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Tutorials Shared by the Internet Community |Top Tutorials||New Tutorials||Submit||Login||Register| Tutorial Basic Detail Total Hits: 3514 Total Votes: 37 votes Average Rating: 2.57 out of 5 Category: HTML/Getting Started Description:HTML stands for "Hyper Text Markup Language". HTML is a language for creating web pages. In this tutorial, you will learn how to: Create HTML tags and attributes; Add colors and backgrounds; Choose font sizes, faces, styles and colors; Set up links to other web pages or other web sites; Create bulleted and numbered lists; Put your pictures into your page; Create tables; Set up atributes of the table; Align and change the positions of the text and the pictures; Create forms to collect information; Use frames to put multiple pages into a single window; Save your own HTML file.

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http://www.tutorialspoint.com/rate/2843

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Music Advising 101 When advising students on class selection, start with these basic ideas. Send the student to Academic Advising (Frank Bell & Amy Mack) for all GER questions. Send the student to the major or minor department for questions in those areas. Ask the student what emphasis he or she intends to pursue. Be prepared to explain the differences. Essentially, the education, performance, jazz, and technology emphases replace the minor of the traditional liberal arts emphasis. If a student just wants to graduate as quickly as possible, the liberal arts emphasis is usually the way to go. For reference, of the 46 music students who have graduated since 2006: - 23% were in the Liberal Arts Emphasis (13 students) - 19% were Music Education Emphasis (11 students) - 16% were in the Performance Emphasis (9 students) - 16% were in the Technology Emphasis (9 students) - 7% were in the Jazz Emphasis (4 students) - Class Schedule - Current UAH Catalog - Current UAH Catalog: Music Section - Current UAH Catalog: Music Degrees - Current UAH Catalog: Course Descriptions - Archived UAH Catalogs - Alabama Articulation Agreement (you will rarely need this) - General Registration Instructions for students - Degree Checklists listing all the major requirements for each emphasis (including Education and Engineering classes for Education or Technology emphases) - “What Classes Should Music Majors Take?” – an overview - Suggested Sequences of music classes - This document (on the facweb page but not the student info page) - Hits: 1315

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http://www.uah.edu/la/departments/music/student-affairs/advising

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During medieval times, the torture devices they had were imaginative with many zeroing in on inflicting pain on certain parts of the body. In this article, you will primarily encounter methods of torture that focused on body parts, such as the head, knees, the breasts and the genitals. Spiked wooden blocks were placed on either side of a victim's knee and screwed together until the knees literally split. The design of the device was made in such a way that pain could also be inflicted on other joints, such as the wrists and elbows. The head crushed looks much like the vice grip of today – just turned on its side. This torture device saw the chin of a victim placed on a bar while they were outfitted with a metal cap that was attached to a bolt that was screwed onto the top of their head. As the bolt was slowly turned, the victim's head would feel the crushing pressure. Usually, this method was used to get a confession out of victims, and if they did not speak, then they died from the increasing pressure. Eyeballs would begin to pop out of the sockets, followed by the shattering of teeth. Finally, the skull became fractured and started to release the brain. With two rather large claws at the end of each handle, the breast ripper resembled a pair of forceps, but these were not used to do good. Instead, the ripper was meant to brand the breasts of unmarried mothers. It was heated until it turned red-hot and then pressed against the skin. If a woman had been condemned for something much worse, the tipper was then used to completely tear off their breasts. The spider was a variation of the breast ripper, which consisted of a series of spikes inserted into a wall. A woman was dragged along the spikes until her breast were torn off. When you think of sprinklers, the last thing to come to mind is probably one that emitted molten lead or boiling oil onto people instead of water. While a victim was strapped to a table, they endured the hot substances being tossed on them. The device was a simple ladle with a lid over a bowl with a hole. Liquid was poured into the bowl and the lid closed over it. If a man was accused of trying to kill the king, they would have to face the crocodile shears – a punishment reserved just for this kind of criminal. Shaped like pincers, the shears formed a pipe lined with jagged teeth when it was closed instead of the usual jaws or blades. The shears were heated until they became red-hot and were then clamped over the victim's penis, which was then ripped from the body. Register Now To Leave Comments All Matter Was Created By Every Person Has Their Own Frequency Signature.

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Asthma can be defined simply as reversible airways obstruction. It is one of the commonest chronic diseases worldwide and has prevalence in the UK of approximately 15 per cent in children and 8-10 per cent in adults. The reversible obstruction occurs because there is: inflammation of the airways which makes them narrower constriction of the airway muscles which also makes them narrower increased mucous which gets in the way of air moving in and out of the lungs It affects both large and small airways. Some individuals are affected only occasionally, for example if they have a cough or cold, go out into cold, dry air, or exercise. Most have mild to moderate symptoms which are prevented or relieved by appropriate inhaled medications which are safe and effective. Others have much more severe asthma which requires several types of medicine and which can be serious enough to go to hospital. Most children with asthma either grow out of it in adolescence or suffer much less as an adult, although a proportion go on to suffer with it throughout adult life. In an asthma attack a sufferer finds it very difficult to breathe. The chest feels tight and there is a wheeze. Often they will breathe fast or hyperventilate in an effort to get as much oxygen as they can, but this does not often help. Using their reliever (usually a blue inhaler) as soon as possible will help alongside trying to calm their breathing rate down. Most people with asthma know their condition well and will know what to do. Medical aid should always be sought if someone is not getting better. Every year there are 1-2,000 deaths from severe asthma, and not being able to breathe should always be treated as an emergency. Could I have asthma? The symptoms of asthma are usually those of recurrent wheeze, cough, breathlessness and chest tightness. Often sleep is disturbed or you may have difficulties when exercising. Frequently there is a family history of asthma or allergy, sometimes it co-exists with other atopic conditions such as eczema and hay fever, and the symptoms of asthma may be made worse by allergies e.g. to cats, pollens, dust or respiratory infections. Other medical problems can cause similar symptoms so a doctor will want to ask you questions, examine you and perform some breathing tests which may require you to keep a ‘Peak Flow’ diary or breathe into a device called a Spirometer. Peak Flow measures how hard you can blow and is lower in people who are suffering with asthma. It is measured in litres per minute. Spirometry measures more precisely the volume of air you can expel in one second followed by the volume you can blow out in total. Someone without asthma should be able to blow 70% of their lung volume out in the first second. Modern treatment is effective at treating and preventing the symptoms of asthma. Having an annual review with the nurse or doctor is the best way to ensure that you are getting the best and most up-to-date treatment. The aim of treatment is to prevent symptoms so that you hardly ever need to use ‘reliever’ medication. This can be by avoiding triggers that you know make it worse, not smoking, and if necessary by taking preventative medication which is safe and effective. Relievers – these inhalers (usually blue) directly relax airway muscle, opening up airways and making it easier to breathe. Preventers – these medicines act to reduce the inflammation and mucous in the airways, and help to reduce airway muscle contraction. These are usually inhalers too, although sometimes various tablets are also used. Flu Vaccination – each year a vaccine is developed to protect you from the current most virulent strains of influenza virus. It is available from GP surgeries in the autumn and is well worth having if you have asthma that requires regular prevention treatment, (or certain other chronic conditions, or are over 65). Where to find out more If you think you may have asthma and want to find out more then you can make an appointment to see one of the nurses or doctors at the Health Centre. If you, or someone you are with, suffer an asthma attack and it is an emergency you should call 999.

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Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow @universetoday on Twitter The Moon is familiar; it always looks the same. We know that the Earth rotates, that’s why the Sun, Moon and stars seem to move through the sky every day. But does the Moon rotate? And if the Moon rotates, why do we alway see the same side – it never seems to change. Well, the Moon does rotate. In fact, the Moon takes 27.3 days to turn once on its axis. But the Moon also takes 27.3 days to complete one orbit around the Earth. Because the Moon’s rotation time is exactly the same amount of time it takes to complete an orbit, it always presents the same face to the Earth, and one face away. Because it only presents one face to the Earth, astronomers say that the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth. Although the Moon looks like a perfectly smooth ball, it has slight differences in the shape of its gravity field. A long time ago, the Moon did rotate. But each time it turned, the Earth’s gravity tugged at it, slowing down its rotation until it only presented one face to the Earth. At that point, the Moon was tidally locked, and from our perspective, it doesn’t seem to rotate. Many other moons in the Solar System are also tidally locked to their planet. In fact, most of Jupiter’s large moons are tidally locked. So, to answer the question: does the Moon rotate? The Moon rotates once every 27.3 days; the same amount of time that it takes to go around the Earth, and so it always presents the same face to the Earth. You can listen to a very interesting podcast about the formation of the Moon from Astronomy Cast, Episode 17: Where Did the Moon Come From?

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The leathery skin of duckbill dinosaurs sometimes fossilized, and paleontologists report that bite marks on one such hide tell a tale of escape from ancient peril. Feeling hungry? Well, take heart. Even the mighty Tyrannosaurus Rex didn't always nab dinner, paleontologists say. They cite the first unequivocal evidence that a duckbill dinosaur managed to escape from one of these ancient top predators. The tale is written on the duckbill's fossilized skin and skull. Resembling an alligator's hide, the skin was discovered next to the skull, which carries healed bone scars from bites, say paleontologists Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas in Lawrence and Robert Depalma of the Palm Beach Museum of Natural History in Fort Lauderdale. "The spacing of large tooth drags on the skull bones is consistent with a very large tyrannosaurid, probably Tyrannosaurus Rex." Reporting in the Cretaceous Research journal, they note the skull and skin of the large adult duckbill dinosaur dates to around 66 million years ago, around the end of the Age of Dinosaurs. The specimens were excavated in the Hell Creek region of Montana, renowned for past Tyrannosaurus and duckbill dinosaur discoveries. Duckbills were the cows of the dinosaur era, plant eaters often seen as prey for the carnivores of the time. "Healing skin injuries appear to be rare in the fossil record for good reason – prey rarely escapes once the attacker latches onto it," the paleontologists say. In this case, the duckbill hide bears signs of numerous healed bites and even bone damage, marks resembling healing that takes at least three weeks in modern reptiles. The researchers call for more study of fossilized dinosaur skins to add to their findings, which may provide evidence for debate over whether T. Rex was more of a hunter or a scavenger.

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http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/sciencefair/2013/02/21/tyrannosaur-teeth-duckbill-skin/1933843/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+usatoday-NewsTopStories+%28News+-+Top+Stories%29

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Opportunities for improvement lie in best management practices FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE — Sept. 22, 2010 Rosemont, Ill. — The U.S. dairy industry announced today that it has completed a carbon footprint study that measured the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with a gallon of milk in the United States. Researchers followed the journey of a gallon of milk from the beginning of the life cycle when crops are grown to feed cows; milk is produced and delivered to processors; through processing, packaging and distribution; all the way to the purchase and disposal of the gallon of milk by the consumer. The completion of the study is a significant first step for the dairy industry in a comprehensive, science-based approach to measure and improve its environmental footprint. The Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy commissioned the Applied Sustainability Center at the University of Arkansas to conduct the GHG LCA of fluid milk, also called the carbon footprint study. Dr. Greg Thoma, professor of chemical engineering at the University of Arkansas and lead investigator of the study, will present the findings tomorrow at the International Food LCA Conference. The carbon footprint study, together with data from additional studies measuring GHG emissions, helps validate that total U.S. dairy GHG emissions are approximately 2 percent of total U.S. emissions. This is far less than earlier figures reported about the global livestock industry that were incorrectly attributed to U.S. dairy. "The entire dairy industry — dairy producers, processors, manufacturers and brands — is working together to build on its long history of sustainability. We are committed to providing the nutritious dairy products consumers want in a way that makes the industry, people and the earth economically, environmentally, and socially better — now and for future generations," said Thomas P. Gallagher, CEO of the Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy and Dairy Management Inc.™, which manages the dairy checkoff on behalf of the nation’s farmers. The carbon footprint study identifies opportunities for efficiency and innovation across the fluid milk supply chain, including feed efficiency, manure management, energy management and fuel efficiency. A key finding indicates that management practices are an important driver of the carbon footprint for farms, plants and transportation fleets, rather than the geographic region, business model, or size of the farm or organization. "Generation after generation, dairy farmers have made many improvements in the care of the land, air and water," said Jerry Kozak, president and CEO of the National Milk Producers Federation. "I am pleased that hundreds of America’s dairy farmers completed detailed surveys about their farming practices, in order for us to create the most comprehensive, accurate assessment of our industry’s collective carbon footprint. Being proactive in this effort is another way to make improvements in the next generation." Dairy businesses across the country are already making changes that are environmentally and economically beneficial. The Innovation Center has collected a variety of success stories, case studies and best practices, providing a platform for industry partners to learn from one another and make informed decisions that suit their unique needs. One example is Prairieland Dairy, Firth, Neb., which practices a zero-waste philosophy. Byproducts from local food processors contribute to cow diets, including distiller’s grain, leftover cereal mix and spent brewers grain from a nearby microbrewery. Prairieland's compost operation makes fertilizer from cow manure and local organic material, which is used on the farm and by local gardeners. HP Hood LLC, Lynnfield, Mass., a processor, established energy management plans in its 22 processing plants, which include energy use, recycling and water use initiatives; and has decreased diesel fuel consumption through safe driver practices, electronic onboard recorders, temperature controls and automatic idle shutdown, among other practices. There are many more examples of dairy businesses that have implemented sustainable practices in their operations, which can be found on USDairy.com/Sustainability. A commitment to GHG reduction In 2008, the Innovation Center worked with industry stakeholders to develop a roadmap of opportunities to reduce GHG emissions and build business value across the entire value chain. Ten projects, all of which align with the opportunities for improvement identified by the carbon footprint study, are currently under way. These projects explore best and next practices for feed efficiency, manure management, energy management, improved packaging formats, processing technologies and fuel efficiency. More than 500 active volunteers from more than 300 organizations are committing time, knowledge and resources to the projects. Volunteers include representatives from the dairy industry, as well as experts from academic, government and nongovernmental organizations such as University of Michigan, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and World Wildlife Fund. "Sustainability has become a new way of living and a new standard for managing how we do business," said Connie Tipton, president and CEO of the International Dairy Foods Association. "The study is helping dairy businesses to see that reducing GHG emissions not only meets consumers’ expectations for more earth-friendly products, but also reduces plant operation costs." The carbon footprint study will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal in 2011. In addition, studies on nutritional value, economic impact and other environmental measures such as water quality and conservation are under way as the industry seeks more ways to work together for a healthy planet. Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy provides a forum for the dairy industry to work together pre-competitively to address barriers and opportunities to foster innovation and increase sales. The Innovation Center aligns the collective resources of the industry to offer consumers nutritious dairy products and ingredients, and promote the health of people, communities, the planet and the industry. The Board of Directors for the Innovation Center includes 31 leaders representing 30 key U.S. producer organizations, dairy cooperatives, processors, manufacturers and brands. The Innovation Center is staffed by Dairy Management Inc.™ Visit USDairy.com for more information about the Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy. Statement in support of the U.S. Dairy Sustainability Commitment from World Wildlife Fund It’s clear that the U.S. dairy industry understands the value, both business and environmental, to reducing greenhouse gas emissions along the dairy supply chain. By taking a comprehensive view of its footprint, the industry can be targeted and strategic in improving practices in the areas that have the most impact. The U.S. dairy industry’s commitment to reducing its footprint can have major influence on WWF’s conservation objectives, like reducing climate impact, conserving finite resources and preserving biodiversity. We encourage other businesses and industries to follow The Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy’s leadership. Bryan Weech, director of livestock at WWF, remarked: “World Wildlife Fund is pleased to see the U.S. Dairy Industry take a science-based approach to measuring its environmental footprint and to determine appropriate reductions methods. This is an essential first step toward improving practices and to build on its commitment to sustainability. We look forward to tracking the industry’s progress and to see this science expanded to ensure long term, broad impact.” To read more about stakeholders and their involvement in the Sustainability Commitment, visit USDairy.com/Sustainability. Download the news release.

