest of the subsection will be devoted to the statements of the main results. \[theorem:1\] Let $\eta_0\in Y^{'}$. The eigenvalues of the shifted operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)$ are generically simple with respect to the coefficients $A=\left(a_{kl}\right)_{k,l=1}^d$ in $M_B^{>}$. Theorem \[theorem:1\] is an extension of the theorem of Albert [@Albert1975] which proves that the eigenvalues of $-\Delta+V$ are generically simple with respect to $V\in C^{\infty}(M)$ for a compact manifold $M$. The potential $V$ is the quantity of interest for Schrödinger operator, $-\Delta+V$. For the applications that we have in mind, for example, the theory of homogenization, the periodic matrix $A$ in the divergence type elliptic operator $-\nabla\cdot(A\nabla)$ is of physical importance. The spectrum of such operators is not discrete, and is analyzed through Bloch eigenvalues, which introduces an extra parameter $\eta\in Y^{'}$ to the problem. The determination of real-valued perturbation for the shifted operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta)$, which has complex-valued coefficients, poses additional difficulties, when coupled with the lack of regularity of the coefficients which the applications demand. \[theorem:2\] Let $m\in\mathbb{N}$, then for the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta)$ of the periodic operator $\mathcal{A}=-\nabla\cdot(A\nabla)$, where $A\in M_B^>$, there exists a perturbation of $\mathcal{A}$ such that the perturbed eigenvalue $\tilde{\lambda}_m(\eta)$ is simple for all $\eta\in Y^{'}$. A spectral edge $\lambda_0$ is said to be [*simple*]{} if the set $\displaystyle\{m\in\mathbb{N}:\exists\,\eta\in Y^{'}\mbox{ such that }\lambda_m(\eta)=\lambda_0\}$ is a singleton. A spectral edge is said to be multiple if it is not simple. \[theorem:3\] Let $A\in M_B^>$. Further, suppose that its entries $A=\left(a_{kl}\right)_{k,l=1}^d$ belong to the class $W^{1,\infty}_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$. Then, a multiple spectral edge of the operator $\mathcal{A}=\displaystyle -\nabla\cdot (A\nabla)$ can be made simple by a small perturbation in the coefficients. \[theorem:4\] Let $A\in M_B^>$. Further, suppose that its entries $A=\left(a_{kl}\right)_{k,l=1}^d$ belong to the class $L^{\infty}_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$. Let $\lambda_0$ correspond to the upper edge of a spectral gap of $\mathcal{A}$ and let $m$ be the smallest index such that the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_{m}$ attains $\lambda_0$. Assume that the spectral edge is attained by $\lambda_m(\eta)$ at finitely many points. Then, there exists a matrix $B=(b_{kl})_{k,l=1}^d$ with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$-entries and $t_0>0$ such that for every $t\in(0,t_0]$, a spectral edge is achieved by the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta;A+tB)$ of the operator $\mathcal{A}=\displaystyle -\nabla\cdot (A+tB)\nabla$ and the spectral edge is simple. 1. While Theorem \[theorem:2\] achieves global simplicity for a Bloch eigenvalue, the perturbed operator is no longer a differential operator, i.e., it is non-local. In the theory of homogenization, non-local terms usually appear as limits of non-uniformly bounded operators [@Briane2002], [@BrianeCalc2002]. In the presence of crossing modes, non-locality appears in the theory of effective mass [@Chabu2018]. 2. Theorem \[theorem:3\] is an adaptation of the theorem of Klopp and Ralston [@KloppRalston00] to divergence-type operators. Their proof relies heavily on the Hölder regularity for weak solutions of divergence-type operators. In our proof, we require Hölder continuity of the solutions as well as their derivatives. Hence, we have to impose $W^{1,\infty}$ condition on the coefficients. 3. In Theorem \[theorem:4\], we weaken the $W^{1,\infty}$ requirement on the coefficients under assumption of finiteness on the number of points at which the spectral edge is attained. This is essential for the applications that we have in mind, in the theory of homogenization, where only $L^\infty$ regularity is available on the coefficients. We shall also prove a theorem on internal edge homogenization, whose complete statement is deferred to Section \[homogen\]. Let $A\in M_B^>$. Birman and Suslina [@Birman2006] propose an effective operator and prove operator error estimates with respect to the operator norm in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ for the limit as $\epsilon\to 0$ of the operator $\mathcal{A}^\epsilon\coloneqq-\nabla\cdot\left(A(\frac{x}{\epsilon})\nabla\right)$, at a non-zero spectral edge $\lambda_0$ under the regularity hypotheses $(A), (B), (C)$. Under appropriate modifications of the regularity hypotheses on the spectral edge, an effective operator is proposed as an approximation of the operator $\mathcal{A}^\epsilon$ in the limit $\epsilon\to 0$ at a multiple spectral edge, and operator error estimates with respect to the operator norm in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ are proved. Multiplicity of Bloch eigenvalues is a crucial difficulty in Bloch wave homogenization. The internal edge homogenization result is an attempt at circumventing this issue. Previously, this was handled by use of directional analyticity of Bloch eigenvalues for the linear elasticity operator whose lowest Bloch eigenvalue has multiplicty $3$ [@SivajiGanesh2005]. 1. Bloch wave method belongs to the family of multiplier techniques in partial differential equations. In particular, exponential type multipliers, $e^{\tau\phi}$, with real exponents, are used in obtaining Carleman estimates for elliptic operators [@rousseau12]. 2. Any operator of the form $-\nabla\cdot A\nabla$ in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ may be written in direct integral form, provided $A$ is periodic. A satisfactory spectral theory for such operators is available for real symmetric $A$. However, non-selfadjoint operators are becoming increasingly important in physics [@Sjoestrand09]. For non-symmetric $A$, the eigenvalues of the fibers $\mathcal{A}(\eta)$ may no longer be real and the eigenfunctions may not form a complete set. These difficulties were surmounted in proving the Bloch wave homogenization theorem for non-selfadjoint operators in [@Sivaji2004]. Nevertheless, the generalized eigenfunctions form a complete set for a large class of elliptic operators of even order [@agmon62]. However, we are not aware of physical interpretations of complex-valued Bloch-type eigenvalues. 3. Most of the results of this paper would have similar analogues for internal edges of an elliptic system of equations, for example, the elasticity system. It would be interesting to consider these problems for the spectrum of non-elliptic operators such as the Maxwell operator. The plan of this paper is as follows; in Section \[local\_simplicity\], we prove Theorem \[theorem:1\] on generic simplicity of Bloch eigenvalues at a point. In Section \[global\_simplicity\], we prove Theorem \[theorem:2\] and in subsequent sections \[simplicity\_edge\_1\] and \[simplicity\_edge\_2\], we prove Theorems \[theorem:3\] and \[theorem:4\] concerning generic simplicity of spectral edges. In the final section \[homogen\], we give a short introduction to internal edge homogenization and furnish an application of perturbation theory to Bloch wave homogenization by proving Theorem \[theorem:5\]. Local Simplicity of Bloch eigenvalues {#local_simplicity} ===================================== Let $\eta_0\in Y^{'}$. Let $P$ be the set defined by $$P\coloneqq\{A\in M_B^{>}\mbox{ : the eigenvalues of $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)$ are simple} \}.$$ We can write the set $P$ as an intersection of countably many sets as follows: Let $P_0:=M_B^{>}$, and $$\begin{aligned} P_n&:=\{A\in M_B^{>}: \mbox{ the first $n$ eigenvalues of $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)$ } \mbox{are simple} \}.\\ &=\{A\in M_B^>: \lambda_1(\eta_0)<\ldots<\lambda_n(\eta_0)<\lambda_{n+1}(\eta_0)\leq\lambda_{n+2}(\eta_0)\leq\ldots\}.\end{aligned}$$ Note that, $$\begin{aligned} P \subseteq \ldots \subseteq P_n\subseteq P_{n-1}\subseteq\ldots\subseteq P_1\subseteq P_0 &\qquad\mbox{and}\qquad P=\bigcap_{n=0}^{\infty}P_n.\end{aligned}$$ We shall require the following two lemmas. \[lemma:11\] $P_n$ is open in $M_B^{>}$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}\cup\{0\}$. \[lemma:22\] $P_{n+1}$ is dense in $P_n$, for all $n\in \mathbb{N}\cup\{0\}$. (of Theorem \[theorem:1\]) We recall that a property is said to be generic in a topological space $X$, if it holds on a set whose complement is of first category in $X$. We can write $P$ as the countable intersection $P=\displaystyle\bigcap_{n=0}^\infty P_n$, where $P_n$ is an open and dense set in $M_B^>$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}\cup\{0\}$. Hence, the complement of $P$ is a set of first category. Therefore, the simplicity of eigenvalues of $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)$ is a generic property in $M_B^>$. The rest of this section is devoted to the proofs of Lemmas \[lemma:11\] and \[lemma:22\]. Proof of Lemma \[lemma:11\] --------------------------- In this subsection, we begin by proving continuous dependence of the eigenvalues of the shifted operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta)$ on its coefficients. The main tool in this proof is Courant-Fischer min-max principle, which states that $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_m(\eta_0)=\min_{\dim F =m}\max_{v\in F}\frac{\int_{Y} A(\nabla+i\eta_0) v.\overline{(\nabla+i\eta_0) v}~dx}{\int_{Y} v^2~dx},\end{aligned}$$ where $F$ ranges over all subspaces of $H^1_\sharp(Y)$ of dimension $m$. Let $A_1,A_2\in M_B^{>}$ and let $\eta\mapsto\lambda_n^1(\eta), \eta\mapsto\lambda^2_n(\eta)$ be the n-th Bloch eigenvalues of the operators $\mathcal{A}_1$ and $\mathcal{A}_2$ respectively. Then $$\begin{aligned} |\lambda_n^1(\eta_0)-\lambda^2_n(\eta_0)|\leq d c_n(\eta_0) ||A_1-A_2||_{L^\infty},\end{aligned}$$ where $c_n(\eta_0)$ is the $n^{th}$ eigenvalue of the shifted Laplacian $-(\nabla+i\eta_0)^2$ on $Y$ with periodic boundary conditions. Let $a_1(v)=\int_{Y}A_1(\nabla+i\eta_0) v.\overline{(\nabla+i\eta_0) v}~dy$ and $a_2(v)=\int_{Y}A_2(\nabla+i\eta_0) v.\overline{(\nabla+i\eta_0) v}~dy$ be the quadratic forms that appear in the min-max principle. $$\begin{aligned} |a_1(v)-a_2(v)|&=\left|\int_{Y}(A_1-A_2)(\nabla+i\eta_0) v.\overline{(\nabla+i\eta_0) v}~dy\right|\\ &\leq d||A_1-A_2||_{L^\infty}\int_{Y}|(\nabla+i\eta_0) v|^2~dy, \end{aligned}$$ Therefore, $$\begin{aligned} a_1(v)\leq a_2(v)+d||A_1-A_2||_{L^\infty}\int_{Y}|(\nabla+i\eta_0) v|^2~dy. \end{aligned}$$ Now, divide both sides by $\int_Y |v|^2~dy$, the $L^2_\sharp(Y)$ inner product of $v$ with itself and apply the appropriate min-max to obtain $$\begin{aligned} \lambda^1_m(\eta_0)\leq \lambda^2_m(\eta_0)+d c_m(\eta_0)||A_1-A_2||_{L^\infty}.\end{aligned}$$ Notice that the constant $c_m(\eta_0)$ is precisely the $m^{th}$ eigenvalue of the shifted Laplacian $-(\nabla+i\eta_0)^2$ on $Y$ with periodic boundary conditions. By interchanging the role of $A_1$ and $A_2$, the inequality $$\begin{aligned} \lambda^2_m(\eta_0)\leq \lambda^1_m(\eta_0)+d c_m(\eta_0)||A_2-A_1||_{L^\infty},\end{aligned}$$ is obtained, which completes the proof of this proposition. In [@Conca1997], the Bloch eigenvalues have been proved to be Lipschitz continuous in $\eta\in Y^{'}$. Indeed, one may prove that the Bloch eigenvalues are jointly continuous in $\eta\in Y^{'}$ and the coefficients of the operator. Let $A\in P_n$ and $$\begin{aligned} \delta=\min\{\lambda_{j+1}(\eta_0)-\lambda_{j}(\eta_0):j=1,2,\ldots,n\}.\end{aligned}$$ Let $\displaystyle c=\max_{1\leq j\leq n}d c_j(\eta_0)$, where $c_j(\eta_0)$ is the $j^{th}$ eigenvalue of the shifted Laplacian $-(\nabla+i\eta_0)^2$ on $Y$ with periodic boundary conditions. Let $$\begin{aligned} U=\left\{A'\in M_B^>:||A-A'||_{L^\infty}< \frac{\delta}{4c}\right\}.\end{aligned}$$ $U$ is an open set in $M_B^>$ containing $A$. We shall show that $U$ is a subset of $P_n$. Let $A'\in U$. Let $\{\lambda'_j(\eta),~j=1,2,\ldots\}$ be the Bloch eigenvalues of operator $\mathcal{A}'$ associated to $A'$. For $j=1,2,\ldots,n$, we have: $$\begin{aligned} |\lambda'_j(\eta_0)-\lambda_j(\eta_0)| & \leq dc_j(\eta_0)||A-A'||_{L^\infty} \leq dc_j(\eta_0)\frac{\delta}{4c}\leq\frac{\delta}{4}. \end{aligned}$$ Hence, $$\begin{aligned} \delta & \leq \lambda_{j+1}(\eta_0)-\lambda_j(\eta_0)\\ & \leq |\lambda'_{j+1}(\eta_0)-\lambda_{j+1}(\eta_0)|+|\lambda'_j(\eta_0)-\lambda'_{j+1}(\eta_0)|+|\lambda'_j(\eta_0)-\lambda_j(\eta_0)|\\ & \leq \frac{\delta}{4}+ |\lambda'_j(\eta_0)-\lambda'_{j+1}(\eta_0)|+\frac{\delta}{4}\\ & = \frac{\delta}{2}+\lambda'_{j+1}(\eta_0)-\lambda'_j(\eta_0). \end{aligned}$$ Therefore, $\lambda'_{j+1}(\eta_0)-\lambda'_j(\eta_0)\geq\frac{\delta}{2}>0$ for $j=1,2,\ldots,n.$ Therefore, the first $n$ Bloch eigenvalues of $\mathcal{A}'$ are simple at $\eta_0$, as required. Proof of Lemma \[lemma:22\] --------------------------- In this section, we shall use perturbation theory of selfadjoint operators to prove Lemma \[lemma:22\]. Let $A\in M_B^>$ and $B$ be a symmetric matrix with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$-entries. For $|\tau|<\sigma_0\coloneqq\frac{\alpha}{2d||B||_{L^\infty}}$, $A+\tau B\in M^>_B$, where $\alpha$ is a coercivity constant for $A$ as in . Consider the operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)+\tau\mathcal{B}(\eta_0)$ in $L^2_\sharp(Y)$. We shall prove in Appendix \[PerturbationTheory\], that the operator family $\mathcal{F}(\tau)=\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)+\tau\mathcal{B}(\eta_0)$ is a selfadjoint holomorphic family of type $(B)$ for $|\tau|<\sigma_0$. For its definition and related notions, see Kato [@Kato1995]. We shall make use of the following theorem which asserts the existence of a sequence of eigenpairs associated with a selfadjoint holomorphic family of type $(B)$, analytic in $\tau\in(-\sigma_0,\sigma_0)$. The proof of this theorem dates back to Rellich, hence we shall call these eigenvalue branches as Rellich branches. (Kato-Rellich)\[katorellich\] Let $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)(\tau)$ be a selfadjoint holomorphic family of type $(B)$, defined for $\tau\in R$ where $R=\{z\in\mathbb{C}:|\operatorname{Re}({z})|<\sigma_0,|\operatorname{Im}({z})|<\sigma_0\}$ and $\sigma_0\coloneqq \frac{\alpha}{2d||B||_{L^\infty}}$. Let $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)(\tau)+C_*I$ have compact resolvent for some $C_*\in \mathbb{R}$. Then, there exists a sequence of scalar-valued functions $(\lambda_j(\tau;\eta_0))_{j=1}^\infty$ and $L^2_\sharp(Y)$-valued functions $(u_j(\tau;\eta_0))_{j=1}^\infty$ defined on $I=(-\sigma_0,\sigma_0)$, such that 1. For each fixed $\tau\in I$, the sequence $(\lambda_j(\tau;\eta_0))_{j=1}^\infty$ represents all the eigenvalues of $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)(\tau)$ counting multiplicities and the functions $(u_j(\tau;\eta_0))_{j=1}^\infty$ represent the corresponding eigenvectors. 2. For each $j\in\mathbb{N}$, the functions $(\lambda_j(\tau;\eta_0))_{j=1}^\infty$ and $(u_j(\tau;\eta_0))_{j=1}^\infty$ are analytic on $I$ with values in $\mathbb{R}$ and $L^2_\sharp(Y)$ respectively. 3. The sequence $(u_j(\tau;\eta_0))_{j=1}^\infty$ is orthonormal in $L^2_\sharp(Y).$ 4. Suppose that the $m^{th}$ eigenvalue of $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)(\tau)$ at $\tau=0$ has multiplicity $p$, i.e., $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_m(0;\eta_0)=\lambda_{m+1}(0;\eta_0)=\ldots=\lambda_{p+m-2}(0;\eta_0)=\lambda_{p+m-1}(0;\eta_0).\end{aligned}$$ For each interval $K\subset\mathbb{R}$ with $\overline{K}$ containing the eigenvalue $\lambda_m(0;\eta_0)$ and no other eigenvalue, $\lambda_m(\tau;\eta_0), $ $\lambda_{m+1}(\tau;\eta_0),\ldots, \lambda_{p+m-1}(\tau;\eta_0)$ are the only eigenvalues of $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)(\tau)$, counting multiplicities, lying in the interval $K$. By Kato-Rellich Theorem, an eigenvalue $\lambda(\eta_0)$ of $\mathcal{F}(0)$ of multiplicity $h$, splits into $h$ analytic functions $(\lambda_m(\tau;\eta_0))_{m=1}^h$. Further, the corresponding eigenfunctions $(u_m(\tau;\eta_0))_{m=1}^h$ are also analytic. Let the $h$ eigenvalues and eigenvectors of $\mathcal{F}(\tau)$ have the following power series expansions at $\tau=0$ for $m=1,2,\ldots,h$: $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_m(\tau;\eta_0)=\lambda(\eta_0)+\tau a_m(\eta_0)+\tau^2\beta_m(\tau,\eta_0)\notag\\ u_{m}(\tau;\eta_0)=u_m(\eta_0)+\tau v_m(\eta_0)+\tau^2 w_m(\tau,\eta_0).\end{aligned}$$ The proof of Lemma \[lemma:22\] will rely on the fact that we may choose $B$ in such a way that $a_m(\eta_0)\neq a_n(\eta_0)$ for some $m,n\in\{1,2,\ldots,h\}$. Then, for sufficiently small $\tau$, $\lambda_m(\tau;\eta_0)\neq\lambda_n(\tau;\eta_0)$. In that case, the multiplicity of the perturbed Bloch eigenvalue at $\eta_0$ will be less than $h$. The eigenpairs satisfy the following equation: $$\begin{aligned} \left(-(\nabla+i\eta_0)\cdot (A+\tau B)(\nabla+i\eta_0)-\lambda_m(\tau,\eta_0)\right)u_m(\tau,\eta_0)=0.\end{aligned}$$ Differentiating the above with respect to $\tau$ and setting $\tau$ to $0$, we obtain: $$\begin{aligned} -(\nabla+i\eta_0)\cdot A(\nabla+i\eta_0)v_m(\eta_0)-(\nabla+i\eta_0)\cdot B(\nabla+i\eta_0)u_m(\eta_0)-\lambda(\eta_0)v_m(\eta_0)\notag-a_m(\eta_0)u_m(\eta_0)=0\end{aligned}$$ Finally, multiply by $u_n(\eta_0)$ and integrate over $Y$ to conclude that $$\begin{aligned} \label{hellmanfeynman} \int_Y B(\nabla+i\eta_0)u_m(\eta_0)\cdot(\nabla-i\eta_0)\overline{u_n(\eta_0)}~dy=a_m(\eta_0)\delta_{mn}.\end{aligned}$$ Equation  suggests the following construction. Given a perturbation $B$ and a basis $F=\{f_1,f_2,\ldots,f_h\}$ for the unperturbed eigenspace $N(\eta_0)\coloneqq ker(\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)-\lambda(\eta_0)I)$, we can define a selfadjoint operator $G_B$ on $N(\eta_0)$ whose matrix in the basis $F$ is given by $$\begin{aligned} \left([G_B]_F\right)_{m,n}\coloneqq\int_Y B(\nabla+i\eta_0)f_m\cdot(\nabla-i\eta_0)\overline{f_n}~dy.\end{aligned}$$ In particular, it follows from equation  that in the basis of unperturbed eigenfunctions $E=\{u_1(\eta_0), u_2(\eta_0),\ldots,u_h(\eta_0)\}$, $[G_B]_E$ is a diagonal matrix, $$\begin{aligned} _E=diag(a_1(\eta_0),a_2(\eta_0),\ldots,a_h(\eta_0)).\end{aligned}$$ If $[G_B]_E$ is a scalar matrix, then the operator $G_B$ is a scalar multiple of identity operator. However, if we can find a basis $F$ for the eigenspace and a matrix $B$, corresponding to which, the matrix $[G_B]_F$ has a non-zero off-diagonal entry, then for that choice of $B$, $[G_B]_E$ will not be a scalar matrix, and hence, $a_m(\eta_0)\neq a_n(\eta_0)$ for some $m,n\in\{1,2,\ldots,h\}$. \[find B\] There exists a symmetric matrix $B$ with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$-entries such that the operator $G_B$ is not a scalar multiple of identity. As noted earlier, the proposition will be proved if we can find a basis $F$ and a matrix $B$ with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$ entries, such that the matrix $[G_B]_F$ has a non-zero off-diagonal entry. Let $F=\{f_1,f_2,\ldots,f_h\}$ be any basis of $ker(\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)-\lambda(\eta_0)I)$. Suppose that for some $j\in\{1,2,\ldots,d\}$, $$\begin{aligned} \label{alternative1} (\partial_j+i\eta_{0,j})f_1(\partial_j-i\eta_{0,j})\overline{f_2}\not\equiv 0, \end{aligned}$$ where $\eta_0=(\eta_{0,1},\eta_{0,2},\ldots,\eta_{0,d})$. Since, $f_i\in H_\sharp^1(Y)$, $g\coloneqq(\partial_j+i\eta_{0,j})f_1(\partial_j-i\eta_{0,j})\overline{f_2}\in L^1_\sharp(Y)$. Hence, by Hahn-Banach Theorem, there is a continuous linear functional $\kappa\in(L^1_\sharp(Y))^*$, such that $\kappa(g)=||g||\neq 0.$ However, by duality, there exists a $\beta\in L^\infty_\sharp(Y)$, such that $\kappa(g)=\int_Y \beta\,gdy=||g||\neq 0.$ Now, either $\int_Y \operatorname{Re}(\beta)g\neq 0$ or $\int_Y \operatorname{Im}(\beta)g\neq 0$. Suppose, without loss of generality that $\int_Y \operatorname{Re}(\beta)g\neq 0$ and define $$\begin{aligned} B=diag(0,0,\ldots,0,\operatorname{Re}(\beta),0,\ldots,0)\end{aligned}$$ with $\operatorname{Re}(\beta)$ in the $j^{th}$ place, then $$\begin{aligned} ([G_B]_F)_{1,2}&=\int_Y B(\nabla+i\eta_0)f_1\cdot(\nabla-i\eta_0)\overline{f_2}~dy\\ &=\int_Y\operatorname{Re}(\beta)(\partial_j+i\eta_{0,j})f_1(\partial_j-i\eta_{0,j})\overline{f_2}~dy\\ &=\int_Y\operatorname{Re}(\beta) g~dy\neq 0. \end{aligned}$$ Alternatively, if $(\nabla+i\eta_0)f_1\cdot(\nabla-i\eta_0)\overline{f_2}\equiv 0$, then there exists $j\in\{1,2,\ldots,d\}$, such that $$\begin{aligned} \label{alternative2} |(\partial_j+i\eta_{0,j})f_1|^2-|(\partial_j+i\eta_{0,j})f_2|^2\not\equiv 0. \end{aligned}$$ It is easy to see that if  and  do not hold, then $f_1$ and $f_2$ are both a scalar multiple of $\exp(i\eta_0\cdot y)$, which contradicts the fact that they are distinct elements of basis of $N=ker(\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)-\lambda(\eta_0)I)$. Since, for all $m=1,2,\ldots,h$, $f_m\in H_\sharp^1(Y)$, $g{'}\coloneqq|(\partial_j+i\eta_{0,j})f_1|^2-|(\partial_j+i\eta_{0,j})f_2|^2\in L^1_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$. Hence, by Hahn-Banach Theorem, there is a continuous linear functional $\kappa{'}\in(L^1_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R}))^*$, such that $\kappa{'}(g{'})=||g{'}||\neq 0.$ However, by duality, there exists a $\beta{'}\in L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$, such that $\kappa{'}(g{'})=\int_Y \beta{'}g{'}=||g{'}||\neq 0.$ Define $$\begin{aligned} B=diag(0,0,\ldots,0,\beta{'},0,\ldots,0)\end{aligned}$$ with $\beta{'}$ in the $j^{th}$ place, then in the new basis $F^{'}=\{f_1+f_2,f_1-f_2,f_3,\ldots,f_h\}$, the $(1,2)^{th}$ entry of $[G_B]_{F^{'}}$ is given by $$\begin{aligned} \int_Y B(\nabla+i\eta_0)(f_1+f_2)\cdot(\nabla-i\eta_0)(\overline{f_1}-\overline{f_2})~dy = \int_Y \beta{'}|(\partial_j+i\eta_{0,j})f_1|^2-|(\partial_j+i\eta_{0,j})f_2|^2~dy\neq 0. \end{aligned}$$ Thus, either way, we have found a basis in which an off-diagonal entry of $[G_B]_F$ is non-zero. Hence, the operator $G_B$ is not a scalar multiple of identity. In particular, the matrix $[G_B]_E$ cannot be a scalar matrix. Let $A\in P_n$. Given $\epsilon>0$, we want to find $A'\in P_{n+1}$ such that $||A-A'||_{L^\infty}<\epsilon$. We shall construct $A'$ in the form $A'=A+\tau B$, where $B$ is a symmetric matrix with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$-entries and $\tau\in\mathbb{R}$. By Lemma \[lemma:11\], we can choose $\tau_0$ so that $A+\tau B\in P_n$ for $|\tau|<\tau_0$. Hence, the first $n$ eigenvalues of the operator $-(\nabla+i\eta_0)\cdot(A+\tau B)(\nabla+i\eta_0)$ are simple for $|\tau|<\tau_0$. Subsequently, we must choose $\tau$ such that $|\tau|<\sigma_0=\frac{\alpha}{2d||B||_{L^\infty}}$, in order to apply the Kato-Rellich Theorem. Now, suppose that the $(n+1)^{th}$ eigenvalue of $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)$ has multiplicity $h$. By Kato-Rellich Theorem (Theorem \[katorellich\]), the $h$ eigenvalue branches of the perturbed operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)+\tau\mathcal{B}(\eta_0)$ are given by the following power series at $\tau=0$, for $r=1,2,\ldots,h$: $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_r(\tau;\eta_0)=\lambda(\eta_0)+\tau a_r(\eta_0)+\tau^2\beta_r(\tau;\eta_0). \end{aligned}$$ If there are $m,n\in\{1,2,\ldots,h\}$ such that $a_m(\eta_0)\neq a_n(\eta_0)$, then there is a $\tau_1$ such that, $\lambda_m(\tau;\eta_0)\neq\lambda_n(\tau;\eta_0)$ for $|\tau|<\tau_1$. Since two of the $h$ eigenvalue branches are distinct for small $\tau$, the multiplicity of the perturbed eigenvalue, which can only go down for small $\tau$, must be less than or equal to $h-1$. This can be achieved through an application of Proposition \[find B\] which gives us a matrix $B_1$ such that at least two of $(a_r(\eta_0))_{r=1}^h$ are distinct. Now, starting from the matrix $A+\tau_1 B_1$, we repeat the procedure above so that the multiplicity of the $(n+1)^{th}$ eigenvalue is further reduced. The perturbed matrix is now labelled $A+\tau_1B_1+\tau_2B_2$. Finally, after a finite number of such steps, we can reduce the multiplicity of the $(n+1)^{th}$ eigenvalue to $1$. At the end of this procedure, we obtain a matrix of the form $A'=A+\sum_{j=1}^N\tau_jB_j$, for some $N\in\mathbb{N}$. Each perturbation must be chosen so that $\sum_{j=1}^{N}\tau_j||B_j||_{L^\infty}<\epsilon$. \[simple\_in\_neighborhood\] Theorem \[theorem:1\] proves that an eigenvalue $\lambda(\eta_0)$ of the shifted operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)$ can be made simple by a perturbation of the matrix $A\in M_B^>$. However, since the Bloch eigenvalues are Lipschitz continuous functions of the parameter $\eta\in Y^{'}$ [@Conca1997], the perturbed eigenvalue $\tilde{\lambda}(\eta)$ will continue to remain simple in some neighborhood of $\eta_0$. 1. The perturbation formula  may be thought of as a variation of the Hellmann-Feynman theorem in the physics literature. The coefficients of the differential operator  are real-valued functions, in as much as they are related to properties of materials. The presence of complex-valued coefficients in the perturbation formula complicates the choice of the real-valued perturbation $B$. 2. In the theory of homogenization, the coefficients of the second order divergence-type periodic elliptic operator are usually only measurable and bounded. By regularity theory [@Ladyzhenskaya68], the eigenfunctions of the shifted operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta)$ are known to be Hölder continuous. However, derivatives of eigenfunctions, which may not be bounded, appear in the perturbation formula . Therefore, the perturbation $B$ is chosen using the Hahn-Banach Theorem. Global Simplicity {#global_simplicity} ================= In the previous section, we have proved that a given Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta)$ of the operator $\mathcal{A}$ can be made simple locally in $Y^{'}$ through a small perturbation in the coefficients. In this section, we shall perform perturbation on the operator $\mathcal{A}$ in such a way that its spectrum still retains the fibered character, i.e., $\sigma(\tilde{A})=\cup_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\sigma(\tilde{A}(\eta))$ and the $m^{th}$ eigenvalue function $\eta\mapsto\tilde{\lambda}_m(\eta)$ is simple for all $\eta\in Y^{'}$. However, the perturbed operator $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}$ may no longer be a differential operator. The operator  has a direct integral decomposition $\mathcal{A}=\int_{\eta\in\mathbb{T}^d}^{\bigoplus}\mathcal{A}(\eta)d\eta$ where $\mathcal{A}(\eta)=-(\nabla+i\eta)\cdot A(\nabla+i\eta)$ is an unbounded operator in $L^2_\sharp(Y)$. We would like to point out that $Y^{'}$ is understood to parametrize the torus, $\mathbb{T}^d$. Consider the $m^{th}$ Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta)$ of $\mathcal{A}$. By Lemma \[lemma:22\], at any point $\eta_0\in Y^{'}$, we can find a perturbation of the coefficients $A=(a_{kl})$ of $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)$ so that the perturbed eigenvalue $\tilde{\lambda}_m(\eta_0)$ is simple. By Remark \[simple\_in\_neighborhood\], there is a neighborhood of $\eta_0$, $\mathcal{G}_{\eta_0}$ in which the perturbed eigenvalue $\tilde{\lambda}_m(\eta)$ of the perturbed shifted operator $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(\eta)$ is simple. In this manner, for each $\xi\in \mathbb{T}^d$, we obtain a perturbation $B_{\xi}$ and a neighborhood, $\mathcal{G}_{\xi}$ in which the eigenvalue of the perturbed operator $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(\eta)=-(\nabla+i\eta)\cdot (A+B_{\xi})(\nabla+i\eta)$ is simple. These sets form an open cover of the torus. By compactness of $\mathbb{T}^d$, there is a finite subcover having the property that in each member $\mathcal{G}_{\xi}$ of the subcover, the corresponding perturbation $B_{\xi}$ causes the perturbed eigenvalue $\tilde{{\lambda}}_m(\eta)$ to be simple in $\mathcal{G}_{\xi}$. Let $\{\mathcal{G}_1,\mathcal{G}_2,\ldots,\mathcal{G}_n\}$ be the finite subcover of the torus obtained above. Define $\mathcal{O}_1=\mathcal{G}_1$. For $r\geq 1$, define $\mathcal{O}_{r+1}=\displaystyle\mathcal{G}_{r+1}\setminus\bigcup_{j=1}^r\mathcal{G}_j$. Suppose that $B_j$ is the perturbation corresponding to the set $\mathcal{O}_j$. Now, define the parametrized operator $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{\mathcal{A}}(\eta)=-(\nabla+i\eta)\cdot (A+\sum_{j=1}^n B_{j}\,\chi_{\mathcal{O}_j})(\nabla+i\eta)\end{aligned}$$ which depends measurably on $\eta\in\mathbb{T}^d$. Finally, define the direct integral $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}=\int_{\eta\in\mathbb{T}^d}^{\bigoplus}\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(\eta)d\eta$, where each of the fibers is a differential operator in $L^2_\sharp(Y)$. Then, it is known [@Reed1978 p.284] that, $$\sigma(\tilde{A})=\bigcup_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\sigma(\tilde{A}(\eta)).$$ Hence, we may define an $m^{th}$ eigenvalue function $\eta\mapsto\tilde{\lambda}_m(\eta)$ with the property that $$\begin{aligned} |\lambda_m(\eta)-\tilde{\lambda}_m(\eta)|\leq C\max_{1\leq j\leq n}||B_j||_{L^{\infty}},\end{aligned}$$ where $\lambda_m(\eta)$ is the $m^{th}$ Bloch eigenvalue of $\mathcal{A}$. 1. Although the $m^{th}$ eigenvalue of the perturbed operator is simple for all parameter values, $\tilde{\lambda}_m(\eta)$ may only be measurable in $\eta\in Y^{'}$. However, $\tilde{\lambda}_m(\eta)$ is analytic in each $\mathcal{O}_j\subset \mathbb{T}^d$. 2. The perturbed operator $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}$ is no longer a differential operator, even though each fiber $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(\eta)$ is a differential operator. In fact. we shall prove in Theorem \[notdiffop\] that $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}$ is a differential operator if and only if $B_1=B_2=\ldots=B_n.$ 3. A rigorous account of direct integral decomposition of operators, such as the one employed above for periodic operators, may be found in [@schmudgen90] and [@maurin68]. \[notdifferential\] Let $B$ be a symmetric matrix with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$-entries. Define $\mathcal{B}(\eta)=-(\nabla+i\eta)\cdot B(\nabla+i\eta)$. Let $\mathcal{O}\subset Y^{'}$ be a proper subset of $Y^{'}$. Then, the direct integral defined by $\mathcal{B}=\int^{\bigoplus}_{\eta\in\mathbb{T}^d}\mathcal{B}(\eta)\chi_{\mathcal{O}}$ is not a differential operator. By Peetre’s Theorem [@peetre60], [@duistermaatkolk2010 p. 236], a linear operator $\mathcal{B}:\mathcal{D}(\mathbb{R}^d)\to\mathcal{D}^{'}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ is a differential operator if and only if $supp(Pu)\subset supp(u)$ for all $u\in\mathcal{D}(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Here, $\mathcal{D}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ denotes the space of compactly supported smooth functions on $\mathbb{R}^d$ with the topology of test functions. Also, let $\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ denote the Schwartz class of rapidly decreasing smooth functions on $\mathbb{R}^d$. In order to show that $\mathcal{B}$ is not a differential operator, we will show that it does not preserve supports. Given $g\in\mathcal{D}(\mathbb{R}^d)$, we define its Gelfand transform as $$\begin{aligned} g_\sharp(y,\eta)=\sum_{p\in\mathbb{Z}^d}g(y+2\pi p)e^{-i(y+2\pi p)\cdot\eta}.\end{aligned}$$ This is a function in $L^2(Y^{'},L^2_\sharp(Y))$. The map from $g\mapsto g_\sharp$ is an isometry on $\mathcal{D}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ in the $L^2$-inner product and hence it may be extended to a unitary isomorphism from $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ to $L^2(Y^{'},L^2_\sharp(Y))$. We shall show that $\mathcal{B}(g)$ is not compactly supported. $\mathcal{B}(g)$ is a tempered distribution defined as: $$(\mathcal{B}(g),\phi)=\int_{\mathcal{O}}\int_Y B(\nabla+i\eta)g_\sharp(y,\eta)\cdot(\nabla-i\eta)\overline{\phi}_\sharp(y,\eta)~dyd\eta.$$ We may define the Fourier transform of $\mathcal{B}(g)$ in $\mathcal{S}^{'}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ as $$\begin{aligned} (\widehat{\mathcal{B}(g)},\phi)=(\mathcal{B}(g),\mathcal{F}^{-1}(\phi)),\end{aligned}$$ where $\mathcal{F}^{-1}(\phi)=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{d/2}}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\phi(\eta)e^{iy\cdot\eta}~d\eta$ is the inverse Fourier transform of $\phi$. Since $\phi\in\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d)$, there exists a $\psi\in\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ such that $\phi=\widehat{\psi}$. Therefore, $$\begin{aligned} (\widehat{\mathcal{B}(g)},\phi)=(\mathcal{B}(g),\mathcal{F}^{-1}(\phi))=(\mathcal{B}(g),\psi).\end{aligned}$$ By Poisson Summation Formula [@grafakosclassical2008 p. 171], we conclude that $$\begin{aligned} \label{poissonsum} \psi_\sharp(y,\eta)&=\sum_{p\in\mathbb{Z}^d}\psi(y+2\pi p)e^{-i(y+2\pi p)\cdot\eta}=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{d/2}}\sum_{q\in\mathbb{Z}^d}\widehat{\psi}(\eta+q)e^{iq\cdot y}\notag\\&\quad=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{d/2}}\sum_{q\in\mathbb{Z}^d}{\phi}(\eta+q)e^{iq\cdot y}. \end{aligned}$$ Now, suppose that $\phi\in\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ vanishes on $\bigcup_{q\in\mathbb{Z}^d}(\mathcal{O}+q)$, then $\psi_\sharp$, as obtained in , vanishes on $\mathcal{O}$. Hence, $$\begin{aligned} (\widehat{\mathcal{B}(g)},\phi)&=(\mathcal{B}(g),\psi)=\int_Y\int_{\mathcal{O}}B(\nabla+i\eta)g_\sharp(y,\eta)\cdot(\nabla-i\eta)\overline{\psi}_\sharp(y,\eta)~d\eta\,dy=0. \end{aligned}$$ Therefore, $\widehat{\mathcal{B}(g)}$ vanishes on the open set $\bigcup_{q\in\mathbb{Z}^d}(\mathcal{O}+q)$. By Schwartz-Paley-Wiener Theorem [@rudinfunctional1991 p. 191], $\widehat{\mathcal{B}(g)}$ cannot be the Fourier transform of a compactly supported distribution, i.e., $\mathcal{B}(g)$ is not compactly supported. Let $\{\mathcal{O}_1,\mathcal{O}_2,\ldots,\mathcal{O}_n\}$ be a partition of $Y^{'}$ up to a set of measure zero, i.e., $Y^{'}\setminus\bigcup_{j=1}^n\mathcal{O}_j$ is a set of measure zero. Define $\mathcal{B}:\mathcal{D}(\mathbb{R}^d)\to\mathcal{D}^{'}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ by $\mathcal{B}(g)=\sum_{j=1}^n\int^{\bigoplus}_{\eta\in\mathcal{O}_j}\mathcal{B}_j(\eta)g_\sharp(y,\eta)$ where $\mathcal{B}_j(\eta)=-(\nabla+i\eta)\cdot B_j(\nabla+i\eta)$ where for all $j\in\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$, $B_j$ are matrices with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$-entries, then $\mathcal{B}$ is a differential operator if and only if $B_1=B_2=\ldots=B_n$.\[notdiffop\] If $B\coloneqq B_1=B_2=\ldots=B_n$, then $\mathcal{B}(g)=-\nabla\cdot B\nabla(g)$ which is a differential operator. Conversely, without loss of generality, assume that $B_1\neq B_2$ and suppose that $\mathcal{B}$ is a differential operator. Then, $$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{B}(g)=&\int^{\bigoplus}_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\mathcal{B}_1(\eta)d\eta+\int^{\bigoplus}_{\eta\in\mathcal{O}_2}(\mathcal{B}_2-\mathcal{B}_1)(\eta)d\eta+\int^{\bigoplus}_{\eta\in\mathcal{O}_3}(\mathcal{B}_3-\mathcal{B}_1)(\eta)d\eta+\ldots\\&\qquad +\int^{\bigoplus}_{\eta\in\mathcal{O}_n}(\mathcal{B}_n-\mathcal{B}_1)(\eta)d\eta. \end{aligned}$$ Hence, $$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{B}(g)-\int^{\bigoplus}_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\mathcal{B}_1(\eta)d\eta=\sum_{j=2}^{n}\int^{\bigoplus}_{\eta\in\mathcal{O}_j}(\mathcal{B}_j-\mathcal{B}_1)(\eta)d\eta \end{aligned}$$ The left hand side of the above equation is a differential operator. We will show that the right hand side is not a differential operator to obtain a contradiction. We proceed as in Lemma \[notdifferential\]. Define $\mathcal{C}:\mathcal{D}(\mathbb{R}^d)\to\mathcal{D}^{'}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ by $$(\mathcal{C}(g),\phi)=\sum_{j=2}^{n}\int_{\mathcal{O}_j}\int_Y (B_j-B_1)(\nabla+i\eta)g_\sharp(y,\eta)\cdot(\nabla-i\eta)\overline{\phi}_\sharp(y,\eta)~dy\,d\eta$$ It is easy to see that $\mathcal{C}(g)\in\mathcal{S}^{'}(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Therefore, we may define its Fourier transform by $$\begin{aligned} (\widehat{\mathcal{C}(g)},\phi)=(\mathcal{C}(g),\mathcal{F}^{-1}(\phi)),\end{aligned}$$ where $\mathcal{F}^{-1}(\phi)=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{d/2}}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\phi(\eta)e^{iy\cdot\eta}~d\eta$ is the inverse Fourier transform of $\phi$. Since $\phi\in\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d)$, there exists $\psi\in\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ such that $\phi=\widehat{\psi}$. Therefore, $$\begin{aligned} (\widehat{\mathcal{C}(g)},\phi)=(\mathcal{C}(g),\mathcal{F}^{-1}(\phi))=(\mathcal{C}(g),\psi).\end{aligned}$$ By Poisson Summation Formula [@grafakosclassical2008 p. 171], we conclude that $$\begin{aligned} \label{poissonsum2} \psi_\sharp(y,\eta)&=\sum_{p\in\mathbb{Z}^d}\psi(y+2\pi p)e^{-i(y+2\pi p)\cdot\eta}= \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{d/2}}\sum_{q\in\mathbb{Z}^d}\widehat{\psi}(\eta+q)e^{iq\cdot y}\notag\\ &=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{d/2}}\sum_{q\in\mathbb{Z}^d}{\phi}(\eta+q)e^{iq\cdot y}. \end{aligned}$$ Now, suppose that $\phi\in\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ vanishes on $\bigcup_{q\in\mathbb{Z}^d}(\bigcup_{j=2}^n\mathcal{O}_j+q)$, then $\psi_\sharp$, as obtained in , vanishes on $\bigcup_{j=2}^n\mathcal{O}_j$. Hence, $$\begin{aligned} (\widehat{\mathcal{C}(g)},\phi)&=(\mathcal{C}(g),\psi)\\ &=\sum_{j=2}^{n}\int_Y\int_{\mathcal{O}_j}(B_j-B_1)(\nabla+i\eta)g_\sharp(y,\eta)\cdot(\nabla-i\eta)\overline{\psi}_\sharp(y,\eta)~d\eta\,dy=0. \end{aligned}$$ Therefore, $\widehat{\mathcal{C}(g)}$ vanishes on the open set $\bigcup_{q\in\mathbb{Z}^d}(\bigcup_{j=2}^n\mathcal{O}_j+q)$. By Schwartz-Paley-Wiener Theorem [@rudinfunctional1991 p. 191], $\widehat{\mathcal{C}(g)}$ cannot be the Fourier transform of a compactly supported distribution, i.e., $\mathcal{C}(g)$ is not compactly supported. Therefore, $\mathcal{C}$ is not a differential operator. Proof of Theorem \[theorem:3\] {#simplicity_edge_1} ============================== In this section, we prove that a spectral edge of a periodic elliptic differential operator can be made simple through a perturbation in the coefficients. The proof essentially follows Klopp and Ralston [@KloppRalston00], with the straightforward modification that the coefficients must come from $W^{1,\infty}_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$. This condition is required to ensure that the eigenfunctions and their derivatives are Hölder continuous functions. We produce the proof here for completeness. Suppose that the coefficients of the operator , $a_{kl}\in W^{1,\infty}_\sharp(Y)$. Note that the Bloch eigenvalues which are defined for $\eta\in Y^{'}$ are Lipschitz continuous in $\eta$ and may be extended as periodic functions to $\mathbb{R}^d$. In the sequel, we shall treat the Bloch eigenvalues as functions on $\mathbb{T}^d$, which is identified with $Y^{'}$ in a standard way. Also, we shall write $\lambda_j(\eta,A)$ to specify that a Bloch eigenvalue corresponds to a particular matrix $A$, appearing in the operator $\mathcal{A}$. We shall prove the theorem for an upper endpoint of a spectral gap. The proof for a lower endpoint is identical. We shall require the following lemma. Consider the operator $\mathcal{A}$ as in , with $A\in M_B^>$. Let $\lambda_0$ correspond to the upper edge of a spectral gap of $\mathcal{A}$ and let $m$ be the smallest index such that the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_{m}$ attains $\lambda_0$, then 1. There exist numbers $a,b\in\mathbb{R}$ such that $\lambda_{m-1}(\eta)<a<\lambda_0<\lambda_m(\eta)<b$ for all $\eta\in Y^{'}$. Further, there exists $M\in\mathbb{N}$ such that $M>m$ and the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_M$ satisfies $\lambda_M(\eta)>b$ for all $\eta\in Y^{'}$.\[lemma.1\] 2. Let $B$ be a symmetric matrix with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$-entries. There is a finite open cover of $Y^{'}$, $\{\mathcal{G}_1,\mathcal{G}_2,\ldots,\mathcal{G}_n\}$ such that for each $\mathcal{G}_j$, we have an orthonormal set in $L^2_\sharp(Y)$ of functions analytic for $\eta\in\mathcal{G}_j$ and for sufficiently small $t$, $$\label{orthonormal set} \{ \phi_m^{(j)}(\eta,A-tB), \phi_{m+1}^{(j)}(\eta,A-tB),\ldots, \phi_{R_j}^{(j)}(\eta,A-tB) \}.$$ Further, for each fixed $t$, the linear subspace generated by the functions in  contains the eigenspaces corresponding to eigenvalues of $-\nabla\cdot(A-tB)\nabla$ between $a$ and $b$.\[lemma.2\] 3. The functions in  may be chosen such that the following equation is satisfied $$\left\langle\frac{d{\phi}^{(j)}_r}{dt},\phi^{(j)}_s\right\rangle=0,\label{orthogonality1}$$ where $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle$ denotes the $L^2_\sharp(Y)$ inner product. \[lemma.5\] **Proof of \[lemma.1\]** As noted in Remark \[simple\_in\_neighborhood\], the Bloch eigenvalues are Lipschitz continuous functions on a compact set $\mathbb{T}^d$. Hence, the function $\eta\mapsto\lambda_m(\eta)$ is bounded above, say by $b$. Since, $\lambda_0$ is a spectral edge, $\displaystyle\delta\coloneqq\min_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\lambda_m(\eta)-\max_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\lambda_{m-1}(\eta)$ is positive. Choose $a=\lambda_0-\frac{\delta}{2}$. These choices of $a$ and $b$ satisfy our requirements. By Weyl’s law [@Reed1978], the eigenvalues of the periodic Laplacian on $Y$ satisfy the following inequality, for some $s>0$ and $C_1>0$, for large $M$, $$\begin{aligned} \label{BlochBoundedBelow1} \lambda_M(0,I)\geq\lambda_M^{N}\geq C_1 M^s, \end{aligned}$$ where $\lambda_M^{N}$ denotes the $M^{th}$ eigenvalue of the Neumann Laplacian on $Y$. By Lipschitz continuity of Bloch eigenvalues in the dual parameter, we have $$\begin{aligned} |\lambda_M(\eta,I)-\lambda_M(0,I)|\leq C|\eta|\leq C_2.\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, for all $\eta\in Y^{'}$, $$\label{BlochBoundedBelow2}\lambda_M(\eta,I)\geq \lambda_M(0,I)-C_2.$$ On combining  and , for all $\eta\in Y^{'}$, we obtain $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_M(\eta,I)\geq C_1M^s-C_2.\end{aligned}$$ It follows from a standard argument involving min-max principle, that $\lambda_M(\eta,I)\leq C_3||A^{-1}||_{L^\infty}\lambda_M(\eta,A)$. Therefore, for all $\eta\in Y^{'}$, $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_M(\eta,A)&\geq \dfrac{1}{C_3||A^{-1}||_{L^\infty}}\lambda_M(\eta,I)\notag\\ &\quad\geq \dfrac{C_1M^s}{C_3||A^{-1}||_{L^\infty}}-\dfrac{C_2}{C_3||A^{-1}||_{L^\infty}}. \end{aligned}$$ Finally to prove \[lemma.2\], choose $M$ large enough so that $$\begin{aligned} \dfrac{C_1M^s}{C_3||A^{-1}||_{L^\infty}}-\dfrac{C_2}{C_3||A^{-1}||_{L^\infty}}>b.\end{aligned}$$ **Proof of \[lemma.2\]** For each $\xi\in\mathbb{T}^d$, there is a circle $\Gamma_\xi$ in the complex plane containing the eigenvalues of $\mathcal{A}(\xi)$ between $a$ and $b$. Let $B$ be a $d\times d$ real symmetric matrix with $W^{1,\infty}_\sharp(Y)$ entries. Observe that the operator $P_\xi$ defined by $$\label{ProjectionOperator} P_\xi(\eta;A-tB)\coloneqq-\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{\Gamma_\xi} \left(\mathcal{A}(\eta;A-tB)-zI\right)^{-1}~dz$$ is real-analytic in a neighborhood $R_\xi$ of $\xi$ and for small $t$, where $$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{A}(\eta;A-tB)\coloneqq -(\nabla+i\eta)\cdot(A-tB)(\nabla+i\eta).\end{aligned}$$ The operator $P_\xi$ is an orthogonal projection onto the eigenspace of $\mathcal{A}(\eta;A-tB)$ corresponding to the eigenvalues between $a$ and $b$. The analyticity of the projection operator follows from the analyticity of the integrand, which is a consequence of the operator family $\mathcal{A}(\eta;A-tB)$ being a holomorphic family of type $(B)$. A proof of this fact is available in [@Sivaji2004] for perturbation in $\eta$. For a perturbation in $t$, a proof is given in Appendix \[PerturbationTheory\]. Therefore, in a neighborhood of $\eta=\xi, t=0$, we obtain an orthonormal basis for the range of $P_{\xi}(\eta,A-tB)$. In this manner, we obtain an open cover of $\mathbb{T}^d$. By compactness of $\mathbb{T}^d$, the open cover has a finite subcover $\{\mathcal{G}_1,\mathcal{G}_2,\ldots,\mathcal{G}_n\}$ with the following properties. 1. For each $\mathcal{G}_j$, we have an orthonormal set in $L^2_\sharp(Y)$ $$\begin{aligned} \{\phi^{(j)}_{m}(\eta,A-tB),\ldots,\phi^{(j)}_{R_j}(\eta,A-tB)\}\end{aligned}$$ whose elements are analytic for $\eta\in\mathcal{G}_j$ and $|t|<\delta$. 2. The linear subspace generated by $$\begin{aligned} \{\phi^{(j)}_{m}(\eta,A-tB),\ldots,\phi^{(j)}_{R_j}(\eta,A-tB)\}\end{aligned}$$ contains the eigenspaces corresponding to eigenvalues of $\mathcal{A}(\eta;A-tB)$ that lie between $a$ and $b$. **Proof of \[lemma.5\]** Let $\tilde\phi_r=\sum_{p=m} u_{rp}\phi_p$, then $$\begin{aligned} \left\langle\frac{d{\tilde{\phi_r}}}{dt},\tilde\phi_s\right\rangle=\sum_p\frac{d{u}_{rp}}{dt}\overline{u_{sp}}+\sum_{p,q}u_{rp}\overline{u_{sq}}\left\langle\frac{d{\phi}_p}{dt},\phi_q\right\rangle. \end{aligned}$$ If we set $U$ to be the matrix with entries $u_{rs}$ and $A$ to be the matrix with entries $-\left\langle\phi_r,\frac{d{\phi}_s}{dt}\right\rangle$, will hold if $$\begin{aligned} \frac{dU}{dt}=UA. \end{aligned}$$ This is solved with the initial condition $U(0)=I$. The matrix $A$ is skew-symmetric, therefore, $U(t)$ is unitary and analytic for $\eta\in\mathcal{G}$. Replace $\phi_r$ with $\tilde{\phi}_r$ to complete the proof of \[lemma.5\]. Consider the sesquilinear form $$\begin{aligned} a(\eta,t)(u,v)\coloneqq\int_Y(A-tB)(\nabla+i\eta)u\cdot(\nabla-i\eta)\overline{v}.\end{aligned}$$ For the functions constructed in \[lemma.2\], $\langle\frac{d\phi^{(j)}_r}{dt},\phi^{(j)}_s\rangle=0$ for all $r,s$. Thus, $$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt}\left(a(\eta,t)(\phi_r^{(j)}(\eta,t),\phi_s^{(j)}(\eta,t))\right)=-\int_Y B(\nabla+i\eta)\phi_r^{(j)}(\eta,t)\cdot(\nabla-i\eta)\overline{\phi_s^{(j)}(\eta,t)}. \end{aligned}$$ A function $f$ defined on $\mathbb{R}^d$ is said to be $(\eta,Y)$-periodic if for all $p\in\mathbb{Z}^d$, $y\in\mathbb{R}^d$, $u(y+2\pi p)=e^{2\pi i p\cdot \eta}u(y)$. The eigenfunctions of $\mathcal{A}(\eta,A)$ with periodic boundary conditions, when multiplied by $\exp(-i\eta\cdot y)$, become eigenfunctions of $\mathcal{A}\coloneqq-\nabla\cdot A\nabla$ with $(\eta,Y)$-periodic boundary conditions, i.e., there are $\lambda$ and $u$ such that $-\nabla\cdot(A\nabla)u=\lambda u$, where $u$ is $(\eta,Y)$-periodic. Since $u$ is a complex-valued function, the regularity theorem [@Ladyzhenskaya68 Chapter 3, Section 15], cannot be applied directly. However, since the operator is linear, we may write $u=v+iw$ and express the eigenvalue equation for $u$ as two equations for the real-valued functions $v$ and $w$. In particular, $v$ and $w$ satisfy $-\nabla\cdot(A\nabla)v=\lambda v$ and $-\nabla\cdot(A\nabla)w=\lambda w$ in the interior of $Y$. Hence, by the regularity theory for elliptic equations with $W^{1,\infty}$ coefficients, $v$ and $w$ and their first-order derivatives are Hölder continuous in the interior of $Y$. Further, the Hölder estimates in the interior of $Y$ are independent of $\eta\in Y^{'}$. Consequently, $u$ and its derivatives are Hölder continuous in the interior of $Y$. Choose $\widehat{\eta}$ and $\phi_0$ such that $\mathcal{A}(\widehat{\eta},A)\phi_0=\lambda_0\phi_0.$ Choose $\phi_0\neq \exp(-i\hat{\eta}\cdot y)$. This can be achieved because the multiplicity of the Bloch eigenvalue at $\hat{\eta}$ is greater than one. Therefore, $(\nabla+i\widehat{\eta})\phi_0$ is non-zero. Consequently, there exist a $y_0$ in the interior of $Y$, an $l$ with $1\leq l\leq d$, and a $\theta>0$ such that $\left|\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x_l}+i\widehat{\eta}_l\right)\phi_0(y_0,\widehat{\eta})\right|^2\geq\theta$. Since $\phi_0$ and its derivatives are Hölder continuous in the interior of $Y$, there is a small $\epsilon_0>0$ such that, $$\begin{aligned} \label{continuityofderivatives1}\mbox{for }|y-y_0|<\epsilon_0,\qquad\left|\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x_l}+i{\widehat{\eta}_l}\right)\phi_0(y,\widehat{\eta})\right|^2>\frac{2\theta}{3}.\end{aligned}$$ Additionaly, since $\phi_r^{(j)}$ obtained earlier in \[lemma.2\] are linear combinations of eigenfunctions, by the Hölder continuity of the eigenfunctions and their derivatives, an $\epsilon_0$ may be chosen so that $$\begin{aligned} \label{continuityofderivatives2} \sum_{p=m}^{R_j} \left|\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x_l}+i{\eta}_l\right)\phi_p^{(j)}(y,\eta,A)-\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x_l}+i{\eta}_l\right)\phi_p^{(j)}(y_0,\eta,A)\right|^2<\frac{\theta}{3}, \end{aligned}$$ for $\eta\in\mathcal{G}_j$ and $|y-y_0|<\epsilon_0$. Define the matrix $B=diag(0,\ldots,0,b_l,0,\ldots,0)$ all of whose diagonal entries are zero other than $b_{l}$ which is chosen as a function $b_{l}\in C_0^{\infty}(|y-y_0|<\epsilon_0)$ such that $b_{l}\geq 0$ and $\int_Y b_{l}=1$. Extend $B$ periodically to $\mathbb{R}^d$. There is an index $q$ such that $\widehat{\eta}\in\mathcal{G}_q$. Therefore, $\displaystyle\phi_0(y,\widehat{\eta})=\sum_{r=m}^{R_q} c_r\phi_r^{(q)}(y,\widehat{\eta},A)$. Define $\phi_0(y,\widehat{\eta},t)=\displaystyle\sum_{r=m}^{R_q} c_r\phi_r^{(q)}(y,\widehat{\eta},A-tB)$. Then, by , $$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt}\left(a(\widehat{\eta},t)(\phi_0(\cdot,\widehat{\eta},t),\phi_0(\cdot,\widehat{\eta},t))\right)|_{t=0}&=-\int_Y b_l\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial y_l}+i\widehat{\eta_l}\right)\phi_0(y,\widehat{\eta})\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial y_l}-i\widehat{\eta_l}\right)\overline{\phi_0(y,\widehat{\eta})}~dy\notag\\ &\qquad\leq\frac{-2\theta}{3}. \end{aligned}$$ Hence, $$\begin{aligned} \label{eq:var3} a(\widehat{\eta},t)(\phi_0(\cdot,\widehat{\eta},t),\phi_0(\cdot,\widehat{\eta},t))\leq\lambda_0-\frac{2\theta}{3}t+t^2\beta(t). \end{aligned}$$ For each $\eta\in\mathcal{G}_j$, we define the function $$\begin{aligned} \label{stareq} \phi_{*}^{(j)}(y,\eta,t)=\sum_{r=m}^{R_j}\overline{\left({\partial_l}+i{\eta}_l\right)\phi_r^{(j)}(y_0,\eta,A)}\phi_r^{(j)}(y,\eta,t). \end{aligned}$$ For $\phi(\cdot,\eta,t)=\displaystyle\sum_{k=r}^{R_j} a_r\phi_r^{(j)}(\cdot,\eta,A-tB)$, $\phi(\cdot,\eta,t)$ is perpendicular to $\phi_*^{(j)}(\cdot,\eta,t)$ if and only if $$\begin{aligned} \label{eq:perp1} \sum_{r=1}^{R_j} a_r \left({\partial_l}+i{\eta}_l\right)\phi_r^{(j)}(y_0,\eta,A) = 0. \end{aligned}$$ For $\phi(\cdot,\eta,t)$ satisfying  and $||\phi||_{L^2_\sharp(Y)}=1$, the following holds for $\eta\in\mathcal{G}_j$, $$\begin{aligned} {}&\frac{d}{dt}\left(a(\eta,t)(\phi(\cdot,\eta,t),\phi(\cdot,\eta,t))\right)|_{t=0}\\ &\quad=-\int_Y b_{l}\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial y_l}+i{\eta_l}\right)\phi(y,\eta,0)\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial y_l}-i{\eta_l}\right)\overline{\phi(y,\eta,0)}~dy\notag\\ &\quad=-\int_{B_{\epsilon_0}(y_0)}\left|\sum_{r=m}^{R_j} a_r\left(\left({\partial_l}+i{\eta}_l\right)\phi_r^{(j)}(y,\eta,A)- \left({\partial_l}+i{\eta}_l\right)\phi_r^{(j)}(y_0,\eta,A)\right)\right|^2b_{l}~dy\notag\\ &\quad\geq-\frac{\theta}{3}, \end{aligned}$$where the last inequality follows from . Therefore, the following holds true, uniformly for $\eta\in\mathcal{G}_j$ and $||\phi||_{L^2_\sharp(Y)}=1$, $$\begin{aligned} \label{eq:var4} a(\eta,t)(\phi(\cdot,\eta,t),\phi(\cdot,\eta,t))\geq\lambda_0-\frac{\theta}{3}t+t^2\gamma(t). \end{aligned}$$ To find an upper bound for $\lambda(\widehat{\eta},t)$, we apply the following variational characterization of the eigenvalues of $\mathcal{A}(\eta,t)$ to . If $\phi_1,\phi_2,\ldots,\phi_{m-1}$ are the first $m-1$ eigenfunctions corresponding to the selfadjoint operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta,t)$, then the $m^{th}$ eigenvalue of $\mathcal{A}(\eta,t)$ is given by the formula $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_{m}(\eta,t)=\min_{\phi\perp\{\phi_1,\phi_2,\ldots,\phi_{m-1}\},~||\phi||_{L^2_\sharp(Y)}=1}~a(\eta,t)(\phi,\phi).\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, $$\begin{aligned} \label{estimate1} \lambda_{m}(\widehat{\eta},t)<\lambda_0-\frac{7\theta}{12}t, \end{aligned}$$ for $t$ sufficiently small. To find a lower bound for $\lambda_{m+1}(\eta,t)$, we apply another variational characterization for the eigenvalues to  , viz., $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_{m+1}(\eta,t)=\max_{{\dim V = m}}~\min_{{\phi\perp V,~||\phi||_{L^2_\sharp(Y)}=1}}~a(\eta,t)(\phi,\phi), \end{aligned}$$ where $V$ varies over $m$-dimensional subspaces of $H^1_\sharp(Y)$. For each fixed $\eta$ and $t$, take the $m$-dimensional subspace $V$ spanned by the first $m-1$ eigenfunctions of $\mathcal{A}(\eta,t)$ and $\phi_*^{(j)}$ as defined in , i.e., $$\begin{aligned} V=\{\phi_1(\eta,t), \phi_2(\eta,t),\ldots,\phi_{m-1}(\eta,t),\phi_*^{(j)}(\eta,t)\}.\end{aligned}$$ Then, $\phi(\eta,t)$ satisfying the equation  is perpendicular to $V$ and allows us to conclude that $$\begin{aligned} \label{estimate2} \lambda_{m+1}(\eta,t)>\lambda_0-\frac{5\theta}{12}t, \end{aligned}$$ for small $t$. The two estimates obtained above  and  together imply that the perturbed spectral edge is attained by a single Bloch eigenvalue. The proof of Theorem \[theorem:3\] depends crucially on the interior Hölder continuity of the Bloch eigenfunctions and their derivatives. This requires the coefficients of the elliptic operator to have $W^{1,\infty}_\sharp(Y)$ entries. We attempt to reduce this regularity requirement to $L^\infty$ in Section \[simplicity\_edge\_2\]. Proof of Theorem \[theorem:4\] {#simplicity_edge_2} ============================== We shall prove Theorem \[theorem:4\] for an upper endpoint of a spectral gap. The proof for a lower endpoint is identical. Let $\lambda_0$ be the upper endpoint of a spectral gap of $\mathcal{A}\coloneqq -\nabla\cdot(A\nabla)$, which is achieved by the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta)$ at finitely many points $\eta_1,\eta_2,\ldots,\eta_N$ in $Y^{'}$. The proof uses ideas from Parnovski and Shterenberg [@ParShteren17] and is divided into the following steps: 1. By Proposition \[corollarymultiple\], there is a single perturbation $B$ of the coefficients so that the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta;A+tB)$ is simple at the points $\eta_1,\eta_2,\ldots,\eta_N$. 2. However, the perturbation creates new points at which the new spectral edge has been attained. We shall prove that given $\delta>0$, we can find perturbation parameter $t$ such that all the points at which the spectral edge is attained are within $\delta$-distance of the old spectral edge (Lemma \[continuity\_spectral\_edge\]). 3. We prove that these new spectral edges are not multiple. We shall require the following preliminaries. The multiplicity of a Bloch eigenvalue can be reduced at a finite number of points in the dual parameter by application of the same perturbation. This will be the content of the next proposition. \[corollarymultiple\] Fix $m\in\mathbb{N}$. Let $S=\{\eta_1,\eta_2,\ldots,\eta_N\}$ be a finite collection of points in $Y^{'}$. Then, there exists a matrix $B$ with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$-entries and a $t_0$ positive such that for all $t\in(0,t_0]$, the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(t,\eta)$ of the operator $\mathcal{A}+t\mathcal{B}=-\nabla\cdot(A+tB)\nabla$ is simple for all $\eta_n\in S$, $1\leq n\leq N$. To this end, we require the following lemma. \[hahnbanach\] Let $N\in\mathbb{N}$. Let $X$ be a normed linear space over $\mathbb{K}~(\mathbb{R} \mbox{ or } \mathbb{C})$ and let $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_N$ be non-zero elements of $X$. Then there exists an $x^*\in X^*$ such that $\forall$ $n=1,2,\ldots,N$, $\langle x^*,x_n\rangle\neq 0$ Consider the finite dimensional subspace $F$ of $X$ spanned by $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_N$. For each $n=1,2,\ldots,N$, let $F_n^*$ denote the subspace of $F^*$ containing $x^*\in F^*$ such that $\langle x^*,x_n \rangle=0$. Then, $F^*\neq \cup_{n=1}^N F^*_n$ since a vector space cannot be written as a finite union of its proper subspaces. Hence, there exists an $x^*\in F^*$ such that $x^*\not\in\cup_{n=1}^N F^*_n$. Hence, for all $n=1,2,\ldots,N$, $\langle x^*,x_n\rangle\neq 0$. Finally, extend $x^*$ to $X^*$ using the Hahn-Banach Theorem. As a part of the proof of Lemma \[lemma:22\], we prove that for a given $m\in\mathbb{N}$ and $\eta_0\in Y^{'}$, there exists a $t_0$ positive such that for all $t\in(0,t_0]$, the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda(t,\eta)$ of the perturbed operator $\mathcal{A}+t\mathcal{B}$ is simple at $\eta_0$. In the present proposition, we shall make a Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta)$ of the operator $\mathcal{A}$ simple at a finite number of points in $Y^{'}$ through a perturbation in the coefficients. As in the proof of Proposition \[find B\], the perturbation at any $\eta_n \in S$ gives rise to a selfadjoint holomorphic family of type $(B)$, analytic in $\tau\in(-\sigma_0,\sigma_0)$, where $\sigma_0=\frac{\alpha}{2d||B||_{L^\infty}}$. Suppose that the eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta_n)$ of the operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta_n)$ has multiplicity $h_n$. For the perturbed operator $-\nabla\cdot(A+\tau B)\nabla$, the eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta_n)$ splits into $h_n$ branches. Suppose that the $h_n$ eigenvalues and eigenvectors are given as follows. For $n=1,2,\ldots,N$ and $r=1,2,\ldots,h_n$: $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_m^{r}(\tau;\eta_n)=\lambda_m(\eta_n)+\tau a_m^r(\eta_n)+\tau^2\beta_m^r(\tau,\eta_n)\\ u_m^{r}(\tau;\eta_n)=u_m^r(\eta_n)+\tau v_m^r(\eta_n)+\tau^2 w_m^r(\tau,\eta_n).\end{aligned}$$ As before, the following system of equations holds true for $n=1,2,\ldots,N$ and $r=1,2,\ldots,h_n$: $$\int_{Y}B(\nabla+i\eta_n) u_m^r(\eta_n)\cdot\overline{(\nabla+i\eta_n) u_m^s(\eta_n)}~dy=a_m^r(\eta_n)\delta_{rs}.$$ The above equations define operators that act on the unperturbed eigenspaces at each $\eta_n$. The multiplicity would go down if we find $B$ and bases for the unperturbed eigenspaces in which some off-diagonal entry, in particular, the $(1,2)$-entry is non-zero. To achieve this, we proceed as in the proof of Proposition \[find B\]. For any choice of basis of the unperturbed eigenspace at $\eta_n$, we find that either  or  holds. However, we cannot use this idea anymore, since, different $\eta_n$ would have different matrices $B$. To remedy this, we notice that, at each $\eta_n=(\eta_{n,1},\eta_{n,2},\ldots,\eta_{n,d})$, for a basis given by $\{f_n^1,f_n^2,\ldots,f_n^{h_n}\}$ either $$\label{alternative3} \sum_{l=1}^d(\partial_l+i\eta_{n,l}){f_n^1}(\partial_l-i\eta_{n,l})\overline{f_n^2}\not\equiv0,$$ or, if the above sum is zero, then in the modified basis $\{f_n^1,f_n^1+f_n^2,f_n^3,\ldots,f_n^{h_n}\}$, $$\label{alternative4} \sum_{l=1}^d(\partial_l+i\eta_{n,l}){f_n^1}(\partial_l-i\eta_{n,l})\overline{(f_n^1+f_n^2)}=\sum_{l=1}^d|(\partial_l+{i}\eta_{n,l}){f_n^1}|^2\not\equiv0,$$ provided that $f_n^1\neq \exp(-i\eta_n\cdot y)$. We can always choose $f_n^1$ to be a function different from $\exp(-i\eta_n\cdot y)$ since at any of the $\eta_n$, we have an eigenspace of dimension greater than $1$. For each $\eta_n$, call the non-zero sum between  and  as $p_n$. Further, take either $\Re(p_n)$ or $\Im(p_n)$ depending on whichever is non-zero. If both are non-zero, we may take either one. This will make sure that we have a collection of only real-valued functions. By the above procedure, we have $N$ elements of $L^1_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$, again labelled as $\{p_1,p_2,\ldots,p_N\}$. By Lemma \[hahnbanach\], there is an $\alpha\in (L^1_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R}))^*$ such that $\alpha(p_n)\neq 0$ for all $n=1,2,\ldots,N$. By duality, there exists a $\beta\in L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$ such that $\alpha(p_n)=\int_Y \beta p_n~dy\neq 0$. Define $B=diag(\beta,\beta,\ldots,\beta)$, then either, $$\Re{\int_{Y}B(\nabla+i\eta_n) f_n^1\cdot\overline{(\nabla+i\eta_n) f_n^2}~dy}\neq 0,$$ or $$\Re{\int_{Y}B(\nabla+i\eta_n) f_n^1\cdot(\nabla-i\eta_n)(\overline{f_n^1}+\overline{f_n^2})~dy}\neq 0,$$ depending on $\eta_n$. At the end of this step, the multiplicity of $\lambda_m(\eta)$ at each of the points $\eta_n$ will reduce at least by $1$. We repeat the procedure with the points among $\{\eta_1,\eta_2,\ldots,\eta_N\}$ where the eigenvalue is still multiple. Finally, we require at most $M$ steps to make the Bloch eigenvalue simple at each of these points, where $M=\displaystyle\max_{1\leq n\leq N}{h_n}$. In the next lemma, we shall prove that a spectral edge does not move very far for small perturbations in the coefficients of the periodic operator $\mathcal{A}$. We shall denote the operator $-\nabla\cdot(A+tB)\nabla$ as $\mathcal{A}+t\mathcal{B}$, where $\mathcal{A}=-\nabla\cdot(A\nabla)$ and $\mathcal{B}=-\nabla\cdot(B\nabla)$. Let $S_t$ denote the set of points at which the new spectral edge is attained, i.e., $$\begin{aligned} S_t \coloneqq \{\eta\in Y^{'} : \mbox{ The Bloch eigenvalue } \lambda_{m}(\eta;A+tB)\mbox{ attains the spectral edge at } \eta.\}\end{aligned}$$ \[continuity\_spectral\_edge\] Let $N\in\mathbb{N}$. Let $A\in M_B^>$ and let $B$ be a real symmetric matrix with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y)$-entries. Let $\mathcal{A}=-\nabla\cdot(A\nabla)$ be a periodic elliptic differential operator. Let $\lambda_0$ be the upper endpoint of a spectral gap, which is attained by the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta)$ at finitely many points $\eta_1,\eta_2,\ldots,\eta_N$ in $Y^{'}$. Given a $ \delta$ belonging to the open interval $(0,1)$, there is a $t_0$ such that $$\begin{aligned} \mbox{for }t\in(0,t_0],\qquad S_t\subset \bigcup_{j=1}^{N}B(\eta_j,\delta).\end{aligned}$$ We prove this lemma by contradiction. Assume that there is a $\delta\in(0,1)$ and sequences $(t_n)$ and $(\xi_n)$ such that $t_n\to 0$ and $\xi_n\in S_{t_n}$ such that $$\forall~1\leq j\leq N,\qquad|\xi_n-\eta_j|\geq \delta.\label{farpoint}$$ Let $\lambda_0(A+tB)$ denote the spectral edge associated to the operator $\mathcal{A}+t\mathcal{B}$. The perturbed spectral edge satisfies the following inequality. $$\begin{aligned} |\lambda_0(A)-\lambda_0(A+t_nB)|& = |\min_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\lambda_m(\eta;A)-\min_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\lambda_m(\eta;A+t_nB)|\notag\\ &\quad = |-\max_{\eta\in Y^{'}}(-\lambda_m(\eta;A))+\max_{\eta\in Y^{'}}(-\lambda_m(\eta;A+t_nB))|\notag\\ &\quad\leq\max_{\eta\in Y^{'}}|\lambda_m(\eta;A)-\lambda_m(\eta;A+t_nB)|\notag\\ &\quad\leq Ct_n.\label{edgeconvergence} \end{aligned}$$ Since $(\xi_n)$ is a bounded sequence in $Y^{'}$, a subsequence of $(\xi_n)$ converges to $\hat{\xi}$, which we continue to denote by $(\xi_n)$. We shall prove that $$\begin{aligned} \label{diagconvergence} \lambda_m(\xi_n;A+t_nB)\to\lambda_m(\hat{\xi};A). \end{aligned}$$ Observe that, $$\begin{aligned} {}&\left|\int (A+t_n B)(\nabla+i\xi_n)u(\nabla-i\xi_n)\bar{u}dy-\int A(\nabla+i\hat{\xi})u(\nabla-i\hat{\xi})\bar{u}dy\right|\leq\\ &\quad\left|\int A(\nabla+i\xi_n)u(\nabla-i\xi_n)\bar{u}dy-\int A(\nabla+i\hat{\xi})u(\nabla-i\hat{\xi})\bar{u}dy\right|+t_n||B||_{L^\infty}\int (\nabla+i\xi_n)u(\nabla-i\xi_n)\bar{u}dy \end{aligned}$$ Divide throughout by $||u||^2_{L^2(Y)}$ and apply the min-max principle to obtain the following inequality. $$\begin{aligned} \label{triangle1} |\lambda_m(\xi_n;A+t_nB)-\lambda_m(\hat{\xi};A)|\leq|\lambda_m(\xi_n)-\lambda_m(\hat{\xi})|+t_n||B||_{L^\infty}|\lambda_m(\xi_n;I)|. \end{aligned}$$ In order to establish , notice that the first and second part of  converge to $0$ by the Lipschitz continuity of $\lambda_m(\cdot)$ and the boundedness of $\lambda_m(\xi_n;I)$, respectively. It follows from  and  that $\lambda_0(A)=\lambda_m(\hat{\xi};A)$ and hence, $\hat{\xi}$ is also a spectral edge. By , this contradicts the initial assumption that there are only $N$ points at which the spectral edge is attained. The spectral edge of the operator $\mathcal{A}$ is attained at finitely many points $\eta_1,\eta_2,\ldots,\eta_N$ in $Y^{'}$. Choose among $\eta_1,\eta_2,\ldots,\eta_N$ the points where the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_m(\eta)$ is not a simple eigenvalue. Now, apply Proposition \[corollarymultiple\] to these points, so that for the perturbed operator $\mathcal{A}+t\mathcal{B}$, the corresponding Bloch eigenvalue becomes simple at these points. The points which were simple to begin with, will remain simple for sufficiently small $t$. There is a neighborhood $\mathcal{O}_j$ of each of the points $(\eta_j)_{j=1}^N$ in which the Bloch eigenvalue is simple for a range of $t$. Each of these neighborhoods contain a ball, $B(\eta_j,\delta_j)$ of radius $\delta_j$ centered at $\eta_j$. Let $\delta\coloneqq\displaystyle\min_{1\leq j\leq N}\delta_j$, then by Lemma \[continuity\_spectral\_edge\], there exists a $t_0$ positive such that for all $t\in(0,t_0]$, the spectral edge of the perturbed operator $\mathcal{A}+t\mathcal{B}$ is contained in the union of the balls $\displaystyle\bigcup_{j=1}^N B(\eta_j,\delta)$. Hence, we have obtained a perturbation of the operator $\mathcal{A}$ such that its spectral edge is simple. An Application to the Theory of Homogenization {#homogen} ============================================== Birman and Suslina [@BirmanSuslina2003] have described homogenization as a [*spectral threshold effect*]{}. Their analysis focuses on finding norm resolvent estimates of different orders. For the operator $\mathcal{A}$, it is known that $\inf \sigma(\mathcal{A})=0$. This corresponds to the bottom edge of its spectrum. A non-zero spectral edge is called an internal edge. The notion of homogenization has been extended to internal edges in [@Birman2004], [@Birman2006]. Internal Edge Homogenization {#internal1} ---------------------------- In this subsection, we review the internal edge homogenization theorem of Birman and Suslina [@Birman2006]. Consider the equation  corresponding to the operator $\mathcal{A}$ . Let $\lambda_0$ denote an internal edge, corresponding to the upper endpoint of a spectral gap of $\mathcal{A}$ and let $m$ be the smallest index such that the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_{m}$ attains $\lambda_0$, then $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_0=\min_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\lambda_{m}(\eta).\end{aligned}$$ Birman and Suslina [@Birman2006] make the following regularity assumptions on $\lambda_0$. These are exactly the properties of spectral edge that are required in order to define effective mass in the theory of motion of electrons in solids [@Filonov15]. 1. \[assumptions1:1\] $\lambda_0$ is attained by the $m^{th}$ Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_{m}(\eta)$ at finitely many points $\eta_1,\eta_2,\ldots,\eta_N$. 2. \[assumptions1:2\]For $j=1,2,\ldots,N$, $\lambda_{m}(\eta)$ is simple in a neighborhood of $\eta_j$, therefore, $\lambda_{m}(\eta)$ is analytic in $\eta$ near $\eta_j$. 3. \[assumptions1:3\] For $j=1,2,\ldots,N$, $\lambda_{m}(\eta)$ is non-degenerate at $\eta_j$, i.e., $$\begin{aligned} \lambda_{m}(\eta)-\lambda_0=(\eta-\eta_j)^T B_j (\eta-\eta_j)+{O}(|\eta-\eta_j|^3),\mbox{ for } \eta \mbox{ near } \eta_j, \end{aligned}$$ where $B_j$ are positive definite matrices. Under these assumptions, the internal edge homogenization theorem is proved. \[BirmanSuslina\] Let $\mathcal{A}$ be the operator in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ defined by  and let $\lambda_0$ be an internal edge of the spectrum of $\mathcal{A}$. Assume conditions \[assumptions1:1\], \[assumptions1:2\], \[assumptions1:3\] and let $\varkappa^2>0$ be small enough so that $\lambda_0-\varkappa^2$ is in the spectral gap. Let $\mathcal{A}^\epsilon$ denote the unbounded operator $-\nabla\cdot\left(A(\frac{x}{\epsilon})\nabla\right)$ defined in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$. For $1\leq j\leq N$, let $\psi_j(y,\eta_j)\coloneqq\exp(iy\cdot\eta_j)\phi_j(y)$, where $\phi_j$ is the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue $\lambda_{0}=\lambda_{m}(\eta_j)$ of the operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta_j)=-(\nabla+i\eta_j)\cdot A(\nabla+i\eta_j)$. Then, $$\begin{aligned} ||R(\epsilon)-R^0(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}(\epsilon)\quad\mbox{as}\quad\epsilon\to 0\quad&\mbox{where},\\ R(\epsilon)=\left(\mathcal{A}^\epsilon-(\epsilon^{-2}\lambda_{0}-\varkappa^2)I\right)^{-1} \mbox{and}\quad R^0(\epsilon)\coloneqq&|Y|\sum_{j=1}^N [\psi_j^\epsilon]\left(B_j\nabla^2+\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}[\overline{\psi_j^\epsilon}]\end{aligned}$$ are bounded operators on $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ and $||\cdot||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}$ denotes the operator norm. Here, $[f]$ denotes the operation of multiplication by the function $f$. Internal Edge Homogenization for a multiple spectral edge {#internal2} --------------------------------------------------------- In this section, we shall prove a theorem corresponding to internal edge homogenization of the operator $\mathcal{A}^\epsilon=-\nabla\cdot\left(A(\frac{x}{\epsilon})\nabla\right)$ in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ in the presence of multiplicity. We shall interpret the three assumptions \[assumptions1:1\], \[assumptions1:2\], \[assumptions1:3\] that have been made on the spectral edge as hypotheses on the shape and structure of the spectral edge. Without knowledge of the shape and structure of the spectral edge, it is not possible to obtain any explicit homogenization result. Starting with a spectral edge which is not simple, we shall appeal to Theorem \[theorem:4\] to modify the spectral edge so that it becomes simple. We shall make the following assumptions on the spectral edge. We assume the finiteness of the number of points at which the spectral edge is attained, however, since the contributions from different points are added up, we may as well assume that the spectral edge is attained at one point. Therefore, suppose that for the operator , a spectral gap exists. Let $\lambda_0$ denote the upper endpoint of this spectral gap of $\mathcal{A}$ and let $m$ be the smallest index such that the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_{m}$ attains $\lambda_0$, then $\displaystyle\lambda_0=\min_{\eta\in Y^{'}}\lambda_{m}(\eta)$. Suppose that the spectral edge is attained at a unique point $\eta_0\in Y^{'}$. Also suppose that the eigenvalue $\lambda_0$ has multiplicity $2$. Therefore, there exists a neighborhood $\mathcal{O}$ of $\eta_0$, on which the Bloch eigenvalue $\lambda_{m}(\eta)$ is simple except at $\eta_0$. Now, a perturbation matrix $B$ with $L^\infty_\sharp(Y,\mathbb{R})$ entries, as in Theorem \[theorem:4\], is applied to the coefficients of operator $\mathcal{A}$, so that the new operator $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(t)=\mathcal{A}+t\mathcal{B}$, has a simple spectral edge $\tilde{\lambda}_0(t)$ for sufficiently small $t$. However, the perturbed Bloch eigenvalues $\tilde{\lambda}_{m}(\eta,t)$ and $\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}(\eta,t)$ are simple in the neighborhood $\mathcal{O}$ for small enough $t$. These properties follow from the analyticity of the projection operator , $P(\eta;A+tB)$, which is a consequence of the operator family $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(t)$ being a holomorphic family of type $(B)$. For more details, see Appendix \[PerturbationTheory\]. For the perturbed spectral edge, we assume the following hypothesis 1. \[assumptions2:1\] $\tilde{\lambda}_{m}(\eta;t)$ attains minimum $\tilde{\lambda}_0(t)$ at a unique point $\eta_0(t)\in\mathcal{O}$ and is non-degenerate on $\mathcal{O}$, i.e., $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{\lambda}_{m}(\eta;t)-\tilde{\lambda}_0(t)=(\eta-\eta_0(t))^T \tilde{B}_0(t) (\eta-\eta_0(t))+{O}(|\eta-\eta_0(t)|^3), \end{aligned}$$ for $\eta\in\mathcal{O}$, where $\tilde{B}_0(t)$ is positive definite, i.e., there is $\alpha_0>0$, independent of $t$, such that $\tilde{B}_0(t)>\alpha_0 I$. Further, the order above holds uniformly for sufficiently $t$. 2. \[assumptions2:2\] $\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}(\eta;t)$ attains minimum $\tilde{\lambda}_1(t)$ at a unique point $\eta_1(t)\in\mathcal{O}$ and is non-degenerate on $\mathcal{O}$, i.e., $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}(\eta;t)-\tilde{\lambda}_1(t)=(\eta-\eta_1(t))^T \tilde{B}_1(t) (\eta-\eta_1(t))+{O}(|\eta-\eta_1(t)|^3), \end{aligned}$$ for $\eta\in\mathcal{O}$, where $\tilde{B}_1(t)$ is positive definite, i.e., there is $\alpha_1>0$, independent of $t$, such that $\tilde{B}_1(t)>\alpha_1 I$. Further, the order above holds uniformly for sufficiently $t$. In essence, we are asking for the Bloch eigenvalues to have the shapes before and after the perturbation as in Fig. \[figure2\] and Fig. \[figure3\]. ![Spectral Edge before perturbation.[]{data-label="figure2"}](2.pdf) ![Spectral Edge after perturbation.[]{data-label="figure3"}](3.pdf) We will now set up notation for the internal edge homogenization theorem that we intend to prove. For $j=0,1$, let $\tilde{\psi}_{m+j}(y,\eta_j(t))=\exp(iy\cdot\eta_j(t))\tilde{\phi}_{m+j}(y;t)$, where $\tilde{\phi}_{m+j}$ is a normalized eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue $\tilde{\lambda}_{j}(t)=\tilde{\lambda}_{m+j}(\eta_j(t))$ of $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(\eta_j;t)=-(\nabla+i\eta_j)\cdot (A+tB)(\nabla+i\eta_j)$. In what follows, we shall choose $t={O}(\epsilon^4)$. Define the following operators $$\begin{aligned} \label{resolvent1} {R}(\epsilon)\coloneqq\left(\mathcal{A}^\epsilon-(\epsilon^{-2}\lambda_{0}-\varkappa^2)I\right)^{-1},\mbox{ and}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} \label{resolvent2} \tilde{R}^0(\epsilon)\coloneqq|Y|[\tilde{\psi}_m^\epsilon]\left(\tilde{B}_0(t)\nabla^2+\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}[\overline{\tilde{\psi}_m^\epsilon}]+|Y|[\tilde{\psi}_{m+1}^\epsilon]\left(\tilde{B}_1(t)\nabla^2+\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}[\overline{\tilde{\psi}_{m+1}^\epsilon}].\end{aligned}$$ We shall require the following two lemmas. \[resolventlemma1\] Let $$\begin{aligned} \label{resolvent3} \tilde{{R}}(\epsilon)\coloneqq\left(\tilde{\mathcal{A}}^\epsilon(t)-(\epsilon^{-2}\tilde{\lambda}_{0}(t)-\varkappa^2)I\right)^{-1}, \end{aligned}$$ where $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}^\epsilon(t)=-\nabla\cdot\left(A(\frac{x}{\epsilon})+tB(\frac{x}{\epsilon})\right)\nabla$ is an unbounded operator in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$, satisfying assumptions \[assumptions2:1\] and \[assumptions2:2\]. Choose $t={O}(\epsilon^4)$. Then, $$||R(\epsilon)-\tilde{R}(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}(\epsilon)\quad\mbox{as}\quad \epsilon\to 0.$$ \[resolventlemma2\] With the same notation as in Lemma \[resolventlemma1\], it holds that $$||\tilde{R}(\epsilon)-\tilde{R}^0(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}(\epsilon)\quad\mbox{as}\quad \epsilon\to 0.$$ The proofs of these lemmas will be the content of subsections \[continuity\_of\_resolvents\] and \[internal\_homogenization\_result\]. Now, we state the internal edge homogenization theorem for a multiple spectral edge. \[theorem:5\] Let $\mathcal{A}$ be the operator defined in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ as $\mathcal{A}\coloneqq -\nabla\cdot(A\nabla)$. Suppose that the entries of the matrix $A$ belong to $M_B^>$. Let $\lambda_0$ be the upper edge of a spectral gap associated to operator $\mathcal{A}$. Suppose that $\lambda_0$ is attained at one point $\eta_0\in Y^{'}$ and its multiplicity is $2$. Let $\varkappa^2>0$ be small enough so that $\lambda_0-\varkappa^2$ remains in the spectral gap. Let $\mathcal{A}^\epsilon$ be defined as $\mathcal{A}^\epsilon=-\nabla\cdot\left(A(\frac{x}{\epsilon})\nabla\right)$ in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Let $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(t)=\mathcal{A}+t\mathcal{B}$ be a perturbation of $\mathcal{A}$ such that the perturbed operator has a simple spectral edge at $\tilde{\lambda}_0(t)$. Let $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}^\epsilon(t)=-\nabla\cdot\left(A(\frac{x}{\epsilon})+tB(\frac{x}{\epsilon})\right)\nabla$. Choose $t={O}(\epsilon^4)$. Assume conditions \[assumptions2:1\], \[assumptions2:2\] on the perturbed eigenvalues. Then, $$\begin{aligned} \label{resolventinequality0} ||R(\epsilon)-\tilde{R}^0(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}(\epsilon)\quad\mbox{as}\quad \epsilon\to 0, \end{aligned}$$ where $R(\epsilon)$ and $\tilde{R}^0(\epsilon)$ are defined in  and , respectively. Observe that $$\begin{aligned} \label{intermediateinequality} {}&||R(\epsilon)-\tilde{R}^0(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)} \notag\\ &\quad\quad\leq||R(\epsilon)-\tilde{R}(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}+||\tilde{R}(\epsilon)-\tilde{R}^0(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}. \end{aligned}$$ Applying Lemmas \[resolventlemma1\] and \[resolventlemma2\] to , we obtain . 1. Theorem \[theorem:5\] allows the computation of the homogenized coefficients through perturbed Bloch eigenvalues. Both the crossing modes contribute to homogenization, even though the spectral edge is simple after the perturbation. 2. A perturbation of the form $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(t)$, as mentioned in Theorem \[theorem:5\], exists for sufficiently small $t$ by Theorem \[theorem:4\]. 3. If the spectral edge is attained at finitely many points, the contribution to the effective operator from each of those points, are merely added up, as in Theorem \[BirmanSuslina\]. Hence, our assumption that the spectral edge is attained at one point is not restrictive. Further, the assumption that multiplicity of the spectral edge is $2$ can also be relaxed, since our method allows successive reduction of multiplicity of Bloch eigenvalues at multiple points. Proof of Lemma \[resolventlemma1\] {#continuity_of_resolvents} ---------------------------------- The aim of this section is to prove Lemma \[resolventlemma1\]. We begin by introducing some notation. Define the two resolvents $S(\epsilon)$ and $\tilde{S}(\epsilon)$ by $$\begin{aligned} \label{scaledresolvents} S(\epsilon)=\left(\mathcal{A}-(\lambda_{0}-\epsilon^2\varkappa^2)I\right)^{-1} \quad\mbox{and}\quad \tilde{S}(\epsilon)=\left(\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(t)-(\tilde{\lambda}_{0}(t)-\epsilon^2\varkappa^2)I\right)^{-1}\end{aligned}$$ Define $$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{h}[u]\coloneqq\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}A\nabla u\cdot\nabla \overline{u}~dy-\lambda_0\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}|u|^2~dy.\end{aligned}$$ Then, $\mathfrak{h}$ is a closed sectorial form with domain $H^1(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Consider another form $\mathfrak{p}(t)$ with domain $H^1(\mathbb{R}^d)$ defined by $$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{p}(t)[u]\coloneqq\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}tB\nabla u\cdot\nabla \overline{u}~dy-(\tilde{\lambda}_0-\lambda_0)\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}|u|^2~dy.\end{aligned}$$ To the sectorial forms $\mathfrak{h}$ and $\mathfrak{p}$, we shall apply the following theorem about continuity of resolvents which can be found in [@Kato1995 p. 340]. \[KLMN\] Let $\mathfrak{h}$ be a densely defined, closed sectorial form bounded from below and let $\mathfrak{p}$ be a form relatively bounded with respect to $\mathfrak{h}$, so that $D(\mathfrak{h})\subset D(\mathfrak{p})$ and $$\begin{aligned} \label{eq:hypothesis1} |\mathfrak{p}[u]|\leq a||u||^2+b\mathfrak{h}[u], \end{aligned}$$ where $0\leq b<1$, but $a$ may be positive, negative or zero. Then $\mathfrak{h}+\mathfrak{p}$ is sectorial and closed. Let $H, K$ be the operators associated with $\mathfrak{h}$ and $\mathfrak{h}+\mathfrak{p}$, respectively. If $\zeta$ is not in the spectrum of $H$ and $$\begin{aligned} \label{eq:hypothesis2} ||(a+bH)R(\zeta,H)||<1, \end{aligned}$$ then $\zeta$ is not in the spectrum of $K$ and $$\begin{aligned} \label{inequality5} ||R(\zeta,K)-R(\zeta,H)||\leq \frac{4||(a+bH)R(\zeta,H)||}{(1-||(a+bH)R(\zeta,H)||)^2}||R(\zeta,H)||. \end{aligned}$$ In order to apply the theorem, we must verify the hypotheses  and . We shall prove that $\mathfrak{p}$ is relatively bounded with respect to $\mathfrak{h}$, i.e., there exist $a,b\in\mathbb{R}$, such that: $$\begin{aligned} |\mathfrak{p}[u]|\leq a||u||^2+b\mathfrak{h}[u],\end{aligned}$$ Observe that $$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{h}[u]\geq \alpha\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}|\nabla u|^2~dy-\lambda_0\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}|u|^2~dy,\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{p}[u]&\leq t||B||_{L^\infty}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}|\nabla u|^2~dy+|\tilde{\lambda}_0-\lambda_0|\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}|u|^2~dy\notag\\ &\quad=\frac{t||B||_{L^\infty}}{\alpha}\left\{\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\alpha|\nabla u|^2~dy-\lambda\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}|u|^2~dy\right\}+\left\{|\tilde{\lambda}_0-\lambda_0|+\frac{t||B||_{L^\infty}}{\alpha}\lambda_0\right\}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}|u|^2~dy\notag\\ &\quad= b\mathfrak{h}[u]+a||u||^2,\end{aligned}$$ where $a=\left\{|\tilde{\lambda}_0-\lambda_0|+\frac{t||B||_{L^\infty}}{\alpha}\lambda_0\right\}\approx c_1t$ and $b=\frac{t||B||_{L^\infty}}{\alpha}=c_2t$ for some constants $c_1$ and $c_2$. Next, observe that for selfadjoint operator $H$, the resolvent $R(\zeta,H)$ is a normal operator, therefore, we have (see [@Kato1995 p. 177]) $$\begin{aligned} ||R(\zeta,H)||\leq\dfrac{1}{dist(\zeta,\sigma(H))}.\end{aligned}$$ Further, $$\begin{aligned} ||(a+bH)R(\zeta,H)||&\leq||aR(\zeta,H)||+||bHR(\zeta,H)||&\notag\\ &\quad\leq\frac{a}{dist(\zeta,\sigma(H))}+||b(I-\zeta R(\zeta,H))||&\notag\\ &\quad\leq\frac{a}{dist(\zeta,\sigma(H))}+b||I||+b||\zeta R(\zeta,H)||&\notag\\ &\quad\leq\frac{a}{dist(\zeta,\sigma(H))}+b+b\frac{|\zeta|}{dist(\zeta,\sigma(H))}.\end{aligned}$$ The operator corresponding to the sectorial form $\mathfrak{h}$ is $H\coloneqq-\nabla\cdot A\nabla-\lambda_0I$, therefore, $0\in\sigma(H)$, so that, for $\zeta=-\epsilon^2\varkappa^2$ $$\begin{aligned} ||(a+bH)R(\zeta,H)||&\leq\frac{a}{\epsilon^2\varkappa^2}+2b.&\end{aligned}$$ Notice that $R(\zeta,H)=S(\epsilon)$ and $R(\zeta,K)=\tilde{S}(\epsilon)$. Let us assume that $t$ is small enough so that Theorem \[KLMN\] can be applied to the resolvents in . In particular, we have $$\begin{aligned} ||S(\epsilon)-\tilde{S}(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}&=~||R(\zeta,H)-R(\zeta,K)||&\notag\\&\leq\dfrac{4(c_1t+2c_2t\epsilon^2\varkappa^2)}{(\epsilon^2\varkappa^2-c_1t-2c_2t\epsilon^2\varkappa^2)^2}.&\end{aligned}$$ Choose $t$ so that $c_1t=\epsilon^4\varkappa^2$, then, $$\begin{aligned} ||S(\epsilon)-\tilde{S}(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}\leq\frac{4(1+2c_3\epsilon^2\varkappa^2)}{\varkappa^2(1-\epsilon^2-2c_3\epsilon^4\varkappa^2)^2}.\end{aligned}$$ Further, for $\epsilon^2<1/2$, $$\begin{aligned} \label{some_inequality_1} ||S(\epsilon)-\tilde{S}(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}\leq\frac{16(1+c_3\varkappa^2)}{\varkappa^2(1-c_3\varkappa^2)^2}.\end{aligned}$$ Define the scaling transformation $T_\epsilon$ by $$\begin{aligned} T_\epsilon:u(y)\mapsto \epsilon^{d/2}u(\epsilon y). \end{aligned}$$ These are unitary operators on $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$. For the operators  and , it holds that $$\begin{aligned} R(\epsilon)=\epsilon^2T^*_\epsilon S(\epsilon)T_\epsilon\quad\mbox{and}\quad \tilde{R}(\epsilon)=\epsilon^2T^*_\epsilon \tilde{S}(\epsilon)T_\epsilon. \end{aligned}$$ Proving Lemma \[resolventlemma1\] is equivalent to proving that $$\begin{aligned} ||S(\epsilon)-\tilde{S}(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}\left(\dfrac{1}{\epsilon}\right). \end{aligned}$$ In fact, in , we proved $$\begin{aligned} ||S(\epsilon)-\tilde{S}(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}(1). \end{aligned}$$ Proof of Lemma \[resolventlemma2\] {#internal_homogenization_result} ---------------------------------- The aim of this section is to prove Lemma \[resolventlemma2\]. Let $\left(\tilde{\lambda}_l(\eta;t)\right)_{l=1}^\infty$ and $\left(\tilde{\phi}_l(y,\eta;t)\right)_{l=1}^\infty$ be the Bloch eigenvalues and the corresponding orthonormal Bloch eigenvectors for the operator $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}(t)$, defined in Theorem \[theorem:5\]. Let, $\tilde{\psi}_l(y,\eta;t)=e^{iy\cdot\eta}\tilde{\phi}_l(y,\eta;t)$. In the sequel, we shall suppress the dependence on $t$ for notational convenience. The operator $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}$ may be decomposed in terms of the Bloch eigenvalues as in the theorem below, a proof of which may be found in [@Bensoussan2011]. Let $g\in L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Define $l^{\,th}$ Bloch coefficient of $g$ as follows: $$\begin{aligned} (\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l g)(\eta)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\overline{\tilde{\psi}_l(y,\eta)}g(y)~dy,~l\in\mathbb{N},\eta\in Y^{'}. \end{aligned}$$ Then, the following inverse formula holds. $$\begin{aligned} g(y)=\sum_{l=1}^{\infty}\int_{Y^{'}}(\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l g)(\eta){\psi}_l(y,\eta)~d\eta=&\sum_{l=1}^{\infty}(\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l^*)(\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l g),\quad\mbox{where},\\ (\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l^*h)(y)=\int_{Y^{'}}h(\eta)\tilde{\psi}_l(y,\eta)\,d\eta&\quad\mbox{for}\quad h\in L^2(Y^{'}).\end{aligned}$$ In particular, the following representation holds for the operator $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}$: $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{\mathcal{A}}=\sum_{l\in\mathbb{N}}\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l^*\tilde{\lambda}_l\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l. \end{aligned}$$ Also, $$\begin{aligned} R(\zeta,\tilde{\mathcal{A}})=\left(\tilde{\mathcal{A}}-\zeta I\right)^{-1}=\sum_{l\in\mathbb{N}}\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l^*(\tilde{\lambda}_l-\zeta)^{-1}\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l. \end{aligned}$$ Define the Fourier Transform and the inverse Fourier Transform $$\begin{aligned} \left({\mathcal{F}} u\right)(\eta)=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{d/2}}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}e^{-iy\cdot\eta}u(y)~dy,\qquad\left({\mathcal{F}^{-1}} u\right)(\eta)=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{d/2}}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}e^{iy\cdot\eta}u(y)~dy.\end{aligned}$$ Define the operator $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)\coloneqq|Y|[\tilde{\psi}_m]\left(\tilde{{B}}_0\nabla^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}[\overline{\tilde{\psi}_m}]+|Y|[\tilde{\psi}_{m+1}]\left(\tilde{{B}}_1\nabla^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}[\overline{\tilde{\psi}_{m+1}}] \end{aligned}$$ For the operators  and , it holds that $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{R}(\epsilon)=\epsilon^2T^*_\epsilon \tilde{S}(\epsilon)T_\epsilon\quad\mbox{and}\quad \tilde{R}^0(\epsilon)=\epsilon^2T^*_\epsilon \tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)T_\epsilon. \end{aligned}$$ Therefore, to prove Lemma \[resolventlemma2\], it is sufficient to prove that $$\begin{aligned} \label{tobeproved1} ||\tilde{S}(\epsilon)-\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}\left(\dfrac{1}{\epsilon}\right). \end{aligned}$$ By making $\mathcal{O}$ smaller if required (see \[assumptions2:1\] and \[assumptions2:2\]), we may assume that $$\begin{aligned} 2(\tilde{\lambda}_{m}(\eta)-\tilde{\lambda}_0)\geq \tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_0)^2,~\eta\in\mathcal{O},\quad \mbox{ and }\\ 2(\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}(\eta)-\tilde{\lambda}_1)\geq \tilde{{B}}_1(\eta-\eta_1)^2,~\eta\in\mathcal{O}. \end{aligned}$$ Let $\chi$ be the characteristic function of $\mathcal{O}$, then the projections $F=\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_m^*\,\chi\,\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_m+\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_{m+1}^*\,\chi\,\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_{m+1}$ and $F^\perp=I-F$ commute with $\tilde{\mathcal{A}}$. Now, observe that $$\begin{aligned} ||\tilde{S}(\epsilon)-\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)||_{L^2\to L^2}&=||\tilde{S}(\epsilon)F^{\perp}+\tilde{S}(\epsilon)F-\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F-\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F^\perp||_{L^2\to L^2}\notag\\ &\leq||\tilde{S}(\epsilon)F^{\perp}||_{L^2\to L^2}+||\tilde{S}(\epsilon)F-\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F||_{L^2\to L^2}+||\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F^\perp||_{L^2\to L^2} \end{aligned}$$ Thus, in order to prove , it is sufficient to prove the following: $$\begin{aligned} ||\tilde{S}(\epsilon)F^{\perp}||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}(1),\label{tobeproved3}\\ ||\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F^\perp||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}(1),\label{tobeproved4} \end{aligned}$$$$\begin{aligned} ||\tilde{S}(\epsilon)F-\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}\left(\dfrac{1}{\epsilon}\right) \label{tobeproved2}. \end{aligned}$$ [*Proof of *]{}: Notice that the Bloch wave decomposition of $\tilde{S}(\epsilon)$ is given by $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{S}(\epsilon)=\sum_{l=1}^{\infty}\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l^* \left(\tilde{\lambda}_l-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l.\end{aligned}$$ We may write, $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{S}(\epsilon)&=\tilde{S}(\epsilon)F+\tilde{S}(\epsilon)F^\perp,& \end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{S}(\epsilon)F=\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_m^* \left(\tilde{\lambda}_m-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}\chi \tilde{\mathcal{B}}_m+\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_{m+1}^* \left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}\chi \tilde{\mathcal{B}}_{m+1}, \end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned} \label{awayfromedge1} \tilde{S}(\epsilon)F^\perp&=\sum_{l\neq m,m+1}\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l^* \left(\tilde{\lambda}_l-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1} \tilde{\mathcal{B}}_l+\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_m^*\left(\tilde{\lambda}_m-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}\left(1-\chi\right) \tilde{\mathcal{B}}_m\notag\\ &\quad\quad+\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_{m+1}^*\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}\left(1-\chi\right) \tilde{\mathcal{B}}_{m+1}. \end{aligned}$$ To prove , notice that in the first term of , the sum does not include indices $m$ and $m+1$, therefore, the Bloch eigenvalues $\tilde{\lambda}_l$ are bounded away from the spectral edge $\tilde{\lambda}_0$, uniformly in $\epsilon$ and hence, the expression $\left(\tilde{\lambda}_l-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}$ is bounded independent of $\epsilon$, for $l\neq m, m+1$. Due to the non-degeneracy conditions assumed in \[assumptions2:1\] and \[assumptions2:2\], the Bloch eigenvalues $\tilde{\lambda}_m$ and $\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}$ are bounded away from $\tilde{\lambda}_0$ outside $\mathcal{O}$, independent of $\epsilon$. Hence, the last two terms in  are bounded independent of $\epsilon$. [*Proof of *]{}: Similarly, we may write $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)&=\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F+\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F^\perp,\quad\mbox{where}\\ \tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F&=|Y|[\tilde{\psi}_m]\left(\tilde{{B}}_0\nabla^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}\chi[\overline{\tilde{\psi}_m}]+|Y|[\tilde{\psi}_{m+1}]\left(\tilde{{B}}_1\nabla^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}\chi[\overline{\tilde{\psi}_{m+1}}],\quad\mbox{and}, \end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} \label{awayfromedge2} \tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F^\perp&=|Y|[\tilde{\psi}_m]\left(\tilde{{B}}_0\nabla^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}\left(1-\chi\right)[\overline{\tilde{\psi}_m}]&\notag\\ &\quad+|Y|[\tilde{\psi}_{m+1}]\left(\tilde{{B}}_1\nabla^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}\left(1-\chi\right)[\overline{\tilde{\psi}_{m+1}}].& \end{aligned}$$ $\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F^\perp$ may be further written as $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F^\perp&=|Y|[\tilde{\phi}_m]\mathcal{F}^{-1}\left(\tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}\left(1-\chi\right)\mathcal{F}[\overline{\tilde{\phi}_m}]\notag\\ &\quad+|Y|[\tilde{\phi}_{m+1}]\mathcal{F}^{-1}\left(\tilde{{B}}_1(\eta-\eta_1)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}\left(1-\chi\right)\mathcal{F}[\overline{\tilde{\phi}_{m+1}}].\notag \end{aligned}$$ The proof of  follows from the positive-definiteness of $\tilde{B}_0$ and $\tilde{B}_1$ assumed in \[assumptions2:1\] and \[assumptions2:2\], which makes the operator norm of the terms in  independent of $\epsilon$. Now, it only remains to prove . [*Proof of *]{}: Write $\tilde{S}(\epsilon)F=S_0+S_1$, where, for $j=0,1$, $$\begin{aligned} \label{res1} S_j\coloneqq\tilde{\mathcal{B}}_{m+j}^*\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m+j}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}\,\chi\, \tilde{\mathcal{B}}_{m+j}\notag\\ =X_{m+j}^* \left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m+j}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1} X_{m+j}, \end{aligned}$$ and, for $j=0,1$, $$\begin{aligned} \left(X_{m+j} u\right)(\eta)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\chi\overline{\tilde{\psi}_{m+j}}(y,\eta)u(y)~dy\quad\mbox{and}\quad\left(X_{m+j}^* u\right)(y)=\int_{\mathbb{Y}^{'}}\chi\tilde{\psi}_{m+j}(y,\eta)u(y)~d\eta. \end{aligned}$$ Write $\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F=S_0^0+S_1^0$, where, for $j=0,1$, $$\begin{aligned} \label{res2} S_j^0&=|Y|[\tilde{\phi}_{m+j}]\mathcal{F}^{-1}\left(\tilde{{B}}_j(\eta-\eta_j)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}\left(\chi\right)\mathcal{F}[\overline{\tilde{\phi}_{m+j}}]\notag\\ &= (X^0_{m+j})^*\left(\tilde{{B}}_j(\eta-\eta_j)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}X^0_{m+j}, \end{aligned}$$ and, for $j=0,1$, $$\begin{aligned} \left(X^0_{m+j} u\right)(\eta)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\chi e^{-iy\cdot\eta}\overline{\tilde{\phi}_{m+j}}(y,\tilde{\eta}_j)u(y)~dy\quad\mbox{and}\quad\left(X^0_{m+j} u\right)^*(\eta)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\chi e^{-iy\cdot\eta}\tilde{\phi}_{m+j}(y,\tilde{\eta}_j)u(y)~dy. \end{aligned}$$ Observe that, $$\begin{aligned} ||\tilde{S}(\epsilon)F-\tilde{S}^0(\epsilon)F||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}\leq||S_0-S_0^0||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}+||S_1-S_1^0||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}. \end{aligned}$$ Therefore, to prove , it remains to prove that for $j=0,1$, $$\begin{aligned} ||{S}_j-{S}_j^0||_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\to L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}={O}\left(\dfrac{1}{\epsilon}\right). \end{aligned}$$ where $S_j, S_j^0$ are defined in , . Consider, $$\begin{aligned} \epsilon||{S}_0-{S}_0^0||&=\epsilon||X_{m}^* [\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}] X_{m}-(X^0_{m})^*\left(\tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}X^0_{m}||. \end{aligned}$$ Therefore, $$\begin{aligned} \label{final1} \epsilon||{S}_0-{S}_0^0||& \leq \epsilon||X_{m}^* [\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}] X_{m}-X_{m}^*\left(\tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}X_{m}||&\notag\\ &\qquad+\epsilon||X_{m}^*\left(\tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}X_{m}-(X^0_{m})^*\left(\tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}X^0_{m}||.& \end{aligned}$$ The first of the two terms on the right hand side (RHS) in the inequality  is estimated by using the following chain of inequalities. $$\begin{aligned} &\epsilon|\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1} -\left(\tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}|&\notag\\ &\qquad\leq c\epsilon|\eta-\eta_0|^3\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}\left(\tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}&\notag\\ &\qquad\leq\left(c|\eta-\eta_0|^2\left(\tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_0)^2\right)^{-1}\right)\left(2\epsilon|\eta-\eta_0|\left(\tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}\right)\leq C_1.& \end{aligned}$$ The proof of the boundedness of the second term on the RHS in inequality  hinges on the analyticity of the Bloch eigenfunctions, and may be found in [@Birman2006]. Finally, consider $$\begin{aligned} \epsilon||{S}_1-{S}_1^0||&=\epsilon||X_{m+1}^* [\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}] X_{m+1}-(X^0_{m+1})^*\left(\tilde{{B}}_1(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}X^0_{m+1}||. \end{aligned}$$ Therefore, $$\begin{aligned} \label{final2} \epsilon||{S}_1-{S}_1^0||&\leq \epsilon||X_{m+1}^* [\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}] X_{m+1}-X_{m+1}^*\left(\tilde{{B}}_1(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}X_{m+1}||&\notag\\ &~+\epsilon||X_{m+1}^*\left(\tilde{{B}}_1(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}X_{m+1}-(X^0_{m+1})^*\left(\tilde{{B}}_1(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}X^0_{m+1}||.& \end{aligned}$$ The first of the two terms on RHS in inequality  is estimated by using the following chain of inequalities. $$\begin{aligned} &\epsilon|\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}-\tilde{\lambda}_0+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1} -\left(\tilde{{B}}_1(\eta-\eta_1)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}|&\notag\\ &\qquad\leq\epsilon|\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}-\tilde{\lambda}_1+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1} -\left(\tilde{{B}}_1(\eta-\eta_1)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}|&\notag\\ &\qquad\leq c\epsilon|\eta-\eta_1|^3\left(\tilde{\lambda}_{m+1}-\tilde{\lambda}_1+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2\right)^{-1}\left(\tilde{{B}}_0(\eta-\eta_1)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}&\notag\\ &\qquad\leq\left(c|\eta-\eta_1|^2\left(\tilde{{B}}_1(\eta-\eta_0)^2\right)^{-1}\right)\left(2\epsilon|\eta-\eta_1|\left(\tilde{{B}}_1(\eta-\eta_0)^2+\epsilon^2\varkappa^2I\right)^{-1}\right)\leq C_2.& \end{aligned}$$ As before, the proof of the boundedness of the second term on RHS in inequality  may be found in [@Birman2006]. Perturbation Theory of holomorphic family of type $(B)$ {#PerturbationTheory} ======================================================= In this section, we show that a perturbation in the coefficients of the operator $\mathcal{A}$ gives rise to a corresponding holomorphic family of sectorial forms of type $(a)$. Further, the selfadjointness of the forms coupled with the compactness of the resolvent for the operator family ensures that it is a selfadjoint holomorphic family of type $(B)$. For definition of these notions, see Kato [@Kato1995]. Let $A\in M_B^{>}$ and $B=(b_{kl})$ be a symmetric matrix with $L^\infty_{\sharp}(Y,\mathbb{R})$ entries. Then, for $\sigma<\frac{\alpha}{d||B||_{L^\infty}}$, $A+\sigma B$ belongs to $M_B^{>}$, where $\alpha$ is a coercivity constant for $A$, as in . For a fixed $\eta_0 \in Y^{'}$ and for $\sigma_0\coloneqq \frac{\alpha}{2d||B||_{L^\infty}}$, let us define the operator family $$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{A}(\eta_0)(\tau)=-(\nabla+i\eta_0)\cdot(A+\tau B)(\nabla+i\eta_0),\quad\tau\in R,\end{aligned}$$ where $R=\{z\in\mathbb{C}:|\operatorname{Re}(z)|<\sigma_0,|\operatorname{Im}(z)|<\sigma_0\}.$ For real $\tau$, $-\sigma_0<\tau<\sigma_0$, $A+\tau B$ is coercive with a coercivity constant $\alpha/2$. The holomorphic family of sesquilinear forms $\mathfrak{t}(\tau)$ associated to operator $\mathcal{A}+\tau\mathcal{B}$, with the $\tau$-independent domain $\mathfrak{D}(\mathfrak{t}(\tau))=H^1_\sharp(Y)$, is defined as $$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u,v] &\coloneqq \int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\tau b_{kl}(y)\right)\frac{\partial u}{\partial y_l}\frac{\partial \overline{v}}{\partial y_k}~dy+i\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\tau b_{kl}(y)\right) u\frac{\partial \overline{v}}{\partial y_k}~dy\\ &\quad-i\eta_{0,k}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\tau b_{kl}(y)\right) \overline{v} \frac{\partial u}{\partial y_l}~dy+\eta_{0,l}\eta_{0,k}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\tau b_{kl}(y)\right) u\overline{v}~dy,\end{aligned}$$ where $\eta_0\coloneqq(\eta_{0,1},\eta_{0,2},\ldots,\eta_{0,d})$ and summation over repeated indices is assumed. $\mathfrak{t}(\tau)$ is a holomorphic family of type $(a)$. The quadratic form associated with $\mathfrak{t}(\tau)$ is as follows: $$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u] & \coloneqq \int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\tau b_{kl}(y)\right)\frac{\partial u}{\partial y_l}\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial y_k}~dy+i\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\tau b_{kl}(y)\right) u\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial y_k}~dy \\ & \quad-i\eta_{0,k}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\tau b_{kl}(y)\right) \overline{u} \frac{\partial u}{\partial y_l}~dy+\eta_{0,k}\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\tau b_{kl}(y)\right) u\overline{u}~dy. \end{aligned}$$ [**$(i)$**]{} $\mathfrak{t}(\tau)$ is sectorial. Let us write $\tau=\rho+i\gamma$, then the quadratic form $\mathfrak{t}(\tau)$ can be written as the sum of its real and imaginary parts: $$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{t}(\tau)= \Re{\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]}+ i\Im{\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]} \end{aligned}$$ where the real part is $$\begin{aligned} \label{realpart} \Re{\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]} & \coloneqq \int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\rho b_{kl}(y)\right)\frac{\partial u}{\partial y_l}\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial y_k}~dy+i\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\rho b_{kl}(y)\right) u\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial y_k}~dy\notag \\ &\quad -i\eta_{0,k}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\rho b_{kl}(y)\right) \overline{u} \frac{\partial u}{\partial y_l}~dy+\eta_{0,k}\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\rho b_{kl}(y)\right) u\overline{u}~dy, \end{aligned}$$ and the imaginary part is $$\begin{aligned} \label{imaginarypart} \Im{\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]} & \coloneqq \int_Y \left(\gamma b_{kl}(y)\right)\frac{\partial u}{\partial y_l}\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial y_k}~dy+2\Im{\left(\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(\gamma b_{kl}(y)\right) u\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial y_k}~dy\right)}\notag \\ &\quad +\eta_{0,k}\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(\gamma b_{kl}(y)\right) u\overline{u}~dy. \end{aligned}$$ The real part  of ${\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]}$ may also be written as $$\begin{aligned} \label{realpart2} \Re{\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]} & \coloneqq \int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\rho b_{kl}(y)\right)\frac{\partial u}{\partial y_l}\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial y_k}~dy+2\Re{\left(i\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\rho b_{kl}(y)\right) u\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial y_k}~dy\right)}\notag \\ &\quad +\eta_{0,k}\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\rho b_{kl}(y)\right) u\overline{u}~dy. \end{aligned}$$ The first term in  is estimated from below as follows: $$\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\rho b_{kl}(y)\right)\frac{\partial u}{\partial y_l}\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial y_k}~dy \geq \frac{\alpha}{2}\int_{Y}|\nabla u|^2~dy.\label{eq:111}$$ The second term in  may be bounded from above as follows: $$\begin{aligned} \Re{\left(i\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\rho b_{kl}(y)\right) u\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial y_k}~dy\right)} & \leq C_1||u||_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}||\nabla u||_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}\notag \\ & \leq C_1C_*||u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}+\frac{C_1}{C_*}||\nabla u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}\notag \\ & = C_2||u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}+\frac{\alpha}{4}||\nabla u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)},\label{eq:222} \end{aligned}$$ where $C_*=\frac{4C_1}{\alpha}$ and $C_1, C_2$ are some constants independent of $u$ and $\rho$. The last term in  is estimated as $$\begin{aligned} \eta_{0,k}\eta_{0,l}\int_Y \left(a_{kl}(y)+\rho b_{kl}(y)\right) u\overline{u}~dy \leq C_3 ||u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)},\label{eq:333} \end{aligned}$$ for some $C_3>0$. Finally, combining , and , we obtain $$\begin{aligned} \Re{\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]} \geq \frac{\alpha}{4}||u||^2_{H^1_{\sharp}(Y)}-C_4||u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)},\label{eq:444} \end{aligned}$$ for some $C_4>0$. Estimating the imaginary part  from above, we obtain $$\begin{aligned} |\Im{\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]}| \leq C_5||\nabla u||^2_{L^2_\sharp(Y)}+C_6||u||^2_{L^2_\sharp(Y)},\label{eq:999} \end{aligned}$$ for some positive $C_5, C_6$. Now, choose a scalar $C_7$ so that $C_7=\frac{4C_5}{\alpha}$. The inequality may be written as $$\begin{aligned} \Re{\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]} + C_4||u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)} + \frac{C_6}{C_7}||u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)} \geq \frac{\alpha}{4}||u||^2_{H^1_{\sharp}(Y)}+\frac{C_6}{C_7}||u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}.\label{eq:555} \end{aligned}$$ Now, we define a new quadratic form $\tilde{\mathfrak{t}}[u]\coloneqq \mathfrak{t}[u]+(C_4+\frac{C_6}{C_7})||u||^2_{L^2_\sharp{Y}},$ then inequality becomes $$\begin{aligned} \Re{\tilde{\mathfrak{t}}(\tau)[u]} \geq \frac{\alpha}{4}||u||^2_{H^1_{\sharp}(Y)}+\frac{C_6}{C_7}||u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}.\label{eq:666} \end{aligned}$$ This may be further written as $$\begin{aligned} \Re{\tilde{\mathfrak{t}}(\tau)[u]} - \frac{\alpha}{4}||u||^2_{L^2_\sharp(Y)} \geq \frac{\alpha}{4}||\nabla u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}+\frac{C_6}{C_7}||u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}.\label{eq:777} \end{aligned}$$ On multiplying throughout by $C_7$, the inequality becomes $$\begin{aligned} C_7\left\{\Re{\tilde{\mathfrak{t}}(\tau)[u]} - \frac{\alpha}{4}||u||^2_{L^2_\sharp(Y)}\right\} \geq C_5||\nabla u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}+{C_6}||u||^2_{L^2_{\sharp}(Y)}.\label{eq:888} \end{aligned}$$ Since $\Im{\tilde{\mathfrak{t}}[u]}=\Im{\mathfrak{t}[u]}$, combining the inequalities and , we obtain $$\begin{aligned} |\Im{\tilde{\mathfrak{t}}(\tau)[u]}| \leq C_7\left\{\Re{\tilde{\mathfrak{t}}(\tau)[u]} - \frac{\alpha}{4}||u||^2_{L^2_\sharp(Y)}\right\}. \end{aligned}$$ This proves that the form $\tilde{\mathfrak{t}}$ is sectorial. However, the property of sectoriality is invariant under a shift. Therefore, $\mathfrak{t}$ is sectorial, as well. [**$(ii)$**]{} $\mathfrak{t}(\tau)$ is closed. This follows from the inequality . If $u_n\xrightarrow{{\mathfrak{t}-convergence}}u$ then $\Re{\mathfrak{t}[u_n-u_m]}\to 0$ as $n,m\to\infty$. By , $(u_n)$ is a Cauchy sequence in $H^1_\sharp(Y)$. By completeness, there is $v\in H^1_\sharp(Y)$ to which the sequence converges. However, $\mathfrak{t}$-convergence implies $L^2$ convergence, and therefore, $u=v$. Clearly, $\mathfrak{t}[u_n-u]\to 0$. [**$(iii)$**]{} $\mathfrak{t}(\tau)$ is a holomorphic family of type $ (a) $. We have proved that $\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]$ is sectorial and closed. It remains to prove that the form is holomorphic. This is easily done since $\mathfrak{t}(\tau)[u]$ is linear in $\tau$ for each fixed $u\in H^1_\sharp(Y)$. The first representation theorem of Kato ensures that there exists a unique m-sectorial operator with domain contained in $H^1_\sharp(Y)$ associated with each $\mathfrak{t}(\tau)$. A proof may be found in [@Kato1995 p.322]. The family of such operators associated with a holomorphic family of sesquilinear forms of type $(a)$ is called a holomorphic family of type $( B )$. The aforementioned m-sectorial operator is given by $$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{A}(\eta_0)(\tau)=-(\nabla+i\eta_0)(A+\tau B)(\nabla+i\eta_0).\end{aligned}$$ It follows from the symmetry of the matrix $A+\tau B$ that the family $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)(\tau)$ is a selfadjoint holomorphic family of type $(B)$. Moreover, by the compact embedding of $H^1_\sharp(Y)$ in $L^2_\sharp(Y)$, the operator $\mathcal{A}(\eta_0)(\tau)+C^*I$ has compact resolvent for each $\tau\in R$ for some appropriate constant $C^*$, independent of $\tau\in R$. Hence, by Kato-Rellich Theorem, there exists a complete orthonormal set of eigenvectors associated with the operator family $\mathbb{A}(\eta_0)(\tau)$ which are analytic for the whole interval $-\sigma_0<\tau<\sigma_0$.

