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= = = Stone Bridge, Virginia = = =

Stone Bridge is an unincorporated community in southern Clarke County, Virginia.

= = = Ahousaht First Nation = = =

The Ahousaht First Nation is a First Nation government based on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada, focused on the community of Ahousaht, British Columbia. It is a member of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council. It is led by Chief, "A-in-chut" (meaning 'everyone depends on you') Shawn Atleo and the "Tyee Haw'iilth - Maquinna" (Lewis George).

It has about 1800 members, almost half of whom live in Marktosis Indian Reserve No. 15 ("Marktosis" is an English-style adaptation of "Maaqtusiis" in the Nuu-chah-nulth language). The Ahousaht Nation is the most populous First Nation on the west coast of Vancouver Island.

The Ahousaht First Nation is the largest Nuu-chah-nulth Nation. The Nation is a confederation of multiple former tribes: the Ahousaht, Manhousaht, Kelthsmaht, Piniit-thlaht, Qwatswiaht, O-inmitisaht, and Otsosaht. This joining of nations began even before the arrival of the Europeans to their respective shores.

Ahousaht’s population of approximately 1900 people has been growing at an average rate of 2.6% per year and is projected to increase to 3125 by 2024. Seventy-seven percent of members are under 40 years of age and 41 percent under 19 years.

Ahousaht means people (aht) of Ahous, a small bay on the west side of Vargas Island. The Nation’s territory encompasses much of Clayoquot Sound. Currently 36 percent of Ahousaht members live at Marktosis Indian Reserve (IR # 15) located on Flores Island north of Tofino. Marktosis has a large community hall, a gym, a youth center, a restaurant, a health center and a school for children K-12. Recently, work has begun to expand the elementary/high school to better meet the needs of the students and the community.

Marktosis is the only one of 25 Ahousaht reserves occupied year-round. Others are traditional fishing stations and areas of seasonal resource extraction, considered uninhabitable for year-round settlement. Many of these reserves, designated by the government of the day, tended to mark the general areas that were inhabited by the various members of the nation at the time of contact. It is only after contact that the bulk of members came to live on I.R 15 (Marktosis). All Ahousaht reserves are accessible only by boat or floatplane. The Nation reports that there is a strong interest among members living "away from home" to return if housing and employment were available.

The reserves of Ahousaht, and of neighboring coastal nations, are relatively small in size to the numbers of the population. It is believed that the reserve designations were tiny because the members of the Ahousaht nation, at the time of contact, relied very heavily on Oceanic resources as a main staple of dietary and other needs. The ocean was considered to be "the garden" of the people; hence, it was presumed that little land-base was needed to fulfill the ongoing needs of the people.

A great strength that Ahousaht is known for is its rich tradition of song and dance. The young men, led by Joseph George Sr. offer a thunderous voice for the nation when performing their art. A new group, the Soulshakers has become widely known for not only continuing to share our history of song, but also for composing new and exciting songs/dances to share with family, friends and with any who is there to see.

The Ha’wiih (Hereditary Chief) role in the Ahousaht governing system is to look after their Ha- Ha’houlthee (territory and resources). The Ha’wiih system is still alive among Ahousaht people. It is the most important part of our history. Laws, under the Ha’wiih system, outline chieftainships and governance. The keepers of these laws are the Wit-wok. No Ha’wilth (Hereditary Chief) is above the law. Every Hereditary Chief has advisors. No Chief can make his own decision. A Council (not the elected council, per se; rather, it is the people who are responsible to be an advisory to the chief) is depended upon for good, solid advice, before any decision is made for Ahousaht. No Ha’wilth speaks for himself, unless he has good news, or something good to share. All Ha’wiih have speakers, who are trained, from an early age, for these duties. Speakers must be fluent in our language and have a very strong knowledge of the history of the Ha’wilth seat (including lineage) and his Ha’houlthee. There are misconceptions about our Ha’wiih system being similar to fiefdoms, but people must understand that it is a much more inter-connected system of governance with numerous accountability mechanisms. No Ha’wiith can hold tremendous power without the support of a number of people who are the bearers of customary laws.

Each Ha’wiith holds a Ha’houlthee that includes land, sea, resources and people within his territory, which had clearly defined boundaries and people who watched over the boundaries between nations. We have stories in our history, which tell of how important these boundaries are and how they were protected.