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from Courier Journal, Louisville, KY Friday 2 Feb 1932 Submitted by Gaye Hill Woman Leaps After Her Drowning Sister /> Mrs. Hazel Mathers Sinks In Ohio River At New Albany Would-Be Rescuer Helped to Shore While her sister tried vainly to rescue her, Mrs. Hazel Mathers, 23 years old, 141 West Main Street, New Albany, drowned at 9:10 o'clock Thursday night in the Ohio River at State Street, New Albany. Mrs. Mathers had gone to the water front to see her husband, who is a barge watchman. She slipped while attempting to jump a three-foot gap between a derrick and one of the barges. As Mrs. Mathers fell, her sister leaped in to rescue her, but was unable to reach her. The sister, Miss Catherine Stamper, 22, had recently reached New Albany from her home in Ohio, and had accompanied Mrs. Mathers to the water front. Mr. Mathers did not see the accident, but was attracted to the scene by the screams. When he arrived, Mrs. Mathers had sunk. Mr. Mathers and other men nearby aided Miss Stamper, and entered a skiff and tried to recover the body of the drowned woman. They used an improvised grappling hook and brought the body to the surface fifteen minutes later. Members of the New Albany Fire Department tried vainly to revive Mrs. Mathers. Dr. Frank T. Tyler, Floyd County Coroner, was called. findagrave memorial #65977395 /> /> />> ©2011 Dee Pavey, Sue Carpenter, Floyd Co., INGenWeb

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Pollution resulting from chemical agents applied to crops, rights of way, lawns, or residences to control weeds, insects, fungi, nematodes, rodents or other pests (pesticides) or kill undesirable plants (herbicides). Data warehouse for national water quality program with links to chemical, biological, and physical data for water, sediment and animal tissues, nutrient, pesticide, and VOC levels, streamflow, and ground water levels from national study units. We identified six compounds at concentrations less than human-health benchmarks, but within a factor of 10 of those limits. Those compounds might warrant further study to understand their transport and fate within the watershed. Sampling for pesticide contamination in four major rivers in in the Bighorn and North Platte River Basins, begun in 2006 and resampled in 2009 and 2010 revealed concentration at levels below the standards for drinking water. Overview of studies of marine sediment on the continental shelf south of Los Angeles contaminated with DDT and PCBs from past sewage effluent discharges with links to research on Santa Monica Bay, Los Angeles Shelf and Palos Verdes Peninsula.

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(The information in this article was taken or adapted from the High Performance Coaching Program Study Guide.) - Use the PRICE method as your initial response to an acute injury, in order to decrease pain and initiate healing. - Apply heat to an injury after the initial pain and swelling have subsided, not simply after a pre-set number of days. Heat is effective prior to activity to enhance flexibility and decrease stiffness. - Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke are the three primary heat illnesses that can be encountered in tennis players. To prevent heat illness, maintain proper hydration. - The most common injuries in tennis are overuse injuries such as tennis elbow and shoulder tendonitis. Four types of common musculoskeletal injuries are sprains, strains, tendonitis, and stress fractures. - To treat bleeding, apply pressure to the area, elevate the bleeding area if possible, and wear rubber gloves for HIV protection. - If a player has pain, evaluate the level of pain in order to decide if he or she should continue playing. If a player has pain that prevents proper stroke patterning or that is in the region of a joint, do not continue tennis play or training until the player’s injury has been evaluated and specific measures have been taken to address the pain. Have a complete medical profile for each player for whom you are responsible, and never dispense prescription medications without permission.

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As we drove around in the savannah of far north Queensland, Australia, we saw so many big termite hills. Thousands and thousands of them. Sometimes they are called mounds, termitaria, or anthills, even though they are the nests of termites, not ants. Many of them that we saw were around 1-3 meters high. Some of them had a more amorphous heap shape, but some of them have conical shapes that made them look like brown fairy castles. Too bad we didn’t spot a giant one, as we read ones up to 6 meters high ones are not rare in northern Australia, and they can even reach 9 meters in Africa’s savannah. However, this is a representative picture of what we saw there. Tell us about the biggest termite hills that you’ve seen! Or tell us about biggest insect nest that you’ve seen!

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French medical researcher, chronophotographer In 1878 a laboratory for medical photography had been set up at La Saltpêtrière hospital in Paris. To pursue his medical studies, in 1882 Londe constructed a camera fitted with nine lenses arranged in a circle. A series of electro-magnets energised in sequence by a metronome device released nine shutters in quick succession, taking nine pictures on a glass plate. He used the camera to study the movements of patients during epileptic fits. Londe's improved camera of 1891 used twelve lenses (in three rows of four) and was used for medical studies of muscle movement in subjects performing a variety of actions as diverse as those of a tightrope walker and a blacksmith. The sequence of twelve pictures could be made in anything from 1/10th of a second to several seconds. The lay-out of Londe's laboratory at La Saltpêtrière was in many ways similar to Marey's Station Physiologique, and was similarly subsidised by the Parisian authorities. Although the apparatus was used primarily for medical research, Londe noted that it was portable, and he used it for other subjects - horses and other animals, and waves, for example. General Sobert developed, in conjunction with Londe, a chronophotographic device to help in the study of ballistics. Londe's pictures were used as illustrations in several books, notably by Paul Richer, widely read by the medical and artistic fraternity.

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Driving through the sleepy little neighborhood of Pinellas Point, it's easy to overlook what many consider to be one of the best-preserved historic sites in St. Pete/Clearwater. Lost Tribes of Florida One thousand years ago, Tocabaga Indians gathered here by the hundreds to feast on oysters and clams, the shells of which helped build up the very ground you see rising 16 feet before you. As a matter of fact, travel along the waterfront in any of the area's undeveloped coastal parks and you can rest assured that any change of elevation that you see, even one as little as two feet, was probably made by the peninsula's original inhabitants. If you could travel back in time 1,000 years and get a bird's-eye view of Tarpon Springs to Safety Harbor, and then follow the shoreline of Tampa Bay to Weedon Island and Maximo Point, you would have seen thousands of people working and playing in the very same waters that attracts visitors today. Along the coast, from what is now Tierra Verde and Fort De Soto Park, up the Intracoastal Waterway to John's Pass and along the beach to Clearwater, the Lost Tribes of Florida found the sea a veritable supermarket upon which to feed. Pinellas Point Temple Mound In many places, all these Indians left behind was piles of shells, but in some sites, such as the one located near 21st Street South in St. Petersburg, they built mounds to support their temples. The Pinellas Point Temple Mound is probably one of the best known of the more than 1,800 archeological sites in the St. Pete/Clearwater area, thanks in part to a legend that accompanies it. Many believe that the story of Juan Ortiz, a shipwrecked sailor saved from death by a woman of significant importance in the Tocobaga village, inspired the story of Capt. John Smith and Pocahontas some 80 years later. According to a plaque on the south side of the mound, in 1528 Ortiz found himself at the mercy of Chief Hirrihigua, who hated the newcomers to his land because of the cruel things the conquistador Panfilo de Narvaez had done to his people. A close female relative of the chief begged for the Spaniard's life, and when it appeared that he might be killed, she helped him escape to another Indian village. That colorful story has helped earn the Pinellas Point Temple Mound international notoriety. Visitors still can climb the gentle sloping mound (access from Serpentine Circle, off 21st Street South), sit beneath a shady oak and wonder what life was like 1,000 years ago. Another well-known pre-Columbian Indian site can be found off Park Street at Jungle Prada, where Narvaez came ashore to start his ill-fated march across the American Southeast. At the time of the Narvaez landing, the Jungle Prada area was the site of a thriving Indian village. Part of it is now a City of St. Petersburg park, and the rest is a Sacred Land Preserve, which houses a museum and education center where visitors can see artifacts (shells and pottery) from more than 500 years ago. A nearby shell mound, or midden as they are called, has been excavated by professional archeologists who dated the site to around 1,000 A.D. The mounds at Jungle Prada make an excellent half-day trip. To get there, turn west off of Park Street toward Boca Ciega Bay at Elbow Lane North. Park on the south side of the street at Jungle Prada Park. Largest Mound Complex at Philippe Park The largest mound complex in the St. Pete/Clearwater area can be found in Safety Harbor's Philippe Park. When Columbus landed in the New World, the Safety Harbor site served the central village of the Tocobaga and home of their cacique, or chief. Another explorer, Hernando De Soto, visited this capital of the Tocobaga, whose name loosely translates to "the place of the gourds." Measuring 20 feet high and roughly 50 by 100 feet at the top, the mound at Philippe Park is undoubtedly the best-maintained and most easily accessible Indian mound in the area. The Safety Harbor site has been designated as a Registered National Historic Landmark. Near the temple mound, archaeologists excavated a burial mound and unearthed more than 100 skeletons and ceremonial pottery. The Safety Harbor Culture refers to the people who once inhabited Philippe Park. They were the last of the Native American cultures that existed in this area before European contact. After visiting Philippe Park, you can learn more about the Tocobaga and Safety Harbor Culture by visiting the Safety Harbor Museum. The St. Petersburg Museum of History, on the approach to The Pier, is also worth a visit.

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Anyone who is a true advocate of information visualization will be fascinated by this project. Using health records from the Columbia University Medical Center, a group of researchers lead by Andrey Rzhetsky at Columbia University have mapped the overlap between 161 different diseases by studying epidemiological data from 1.5 million patients. Some of the disease correlations found in the mapping exercise have been previously observed, but many are new. The strongest results concern neurological disorders. "We're the first to quantify the overlap between schizophrenia, bipolar, and autism," says Rzhetsky. A Columbia University computer model was used to generate these maps, which the researchers hope will foster further investigation on the genetic bases of the diseases they studied. The first map (top image) is the resulting output of an independent study into one of the 161 diseases mapped in the Columbia study - Migraine. The Columbia researchers found genetic overlap between migraine and about 60 other diseases. The size of the circles corresponds to the relative size of the patient population sampled; in this map, populations range from 46 to 136,000 people. Very little is known about what predisposes a person to migraines, says Rzhetsky, but the mapping project reveals a strong correlation with autism. Rzhetsky's research also shows correlations between infections and many neurological diseases, including migraines, autism, and schizophrenia. The second map (bottom image) shows the overlap between some common diseases. Red lines between diseases indicate a positive correlation; blue lines indicate a negative correlation. The thickness of a line corresponds to the strength of the correlation. The size of the circles corresponds to the relative size of the patient population for each disease; in this map, patient populations range from about 20 to about 136,000 people. This visualization also demonstrates a strong positive correlation between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism (yellow circles), suggesting that they are caused by a common group of genes.

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As the Democratic National Convention gets underway in Charlotte, North Carolina, here's some trivia on memorable Democratic convention moments, as well as some fun facts about the oldest and youngest headliners and African American candidates. Memorable Democratic convention speeches • In her keynote 1988 speech, Texas state treasurer and future governor Ann Richards declared that George H.W. Bush was "born with a silver foot in his mouth." • In his speech to the 1980 Democratic convention, Sen. Ted Kennedy said, "For me, a few hours ago, this campaign came to an end. For all those whose cares have been our concern, the work goes on, the cause endures, the hope still lives, and the dream shall never die." • In 1940, Eleanor Roosevelt became the first first Lady to address a national political convention. With war looming, she said, "We cannot tell from day to day what may come. This is no ordinary time, no time for thinking about anything except what we can best do for the country as a whole." African American convention firsts • In 1976, Rep. Barbara Jordan of Texas was the first African American to give the keynote address at a Democratic convention (She also keynoted the 1992 convention). In 1884, Former Mississippi Rep. John Lynch became the first African American keynote speaker at a Republican convention. - Channing Phillips, a minister from Washington, D.C., became the first African American to receive a vote at a Democratic convention in 1968, with 67.5 delegate votes. Frederick Douglass, in 1888, became the first African American to receive a vote at a Republican convention with one delegate vote. • Barack Obama was the last African American to deliver a keynote address (2004). Republicans have not featured an African American keynoter since Lynch in 1884. Oldest and youngest convention facts

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Damming the Senegal floods Plans to control the floods of the Senegal river had been in existence since the 19th century. The Sahelian drought had brought the governments of Mali, Senegal and Mauritania together to create the 'Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal' (OMVS) and proceed with the construction of two major dams in an attempt to develop irrigated agriculture, hydroelectric power and river navigation. The first to be completed (1986) was Diama dam. It was built to stop the dry-season intrusion of seawater along the river which could penetrate over 100 km inland. The second dam was a storage dam at Manantali in Mali (completed in 1990) on the Bafing, the main tributary of the river, which supplies approximately 50% of the annual flow. The reservoir is capable of stocking 11 billion m3 of the strong seasonal rainfall on the Fouta Djalon mountains in Guinea. To date, the entire management approach of OMVS had been strictly sectoral. Although locally and in some sectors , large gains have been achieved, several indicators pointed out that the majority of the stakeholders in the valley did not benefit from the interventions of OMVS. Most inhabitants of the Senegal river basin were dependent on natural productivity of the area, which was closely linked to the extent and duration of the floods. The floods were the basis of a closely-knit set of multiple uses and functions in the Senegal floodplains and delta. In 1997, OMVS started to collaborate with the World Bank to develop a GEF project for the Senegal river basin. After a series of consultations, a technical programme was elaborated that focused on establishing a viable integrated resource management strategy for water, biodiversity and environment. The programme set for establishing a series of activities at national levels that together formed a cohesive strategy for the entire river basin. However, insufficient attention was given to the need for a wider consultation and participation of all stakeholders towards the implementation of a sustainable management of the Senegal river basin. Broadening water management goals To establish an effective stakeholder participation it is essential that the people living in the basin are sufficiently informed about the water resources management policy of OMVS, especially the management of the up-stream Manantali dam. This has much to do with the flood characteristics created by the water releases that largely affect the agricultural, domestic and natural environment. A sustainable basin management needs to incorporate full knowledge of the environmental conditions within the basin. Invasive plant species, seasonally severe pollution and water borne diseases are just some of the aspects that needed to be dealt with. Engaging with the community The perception of the people in the basin of these issues was of crucial importance. What were the essential problems they faced? What was the role of water management in creating and solving problems? Impacts of dam releases on fisheries, irrigated land, urban areas as well as nature reserves were known throughout the basin. The goal of the project was the sustainable management of the Senegal river basin based on the full participation of all stakeholders involved.