j in -6*j**5/5 + 34*j**4/5 - 10*j**3 - 2*j**2 + 56*j/5 - 24/5 = 0? -1, 2/3, 1, 2, 3 Determine o, given that 3*o**2 - 5*o/3 = 0. 0, 5/9 Determine h so that -2*h**2 + 16*h - 32 = 0. 4 Factor 3*g**3 - 7050*g**2 + 28164*g - 28152. 3*(g - 2346)*(g - 2)**2 Let -3*u**3/5 - 1068*u**2/5 - 19635*u - 110250 = 0. What is u? -175, -6 Let -t**2/7 - 314*t/7 + 951/7 = 0. What is t? -317, 3 Factor 196*d**4/5 - 56*d**3 - 12*d**2/5 + 16*d + 16/5. 4*(d - 1)**2*(7*d + 2)**2/5 Find l such that l**3/5 - 9*l**2/5 - 76*l/5 + 84/5 = 0. -6, 1, 14 Determine k so that k**5 - 13*k**4 + 55*k**3 - 103*k**2 + 88*k - 28 = 0. 1, 2, 7 Factor 44*f**3 + 520*f**2 + 1488*f - 288. 4*(f + 6)**2*(11*f - 2) Find w such that 3*w**2/4 - 33*w/4 - 39/2 = 0. -2, 13 Suppose -2*c**4/7 + 6*c**2/7 - 4*c/7 = 0. What is c? -2, 0, 1 Let 3*b**3/7 - 201*b**2/7 - 624*b/7 - 60 = 0. Calculate b. -2, -1, 70 Let -3*v**5/2 + 55*v**4/2 + 47*v**3/2 - 159*v**2/2 - 112*v - 38 = 0. Calculate v. -1, -2/3, 2, 19 Let 16*s**2 + 12*s = 0. Calculate s. -3/4, 0 Determine f, given that -4*f**2 + 544*f - 1596 = 0. 3, 133 Factor 2*i**5 - 2*i**4 - 34*i**3 + 42*i**2 + 72*i. 2*i*(i - 3)**2*(i + 1)*(i + 4) Factor -2*q**5/9 + 1342*q**4/9 - 225790*q**3/9 + 224450*q**2/9. -2*q**2*(q - 335)**2*(q - 1)/9 Let u**3/2 + 109*u**2/2 = 0. What is u? -109, 0 Determine n, given that -12*n**4/5 + 2356*n**3/5 + 316*n**2 - 788*n/5 = 0. -1, 0, 1/3, 197 Determine p so that p**5 + 16*p**4 + 35*p**3 - 64*p**2 - 156*p = 0. -13, -3, -2, 0, 2 Factor 4*p**2 - 10472*p/3 - 13984/3. 4*(p - 874)*(3*p + 4)/3 What is b in 2*b**3/9 + 22*b**2 + 388*b/9 = 0? -97, -2, 0 What is u in -4*u**5 + 12*u**4 + 24*u**3 - 32*u**2 = 0? -2, 0, 1, 4 Find n, given that -14*n**5 + 220*n**4 - 1028*n**3 + 1256*n**2 - 238*n - 196 = 0. -2/7, 1, 7 Factor 2*r**3/7 - 64*r**2/7 + 122*r/7 - 60/7. 2*(r - 30)*(r - 1)**2/7 Factor -w**3 + 15*w**2 + 16*w. -w*(w - 16)*(w + 1) Factor -3*j**3/5 + 29808*j**2/5 - 98724096*j/5 + 108991401984/5. -3*(j - 3312)**3/5 Suppose -867*c**5/4 + 53091*c**4/4 - 791889*c**3/4 - 649059*c**2/4 + 46314*c - 2883 = 0. What is c? -1, 2/17, 31 Solve 2*c**4/21 + 38*c**3/21 + 184*c**2/21 + 160*c/21 - 128/7 = 0. -12, -4, 1 Suppose -2*v**4/5 + 101*v**3/5 + 31*v**2 + 52*v/5 = 0. Calculate v. -1, -1/2, 0, 52 Find p such that 3*p**4/4 + 669*p**3/4 + 19143*p**2/2 + 27555*p + 18150 = 0. -110, -2, -1 Suppose 2*c**4 - 92*c**3 + 90*c**2 = 0. What is c? 0, 1, 45 Find p such that -p**3/4 + 15*p**2/4 - 17*p + 21 = 0. 2, 6, 7 What is b in 5*b**4/3 + 11*b**3/3 + b**2 - 7*b/3 - 4/3 = 0? -1, 4/5 Determine r, given that -3*r**2 - 3492*r - 1016172 = 0. -582 Factor -36*j**3 - 1968*j**2 - 17920*j - 45056. -4*(j + 44)*(3*j + 16)**2 Factor 2*i**2/11 + 652*i/11. 2*i*(i + 326)/11 Let -118*u**2/5 + 124*u/5 - 6/5 = 0. Calculate u. 3/59, 1 Factor 4*t**2 + 3680*t + 846400. 4*(t + 460)**2 Suppose m**3/7 + 37*m**2/7 + 166*m/7 + 192/7 = 0. Calculate m. -32, -3, -2 Factor 3*k**2 - 180*k - 768. 3*(k - 64)*(k + 4) Let g**4/4 - 23*g**3/4 - 87*g**2/4 + 239*g/4 - 65/2 = 0. Calculate g. -5, 1, 26 Solve 5*h**5/6 + 20*h**4 + 415*h**3/3 + 220*h**2 + 605*h/6 = 0. -11, -1, 0 Suppose -4*l**5 + 56*l**4 - 168*l**3 - 416*l**2 + 1708*l - 1176 = 0. Calculate l. -3, 1, 2, 7 Factor -r**3/2 - 349*r**2 - 2779*r/2 - 1041. -(r + 1)*(r + 3)*(r + 694)/2 Let -2*h**3/5 + 4*h**2/5 + 6*h/5 = 0. Calculate h. -1, 0, 3 Factor -h**3 - 85*h**2 - 394*h + 480. -(h - 1)*(h + 6)*(h + 80) Factor 3*x**2/2 + 153*x/8 + 27/2. 3*(x + 12)*(4*x + 3)/8 Factor -5*i**4 + 300*i**3 - 2430*i**2 + 7020*i - 6885. -5*(i - 51)*(i - 3)**3 Solve -2*w**4/7 + 138*w**3/7 - 262*w**2/7 - 402*w/7 = 0. -1, 0, 3, 67 Suppose 25*f**3/2 - 23*f**2/2 - 26*f - 2 = 0. What is f? -1, -2/25, 2 Factor 2*q**3 - 354*q**2 + 5886*q - 25758. 2*(q - 159)*(q - 9)**2 Factor a**4/5 + a**3/5. a**3*(a + 1)/5 Factor 14*v**4/9 - 4840*v**3/9 - 1384*v**2/9. 2*v**2*(v - 346)*(7*v + 2)/9 Let 8*j**3 + 49*j**2 + 70*j + 8 = 0. What is j? -4, -2, -1/8 Find w such that -50*w**4 + 30*w**3 + 56*w**2 - 24*w = 0. -1, 0, 2/5, 6/5 Factor -5*c**3 + 85*c**2 - 260*c. -5*c*(c - 13)*(c - 4) Factor -l**5 + 2*l**4 + 11*l**3 - 12*l**2 - 36*l. -l*(l - 3)**2*(l + 2)**2 Factor -q**3/4 - 33*q**2/4 - 123*q/2 - 92. -(q + 2)*(q + 8)*(q + 23)/4 Factor -2*w**2/19 - 244*w/19 - 7442/19. -2*(w + 61)**2/19 Find w, given that -3*w**4/4 + 513*w**3/8 + 273*w**2/8 - 162*w + 129/2 = 0. -2, 1/2, 1, 86 Let -10*v**2/7 - 46*v/7 + 20/7 = 0. What is v? -5, 2/5 What is b in -2*b**3 + 44*b**2/5 + 434*b/5 - 36 = 0? -5, 2/5, 9 Factor b**4/5 + 21*b**3/5 + 25*b**2 + 291*b/5 + 234/5. (b + 2)*(b + 3)**2*(b + 13)/5 Suppose -18*s**3 - 129*s**2 + 1059*s + 180 = 0. What is s? -12, -1/6, 5 Determine j, given that -4*j**3 + 128*j**2 - 916*j + 792 = 0. 1, 9, 22 Suppose h**2/5 - 249*h/5 - 1012/5 = 0. Calculate h. -4, 253 Factor -4*s**2/3 + 1528*s/3 - 3040/3. -4*(s - 380)*(s - 2)/3 Solve -c**2 - 19*c + 66 = 0 for c. -22, 3 Factor -2*l**5/3 - 20*l**4/9 - 20*l**3/9 + 10*l/9 + 4/9. -2*(l + 1)**4*(3*l - 2)/9 Factor 5*x**2 + 390*x. 5*x*(x + 78) Factor s**5/7 - 8*s**4/7 + 6*s**3/7 + 8*s**2/7 - s. s*(s - 7)*(s - 1)**2*(s + 1)/7 Determine f so that 64*f**4 - 32*f**3 - 156*f**2 - 68*f - 8 = 0. -1, -1/4, 2 Factor 4*x**2/5 - 64*x/5 - 144/5. 4*(x - 18)*(x + 2)/5 Determine p, given that 2*p**3 - 400*p**2/11 - 808*p/11 + 160/11 = 0. -2, 2/11, 20 Let -3*h**4 + 6*h**3 - 3*h**2 = 0. What is h? 0, 1 Find a such that -4*a**5 - 8*a**4 + 8*a**2 + 4*a = 0. -1, 0, 1 Factor j**2/6 - 5*j/6. j*(j - 5)/6 Find t, given that 5*t**2/3 + 2315*t/3 - 1550 = 0. -465, 2 Factor -2*p**3 - 528*p**2 - 36864*p - 262144. -2*(p + 8)*(p + 128)**2 Factor -h**4/12 + 7*h**3/6 - 3*h**2 + 17*h/6 - 11/12. -(h - 11)*(h - 1)**3/12 Factor 3*i**5/4 - 315*i**4/4 + 78*i**3. 3*i**3*(i - 104)*(i - 1)/4 Determine u so that 20*u**4/11 - 186*u**3/11 - 146*u**2/11 + 60*u/11 = 0. -1, 0, 3/10, 10 Solve 68*u**3 - 72*u**2 + 21*u - 1 = 0. 1/17, 1/2 Factor x**2/5 - 11*x + 156/5. (x - 52)*(x - 3)/5 Determine l so that -206045*l**2/4 + 19285*l/2 - 1805/4 = 0. 19/203 Factor -5*i**3/9 + 7*i**2/3 - 10*i/9 - 8/3. -(i - 3)*(i - 2)*(5*i + 4)/9 Factor -2*s**2/5 - 132*s - 10890. -2*(s + 165)**2/5 Factor -2*n**3/5 + 42*n**2/5 - 196*n/5. -2*n*(n - 14)*(n - 7)/5 Solve -122*h**3/9 + 484*h**2/9 - 472*h/9 - 16/9 = 0 for h. -2/61, 2 Determine f, given that -4*f**3 + 12*f + 8 = 0. -1, 2 Factor -73*m**3/2 - 3*m**2 + 146*m + 12. -(m - 2)*(m + 2)*(73*m + 6)/2 Solve 722*j**2 + 2128*j + 1568 = 0 for j. -28/19 Let -6*k**3/5 + 18*k**2 - 288*k/5 - 384/5 = 0. Calculate k. -1, 8 Suppose u**3/8 - u**2/2 = 0. What is u? 0, 4 Factor -3*a**3 - 159*a**2 + 327*a - 165. -3*(a - 1)**2*(a + 55) Factor y**4 + 14*y**3 + 37*y**2 - 48*y - 180. (y - 2)*(y + 3)**2*(y + 10) Suppose 7*b**5/3 + 289*b**4/3 + 207*b**3 - 133*b**2/3 - 628*b/3 - 52 = 0. Calculate b. -39, -2, -1, -2/7, 1 Let 4*d**3 + 856*d**2 + 45796*d = 0. What is d? -107, 0 Find h, given that 5*h**5 + 10*h**4 - 35*h**3 - 40*h**2 + 60*h = 0. -3, -2, 0, 1, 2 Factor 3*v**4 - 126*v**3 + 1320*v**2 + 126*v - 1323. 3*(v - 21)**2*(v - 1)*(v + 1) Factor z**3/3 + 1463*z**2/3 + 178120*z - 178608. (z - 1)*(z + 732)**2/3 Solve -4*b**3 - 588*b**2 + 3016*b - 3648 = 0 for b. -152, 2, 3 Solve 66*o**2 - 62*o - 4 = 0 for o. -2/33, 1 Factor -2*a**2/5 + 72*a + 362/5. -2*(a - 181)*(a + 1)/5 Solve 4*s**3 - 44*s**2 + 136*s - 96 = 0. 1, 4, 6 Factor 6*k**3/5 - 6*k**2/5 - 24*k. 6*k*(k - 5)*(k + 4)/5 Solve -n**4/2 + 3*n**3 + 78*n**2 + 253*n + 357/2 = 0. -7, -3, -1, 17 Factor 3*c**3/7 + 1686*c**2/7 - 5097*c/7 - 6780/7. 3*(c - 4)*(c + 1)*(c + 565)/7 Solve 2*l**5/7 - 1268*l**4/7 + 198426*l**3/7 + 808984*l**2/7 + 814088*l/7 = 0 for l. -2, 0, 319 Let -3*c**2 - 39*c - 108 = 0. What is c? -9, -4 Let -3*w**2/4 + 309*w - 31827 = 0. What is w? 206 Factor -a**4/4 + 15*a**3/2 + 167*a**2/4 + 69*a + 35. -(a - 35)*(a + 1)*(a + 2)**2/4 Let -3*a**3 + 2247*a**2 = 0. What is a? 0, 749 Factor 4*a**4 - 240*a**3 + 1132*a**2 - 1776*a + 880. 4*(a - 55)*(a - 2)**2*(a - 1) Factor -4*r**2/9 + 164*r/9. -4*r*(r - 41)/9 Factor -4*l**4 - 16*l**3 + 12*l**2 + 40*l - 32. -4*(l - 1)**2*(l + 2)*(l + 4) Suppose p**5/4 - 16*p**4 - 171*p**3/2 - 54*p**2 + 621*p/4 = 0. What is p? -3, 0, 1, 69 What is z in 5*z**3 + 45*z**2 - 485*z - 525 = 0? -15, -1, 7 Factor 2*y**4/7 - 136*y**3/7 - 60*y**2 - 424*y/7 - 142/7. 2*(y - 71)*(y + 1)**3/7 Determine i so that -5*i