Ha’wiih have the power to create Dik-qo-wilth, Seat (a similar position could be the one of "noble". A person given their own smaller portion of the territory to own and care for in return for great service to the nation and the chief.) Our history tells of two, which were created by our Ha’wilth to recognize the constant support provided by these two individuals. Their importance was such that, at a potlatch, they were recognized before the Ha’wilth when a Ha’wilth dance was performed.

The Ahousaht have oral history, which goes back 17 or 18 generations, of all of our Ha’wiih, and it includes when one hereditary position became three. Each Ha’wilth heads up a house and each house has a name. Maquinna is the Tyee (the head-ranked Ha’wilth of Ahousaht). As a collective, all three Ha’wiih comprise the principal Hereditary Chiefs of Ahousaht. Currently these individuals are:

Ha’wiih of the three tribes that amalgamated with Ahousaht: Kelthsmaht – Vargas Island, Manhousaht, Qwatswiaht, and Oo-in-mitis, continue to be recognized by principal Hawiih. These individuals are:

The Oo-in-mitis seat is currently vacant.

An appointee held the important role of welcoming visitors. In the case of Ahousaht, Hi-yupin-ulth (Bill Keitlah, Jr.) currently serves that role as a Ha’ilth. In the case of Kelthsmaht, the beach keeper (welcoming person) was appointed or had a Dik-o-wilth. He is Kanupiit (Rocky Titian).

Our current Tyee Ha’wiih, Maquinna (Lewis George) acquired the seat from his late father, Earl George. Earl George first passed the seat to his eldest son, Uu-qua-qruum (Corbett George). When Uu-qua-qruum (Corbett George) encountered some difficulty in his life Earl George took the seat back and just prior to his passing, he named Maquinna (Lewis George) as his successor at Hupacasath. In November 2007, Maquinna (Lewis George) held a major potlatch to declare his seat. Hi-yupin-ulth (Bill Keitlah Jr.) acquired his seat from his father, Bill Sr., in 2004. Ah-in-chut (Shawn Atleo) acquired his seat from his father Ooh-meek (Dr. Richard Atleo). Ah-in-chut (Shawn Atleo), recently the BC Regional Chief of the Assembly of First Nations has marked great success in his young life as a leader by becoming the newly elected leader of the Assembly of First Nations.

In addition to the governing body through the Hawiih, Ahousaht has a mandated body of elected officials. This is the Ahousaht Chief and Council. The number of councillors is determined by the overall size of the population. For every 100 members of a nation, there is to be elected one council member, to a maximum of 12 members (as per the Indian act.). Elected Council’s role is to be accountable to this Indian Act. Overall, both Ha’wiih and Chief and Council are ultimately there to represent the Ahousaht membership and honour our long history.

Ahousaht’s first Council was appointed by the Ha’wiih rather than elected by the membership, sometime in the early 1950s. The late Paul Sam, (Stanley Sam’s father), was the first Chief Councillor. We eventually went to the elected system, as dictated by the Indian Act. Coincidentally or not, it has since been down hill in many ways — economically, socially and culturally, as we struggle with two systems of governance. Work has been done to bridge the gap between the two systems by both the elected and the hereditary leaders, with both sides quite interested in supporting and supplementing each other's goals and objectives.

The Councillors and our Chief Councillor were usually elected on two-year terms; however, due to a court decision (Courbier decision) this has caused changes to be made, and Ahousaht are adopting a new process for holding elections. One significant change will be the change from two to four year terms for council to sit. Another important change is the inclusion of all members of the nation in the voting process. Previously, only those living 'on-reserve'(I.R15 - Marktosis reserve) were allowed to participate in this voting process.

Council is responsible for appointments to other boards on behalf of the Ha’wiih.

The Ahousaht have a dynamic administrative group working on all facets of Ahousaht cultural, health, economic, and treaty-related issues. Ahousaht invites you to contact individuals who may act as a gateway to our community on specific projects.

The Ahousaht First Nation government employs approximately 35 people. Its departments include administration, education, human services, medical clinic, social services, home care, Ahousaht grocery store, transportation, maintenance, fisheries and forestry.

The main economic activities in the Ahousaht community are tourism, finfish aquaculture, forestry and fishing (including shellfish). The latter two have declined in recent years. Members are employed seasonally in silviculture, water taxi transport, construction, tourism, forestry and aquaculture. There are five enterprises operated by Ahousaht Administration, including natural resources, tourism, grocery and transport ventures, as well as a minimum of 13 to 15 Ahousaht member-owned businesses in the region. These include restaurants, a gallery, tour companies, water taxis, contractors and professional services.