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The Holy Land or Promised Land (Formerly Palestine), Recently Depicted and Published Nicolaus (also spelled Nicolas, Nicolaes) Visscher was the son of a Dutch master painter and mapmaker, Claes Janszoon Visscher, and was known for the exquisite artistry of the maps he produced. In the 16th and 17th centuries the Dutch were involved in a race against Portugal for control of the spice trade. The antipathy between the two states ran especially deep because of the alliance of Portugal with the Kingdom of Spain, with whom the Dutch had been embroiled in the Eighty Years' War (1566-1648). Only one year before the ...

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Asperger's syndrome, also called Asperger's disorder, is a type of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). PDDs are a group of conditions that involve delays in the development of many basic skills, most notably the ability to socialize with others, to communicate, and to use imagination. Although Asperger's syndrome is similar in some ways to autism -- another, more severe type of PDD -- there are some important differences. Children with Asperger's syndrome typically function better than do those with autism. In addition, children with Asperger's syndrome generally have normal intelligence and near-normal language development, although they may develop problems communicating as they get older. Autism and Your Child Each child with an autism spectrum disorder will have his or her own individual pattern of autism. Sometimes, a child's development is delayed from birth. Other children with autism develop normally before suddenly losing social or language skills. In some children, a loss of language is the impairment. In others, unusual behaviors (like spending hours lining up toys) Parents are usually the first to notice something is wrong. Asperger's syndrome was named for the Austrian doctor, Hans Asperger, who first described the disorder in 1944. However, Asperger's syndrome was not recognized as a unique disorder until much later. What Are the Symptoms of Asperger's Syndrome? The symptoms of Asperger's syndrome vary and can range from mild to severe. Common symptoms include: Problems with social skills: Children with Asperger's syndrome generally have difficulty interacting with others and often are awkward in social situations. They generally do not make friends easily. They have difficulty initiating and maintaining conversation. Eccentric or repetitive behaviors: Children with this condition may develop odd, repetitive movements, such as hand wringing or finger twisting. Unusual preoccupations or rituals: A child with Asperger's syndrome may develop rituals that he or she refuses to alter, such as getting dressed in a specific order. Communication difficulties: People with Asperger's syndrome may not make eye contact when speaking with someone. They may have trouble using facial expressions and gestures, and understanding body language. They also tend to have problems understanding language in context and are very literal in their use of language. Limited range of interests: A child with Asperger's syndrome may develop an intense, almost obsessive, interest in a few areas, such as sports schedules, weather, or maps. Coordination problems: The movements of children with Asperger's syndrome may seem clumsy or awkward. Skilled or talented: Many children with Asperger's syndrome are exceptionally talented or skilled in a particular area, such as music or math. What Causes Asperger's Syndrome? The exact cause of Asperger's syndrome is not known. However, the fact that it tends to run in families suggests that a tendency to develop the disorder may be inherited (passed on from parent to child). How Common Is Asperger's Syndrome? Asperger's syndrome has only recently been recognized as a unique disorder. For that reason, the exact number of people with the disorder is unknown. While it is more common than autism, estimates for the United States and Canada range from 1 in every 250 children to 1 in every 10,000. It is four times more likely to occur males than in females and usually is first diagnosed in children between the ages of 2 and 6 years.

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Air Sampling Programs Control for Fume and Asbestos Hazards Read the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) report about controlling the hazards associated with the inhalation of asbestos and fumes in mines. Good ventilation and reduced exposure time are two methods used to reduce health hazards from metal fumes. Small, confined, unventilated conditions will produce the worst health hazards. Although outdoor operations will seldom produce overexposures to miners, only sampling can verify this assumption. Permanent indoor facilities can be equipped with local exhaust ventilation to minimize the exposures. In general, the capture hood should be placed no further from the source of the contaminant than a distance equal to the size of the capture hood opening. Care must be taken to place the capture hood where it will not draw the fumes across the miner's breathing zone en route to the exhaust duct. A hood placed above the miner's head, for example, may have ample capture velocity to remove the contaminant, but may do so by drawing the fumes across the miner's face. The hood should be located behind the fume generation source so that it will remove the contaminant without exposing the miner. Simple smoke tube checks may help determine the adequacy of the capture hood and the air currents in the miner's breathing zone. Inoperable fans, open doors or windows, holes in duct work or hoods, faulty bag houses, and improperly adjusted blast gates may defeat the ventilation system. The effectiveness of well-designed systems is sometimes negated at a later date by the addition of collection points along a circuit. Courtesy of MSHA Other helpful links: Asbestos and lung cancer Asbestos and lung cancer Mesothelioma attorney Mesothelioma attorney Mesothelioma Lawyer Mesothelioma lawyer Asbestos attorney Asbestos attorney

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What it is: Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes recurrent seizures and involuntary behaviors such as loss of consciousness, muscle spasms or confusion. People have seizures when the electrical impulses in the brain get disrupted and misfire, sending out abnormal signals to nerve cells. Symptoms: There are many types of epileptic seizures, and the range of symptoms varies from person to person. Some seizures, called absence seizures (or petit mal seizures), cause staring spells and may hardly be noticeable. Other seizures cause symptoms such as muscle twitching, blurred vision, numbness or tingling, and repetitive movements (like chewing or swallowing). The most obvious and severe seizures, called grand mal seizures, can cause a person to lose consciousness, fall to the ground, and have convulsions and a stiff body. Seizures can last a few seconds or a few minutes, and people are often confused and tired afterward. If your sweetie experiences a seizure, he may be frightened, tired, agitated, or confused for a few minutes or even hours — just be sure to offer plenty of comfort and reassurance. Causes: There are several causes behind epilepsy. Some types run in families, and genes can play a role in triggering the condition. Epilepsy can be triggered in-utero because a baby has a stroke or suffers from a brain injury, or because baby is deprived of oxygen during childbirth. Brain tumors or other neurological disorders, as well as certain metabolic disorders, can also put a baby at greater risk of epilepsy. If baby suffers an accident that causes trauma to the brain, epileptic seizures may be a side effect. But for some children, the cause of epilepsy remains a mystery. How common it is: According to the Epilepsy Foundation, about 326,000 American children under the age of 15 have the condition. But seizures are actually more common than you might think — and not all are epileptic. In fact, seizures happen in about 5 out of every 100 kids. They can affect kids in different ways, at different times in their lives, and can even be outgrown. Febrile seizures are one example: They aren’t caused by epilepsy but instead a high fever — and half of all kids who suffer from a febrile seizure never have another. Latest treatments: While there’s no cure for epilepsy, the goal of treatment is to try to prevent seizures from happening or at least reduce their frequency. To that end, doctors usually recommend medication or a combination of medicines as the first line of treatment. In many cases, these drugs can reduce or stop epileptic seizures. If medication isn’t working (even after experimenting with different drugs and dosages), doctors may suggest other treatments. Surgery is a good option if the seizures originate in a particular part of the brain and doctors can either remove or make a series of cuts in that area. Sometimes doctors put children on a ketogenic diet, which is high in fats and low in carbohydrates, since it’s been shown to reduce seizures for reasons that aren’t entirely clear. There’s also vagus-nerve stimulation (VNS). That’s when a battery-powered nerve stimulator is implanted under the skin and wrapped around the vagus nerve in the neck. The stimulator delivers short bursts of electrical energy to the brain through the vagus nerve, and — for reasons that are still being studied — can lower the frequency of seizures. Your child may also continue to take medications along with these other type of therapies. Help your little one keep seizures at bay by making sure he gets enough sleep and knows how to manage his stress. You might also consider buying your child a medical-alert bracelet so that no matter where he is, people around him can easily identify his condition and respond quickly if a seizure happens. Hope for the future: Today’s treatments are effective at reducing the number of seizures your child may have. In fact, many kids with epilepsy can go on to play sports or do any type of activity they want. Less-conventional techniques can make living with epilepsy easier on your child. For example, there’s evidence that therapy dogs can be trained to sense when a seizure is coming and alert children to get into a safe position so that they don’t injure themselves during a seizure. These specially trained dogs can also be a source of comfort and support for kids who often feel scared and different from their peers. Researchers are also working to find a cure for epilepsy through organizations such as CURE: Citizens United in Research for Epilepsy. Where to find help: Watching your child go through a seizure is upsetting, but knowing how to handle it safely and where to get treatment and support can go a long way. Find doctors and communities of moms and dads knowledgeable about epilepsy, and learn about the latest therapies through these organizations: - Epilepsy Foundation - National Association of Epilepsy Centers - The resource page of the American Epilepsy Society - Epilepsy Therapy Project - Living Well With Epilepsy - The Anita Kaufmann Foundation - Intractable Childhood Epilepsy Alliance - The Parent Network through NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City

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You get a schistosoma infection through contact with contaminated water. The parasite in its infective stages is called a cercaria. It swims freely in open bodies of water. On contact with humans, the parasite burrows into the skin, matures into another stage (schistosomula), then migrates to the lungs and liver, where it matures into the adult form. The adult worm then migrates to its preferred body part, depending on its species. These areas include the bladder, rectum, intestines, liver, portal venous system (the veins that carry blood from the intestines to liver), spleen, and lungs. Schistosomiasis is not usually seen in the United States. It is common in many tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Symptoms vary with the species of worm and the phase of infection. Heavy infestation (many parasites) may cause fever, chills, lymph node enlargement, and liver and spleen enlargement. Initial invasion of the skin may cause itching and a rash (swimmer's itch). In this condition, the schistosome is destroyed within the skin. Intestinal symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea (which may be bloody). Urinary symptoms may include frequent urination, painful urination (dysuria), and blood in the urine (hematuria). Signs and tests The doctor or nurse will examine you. Tests that may be done include: Antibody test to check for signs of infection Biopsy of tissue Complete blood count (CBC) to check for signs of anemia Eosinophil count to measure the number of certain white blood cells Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of schistosomiasis, especially if you have traveled to a tropical or sub-tropical area where the disease is known to exist or if you have been exposed to contaminated or suspect bodies of water. Avoid swimming or bathing in contaminated or potentially contaminated water Avoid bodies of water of unknown safety Snails are an intermediate host for the parasite. Getting rid of snails in bodies of water used by humans would help prevent infection. Maguire JH. Trematodes (schistosomes and other flukes). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 289. David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.

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| The transformer is not a power source. It functions like a lever to convert a small voltage pushing a large electric current into a large voltage pushing a small electric current or vice versa. The power in an electric circuit is equal to the voltage multiplied by the current. For a perfect transformer, all the power that enters comes back out. If the transformer is not perfect, a portion of the power that enters is converted to heat. The transformer is intended for use only with an alternating current while the current induced in the power lines as a result of space weather disturbances is a direct current. The transformer, which usually operates with 99% efficiency, begins to malfunction. Magnetic flux ceases to be concentrated inside the iron core of the transformer and impinges on regions that were not designed to withstand this. Power begins to be converted into heat. The transformer moans and creaks loudly and overheats. Oil fires and melt-down of transformer components can occur. This happens not just to one transformer but at the same time to all affected transformers on the grid. Some transformers may burn up. Others experience significantly shortened lifetimes following damage during magnetic storm events but don't fail outright.