[Cite as State ex rel. Newcomb v. Thalheimer, 2018-Ohio-1525.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT The State ex rel. Jeffrey Newcomb, : Relator, : v. : No. 17AP-689 Trace Thalheimer : (REGULAR CALENDAR) (Ohio Adult Parole Authority), : Respondent. : D E C I S I O N Rendered on April 19, 2018 On brief: Jeffrey Newcomb, pro se. On brief: Michael DeWine, Attorney General, and Ina Avalon, for respondent. IN MANDAMUS ON RESPONDENT'S MOTION TO DISMISS LUPER SCHUSTER, J. {¶ 1} Relator Jeffrey Newcomb has filed an original action requesting this court issue a writ of mandamus ordering Respondent Trace Thalheimer of the Ohio Adult Parole Authority to respond to his public records request. Respondent subsequently filed a motion to dismiss arguing relator failed to comply with R.C. 2969.25. {¶ 2} This matter was referred to a magistrate of this court pursuant to Civ.R. 53(C) and Loc.R. 13(M) of the Tenth District Court of Appeals. The magistrate issued the appended decision, including findings of fact and conclusions of law, recommending this court dismiss relator's request for a writ of mandamus. No objections have been filed to that decision. No. 17AP-689 2 {¶ 3} Finding no error of law or other defect on the face of the magistrate's decision, this court adopts the magistrate's decision as our own, including the findings of fact and conclusions of law. In accordance with the magistrate's decision, we grant respondent's motion and dismiss this action. Motion to dismiss granted; action dismissed. BROWN, P.J., and SADLER, J., concur. No. 17AP-689 3 APPENDIX IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT The State ex rel. Jeffrey Newcomb, : Relator, : v. : No. 17AP-689 Trace Thalheimer : (REGULAR CALENDAR) (Ohio Adult Parole Authority), : Respondent. : MAGISTRATE'S DECISION Rendered on December 8, 2017 Jeffrey Newcomb, pro se. Michael DeWine, Attorney General, and Ina Avalon, for respondent. IN MANDAMUS ON RESPONDENT'S MOTION TO DISMISS {¶ 4} Relator, Jeffrey Newcomb, has filed this original action requesting this court issue a writ of mandamus ordering Trace Thalheimer of the Ohio Adult Parole Authority, to respond to his public records request. Findings of Fact: {¶ 5} 1. Relator is an inmate currently incarcerated at North Central Correctional Institution. {¶ 6} 2. On September 27, 2017, relator filed this petition for a writ of mandamus. No. 17AP-689 4 {¶ 7} 3. At the time he filed his complaint, relator filed an affidavit of indigency and attached thereto a certified copy of the amount in his inmate account for the months February 1 through July 22, 2017. {¶ 8} 4. On October 23, 2017, respondent filed a motion to dismiss on grounds that relator had failed to comply with the mandatory requirements of R.C. 2969.25(C). {¶ 9} 5. Relator has not filed a response to respondent's motion to dismiss. {¶ 10} 6. The matter is currently before the magistrate on motion. Conclusions of Law: {¶ 11} For the reasons that follow, it is this magistrate's decision that this court should grant respondent's motion and dismiss relator's mandamus action. {¶ 12} In regard to filing fees, R.C. 2969.25(C) and 2969.22 distinguish between paying the full amount of filing fees upon filing (referred to as "prepayment" of fees) and paying the fees pursuant to periodic deductions from the inmate's account maintained by the prison.1 Under R.C. 2969.25(C), an inmate who seeks waiver of prepayment on grounds of indigency must file an affidavit that includes: (1) a statement of the amount in the inmate's account for each of the preceding six months as certified by the institutional cashier, and (2) a statement of all other cash and things of value owned by the inmate. {¶ 13} Compliance with the provisions of R.C. 2969.25 is mandatory and failure to satisfy the statutory requirements is grounds for dismissal of the action. State ex rel. Washington v. Ohio Adult Parole Auth., 87 Ohio St.3d 258 (1999); State ex rel. Zanders v. Ohio Parole Bd., 82 Ohio St.3d 421 (1998); State ex rel. Alford v. Winters, 80 Ohio St.3d 285 (1997). {¶ 14} In State ex rel. Pamer v. Collier, 108 Ohio St.3d 492, 2006-Ohio-1507, the Supreme Court of Ohio affirmed the judgment of the court of appeals from Medina County which had dismissed the complaint of George D. Pamer, an inmate at Mansfield Correctional Institution, for his failure to comply with the requirements of R.C. 2969.25(C). Specifically, the court stated: 1Under the statute, when the inmate has submitted the requisite affidavit of indigency, the clerk charges the inmate's account for funds in excess of ten dollars. Following that payment, all income in the inmate's account (excluding the ten dollars) is forwarded to the clerk each month until the fees are paid. No. 17AP-689 5 Pamer's cashier statement did not set forth the account balance for the month immediately preceding his mandamus complaint - August 2005. See R.C. 2969.25(C)(1), which requires an inmate filing a civil action against a government employee seeking waiver of prepayment of court filing fees to file a "statement that sets forth the balance in the inmate account for each of the preceding six months, as certified by the institutional cashier." Pamer's failure to comply with R.C. 2969.25(C)(1) warranted dismissal of the complaint. State ex rel. Foster v. Belmont Cty. Court of Common Pleas, 107 Ohio St.3d 195, 2005-Ohio-6184, 837 N.E.2d 777, ¶ 5. In addition, nothing in R.C. 2969.25 required the court of appeals to afford Pamer the opportunity to pay the requisite filing fee before dismissing the case when Pamer expressly requested waiver of prepayment of those fees. Finally, because Pamer did not prevail and did not establish his indigency, the court of appeals did not abuse its discretion in ordering him to pay the costs of the proceeding. See State ex rel. Frailey v. Wolfe (2001), 92 Ohio St.3d 320, 321, 750 N.E.2d 164; Civ.R. 54(D). Id. at ¶ 5-7. {¶ 15} Likewise, in State ex rel. Ridenour v. Brunsman, 117 Ohio St.3d 260, 2008- Ohio-854, the Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the Ross County Court of Appeals which had dismissed the complaint filed by William L. Ridenour because of his failure to comply with R.C. 2969.25(C). In that case, Ridenour had filed a motion for reconsideration attaching a statement setting forth his inmate account balance for the six months preceding the filing of his complaint; however, the statement was not certified by the institutional cashier. {¶ 16} In affirming the judgment of the appellate court, the Supreme Court stated: "The requirements of R.C. 2969.25 are mandatory, and failure to comply with them subjects an inmate's action to dismissal." State ex rel. White v. Bechtel, 99 Ohio St.3d 11, 2003-Ohio- 2262, 788 N.E.2d 634, ¶ 5. Ridenour failed to comply with R.C. 2969.25(C)(1), which requires an inmate filing a civil action against a government employee seeking waiver of prepayment of court filing fees to file with the complaint a "statement that sets forth the balance in the inmate account No. 17AP-689 6 of the inmate for each of the preceding six months, as certified by the institutional cashier." Moreover, although Ridenour claims that the court erred in failing to grant him leave to amend his complaint to comply with R.C. 2969.25(C)(1), he never filed a motion to amend his complaint. Instead, he filed a motion for reconsideration, which was "a nullity because his mandamus action was filed originally in the court of appeals, rendering App.R. 26(A) inapplicable." State ex rel. Washington v. Crush, 106 Ohio St.3d 60, 2005-Ohio-3675, 831 N.E.2d 432, ¶ 5. Id. at ¶ 5-6. {¶ 17} Just as Pamer's cashier statement did not set forth the account balance for the month immediately preceding the filing of his mandamus complaint, relator's cashier statement here likewise did not set forth the account balance for the month immediately preceding the filing of his mandamus complaint: August 2017. {¶ 18} Inasmuch as compliance with the provisions of R.C. 2969.25 is mandatory, relator's failure to satisfy the statutory requirements constitutes grounds for dismissal of the action. Further, pursuant to the above-cited authority, inasmuch as relator did not prevail and did not establish indigency, this court should order relator to pay the costs of the proceedings. /S/ MAGISTRATE STEPHANIE BISCA NOTICE TO THE PARTIES Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(iii) provides that a party shall not assign as error on appeal the court's adoption of any factual finding or legal conclusion, whether or not specifically designated as a finding of fact or conclusion of law under Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(ii), unless the party timely and specifically objects to that factual finding or legal conclusion as required by Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b). 