A protocol agreement signed in 2002 with Pacific National Aquaculture (now Mainstream Canada) provides access to Ahousaht traditional marine territory for the siting of salmon farms in exchange for employment opportunities, tenure fees and environmental monitoring and management improvements. Opportunities for farming indigenous species (e.g., Chinook) are being examined. The aquaculture industry provides 60 to 70 jobs annually for the Nation. A very important note of merit goes to Albert Frank Sr. of Ahousaht. In 2009, he became the top performer for all of Mainstream's operations (in fish husbandry) worldwide, raising the bar and proving the worth of local knowledge in finfish aquaculture operations.

One Contracting company, Cover Creek Enterprises, is privately owned by members of Ahousaht and currently employs approximately ten Ahousaht members through contracts with Iisaak Forest Resources. Iisaak Forest Resources (IFR) is a forestry company purchased in recent years by a group of nations in the Clayoquot Sound area. Formerly, they were known as the 'Central Region Group' of first nations; however, the structure of the Nuu-chah-nulth has changed from the three regional groups into one large group again. Government transfers make up 24 percent of total income for persons 15 years and over (contrasted against 13 percent in Ucluelet and eight percent in Tofino).

In 2003-04 Weyerhauser transferred two parcels of land adjacent to the existing reserve for community expansion. Plans are underway for a five-year development on District Lot 363 and 363A. The new development is designed to include approximately 200 new homes, an artist’s village, cultural centre, new high school and economic development facilities.

Ahousaht is always in talks with Business groups, government, and other individuals to seek out every possible economic venture that they can. Greg Louie (Chief Councillor) is a good person to contact about such opportunities.

Despite census figures of 13 to 14 percent unemployment, locals report much higher rates. Chronically high unemployment and the large young population about to or recently entered into the workforce create significant pressure for job creation, education and training. Of residents 15 years and over 19 percent have less than a Grade 9 education, 56 percent Grade 9–13, 19 percent trade or other non-university and 6 percent university. Social and health issues continue to provide significant challenges for this remote community and impact work-readiness.

There are also several problems with community infrastructure. Housing shortage is a significant issue and a recent study indicated there are 136 dwellings in moderate to poor condition. Further, almost half of the existing reserve (I.R15) is inaccessible to housing or other social development due to poor initial planning of the infrastructure layout. The community's dumpsite is just above the middle marker of the reserve, and makes expansion of housing into the northern portion of the reserve impossible (due to health and safety regulations). Solid and sewage waste management is insufficient and the power supply via underwater lines is projected to last for another five to ten years.

Recently, Ahousaht challenged the ownership of land by the Catholic Church to the land that had housed Kakawis Family Development Centre. This land had served as a treatment centre for many people, including members of Ahousaht; now, however, it is no longer used for such work. As such, the Ahousaht do not wish to see this land transferred into other private hands, as this land was never seceded to the church, or to the government. Video of Ahousaht hereditary chiefs, reclaiming Kakawis.

= = = Sharp Nintendo Television = = =

The Sharp Nintendo Television (often described as the C1 NES TV and officially sold as the Game Television; originally released for Japanese markets as ) is a television produced by Sharp Corporation with a built-in licensed Nintendo Entertainment System. Originally released in Japan in 1983, the unit was released in the US in 1989. The C1 is notable for having provided the high-quality screenshots displayed in video game magazines of the period, due to its having slightly better picture quality than a Famicom or NES paired with a separate television. The concept was followed up in Japan by the Super Famicom-based SF1 in 1990.

The C1 is a television set developed jointly by Sharp Corporation and Nintendo that features a built-in Nintendo Entertainment System system (originally Famicom). The system was licensed by Nintendo and was released in 1983 to Japanese markets and 1989 to American markets, and supported until 1989. It was noted for having a clearer picture quality than the original setup requiring a Famicom and composite video through an RF Modulator connection. This system used the 2C03 PPU which supports native RGB output for the highest quality picture at a cost of some compatibility and color limitations with games. For this reason, screenshots featured in video game magazines of the time were often taken from the C1.