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We tend to think of Mexican-Americans as immigrants but Southwestern history tells another story. We discover that people from Spain and Mexico lived in what is now United States well before anyone else but the Native Americans. It all began with Coronado looking for gold in 1540. By the 17th century there were settlements in what is now New Mexico. Many were herders of the churro sheep that provided both food and wool for weaving of blankets and other textiles that the settlers used for home and trade. As you can see, the Spanish people living in the area that is now New Mexico were rooted in production of textiles. Although the early women did not do any quilting they had a rich tradition of needlework. By the 18th century the more affluent women were able to obtain fine fabric for their needlework but other women were not to be left out. They embroidered flowers, leaves and birds on wool. We don't know exactly when the first pioneer woman introduced her quilting to the Spanish American settlers but star quilt patterns became an element of Spanish American women's weaving quite early. Once the railroad arrived in the late 1800s fabric became more available even to poorer women. Women found that they could make warm bedcoverings much faster than weaving by sewing together scraps of fabric with an old blanket, wool or cotton as filling. Sometimes these quilts were pieced on both front and back as the purpose was to use available cloth to create warmth. Whatever was at hand was used. Blankets and quilts were much needed as many of the Mexican-American people lived in the high northern part of New Mexico. With their background of weaving they often pieced strips of fabric for their quilts. In such a cold environment nothing could be wasted. Quilt Historian, Dorothy Zopf, explains that, "as they dress their churches with a new coat of mud plaster each year, so new covers, not new quilts, are made to prolong the life of an older quilt or an even old serape." 1 Both ranch and agricultural workers needed bedding when they were working in the outdoors. Bedrolls were made of 4 or 5 quilts to keep these men warm on those cold nights that occur at high elevations. In the old days when you walked into a home you may not have seen any quilts at all. They were considered utilitarian objects not decorative. These quilts had heavy filling and were difficult to wash. Instead beds were covered with a homemade bedspread or a sheet. One woman recalled, "A lot of people embroidered sheets and used that for a bedspread. I can remember a lot of them, seeing them on people's beds ___ a huge peacock___things like that were embroidered on a sheet and they cover the bed with the sheet in the daytime." 2 In other southwestern areas quilting was introduced as well. In Texas women brought their Spanish needlework skills with them. Quilts of bright colored patches were embroidered with designs popular in Spain and Mexico. Remember that this area was originally a part of Mexico. 3 By the nineteenth century many more women had moved into the southwest from the east. Mexican-Americans who could afford the leisure time made decorative quilts influenced by eastern quilt making techniques. Manuela Soso McKenna's quilt pictured to the left is a great example of her blending her Mexican needlework heritage with blocks of wool. Whan she was a child her family had moved from Mexico to Arizona where she later married McKenna. When whe made this quilt around 1890 she included names and birthdates of her family in intricate embroidery. Even the embroidery in the birds gives them a feathered look. It appears that the quilt might have been made to be hung rather than used on a bed. Tucson born Atanacia Santa Cruz Hughes, the wife of an Anglo-American settler, made a stunning pineapple quilt of silk in 1884. It is a wonderful blending of cultures as she used her fine needlework skills to embellish the quilt with flowers, Mexican symbols and Spanish words. 4 As time went by more and more Mexican-American women made the more formalized quilts that their Anglo-American neighbors were making. Some made both what they considered "old way quilts" and quilts for show. In her book, Surviving the Winter, Dorothy Zoff reports on her extensive study of quilts in New Mexico. She traveled throughout New Mexico interviewing quilters and examining their quilts. She wrote, "What has become clear, is that an Anglo/Eastern U.S. tradition dictated rules that are absent in the quilts made by Hispanic people. Their quilts appear more unfettered, experimental, and pragmatic. With time these distinctions have begun to fade." 5 Zoff found that Mexican-American quilts were more often tied than quilted. She points out that the Mexican love of pattern and color results in cheerful quilts that would almost obliterate fine quilting. Dark and light contrasts were popular. Some of these quilts were made of squares and rectangles in informal arrangements. Appliquéd quilts of butterflies and flowers were often of the maker's design. Because most quilts were tied the weight of the fabric could be more varied. Old denim jeans made hardy work quilts. The quilts were filled with cotton, wool or even rags instead of manufactured batting. As has been mentioned earlier the differences between Anglo-American and Mexican-American quilts have faded over the years. Yet I can't help but think the bright, joyfully colored quilts that we see today might in some way be influenced by the old Mexican love of color. The above picture of the woman carding wool is part of a clip art collection found at All Fiber Arts. Thanks to Susana for permission to use the above picture of her comforter made in the spirit of her ancestor's tradition. See the full quilt at Susan's Homespun Life 1 p18 "Surviving the Winter: The Evolution of Quiltmaking in New Mexico", by Dorothy R. Zoff 2 p111 "Southwestern Quilts and Quiltmakers in Context", by Jeannette Lasansky, Uncoverings 1993 3 (website) "Mexican-American Folk Arts and Crafts: ", by Suzanne Yabsley 4 p7 "Grand Endeavors: Vintage Arizona Quilts and Their Makers", by Pam Knight Stevenson

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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition - Draco 1 Seventh century B.C. Athenian politician who codified the laws of Athens (c. 621). Lauded for its impartiality, his code was unpopular for its severity. - n. A constellation in the polar region of the Northern Hemisphere near Cepheus and Ursa Major. Also called Dragon. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. One of the ancient northern constellations, the Dragon. - n. [lowercase] Aluminous exhalation from marshy grounds. - n. A genus of old-world acrodont lizards, of the family Agamidœ, having a parachute formed of the integument stretched over extended hinder ribs, by means of which the animal protracts its leaps into a kind of flight. Draco volans, of the Malay peninsula, is the common flying-lizard or dragon. See dragon, 2. - n. A taxonomic genus within the family Agamidae — gliding lizards from Southeast Asia. - n. astronomy A circumpolar constellation of the northern sky, said to resemble a dragon. It features a line of stars (including Thuban) that winds between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. - n. The name of an Athenian lawgiver, known for the severity of his laws. - n. Greek mythology One of Actaeon's hounds. GNU Webster's 1913 - n. (Astron.) The Dragon, a northern constellation within which is the north pole of the ecliptic. - n. A luminous exhalation from marshy grounds. - n. (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards. See Dragon, 6. - n. a faint constellation twisting around the north celestial pole and lying between Ursa Major and Cepheus - n. a reptile genus known as flying dragons or flying lizards - n. Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC) - From Latin dracō, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drakōn, "dragon") (Wiktionary) - Latin dracō, dragon; see dragon. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition) “So it is appropriate that the word "Draco" has been appropriated by the inventor of the first antiviral treatment that promises to work against all viruses.” “(Harry Draco is more the done thing.) 11: 36 PM, November 27, 2008” “Mads’s (character) Draco is the complete opposite of me, the foil, he’s the leader of these guys who want to protect the Princess and gets a little teenage upstart who believes he can do anything, ’cause he’s on a revenge mission and he’s got nothing to lose.” ““Draco is a body man to the princess and a former warrior who’s heading toward retirement,” says Mads Mikkelsen, who plays the part.” “But if these stories are important and Tell Us Something, aren’t the stories where Draco is a girl (and follows all the female/feminine stereotypes) also important and tells us something?” “Vesta Corporation is now in the public eye while it builds the spaceship Draco, which is the one hope Earth has against being conquered by the terrifying Tribes.” “If she'd actually called Draco's bluff and gone back to Myros ...” ““Big new Libyan called Draco,” Thalia reported unperturbedly.” “No one could ever, under any circumstances, call Draco unmanly, and certainly none of the three men here this morning would think any the worse of him for it.” “Police didn't want chirpsithtra wandering their streets, for fear of riots, and my human customers had stopped coming because the Draco was a chirpsithtra place.” These user-created lists contain the word ‘Draco’. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) recognizes 88 official constellations. Looking for tweets for Draco.

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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. Tartness; sourness; sharpness. - n. Keen or vehement desire in the pursuit or for the attainment of something, or a manifestation of such desire; ardent tendency; zeal; fervor: as, to pursue happiness or wealth with eagerness; eagerness of manner or speech. - n. Synonyms Earnestness, Avidity, Eagerness, Zeal, Enthusiasm, ardor, vehemence, impetuosity, heartiness, longing, impatience. The first five words may all denote strong and worthy movements of feeling and purpose toward a desired object. In this field eagerness has either a physical or a moral application; with avidity the physical application is primary; earnestness, zeal, and enthusiasm have only the moral sense. Avidity represents a desire for food, primarily physical, figuratively mental: as, to read a new novel with avidity; it rarely goes beyond that degree of extension. Eagerness emphasizes an intense desire, generally for specific things, although it may stand also as a trait of character; it tends to produce corresponding keenness in the pursuit of its object. Earnestness denotes a more sober feeling, proceeding from reason, conviction of duty, or the less violent emotions, but likely to prove stronger and more permanent than any of the others. The word has at times a special reference to effort; it implies solidity, sincerity, energy, and conviction of the laudableness of the object sought; it is contrasted with eagerness in that it affects the whole character. Zeal is by derivation a bubbling up with heat; it is naturally, therefore, an active quality, passionate and yet generally sustained, an abiding ardor or fervent devotion in any unselfish cause. Enthusiasm is so far redeemed from its early suggestion of extravagance that it denotes presumably a trait of character more general than eagerness or zeal, more lively than earnestness, a lofty quickness of feeling and purpose in the pursuit of laudable things under the guidance of reason and conscience; thus it differs from zeal, which still generally implies a poorly balanced judgment. GNU Webster's 1913 - n. The state or quality of being eager; ardent desire. - n. obsolete Tartness; sourness. - n. prompt willingness - n. a positive feeling of wanting to push ahead with something “I get the impression that Darcy Burner really believes that eagerness is a substitute for depth.” “Chook! she was crying, and the dogs whined and yelped in eagerness of desire and effort to overtake Big” “What we call eagerness, enthusiasm, passion, refers to the intensity of an instinct, wish, desire or purpose.” “Miss Jean heard their voices, first low and awestricken, rising in eagerness and loudness as they got further from the house.” “Between me and the light, the better to see us, a lad had climbed on to a high ledge, close against the luxurious overhanging foliage – all lit up from the dying glow – of the precipitous rock, and, wearing only a red loin-cloth on his shining dusky skin, stretched forward in eagerness, quite unconscious of his graceful poise.” “Their silent, concentrated eagerness is a piteous sight, as the cover is slowly lifted from the heavy brass box in which the dice are kept, on the cast of which many of them have staked all they possess.” “Mrs. Powle made them with ceremonious respect, not make believe, and with a certain eagerness which welcomed a diversion from Eleanor's somewhat troublesome agitation.” “The child, as soon as he can use his limbs, pants for exercise: it is the instinct that seeks future welfare in present gratification; he flies with eagerness from the nursery to the garden; so Nature wisely stimulates to firm the limbs, and brace the whole system of the future man.” “But it may perhaps have been a matter almost of indifference to him, till you undertook its defence; then make it of consequence by rising in eagerness, in proportion to the insignificance of your object; if he can draw consequences, this will be an excellent lesson: if you are so tender of blame in the veriest trifles, how impeachable must you be in matters of importance!” “However, some of the volunteers that teach in the more rural areas maybe don’t receive the same sense of eagerness from the students to learn the language; as for some of students – it is something they will never need to use in their lifetime, ever again.” Looking for tweets for eagerness.

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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. Same as eyelet, 1. - n. A hole in a fabric, piece of leather, etc., in which an eyelet is or may be placed. “Will nodded, and thought within himself that if the Mask were to attempt to play any tricks, the first eyelet-hole on the left-hand side of his doublet, counting from the buttons up the front, would be a very good place in which to pink him neatly.” “The windows dark and double-barred, the tops boarded up to save mending; and only a little four-paned eyelet-hole of a casement to let in air; more, however, coming in at broken panes than could come in at that.” “When completed, the eyelet-hole border is again added all round, and the counterpane then only requires a deep open border.” “This lace is to be worked round the last eyelet-hole border with No. 6” “X 4 s.c. under next eyelet-hole, miss 2 on the second round, insert the hook in the third, draw the loop through, and work 4 more under the ch.” “And through it, too, she might have added; for, though no human thing might invade her chateau, the pigeons, circling in the sunrise light, always knew well there were rice and crumbs spread for them in that eyelet-hole of a casement.” “One man in particular had a shell eyelet-hole let into his nose, into which he inserted his unicorn decoration.” “Not a bolt or rope or pulley or eyelet-hole has been fixed in our vessel save through the bitter experience of centuries; one might write a volume about that mainsail, showing how its rigid, slanting beauty and its tremendous power were gradually attained by evolution from the ugly square lump of matting which swung from the masthead of Mediterranean craft.” “In those old days female modesty was protected by a fan, behind which, and it was of a convenient semicircular breadth, the ladies present in the theatre retired at a signal of decorum, to peep, covertly askant, or with the option of so peeping, through a prettily fringed eyelet-hole in the eclipsing arch.” “These initials are worked in plain satin stitch, and the elegant stars are worked in point russe worked round an eyelet-hole.” Looking for tweets for eyelet-hole.

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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - Affected with snow-blindness. GNU Webster's 1913 - adj. Affected with blindness by the brilliancy of snow. - v. affect with snow blindness - adj. temporarily blinded by exposure to light reflected from snow or ice “I went snow-blind for a time, this spring, and since then my eyes have been playing tricks with me.” “One of them, snow-blind, towed helplessly at the rear of a sled.” “Within a days walk all around the place where the special glass had been released, the D'Haran scouts reported that they had seen well over sixty thousand frozen corpses, now drifted over with the snow-blind men unable to care for themselves in the harsh conditions.” “He was tremendously pleased with it; but so he was with his snow-goggles, in spite of the fact that he could not see with them, and that they allowed him to become snow-blind.” “He used his own goggles the whole way, but then, he was the only one who became snow-blind.” “I am not quite certain, though, that he did see us for the moment, as he was about as snow-blind as a man can be.” “If a man comes into the tent in the evening with an inflamed eye and you ask him whether he is snow-blind, you may be sure he will be almost offended.” “The towering stack of Broadway stages that Enron called its headquarters — with its profusion of workstations, trading boards, copiers, speakerphones, fax machines, and shredders — made visiting banker-broker types go snow-blind.” “REAL ESTATE TYCOON Xavier Brown's eyes were rolled way back in his head, his open silk shirt showing an expanse of snow-blind white belly.” “The weather had been so bad on the last part of the trip that three of the eight men had seriously frostbitten toes and all eight of them were snow-blind to some extent, Lieutenant Little himself completely blind for the last five days and sick with terrible headaches.” These user-created lists contain the word ‘snow-blind’. I love snow. Send me as much as you can. Looking for tweets for snow-blind.