rule o26bb_07c3d4e1c6000b12 { meta: copyright="Copyright (c) 2014-2018 Support Intelligence Inc, All Rights Reserved." engine="saphire/1.3.8 divinorum/0.9992 icewater/0.4" viz_url="http://icewater.io/en/cluster/query?h64=o26bb.07c3d4e1c6000b12" cluster="o26bb.07c3d4e1c6000b12" cluster_size="5" filetype = "" tlp = "amber" version = "icewater snowflake" author = "Rick Wesson (@wessorh) rick@support-intelligence.com" date = "20180911" license = "RIL-1.0 [Rick's Internet License]" family="malicious gamehack unsafe" md5_hashes="['5673d98d4f97e773cdde9125bffff039e1540359','f8fff7765b6858bba1d524805e511ffb061fa664','f588035c2a5b71b800cabc50e3f631033902ab91']" cluster_members="http://icewater.io/en/cluster/detail?h64=o26bb.07c3d4e1c6000b12" strings: $hex_string = { 45018bcf2bca415333dbd1e93bfa1bfff7d723f976118d6424008a0a8d5202880843403bdf72f3c6460b085beb3980f9100f85fc000000837c24180074058d55 } condition: filesize > 1048576 and filesize < 4194304 and $hex_string }

Litecoin [LTC] Foundation brings #PayWithLitecoin to your door step Charlie Lee, Creator of Litecoin [LTC], has announced earlier today the team at LTC Foundation has pulled together all the resources in one place to help out the businesses to accept Litecoin. Charlie Lee’s tweet on PayWithLitecoin The announcement was made by the Litecoin Foundation on Twitter. Along with the announcement, the team has also attached a video which displays the benefits of Litecoin. In addition to this, the Foundation has made it easier for companies to integrate Litecoin. Business can approach the Litecoin Foundation by sending a request mail on the PayWithLitecoin official page. The Litecoin community can also fill the details of the companies they want to accept Litecoin [LTC] on their PayWithLitecoin official page. The representative team at Litecoin had made requests to many small and medium businesses to accept Litecoin cryptocurrency as a payment option for the people. Up till now, the #PayWithLitecoin’s top 10 most requested business platforms by the Litecoin community includes Amazon, Seamless, Uber, Apple, Lyft, eBay, Netflix, Starbucks, Walmart, and Spotify.

Image 1 of 6 Nathan Haas (Cannondale-Garmin) (Image credit: Fotoreporter Sirotti) Image 2 of 6 Nathan Haas (Cannondale-Garmin) (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 3 of 6 Omar Fraile (Caja Rural) leads the mountains classification (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 4 of 6 Steven Cummings wins stage 14 of the 2015 Tour de France. (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 5 of 6 Daniel Teklehaimanot and MTN-Qhubeka were a feel good story at the Tour de France in 2015 (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 6 of 6 Edvald Boasson Hagen (MTN-Qhubeka) gives a post-race interview Dimension Data have announced the signing of Nathan Haas and Omar Fraile for the 2016 season. The pair will join Mark Cavendish, Mark Renshaw and Bernhard Eisel who were confirmed as joining the team on Tuesday. Fraile, 25, moves over to the team from Spanish Pro Continental outfit Caja Rural, after a hugely successful Vuelta a Espana that saw him take the mountains classification. He also took the mountains competition at the Vuelta al País Vasco and claimed victories at the Four Days of Dunkirk and the Giro dell'Appennino. The team were quick to spot his potential at the Vuelta and had him contracted before the race had reached its third week. "I am very excited to get the chance to ride for such a well-established and international team. I have had a great year and I only can thank my current team, Yet, for my development as a rider I feel like it's time to move on. This team will help me stepping up," Fraile said in a team statement. For Haas, Dimension Data will be only his second professional team after turning professional with Jonathan Vaughters' Garmin team in 2012. The Australian has victories at the Tour of Britain and the Herald Sun Tour to his name. He's ridden multiple Grand Tours and made his Tour de France debut this season, however he abandoned on stage 17 just after the rest day. He'll be reuniting with his former teammate Tyler Farrar, who has renewed his contract with the team. "I'm incredibly excited to join the team because I feel it on the most inherent level represents the true Global and Worldwide reach that professional cycling is moving in," said Haas. "The team has shown to be a team that races – and truly races, not rides – at every event they participate in, and they do so with their hearts and pride on their sleeves." "I'm proud of the opportunity to get to be a part of this team, and hopefully create opportunities for my teammates and myself that further demonstrate that racing from the hearts can win the hearts of the world. And to be back with Tyler, what can I say, he's one of my best friends in the sport and I've missed racing with him. So to be back together is just huge! He's a great captain and moral booster for any team so we are all lucky to be riding with him." The team also announced a raft of extensions including Eritreans Daniel Teklehaimanot and Merhawi Kudus, who had been linked with a move away from the team. South African champion Jacques Janse van Rensburg and sprinter Reinardt Janse van Rensburg will remain with the team as will Edvald Boasson Hagen, Steve Cummings, Farrar and Serge Pauwels. All three have played key roles for the team with Cummings earning the South African outfits first Grand Tour stage win at the Tour de France, while Boasson Hagen has enjoyed some late season success by winning the Tour of Britain. Click here to subscribe to the Cyclingnews podcast on iTunes.

Ace in the Hole? Is Obama’s Strategy on Iran Sound? While other items on President Obama’s foreign policy agenda have come and gone, his drive to coming to some kind of agreement with Iran over nuclear weapons has been remarkably consistent. But has the White House carefully considered the strategic consequences of “success”?