The system featured two built-in programs, "JR GRAPHIC" and "TV NOTE", and in Japan it was shipped with a multicart containing cut down versions of "Donkey Kong Jr." and "Donkey Kong Jr. no Sansuu Asobi". At the time of its release, this cartridge was unique to the C1 and represented the only licensed multicart made for the Famicom. The second Famicom multicart, "Final Fantasy I & II", would be released in 1994 at the end of the Famicom's life.

When the TVs were released in the United States, Nintendo and Sharp used the regular composite output only PPU, the 2C02, for the TVs. While the picture was not as crisp as with the Japanese C-1, this avoided any compatibility issues. Even without the RGB PPU, the picture quality for the U.S. versions of the Sharp TVs were superior to many home console connections because the system was connected via a straight composite signal directly to the TV. Just like the original Nintendo Entertainment System, It also has the 10NES region protection chip. If the game does not load, it would consistently reset, much like a normal NES system; the "P" on the channel indicator would not turn on and off, however, like the original NES's power light.

The Japanese C1 did not have a lockout chip, and it would play any standard Famicom game, or any NES game using an appropriate adapter. Because of the design of the FDS RAM Adapter, due to its shape, you cannot connect the FDS to the C1 without modification, however it is possible to couple NES to Famicom (60 to 72 pin), and Famicom to NES (72 pin to 60 pin) adapters in series, to attach the FDS to the C1.

Because the C1 uses the RGB PPU, and RGB output in general, all C1 systems suffer from the 'NES Jailbars' effect, which is exceptionally pronounced on this system.

All models came in both a red and a black color.

= = = Ehattesaht First Nation = = =

The Ehattesaht First Nation or ʔiiḥatisatḥ činax̣int is a First Nations government based on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It is a member of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council.

= = = Hupacasath First Nation = = =

The Hupacasath First Nation is a First Nations government based in the Alberni Valley on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It is a member of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council. An alternate spelling of Hupacasath is Opetchesaht or Opitchesaht. Hupacasath First Nation consists of approximately 300 members across five reserves.

In September 2012, the Government of Canada Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement signed a trade agreement with Chinese investors giving them control over major assets such as coal on its 232,000-hectare territory. It comes into effect when it has been ratified by both sides. The Hupacasath First Nations "community argued in federal court in June that the federal government is required to consult First Nations under Section 35 of the Constitution Act, which provides constitutional protection to the aboriginal and treaty rights of aboriginal peoples in Canada."

For thousands of years the Hupacasath people have owned, used, and occupied their traditional territory on Central Vancouver Island (See Traditional Territory Map). The Hupacasath are three distinct tribes: the Muh-uulth-aht, Kleh-koot-aht and Cuu-ma-as-aht (Ahahswinis).

The Muh-uulth-aht people (means people from where there is mountain with the face burnt off) lived in the Great Central Lake area with villages located at the head of Great Central Lake and around the Beaver Creek area of Stamp Falls. Their chief was named Kanaawis (Kanowish) who was a great warrior in his time. This area was and still is a great place for hunting deer, elk fowl, etc. as well for fishing and food gathering activities.

The Cuu-ma-as-ath people lived at Ahahswinis (means cleared in the middle), which was in the general vicinity of where the Port Alberni City is located now, to the Coleman Creek area down the Alberni Canal. Their village was where the current settlement is now located, on the Somass River. This area was mainly used for fishing salmon. Other activities done in this area by these people were hunting, gathering and potlatching.

The Kleh-koot-aht people resided around Kleh-koot (Sproat Lake) (means long stretch of level land). Kleh-koot-aht’s area was between Yaaqis (Prairie Farm) and Sproat Falls and there was a seasonal village located on the Sproat River. This village was a great place for fishing and smoking salmon, picking blackberries, hunting deer and picnicking. Also at this place was a longhouse where they performed several potlatches in the winter season.

The Cuu-ma-as, Klehkoot and Muhuulaht people decided to amalgamate prior to the European’s (or any other groups) arrival to the territory. This decision was made because each of the tribes were at war with the Coast Salish people and they thought that joining the three tribes would make them stronger in their war against the Salish.

After the amalgamation, all three tribes decided that they were now to be called the Hupacasath. They also decided that Kanaawis was to be the head chief of the tribe because he was the strongest Hupacasath warrior.

The Hupacasath people use the whole territory to exercise their aboriginal rights (e.g. hunting, fishing, etc.) Use of the territory is governed by the seasons. Hupacasath follow the migratory patterns of the deer and by the seasonal runs of the salmon.