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Monitoring and Maintaining the Earth: Conservation Biology This piece is part of a series on how universities and colleges around the world are integrating theories of sustainability into traditional majors to give students the skills they need to build a more sustainable future for all. Where to Study: College of the Atlantic and Antioch University At the College of the Atlantic every student gets his or her degree in human ecology, but each gets to choose a focus area. Students focusing on Field Ecology and Conservation Biology learn about the interrelationships between organisms and the environment, and also about the impact of humans on those environmental relationships. Students are encouraged to build their own programs of study, pulling in courses from environmental politics and conservation policy to add perspective to the natural science track. Another school offering conservation biology is Antioch University in New England. Graduate students in this program participate in projects like Natural Resource Inventory: "The objective of this class is to develop skills that are frequently used to monitor or survey wildlife populations. Two bird-banding stations are operated during the summer months near Antioch New England as part of the nation-wide Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program. These stations allow students first-hand experience with bird-banding, including how to safely extract birds from mist nets, use keys to identify age and sex, and record morphometric data." Conservation biology integrates biodiversity protection and management with the principles and experiences from traditional biology fields. While traditional biologists might work in horticulture or genetics, conservation biologists often seek out work in fields such as ecology and natural resource management. Conservation biologists often take advantage of new technology such as GIS and statistical analysis to map out and analyze changes in biodiversity and species loss. New fields of study like conservation biology, ecosystems services and environmental informatics are looking not only at the way the world works, but at how all species -- including humans -- are interdependent upon it. Studying the world around us has intrigued those with a fascination for natural and social sciences for centuries. But global climate change is now affecting how and what many scientists choose to study. As the world rapidly changes over the next 100 years, we'll need earth scientists to monitor and assess how ecosystems are changing. Check out this lively Worldchanging community discussion on where to study environmental science here. More Places to Study Master's in Human Ecology at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow (The Centre for Human Ecology MSc programme). Images by Morgan Greenseth

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Survey of Energy Resources 2007 Hydropower Country Notes China's hydroelectric resources are vast, however measured: its gross theoretical potential exceeds 6 000 TWh/yr, its technically feasible potential is put at 2 474 TWh/yr while its economically feasible potential has been assessed at 1 753 TWh/yr - in all instances, far larger than that of any other country in the world. Current hydro output (including output from pumped-storage schemes) exceeds 400 TWh/yr, contributing 15-16% to the republic's electricity generation. Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2006 reported that in early 2006 some 50 000 MW of hydro capacity was under construction. The largest hydro project is the Three Gorges complex (18 200 MW), which is gradually being brought into operation, with completion scheduled for 2010. Three Gorges generated 49.2 TWh in 2006, as much as all of Italy's hydro stations produce annually. Other major hydro projects listed as under construction, with completion expected in the period 2009-2013, include Shuibuya (1 840 MW), Pubugou (3 600 MW), Longtan (5 400 MW), Xiloudu (1 500 MW), Laxiwa (4 200 MW), Xiaowan (4 200 MW) and Goupitan (3 000 MW). China has about 8 300 MW of pumped-storage capacity, with 7 600 MW under construction.

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The Lead Plates By Mrs. Delta A. McCulloch, of Point Pleasant, West Virginia November 20, 1924 The Lead Plates By Mrs. Delta A. McCulloch, of Point Pleasant, West Virginia I wish to present to you some interesting history in connection with the burial of the leaden plates, by the French. Time will not permit me to go into many details. The first aggressive movement by the French for possession of the Ohio Valley was the sending out of a flotilla from Montreal 15th of June 1749, by the Governor General of Canada, which consisted of large boats and canoes propelled by oars and paddles. The flotilla contained 216 French and Canadians and 55 indians, under the command of Captain Bienville De Celeron. On the 29th of July they reached the Allegheny river, and as the large boats followed by the smaller ones moved out into the Ohio, it must have been a very imposing pageant. The boats, getting into line, moved slowly away and were soon out of sight of the Ohio into an unknown country where civilization had not yet placed its hand, not a cabin, stockade or fort to be seen. The forests were beautiful and there were large ponds resembling lakes filled with wild geese and ducks, that had returned here from their winter outing in sunny slimes. Over all there was a supreme solitude, only broken by the ripple of the water caused by oars and paddles. The expedition carried with it lead plates inscribed in raised letters in the French language, taking possession of all the country watered by the large tributaries of the Ohio river for the French Crown. This expedition has been called one of exploration, but it certainly was one of invasion. The first plate was buried at the mouth of Canewago Creek, the second at the mouth of French Creek and the third at the mouth of Wheeling, while the fourth was buried at the mouth of the Muskingum river, at the present site of Marietta, Ohio. When they reached the Great Kanawha they were driven by heavy rains to seek protection at the mouth in its fine harbor. Here they were detained by the storm from the 18th to the 20th of August and encamped on the Monument Square, and before leaving they proclaimed with a loud voice "Vive le Roi," Love live Louis XV, and took possession in the name of the King of France. Celeron's account of the interment of the plate is very brief and as follows: "Buried at the foot of an elm, on the south bank of the Chinondaista, the 18th day of August 1749." This is taken from his journal which he wrote while on this expedition and is preserved in the Archieves of the Department de la Marine, at Paris. The Royal Arms were also affixed to a neighboring tree, a Verbal was drawn up and signed as a memorial of the ceremony and witness by the officers present. This document is as follows: "In the year 1749, we Celeron, Chevalier of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, commander of a detachment sent by order of the Marquise of Gallissoniere, Governor of Canada to the Ohio, in the presence of the principal officers of our detachment, have buried here a leaden plate and in the same place have affixed to a tree the Arms of the King. In testimony whereof we have drawn up with the officers the present Proces Verbal, at our camp, August 18, 1749." They then proce[e]ded to the mouth of the Great Miama at Cincinnati, where they buried the sixth plate, from which place they returned as they came to Montreal, reaching there the 10th day of November. Three of these plates have been found. The other two were broken but the one found at Point Pleasant is perfect except for a little corrosion on one corner. The Wheeling plate has never been found on account of the locality of its burial blace [sic] not being clearly given, but it is known to have been placed on the north bank of Wheeling Creek at its mouth, and it is though[t] perhaps to be under the approach to the Baltimore and Ohio Bridge. If it has not been washed away and lost. When I was elected historian of the Col. Charles Lewis Chapter in 1905 I became interested in the important events that had occurred in the locality of the Chapter. The first article I wrote was on the "Burial of the Lead Plate at Point Pleasant" and had it published in the "Morgantown Chronicle[.]" The article contained the same facts which I am now presenting to you. My information has been gathered from the research of easly historians. the [sic] article was received with interest and many letters came to me asking for more information and where the plate was now. My ambition was aroused to locate it, and Captain Joe V. Meigs of Boston, made a careful search for me at the Smithsonian Museum in Washington and at the Virginia Historical Rooms at Richmond, Virginia, and wrote me the plate could not be found. I then wrote to the boys who had found the plate, and who were now old men living in the far west, and they gave me some of the details of the discovery of it. Two of the boys were the sons of John Beale, eldest son of Col. Tavener Beale of the Revolution. John Beale at this time was proprietor of the hotel at Point Pleasant. The third boy was the grandson of the old Scotch lawyer James Wilson, who walked from Alexandria, Virginia, to Wood county, West Virginia and became the lawyer of Blannerhassett [sic], and was arrested with him at the time of the Burr conspiracy, but as Burr was not convicted they were never tried. Mr. Wilson later moved to Charlestsn [sic] and became a distinguished lawyer. These boys told me they were hunting for two little stones for sinkers for their fishing lines and saw the plate cropping out from the tangled roots of an old elm, from which the soil had been entirely swept away by the current of the river. They carried the plate to an uncle of the Beale boys, Mr. James Beale, youngest son of Col. Tavener Beale, who had been a member of Congress from Shenandoah county, Virginia, and who had recently moved to Point Pleasant. He went with the boys to the little brick schoolhouse on the Kanawha river front, and the teacher was able to read the inscription and also to tell them its historical value. Mr. Beale took the plate from them and they understood he gave it to Mr. James S. Laidley, who deposited it in the Virginia Historical Society in 1850. Mr. Laidley was a member of the Virginia Legislature and no doubt was here waiting for a boat to take him to his home at Vienna near Parkersburg. As a notice of the plate appeared that month, April 1846, in the Parkersburg newspaper and then in the May number of "Ye Olden Times" published by Captain Neville of Pittsburg[h]. Mr. Craig in his sketch compliments a Mr. Gillispie on his steel cut of the plate and gave a fine reproduction of it in his magazine. Mr. Craig mentions that he had returned the plate, but did not say to whom, or from he had borrowed it. Great secrecy seemed to surround the plate for it was not shown to near relatives of the boys at Point Pleasant when found. At the time I wrote my article I borrowed this copy of "Ye Olden Times" magazine from descendants of Captain Craig on Nevill's Island. The lead plate was also loaned to Dr. Wills DeHass, when he wrote his book "Indian Wars of Western Virginia" and he made a copy for it. The copy of the plate I added to my sketch was taken from the magazine "Ye Olden Times." Hon. Virgil Lewis made the copy for his "State Bulletin" from DeHass's book. A statement recently appeared in the Point Pleasant Daily Register copied from a Charleston paper and signed "Savage," saying the plate fell into the hands of fakirs and had been lost. I think this is a mistake for I give credit to those who are in charge now of the Virginia Historical Rooms at Richmond, Virginia for the true value of their relics. If you were in Richmond and should call up and ask in what department the plate could be seen, and introduce yourself as from West Virginia and express a wish that the plate be returned to West Virginia, you might receive a reply some what like this. "If a petition asking for its return would be signed by every man, woman and child in West Virginia, it could not be returned, for we own it by right of possession, and it is one of our most valued possessions, and we should be as likely to give you the home of Lee. If Virginia thus values it, how should West Virginia regard it? The square at Point Ple[a]sant on which the Battle Mountain stand has been deeded to the State and here the plate was found, not at Jamestown, Williamsburg or on the James river, but at bhe [sic] mouth of our Great Kanawha river. When it was deposited in Richmond we were a part of Virginia and had no place to care for it and I suppose had a right to claim a place in the Virginia Historical Rooms for our relics. It was not purchased by Virginia, but placed there for preservation. We hope sometime in the near future upon request, our Mother State will generously return it to its rightful owners, the State of West Virginia. We, the citizens of West Virginia do greatly appreciate the care that has been taken of it, but we would also greatly enjoy its long delayed home coming to our interesting historical rooms at Charleston. Exploration, Settlement and Conflict (1600-1799)