Zynga's Secret To Success: Steal Great Ideas! One reason people love to hate Zynga is the approach Zynga has taken to becoming so successful: The Microsoft approach. Specifically: Copy a competitor's product, then crush the competitor. Bill Gates did not grow Microsoft into an global giant by purely innovating or creating completely new products. Instead, he identified successful products, duplicated them, and used Microsoft's superior positioning and power to crush the existing competition. …Psycho Monkey developed Mob Wars What it is: Commit crimes or attack other players with the click of a button, then read about how it all turned out. Criminal activity earns you in-game cash to buy weapons, equipment, and real estate, and experience points that allow you to improve your abilities. RESOLUTION: Psycho Monkey filed a lawsuit against Zynga that was ultimately settled for between $7-$9 million. Before Zynga's FarmVille… …there was Slashkey's Farm Town What it is: You farm. You plant seeds, which take time to grow, at which point you can harvest and sell them. You advance in much the same manner as in Mafia Wars (and nearly all of Zynga's other games), gaining cash and experience for your work, allowing you to expand and improve your farm. Friends playing FarmVille can become your 'neighbors', their farms actually appearing right next to yours; interacting with them, or getting more people to sign up, helps you earn more. Before Zynga made FishVille… …TallTree Games had a hit with Fish World What it is: You can read much, much more about FishVille and how it makes money here, but the premise is pretty simple: you start with an empty fish tank, and you want to build up a fish tank filled with exotic fish and neat decorations. You buy baby fish and sell grown fish, which are mysteriously more valuable. As always, you can trade with friends who also play. Zynga's game Cafe World came after… …Playfish's Restaurant City What it is: You are the owner and chef of a new restaurant. After hiring a waiter, you begin cooking food, which is served to customers. This earns you money. Money allows you to buy more cooking equipment. And so on. Zynga's PetVille… …followed Playfish's Pet Society What it is: You have a new pet to take care of. This involves feeding him, washing him, playing with him, and the like. Keeping him happy earns you money to decorate your home, which is very important to your pet. You can also take him to your friends houses to play with their pets, which makes him very happy. Zynga's came out with Word Twist after… …GameHouse made TextTwist And here's where things stand now: TEXTTWISTDate Released: July 2009 (for the Facebook version, but it has existed as a web game for years)Developer: GameHouseUsers: 195,229 WORD TWISTDate Released: September 2008Users: 445,228 What it is: Find as many words as you can using the letters provided. You can play by yourself, or challenge up to four friends at a time. Zynga's Game: YoVille What Came First: Nothing! YoVilleDate Released: September 2008Users: 15,234,993What it is: YoVille is PetVille without the pets, or FishVille without the fish. Decorating your home is a big part of it. So is visiting the homes of your friends. You can earn money by actually going to work (at a factory!) and by playing mini-games with other players (tic-tac-toe, rocks, paper, scissors, etc.). It isn't too closely modeled on anything as far as we can tell. This one is Zynga all the way. Summary In addition to the games profiled here, Zynga has a number of Mafia Wars clones, with nearly identical game play but different subject matter: Fashion Wars, Dragon Wars, Pirates, Vampires, Street Racing, and Special Forces. It also has a game called Roller Coaster Kingdom which is fairly close to Cafe World. Finally, it has versions of a few common games that either aren't anyone's intellectual property (poker) or are regularly duplicated with impunity (Boggle). All in all, then, Zynga has one original game in its 19-strong Facebook lineup, just over 5% of its total output.

Q: How did Murph know what happened to Dr Brand? At the end of Interstellar, Murph tells Coop to go find Brand instead of staying to watch her die and her closing monologue suggests she knows that Brand is setting up the colony on Edmunds' planet. How did she know anything about Brand's whereabouts or survival? A: When Coop first arrives at the station, he asks about Murph, and the doctor says "She'll be here in a couple weeks." So at some point during those two weeks it's reasonable to speculate Coop had been interviewed/debriefed about his experiences, and Murph had learned what he said before they finally saw each other. If this is the case, she would know that Coop had helped Brand escape falling into Gargantua just before he fell in himself, and that she was headed for Edmunds' planet--as mentioned earlier after the disaster caused by Dr. Mann, they had been planning to do a gravitational slingshot around Gargantua in order to get there: COOPER The navigation mainframe's destroyed and we don't have enough life support to make it back to Earth. But we might scrape to Edmunds' planet. BRAND What about fuel? COOPER Not enough. But I've got a plan — let Gargantua suck us right to her horizon — then a powered slingshot around to launch us at Edmunds. So based on this, Murph could infer that Brand was on her way to Edmunds' planet, and perhaps had had enough time to get there (for some discussion of why Brand arriving at Edmunds' planet probably happened at roughly the same time Cooper arrived at the station, see this answer). And Murph's use of the word "maybe" in her comments suggests she was just making some reasoned speculations on what was going on with Brand at that moment, not that she knew for sure: She's out there ... setting up camp...alone in a strange galaxy...maybe, right now, she's settling in for the long nap...by the light of our new sun...in our new home.

Heavy Turnout for Pennsylvania Primary Election officials were reporting extremely heavy voter activity in many of the state’s 67 counties throughout the morning, starting with long lines reported even before the polls opened at 7 a.m. “Let’s just say it’s very busy,” said Joseph Passarella, the director of voter services for Montgomery County, sounding a little harried. “Our phones have been ringing since 6:15 this morning and have been ringing nonstop. We’ve never had a primary election this busy.” Tonight should be fun! And despite all the wailing, moaning and gnashing of teeth about the prolonged Democratic primary season, how can it be a bad thing for democracy (and for Democrats) to have this many people this fired up?

/****************************************************************************** * * Copyright(c) 2007 - 2011 Realtek Corporation. All rights reserved. * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public License as * published by the Free Software Foundation. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for * more details. * ******************************************************************************/ #ifndef __ODM_PRECOMP_H__ #define __ODM_PRECOMP_H__ /* 2 Config Flags and Structs - defined by each ODM Type */ #include <osdep_service.h> #include <drv_types.h> #include <hal_intf.h> /* 2 Hardware Parameter Files */ #include "Hal8723UHWImg_CE.h" /* 2 OutSrc Header Files */ #include "odm.h" #include "odm_HWConfig.h" #include "odm_debug.h" #include "odm_RegDefine11N.h" #include "HalDMOutSrc8723A.h" /* for IQK,LCK,Power-tracking */ #include "rtl8723a_hal.h" #include "odm_interface.h" #include "odm_reg.h" #include "HalHWImg8723A_MAC.h" #include "HalHWImg8723A_RF.h" #include "HalHWImg8723A_BB.h" #include "HalHWImg8723A_FW.h" #include "odm_RegConfig8723A.h" #endif /* __ODM_PRECOMP_H__ */

Q: 1 = 0 finding the mistake I was shown the following calculation. There is clearly something wrong but I can not see the mistake. Could someone point out the wrong step or something? $$ \int \frac{1}{x} dx = \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x} dx$$ Let's say $ u = \frac{1}{x}$ and $ dv = 1\ dx$. So $ du = -\frac{1}{x^2} \ dx$ and $ v = x$. Putting that into per partes formula: $$ \int \frac{1}{x} dx = \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x} dx= x \cdot \frac{1}{x} - \int x \cdot (-\frac{1}{x^2})dx = 1 + \int \frac{1}{x} dx$$ So we can substract $\int \frac{1}{x}dx$ from both sides which then gives us $$0 = 1$$ A: You are forgetting the constant of integration. When you write $\int\frac1xdx$, that could represent any of a family of functions. So in this case, the left-hand $\int\frac1x dx$ represents an antiderivative of $\frac1x$ which is $1$ larger than the $\int \frac1xdx$ on the right-hand side. This also means that you cannot "subtract $\int\frac1xdx$" as easily as you might think. The moment you put bounds on your integrals, everything changes. In that case (assuming the bounds are valid), we get $$ \int_a^b\frac1xdx = 1\Big|_{x = a}^b + \int_a^b\frac1xdx $$ and we see that the $1|_a^b$ term disappears, and all is well.

Members of the integrin family recognize a variety of spatially-restricted extracellular ligands. Classically, ligation of integrins activates cytoplasmic signals in the integrin-expressing cell and contributes to cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and survival. At least two members of this family, αvβ6 and αvβ8, perform an additional function, activation of latent complexes of transforming growth factor β. In effect, this process allows integrins on one cell to activate signals on adjacent (in the case of αvβ6) or nearby cells (in the case of αvβ8). Integrin-mediated TGFβ activation has been shown to play roles in, for example, modulating tissue fibrosis, acute lung injury and pulmonary emphysema.

Endovascular management of pararenal aortic aneurysms with multiple overlapping uncovered stents. This study aims at evaluating the safety and efficacy of a porous stent system consisting of multiple overlapping uncovered stents in the treatment of complex aortic aneurysms with vital branches. Data of all patients with aortic aneurysms treated in our center with multiple overlapping uncovered stents between February 2010 and December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative characteristics, intraoperative details, and follow-up outcomes were documented. Technical success was defined as successful deployment of the stents to target locations without procedure-related complications. Clinical success was characterized by complete shrinkage or stabilization of the aneurysm, preservation of vital branches, and absence of major complications. Patients were grouped, according to rapidity of aneurysm thrombosis, into fast-thrombosis group (complete thrombosis of aneurysmal sac was achieved in ≤6 months) and a delayed-thrombosis group (>6 months required for complete thrombosis). Possible factors affecting the speed of thrombosis were analyzed statistically with the Fisher exact test and the t-test. This porous stent system was used to treat 34 patients (23 men, 11 women; mean age, 65.7 years). Technical success was achieved in all patients (100%). Regular follow-up over 6 months was achieved in 29 patients (mean length of follow-up, 11.4 months). Complete thrombosis of the aneurysm sac within 12 months was observed in 24 patients (83%). Aneurysm shrinkage was documented in seven patients (24%) and stabilization in 21 (72%). All branch arteries covered by bare stents stayed patent during follow-up. The overall clinical success rate reached 97% in the follow-up group. Risk factors for delayed thrombosis included fewer stents implanted (P = .013), longer sac entrance (P = .043), and use of antiplatelet medication (P = .040). An alternative method of management of complicated aortic aneurysm appears to be feasible using overlapping bare stents, which may prevent aneurysm growth while preserving vital branches. The short-term outcome of our study seems encouraging but is not sufficient to draw a robust conclusion. Further hemodynamic and clinical studies are warranted to evaluate long-term efficacy.

Michael Jocson Physiotherapy is a health and wellness consulting practice in NYC, utilizing physical therapy, corrective exercise, nutrition, life coaching, and energy medicine. This blog is to provide updates for clients/patients and other thoughts to help them heal and evolve. Google+ Badge Thursday, August 27, 2009 This is a traditional Andean shamanic ceremony that is an offering to all of existence. In Andean cosmology the offerings are specifically to the Pachamama (Mother Earth), the Apus (mountains), the Heavens and the Cosmos, and all of Nature. It is a gesture reminding us of how life is a celebration to be celebrated rather than a problem to be solved. The ceremony itself is a living energy that aligns itself with the rhythms of the heavens above and the Earth below and brings all that are involved in unity with the universe. One can imagine it as a living entity, a spirit, or a deva that works towards whatever the specific intention set forth by the participants. One of the most popular types of despacho ceremonies is the Ayni Despacho. “Ayni” is a quechua term representing reciprocity and right relationship. This despacho helps restore order and brings a balance throughout the continuum of energy of those involved helping the release of heavy, dark energies (hucha) allowing an individual to step fully into their lightness. The intention of the ceremony is key. I recently held my first despacho this past week due to particular circumstances in a few of my clients lives (as well as mine). The intention was to fully surrender to life (to the Present) so as to allow balance and harmony to flow freely and to create right relationship between the mind/ego, the True Authentic Self, and the rest of the Cosmos. In other words, we step out of the way and let Spirit flow through. The despacho ceremony confuses the mind because the mind doesn’t comprehend things of this nature (which is often the culprit of one’s suffering). Instead, the ceremony takes one to a sacred level which is where the soul/spiritual natures operate. I noticed a pattern in my client’s lives, as well as mine, where once every bump in the road of the journey is cleared a tendency to want to go back to where one has already traveled arises. This is like the last temptation of Christ where once an individual gains freedom, newer responsibilities arise and those who are ready to accept them move on and those who are not have the option to go back to “Summer school” and review their lessons. The above is a picture of the prayer bundle created during the despacho ceremony my client and I celebrated. Later that night I held a solo fire ceremony and offered the prayer bundle to the fire as a way to sign the dotted line and close the experience. So if you noticed anything significant this past few days or week in your life, it could be your Higher Self trying to bring balance and right relationship into your life. Yes, it is true. If you are reading this, you were included in my prayers during the despacho ceremony. Wednesday, August 26, 2009 This week Time magazine's cover story by Bryan Walsh exposes on a national level our country's pink elephant which is the topic of the cost of cheap food. The "think big" American attitude has created an efficient food producing industry that as a result of being efficient to produce more for less has become tremendously inefficient if you factor in the costs to the health of the land as well as the individual. This story is riding the tide set by documentaries and books like Fast Food Nation and Food, Inc. and The Omnivores Dilemma. Consciousness is accelerating and for Time Magazine to publish such a sensitive topic, the hundredth monkey phenomenom is set in motion. A highlight for me are some of the chart comparisons in the article such as the one comparing a grass-fed, organic, sustainably-raised cow and a conventionally-raised, feed-lot cow. Another highlight is about how runoff from chemical fertilizers used in the Midwest produces "dead zones" throughout the Gulf of Mexico. Dead zones are areas in the water that have almost no oxygen for sea life to thrive caused by chemical pollution. Although this article exposes what industry does not want the public to know it will create a reaction from those tied to the agriculture sector. I find it fascinating reading both sides of the fence and it's clearly obvious to see the cattle and farming industries trying to defend themselves by defaming the author or saying such opinions are nonsense and unvalidated. Regardless of any arguements, which is simply school ground fighting, the article was published, front cover in a very popular media outlet. People are not innately stupid and and much respect is to be given for each individual to come up with their own conclusions. Sunday, August 23, 2009 Early this morning when I went to take a walk to the local bagel shop (it's nostalgic for me; growing up having bagels on Sunday mornings) I noticed that every single person that I passed by and attempted to smile or say "hi" to, avoided eye contact with me and kept on walking. It reminded me of whenever I go out-of-state how different it is from New York and it's so normal for people to say hello to a stranger. Maybe the people I encountered this morning secretly knew I was picking up some bagels and were judgmental towards gluten-laden food and the people who can eat gluten without any problems? Probably not. This is fairly common in over populated metropolitan areas where people are more on defensive mode and their minds have so much going on at any given instant that the overstimulation distracts them from responding to a simple smile, or "hello", or even a "how are you?". Fortunately, where I live not everyone is like this. When I pass by someone I always try to make eye contact and give some sort of acknowledgment to one's presence and the response is commonly a previously dormant smile or reciprocal gesture. I can not say what effect a simple "hello" or smile does for the other person but I can say for me it brightens that moment and reminds me of living in the present. As a shaman, I can observe how an individual's aura shifts from a somewhat contracted and jagged state to a smoother, expansive form after such a novel act. A person's body, posture, and movements can tell a lot about an individual and I've noticed that by giving a smile every once in awhile can make a difference in a person's day. I read in a Facebook friend's update a quote from a shaman who advised that we greet everyone we meet as ourselves and to feel with ALL of our heart. Hmmm. Isn't that what it means in the yogic philosophy and spirituality term "namaste"? Nasmaste - "My essence acknowledges and bows down to your essence". Isn't that beautiful? I challenge everyone reading this blog to try this practice. The next time you come a cross another being, human, animal, or plant, or any other resident of this planet, make an effort to make eye contact and give a smile or "hello" or "how are you?" (or in Howard Beach, where I'm from, the old head nod as if saying "what's up?) without any expectation of reciprocity. This I know can change the world. Wednesday, August 19, 2009 I recently experienced a client of mine who had a stroke last week. Now before you get your one-sided criticisms, judgements, and opinions of this story, put them aside and listen to the rest of it. My client has been on a healing journey for the past few years to renew a lifetime of pain and suffering from abuse and toxicities physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually. Earlier this year she made the decision to get off all of her prescription medications because she intuitively felt they were creating more harm than good in that she did not feel alive, or at least did not know what feeling alive was like because all her life she listened to others and the world outside of her to tell her what feeling alive was like, rather than listening to her inner voice. In other words, her soul has been screaming to break out of her numb, mummified, crystalized shell of existence. With each crises we experience in our lives, it is part of Nature's way for cleansing and upheaval and an opportunity for us to step up to finally become Human Beings - the realization that we are spiritual beings having a physical experience. Existence without acknowledging spirit is called materialism.With materialistic thinking, one may look at her situation as being a case of her not taking her cardiac medications resulting in her stroke and giving bragging rights and the "I told you so" degradations of her doctors and loved ones. Let's zoom in a little bit more. Like any process there involves a peeling away of the many layers accummulated from a lifetime of bad habits, dogma, and conditioning from our parents, families, society, religion, government, the media, etc. Very few people understand what it is to be truly FREE human beings - "Free beings are those who can will what they themselves hold to be right" (Rudolf Steiner); and this occurs at every given moment. Making choices based upon fear is not freedom. "Take this pill or you'll die" is an enslavement (and insult) of our consciousness. It is when one decides to break free from the binds of conventionality that begins the path towards healing. How can one know freedom if they do not have the courage to move towards it? Another perspective of this client's situation is that the stroke is symbolic of a wake-up call to completely surrender to the world of spirit; to intensify one's relationship with their soul-spiritual natures. What better time than a physical crises to start a path towards spirituality? What do most people who are facing death and the Grim Reaper unexpectedly say? "Oh my God!" The stroke can be viewed as a spark to reignite what feeling alive is all about. It is true that this client could have died from this brain insult; but she didn't, which further reinforces the urgency and "second chance" she's getting to live a life of freedom. This is what healing is all about. Sometimes you need to hit a few bumpy roads in order to appreciate and understand the smooth ones. So I leave you with this question:Would you rather live a life where you are numb, blind, and desensitized to life or to live a life where you experience something like a stroke so that you can feel alive? In other words, many people who appear healthy are actually truly sick because they are desensitized to who they are with respect to their soul-spiritual natures. This is what my client was experiencing from the side effects of her meds. She felt like one of those zombies from the movie "The Dawn of the Living Dead". This is an example of how society tends to keep the dead alive and kill the living. On the other hand, sometimes it takes a crises for one to wake up and smell the roses. And when you smell the roses, you can lift yourself to higher ground to get a better view of your life. Please keep in mind that there is no wrong answer to the above question. It all depends where you are in life and from where your vantage point is. What's my answer to the above? I'd rather live a life where my perceptions are filled with pristine clarity so that my mind can make clearer choices rather than be foggy and deluded which can give faulty sense impressions (and thus misconceptions) of life. To be free takes a lot of balls and a lot of responsibility. What most people lack is taking responsibility for themselves because they willingly tend to give it to anything external to them (ie. people, things, situations, etc). Your doctor may be able to save your life but they can never tell you how to live one. Links About Me Michael practices health consulting and runs his practice out of Physique in the Union Square/Greenwich Village area in NYC. His professional background started with physical therapy in 1996 with an emphasis in orthopedic manual physical therapy and evolved through the fields of fitness/wellness and nutrition as a CHEK Practitioner and into the world of energy medicine through shamanism. The reality is that there's no words to actually describe and limit what he does other than consulting others to regain health; with health being referred to as a dynamic wholeness. Michael is available for consultations in person or over the phone as well as for pain management and neuromusculoskeletal rehabilitation services utilizing manual therapy, neurosomatic needling, corrective exercise, and movement therapy. Personal Training services are also available. Fees: $200/hour at Physique, 58 E. 11th St, 4th fl, NY, NY. Got insurance? Michael may be able to provide physical therapy services as an in-network provider as well as out-of-network depending on your insurance plan. Questions? Just ask at mjocs@aol.com.

May 29, 2012 In the film, Pattinson wears just one costume: a black two button notch-lapel Signoria suit by Gucci. He also wears a Gucci fitted white cotton shirt, a slim black silk tie, a leather belt with silver buckle detail and black leather lace-up dress shoes. The film's costume designer, Denise Cronenberg, had initially approached Prada, but they weren't interested. Gucci on the other hand, who has dressed Pattinson in real life, was gung ho. "It was great because we could never have afforded those suits," Denise tells THR exclusively. "Our budget was way too small." She adds: “After I found out that Rob wore Gucci in real life, I looked at photos of him in their suits and that was the style I wanted for his character. Gucci is not something I have used before but I think it's smart to get a line that he has already worn.” She asked them for six suits plus the hero, equaling seven suits for the film that takes place over 24 hours spent in a limo. “The suits are beautiful and the fabric is incredible," she raves. The first fitted white shirts Gucci sent didn’t work. “They had a seam on both sides, something that was popular in the ‘70s. Rob didn’t like them, I didn’t, either. And I had a feeling he would end up in just a shirt by the end of the film. We didn't want to shred the suit because he needed to look together even though he’s falling apart on the inside. So they sent me other shirts, ones that he had worn before and liked." Cronenberg reveals that Pattinson kept one of the Gucci suits after the film wrapped. “Plus the belt and the Chanel watch, he kept everything,” she said. “I didn’t think he would because he has like 4,000 suits. He’s decided he may start to wear a belt now.” Chanel initially contacted Cronenberg about placing a watch on Pattinson's character. Rob, who doesn't wear a watch in real life, liked the timepiece so much that he wore it throughout the film, even though Denise had told him he could remove it in later scenes if he felt it was appropriate.

Month: November 2009 Who should bear the cost of ensuring farmers are producers receive a living wage? Consumers? Suppliers? Businesses? Presentations at Portland State University Conference on Business and Sustainability raise these questions.

(1) Field of the Invention This invention relates to an electronic typewriter for printing text data stored in a memory system on a sheet of paper when printing signals are produced. (2) Description of the Prior Art In known electronic typewriters, many of them are capable of printing information on a printing sheet both directly at the time the keys are actuated and after a predetermined time or an arbitrarily selected time has elapsed after the keys are actuated by storing the information in a memory system of a desired capacity. To this end, electronic typewriters known in the art comprise a memory system built therein which includes a read-only memory (hereinafter ROM) which may be a program memory to which a predetermined program is written or a pattern memory for storing patterns of characters and symbols, and a random-access memory (hereinafter RAM) enabling the information written thereto to be replaced by new one. Thus, the electronic typewriters are capable of performing a variety of functions by virtue of the memory system and a central processing unit (hereinafter CPU) for controlling the memory system. One of these functions is to prepare a text not only by the operation of the electronic typewriters themselves but also by storing in the memory system those data which are transmitted from similar equipment or other external devices to the electronic typewriters, so that the contents of these texts can be printed on a printing sheet when it is necessary to do so. Electronic typewriters of the prior art of the above-noted construction have suffered some disadvantages. One of them is that when a text carrying data stored in the memory system differs in size from a printing sheet, the operator would experience difficulties in judging whether the contents of the text could all be printed on a single printing sheet or it might become necessary to replace the printing sheet by a new one while printing is in progress. This has often led to the printed sheets being unacceptable in appearance.

Frugal feasts - Page 5 We're eating at one of the scariest- and sorriest-looking Chinese dives in one of the bluest-collarest parts of a pretty dumb-ass town: China Light Restaurant, where warehouse workers and truck mechanics break for lunch. I was pretty much zombied into this place, initially, against even my better judgment, by the irresistible allure of a dish called oil-dripped chicken. It was the most appetizing sounding of seven $4.35 lunch specials. Five, six, seven visits later, and I still haven't tasted this sure-to-be-spectacular specialty. I was permanently derailed by a sheet of plain white paper under the glass on the table casually mentioning, among other things (but don't ask me what else), duck noodle soup ($6.15). I looked up from those three simple promises with tears of hunger forming in the corners of my eyes and a drop of drool on my lip. I remember there was an old guy wearing rubber boots slowly sloshing from the kitchen, across the dining room, to the parking lot in a manner I would describe, retrospeculatively, as plumberesque. Don't fret! Get back in the car! Get back in the car! I have saved the best for last, I promise. Now, I know there is no shortage of duck noodle soup right here in the city. If anyone wanted me to, I would very, very (very, very, very) happily do another one of those detailed investigative reports on just duck soup. A lot of Thai restaurants and noodle houses have it, and it almost always floors me. In a good way. In the best possible way. I just love duck noodle soup, and right now my favorite favorite example of it is an hour away. It's Chinese, not Thai. It's like a whole half of a roasted duck, bones and skin and all, chopped up on a bed of thick noodles and bok choy in a dark, rich broth. But you can't even see any of this other stuff for the meat, and by the time you get to it, you are pretty much full and silly and slippery and just juiced. China Light's duck noodle soup makes me crazy and makes me do crazy things — like right now, in my mind, in my hollow, insatiable head, I am driving a little tiny car full of every single one of my readers, even vegans, all the way to Santa fucking Rosa. For dinner. Tonight. Right now. Close your eyes. 80 College, Santa Rosa. (707) 527-0558 L.E. Leone is a Bay Area writer and musician and the author of The Meaning of Lunch and Eat This, San Francisco. Her next collection of stories, Big Bend, is forthcoming from Sparkle Street Books. She writes the weekly Cheap Eats column in the Guardian.

La decisión la adoptó el tribunal integrado por los jueces Mario Héctor Juárez Almaraz, María Alejandra Cataldi y Federico Santiago Díaz y se aplica a las audiencias fijadas para los días 28, 29 de abril y 5 de mayo. Con esta medida se pretende “garantizar el derecho de defensa de la imputada”, ya que Milagro Sala, manifestó su voluntad de designar “nuevo abogado defensor”, según da cuenta un comunicado de prensa emitido por el organismo judicial. En el mismo se destaca que “el letrado que designe podría hacer uso de la facultad de compulsar la causa en los plazos que le confiere el Art. 112 del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación. La pasada semana también se tuvo que suspender las audiencias Debido a que el Fiscal del caso, Francisco Snopek pidió su inhibición en la causa "por una cuestión moral". Snopek, se había manifestad a favor de la probation que pidieron los defensores de Sala y que la Justicia le negó. La dirigente social llega a esta instancia acusada de instigar el escrache violento contra Morales en el Consejo de Ciencias Económicas de esa provincia en octubre de 2009. En esa ocasión, mientras el entonces senador y el extitular de la Auditoría General de la Nación, Leandro Despouy, participaban de una conferencia en la que se analizaba el uso de los fondos que manejaban las organizaciones sociales, sufrieron un feroz escrache. Gerardo Morales, hoy gobernador de la provincia a través de sus asesores legales, manifestó que declarará por escrito en el juicio y se solicitará la condena máxima prevista por el Código Penal para el caso: seis años de prisión.

Sounders look to end two-game losing streak In the quiet losing locker room at San Jose last weekend, Seattle veteran Brad Evans looked to the Sounders’ next game and applied the big label: must-win. “Each loss can feel different,” Evans said. “Sometimes a win feels like you steal it. This loss feels like we progressed from last game. Now this coming weekend becomes a must-win for us at home.” That next game arrives at 7:30 p.m. Sunday, when the Houston Dynamo visits fully opened CenturyLink Field. Yet in the days leading up to the match, most Sounders downplayed any particular pressure coming from their first back-to-back losses of the season. “It’s not a bad thing to have consecutive losses (20) games into the season,” veteran Chad Barrett said. “That’s a pretty good season right there. That’s why you open up and you do well in the beginning of the season. You have your good stretch, you have a little bit of a bad stretch (and) it doesn’t really hurt you too much. But two games is enough, and we need to right the ship.” Seattle had been sailing along with a 12-4-2 record that was not only the best in Major League Soccer this season, but one of the best in league history. Then the team paused for a friendly — a 3-3 draw with Tottenham of the English Premier League — and they haven’t added a point in the standings since. They haven’t scored a goal since. The Sounders returned to league play with a 3-0 home loss to Los Angeles, and followed that with the 1-0 loss at San Jose. Still, Seattle coach Sigi Schmid uses the “must-win” label only when it fits literally, such as his team’s Wednesday match against Chicago in the single- elimination U.S. Open Cup. “At this stage,” he said, “what’s a must is just to play well — continue to play well and continue to play better, better than we have over the past two games.” Unfortunately for the Sounders, they once again seem to be facing a team on the upswing. Seattle faced Los Angeles when the Galaxy had lost only one of its previous nine matches, and played San Jose on the heels of its 5-1 rout of Chicago. Now the Dynamo arrives immediately after snapping an eight-game winless streak last weekend with a 1-0 win over D.C. United. Houston also has strengthened its roster with the additions of U.S. national team defender DaMarcus Beasley and Honduran midfielder Luis Garrido. “You can’t take them for granted,” Barrett said. “They had a good win last week against D.C., and they could be changing their season. And of course we want to be getting out of the slump that we’re in, and we need to do that with a win at home.” The Sounders also may come into this game with renewed roster options as midfielder Lamar Neagle and defenders Chad Marshall, Djimi Traore and Leo Gonzalez all trained this week and seem restored to health. There is less certainty about the status of right back DeAndre Yedlin, who traveled overseas late in the week as a deal was being negotiated for his transfer to Tottenham. Yedlin was expected back in Seattle by Sunday, but there were no guarantees he would be ready to play. However, Seattle’s other three All-Stars — Clint Dempsey, Obafemi Martins and Osvaldo Alonso — all are expected to be ready after playing 45 minutes against Bayern Munich on Wednesday. “It’s going to be a good game,” Alonso said. “But we are at home. We have to play good soccer and give to the fans the three points.”

The Indians announced that they’ve designated right-hander A.J. Cole for assignment. His spot on the 40-man roster will go to newly acquired right-hander Nick Wittgren. If Cole’s time with the Cleveland organization is up, his stay will have been brief; the Indians only claimed him off waivers from the Yankees back on Jan 11. He’d have been in line to compete for a bullpen job in Spring Training and may still have that opportunity, though he’ll first need to clear outright waivers. If another club claims Cole, that new team will have to open the season with him on the Major League roster or else once again expose him to waivers, as Cole is out of minor league options. Cole, who turned 27 earlier this month, gave the Yankees 38 innings of 4.26 ERA ball after being acquired from the Nationals in 2018, pitching in primarily a multi-inning relief role. Along the way, he averaged a strong 11.6 K/9 and registered an enormous 15.9 percent swinging-strike rate with a very good 34.3 percent opponents’ chase rate on out-of-zone pitches. However, he was also immensely susceptible to home runs, as he averaged 2.13 homers per nine innings pitched with the Yankees. In all, between New York and Washington, Cole yielded a staggering 15 home runs in 38 innings. That said, Cole was at one point considered to be among the most promising pitching prospects in all of baseball, and surely the strikeout rate, swinging-strike rate and chase rate could hold appeal to another team — particularly one that is thin on rotation depth and/or has multiple bullpen spots up for grabs. He’ll need to learn to keep the ball in the yard, but the level at which Cole missed bats in 2018 would be elite if he proved it to be sustainable; the 15.9 percent swinging-strike rate he logged as a Yankee would’ve ranked 12th in the game among qualified relievers last year.

More Transparent Microfinance Institutes Suggested – Bangladesh Speakers at a dialogue on microfinance Tuesday suggested greater transparency in terms of charges, terms and conditions in Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) to help the benefits of credit penetrate target groups. More transparent microfinance institutes suggested UNB Connect, July 26 2011Speakers at a dialogue on microfinance Tuesday suggested greater transparency in terms of charges, terms and conditions in Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) to help the benefits of credit penetrate target groups.They said the MFIs can introduce low cost systems to reduce the likelihood of client abuse and improve social performance.Leading think-tank Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD) arranged the dialogue titled ‘Microfinance for Poverty Alleviation: What’s Right and What’s Wrong’ at the CIRDAP auditorium.Bangladesh Bank governor Dr Atiur Rahman attended the dialogue as chief guest while Palli Karma Shahayak Foundation (PKSF) chairman Dr Qazi Kholiquzzaman and CPD executive director Prof Mustafizur Rahman took part in discussion, which was chaired by CPD Trustee Board member Khushi Kabir. Prof David Hulme, Head of the Institute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM), University of Manchester, UK and Thankom Arun made a presentation titled ‘What’s Wrong and Right with Microfinance: Missing an Angle on Responsible Finance’ during the dialogue. Speaking as chief guest, central bank governor Dr Atiur Rahman said the relatively higher interest rates and charges/fees remain a persistent, biting criticism of microfinance, albeit more from populist political authorities rather than from actual borrowers. He said regulators and government authorities can however encourage and support MFIs in minimizing supervision costs, to the extent possible adopting remote loan delivery and recovery mechanisms in partnership with mobile phone companies and IT platforms offering card-based financial service delivery. The governor informed that total disbursement by the large MFIs (Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASA, TMSS, and BURO Tangail) in fiscal 2010 was Tk 252.94 billion, with recovery standing at Tk 229.68 billion. The total outstanding loans stood at Tk 150.05 billion (US$ 2.1 billion) to more than 20 million poor borrowers whereas the overdue as percentage of outstanding improved to 3.73 percent in fiscal 2010 from 3.79 percent in fiscal 2009, he said. Poverty (upper poverty line, 2122 kcal food intake) in Bangladesh declined from 57 percent to 49 percent of population during the 1990s and twice as fast in the next 5 years to 40 percent in 2005. He also said the present government has published the “Microcredit Regulatory Authority Guidelines, 2010” as the gazette to augment the pace of regulation and supervision of the MFIs. There are also some recent moves by Microcredit Regulatory Authority, including rationalization of lending interest rates and interest charging practices of microfinance institutions, limiting the lending rate to an upper limit of 27 percent per annum, at median level of the wide range of declared lending rates of these institutions, and which is a declining rate as well. On the observations of the paper he said the impact of microcredit is substantial in Bangladesh in offering greater choice of financial services to the poor and reducing poverty. “Microfinance institutions in Bangladesh have a tool that Indian MFIs are not allowed. Bangladeshi MFIs hold ‘compulsory savings’ from clients and if a client gets into difficulties with repayments these savings provide a buffer to manage a potential default,” Atiur said. He also said the MFIs should examine the ways of assessing field staff performance and should try to reform them quickly with the aim of ensuring higher quality relationship between field staff and borrowers. Prof David Hulme identified some wrongs in his paper, that included critics of microfinance often arguing that microcredit hardly reaches the ‘poorest of the poor’ and generally reaches a combination of poor and non-poor people. Loans are used for diversified purposes such as microenterprise, education and health expenses, repaying debt, on-lending, wedding celebrations and even dowry, he said. He noted the rate of interest on microcredit is claimed to be too high by many critics. However, the cost includes the cost of borrowing from banks, travel expenses of field staffs, and debt write-offs which call for interest rates higher than the lending rates in the banking system. The ‘rights’ identified in the paper are, microcredit offers increased choice to the near-poor and poor population segment of the society in accessing basic financial services like loans, savings and insurance, adds to the vibrancy of local economic life by facilitating production, exchange and consumption, and improves access to microsaving services. David said microcredit contributes to enhance social benefits with greater emphasis on female borrowers leading to active participation of women in the economic activities and decision making process. He made a number of recommendations. The recommendations are: Regulators should be cautious about setting interest rate ceilings on microcredit, since setting the lending rate too low without considering high administrative costs associated with microfinance would reduce the range of financial services offered to the poor people. Microfinance, the lending of small sums for income generating self-employment pursuits to people of small means with little or nothing to offer as collateral, has over the years grown globally into a major financial tool for combating poverty. Bangladesh, with her leading role in the launching of this poverty combating instrument, established Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA) in 2006 with a view to licensing and supervising the microfinance institutions within a regulatory framework.

Q: Speed up array query in Numpy/Python I have an array of points (called points), consisting of ~30000 x,y, and z values. I also have a separate array of points (called vertices), about ~40000 x,y, and z values. The latter array indexes the lower-front-left corners of some cubes of side length size. I would like to find out which points reside in which cubes, and how many points reside in each cube. I wrote a loop to do this, which works like this: for i in xrange(len(vertices)): cube=((vertices[i,0]<= points[:,0]) & (points[:,0]<(vertices[i,0]+size)) & (vertices[i,1]<= points[:,1]) & (points[:,1] < (vertices[i,1]+size)) & (vertices[i,2]<= points[:,2]) & (points[:,2] < (vertices[i,2]+size)) ) numpoints[i]=len(points[cube]) (The loop is order the individual cubes, and the "cube" creates a boolean array of indices.) I then store points[cube] somewhere, but this isn't what's slowing me down; it's the creating of "cube=". I would like to speed this loop up (it takes tens of seconds to complete on a macbook pro). I tried rewriting the "cube=" part in C, as follows: for i in xrange(len(vertices)): cube=zeros(pp, dtype=bool) code=""" for (int j=0; j<pp; ++j){ if (vertices(i,0)<= points(j,0)) if (points(j,0) < (vertices(i,0)+size)) if (vertices(i,1)<= points(j,1)) if (points(j,1) < (vertices(i,1)+size)) if (vertices(i,2)<= points(j,2)) if (points(j,2) < (vertices(i,2)+size)) cube(j)=1; } return_val = 1;""" weave.inline(code, ['vertices', 'points','size','pp','cube', 'i']) numpoints[i]=len(points[cube]) This sped it up by a bit more than a factor of two. Rewriting both loops in C actually made it only slightly faster than the original numpy-only version, because of the frequent references to the array objects necessary to keep track of which points are in which cubes. I suspect it's possible to do this much more rapidly, and that I'm missing something. Can anyone suggest how to speed this up?? I'm new to numpy/python, and thanks in advance. A: You can use scipy.spatial.cKDTree to speedup this kind of calculation. Here is the code: import time import numpy as np #### create some sample data #### np.random.seed(1) V_NUM = 6000 P_NUM = 8000 size = 0.1 vertices = np.random.rand(V_NUM, 3) points = np.random.rand(P_NUM, 3) numpoints = np.zeros(V_NUM, np.int32) #### brute force #### start = time.clock() for i in xrange(len(vertices)): cube=((vertices[i,0]<= points[:,0]) & (points[:,0]<(vertices[i,0]+size)) & (vertices[i,1]<= points[:,1]) & (points[:,1] < (vertices[i,1]+size)) & (vertices[i,2]<= points[:,2]) & (points[:,2] < (vertices[i,2]+size)) ) numpoints[i]=len(points[cube]) print time.clock() - start #### KDTree #### from scipy.spatial import cKDTree center_vertices = vertices + [[size/2, size/2, size/2]] start = time.clock() tree_points = cKDTree(points) _, result = tree_points.query(center_vertices, k=100, p = np.inf, distance_upper_bound=size/2) numpoints2 = np.zeros(V_NUM, np.int32) for i, neighbors in enumerate(result): numpoints2[i] = np.sum(neighbors!=P_NUM) print time.clock() - start print np.all(numpoints == numpoints2) Change the cube corner position to center position first. center_vertices = vertices + [[size/2, size/2, size/2]] Create a cKDTree from points tree_points = cKDTree(points) Do query, k is the the number of nearest neighbors to return, p=np.inf means maximum-coordinate-difference distance, distance_upper_bound is the max distance. _, result = tree_points.query(center_vertices, k=100, p = np.inf, distance_upper_bound=size/2) The output is: 2.04113164434 0.11087783696 True If there are more then 100 points in a cube, you can check this by neighbors[-1] == P_NUM in the for loop, and do a k=1000 query for these vertices.