Traditional Territory

The Hupacasath First Nations traditional territory is very grand compared to other Nuu-chah-nulth First Nations. The territory is approximately 229,000 hectares, which engulfs the whole Alberni Valley. The boundaries for this territory are basically the mountain peaks from the Alberni Valley, which start from the north at Mt. Chief Frank, from the south at 5040 Peak and Hannah Mountain, from the east at Mt. Arrowsmith and Mt Spencer, and from the west from Big Interior Mountain. This territory contains some of the most valuable forest, fish and marine resources in the world. The winds formed by the warm offshore currents of the Pacific Ocean create a tepid maritime climate with a summer dry period. This creates vast forests of western red cedar, yellow cedar, douglas fir, hemlock and balsam. The lakes and rivers contain all five species of Pacific Salmon as well as Steelhead and Trout.

Inside the Hupacasath territory there are five reserves. Ahahswinis (Reserve #1) is located on the north side of the Somass River in Port Alberni. This is the main village of the Hupacasath tribe. In the past the people here conducted several activities such as hunting, fishing, potlatching, berry and fruit picking etc. Currently this reserve is home to the majority of the Hupacasath people and some of the people still conduct some of the activities on this reserve that their ancestors did in the past as well.

Kleekoot (Reserve #2) is situated on the Stamp and Sproat Rivers just west of Sproat Lake. In the past, this place was used for mainly fishing purposes such as spearing fish, trapping fish in weirs, and preparing fish. Other activities done on this reserve were hunting, potlatching and berry picking. Today this place is home to a few Hupacasath Band members and there is still fishing and hunting in the area.

The third Hupacasath reserve in the territory is Cous (Reserve # 3). It is located on the west side of the Alberni Inlet adjacent to Lone Tree Point. There used to be a nice seasonal settlement at this place but it is now bare. This is a result of a death of a chief at this place. Chief Dan Watts died accidentally one day at Cous and after his death everyone left this place. This reserve was used for hunting and fishing purposes primarily. Today there is no one living there but people still go there to do activities such as picnicking, fishing and hunting.

Chu-ca-ca-cook (Reserve # 4) is the smallest Hupacasath reserve. It is located on the west side of the Alberni Inlet just north of Nahmint Bay. This place used to be a fishing site and stop over spot for the Hupacasath people. In recent years however, there has been very little activity or inhabitance there.

Lastly, there is Nettle Island (Reserve # 5). This reserve is outside the Hupacasath territory in the Broken Group Islands in Barkley Sound. This property was purchased from Arthur Maynard in the early 1900s. It was purchased because the Hupacasath people traveled down the inlet to Barkley Sound frequently to conduct business with other First Nations (i.e. trade and barter), to visit relatives, and to attend potlatches held in the area. Today Nettle Island is used for camping and seafood gathering. In addition, it is now part of the Pacific Rim National Park. Therefore, tourists from all over the world now travel to and around Nettle Island to partake in activities such as camping, fishing and kayaking.

Medicines were collected throughout these areas at the appropriate times of year. It is also important to note that there were caretakers for each area or resource, to ensure that nobody abused the land and resources. This care for the territory was practiced year round. Prior to amalgamation, each chief of the three groups had their own people to care for the resources within their ha-houlthe. After amalgamation both the use of and care for the territory was shared

= = = Frank Lucas (Wyoming politician) = = =

Franklin Earl Lucas (August 4, 1876 – November 26, 1948) was an American politician who served as the 13th Governor of Wyoming from 1924 until 1925. He was a Republican.

He was born in Grant City, Missouri. In 1899, Lucas settled in Buffalo, Wyoming. He served in the Wyoming House of Representatives and then in the Wyoming State Senate. Upon the death of Governor William B. Ross in 1924, Lucas, then serving as Secretary of State of Wyoming, was next in line of succession. He served until January 1925, when the election of November 1924 put Ross' widow, Democrat Nellie Tayloe Ross, the first woman governor in the history of the United States in power. He ran for Governor in 1926 but was defeated in the Republican primary by Frank Emerson. Lucas died in Buffalo, Wyoming.