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His famous judgment The story is well known. Two prostitutes were carrying out their trade in an inn. Each gave birth to a child. One of them, while asleep, accidentally overlaid her child and stifled it. When she woke up she saw what had happened, and taking advantage of the fact that her companion was still asleep, took her child and substituted her own dead one. But when the other also woke up and realized the horrid deception she cried out, and the two mothers wrangled over the living child. The matter was then brought before the king's court. It was a difficult problem to settle, because neither side could produce proof. Solomon's 'wisdom' was at stake. 'Bring me a sword', he said. Then he ordered the child to be cut in two; each woman was to be given one half. At this, the pretended mother could not conceal her delight. 'Cut him up,' she said, 'he shall belong to neither of us.' But the real mother was horrified and exclaimed: 'Let them give her the child; only do not let them think of killing it.' From these two opposing reactions, Solomon guessed where the truth lay. He ordered the child to be at once restored to the woman who would not have it killed. 'She is his mother', he said. All Yisrael came to hear of the judgment the king had pronounced, and held the king in awe, recognizing that he possessed divine wisdom for dispensing justice. The trouble is that ethnologists have discovered many versions of this story in the folklore of India, China and Tibet. Gressmann considers that the Indian version is the most ancient. In most of them it is not proposed to sever the child with a sword; the judge suggests that the women should pull him apart. From a literary point of view the Scriptural version is a little masterpiece and superior to the others. Its approach to a dramatic climax is the work of an artist, but this perfection does not prove that it is earlier than the others, and the problem of dating is still a matter for discussion among scholars. In any case, for the scribe, the story is an opportunity to provide further proof of Solomon's wisdom. The kingdom divided into twelve administrative districts (1 Melechim 4:7-19) See Maps below The chronicler explains, with obvious approval, why and how Solomon divided his kingdom according to a new plan. Instead of the Twelve Tribes with more or less definite boundaries, there appeared on the map twelve divisions, each headed by an official directly and solely dependent upon the central power in Yerusalem. Administratively, this was a real revolution. It was a measure motivated by two needs, one financial, the other political. David had had no need to tax the tribes in order to sustain his modest court. From the proceeds of his domains alone -admittedly extensive, with their vine yards, olive groves, pastures crammed with animals the former shepherd of Bethlehem lived in the style of a great landowner. With Solomon came a new outlook. For him luxury was a necessity, and he needed increasingly greater revenues if the brilliance of his court was to be maintained. Hence, as the result of this new division, each of the twelve tribes was responsible for providing food for the palace for a month. They had to contribute to the needs of the State in proportion to their respective resources. Even more importantly, each in turn had to supply contingents of forced labour to give Solomon the means to carry out the important building works he had in mind. The scribe was evidently much impressed by this reform which afforded a guarantee of social order: Yahudah and Yisrael lived in security, each man under his vine and his fig tree -an idyllic image which, in the East, expressed perfect happiness. This was the view of a scribe of the Tabernacle, seeing things from above, from the rock of Yerusalem. From other passages we learn that the reaction among the various tribes elsewhere was markedly different. These descendants of wary nomads to whom freedom was everything, opposed on principle the forced labour formerly inflicted on their ancestors in the Nile Delta during the reigns of Rameses II and Meneptah. They felt a common threat. A smouldering revolt began among the common people. But Solomon had spoken, and this 'wise' king had means of prompt and total obedience. But throughout his reign this imposition of forced labour was never forgotten. Particularly among the northern tribes (a former federation with the common name of Yisrael) the memory of their subjection to a man of the south, a prince of Yahudah, burnt with a steady flame. All the more so, because it looked as though Solomon had really divided the kingdom into thirteen districts, not twelve; the thirteenth being Yahudah, with Yerusalem as its capital, which was spared taxation. The political reason The nation needed to look to its future, and therefore the antiquated social structure of its tribes had to be revised. While it was still nomadic, from the period of Abraham (c. 1850) until the death of Yahshua Ben Nun (c. 1200), this was a highly satisfactory arrangement, but in about the year 1000 when the people had to all intents adopted settled dwellings, it had become outdated as a system of administration. Any statesman worthy of the name was bound to realize that centralization had become a necessity. Hence it was that when the Yerusalem authorities created the twelve administrative districts, they took care that, with some four or five exceptions, these should not coincide with the ancient tribal boundaries. Solomon's undoubted purpose in this was to overcome the separatist tendencies in tribes which were excessively attached to their local traditions. His ultimate aim was to produce a nation welded together beneath his sceptre. He meant to be its absolute master. His creation of the twelve administrative districts made Solomon a prototype of a modern head of State, but a little too far ahead of his time. Theoretically, his idea was admirable, and the scribe inevitably ascribed it to his 'wisdom'. But a historian is more inclined to regard this measure as a serious mistake. It was to have serious consequences later. Solomon's wisdom: his diplomatic activity From the first years of his reign, Solomon had been successful in establishing friendly relations with two of his powerful neighbours: Egypt, though at that time its expansive power was strikingly diminished, and Phoenicia, an essentially commercial nation whose influence was constantly on the increase. At this period, in Phoenicia, Hiram I, whose father, Abi- Baal, founded the dynasty of the kings of Tyre, was a figure of the first importance. He had already carried out several transactions with David, for whom he provided building materials for his rather modest palace. He soon became the friend of the young king and his official contractor, and when David died he wrote Solomon a letter expressed in the most moving terms. But we should not be deceived: these moves were simply aspects of business policy, always most ably conducted by the Phoenicians. We shall soon have to discuss Hiram at length; his strange personality is bound up with the architectural history of the Great Tabernacle. For the moment, however, it suffices to note that close relationships had been established between Yerusalem and the Tyrian court. The position with regard to Egypt was similar. The pharaoh, probably Siamon (975-955), the penultimate monarch of the twenty-first dynasty, gave Solomon the hand of one of his daughters; she was assigned a foremost position in the royal harem. In Yerusalem, the princess was given a welcome with the high honour befitting her birth. As soon as he had completed the Great Tabernacle and could undertake other works, Solomon set about preparing a luxurious suite in his new palace for his noble bride from Egypt. But there is one curious fact relating to this marriage. Pharaoh is said to have led an expedition against Gezer and massacred the Canaanites living there and then to have given the town as a dowry to his daughter, Solomon's wife, and Solomon rebuilt Gezer (1 Melechim 9:16-17). A glance at the map makes this assertion baffling. Would an Egyptian army from the Delta have crossed southern Palestine in order to attack and obliterate Gezer, a fortified city between Yerusalem and the Mediterranean? (see map). The most probable explanation appears to be as follows: Reading between the lines, it seems that on several occasions, David had attacked the fortress, but in vain (2 Schmuel 4:25; 1 Divre Hayamim 14:16; 20:14). This was inevitable. The Canaanite city was on the Philistine border, and this meant that, at least for purposes of defense, it contained Philistines within it. At this period the descendants of the 'Peoples of the Sea' were skilled metal workers, familiar with iron and skilled in manipulating it. Their own weapons enabled them to repel the southern Semites of Canaan without difficulty. They settled on the coastline which bore their name. 6 David's forces were only equipped with traditional Semitic weapons: wooden pitchforks, bronze swords and spears, ox goads, mattocks, pikes made from branches of wood hardened in the fire, slings, etc. Their adversaries, armed like the Philistines, and defended by massive fortifications, were in a position to withstand any attack. Gezer was impregnable. At the beginning of Solomon's reign it had become essential to incorporate Gezer into the Judaean system since this fortress controlled the coastal highway used by the Egyptian caravans on their way to Lebanon and back. It was also a barrier against reaching Yerusalem by sea through the port of Joppa (now Jaffa). Solomon intended to develop the national exports and he could not tolerate this frustration of his commercial projects, but at the beginning of his reign, at the time of the Egyptian marriage, he was without the formidable war machine which later was to be his strength and pride. Like his father, he lacked weapons of iron, and Gezer continued to be a most disturbing obstacle. No matter, his Egyptian father-in-law had war chariots and siege weapons, powerful enough to reduce the fortress. He asked his help and the Egyptian sent sufficient armament to take the stronghold which the Semites were unable to capture. Both Solomon and the Egyptian pharaoh wished to see the end of this city: it levied a heavy tax on Egyptian caravans going north through its territory. The financial interests of both were identical. It is most unlikely that Gezer was given to pharaoh's daughter as a dowry; more probably, it was a military arrangement concluded with a view of getting rid of an undesirable customs post. This brief chapter may be concluded with an incident recorded by the English archaeologist, Macalister. From 1902 to 1905 and from 1907 to 1909, he was engaged in important excavations on a site now called Tel Jazer. In the nearby village the remains of an aqueduct were discovered. The local peasants called it: 'the aqueduct of the pagan girl', and they told Macalister that the girl in question was a daughter of the pagan Pharaoh taken by our Master Solomon as his wife', and that her dowry had been Jeser, a neighbouring town whose name they knew, but not its whereabouts. Macalister was living at Tel Jazer, formerly Gezer. It is an interesting example of a local tradition surviving for three thousand years. Returning to Solomon, we note that in the first years of his reign there was a practically universal sense of prosperity. For two and a half centuries the common people had lived in tents as shepherds. Now they were governed by a powerful king, respected in foreign courts, treated on equal diplomatic terms by their two great neighbours, Egypt and Phoenicia. It is no wonder that the scribes keep up their refrain: Solomon is a sage: Solomon is the prince of wisdom. That was their view. It is possible of course, to differ from it and, on this particular point of Solomon's 'wisdom', to be less enthusiastic than the Scriptural writers about the early years of Solomon's reign. Future events will show which view is justified. THE TWELVE TRIBES OF YISRAEL This is the traditional plan of the occupation of the land of Canaan by the Twelve Tribes of Yisrael at the time of the Judges and of David. Solomon's TWELVE ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS These new administrative divisions were obviously intended to break up the tribal organization by the establishment of twelve districts each having at its head an official depending directly on Solomon . 6 Modern historians have used the following chronology for the iron age - succeeding the bronze age -in the Middle East Iron Age 1 1200-900. Iron spreads slowly. Iron Age 2 900-600 Iron Age 3. 600-300 (the Persian period) In the period of David and Solomon we are at the beginning The undisputed masters of this new metal work were the Philistines, and their backward pupils were the Yisraelites. Hence the significance of the enormous difficulties en countered by Yisrael against their hereditary enemies. Solomon The Magnificent Index Solomon Sitemap Scripture History Through the Ages Solomon The Historian RADIANT DAWN Solomon's Wisdom SOLOMON IN ALL HIS HONOR David's role in building the Temple Dates of the building of the Temple Division of the Temple The Ark of the Covenant The most Kodesh Place Dedication of the Temple SOLOMON Prince of Peace SOLOMON THE TRADER Solomon's Ophir expedition The queen of Sheba LITERARY ACHIEVEMENTS OF SOLOMON First historical works of the Hebrews What did Solomon write THE SHADES OF NIGHT Political and social failure Solomon's spiritual failure The moral failure of Solomon CONCLUSION of Solomon

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While ZetTrans is making an effort to reduce people's dependence on private cars and to encourage more sustainable modes of travel, it is also the case that many people will still need to use cars to some extent. With this in mind it should be noted that there are a number ways in which people can continue to drive while still cutting down on carbon emissions. When purchasing a new car there are many things to consider and one of these is fuel efficiency. Aside from helping the environment reducing your fuel consumption can also help ease the burden of rising fuel costs. For advice on fuel efficiency when purchasing a car see the below websites: - VCACarFuelData - This website, an initiative of the UK Department for Transport, offers advice on environmentally friendly cars. - Car Buyers Guide - The Environmental Transport Association allows you to check the environmental rating of new cars. In addition to the issue of fuel efficiency there are a number of other ways to practice responsible car use. An initiative of the Scottish Government, the Energy Saving Trust offers practical advice on how to have a safer, greener, stress-free driving experience. See the below website for more information: Car-sharing is another approach to more efficient car usage. Working in partnership with HITRANS, ZetTrans have launched an online database for people interested in car-sharing. This website allows people in Shetland to register their daily journey details online and search for others who are traveling similar routes and looking to car-share. The service is accessible to anyone and can be used for both regular commuter trips as well as one off journeys. For people wishing to sign up and start car-sharing see the below website:

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Pesticide residues from the plants and soil where farmworkers spend much of their day pose serious health risks for them. Often invisible to the naked eye, the residues cling to skin, clothing, hats, boots, tools, lunch coolers, car seats, and any other items in the work environment. Farmworkers often do not even realize they are bringing these residues into their homes, where their children are then exposed to toxic substances that can make them sick. Sometimes workers will bring pesticides used at work to their home to take care of a pest problem. These products are not for residential use and are very dangerous to families when used in the home. All of the situations mentioned above are known as take home exposure. Project LEAF seeks to mitigate and increase awareness of these take home exposure risks to families through a training curriculum and other educational materials. All training and materials are in a bilingual, low-literacy format that offers advice on how to reduce or even eliminate the possibility of exposing their children to pesticide residues. Can you spot the ways in which Marcos may be accidentally exposing his children to pesticide residue? As a pilot program, Project LEAF is currently operating at sites within five AFOP member organizations: Links to information on pesticides and alternatives:

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Regional integration is often touted as a solution to Africa’s problems. This time, the problem in question is food shortages. Eliminating the rules, high costs and dangers associated with regional food trade on the continent will help African farmers meet their potential and curtail hunger. So why aren’t we doing anything about it? Africa’s demand for basic foodstuffs is rapidly increasing, but while its farmers fail to meet that demand, hunger will become more acute. The situation is bleak. The demand for food staples is predicted to double by 2020 as urban populations grow by 4% each year. Much of that growth is made up of low-income earners who spend the majority of their pay on basic food items. African countries have tended to satisfy the increasing demand though more expensive imports on the global market. Only 5% of African countries’ cereal imports come from within Africa. It’s a situation primed for hunger and unrest. In a new report, “Africa Can Help Feed Africa”, the World Bank looks at how the continent can prevent food shortages and unlock its massive agricultural potential. The general recommendations might be predictable for the institution known for its support of neoliberal policy, but they offer key recommendations to achieving food sustainability. The report looks at how opening up cross-border trade will increase Africa’s potential food production, increase food security by improving access to food, and raise returns for small-scale farmers. It begins with the basic premise that regions have natural food surpluses in certain staples and deficits in others; the key is to maximise output and get the food to where it’s needed. Attempts at national self-sufficiency haven’t worked and the effects of climate change will only make production more volatile, says the report. “Removing barriers to regional trade presents benefits to farmers, consumers and governments.” Farmers will make more money from meeting the rising demand; consumers get cheaper access to food and benefits such as jobs from a growing agricultural sector; governments can better deal with food security. But from producer to consumer, barriers to regional competition and trade have limited agricultural output. Because of inconsistent policies within Africa, seeds and fertilisers are generally imported from outside at high prices, with new innovations coming years later than in other developing regions. Transport services remain extremely expensive, outdated and uncompetitive as roadblocks eat time and money. Regulations on imports and exports are volatile, with changes often only communicated to foreign producers when they reach the border. Those borders remain hotbeds of corruption and abuse: traders are regularly harassed, sexually abused, or forced to pay bribes. From a private investor’s point of view, the enormous potential hardly seems worth the costs and risks. But the World Bank argues that if these problems are addressed, the incentives for farmers will greatly increase. Production will then rise and consumers can get basic foodstuffs from a neighboring region rather than foreign shores. It’s hardly the rousing rhetoric of a Kwame Nkrumah calling for African integration or a Thabo Mbeki asserting confidence and hope about the continent. But the report’s message is both obvious and clear: Africa can feed itself. Its message is simple: boost trade within the continent. It follows a wave of Afro-optimism and calls to increase trade on the continent by addressing the basics – reduce border barriers, streamline the visa process, and increase collaboration on linking infrastructure. But what’s going wrong? Despite commitments to opening up regional trade, government policies lack action, says the World Bank, while big producers and their connections are invested in the status quo. By definition, integration includes a number of stakeholders, and to promote regional food trade there needs to be deep discussion and long-term commitment to the goal. It’s simply not there in many countries. Nor is any sort of stable policy. The stakes of food security are morbidly high and when things get tough, governments are prone to actively dissuading production. “Common problems include: export and import bans; variable import tariffs and quotas; restrictive rules of origin; price controls; government tenders for the import of crops and flour that are then sold at subsidised prices. Countries ban imports during good harvest years to ensure domestic production is consumed first, and limit exports during periods of low yields,” says the World Bank report. It’s not the sort of stuff that promotes investment. There’s a long way to go and it’s no surprise that to increase access to fertiliser and agricultural experts, streamline the border process and cut transport costs, the World Bank first suggests systemic changes. If food production and distribution is to become more market-based, we need institutions to enable the exchange. Regional economic communities and the African Union need to help establish institutions that tackle private sector failures – setting and implementing standards, managing risk, commodity exchanges and market information. They won’t be any good, however, if governments aren’t on board. For that to happen, the World Bank says discussions on regional food trade must be open and widespread, not confined to the halls of power. Then countries need “a reform strategy that provides a clear transitional path to integrated regional markets rather than a single but politically unfeasible jump to competitive markets”. Leaders will have to look beyond their term in office and stick to the plan – not an easy task. But the reward will be immense. Africa may once again be able to feed itself.