98 Ariz. 221 (1965) 403 P.2d 535 Frank CONTRERAS, Petitioner, v. The INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION of Arizona and Eric Lundeen, Inc., and Klaas Bros., Inc., Respondents. No. 8053. Supreme Court of Arizona, In Division. June 23, 1965. *222 Hirsch, Van Slyke, Richter & Ollason, Tucson, for petitioner. Chris T. Johnston, Phoenix, for respondent The Industrial Commission of Arizona, Richard J. Daniels, Frank E. Murphy, Jr., Robert A. Slonaker and Edgar M. Delaney, Phoenix, of counsel. LOCKWOOD, Chief Justice. On October 10, 1962, the Industrial Commission entered its findings to the effect that the above applicant was able to return to his usual occupation on August 15, 1962, and terminated any temporary disability payment from that date. Petitioner filed a notice of protest and a petition for rehearing. On March 11, 1963, after rehearing held on February 11, 1963, the Commission entered an order affirming the Commission's action of October 10, 1962. Pursuant to A.R.S. § 23-951 the Commission's order of March 11, 1963, stated that any party aggrieved by the order might, within thirty (30) days after the rendition of the order *223 "apply to the Supreme Court of the State of Arizona for a Writ of Certiorari to review the lawfulness of said order * * *." Section A of A.R.S. § 23-951 states: "Within thirty days after an application for a rehearing is denied, or if the application is granted, within thirty days after rendition of the decision on a rehearing, any party affected thereby may apply to the supreme court for a writ of certiorari to review the lawfulness of the award." On May 31, 1963 the petitioner filed a Petition and Application for Readjustment or Reopening of the Claim. On July 16, 1963 the Commission denied the reopening of the petitioner's claim. On July 25, 1963 petitioner filed a Notice of Protest and Petition and Application for a Rehearing. On August 9, 1963 the Commission issued an "Order Denying Rehearing and Affirming Previous Findings and Award." Petitioner filed his petition for writ of certiorari on August 29, 1963. The Commission argues that this Court lacks jurisdiction to entertain the petitioner's application for a writ of certiorari because the petitioner failed to file a petition for such writ within thirty days after the Commission's order of March 11, 1963, pursuant to the rehearing. We have repeatedly held that the thirty days limitation in A.R.S. § 23-951 for making application for a writ of certiorari is jurisdictional, and the petitioner's right to review in this Court is lost by failure to file within that time. Villanueva v. Phelps Dodge Corporation, 82 Ariz. 248, 311 P.2d 843; Harambasic v. Barrett & Hilp & Macco Corp., 58 Ariz. 319, 119 P.2d 932; Di Paolo v. Calumet & Arizona Mining Co., 36 Ariz. 347, 285 P. 680. Petitioner's reply brief acknowledges that the decision upon rehearing by the Commission was dated March 11, 1963 and that that decision allowed thirty days from March 11, 1963 for an aggrieved party to apply to this Court for a writ of certiorari pursuant to A.R.S. § 23-951. However the petitioner claims that the Commission is estopped from asserting the procedural bar created by A.R.S. § 23-951 against the petitioner because of a series of correspondence in 1963, initiated by the petitioner three days after the order of March 11, 1963. On March 14th petitioner's attorney wrote to the Commission, acknowledging receipt of the decision on rehearing, and stating: "I checked my file and if my records are correct, he is only claiming compensation from the date he was cut off, which I believe was August 15, 1962, till the date he went back to work *224 which is February 8, 1963. "It seems like such a small amount to make a Supreme Court case out of. "I respectfully request that you reconsider Dr. Cortner's testimony in relation to his actually being disabled during this period, and that the only treatment was no treatment at all. I believe the results speak for themselves. He is now able to earn a living, however, the five months that he did not work, has literally bankrupted him." On April 8th the Commission by its Claims Compensation Supervisor responded to the letter of March 14th as follows: "Mr. Frank Contreras' case including your letter of March 14, 1963, was carefully reviewed. There is no justification from a medical point of view for payment of compensation from August 15, 1962 through February 8, 1963. Our records show that Dr. J.W. Cortner released Mr. Contreras for regular work on August 15, 1962 and the consultants who examined him on October 1, 1962 verified the fact that Mr. Contreras could remain on regular work status. "From the testimony at the hearing held February 11, 1963, Doctor Cortner was of the opinion that Mr. Contreras was ready to return to work even though claimant felt he was not able. "At the request of the attending physician, group consultatin [sic] will be scheduled to determine present status of Mr. Contreras' back condition relating to his accident of June 25, 1962 and further handling of this case." (Emphasis ours.) At no time between the period of March 11th when the order was handed down, and April 8th did the petitioner file a petition for writ of certiorari to this court. On April 10th petitioner's attorney answered the Commission's letter of April 8th. This was on the thirtieth day after the Commission's order on rehearing, by which time, pursuant to A.R.S. § 23-951 the petition for writ of certiorari should have been filed with this court. This letter to the Commission stated: "I am in receipt of your letter of April 8, 1963 and as a result of the last paragraph, I am assuming that there will be no necessity for me to abide by the last paragraph of the Order dated March 11, 1963 wherein I had thirty days to apply to the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari. I am assuming that the Commission is going to hold further hearings and consultation and that until such time as the consultations and further hearings are held that there will be no necessity to file anything further to keep the case alive." *225 Seven days later, on April 17th the Commission responded to the petitioner as follows: "So there will be no misunderstanding on the processing of Mr. Frank Contreras' case, we would like to review recent actions. "As you know, on October 11, 1962 the Commission issued its order terminating temporary compensation as of August 14, 1962 because Mr. Contreras was released to return to regular work by Dr. J.W. Cortner. Mr. Contreras filed petition and Application for rehearing on November 7, 1962, and subsequently hearing was held on February 11, 1963. On March 11, 1963 Decision Upon Rehearing and Order Affirming Previous Record of Commission's Action was issued. Since the thirty days set out have elapsed, we assume you have not applied to the Supreme Court for a Writ of Certiorari. "Group consultation is being scheduled to determine present status of Mr. Contreras' condition relating to his accident of June 25, 1962; to determine further medical handling of this case; or, if condition is stationary, to determine final evaluation and disposition. The consultation is not being held to determine Mr. Contreras' working ability subsequent to August 14, 1962." Again, on May 6th the Commission wrote to the petitioner's attorney stating: "Since the thirty day period has elapsed we assume you have not applied to the Supreme Court for a Writ of Certiorari. "We have made arrangements for Mr. Frank Contreras to be seen in group consultation in Tucson on May 13, 1963." On May 8th the petitioner's attorney sent the following letter to the Commission: "Please reread my letter of April 10, 1963, directed to you. Read it carefully, then please explain your letter to me of May 6, 1963. I'm sure you are not attempting to confuse me but I assure you that you have." On May 10th the Commission responded as follows: "We wish to apologize if our recent letters were confusing. To review the case, Mr. Frank Contreras protested Record of Commission's Action issued October 11, 1962, in which payment of compensation for temporary disability was terminated as of August 14, 1962, because the attending physician felt he was able to return to regular work. Formal hearing was held for that purpose. "Subsequently, on March 11, 1963, Decision Upon Rehearing and Order *226 Affirming Previous Record of Commission's Action was issued. Of course, this meant compensation for temporary disability is not payable subsequent to August 14, 1962. "It is to be noted that the Decision issued March 11, 1963 contained a thirty day clause, in which time any aggrieved party could apply to the Supreme Court of the State of Arizona for a Writ of Certiorari. Then we received your letter dated March 14, 1963. "The Commission again reviewed this case, and it was felt that compensation for the period set out in your letter, namely, from August 15, 1962 to February 8, 1963, is not payable, because the attending physician, Dr. J.W. Cortner, was of the opinion Mr. Contreras was ready to return to work even though he felt he was not able. "Coincidentally, we received a report from Doctor Cortner in which he recommended group consultation be held. Therefore, arrangements have been made for examination by a board of consultants on May 13, 1963. The consultation is being held to determine medical handling of the case and is not ordered to determine claimant's working ability from August 15, 1962 to February 8, 1963, or for anything to do with disposition of Mr. Contreras' petition for rehearing. "In my letter of April 18, [sic] 1963, mention was made of the group consultation merely on an information basis. It was not intended to infer that the consultation would in any way change the Commission's Decision Upon Rehearing. "If our explanation is not entirely clear, it is suggested that you contact our Legal Department, preferably Mr. Lorin Shelley." On May 14th the plaintiff's attorney replied as follows: "Thank you for your letter of May 10, 1963. "I agree with paragraph 3 of your letter that the Decision contained a 30 day clause. However, I point out to you that in your letter of April 8, 1963, to which I responded left little doubt in my mind that the case would be left open. I quote from your letter: "`At the request of the attending physician, group consultation will be scheduled to determine present status of Mr. Contreras' back condition relating to his accident of June 25, 1962, and further handling of this case.' "This is the position I shall have to take under the circumstances. Possibly the question will become moot after the consultation by a reopening of the case. *227 "I want to correct a date in your next to last paragraph. The letter was dated April 8, 1963, not April 18, 1963." As long ago as 1935 in Lilly White v. Coleman, 46 Ariz. 523, 52 P.2d 1157 this court stated the elements of equitable estoppel as follows: "The essential elements of an equitable estoppel may be stated as follows: (1) There must be a false representation or concealment of material facts; (2) it must have been made with knowledge, actual or constructive, of the facts; (3) the party to whom it was made must have been without knowledge of or the duty of inquiring further as to the real facts; (4) it must have been made with the intention it should be acted upon; and (5) the party to whom it was made must have relied on or acted on it to his prejudice. There can be no estoppel if any of these elements are absent." (Italics in original.) See also Knight v. Rice, 83 Ariz. 379, 321 P.2d 1037; Valley National Bank v. Battles, 62 Ariz. 204, 156 P.2d 244; and City of Glendale v. Coquat, 46 Ariz. 478, 52 P.2d 1178, 102 A.L.R. 837. In this case since the petition for writ of certiorari was filed more than five months after the March 11th order, and since there was no false representation or concealment of material facts by the Commission in any of the letters sent to the petitioner in response to the petitioner's original letter of March 14, 1963, in which the petitioner said that the whole matter seemed "like such a small amount to make a Supreme Court case out of * * *", and since the petitioner cannot claim lack of knowledge of A.R.S. § 23-951 nor lack of knowledge that the order of March 11, 1963, contained the thirty day clause, the petitioner cannot assert the claim that all of the essentials of estoppel were present. The petitioner may not create an estoppel of the effect of the statute by his own delay in compliance therewith. For the above reasons we hold that this Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the petition for writ of certiorari. Order quashing writ of certiorari. UDALL and McFARLAND, JJ., concur.

Q: How can I make my main menu link text dynamic? How can I make my main menu link text dynamic? My solution: I tried to use Felix's answer, below, but it would not work for me. Obviously, the method suggested by Felix has worked for others and it is used in core (user.module, for example). However, I was able to conditionally alter my main menu link text at the theme level. I added this to template.php: /** * Conditionally alters preprocess links variables. */ function MY_THEME_preprocess_links(&$variables) { if (MY_FUNCTION()) { if (isset($variables['links']['menu-562 active-trail']['title'])) { $variables['links']['menu-562 active-trail']['title'] = 'New blog'; } elseif (isset($variables['links']['menu-562']['title'])) { $variables['links']['menu-562']['title'] = 'New blog'; } if (isset($variables['links']['menu-563 active-trail']['title'])) { $variables['links']['menu-563 active-trail']['title'] = 'New notes'; } elseif (isset($variables['links']['menu-563']['title'])) { $variables['links']['menu-563']['title'] = 'New notes'; } } } A: Drupal menu's are cached and this makes it hard to change then on the fly when the page is rendered. It is possible though using the functions aimed at translating menu items: see hook_translated_menu_link_alter. This hook is called before every menu item is rendered IF it has the property ['options']['alter'] = TRUE. You can set this property to menu items using hook_menu_link_alter. Example code would be: function MY_MODULE_menu_link_alter(&$item) { // add in an if statement here to just target the links you want to change on the fly $item['options']['alter'] = TRUE; } function MY_MODULE_translated_menu_link_alter(&$item, $map) { if($item['mlid']==89) { // this line is actually to change the link however if you inspect the $item // variable then you will be able to see the other property that you can change. $item['link_path'] .= 'my-new-path'; } }

We live in different states now, but I’d have to say that emotionally I am his main caregiver. How old were you when you began care? 56 5. Were you caring for anyone else at that time (e.g., children, parents, etc.)? I was in the process of finalizing a divorce and also raising my other two children, Annie (freshman in college) and Bo (junior in college). 6. Were you employed at the time of your survivor’s brain injury? Yes – at Barnes & Noble in Charlotte, North Carolina If so, were you able to continue working? No. Mid-October, I was scheduled to step into new position – Community Relations Manager at Barnes & Noble in Huntersville, North Carolina. The manager held my position until I was able to return. 7. Did you have any help? Yes If so, what kind and for how long? When Casey returned home, he went to outpatient care in Charlotte, North Carolina. At that time, his dad’s insurance paid for a driver to take and pick him up from rehab so I could return to work. Casey remained in rehab until April 2003. 8. When did your support of the survivor begin (e.g., immediately – in the hospital; when the survivor returned home; etc.)? For the first eleven days after my son’s accident, I slept on the floor in the ICU (Intensive Care Unit) at the Medical University of South Carolina, and then I moved to Marriott Courtyard for the remaining days of his six-week stay. “A Mother’s Dance’ by Pattie Welek Hall 9Was your survivor in a coma? Yes. Twice. If so, what did you do during that time? I prayed out loud to him; I talked to him; I relayed how his day unfolded (Guess who visited; I recounted what they said) . . . and I told him stories.

For some time now a problem haunts this game and its players, us. And we can no longer close our eyes, while a minority of brave players suffers constant oppression and nerf. They promised to fix the glaring imbalances which cause this great suffering, but until now, nothing has been done! They give with the one hand, and they take with other! It is time to raise up and tell them: We want balance! So, what is the problem? Countless rotten things have been thrown back and fourth in the past. The dead horses have allready risen and are used as undead mounts in wow. What is it, that makes amarr players stop playing to come here and flame the living crap out of ccp? I did question myself this. Because i play amarr since Beta. I should know, eh? I came up with the following: The cap bonus is okay, as long as the Damage of lasers is higher then every other races weapons, compared to operating range. And it is, on paper. But we dont shoot at paper bags floating around, do we? No, we shoot at eachother, flying the ships of our choice. This choice dictates what tactic to use, what weapons to mount and what things to avoid. The thing is: Every ship, from shuttle to titan has 60% base resistance to lasers main damage on its armor, and 60% base explosive resistance on its shield. But while there is no weapon group that is stuck with only explosive, and since only few ships actually shield tank, explosive users are okay. EM users are screwed when facing armor tanks. And most ships in pvp tank armor. There is no racial identity to tanking, everyone is immune to lasers without even trying. I came to the conclusion that this is the core of the problem. 60% is too high as a base resistance. It leads to countless flamefests and wasted development time to find a solution in lasers or ship bonus, while the fact remains that its just unfair to amarr players to have every ship in the game getting 60% resist to them, while the three other races either shoot better damage types or are able to switch damagetypes around. I forged a representation of the current state. The rotten core: little racial identities and anti amarr bias, leading to bad gameply experience. No one fears lasers, while everyone goes down to projectils fast: And this is only armor! Lets look at shields. No racial identities, everyone tanks autocannons: This results in the following damage reductions to weapontypes, based on typical damage spreads against the resists of T1 armor and shield. Lasers have a inbuild nerf when shooting armor tanks, while autocannons must avoid using t2 ammo on shilds.If you do more math, it just gets worse, factoring in time to kill something omni-hardened with EM damage etc. ------------------------ What can we do to fix lasers and thus amarr, and to give tanking a racial flavor which doesnt lead to beeing auto-hardened against amarr? I played around with numbers and formulars. In the end i found out that lowering the base resistances of armor and shield was the key. By removing the 60% madness and adding stronger racial flavors to both armor and shields, we get pretty decent results (changes in red). Note that even Tech 1 gives racial flavor now! Even Shield looks much better now to projectil-lovers: And finally, the result: Omg! It worked out! By moving tanking strength from base resistances to racials resists, we achive a much smoother damage spread, while keeping armor pretty tough to beat for lasers, and shields remain strong against projectils, but not "forced to switch ammo"-strong. And... it makes sense Posted - 2007.11.08 00:42:00 - [11] Your calculations have one error: Hybrids do more Kin than Therm dmg.For instance: Antimatter S does 11 Kin and 7 Therm and is way more common than the T2 charges, at least in its faction form. Posted - 2007.11.08 00:51:00 - [12]Edited by: Incantare on 08/11/2007 00:55:43Though I agree with your intention of improving EM as a damage type I find myself disagreeing in the details. Specifically the Caldari T2 shield resist entry: 0/80/70/60 becoming 0/85/70/40. 5% extra thermal resistance isn't worth losing 20% explosive over, even if in term of percentual increases they may be the same in terms of average damage taken this is an unecessary nerf. Posted - 2007.11.08 00:52:00 - [13] I've allways wondered why this topic gets hounded over so often yet Gallante do only kinnetic and thermal dmg with there guns but recieve very little attention. Sure you have a tough time against armor but you tear through shields like butter. While Gallente have it a middle of the road for both (usually). What you really need to look at is the total amout of dmg it takes to take a ship from 100% in shield, armor and hull to 0% in each. And the amount of time it takes to do that dmg. Only then will you have balance. After all none of our ships blow up after loosing all our sheilds or all our armor. Heck even a ship at 100% shields and armor and 1% structure is still pretty viable. You have to get through all 3. Then and only then will you be able to balance the dmg and the resists. Posted - 2007.11.08 00:54:00 - [14]Edited by: Goumindong on 08/11/2007 00:54:49If you are going to move around resistances, then you should make the tech 1 resistance bonuses a percentage increase. Because flat increases benefit races that have high resistances against their racial enemies on their primary tanking type. Such, Minmitar get a better deal for their tech 1 ships than Amarr do, becase +20 ex resistance bonus is 25% to the primary tanking form. But 20 EM is 33% resistance bonus. I agree that 60% base EM resists on Armor is too high. I think you idea is interesting but its making too many changes at once. Removing 20% EM resists from armor will even out lasers a bit more since this really matters most for pvp anyways. Originally by:Sharanta KarellI've allways wondered why this topic gets hounded over so often yet Gallante do only kinnetic and thermal dmg with there guns but recieve very little attention. Sure you have a tough time against armor but you tear through shields like butter. While Gallente have it a middle of the road for both (usually). What you really need to look at is the total amout of dmg it takes to take a ship from 100% in shield, armor and hull to 0% in each. And the amount of time it takes to do that dmg. Only then will you have balance. After all none of our ships blow up after loosing all our sheilds or all our armor. Heck even a ship at 100% shields and armor and 1% structure is still pretty viable. You have to get through all 3. Then and only then will you be able to balance the dmg and the resists. "middle of the road for both" is actually "good against both" because the difference between -50% damage and -25% damage is a 50% increase in damage done. So, before resistance differences Gallente do about 50% more damage than Amarr against armor and Amarr does 20% more against shield. Posted - 2007.11.08 02:14:00 - [17]Edited by: Rooker on 08/11/2007 02:16:54Let's just lop some EM off armor resists and give it to shields and lop some explo resists off shields and apply it to armor. Nevermind all that racial stuff. Bad enough my T2 Gallente ships have resists optimized against a race rarely used in PvP and leave a huge, gaping hole against the one race of ships that can stay out of my range. And while we're at it, reverse the boneheaded EANM nerf of a few months ago, since that did absolutely nothing to fix this problem, made another problem worse and broke a number of ship set-ups without anything being accomplished. Originally by:PCX339There is a lot of information there. One thing I've always wondered is why minmatar shield tanks are basically the only tanks with no hole in the base resists. That's like having an extra hardener slot... what's up with that? They are also the t2 armor tanks that have two resistance holes, kinetic and explosive. Kinda balances out. Originally by:GoumindongIf you are going to move around resistances, then you should make the tech 1 resistance bonuses a percentage increase. Because flat increases benefit races that have high resistances against their racial enemies on their primary tanking type. this.no reason to repeat the mistake ccp made when they first added those flat 10% racial resistances. re: the stats from the opi agree with the general idea of moving em/expl a bit closer to the other values to make it less extreme but i think your changes are too strong. also: your values after you have added those new dual racial bonuses seem too good in most cases with only one or even no hole at all to plug. from a first glance everyone but minmatar armor tankers would have a very easy time tanking with those changes. "Blasters do more kin then therm you noob!"-> Yes, but all blaster ships have large dronebays full of thermal drones. Thus, therm is higher then kin. "Percentage increases are better then flat bonus on tech 1!"> Yes they are more fair. But it doesnt add up to 140% (armor) or 120% (shield). My goal was to keep these values untouched, so every tech 1 ship has the same overall number of resists. As long as the values arent extreme (like 60-70%), it doenst screw amarr/minmatar as much as it is currently. "You nerfed blasters"->welcome to balance. :) No really, wasnt my intention, but as soon as you start moving numbers around, hybrids loose out, This is due to the fact that under the current numbers, hybrids win big time. Cant get better. Posted - 2007.11.08 09:04:00 - [22] This is an interesting idea, and I like it. I also tried to follow you through the math you used, and I see what premises you were trying to uphold. However, I must agree on the previosuly raised point about using flat bonuses and then applying percentages to them. That is a mathematical trap that must be avoided at all costs, even if the resistance sums come out slightly different in the end. It requires careful balancing, else the following happens: "Blasters do more kin then therm you noob!"-> Yes, but all blaster ships have large dronebays full of thermal drones. Thus, therm is higher then kin. "Percentage increases are better then flat bonus on tech 1!"> Yes they are more fair. But it doesnt add up to 140% (armor) or 120% (shield). My goal was to keep these values untouched, so every tech 1 ship has the same overall number of resists. As long as the values arent extreme (like 60-70%), it doenst screw amarr/minmatar as much as it is currently. "You nerfed blasters"->welcome to balance. :) No really, wasnt my intention, but as soon as you start moving numbers around, hybrids loose out, This is due to the fact that under the current numbers, hybrids win big time. Cant get better. Well ofc, they have the worst range in the game, please come back when you have aquired a brain and can think beyond your own selfish views of whaaagh my pussie hurts I'm Amarr and not good at pvp. Posted - 2007.11.08 11:11:00 - [26] @Meevii or whatever he is called:Didnt you see the "No trolls allowed" at the entrance to this forum? I feel personaly insulted by your reply and will not tolerate this kind of behavior in my topic. If you post such low stuff again, ill have your posting rights revoked. Please stick to constructive arguments here. Thank you. To all:Im gratefull of your replys and think that my idea might be a bit over the top. But we all know, ccp likes over the top solutions :) Of course we could just swap 20em from armor to shield, but the number would flip, armor would be at 120% and shield at 140%. This leads to a big fat shield tanking nerf, because shield modules are superior if focused on, eg no ew. Posted - 2007.11.08 11:56:00 - [27] No offense but what you've done is make omni tanks more viable for armour tankers, whilst making specific hardening a requirement for shield tankers. But to be honest I wouldn't mind your suggestion if shield tankers got an extra 20% to EM.Thus bringing shield Tech 1 resistance totals to equal armours, both being at 140%.Maybe you should revise the Caldari shield resistance on T2 though.The majority of npcs in caldari pve require a kinetic/thermal tank and what you've done is boosted the pve tank.---------------What! Caldari have dps now... nooooAye, T2 HAMs FTW!!!!! Originally by:Perry@Meevii or whatever he is called:Didnt you see the "No trolls allowed" at the entrance to this forum? I feel personaly insulted by your reply and will not tolerate this kind of behavior in my topic. If you post such low stuff again, ill have your posting rights revoked. Please stick to constructive arguments here. Thank you. Were you the kid at school that used to tell on everyone? You gonna log to your over ego'd moderator alt then? Is it so hard to see how MEEPIE is spelt, meevii, lols you should have gone to specsavers. Originally by:Perry@Meevii or whatever he is called:Didnt you see the "No trolls allowed" at the entrance to this forum? I feel personaly insulted by your reply and will not tolerate this kind of behavior in my topic. If you post such low stuff again, ill have your posting rights revoked. Please stick to constructive arguments here. Thank you. Were you the kid at school that used to tell on everyone? You gonna log to your over ego'd moderator alt then? Is it so hard to see how MEEPIE is spelt, meevii, lols you should have gone to specsavers. Your thread fails, you have a dream of equal resistance yet your solution doesn't give equal resistances and each weapon system faces a different combined resistance to shoot at for base t1 shield or armour... With funnily enough Amarr having the least combined resistances to fire at and Gallente / Minmatar the most... Your balance fails on numbers, it's a good job you aren't a dev too because you haven't taken any wide scoped game balance into consideration like base ranges of the weapon systems and the rammifications in actual average combat. CCP showed the Amarr whiners about nos, neuts and missile weapons in the tournament that your ships are fine, and if you want to whine about laser damage, how about watching any Cown movie showing that Amarr pvp is fine. The way some of you guys whine so much about lasers you could lead us to believe they reflect back off our armour and hit you. You must not be very intelligent. The tournament represents a form of PVP you will never see in EVE. COPYRIGHT NOTICEEVE Online, the EVE logo, EVE and all associated logos and designs are the intellectual property of CCP hf. All artwork, screenshots, characters, vehicles, storylines, world facts or other recognizable features of the intellectual property relating to these trademarks are likewise the intellectual property of CCP hf. EVE Online and the EVE logo are the registered trademarks of CCP hf. All rights are reserved worldwide. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. CCP hf. has granted permission to EVE-Search.com to use EVE Online and all associated logos and designs for promotional and information purposes on its website but does not endorse, and is not in any way affiliated with, EVE-Search.com. CCP is in no way responsible for the content on or functioning of this website, nor can it be liable for any damage arising from the use of this website.

ANN ARBOR—It looks like Mother Nature was wasting her time with a multimillion-year process to produce crude oil. Michigan Engineering researchers can “pressure-cook” algae for as little as a minute and transform an unprecedented 65 percent of the green slime into biocrude. “We’re trying to mimic the process in nature that forms crude oil with marine organisms,” said Phil Savage, an Arthur F. Thurnau professor and a professor of chemical engineering at the University of Michigan. The findings will be presented Nov. 1 at the 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh. Savage’s ocean-going organism of choice is the green marine micro-alga of the genus Nannochloropsis. To make their one-minute biocrude, Savage and Julia Faeth, a doctoral student in Savage’s lab, filled a steel pipe connector with 1.5 milliliters of wet algae, capped it and plunged it into 1,100-degree Fahrenheit sand. The small volume ensured that the algae was heated through, but with only a minute to warm up, the algae’s temperature should have just grazed the 550-degree mark before the team pulled the reactor back out. Previously, Savage and his team heated the algae for times ranging from 10 to 90 minutes. They saw their best results, with about half of the algae converted to biocrude, after treating it for 10 to 40 minutes at 570 degrees. Why are the one-minute results so much better? Savage and Faeth won’t be sure until they have done more experiments, but they have some ideas. “My guess is that the reactions that produce biocrude are actually must faster than previously thought,” Savage said. Faeth suggests that the fast heating might boost the biocrude by keeping unwanted reactions at bay. “For example, the biocrude might decompose into substances that dissolve in water, and the fast heating rates might discourage that reaction,” Faeth said. The team points out that shorter reaction times mean that the reactors don’t have to be as large. “By reducing the reactor volume, the cost of building a biocrude production plant also decreases,” Faeth said, though both she and Savage cautioned that they couldn’t say for sure whether the new method is faster and cheaper until the process is further developed. Current commercial makers of algae-based fuel first dry the algae and then extract the natural oil. But at over $20 per gallon, this fuel is a long way from the gas pump. “Companies know that that approach is not economical, so they are looking at approaches for using wet algae, as are we,” Savage said. One of the advantages of the wet method is that it doesn’t just extract the existing fat from the algae—it also breaks down proteins and carbohydrates. The minute method did this so successfully that the oil contained about 90 percent of the energy in the original algae. “That result is near the upper bound of what is possible,” Savage said. Before biocrude can be fed into the existing refinery system for petroleum, it needs pre-refining to get rid of the extra oxygen and nitrogen atoms that abound in living things. The Savage lab also is developing better methods for this leg of biofuel production, breaking the record with a biocrude that was 97 percent carbon and hydrogen earlier this year. A paper on this work is currently under review. Once producing biofuel from algae is economical, researchers estimate that an area the size of New Mexico could provide enough oil to match current U.S. petroleum consumption. And, unlike corn produced for ethanol—which already accounts for half that area—the algae won’t need to occupy good farmland, thriving in brackish ponds instead. The research, “The Effects of Heating Rate and Reaction Time on Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae,” was funded by the Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation program of the National Science Foundation. The university is pursuing patent protection for the intellectual property, and is seeking commercialization partners to help bring the technology to market. Related Links: U-M Sustainability fosters a more sustainable world through collaborations across campus and beyond aimed at educating students, generating new knowledge, and minimizing our environmental footprint. Learn more at sustainability.umich.edu.

Q: Objective-C strange appearance in debugger after stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString I´m on Mac OS X and Xcode 4.5.2 When executing these lines: NSString *asSrcFileName = @"chromebar.png" NSString *asSrcExtName = @".png" NSString *asTempName = [asSrcFileName stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:asSrcExtName withString:@""]; I get a strange view of my variables in the debugger. See rectangle: I expected asTmp to be @"chromebar" after line three. I´ve been using stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString pretty often so far and have no idea what´s wrong. Somehow it looks like there is a unicode issue. Anyone out there to shed some light on me? A: Are you inspecting asSrcTempName after the variable has been initialized (the green line showing the current execution point is below the initialization)? Otherwise it's probably only uninitialized memory and lldb is showing garbage from a previous run. I could not reproduce your problem in Xcode 4.5.1.

Data Thieves Getting More Sophisticated Just in case you thought yesterday's big bust by the feds meant you could relax about security... ...a report says a Russian gang "is using software tools normally reserved for computer network administrators to infect thousands of PCs in corporate and government networks with programs that steal passwords and other information...the systematic use of administrative software to spread malicious software has not been widely seen until now."

Q: Get the table name is returned by a sql query in application I have a stored procedure that returns a table. But it can return two kind of tables according to what condition it has like below ... if @TestCondition > 0 begin select * from Test1 NoExpiredTable end else begin select * from Test2 ExpiredTable end So in the application how can I get the table name ? What I tried is if (ds.Tables[0].TableName == "NoExpiredTable") { } but ds.Tables[0].TableName gives me "Table". A: SQL queries do not return tables. They return result sets. A result set has no name. A: The result set has no concept of the table it came from, you can include the table name in the records returned by the procedure . . . if @TestCondition > 0 begin select *, 'NoExpiredTable' TableName from Test1 NoExpiredTable end else begin select *, 'ExpiredTable' TableName from Test2 ExpiredTable end Then you can access it the same way you'd access any other column. This won't do anything for you if no rows are returned, you won't know which table was selected from. Here you can return a single record with the result of the condition (i.e. a single row with a single column, TableName) then the records from the actual table. e.g. select case when if @TestCondition > 0 begin select 'NoExpiredTable' TableName select * from Test1 NoExpiredTable end else begin select 'ExpiredTable' TableName select * from Test2 ExpiredTable end

Q: How to execute node js functions one after another which dynamically listed using their names in a string array I need to achieve following in my Node.js program. How create a function array from their names provided in strings? How to execute those functions one after another. Not asynchronously. How to pass parameters for those functions. Suggest me a better approach to achieve this or code snippet somewhere already implemented this. A: You can do like this; function foo(v){console.log("foo: ",v)}; function bar(v){console.log("bar: ",v)}; var funs = ["foo", "bar"], i = 0; while (i < funs.length) this[funs[i]](i++); Well of course your functions definitions might reside in a particular scope and you may need to invoke them from within whatnot..! In that case you can of course wrap the above code in a function and bind it to whatever scope your function definitions are made in. Such as var obj = { foo: function(v){console.log("foo: ",v)}, bar: function(v){console.log("bar: ",v)} }, funs = ["foo", "bar"], runner = function(a){ var i = 0; while (i < a.length) this[a[i]](i++); }.bind(obj); runner(funs);

feeling the difference I can actually FEEL a difference when I consume this stuff. That's HUGE, because pretty much all of pills, lotions, and potions I have consumed over several decades, I never felt the different--at all. This stuff is different! I can distinctly tell the difference in focus, mental stamina, speed, and alertness taking this stuff vs. not. I take it in coffee and it mostly dissolves easily. It doesn't have a weird or unnatural taste at all. Neither does it make my stomach run for the hills as liquid MCTs does.

Q: Android : JSON Parser with async task (GET and POST methods) Just want to check whether this JSON Parser with async task is it correctly done? When I put this code into my Eclipse, this (method.equals("POST") was underline red. And it state that the 'method' cannot be solved. Any suggestion or help in this? Thank you. public class JSONParser { static InputStream is = null; static JSONObject jObj = null; static String json = ""; String url=null; List<NameValuePair> nvp=null; // constructor public JSONParser() { } // function get json from url // by making HTTP POST or GET method public JSONObject makeHttpRequest(String url, String method, List<NameValuePair> params) { BackGroundTask Task= new BackGroundTask(url, method, params); try { return Task.execute().get(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); return null; } catch (ExecutionException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); return null; } } public class BackGroundTask extends AsyncTask<String, String, JSONObject>{ List<NameValuePair> postparams= new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(); String URL=null; public BackGroundTask(String url, String method, List<NameValuePair> params) { URL=url; postparams=params; } @Override protected JSONObject doInBackground(String... params) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub // Making HTTP request try { // Making HTTP request // check for request method if(method.equals("POST")){ // request method is POST // defaultHttpClient DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient(); HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url); httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(postparams)); HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpPost); HttpEntity httpEntity = httpResponse.getEntity(); is = httpEntity.getContent(); }else if(method == "GET"){ // request method is GET DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient(); String paramString = URLEncodedUtils.format(postparams, "utf-8"); url += "?" + paramString; HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url); HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpGet); HttpEntity httpEntity = httpResponse.getEntity(); is = httpEntity.getContent(); } } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ClientProtocolException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } try { BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader( is, "iso-8859-1"), 8); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); String line = null; while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) { sb.append(line + "\n"); } is.close(); json = sb.toString(); } catch (Exception e) { Log.e("Buffer Error", "Error converting result " + e.toString()); } // try parse the string to a JSON object try { jObj = new JSONObject(json); } catch (JSONException e) { Log.e("JSON Parser", "Error parsing data " + e.toString()); } // return JSON String return jObj; } } } A: You forgot to declare method property in your BackGroundTask class. EDIT Like this: public class BackGroundTask extends AsyncTask<String, String, JSONObject>{ List<NameValuePair> postparams= new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(); String URL=null; String method = null; public BackGroundTask(String url, String method, List<NameValuePair> params) { URL=url; postparams=params; this.method = method; } @Override protected JSONObject doInBackground(String... params) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub // Making HTTP request try { // Making HTTP request // check for request method if(method.equals("POST")){ // request method is POST // defaultHttpClient DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient(); HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url); httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(postparams)); HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpPost); HttpEntity httpEntity = httpResponse.getEntity(); is = httpEntity.getContent(); }else if(method == "GET"){ // request method is GET DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient(); String paramString = URLEncodedUtils.format(postparams, "utf-8"); url += "?" + paramString; HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url); HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpGet); HttpEntity httpEntity = httpResponse.getEntity(); is = httpEntity.getContent(); } } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ClientProtocolException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } try { BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader( is, "iso-8859-1"), 8); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); String line = null; while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) { sb.append(line + "\n"); } is.close(); json = sb.toString(); } catch (Exception e) { Log.e("Buffer Error", "Error converting result " + e.toString()); } // try parse the string to a JSON object try { jObj = new JSONObject(json); } catch (JSONException e) { Log.e("JSON Parser", "Error parsing data " + e.toString()); } // return JSON String return jObj; } } }

Here is a series of mash arts, mixing Iron man with everybody

Throughout the three days of February 28th, March 1st, and March 2nd, ISV delegates have demonstrated great leadership, creativity, and intelligence debating about the world's most pressing issues in their respective committees at UNISMUN ISV arranged for a performance of William Shakespeare's 'Kings and clowns' for the students. It was an interactive affair with many ISV students getting onstage to perform difficult Shakespearean works with a classically trained professional actor. Today, one of our ISV parents, Mrs Claire Driscoll, gave a personal and fascinating talk about her own school exams experience and School/College life, frankly discussing both her good decisions and bad decisions, mistakes and intentions.

Intercalation of alcohols in Ag sulfonates: topotactic behavior despite flexible layers. This article presents the inaugural intercalation study of a layered metal sulfonate network. Silver triflate forms intercalation complexes with straight chain primary alcohols from ethanol (C(2)H(5)OH) to eicosanol (C(20)H(41)OH). Single-crystal data for the EtOH adduct, 1, are presented which show that the intercalation is coordinative to Ag. In contrast to many other layered hosts, no preheating of Ag triflate is required to liberate a coordination site for intercalation to take place, owing to the ability of the triflate ion to reorient. Crystal structure parameters for 1: C(4)H(6)F(6)S(2)O(7)Ag(2), a = 5.345(7) A, b = 11.310(2) A, c = 12.004(2) A, alpha = 116.87(1) degrees, beta = 90.46(1) degrees, gamma = 99.59(1) degrees, triclinic, space group P, Z = 2. Intercalate 1 presents the triflate ion in an unprecedented mu(5)-coordination mode. PXRD data on the family of complexes show that the intercalation is topotactic, as verified by the linear increase in d-spacing and calculated c-axis lengths for the intercalates, with increasing chain length. The data also show that the alcohol intercalates adopt an interdigitated rather than bilayer arrangement.