= = = Huu-ay-aht First Nations = = =

The Huu-ay-aht First Nations (HFN) is a First Nations band government based on Pachena Bay about northwest of Victoria, British Columbia on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. The HFN is a member of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council and is a member of the Maa-nulth Treaty Society. It has recently completed and ratified its community constitution and has successfully ratified the Maa-nulth Treaty on 28 July 2007. The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia passed the Maa-nulth First Nations Final Agreement Act on Wednesday, 21 November 2007 and celebrated with the member-nations of the Maa-nulth Treaty Society that evening.

On 8 April 2009, the federal Government of Canada and the provincial Government of British Columbia joined with the Maa-nulth Treaty Society to sign the Maa-nulth Final Agreement in Port Alberni, British Columbia.

The HFN and other member-nations of the Maa-nulth Treaty Society now officially enter in the sixth and final stage of the British Columbia Treaty Process, treaty implementation.

The HFN government consists of one chief-councillor and four councillors. The chief-councillor is the head of government and the councillors are legislators. Together, this five person group also forms the executive branch of the Huu-ay-aht government. Currently, the HFN government is elected by the Huu-ay-aht membership for a period of four years.

After the effective date of the Maa-nulth Treaty, the HFN government will be transformed according to the constitution it developed and ratified on 28 April 2007. Under the new Huu-ay-aht First Nations Constitution, the HFN Government will be expanded to seven members total: one elected chief-councillor, one appointed representative of the hereditary chiefs (see below) and five elected councillors.

The new government will also have access to legislative authority over more than what is normally accorded to First Nations in Canada due to the articles of the Maa-nulth Final Agreement (Treaty): land, governance, taxation and natural resources.

The government has reserve lands in Numukamis, Nuchaquis, Dochsupple, Sachsa, Sachawil, Kirkby Point, Hamilton Point, Haines Island, Keeshan (Kiix?in), Kichha, Clutus, Anacla, and Masit.

The Huu-ay-aht First Nations were once governed by hereditary chieftains. In the Nuu-chah-nulth language, they are called "Ha'wiih" (plural) and "Ha'wilth" (singular). One of these leaders stands above the rest as the "Tyee Ha'wilth", or Head Chief. Currently, the HFN has seven hereditary leaders including the head chief. One of these seats is vacant.

Pachena Bay is home to the Huu-ay-aht First Nations village of Anacla, "which aboriginal oral history says was devastated when an ancient earthquake convulsed the West Coast of North America."

This oral tradition concurs with scientific research into the timing of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake.

Under the sea floor in the Cascadia subduction zone off the west coast of Vancouver Island, the Juan de Fuca Plate and overriding the North American Plate are locked together.

University of Victoria ocean engineer Kate Moran heads the world-leading Ocean Networks Canada. Moran "previously advised the Obama administration in the United States on climate policy issues [and] headed the first research team into the Indian Ocean area following the Boxing Day earthquake and tsunami." According to Moran, the Boxing Day 2004 and 1700 earthquake and tsunamis were like "ripping open the earth’s zipper."

Moran says, "the Huu-ay-aht council was wise to accept the advice of its elders and build its new administration building high above Pachena Bay because it’s only a matter of time before another devastating tsunami arrives." Although residents still live primarily in lower-lying areas, they are evacuated to the administration building when a tsunami warning is issued; this is an interim step toward a longer-term plan which will eventually see the residents relocated to higher ground as well.

The Ocean Networks Canada "includes a 24-hour ocean monitoring program through a series of Internet connected cables." Scientists study Cascadia, Nankai, Barbados and Chile subduction zones the most because these are the most significant. The University of Victoria will be installing a specialized radar at Tofino’s airport in 2015 to detect tsunami waves far offshore.

In an article published in the scientific journal "Nature" in 1996, a team of researchers linked the orphaned 1700 tsunami in Japan with a magnitude 9 earthquake and tsunami in North America in a Trans-Pacific reunion. Scientists "dated the earthquake to the evening of January 26, 1700" and approximated its size as magnitude 9.

By 1997 tree-ring dating had securely linked the giant 1700 North American earthquake.

According to a 2005 United States Geological Survey (USGS) report,

= = = A Short History of a Small Place = = =

A Short History of a Small Place is a 1985 novel by T. R. Pearson. Set in the fictional town of Neely, North Carolina – a thinly disguised Reidsville – it tells, in a rambling and digressive manner, about the life and eventual suicide of the town's only aristocratic woman, Miss Myra Angelique Pettigrew.