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Give Credit Where Credit is Due Give Credit Where Credit is Due: Avoiding Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement This Instruction Guide was written by Alliant Los Angeles librarian Stephanie Ballard. Updated by Alliant San Diego librarian Melinda DeWitt. Plagiarism is “any passing off of another’s ideas, words, or work as one’s own.” It is a form of cheating and a violation of academic integrity, and is taken seriously by reputable universities such as Alliant. Most students are honest and hard-working, but a few choose to take shortcuts in their coursework, and some commit plagiarism inadvertently because they do not understand what it is. This is unfair to those ethical students would never consider plagiarizing and take steps to avoid it. Copyright infringement is “the unauthorized or unlicensed copying of a work subject to copyright.” Because the principles of copyright and fair use are pertinent to a discussion of plagiarism, they are included as well. For example, it is fair use to photocopy or print out one chapter of a book or one article from a journal issue, but not the entire work. Rules governing the use of copyrighted materials in classrooms and in course reserves are of particular concern to faculty, who are expected to become familiar with and apply them in their course preparation. To comply with fair use guidelines, for example, faculty may supply students with citations and ask them to duplicate the articles themselves, rather than hand out multiple copies in class. This instruction guide is designed to inform the Alliant community about plagiarism and copyright infringement and to reduce their occurrence. It will help you know how to use “another’s ideas, words, or work” without presenting them as your own, perhaps unintentionally. The best way to avoid plagiarism is careful citing of materials used in your writing, whether verbatim or paraphrased. Quotation marks must enclose any sentence, phrase, or even an unusual word lifted “as is” from a source. A variety of educational resources are presented below, along with basic concepts that everyone in higher education should know. Sections include: Legal Information, Alliant Resources, APA Resources, Online Documents, Other Plagiarism Resources, and Library Resources. The principles of Copyright and Fair Use are of particular interest to governments. Here are some United States federal resources about them: Copyright is based on the idea that we are all entitled to the fruits of our labors. It is the ownership of intellectual property, like the patent, the trademark, and the trade secret. Copyright is a legal concept giving the creator of an original work of authorship exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time, after which the work enters the public domain. Generally, it is "the right to copy", but also gives the copyright holder the right to be credited for the work, to determine who may adapt the work to other forms, who may perform the work, who may financially benefit from it, etc. United States Copyright Office The Copyright Act of 1976 remains the primary basis of copyright law in the United States, although it has been amended several times. Title 17 of the U.S. Code spells out the rights of copyright holders and provides for the protection of intellectual property. To qualify for copyright protection, a work must be original, creative to a minimal degree, and in a fixed or tangible form of expression. It does not cover: works in the public domain; facts and ideas; works that lack originality; and freeware. The Act also outlines the Fair Use Doctrine, which permits the use of copyrighted material for educational purposes. 2. Fair Use An important part of copyright law is the Fair Use Doctrine. It was designed to balance the rights of a work’s creator with the work’s potential benefit to society, as well as free speech rights. Fair Use allows the photocopying, downloading and printing of copyrighted works, without securing permission, for these purposes: criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. The following four factors must be considered when determining if the use or duplication of a work is legal: a. Purpose and character of the use OK for educational but not commercial purposes. You cannot make a monetary profit. b. Nature of the copyrighted work A rather vague concept, it refers to a range of protection depending on whether the original work is factual (less protected) or creative/fictional (more protected). c. Amount of the portion used in relation to the whole work OK to duplicate a small amount, specifically: - Single chapter from a book (around 15% based on number of pages -- 400 page book = 60 pages) - Single article from a journal or journal issue - Short story, essay, or poem from an individual work - Chart, graph, diagram, drawing, cartoon, or picture per book, journal or newspaper (provided that the individual illustration is not copyrighted) d. Effect of use on the potential market or value of the copyrighted work Duplication should not harm the commercial value of a work, that is, it is not a substitute for actually purchasing a book, music recording, etc. 3. Educators and researchers There are further restrictions on the duplication and distribution of copyrighted materials for the classroom and course reserves. Fair Use of these materials must meet the tests of brevity, spontaneity, and cumulative effect. Each copy distributed must include a notice of copyright. It is the responsibility of faculty members to secure permissions. Additional considerations are applied to electronic course reserves. (See Library Policies.) Use is limited to either (a) a complete article, story, or essay, if less than 2500 words; or (b) an excerpt from any prose work of not more than 100 words or 10% of the work, whichever is less, but in any event, a minimum of 500 words. The educator’s inspiration and decision to use the work must occur so close to the time it is needed that there is not sufficient opportunity to secure permission. c. Cumulative effect - Use for one course in the school only. (Interpretations of what defines a “course” are available.) - Use is limited, per course/semester, to: one article/story/essay/poem or two excerpts per author; or three from a collected work or journal volume. - Maximum allowed is nine instances of duplication, per course/semester. Prohibitions against duplication - Cannot substitute for the purchase of textbooks, compilations, journals, or reprints. - Cannot be repeated by the same educator from semester to semester. - Students cannot be charged more than the actual cost of duplication. - No works intended as “consumable” such as workbooks and standardized test booklets. There are some materials it is never OK to duplicate, such as protocols (scoring sheets) and parts from test kits in the Library’s collection. Because psychological and educational tests must be administered by licensed professionals, they are subject to stricter rules. In addition, the use of existing testing instruments for research purposes requires the permission of the author and/or publisher. - Despite the above permitted uses, it is wise to exercise caution when using copyrighted work. Binding agreements such as contracts or license agreements may take precedence over Fair Use. - The parameters of copyright and Fair Use do evolve over time with new litigation and legislation. Please consult current sources of information if in doubt. Written in August 2008; revised August 2009 & February 2012

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About CRY America Imagine a country. Call it India, if you will. Yesterday, 10,000 Indians died from entirely preventable causes. As many died the day before. And the previous day. And so on as long as anyone can remember. What do you think might happen in this imaginary land? Would the situation be declared a national calamity? Would high-powered committees work late into the night thinking up strategies to deal with the crisis? Would the media be covering any other news? Yet 10,000 children die every single day in India. More than in any tsunami, flood, earthquake, famine or war. Reports released reveal that: These statistics are shocking. The reality of India almost 60 years after independence is that millions of children have their very survival threatened on a daily basis- malnutrition, illiteracy, child labor, preventable diseases, abuse and exploitation. We all know that children do not live in isolation- they belong to families, communities and society at large. They are always the most vulnerable victims of any situation, be it poverty, natural and man-made disasters, displacement, social biases and prejudices. Why are we so easily able to ignore this crisis engulfing our children? Is it because they are children? Or because we don’t believe their situation can really change? Or because they can’t vote? Or because we weren’t really serious when we promised them their rights - to survival, development, protection and participation? Yes- these rights were promised to our children in 1947 and enshrined in the Indian Constitution and reiterated in 1992 when India signed the United Nations Convention for the Rights of Children. The persistence of these problems, their scale and severity call for more than philanthropic responses. At CRY America, we’ve learned that permanent change is possible only when children, their parents and communities are informed about their rights and engage with their local government bodies to address the root causes of their problems. Based on this, we’ve evolved our philosophy of community mobilization. We believe that the "child rights" approach is the most effective way to ensure sustainable change, increase awareness and enlist greater support for children, as opposed to the ’relief’ approach which treats children as objects of sympathy. CRY America and CRY have witnessed this approach work in thousands of rural, tribal and slum communities across India. In just over 5 years, CRY America has transformed the lives of more than 156,000 children living across 1211 rural and urban communities in India and the USA. . Thanks to the organization’s emphasis on child rights, families now have viable livelihoods, State schools and health centers are functioning and girls, whose very existence was threatened by infanticide and neglect, have now become the flag bearers of their communities. This has been achieved by building awareness about child rights, establishing their linkage to the urgent issues of livelihood that bedevil parents and mobilizing whole communities to overcome their many differences in the interests of their children. Everything that has been achieved thus far has been made possible because of the committed support of hundreds of committed volunteers across 22 US cities and thousands of donors across the USA who believed that "Change is possible, because I’ll make it possible." So we know it’s possible. But if this transformation has to go beyond a few thousand communities, then we need to do more. We need to build a future that is not just prosperous for a few, but secure for all children. But doing so on any significant scale will require at least 4 things to happen. First, we must start seeing children as citizens with rights as inviolate as our own, rather than objects of charity. Second, their interests must become the centerpiece and touchstone of policy, be it at the level of the State, the organizations we work in, even within our neighborhoods and families. Their well-being must become the standard by which we measure our success. Third, those policies and the everyday choices we make, must seek to address the root causes of children’s problems and not just their superficial symptoms. Finally, we must all - as parents, teachers, investors, neighbors, businesspersons, lawyers, consumers, activists, students, judges, administrators, journalists and politicians alike - reconfigure our priorities to put children first. Because working with and for children has convinced us that the "child rights" approach is the only one that works and that the alternatives are not just ineffective, they are unjust.

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White-winged Doves (Zenaida asiatica) are both permanent residents and neotropical migrants in Costa Rica, mostly along the Pacific lowlands. They are also one of the birds that frequents my yard in central Arizona, so it is a treat to see and hear them down south, too. This is their typical song, recorded near Orotina, 11/98. Douglas Von Gausig (recordist; copyright holder), Naturesongs.com This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To cite this page: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2013. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed at http://animaldiversity.org. Disclaimer: The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.

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Gracula religiosa (otherwise known as the Common Hill Myna, Common Grackle, or the Talking Myna) is native to eastern India, southern China, Indochina, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Phillippines. This species however has been introduced and successfully established in other areas, particularily Florida, Hawaii, Japan, and Puerto Rico (Feare, 1999). The Hill myna is found either on hills between 300 and 2000 m. high or at sea level (Feare, 1999). It prefers areas where rainfall and humidity are both high, therefore inhabiting most of the jungles, evergreen, and wet deciduous forests in its range. The myna is common at forest edges, clearings or thinned areas, and cultivated areas such as coffee plantations (Feare, 1999). The Hill myna averages 27-30 cm in length. It has a glossy black appearance with feathers that vary in undertone. The crown, nape, and breast has a purple glow while the rest of the body is tinted with green and the tail is polished turquoise. The wings are black with a white patch on primaries 3-9. The face consists of a red bill that fades into a yellow hooked tip and fleshy wattles, or flaps of bare skin, that extend out to the middle of the nape (Feare, 1984). The breeding season for the Hill myna varies slightly depending on range, but most breed in April-July. A monogamous pair searches for a small hole in a tree at the forest edge. Both sexes fill the hole with twigs, leaves, and feathers (Feare, 1999) and the female produces ~2 eggs that are blue with brownish spottings. The female spends more time incubating than the male, however, both parents tend the young equally when they hatch. The young fledge after a month and soon after the parents begin a new clutch. The Hill myna averages 2-3 broods annually (Anonymous, 2000). As mentioned above, the Hill myna is monogamous. During the non-breeding season large flocks accumulate together, but the couples are still obvious. Several pairs may nest in one tree without territorial aggression, but most space their nests about 1 km apart (Feare, 1999). Females instigate copulation by stretching horizontally and flapping their tail up and down very quickly (Bertram, 1970). The Common Hill myna is almost completely arboreal. It prefers perching on the highest point of an exposed dead branch (Feare, 1999). Unlike other mynas and starlings that walk, this Myna hops sideways on branches. The Hill myna is generally an arboreal frugivore, but also includes nectar, insects, and lizards in its diet. Figs are eaten most frequently, followed by berries and seeds from a variety of trees and shrubs. Most of the insects eaten are gleaned from trees, but it has been known to catch winged termites in the air (Feare, 1999). Although the Hill myna doesn't have an original song, it is one of the most famous songbird mimics. Its ability to mimic human speech, bird calls, and a wide variety of other sounds has made this bird more demanded than the parrot (Orenstein, 1997). This demand has led to the creation of industries that harvest and prepare juveniles for the pet trade. In north eastern India, the HIll myna used to be caught for food. In fact, curried myna was a favorite among the people there (Feare, 1999). Finally, the Hill mynas frugivore diet aids in the pollination of forest trees and in seed dispersal. The large demand for the Hill myna has caused competition amongst hunters, but there has not been a major conflict between the natives yet. There may be concern for strife if the myna population decreases far below the demand. Due to their large exploitation for trade, the Hill myna population has declined. Forest destruction and habitat loss further this rate to a possible level of concern. Currently however, little is being done to conserve this species. Kelly Sims (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Terry Root (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. uses sound to communicate having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds. forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality. offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes). having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia. reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body. rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal. reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female uses touch to communicate uses sight to communicate Anonymous, "Starlings and Allies" (On-line). Accessed September 22, 2000 at http://users.bart.nl/~edcolijn/sturnida.html. Bertram, B. 1970. The vocal behavior of the Indian Hill Myna, Gracula religiosa.. Animal Behavior, 3: 79-192. Feare, C. 1984. The Starling. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Feare, C., A. Craig. 1999. Starlings and Mynas. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Orenstein, R. 1997. Songbirds: Celebrating Nature's Voices. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.

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Le dieu Assur / La déesse Ishtar 1These two lectures will provide an in-depth analysis of two important but little understood ancient gods: Assur, the supreme god of the Assyrian Empire (c. 1350-600 BC), and Ishtar, the Assyrian goddess of love. Both are often described primarily as gods of war, Ishtar additionally as a patron goddess of sexuality and cultic prostitution. It will be shown that such descriptions totally miss the true essence of these two gods. 2The first lecture, on the god Assur, will first outline the development of Assur from a local numen into a universal, transcendent God. Three main stages in this development are distinguished. First, the last centuries of the third millennium BC, when the Assyrians, as subjects of Akkadian and Sumerian empires, absorbed and internalized the central tenets of Sumero-Akkadian religion and royal ideology. Second, the reign of Šamši-Adad I (about 1800 BC), when Assur was equated with Enlil, the Sumerian king of gods, and became an imperial god. And third, the rise of the Assyrian Empire in the late 14th century BC, when Assur was equated with the god Anšar of the Babylonian Epic of Creation and became a transcendent God of gods revealing himself and ruling the universe through his creations, the manifest gods. 3The relationship between Assur, the manifest gods and the Assyrian king will then be examined in detail. It will be shown that the manifest gods were essentially conceived of as ministers and powers of the supreme God, comparable to the Christian, Jewish and Islamic angels and archangels, while the Assyrian king was regarded as an incarnation of Ninurta, the Assyrian equivalent of the resurrected Christ. 4The second lecture, on the goddess Ishtar, will first review the puzzling and seemingly contradictory picture of the goddess presented by Mesopotamian mythology and religious iconography. This will then be contrasted and compared with the role that the goddess plays in Assyrian prophecy, which can be reduced into two main elements: the mother and protector of the Assyrian king, and the spirit of God speaking through the prophets. It will be shown that these seemingly different roles are interconnected and open a way to understand the essence of the goddess and her multifaceted mythology and imagery. Essentially, she was the life-giving breath of God ensouling the universe. As such, she was not only the mother of all living beings, visualized as the queen of heaven, but also a hypostasis of the human soul, whose heavenly origin provided the basis for a sophisticate theory of the soul and belief in resurrection from the dead. The existence of such a belief in Assyria will be demonstrated through an analysis of the myth of Ishtar’s Descent into the Netherworld and the cult of the goddess, as well as the associated imagery.Finally, the relationship of the goddess to Assur and the Assyrian king will be considered. It will be argued that in her heavenly aspect she corresponds to the Gnostic and Christian Holy Spirit, and was considered in Assyria the feminine aspect of the supreme God. Pour citer cet article Cours et travaux du Collège de France. Annuaire 109e année, Collège de France, Paris, mars 2010, p. 1061-1062. ISBN 978-2-7226-0083-6 Simo Parpola, « Le dieu Assur / La déesse Ishtar », L’annuaire du Collège de France [En ligne], 109 | 2010, mis en ligne le 24 juin 2010, Consulté le 19 mai 2013. URL : http://annuaire-cdf.revues.org/413Haut de page Collège de FranceHaut de page

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Bud blast: the fungus causing bud blast produces its spores on the black fungal 'bristles' that appear on infected buds. They are spread by water and infect buds through wounds made by the rhododendron leafhopper when it punctures the bud to lay its eggs. Powdery mildew: the biology of powdery mildew is discussed in the web profile devoted to them. Petal blight: the fungus causing petal blight produces wind-dispersed spores on old infected flowers which remain hanging on the plant from the previous season. Gall: the azalea gall fungus produces airborne spores on the white bloom which develops on galls. These may lodge and develop in buds in a similar way to the peach leaf curl and pocket plum pathogens, although they belong to a different group of fungi. Little is known about this pathogen. Leaf spot: the leaf spot fungus produces spores from fungal structures on the infections, which are dispersed in water. Rust: the rust pathogen releases airborne orange spores which spread the disease among Rhododendrons, then later it produces dark resting spores. When these germinate they infect the alternate host which is spruce (Picea spp.). Spores produced on spruce then reinfect rhododendrons.