Washington, DC -- The Green Scissors Campaign, a diverse coalition of taxpayer, environmental and consumer groups, today released Green Scissors 2010, a report highlighting government programs and subsidies that are wasteful to taxpayers, harmful to the environment and bad for consumers. Green Scissors 2010 targets four major areas for budget cuts: energy, agriculture and biofuels, infrastructure, and public lands. It notes several recent, substantial victories ending subsidies in the face of special interests’ undue influence in Washington. “Staring down the barrel of record budget deficits, it is well past time for lawmakers to tackle our nation’s fiscal challenges,” said Steve Ellis, vice president of Taxpayers for Common Sense. “The billions of dollars of cuts detailed in this report provide lawmakers a veritable menu of policy options that will help our country’s bottom line while also helping the environment.” "For far too long, the federal government has incentivized practices that destroy our environment,” said Friends of the Earth climate and energy tax analyst Ben Schreiber. “This is particularly true with energy. In the fight to combat global warming, we cannot continue to subsidize the harmful practices that have forced us into this dire predicament." "Powerful corporations and other special interests have too much influence in Washington,” said Tyson Slocum, director of Public Citizen’s energy program. “We need to reform a system that allows corporations to charge their pollution to taxpayers’ credit cards,” Slocum added. "With record deficits, it is outrageous that both Congress and the administration continue to waste money on programs that poison our air, foul our water and destroy pristine public lands," said Environment America Washington office director, Anna Aurilio. "It’s time to save taxpayer dollars and the environment," she concluded. Friends of the Earth launched the Green Scissors Campaign fifteen years ago to identify and eliminate environmentally harmful, wasteful federal projects. Detailed sources for the 2010 report can be provided by the primary authors: Autumn Hanna of Taxpayers for Common Sense and Ben Schreiber of Friends of the Earth.

<!DOCTYPE html> <style> td { text-align: center; } .parent { box-sizing: border-box; width: 60px; height: 60px; border: solid; border-width: 1px 2px 3px 4px; padding: 0px 4px 8px 12px; position: relative; } .child { position: absolute; width: 10px; height: 10px; background: green; } .top-left { top: 0; left: 12px; } .top-right { top: 0; right: 4px; } .bottom-left { bottom: 8px; left: 12px; } .bottom-right { bottom: 8px; right: 4px; } </style> <table> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan=2>LTR</td> <td colspan=2>RTL</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Y</td> <td>X</td> <td>Y</td> <td>X</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HTB</td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; direction: ltr; overflow-y: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; direction: ltr; overflow-x: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; direction: rtl; overflow-y: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: horizontal-tb; direction: rtl; overflow-x: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>VRL</td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl; direction: ltr; overflow-y: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl; direction: ltr; overflow-x: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl; direction: rtl; overflow-y: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl; direction: rtl; overflow-x: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>VLR</td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; direction: ltr; overflow-y: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; direction: ltr; overflow-x: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; direction: rtl; overflow-y: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="parent" style="writing-mode: vertical-lr; direction: rtl; overflow-x: scroll;"> <div class="child top-left"></div> <div class="child top-right"></div> <div class="child bottom-left"></div> <div class="child bottom-right"></div> </div> </td> </tr> </table>

I LOVE the Around Town Tote. I took this on a trip to the Smokies with me earlier this week and it worked perfectly. This roomy tote stored my laptop, planner, extra pens, chargers and travel brochures. It easily held everything I needed to sneak out of my hotel room and into the hotel lobby to work at night and I love the Skies for You Pebbles color. It is available in four different colors and many personalization options for $78. Personalization is extra. https://i.pinimg.com/236x/0f/72/3d/0f723d2b7629703a0a8caf4519e7065d--paparazzi-accessories-direct-sales.jpg I purchased a now discontinued bag only to have the nylon lining pull away from the zipper after only a few months. I later purchased the cross body bag to have the lining rip out in the same place in even less time. I did get the bag replaced to have the nylon lining rip out once again after less than 2 months. Obviously, the nylon lining is extremely cheap and continuing to replace the bag is not going to solve the issue. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/d0/56/c6/d056c6a818dc3442c5e770e6ba29a058.jpg If you’ve ever looked at a disorganized linen closet or cluttered countertop with a sigh, Thirty One Gifts is the answer to your prayers. Toss the boring plastic tubs aside and upgrade with some seriously stylish underbed bins, fabric catch-alls and market bags that will have your checkout lane neighbors peeking over in envy. The company’s unique embroidery personalization option allows you to label your new bins with the contents - “Guest Bed Sheets,” for example - to quickly snag what you need from even the most packed closets. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/28/83/e7/2883e796b899cb32064194ada7c13021.jpg What sets the 31 Gifts product line apart from other brands in the market is the fact that they really have the consumer in mind during the design process of their bags. The company also provides some of the greatest looking customized handbags in the industry. Aside from stylish Thirty One Purses, Thirty One Gifts also offer a collection of personalized bags for kids and even for men. I actually use this tote as a diaper bag, I have two children in diapers and it really works great for that. Aside from the way I use it, I think it's an over all great bag. A few issues: the elastic pockets on the sides seem to have lost their tension already, I don't put anything large or heavy in them to cause this, also the pocket in the back.. Wish it was larger, I don't really see the point of the zipper in the bottom of the pocket. The only other issue I have is the straps, wish they had some sort of padding on them, they tend to be a little hard on your hands if you're carrying anything heavy. https://i.pinimg.com/236x/ec/f0/98/ecf098e31addf90c8b2e744b7ba0a13a--thirty-one-bags-baseball-stuff.jpg The basic tote or tote bag is a medium to large square-shaped bag with a large open compartment and double handles. Traditionally, totes have an open top, but more brands are offering styles with zip tops and magnetic closures. The greatest advantage of carrying a tote over another style of bag is in its versatility. The large interior allows you to carry a variety of items from books to beachwear and work essentials to everyday necessities. That's why you'll see these carry-alls everywhere from the boardroom to the boardwalk to the beach. https://i.pinimg.com/345x/0e/a6/ae/0ea6aeb05ab54e6c5d9bfc96c6e19b8a.jpg Have you ever received a Thirty One Gifts catalog party letter? If you have then you know how fun 31 Gifts parties can be. If you've ever attended a Thirty One Gifts catalog party or browsed the Thirty One Gifts catalog PDF, then you've certainly noticed how personalization makes the product special. Thirty One Gifts products are meant for the women they support and accessorize - they’re made to withstand the rigors of daily life and the demands of errand-filled afternoons. Popular models like crossbody totes and messenger bags securely stash your belongings while still keeping you looking fashionable. These are bags made for everyday, not gathering dust in a closet between special occasions. Fun, fresh and perfectly personalized, Thirty One Gifts makes products that women truly love to use, year after year. Contact a 31 Gifts representative to set up your own hosted party where you can earn free gifts. You can control and/or delete cookies as you wish – for details, see aboutcookies.org. You can delete all cookies that are already on your computer and you can set most browsers to prevent them from being placed. If you do this, however, you may have to manually adjust some preferences every time you visit a site and some services and functionalities may not work. I can't remember what this bag is called but it has 3 totes that fit into a larger carrying tote. The 3 totes have handles. The larger tote has a handle and a strap. I have used this for travel and for groceries. The black and white totes has a small stain as seen in picture. The small totes are 16 in across, 12 in tall, 8in wide. Other than that it is in great shape. Comes from a smoke free home. https://i.pinimg.com/236x/88/9e/df/889edff11cc64f2facb7b2c93fa6d991---gifts-thirty-one-gifts.jpg These 31 Purses features three internal pockets and two snap enclosures, which also feature several small pockets. 5th Avenue Thirty One Bags are the perfect bag for when you need to bring a lot of things with you but you still want to look stylish. Since it comes with many compartments, you won’t have to worry about having trouble keeping your things organized inside the bag, making everything easily accessible when you go out. https://i.pinimg.com/280x280_RS/78/66/2b/78662b5f6172cd0960e0d4e7f5e3ea0d.jpg I love the flexibility of the Large Utility Tote. I have several large and deluxe size totes and each one serves a different purpose. I use them to store camping gear on outdoor trips, contain my portable kitchen for road trips, and as my suitcase. I can easily pack all my clothes, including my fashion boots, and other necessary items for an entire week in this tote paired with the see-through lid so I can easily see what is stored inside. The Deluxe Utility Tote is larger and has outside pockets. The Large Utility Tote sells for $35 and the Deluxe sell for $50. Several pattern options are available. You can purchase Top-a-Tote see-through lid to complement your tote for $10. Monogrammed personalization of the tote is extra. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/58/06/02/5806022f1f7cad668b1918e992d26618.jpg Thirty One Bundle. Grey polka dot crossbody. This one does not have a zipper. 2 uptown mini pouches. One is missing a zipper pull. The large bag (don't know the name) has a pocket outside and zipper on top. 1 new perfect bottle thermal. I have several listings and will combine shipping if you contact me before paying. Shipped with USPS Priority Mail. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/12/31/f4/1231f443a92816e47ed767e63ad9feed.jpg If you’ve ever looked at a disorganized linen closet or cluttered countertop with a sigh, Thirty One Gifts is the answer to your prayers. Toss the boring plastic tubs aside and upgrade with some seriously stylish underbed bins, fabric catch-alls and market bags that will have your checkout lane neighbors peeking over in envy. The company’s unique embroidery personalization option allows you to label your new bins with the contents - “Guest Bed Sheets,” for example - to quickly snag what you need from even the most packed closets. https://i.pinimg.com/236x/64/7e/c3/647ec358c322390c330cd08e2c26cb15--d-fiber-lashes-d-fiber-lash-mascara.jpg You are eligible for a full refund if no ShippingPass-eligible orders have been placed. You cannot receive a refund if you have placed a ShippingPass-eligible order. In this case, the Customer Care team will remove your account from auto-renewal to ensure you are not charged for an additional year and you can continue to use the subscription until the end of your subscription term. https://i.pinimg.com/236x/38/9a/56/389a562bd754e114b5836de366440320--military-spouse-military-families.jpg These 31 Purses features three internal pockets and two snap enclosures, which also feature several small pockets. 5th Avenue Thirty One Bags are the perfect bag for when you need to bring a lot of things with you but you still want to look stylish. Since it comes with many compartments, you won’t have to worry about having trouble keeping your things organized inside the bag, making everything easily accessible when you go out. Thirty-One’s new Catalog is full of collections, products and prints perfect for fall! Flip through the pages for gift ideas, fall fashion must-haves and new collections like the Get Creative line of crafting bags and accessories. Get excited for all-new photo personalization in Photo by Thirty-One and fresh prints in Global Inspired. What will you be loving this fall? Shop the new Catalog starting August 1! https://i.pinimg.com/236x/8b/25/93/8b259310b73bb580c3843ea9a3e968c1--my-thirty-one-thirty-one-gifts.jpg Classic, spacious, and sophisticated, Cindy Thirty One totes are the company’s own version of the “Never Full” bag. The Cindy tote features two exterior pockets on each side of the bag, three interior flat pockets, and one interior zippered pocket. Have your Cindy Tote personalized by having your name printed on one side or just choose a printed design for a more fun and stylish look. You are eligible for a full refund if no ShippingPass-eligible orders have been placed. You cannot receive a refund if you have placed a ShippingPass-eligible order. In this case, the Customer Care team will remove your account from auto-renewal to ensure you are not charged for an additional year and you can continue to use the subscription until the end of your subscription term. https://i.pinimg.com/236x/5d/8e/73/5d8e73adcfd0af4e3fcfb526a0afad71.jpg?b I purchased a lunch thermal tote (playful parade pattern) and a zip-top organzing utility tote. I use the utility tote for carrying files and my laptop when I work in schools, but I use my lunch bag all the time! I get lots of compliments on it - instead of having my initials which is trendy right now, I got my name embroidered on it in Hot Pink. It's perfect for me... professional but fun. At first I thought it was too big, but now I love the size. I can carry lunch, dinner, and snacks in it and everything stays pretty cold because it's thermal. Just Awesome! https://i.pinimg.com/236x/c4/9d/63/c49d63c6db17aaa924387880dbb336cf.jpg I don't think I could live without all my thirty-one bags! I have a big weekender bag that works perfectly for a carry-on bag or quick weekend away with my hubs. I have a duffel bag that holds a change of clothes if I have somewhere to go right after work. The gym bag is amazing because it has a compartment in the bottom for my sneakers! I swear by the tons of funds wallet because if you put on the purse strap, it's the absolute most perfect small crossbody. I'm waiting on the new lakeside tote to arrive. Our vacation to Isle of Palms, SC is in a month and a half, and I can't wait to use it as my beach bag. If you don't own a thirty-one bag yet, get one! They're a bit on the expensive side, but absolutely worth every penny. So many options for so many different uses! https://i.pinimg.com/236x/22/5f/31/225f318e63b96ac327ac25ca1584eed5.jpg Finding the perfect 31 Gifts product in a color or pattern that clashes with your style is a big letdown - but it’s a problem that never needs to happen when you view the 31 Gifts catalog. With several different prints available for each item, even your base selection will reflect your style preferences! From there, embroidered personalization adds initials, names or phrases, allowing you to pick even more options - thread color, font, symbols and more - to truly personalize your product. Thirty One Gifts’ collegiate line makes a wonderful gift or special self-indulgence for college sports fans, and even Fido can get in on the fun with beautiful leashes that match popular Thirty One Gifts patterns. https://i.pinimg.com/236x/6f/97/7b/6f977b9bf874e8450beb86ce576dc975--thirty-one-spring-summer.jpg I love the flexibility of the Large Utility Tote. I have several large and deluxe size totes and each one serves a different purpose. I use them to store camping gear on outdoor trips, contain my portable kitchen for road trips, and as my suitcase. I can easily pack all my clothes, including my fashion boots, and other necessary items for an entire week in this tote paired with the see-through lid so I can easily see what is stored inside. The Deluxe Utility Tote is larger and has outside pockets. The Large Utility Tote sells for $35 and the Deluxe sell for $50. Several pattern options are available. You can purchase Top-a-Tote see-through lid to complement your tote for $10. Monogrammed personalization of the tote is extra. https://i.pinimg.com/280x280_RS/22/bc/2e/22bc2ecead13a46f8d06a58ab45ae267.jpg I purchased 6 of the around town totes because I adored this particular bag. I used each one gently and when not I use I stored them in my closet I noticed the other day that every single strap piping has literally disintegrated! I cannot use these bags and because it has been some time since I've purchased them I am literally out $100's of dollars. bikinis high waisted swimwear balconette bikini two piece swimsuits white bikini red bikini swimsuit high cut bikinis yellow bikini tankini swimsuits plus size bikini blue bikini high cut swimsuit red bikini high cut bikini crochet bikinis trim bikini green bikini padded bikini orange bikini pink bikini cute bikini american flag bikini wrap bikini sexy bikini polka dot bikini beach bikini floral bikini velvet bikini pineapple swimsuit yellow swimsuit leopard bikini high waisted bikni brazilian bikini thong swimsuit purple bikini off the shoulder swimsuits tube bikini tie dye bikini babes bikini halter bikinis coffee bikini https://i.pinimg.com/280x280_RS/44/90/c5/4490c5e419aeba5799b4b24feb13bdc5.jpg A 2014 study of U.S. consumers found that the 28% of respondents who own of reusable bags forgot them on approximately 40% of their grocery trips and used them only about 15 times each before being discarded. About half of this group typically chose to use plastic bags over reusable ones, despite owning reusable bags and recognizing their benefits.[2] An increasing number of jurisdictions have mandated the phase-out of lightweight plastic bags to reduce land and ocean pollution. In order to provide an incentive for consumers to remember reusable bags more often these laws establish a minimum price for bags at checkout and require either paper, reusable fabric tote bags, or thick reusable plastic bags. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6d/90/75/6d90751afabe190421a9ba53830fa2f2.jpg Thirty-One’s new Catalog is full of collections, products and prints perfect for fall! Flip through the pages for gift ideas, fall fashion must-haves and new collections like the Get Creative line of crafting bags and accessories. Get excited for all-new photo personalization in Photo by Thirty-One and fresh prints in Global Inspired. What will you be loving this fall? Shop the new Catalog starting August 1! https://i.pinimg.com/236x/8b/25/93/8b259310b73bb580c3843ea9a3e968c1--my-thirty-one-thirty-one-gifts.jpg About Town Blanket All-In-One Organizer busy mom chattanooga Christmas Cinch It Up Thermal expand-a-tote day extender Fold-and-Go Organizer Gifts gift wrap guatemala Hang Up Home Organizer holidays jenny hillenburg Large Utility Tote Leadership Littles Carry All Caddy lunch tote Mini On-The-Go Organizer Mini Utility Bin mission trip news feature New Years New Years Eve organization organizing Utility tote party ideas photos press release sisters Square Utility Tote Storage Tote story summer Tall Utility Bin Thermal Tote Thirty-One Thirty One Gifts thirty one party times free press waiting list website wrapping Wristlet Strap Zip-up Pencil Pouch https://i.pinimg.com/236x/f3/76/42/f37642aaacb8bc5a3200c6a57317a528.jpg If you’ve ever looked at a disorganized linen closet or cluttered countertop with a sigh, Thirty One Gifts is the answer to your prayers. Toss the boring plastic tubs aside and upgrade with some seriously stylish underbed bins, fabric catch-alls and market bags that will have your checkout lane neighbors peeking over in envy. The company’s unique embroidery personalization option allows you to label your new bins with the contents - “Guest Bed Sheets,” for example - to quickly snag what you need from even the most packed closets. https://i.pinimg.com/236x/36/55/31/36553114cad103bc07452d9617003412.jpg I actually use this tote as a diaper bag, I have two children in diapers and it really works great for that. Aside from the way I use it, I think it's an over all great bag. A few issues: the elastic pockets on the sides seem to have lost their tension already, I don't put anything large or heavy in them to cause this, also the pocket in the back.. Wish it was larger, I don't really see the point of the zipper in the bottom of the pocket. The only other issue I have is the straps, wish they had some sort of padding on them, they tend to be a little hard on your hands if you're carrying anything heavy. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/85/aa/27/85aa2743e0c0affe9236be288ae32914.jpg "We’ve found [Girl Talk's] peer-to-peer mentorship model to be unique among nonprofit organizations serving girls, and a proven model to build confidence, develop leadership skills and learn the value of service to others. Beyond an annual monetary contribution, our corporate leadership team is committed to advancing the Girl Talk mission, through collaboration, resource sharing and professional expertise. We are most proud of our independent sales consultants who have driven unprecedented Chapter growth in their local communities across the U.S. and Canada." Classic, spacious, and sophisticated, Cindy Thirty One totes are the company’s own version of the “Never Full” bag. The Cindy tote features two exterior pockets on each side of the bag, three interior flat pockets, and one interior zippered pocket. Have your Cindy Tote personalized by having your name printed on one side or just choose a printed design for a more fun and stylish look. One of the best things about Thirty One Purses is that you don’t have to go to a crowded mall or retail store to buy them. Just attend a Thirty One Gifts home party, contact a consultant, or shop for them online and they will be delivered straight to your doorstep. If you want to avail of large discounts on favorite Thirty One purses, you can book a party with a Thirty One Gifts consultant. By hosting a party, you can have lots of fun while being given the rare opportunity of purchasing Thirty One purses for much less their retail prices. https://i.pinimg.com/345x/81/b5/fc/81b5fc229d5a781f5a4878d0ef2889ab.jpg I actually use this tote as a diaper bag, I have two children in diapers and it really works great for that. Aside from the way I use it, I think it's an over all great bag. A few issues: the elastic pockets on the sides seem to have lost their tension already, I don't put anything large or heavy in them to cause this, also the pocket in the back.. Wish it was larger, I don't really see the point of the zipper in the bottom of the pocket. The only other issue I have is the straps, wish they had some sort of padding on them, they tend to be a little hard on your hands if you're carrying anything heavy. Thirty One Organizing Pack, Hostess Exclusive, Retired, white & gray & trimmed in plum color 15” long 12” width 5” depth With padded shoulder strap removable insert with dividers that Velcro‘s into place clip for keys very versatile, many zippered pockets opens from the top and from the front separate pocket for a laptop Comes with insulated thermos cup or bottle holder with a cinch top https://i.pinimg.com/345x/5e/7d/02/5e7d027d30f361ee0a705897b529946e.jpg bikinis high waisted swimwear balconette bikini two piece swimsuits white bikini red bikini swimsuit high cut bikinis yellow bikini tankini swimsuits plus size bikini blue bikini high cut swimsuit red bikini high cut bikini crochet bikinis trim bikini green bikini padded bikini orange bikini pink bikini cute bikini american flag bikini wrap bikini sexy bikini polka dot bikini beach bikini floral bikini velvet bikini pineapple swimsuit yellow swimsuit leopard bikini high waisted bikni brazilian bikini thong swimsuit purple bikini off the shoulder swimsuits tube bikini tie dye bikini babes bikini halter bikinis coffee bikini https://i.pinimg.com/236x/86/cf/a0/86cfa099e216ecca1b5f84b1244d4d11.jpg

The functional and imperative programming paradigms we use today were first explored mathematically in the 1930s with lambda calculus and the Turing machine, which are alternative formulations of universal computation (formalized systems which can perform general computation). The Church Turing Thesis showed that lambda calculus and Turing machines are functionally equivalent — that anything that can be computed using a Turing machine can be computed using lambda calculus, and vice versa. Note: There is a common misconception that Turing machines can compute anything computable. There are classes of problems (e.g., the halting problem) that can be computable for some cases, but are not generally computable for all cases using Turing machines. When I use the word “computable” in this text, I mean “computable by a Turing machine”. Lambda calculus represents a top-down, function application approach to computation, while the ticker tape/register machine formulation of the Turing machine represents a bottom-up, imperative (step-by-step) approach to computation. Low level languages like machine code and assembly appeared in the 1940s, and by the end of the 1950s, the first popular high-level languages appeared. Lisp dialects are still in common use today, including Clojure, Scheme, AutoLISP, etc. FORTRAN and COBOL both appeared in the 1950s and are examples of imperative high-level languages still in use today, though C-family languages have replaced both COBOL and FORTRAN for most applications. Both imperative programming and functional programming have their roots in the mathematics of computation theory, predating digital computers. “Object-Oriented Programming” (OOP) was coined by Alan Kay circa 1966 or 1967 while he was at grad school. Ivan Sutherland’s seminal Sketchpad application was an early inspiration for OOP. It was created between 1961 and 1962 and published in his Sketchpad Thesis in 1963. The objects were data structures representing graphical images displayed on an oscilloscope screen, and featured inheritance via dynamic delegates, which Ivan Sutherland called “masters” in his thesis. Any object could become a “master”, and additional instances of the objects were called “occurrences”. Sketchpad’s masters share a lot in common with JavaScript’s prototypal inheritance. Note: The TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Laboratory was one of the early uses of a graphical computer monitor employing direct screen interaction using a light pen. The EDSAC, which was operational between 1948–1958 could display graphics on a screen. The Whirlwind at MIT had a working oscilloscope display in 1949. The project’s motivation was to create a general flight simulator capable of simulating instrument feedback for multiple aircraft. That led to the development of the SAGE computing system. The TX-2 was a test computer for SAGE. The first programming language widely recognized as “object oriented” was Simula, specified in 1965. Like Sketchpad, Simula featured objects, and eventually introduced classes, class inheritance, subclasses, and virtual methods. Note: A virtual method is a method defined on a class which is designed to be overridden by subclasses. Virtual methods allow a program to call methods that may not exist at the moment the code is compiled by employing dynamic dispatch to determine what concrete method to invoke at runtime. JavaScript features dynamic types and uses the delegation chain to determine which methods to invoke, so does not need to expose the concept of virtual methods to programmers. Put another way, all methods in JavaScript use runtime method dispatch, so methods in JavaScript don’t need to be declared “virtual” to support the feature. The Big Idea “I made up the term ‘object-oriented’, and I can tell you I didn’t have C++ in mind.” ~ Alan Kay, OOPSLA ‘97 Alan Kay coined the term “object oriented programming” at grad school in 1966 or 1967. The big idea was to use encapsulated mini-computers in software which communicated via message passing rather than direct data sharing — to stop breaking down programs into separate “data structures” and “procedures”. “The basic principal of recursive design is to make the parts have the same power as the whole.” ~ Bob Barton, the main designer of the B5000, a mainframe optimized to run Algol-60. Smalltalk was developed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, and others at Xerox PARC. Smalltalk was more object-oriented than Simula — everything in Smalltalk is an object, including classes, integers, and blocks (closures). The original Smalltalk-72 did not feature subclassing. That was introduced in Smalltalk-76 by Dan Ingalls. While Smalltalk supported classes and eventually subclassing, Smalltalk was not about classes or subclassing things. It was a functional language inspired by Lisp as well as Simula. Alan Kay considers the industry’s focus on subclassing to be a distraction from the true benefits of object oriented programming. “I’m sorry that I long ago coined the term “objects” for this topic because it gets many people to focus on the lesser idea. The big idea is messaging.” ~ Alan Kay In a 2003 email exchange, Alan Kay clarified what he meant when he called Smalltalk “object-oriented”: “OOP to me means only messaging, local retention and protection and hiding of state-process, and extreme late-binding of all things.” ~ Alan Kay In other words, according to Alan Kay, the essential ingredients of OOP are: Message passing Encapsulation Dynamic binding Notably, inheritance and subclass polymorphism were NOT considered essential ingredients of OOP by Alan Kay, the man who coined the term and brought OOP to the masses. The Essence of OOP The combination of message passing and encapsulation serve some important purposes: Avoiding shared mutable state by encapsulating state and isolating other objects from local state changes. The only way to affect another object’s state is to ask (not command) that object to change it by sending a message. State changes are controlled at a local, cellular level rather than exposed to shared access. by encapsulating state and isolating other objects from local state changes. The only way to affect another object’s state is to ask (not command) that object to change it by sending a message. State changes are controlled at a local, cellular level rather than exposed to shared access. Decoupling objects from each other — the message sender is only loosely coupled to the message receiver, through the messaging API. objects from each other — the message sender is only loosely coupled to the message receiver, through the messaging API. Adaptability and resilience to changes at runtime via late binding. Runtime adaptability provides many great benefits that Alan Kay considered essential to OOP. These ideas were inspired by biological cells and/or individual computers on a network via Alan Kay’s background in biology and influence from the design of Arpanet (an early version of the internet). Even that early on, Alan Kay imagined software running on a giant, distributed computer (the internet), where individual computers acted like biological cells, operating independently on their own isolated state, and communicating via message passing. “I realized that the cell/whole-computer metaphor would get rid of data[…]” ~ Alan Kay By “get rid of data”, Alan Kay was surely aware of shared mutable state problems and tight coupling caused by shared data — common themes today. But in the late 1960s, ARPA programmers were frustrated by the need to choose a data model representation for their programs in advance of building software. Procedures that were too tightly coupled to particular data structures were not resilient to change. They wanted a more homogenous treatment of data. “[…] the whole point of OOP is not to have to worry about what is inside an object. Objects made on different machines and with different languages should be able to talk to each other […]” ~ Alan Kay Objects can abstract away and hide data structure implementations. The internal implementation of an object could change without breaking other parts of the software system. In fact, with extreme late binding, an entirely different computer system could take over the responsibilities of an object, and the software could keep working. Objects, meanwhile, could expose a standard interface that works with whatever data structure the object happened to use internally. The same interface could work with a linked list, a tree, a stream, and so on. Alan Kay also saw objects as algebraic structures, which make certain mathematically provable guarantees about their behaviors: “My math background made me realize that each object could have several algebras associated with it, and there could be families of these, and that these would be very very useful.” ~ Alan Kay This has proven to be true, and forms the basis for objects such as promises and lenses, both inspired by category theory. The algebraic nature of Alan Kay’s vision for objects would allow objects to afford formal verifications, deterministic behavior, and improved testability, because algebras are essentially operations which obey a few rules in the form of equations. In programmer lingo, algebras are like abstractions made up of functions (operations) accompanied by specific laws enforced by unit tests those functions must pass (axioms/equations). Those ideas were forgotten for decades in most C-family OO languages, including C++, Java, C#, etc., but they’re beginning to find their way back into recent versions of most widely used OO languages. You might say the programming world is rediscovering the benefits of functional programming and reasoned thought in the context of OO languages. Like JavaScript and Smalltalk before it, most modern OO languages are becoming more and more “multi-paradigm languages”. There is no reason to choose between functional programming and OOP. When we look at the historical essence of each, they are not only compatible, but complementary ideas. Because they share so many features in common, I like to say that JavaScript is Smalltalk’s revenge on the world’s misunderstanding of OOP. Both Smalltalk and JavaScript support: Objects First-class functions and closures Dynamic types Late binding (functions/methods changeable at runtime) OOP without class inheritance What is essential to OOP (according to Alan Kay)? Encapsulation Message passing Dynamic binding (the ability for the program to evolve/adapt at runtime) What is non-essential? Classes Class inheritance Special treatment for objects/functions/data The new keyword keyword Polymorphism Static types Recognizing a class as a “type” If your background is Java or C#, you may be thinking static types and Polymorphism are essential ingredients, but Alan Kay preferred dealing with generic behaviors in algebraic form. For example, from Haskell: fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b This is the functor map signature, which acts generically over unspecified types a and b , applying a function from a to b in the context of a functor of a to produce a functor of b . Functor is math jargon that essentially means “supporting the map operation”. If you're familiar with [].map() in JavaScript, you already know what that means. Here are two examples in JavaScript: // isEven = Number => Boolean const isEven = n => n % 2 === 0; const nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]; // map takes a function `a => b` and an array of `a`s (via `this`) // and returns an array of `b`s. // in this case, `a` is `Number` and `b` is `Boolean` const results = nums.map(isEven); console.log(results); // [false, true, false, true, false, true] The .map() method is generic in the sense that a and b can be any type, and .map() handles it just fine because arrays are data structures that implement the algebraic functor laws. The types don't matter to .map() because it doesn't try to manipulate them directly, instead applying a function that expects and returns the correct types for the application. // matches = a => Boolean // here, `a` can be any comparable type const matches = control => input => input === control; const strings = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']; const results = strings.map(matches('bar')); console.log(results); // [false, true, false] This generic type relationship is difficult to express correctly and thoroughly in a language like TypeScript, but was pretty easy to express in Haskell’s Hindley Milner types with support for higher kinded types (types of types). Most type systems have been too restrictive to allow for free expression of dynamic and functional ideas, such as function composition, free object composition, runtime object extension, combinators, lenses, etc. In other words, static types frequently make it harder to write composable software. If your type system is too restrictive (e.g., TypeScript, Java), you’re forced to write more convoluted code to accomplish the same goals. That doesn’t mean static types are a bad idea, or that all static type implementations are equally restrictive. I have encountered far fewer problems with Haskell’s type system. If you’re a fan of static types and you don’t mind the restrictions, more power to you, but if you find some of the advice in this text difficult because it’s hard to type composed functions and composite algebraic structures, blame the type system, not the ideas. People love the comfort of their SUVs, but nobody complains that they don’t let you fly. For that, you need a vehicle with more degrees of freedom. If restrictions make your code simpler, great! But if restrictions force you to write more complicated code, perhaps the restrictions are wrong. What is an Object? Objects have clearly taken on a lot of connotations over the years. What we call “objects” in JavaScript are simply composite data types, with none of the implications from either class-based programming or Alan Kay’s message-passing. In JavaScript, those objects can and frequently do support encapsulation, message passing, behavior sharing via methods, even subclass polymorphism (albeit using a delegation chain rather than type-based dispatch). You can assign any function to any property. You can build object behaviors dynamically, and change the meaning of an object at runtime. JavaScript also supports encapsulation using closures for implementation privacy. But all of that is opt-in behavior. Our current idea of an object is simply a composite data structure, and does not require anything more to be considered an object. But programming using these kinds of objects does not make your code “object-oriented” any more than programming with functions makes your code “functional”. OOP is not Real OOP Anymore Because “object” in modern programming languages means much less than it did to Alan Kay, I’m using “component” instead of “object” to describe the rules of real OOP. Many objects are owned and manipulated directly by other code in JavaScript, but components should encapsulate and control their own state. Real OOP means: Programming with components (Alan Kay’s “object”) (Alan Kay’s “object”) Component state must be encapsulated Using message passing for inter-object communication Components can be added/changed/replaced at runtime Most component behaviors can be specified generically using algebraic data structures. Inheritance is not needed here. Components can reuse behaviors from shared functions and modular imports without sharing their data. Manipulating objects or using class inheritance in JavaScript does not mean that you’re “doing OOP”. Using components in this way does. But popular usage is how words get defined, so perhaps we should abandon OOP and call this “Message Oriented Programming (MOP)” instead of “Object Oriented Programming (OOP)”? Is it coincidence that mops are used to clean up messes? What Good MOP Looks Like In most modern software, there is some UI responsible for managing user interactions, some code managing application state (user data), and code managing system or network I/O. Each of those systems may require long-lived processes, such as event listeners, state to keep track of things like the network connection, ui element status, and the application state itself. Good MOP means that instead of all of these systems reaching out and directly manipulating each other’s state, the system communicates with other components via message dispatch. When the user clicks on a save button, a "SAVE" message might get dispatched, which an application state component might interpret and relay to a state update handler (such as a pure reducer function). Perhaps after the state has been updated, the state component might dispatch a "STATE_UPDATED" message to a UI component, which in turn will interpret the state, reconcile what parts of the UI need to be updated, and relay the updated state to the subcomponents that handle those parts of the UI. Meanwhile, the network connection component might be monitoring the user’s connection to another machine on the network, listening for messages, and dispatching updated state representations to save data on a remote machine. It’s internally keeping track of a network heartbeat timer, whether the connection is currently online or offline, and so on. These systems don’t need to know about the details of the other parts of the system. Only about their individual, modular concerns. The system components are decomposable and recomposable. They implement standardized interfaces so that they are able to interoperate. As long as the interface is satisfied, you could substitute replacements which may do the same thing in different ways, or completely different things with the same messages. You may even do so at runtime, and everything would keep working properly. Components of the same software system may not even need to be located on the same machine. The system could be decentralized. The network storage might shard the data across a decentralized storage system like IPFS, so that the user is not reliant on the health of any particular machine to ensure their data is safely backed up, and safe from hackers who might want to steal it. OOP was partially inspired by Arpanet, and one of the goals of Arpanet was to build a decentralized network that could be resilient to attacks like atomic bombs. According to director of DARPA during Arpanet development, Stephen J. Lukasik (“Why the Arpanet Was Built”): “The goal was to exploit new computer technologies to meet the needs of military command and control against nuclear threats, achieve survivable control of US nuclear forces, and improve military tactical and management decision making.” Note: The primary impetus of Arpanet was convenience rather than nuclear threat, and its obvious defense advantages emerged later. ARPA was using three separate computer terminals to communicate with three separate computer research projects. Bob Taylor wanted a single computer network to connect each project with the others. A good MOP system might share the internet’s robustness using components that are hot-swappable while the application is running. It could continue to work if the user is on a cell phone and they go offline because they entered a tunnel. It could continue to function if a hurricane knocks out the power to one of the data centers where servers are located. It’s time for the software world to let go of the failed class inheritance experiment, and embrace the math and science principles that originally defined the spirit of OOP. It’s time for us to start building more flexible, more resilient, better-composed software, with MOP and functional programming working in harmony. Note: The MOP acronym is already used to describe “monitoring-oriented programming” and its unlikely OOP is going to go away quietly. Don’t be upset if MOP doesn’t catch on as programming lingo. Do MOP up your OOPs. Learn More at EricElliottJS.com Video lessons on functional programming are available for members of EricElliottJS.com. If you’re not a member, sign up today.

Caroline Finkel Caroline Finkel is a British historian and writer based in Turkey; she has a doctorate in Ottoman history from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Publications Her book Osman's Dream, History of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923 was published by John Murray in England in 2005, and by Basic Books in the United States (). A Greek translation appeared in 2007, Dutch in 2008, and Russian in 2010. The Turkish edition, Rüyadan İmparatorluğa: Osmanlı (2007) is in its fourth printing. She has recently co-authored a guide book of Turkey's first long-distance equestrian, hiking and biking route, the Evliya Çelebi Way, one of Turkey's new culture routes. It is available in English and Turkish. Other works include The administration of warfare: the Ottoman military campaigns in Hungary, 1593-1606 (1988), and The seismicity of Turkey and adjacent areas : a historical review, 1500-1800 (1995, also in Turkish), written with N. N. Ambraseys. She holds honorary fellowships at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland and the University of Exeter in England. Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:British writers Category:British historians Category:Historians of Turkey Category:Historians of the Ottoman Empire Category:Historians of Europe Category:Living people Category:British military historians Category:British women historians

<Type Name="UnixTransport" FullName="Beagrep.UnixTransport"> <TypeSignature Language="C#" Value="public class UnixTransport : Beagrep.Transport" /> <AssemblyInfo> <AssemblyName>Beagrep</AssemblyName> <AssemblyVersion>0.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion> </AssemblyInfo> <Base> <BaseTypeName>Beagrep.Transport</BaseTypeName> </Base> <Interfaces /> <Members> <Member MemberName=".ctor"> <MemberSignature Language="C#" Value="public UnixTransport ();" /> <MemberType>Constructor</MemberType> <Parameters /> <Docs> <summary>To be added.</summary> <remarks>To be added.</remarks> </Docs> </Member> <Member MemberName=".ctor"> <MemberSignature Language="C#" Value="public UnixTransport (string client_name);" /> <MemberType>Constructor</MemberType> <Parameters> <Parameter Name="client_name" Type="System.String" /> </Parameters> <Docs> <param name="client_name">To be added.</param> <summary>To be added.</summary> <remarks>To be added.</remarks> </Docs> </Member> </Members> <Docs> <summary>To be added.</summary> <remarks>To be added.</remarks> </Docs> </Type>

fileFormatVersion: 2 guid: bddcbefb926634718829a8fc1ec5df6e timeCreated: 1438145546 licenseType: Free ShaderImporter: defaultTextures: [] userData: assetBundleName: assetBundleVariant:

XDVDMulleter Im in the process of studying up on how to make "Optimal" XBOX 1 backups with the assistance of XDVDMulleter. My question is, Is this program strictly for XBOX 1 games? And also, I noticed in XBC, It does have the XDVDFS dump option and the ability to save that layout, So can XBC act as the "XDVDMULLETER" For the 360 backups? Im quite certain I'll stumble upon some tutorials that'll be sure to inform the noobie as i am, However some simple "Yes" Or "No" replys would surely be a start. I LOVE THEM TUTORIALS! (Im using XDVDMulleter Beta 9, And XBC v2.5.) Happy Holidays. I forgot to mention that MOOGUI in conjunction with xdvdfs is obviously the only way to go when it comes to XBOX 1 backups. And moogui is an absaolout blessing, I have great love for the hardworking people who were involved in its creation. THANKS MOOGUI!

History of online games Online games are video games played over a computer network. The evolution of these games parallels the evolution of computers and computer networking, with new technologies improving the essential functionality needed for playing video games on a remote server. Many video games have an online component, allowing players to play against or cooperatively with players across a network around the world. Background of technologies The first video and computer games, such as NIMROD (1951), OXO (1952), and Spacewar! (1962), were for one or two players sitting at a single computer which was being used only to play the game. Later in the 1960s, computers began to support time-sharing, which allowed multiple users to share the use of a computer simultaneously. Systems of computer terminals were created allowing users to operate the computer from a different room than where the computer was housed. Soon after, Modem links further expanded this range so that users did not have to be in the same building as the computer; terminals could connect to their host computers via dial-up or leased telephone lines. With the increased remote access, "host-based" games were created, in which users on remote systems connected to a central computer to play single-player, and soon after, multiplayer games. Later, in the 1970s, packet-based computer networking technology began to mature. Between 1973 and 1975, Xerox PARC developed Local Area Networks based on Ethernet. Additionally, the Wide Area Network ARPANET further developed from its 1969 roots, lead to the creation of the Internet on January 1, 1983. These LANs and WANS allowed for network games, where the game created and received network packets; Systems located across LANs or the Internet could run games with each other in peer-to-peer or client–server models. PLATO In the early 1970s, the PLATO time-sharing system, created by the University of Illinois and Control Data Corporation allowed students at several locations to use online lessons in one of the earliest systems for computer aided instruction. In 1972, PLATO IV terminals with new graphics capabilities were introduced, and students started using this system to create multiplayer games. By 1978, PLATO had multiplayer interactive graphical dungeon crawls, air combat (Airfight), tank combat, space battles (Empire and Spasim), with features such as inter-player messaging, persistent game characters, and team play for at least 32 simultaneous players. Networked host-based systems A key goal of early network systems such as ARPANET and JANET was to allow users of "dumb" text-based terminals attached to one host computer (or, later, to terminal servers) to interactively use programs on other host computers. This meant that games on those systems were accessible to users in many different locations by the use of programs such as telnet. Most of the early host-based games were single-player, and frequently originated and were primarily played at universities. A sizable proportion was written on DEC-20 mainframes, as those had a strong presence in the university market. Games such as The Oregon Trail (1971), Colossal Cave Adventure (1976), and Star Trek (1972) were very popular, with several or many students each playing their own copy of the game at once, time-sharing the system with each other and users running other programs. Eventually, though, multiplayer host-based games on networked computers began to be developed. One of the most important of these was MUD (1978), a program that spawned a genre and had significant input into the development of concepts of shared world design, having a formative impact on the evolution of MMORPG's. In 1984, MAD debuted on BITNET; this was the first MUD fully accessible from a worldwide computer network. During its two-year existence, 10% of the sites on BITNET connected to it. In 1988, another BITNET MUD named MUDA appeared. It lasted for five years, before going offline due to the retirement of the computers it ran on. In the summer of 1973, Maze War was first written at NASA's Ames Research Center in California by high school summer interns using Imlac PDS-1 computers. The authors added two-player capability by connecting two IMLAC computers with serial cables. Since two computers were involved, as opposed to "dumb terminals", they could use formatted protocol packets to send information to each other, so this could be considered the first peer-to-peer computer video game. It could also be called the first First person shooter. In 1983, Gary Tarolli wrote a flight simulator demonstration program for Silicon Graphics workstation computers. In 1984, networking capabilities were added by connecting two machines using serial cables just as had been done with the IMLACs for Mazewar at NASA eleven years earlier. Next, XNS support was added, allowing multiple stations to play over an Ethernet, just as with the Xerox version of Mazewar. In 1986, UDP support was added (port 5130), making SGI Dogfight the first game to ever use the Internet protocol suite. The packets used, though, were broadcast packets, which meant that the game was limited to a single network segment; it could not cross a router, and thus could not be played across the Internet. Around 1989, IP Multicast capability was added, and the game became playable between any compatible hosts on the Internet, assuming that they had multicast access (which was quite uncommon). The multicast address is 224.0.1.2, making this only the third multicast application (and the first game) to receive an address assignment, with only the VMTP protocol (224.0.1.0) and the Network Time Protocol (224.0.1.1) having arrived earlier. X Window System games In 1986, MIT and DEC released the X Window System, which provided two important capabilities in terms of game development. Firstly, it provided a widely deployed graphics system for workstation computers on the Internet. A number of workstation graphics systems existed, including Bell Labs' BLIT, SGI's IRIS GL, Carnegie Mellon's Andrew Project, DEC's UWS (Ultrix Workstation Software), VWS (Vax Workstation Software), and Sun's NeWS, but X managed over time to secure cross-platform dominance, becoming available for systems from nearly all workstation manufacturers, and coming from MIT, had particular strength in the academic arena. Since Internet games were being written mostly by college students, this was critical. Secondly, X had the capability of using computers as thin clients, allowing a personal workstation to use a program that was actually being run on a much more powerful server computer exactly as if the user were sitting at the server computer. While remote control programs such as VNC allow similar capabilities, X incorporates it at the operating system level, allowing for much more tightly integrated functionality than these later solutions provide; multiple applications running on different servers can display individual windows. For example, a word processor running on one server could have two or three windows open while a mail reader running on the workstation itself, and a game running on yet another server could each display their own windows, and all applications would be using native graphics calls. This meant that starting in the summer of 1986, a class of games began to be developed which relied on a fast host computer running the game and "throwing" X display windows, using personal workstation computers to remotely display the game and receive user input. Since X can use multiple networking systems, games based on remote X displays are not Internet-only games; they can be played over DECnet and other non-TCP/IP network stacks. The first of these remote display games was Xtrek. Based on a PLATO system game, Empire, Xtrek is a 2D multiplayer space battle game loosely set in the Star Trek universe. This game could be played across the Internet, probably the first graphical game that could do so, a few months ahead of the X version of Maze War. Importantly, however, the game itself was not aware that it was using a network. In a sense, it was a host-based game, because the program only ran on a single computer, and knew about the X Window System, and the window system took care of the networking: essentially one computer displaying on several screens. The X version of Maze War, on the other hand, was peer-to-peer and used the network directly, with a copy of the program running on each computer in the game, instead of only a single copy running on a server. Netrek (originally called Xtrek II) was a fully network-aware client–server rewrite of Xtrek. Other remote X display-based games include xtank, xconq, xbattle and XPilot (1991). By 1989 Simson Garfinkel reported that on MIT's Project Athena, "Games like 'X-tank' and 'X-trek' let students at different workstations command tanks and starships, fire missiles at each other as fast as they can hit the buttons on their mice, and watch the results on their graphics displays". Observers estimated that up to one third of Athena usage was for games. Commercial timesharing services As time-sharing technology matured, it became practical for companies with excess capacity on their expensive computer systems to sell that capacity. Service bureaus such as Tymshare (founded 1966) dedicated to selling time on a single computer to multiple customers sprang up. The customers were typically businesses that did not have the need or money to purchase and manage their own computer systems. In 1979, two time-sharing companies, The Source and CompuServe, began selling access to their systems to individual consumers and small business; this was the beginning of the era of online service providers. While an initial focus of service offerings was the ability for users to run their own programs, over time applications including online chat, electronic mail and BBSs and games became the dominant uses of the systems. For many people, these, rather than the academic and commercial systems available only at universities and technical corporations, were their first exposure to online gaming. In 1984, CompuServe debuted Islands of Kesmai, the first commercial multiplayer online role playing game. Islands of Kesmai used scrolling text (ASCII graphics) on the screen to draw maps of player location, depict movement, and so on; the interface is considered Roguelike. At some point, graphical overlay interfaces could be downloaded, putting a slightly more glitzy face on the game. Playing cost was the standard CompuServe connection fee of the time, $6 per hour with a 300 baud modem, $12 for a 1200 baud modem; the game processed one command every 10 seconds, which equates to 1 cents per command. The LINKS was an online network launched for the MSX in Japan in 1986. It featured several graphical multiplayer online games, including T&E Soft's Daiva Dr. Amandora and Super Laydock, Telenet Japan's Girly Block, and Bothtec's Dires. It also featured several downloadable games, including Konami's A1 Grand Prix and Network Rally. Habitat was the first attempt at a large-scale commercial virtual community that was graphically based. Habitat was not a 3D environment and did not incorporate immersion techniques. It is considered a forerunner of the modern MMORPGs and was quite unlike other online communities (i.e. MUDs and MOOs with text-based interfaces) of the time. Habitat had a GUI and a large userbase of consumer-oriented users, and those elements in particular have made it a much-cited project. When Habitat was shut down in 1988, it was succeeded by a scaled-down but a more sophisticated game called Club Caribe. In 1987, Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi partnered with Nomura Securities on the development of the Family Computer Network System for the Famicom (NES) in Japan. Led by Masayuki Uemura, Nintendo Research & Development 2 developed the modem hardware, and Nomura Securities developed the client and server software and the information database. Five network-enabled games were developed for the system, including a graphical, competitive online multiplayer version of Yamauchi's favorite classic, Go. In 1987, Kesmai (the company which developed Islands of Kesmai) released Air Warrior on GEnie. It was a graphical flight simulator/air combat game, initially using wire frame graphics, and could run on Apple Macintosh, Atari ST, or Commodore Amiga computers. Over time, Air Warrior was added to other online services, including Delphi, CRIS, CompuServe, America Online, Earthlink, GameStorm and CompuLink. Over time, Kesmai produced many improved versions of the game. In 1997, a backport from Windows to the Macintosh was made available as an open beta on the Internet. In 1999, Kesmai was purchased by Electronic Arts, which started running the game servers itself. The last Air Warrior servers were shut down on December 7, 2001. In 1988, Federation debuted on Compunet. It was a text-based online game, focused around the interstellar economy of our galaxy in the distant future. Players work their way up a series of ranks, each of which has a slightly more rewarding and interesting but difficult job attached, which culminates in the ownership of one's own "duchy", a small solar system. After some time on GEnie, in 1995 Federation moved to AOL. AOL made online games free, dropping surcharges to play, in 1996, and the resulting load caused it to drop online game offerings entirely. IBGames, creators of Federation, started offering access to the game through its own website, making it perhaps the first game to transition off of an online service provider. IBGames kept the game operational until 2005 after most of the player base transitioned to the sequel, 2003's Federation II. In 1990, Sega launched the online multiplayer gaming service Sega Meganet for the Mega Drive (Genesis) video game console. Sega continued to provide online gaming services for its later consoles, including the Sega NetLink service for the Sega Saturn and the SegaNet service for the Dreamcast. In 1995, Nintendo released the Satellaview, a satellite modem for the Super Famicom in Japan only after partnering up with St.GIGA, that gave the console online multiplayer gaming. In 1999, Nintendo released an add-on for the Nintendo 64 called the 64DD in Japan only, which offered Internet through a now-defunct dedicated online service for e-commerce, online gaming, and media sharing. The late 1990s saw an explosion of MMORPGs, including Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds (1996), Ultima Online (1997), Lineage (1998), and EverQuest (1999). In 2000, Sony introduced online multiplayer to the PlayStation 2. It was the first time of Sony doing so, and like many major consoles to come, it will become a norm in the industry. In 2001, Nintendo introduced online multiplayer to the Nintendo GameCube using an add-on called a Broadband Adapter and Modem Adapter. It, however, came dead last in competing with the likes of the upcoming Xbox and the now icon of modern gaming, the PlayStation 2, both in sales and online impact. Later on, in 2002, Microsoft released the Xbox, which by using Xbox Live, offered online multiplayer and other Internet capabilities to the console and continued doing so for its later consoles, the Xbox 360 and the Xbox One. In 2006, Nintendo released the Wii, which offered online multiplayer gaming and other Internet capabilities over Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection and WiiConnect24, respectively. Both services were shut down on May 20, 2014, along with online capabilities of any games that utilize the feature, such as Mario Kart Wii (2008). The same year the Wii hit store shelves, rival Sony introduced its new console to add to its line of industry icons, the PlayStation 3 which used the brand new PlayStation Network (PSN) for online multiplayer gaming and other Internet capabilities to the system, and continued doing so for later consoles such as the PlayStation 4. In 2012, Nintendo made a successor to the dying Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection involving their next-gen console, the Wii U, and it's handheld counterpart, the Nintendo 3DS, by creating the Nintendo Network to continue on its online multiplayer and Internet capabilities, in order to compete against Microsoft's Xbox Live and Sony's PlayStation Network. Nintendo's latest console, the Nintendo Switch, does offer online play via Nintendo Network. See also History of massively multiplayer online games Online game Multiplayer video game References * Category:Mainframe games Category:History of video games Category:MUDs

Hubert Pearson Hubert Pryer Pearson (15 May 1886 – October 1955) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for West Bromwich Albion. Career Club career Pearson participated in the 1912 FA Cup Final. He spent his entire professional career, spanning 18 years, with West Bromwich Albion. International career Pearson was once selected for the English national squad at the age of 37, but didn't appear due to injury. Personal life Pearson was the father of Harold Pearson, and the uncle of Harry Hibbs. Honours West Bromwich Albion FA Cup finalists: 1912 References Category:1886 births Category:1955 deaths Category:Sportspeople from Tamworth, Staffordshire Category:English footballers Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:Tamworth F.C. players Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players Category:English Football League players Category:English Football League representative players

Calibration of piezoelectric positioning actuators using a reference voltage-to-displacement transducer based on quartz tuning forks. We use a piezoelectric quartz tuning fork to calibrate the displacement of ceramic piezoelectric scanners that are widely employed in scanning probe microscopy. We measure the static piezoelectric response of a quartz tuning fork and find it to be highly linear, nonhysteretic and with negligible creep. These performance characteristics, close to those of an ideal transducer, make quartz transducers superior to ceramic piezoelectric actuators. Furthermore, quartz actuators in the form of a tuning fork have the advantage of yielding static displacements comparable to those of local probe microscope scanners. We use the static displacement of a quartz tuning fork as a reference to calibrate the three axis displacement of a ceramic piezoelectric scanner. Although this calibration technique is a nontraceable method, it can be more versatile than using calibration grids because it enables characterization of the linear and nonlinear response of a piezoelectric scanner in a broad range of displacements, spanning from a fraction of a nanometer to hundreds of nanometers. In addition, the creep and the speed dependent piezoelectric response of ceramic scanners can be studied in detail.

Identification of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals using a Virus-Based Colorimetric Sensor. A simple and portable colorimetric sensor based on M13 bacteriophage (phage) was devised to identify a class of endocrine disrupting chemicals, including benzene, phthalate, and chlorobenzene derivatives. Arrays of structurally and genetically modified M13 bacteriophage were fabricated so as to produce a biomimetic colorimetric sensor, and color changes in the phage arrays in response to several benzene derivatives were characterized. The sensor was also used to classify phthalate and chlorobenzene derivatives as representatives of endocrine disrupting chemicals. The characteristic color patterns obtained on exposure to various benzene derivatives enabled similar chemical structures in the vapor phase to be classified. Our sensing approach based on the use of a genetically surface modified M13 bacteriophage offers a promising platform for portable, simple environmental monitors that could be extended for use in numerous application areas, including food monitoring, security monitoring, explosive risk assessment, and point of care testing.

More Reviews “The Cloverfield Paradox” will never be remembered as anything but the movie Netflix bought off Paramount Pictures and abruptly released immediately following Super Bowl LII; the derivative “Cloverfield” prequel feasted upon by grumpy critics given no advance access or notice but a thirty-second spot and a hastily composed press release during the big game. Indeed, the list of titles the film borrows from is too long to catalog here, its familiar sci-fi horror bent set to invade living rooms like a houseguest so comfortable they’ve taken to rearranging furniture. Except, when in this dimension or any other has grown-up sci-fi melded with lightspeed pacing and honest-to-God laughs? It’s not always a natural fit, but the frequently precise silliness of “The Cloverfield Paradox” – not to mention its killer cast – deserves a permanent spot on many a Netflix subscriber’s List. Gugu Mbatha-Raw (“Concussion”) stars as Ava Hamilton, one of seven crew members aboard the Cloverfield space station. She, Schmidt (Daniel Brühl), Kiel (David Oyelowo), Monk (John Ortiz), Mundy (Chris O’Dowd), Tam (Zhang Ziyi), and Volkov (Aksel Hennie) have been tasked with testing a dangerous particle accelerator in hopes of curbing a global energy crisis. At long last they create a stable beam, but their burgeoning personal baggage (Ava’s marriage is on the rocks after the loss of their children to a house fire) dovetails with a startling, Rod Serling-esque revelation: Earth has vanished. From here, an admittedly familiar space movie grows increasingly kooky, upshifting into the kind of mystery box-isms to be expected from a J.J. Abrams-produced series. But unlike the ultimately fruitless twists of “10 Cloverfield Lane,” “Paradox” has a delirious mind of its own. Like Mundy’s curiously independent severed arm. Director Julius Onah and writers Oren Uziel and Doug Jung make no bones about their film leading directly into the events of Matt Reeves’ original film. As the Cloverfield crew accidentally finds itself trapped in a warped new dimension, Ava’s husband Michael (Roger Davies) skitters about back home, on the run from the mysterious monsters that first invaded multiplexes almost exactly ten years ago. It’s a fun nod to the series’ roots, building on but not over-explaining them. Nevertheless, the lion’s share of the pic’s fun occurs in space. By the time Brühl’s Schmidt loudly bemoans the perils of “quantum entanglement,” Onah and his writers have drawn their line in the sand; theirs is not a serious movie. It possesses no unearned air of self-importance like last year’s dreadful “Life,” no penchant for the coy narrative leaps of “10 Cloverfiend Lane” – only a taste for audiovisual bombast (Bear McCreary’s score is most memorable) and a wicked sense of humor. Its only aim is to make us jump, make us laugh, and send us off with a thrilling final shot that’s everything a “Cloverfield” fan could want from a prequel – screen size notwithstanding.

The goal of plant breeding is to combine, in a single variety or hybrid, various desirable traits. For field crops, these traits may include resistance to diseases and insects, resistance to heat and drought, reducing the time to crop maturity, greater yield, and better agronomic quality. With mechanical harvesting of many crops, uniformity of plant characteristics such as germination, stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, plant height and ear height, is important. Traditional plant breeding is an important tool in developing new and improved commercial crops.

As Trump Rolls On, Fixing Tax Loopholes Is a Clear Priority Last night, in his victory speech after another slew of Republican primary wins on Super Tuesday, Donald Trump decided to return to one of his recurring themes for American business: repatriation and tax inversions. If elected, Trump told his supporters, "Apple and all of these great companies will be making their products in the United States, not in China." Also, when it comes to preventing companies from moving overseas to dodge high domestic corporate taxes, Trump crowed, "You could make a deal on that in 10 minutes if you knew what you're doing." It's a classic populist theme. Our greatest American brands have, for years, been pushed to move overseas, to escape onerous regulation and punishing taxation. That diminishes America on the world stage, and, if you want to Make America Great Again, you have get serious about lowering taxes and limiting the incentive for companies to buy overseas rivals simply to move to tax-friendlier nations. What is different about the current debate is that it used to be framed around domestic jobs moving overseas. When a company closed a factory in Kansas City and moved it to Mexico, real Americans lost real jobs, increasing unemployment and hurting our domestic economy. Now, the debate isn't so concerned with people as much as capital. Jobs come and go, and America's entrepreneurial capitalist system has allowed for people to replace manufacturing jobs with roles at smaller businesses and given opportunities to even create businesses themselves. Even U.S. manufacturing has shown signs of recovery after hitting a low last year. It may not be politically popular to say, but jobs aren't really the problem here. Nor, with apologies to those Feeling the Bern, is the problem one of outsized corporate profits. Rather, the issue is inefficient and onerous corporate taxation, and Trump seems alone now in making that a key part of his improbable, and likely unstoppable, run for the GOP nomination. There is an estimated $2.5 trillion in profits held by U.S. companies in foreign subsidiaries. Technically, under our tax system, American corporations owe tax payments on all the money they make, no matter where. But there's a catch. Our IRS can't touch that money until a company repatriates, or brings it back to the U.S. to use. Rather than do that, companies have been reinvesting it locally instead, or using it in countries with much lower corporate tax rates than their own. That may seem like "greedy" capitalism to some, but it's actually basic economics. Capital exists for reinvestment in some way. If you could guarantee a rate of return that was higher than the tax rate you would be paying on that profit, it would be a simple matter to bring your overseas profits back home and invest in the good ol' U.S. of A. But, with a federal corporate tax rate of 20 percent, and close to 40 percent when state taxation is applied, companies actually lose their ability to effectively reinvest that capital in innovation, research, equipment and -- yes -- jobs, so they don't even bother. More importantly, though, that money represents a kind of economic stimulus that is hard to duplicate. In theory, if companies bring that money back, they could manufacture here (hence the mention of Apple, which, despite being a darling of the political left, is the country's worst offender for keeping profits offshore, to the tune of $200 billion). They would also not be looking to up and move offshore. Companies like Burger King and Medtronic have already acquired overseas companies and re-domiciled in low-tax countries. Trump often mentions the move of Pfizer, which was founded in Brooklyn but plans to be based in Ireland. Trump wants to keep these companies -- and their capital -- American through a simple tax reduction. Trump has proposed a one-time 10 percent tax on foreign profits, paid whether the companies repatriate that cash or not. After that, companies would have to pay the standard corporate-tax rate (which he plans to reduce to 15 percent) on all profits, no matter where the company is based, ending the ability to defer. To avoid these companies being taxed twice, corporations could still claim a credit for the taxes they pay overseas. As with everything any candidate says on the hustings, it isn't quite so simple. While the accounting might work, the impact on our economy is less certain. For instance, it isn't just the American tax burden that has made companies move overseas. In many cases, these are global businesses that need to operate globally, in local markets and those jobs and capital will never come back. Give Apple a one-time deferral of all the taxes it owes anywhere in the world and it's unlikely it will shutter its Chinese manufacturing operations. It simply has too much invested there, and the quality of the product is too sound to risk moving anywhere, including the U.S. Many entrepreneurs -- probably dreaming of the day when they have repatriation problems of their own -- weigh the pros and cons of manufacturing in places like China, and find it the best option, for a range a reasons that have nothing to do with the IRS. In fact, many U.S. multinational corporations don't view their operations overseas as an escape from the United States as much as an export of America's exceptional engineering and management skills to the rest of the world. It is beachhead for entrepreneurial capitalism, often in places (like Ireland, for instance) that are still shaking off the remnants and scars of their own brand of socialism. American involvement in many of these countries creates markets for American products and services. Companies would never want to change that. No U.S. citizen should want to, because that helps drive our own economic growth. But Trump is correct that there needs to be more of a focus on bringing some of these profits back home for reinvestment, and he's also right in understanding that you can't ban U.S. companies from moving offshore, only fix the perverse tax incentives that exist that drive them to make the move. It may take more than a 10-minute conversation (alacrity tops even integrity in the qualities Congress lacks most), but Trump's very high-profile support of this issue -- so important to American business -- seems a good first step.

import argparse import os import numpy as np import tensorflow as tf from matplotlib import pyplot as plt from PIL import Image import FCRN.models as models def predict(model_data_path, image_path): # Default input size height = 228 width = 304 channels = 3 batch_size = 1 # Read image img = Image.open(image_path) img = img.resize([width,height], Image.ANTIALIAS) img = np.array(img).astype('float32') img = np.expand_dims(np.asarray(img), axis = 0) # Create a placeholder for the input image input_node = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, height, width, channels)) # Construct the network net = models.ResNet50UpProj({'data': input_node}, batch_size, 1, False) with tf.Session() as sess: # Load the converted parameters print('Loading the model') # Use to load from ckpt file saver = tf.train.Saver() saver.restore(sess, model_data_path) # Use to load from npy file #net.load(model_data_path, sess) # Evalute the network for the given image pred = sess.run(net.get_output(), feed_dict={input_node: img}) # Plot result fig = plt.figure() ii = plt.imshow(pred[0,:,:,0], interpolation='nearest') fig.colorbar(ii) plt.show() return pred def main(): # Parse arguments parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument('model_path', help='Converted parameters for the model') parser.add_argument('image_paths', help='Directory of images to predict') args = parser.parse_args() # Predict the image pred = predict(args.model_path, args.image_paths) os._exit(0) if __name__ == '__main__': main()

Q: how to retrieve the value from a cell of specific row and column python? 2020-04-13 2020-04-14 2020-04-15 2020-04-16 2020-04-17 2020-04-20 2020-04-21 2020-04-22 2020-04-23 2020-04-24 2020-04-27 2020-04-28 2020-04-29 2020-04-30 2020-05-01 2020-05-04 2020-05-05 2020-05-06 2020-05-07 2020-05-08 2020-05-11 2020-05-12 2020-05-13 2020-05-14 2020-05-15 2020-05-18 2020-05-19 2020-05-20 2020-05-21 2020-05-22 I want to retrieve value from 2020-04-20(todays date) column of 3rd row from the above.This is the result of print(data.columns) I tried using get_value and .at.It didnt work print(data.columns) for i in data.columns: convert_date=i.date()#converting to date type if date.today()==convert_date:#comparing todays date print(date.today()) print(data.at[3,date.today()])#throws KeyError: datetime.date(2020, 4, 20) A: You need to convert your index into datetime object. Currently its string. you can change index into datetime : df.index = pd.to_datetime(df.index) After that it should work.

Pages Monday, November 5, 2012 Unless you're readily taking in the Toronto music scene, you may not have heard of Modern Superstitions. Their best-known EP, All The Things We've Been Told, was heralded by a few and readily dismissed by others as promising but also forced and sometimes contrived. That was more than two years ago. I heard something different back then and I do today too. Spurred on by the vocal punch of Nyssa Rosaleen, Modern Superstitions is a band that has everything going for it. All they really needed then was a little direction to lock in their one-off offering. It seems they have more of it today, with the help of Brian Borcherdt and Ben Cook. The self-titled album isn't perfect by a long shot, but there is every reason to give it a listen. Several tracks stand out as vigorous infusions of pop, rock and punk. Their label describes it as an ambitious blending of the melodic invention of White Stripes and vigor of the Velvet Underground. As with the EP, the power behind the self-titled LP is Rosaleen. She's a singer whose voice you'll want to listen to with a particular earnest. She roars along through the best songs, giving the indie pop sound an uncharacteristic girth but never really losing her vulnerability. The rest of the band has matured as musicians too. The slightly changed lineup now includes Matthew Aldred (guitar), Benjamin Reinhartz (drums), and Patrick McCormack (bass). Originally it began as a trio, three childhood pals who wanted to create a different sound. They still do, only much tougher. Of course, this newfound toughness isn't as much an evolution as material selection. School Days, for instance, has been a staple at live performances for the better part of two years and released as part of their 7-inch reintroduction in May (along with the more tender and subdued B-side Way I Want). No matter. School Days sounds as fresh as anything else on the album. School Days is also one of their finer crafted compositions, but its energetic opener, Last Night's Dress, feels a bit more indicative of the band's direction. The track, an upbeat number about the ups and downs of heartbreaks and rebounds, delivers on the intensity when they sound their best. Easily one of the most memorable, it falls somewhere between a dreamer's desperation and the relentlessness of hope. Black Moon is underpinned by the band's frequent nods to several shades of the sixties. In this case, it opens with a driving rhythm section, occasionally broken up by dreamy doo-wop interruptions and a few psychedelic twists. While risky in its complexity, the free-spirited swagger and tempo changes makes it work as an unpredictable and addictive original. Other highlights from the 10-track LP include the smoothly spaced out Let It Melt, the weight and heaviness of String To The Song, and surprising contrast to the radio-safe indie rock and broody, bluesy sections of Hometown Radio. The mellower and melodic tracks like Bandits, Way I Want, and Bad Habit demonstrate the band's diversity but lag a bit behind their urgent angels. Sure, Rosaleen can deliver a smoky sweetness but her fiery side is more impassioned. Modern Superstitions Fires Up 4.8 On The Liquid Hip Richter Scale. Sticking with the more dynamic and driving tracks off the new self-titiled LP will likely make the Modern Superstitions much more listenable over the long term. Last Night's Dress, Black Moon, String To The Song, and Let It Melt would make a good sampler, with Last Night's Dress and Black Moon being the must-have duo. The rest will depend heavily on individual tastes. But if there is one thing I have learned about Modern Superstitions is that two tracks will very quickly lead to a few more. While not everything they do sounds incredibly original, all of it is original in the way it comes together. You'll always want more. You can find Modern Superstitions' self-titled LP on Amazon. You can also download the album on iTunes. Keep up to date with the band on Facebook. The band reboot of sorts, with a self-titled LP after three EPs in three years, is the right reintroduction for a maturing band that has straddled the fence between footnote and success for too long. Give them a listen, especially for Rosaleen's vocal strength. Unless you're readily taking in the Toronto music scene, you may not have heard of Modern Superstitions. Their best-known EP, All The Things We've Been Told, was heralded by a few and readily dismissed by others as promising but also forced and sometimes contrived. That was more than two years ago. I heard something different back then and I do today too. Spurred on by the vocal punch of Nyssa Rosaleen, Modern Superstitions is a band that has everything going for it. All they really needed then was a little direction to lock in their one-off offering. It seems they have more of it today, with the help of Brian Borcherdt and Ben Cook. The self-titled album isn't perfect by a long shot, but there is every reason to give it a listen. Several tracks stand out as vigorous infusions of pop, rock and punk. Their label describes it as an ambitious blending of the melodic invention of White Stripes and vigor of the Velvet Underground. As with the EP, the power behind the self-titled LP is Rosaleen. She's a singer whose voice you'll want to listen to with a particular earnest. She roars along through the best songs, giving the indie pop sound an uncharacteristic girth but never really losing her vulnerability. The rest of the band has matured as musicians too. The slightly changed lineup now includes Matthew Aldred (guitar), Benjamin Reinhartz (drums), and Patrick McCormack (bass). Originally it began as a trio, three childhood pals who wanted to create a different sound. They still do, only much tougher. Of course, this newfound toughness isn't as much an evolution as material selection. School Days, for instance, has been a staple at live performances for the better part of two years and released as part of their 7-inch reintroduction in May (along with the more tender and subdued B-side Way I Want). No matter. School Days sounds as fresh as anything else on the album. School Days is also one of their finer crafted compositions, but its energetic opener, Last Night's Dress, feels a bit more indicative of the band's direction. The track, an upbeat number about the ups and downs of heartbreaks and rebounds, delivers on the intensity when they sound their best. Easily one of the most memorable, it falls somewhere between a dreamer's desperation and the relentlessness of hope. Black Moon is underpinned by the band's frequent nods to several shades of the sixties. In this case, it opens with a driving rhythm section, occasionally broken up by dreamy doo-wop interruptions and a few psychedelic twists. While risky in its complexity, the free-spirited swagger and tempo changes makes it work as an unpredictable and addictive original. Other highlights from the 10-track LP include the smoothly spaced out Let It Melt, the weight and heaviness of String To The Song, and surprising contrast to the radio-safe indie rock and broody, bluesy sections of Hometown Radio. The mellower and melodic tracks like Bandits, Way I Want, and Bad Habit demonstrate the band's diversity but lag a bit behind their urgent angels. Sure, Rosaleen can deliver a smoky sweetness but her fiery side is more impassioned. Modern Superstitions Fires Up 4.8 On The Liquid Hip Richter Scale. Sticking with the more dynamic and driving tracks off the new self-titiled LP will likely make the Modern Superstitions much more listenable over the long term. Last Night's Dress, Black Moon, String To The Song, and Let It Melt would make a good sampler, with Last Night's Dress and Black Moon being the must-have duo. The rest will depend heavily on individual tastes. But if there is one thing I have learned about Modern Superstitions is that two tracks will very quickly lead to a few more. While not everything they do sounds incredibly original, all of it is original in the way it comes together. You'll always want more. You can find Modern Superstitions' self-titled LP on Amazon. You can also download the album on iTunes. Keep up to date with the band on Facebook. The band reboot of sorts, with a self-titled LP after three EPs in three years, is the right reintroduction for a maturing band that has straddled the fence between footnote and success for too long. Give them a listen, especially for Rosaleen's vocal strength.

Tag Archives: Markendeya The Mahamrityunjaya Mantra, can be found in the verses of Rig Veda and also recurs in Yajur Veda. Since, the Mantra is addressed to Tryambaka (the three-eyed one), it is also known as Tryambakam Mantra. The Mantra is also known as Rudra mantra (Rudra is the fiercest form of Lord Shiva) and Mrita-Sanjivini mantra. The Mantra was revealed by Sage Markendaya and is considered as the secret mantra that has saved the sage from Yama the Hindu God of Death. There is a legend which depicts that with the power of this Mahamritunjaya Mantra, Markendaya was protected by Lord Shiva from death. Mrikandu rishi and his wife Marudmati, the parents of sage Makendeya, were great devotees of Lord Shiva and they prayed for a son to the Lord. Lord was pleased in their worship and gave the childless parents two options to choose from. They can either have an intelligent son with short life, or a son with less intelligence but with a long life. Click to view this stunning marble statue of Shiva killing Yama The parents opted for the first choice and their wish was granted by Lord Shiva. They were blessed with a smart baby boy, Markendeya, who was fated to die at the age of 12. Markendeya grew up with great devotion to Lord Shiva and worshiped Shiva Lingam. When he reached the age of 12, the messengers of Yama came to take the young sage, but he chanted the Mahamrityunjaya Mantra with intense devotion, which made it impossible for the messengers to take his life. This made Yama furious, he came in person and sprung his noose around the sage but, accidentally the noose fell around the Shiva Lingam. This act of Yama made Lord Shiva furious and finally Yama was defeated by Shiva. Thus, Markendeya was saved from death and this mantra came to be known as Markendeya Mantra. Mahamrityunjaya Mantra is a blend of three Hindi language words i.e. “Maha” which means Great, “Mrityun” means Death and “Jaya” means Victory. Here, is the Mantra and its meaning: Translation: Om. We worship and adore you, O three-eyed one, O Shiva. You are sweet gladness, the fragrance of life, which nourishes us, restores our health, and causes us to thrive. Just as the ripe cucumber is automatically released from the creeper, may we be liberated from death, and do not withhold immortality. Significance of the Mantra: It is believed that chanting the Mahamrtiyunjaya Mantra will lead towards spiritual liberation. The Mantra is so powerful that it can relieve people who are suffering from some severe disease or having the fear of sudden death. It gives high concentration power and guarantees mental peace. How to use Mahamrityunjaya Mantra? You can use this mantra in two ways – Chanting this mantra 108 times, daily will bring happiness and prosperity to your life. 108 times is important as it is the product of 12 (Zodiac Signs) and 9 (Navagrahas). You can seek the help of a priest who will chant the mantra one hundred thousand times to relieve the person, who has arranged for the pooja, from the fear of unnatural death or serious disease.

[Analgesic activity of derivatives of 7-amino-2,3-polymethylenindoles and their congeners]. Some N-trifluoromethylsulphonyl and N-trifluoroacetylderivatives of 7-amino-2,3-polymethyleneindoles and of 7-amino-3-propylindole [(I) - (XIII)] were prepared and tested, together with corresponding aniline derivates [(XIV) - (XIX)] and with N-trifluoromethylsulphonylcyclopentylamine (XX), against formic acid induced writhings in mice. With very few exceptions, at the oral dose of 0.167 mmole/kg, they proved from 2 to 3.4 times more active than acetanilide.

For indispensable reporting on the coronavirus crisis, the election, and more, subscribe to the Mother Jones Daily newsletter. Presidential budgets, released annually, are aspirational documents—they display an administration’s intentions and goals, but are typically considered “dead on arrival” in Congress, which ultimately sends its own federal spending proposal to the White House. This year’s version, which has no chance of clearing the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives, sends a jarring message to a key Donald Trump constituency: large-scale farmers who rely heavily on federal programs. The proposed budget calls for a 31 percent cut to a program that subsidizes crop insurance, a key support for corn and soybean farmers during extended periods of low prices, such as the one currently in effect. This, even though Trump enjoyed strong farm-country support in 2016 and loves to flatter “our Great Patriot Farmers,” as he once put it on Twitter. The budget would also slice about 10 percent—$9.1 billion over 10 years—from the US Department of Agriculture’s conservation programs, which provide farmers with incentives to use practices that keep soil in place and reduce water pollution. The news lands as farmers are still reeling from a rough 2019, a year marked by soil-destroying mega-storms, export-killing trade wars, low crop prices, and spiking bankruptcies. After launching the trade wars in 2018, the administration came up with a pot of money ultimately worth $28 billion to compensate farmers for exports sacrificed in the tariff standoff. That program ended in early February. Trump has hailed recent agreements with key trading partners like China and Mexico as a boon to farmers. “I’ve told everybody, ‘You got to buy a lot of land, and you’ve got to get much bigger tractors right now,’ because we did a great deal with China,” he boasted at the annual American Farm Bureau Federation meeting in January. The coronavirus crisis is putting a chill on global trade, just at the moment when trade agreements with China seemed poised to increase farm exports and boost prices. But 2020 is shaping up to be another rough stretch in farm country. Prices for key crops like corn and soybeans are “treading water right now,” said Iowa State University agricultural economist Chad Hart. The reason: the coronavirus crisis is putting a chill on global trade, just at the moment when trade agreements with China and other key trading partners seemed poised to increase farm exports and boost prices. “The trade deals took us one step forward and coronavirus takes us one step back, and sort of leaves us where we’ve been for a while,” Hart said. In other words, despite Trump’s big promises about a coming export boom, the farm economy is still in tatters. It remains to be seen whether his desire to cut support for farmers during hard times will erode his popularity in farm country during an election year. The USDA programs Trump wants to cut are embedded in the farm bill, that twice-per-decade omnibus legislation that was renewed in 2018 and won’t be up again for renewal until 2023. “But they do send a signal of [the administration’s] intentions for the next farm bill should they get a second term,” said Ferd Hoefner, senior strategic advisor at the National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. “Farmers and farm groups should take them seriously as a signal—scaling back conservation funding just as we are building public support for a significantly increased investment to combat climate change and deal with water quality and water shortages would take us in exactly the wrong direction.” Some farmer groups are taking note.”As both a presidential candidate and now as president, Donald Trump has repeatedly expressed his appreciation for and dedication to American farmers,” National Farmers Union president Roger Johnson said in a statement in response to the budget release. “Yet year after year, his budget has failed to address the very real economic challenges facing rural communities.”