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This is an excerpt from EERE Network News, a weekly electronic newsletter. NASA Releases Report on Crash of Helios Solar Plane The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) released on September 3rd its final report on the crash of Helios, a solar-powered "flying wing" that suffered structural failure and fell into the Pacific Ocean during a long-duration test flight last summer. A review of the flight data concluded that atmospheric turbulence caused the plane's wing tips to bend upward abnormally and then caused the entire wing to oscillate. The growing oscillations caused the Helios to gain speed until it suffered a structural failure. The accident investigation board determined that the mishap resulted from the inability to predict, using available analysis methods, the aircraft's increased sensitivity to turbulence following modifications to allow long-duration flights. Specifically, the addition of a hydrogen-air fuel cell pod and two hydrogen storage tanks placed significant loads along the length of the flying wing, reducing the safety margins for the aircraft. See the press release from the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center or go directly to the full report (PDF 2.6 MB). Download Acrobat Reader.

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Archaeology in Action at the Gault Site November 29, 2012 On National Archaeology Day,The Texas Archeology Society and the Bell County Museum collaborated on a tour of the Gault site, where 60% of the known Clovis artifacts (along with other artifacts predating Clovis) have been discovered. Approximately 30 people attended the tour led by Dr. Michael Collins, a research professor at Texas State University. Every Saturday afternoon during October mock excavations were conducted in two archeology pits – one with historical artifacts the other with prehistorical artifacts. Volunteers are needed to monitor the translations of the International Archaeology Day webpage. After two years of great success, National Archaeology Day will change to International Archaeology Day for 2013. The Friends of the Office of State Archaeology in Connecticut acted as a participating partner in National Archaeology Day by sponsoring an Archaeology Fair.

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WHAT IS A PORTAL? What is a portal? For some, the definition signals a physical, human-sized opening between space and time; an opening that may invoke a scene from a science fiction movie. For others, a portal is less tangible. For us, the definition is conceptual and works at multiple scales. Defined, a portal is simply an opening, a gateway, or a transition. The Minneapolis Convention Center (MCC) is a portal into the city. At a large scale, the MCC serves as a transition for visitors from the state, nation, and world to enter into Minneapolis. At a building scale, the MCC plaza acts as a critical portal for transitioning from the spaces of the MCC into the city. How then, does one strengthen this portal so that it portrays Minneapolis as an eco-friendly city that is rooted in nature and healthy activity? HOW DOES ONE STRENGTHEN THE PORTAL? In recent years, rock climbing has sprung as an eco-friendly, healthy activity, which allows the citizens of Minneapolis to explore their natural and physical settings. It is an activity dependent on a specialized rope, which is elastic, dynamic, and designed to absorb the energy of a person in free fall while avoiding physical injury. Made from nylon, this dynamic rope exemplifies an evolution of rope-making. From the stiff, plant-based fibers of prehistoric times, the rope evolved across time and cultures into the synthetic, two part elastic nylon rope we are familiar with today. It remains a recognizable symbol of human achievement for all cultures. However, because of its elasticity, these climbing ropes only last for a short time and must be checked constantly for dead spots. If a dead spot is detected, the rope must be retired. As a result, a large amount of retired ropes make their way into the waste system. The intent of MPLS Rope densCITY is to reuse these retired ropes within the context of the city in order to create an eco-focused portal that upholds Minneapolis as an active, healthy city. HOW DOES ONE EMPHASIZE THE PORTAL? Through our analysis, we have found that visitors enter the site as pedestrians walking from the city or from the parking ramp that is nestled under the plaza. Rows of trees create finite boundaries that separate the plaza into oddly shaped spaces. These boundaries render several of these spaces in the plaza unusable. MPLS Rope densCity proposes to bridge one of these boundaries and spaces with a temporary, pivoting, lightweight structure that is skinned with a density of climbing ropes. As the ropes progress across the boundary, the colors of the ropes shift to reflect the site. Furthermore, the pivoting of the structure and “changing of the ropes” at scheduled times throughout the summer allow for a dynamic shift in the spaces of the site. Hence, the ropes serve as the primary portal for bridging the city with the site, the site with the structure, and the structure with people. The rope wraps various elements of the city, the rope anchors into the site, the rope hangs from the structure, and finally the rope swings as people interact with it. By building a density of roped spaces, the portal becomes a temporary city that engages the site, people, and materials into eco-focused interactivity.

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DETROIT — There's something inspirational about driving nearly 120 miles and producing no noxious emissions. Just a trickle of lukewarm water from the tailpipe. The hydrogen-powered Honda FCX, a four-door hatchback, boasts the first fuel cell that works in subzero temperatures. Most automakers are working to perfect the fuel cell with investments likely amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars a year. That's a huge commitment, but this could be the beginning of an industrial revolution--virtually limitless fuel with no harmful emissions. The FCX performed like a conventional car. Turn the key, it starts. Depress the accelerator, it goes. The electric motor produces 107 horsepower and a muscular 201 foot-pounds of torque. That's more torque than a V-6 Volkswagen Golf GTi. The FCX's top speed is 93 m.p.h., and it more than held its own on highways and surface streets in and around Detroit. At 164 inches long and weighing 3,713 pounds, the FCX is about 13 inches shorter and nearly 1,300 pounds heavier than a Honda Civic coupe. Driving the FCX to the grocery store or to meet friends for coffee was no different than driving any small hatchback, except . with its twin tanks full of hydrogen, the FCX has a maximum cruising range of 190 miles. That's less than two-thirds the range automakers figure a car needs to be practical. Automakers have made huge advances in how their fuel cells work, but they're still stumped about how to store enough hydrogen on board. The Honda's two fuel tanks held hydrogen at 5,000 pounds per square inch and the consensus among automakers is that you need 10,000 p.s.i. for a workable cruising range. Building tanks to meet that standard and withstand automotive crashes is still prohibitively expensive. DTE Energy has a facility in Southfield, Mich., that creates hydrogen to generate electricity and refuel vehicles, but it's not ready for drive-up customers. The FCX ran smoothly and dependably. It ran a systems check each time it was started it After sitting out one sub-20 degree night, the check lasted about 37 seconds. The process took about 18 seconds after the car sat in subfreezing temperatures for more than 24 hours, and the heater provided warm air less than a minute after startup. The drive system consists of an 80-watt (107-h.p.) electric motor, a fuel cell under the passenger compartment floor, two hydrogen tanks under the rear seat and a capacitor to store electricity behind the rear seat. In addition to the fuel cell, the FCX also produces electricity with regenerative braking. The capacitor stores electricity from the fuel cell and the brakes. The fuel cell generates electricity whenever the FCX is running, and the capacitor steps in to accelerate hard or drive at high speed. The FCX runs quietly, and what little noise it makes is more similar to an electric fan than an engine. It's never as nearly silent as a gas/electric running in electric mode, however.

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A visitor gazes into the Grand Canyon from the Hualapai tribal lands outside… (Christopher Reynolds/Los…) You don’t want Michael P. Ghiglieri writing about your next vacation. Ghiglieri, an Arizona river guide, Vietnam vet, ecology Ph.D. and seasoned emergency medical technician, is also the co-author of “Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon,” an epic collection of cautionary tales from perhaps America’s most iconic national park. In the 10 years since the book’s publication, it has sold more than 250,000 copies. Now Ghiglieri and co-author Thomas M. Myers are back with a second edition, thicker than the first. I e-mailed him 10 questions and he came back with a flood of information and anecdotes. For instance: The most common cause of death in the canyon (neither heart attack nor dehydration); one cause of death that’s never been repeated (a rattlesnake was involved); and just how much water he carries in the canyon. Ghiglieri also emphasized that he’s not trying to scare people away from the canyon, just to jar people into staying safe and giving the canyon the respect it demands. Here’s an edited version of our exchange. 1. What’s the most common cause of death in the park? Air crashes. All told, there have been 65 fatal crashes of various aircraft in and around the canyon, accounting for 379 victims. Of these, 259 died within the canyon, and 120 more died on the adjacent rims while trying to access or exit the airspace over the canyon. Virtually all of these were scenic flights, both commercial and private. 2. Most unusual death? Being scared to death by a rattlesnake. No one has died due to snakebite in the canyon, though several visitors have been bitten. But in 1933, one guy, a 43-year-old prospector named Cochrane from California, was hiking down Snake Gulch (for real). He was terrified of snakes. A rattlesnake coiled up and rattled at him and made a partial strike, a feint. Cochrane leaped backward and died of heart failure, confirmed by a physician. 3. In 2011, rangers say, 21 people died in Grand Canyon National Park out of 4.3 million visitors. But how many have died in all? It’s complicated. Some 683 people have died below the rims (thus "in" Grand Canyon) during the known history of Grand Canyon after the early 1860s. Since the canyon became a national park in 1919, the number is 653 people -- but not all of them died in the park, because the canyon extends well beyond the park boundaries to the Navajo, Havasupai and Hualapai Indian reservations and Lake Mead Recreational Area. (We did not tally deaths on the rims unless they were air crashes or homicides.) 4. How did you get the idea to first publish a book about Grand Canyon deaths? In the summer of 1999, as I was rowing past Mile 65, I saw a guy hurrying along the shore, headed downstream. The temperature was over 100 degrees, so I stopped to offer him a ride downriver. This iron man turned out to be Dr. Tom Myers, a physician at the Grand Canyon Clinic. He told me about a book he’d just written on river trips gone wrong. I then said, "We should write a book on all the fatal events in Grand Canyon." I knew neither of us could do this well on our own; the task was too daunting, the work too great. But together, we pulled it off. 5. What’s changed about how and why people die in the park? Over the last decade, proportionally more people have been dying from environmental problems---mainly heat---while hiking. This is despite everything the park has tried to do via educational signs and via Preventative Search and Rescue (PSAR) work, both of which are pretty good. There were also proportionally more people dying from falls within the canyon (as opposed to those from the rims). There also have been proportionally more private boaters (non-commercial) drowning than before. And the canyon has seen an upsurge in suicide leaps from the rims. On the other hand, there have been fewer accidental falls from the rims and fewer aircraft crash deaths. Beyond the trends, however, every fatal event still seems a failure and a tragedy in one way or another, and every one still bothers Tom and me 6. Is it true that somebody once fell to his death in the canyon because he slipped while pretending to fall to his death? Sad to say this is true. In 1992, 38-year-old Greg Austin Gingrich leaped atop the guard wall and wind-milled his arms, playing-acting losing his balance to scare his teenaged daughter, then he comically "fell" off the wall on the canyon side onto a short slope where he assumed he could land safely. As his daughter walked on, trying not to fuel her father's dangerous antics by paying attention to them, Gingrich missed his footing and fell silently about 400 feet into the void. It took rangers quite a while to locate his body -- and to determine that his daughter was an orphan only due to his foolishness. 7. Is it true that someone once deliberately jumped to his death from a sightseeing helicopter over the canyon?

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When I was a kid, I could understand fairly well how the seasons come about because the Earth's axis is tilted by roughly 23° with respect to the plane in which it is orbiting the Sun, called the ecliptic by the grown-ups. Playing around with a torch and an apple is good to get a feeling what is going on, and what happens when the days and nights are roughly equal. So, I could make sense of September 23 as the first day of fall - however, I remember I was extremely skeptical when my mum told me that the beginning of fall that year was at, say, 12:21 sharp. What a nonsense, I thought, how on Earth can on know this date so precisely, to the minute? Today, I know that there is an easy answer, but that, in fact, this answer just hides the question I had asked myself more than 25 years ago. Relative orientation of the Earth and the Sun at the first days of spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively, The first day of fall corresponds to the position of Earth in the foreground. (Source: Wikipedia on the Equinox) The easy answer as to the exact moment of the equinox goes as follows: If we want to introduce a coordinate system on the celestial sphere, in order to denote the positions of stars and planets, we can use longitude and latitude as we do on a globe: The North Pole is the point around which the night sky seems to rotate - close to Polaris - and the equator, where, for example, the stars of Orion are located, is the great circle corresponding to the equator on Earth. On the sky, these coordinates are called right ascension (corresponding to longitude) and declination (corresponding to latitude). Now, because of the tilt of the Earth's axis, the declination of the Sun changes during the year (the right ascension changes also, giving rise to all kinds of astrological complications, but that doesn't play a role here). In the summer of the Northern hemisphere, it has a declination of up to +23.5°, which means that it rises high in the sky, and doesn't even set below the horizon at polar latitudes. In the Northern winter, declination will be negative, down to -23.5°, meaning short days and low culminations at noon. Thus, between summer and winter, the declination of the Sun has to change smoothly from about +23.5° to about -23.5°. Of course, there should be one precise moment when the declination is exactly 0.00° - that's the equinox. This year, this will happen at 9:51 UT - more precisely even, at 09:51:08 UT, according to the data of the US Naval Observatory. The declination of the Sun since March 1, 2007. At the solstices, the declination takes extreme values: the Sun reaches its highest, respectively lowest, position in the sky. At the equinoxes, the declination is exactly zero. The curve looks similar to a sine curve, but it is more complicated function. (Data from the US Naval Observatory) Of course, this easy answer isn't a real answer at all. There are two obvious questions left open: How can one, first of all, define a coordinate system in the sky that is that precise that it makes sense to define the exact moment when the Sun will cross the celestial equator? And then, how precisely can the actual position of the Sun be known? These are, in fact, difficult questions, and to answers them was one of the main tasks of the big National Observatories, such as Greenwich, or the US Naval Observatory. Defining coordinates in the sky is a subtle task, because of the problems to identify some really fixed points. The right ascension for example is measured along the celestial equator starting at the vernal equinox. However, the tilt of the Earth's axis is not fixed in space - due to the torque of the Sun and the Moon, the Earth is precessing, and for this reason, the point of the vernal equinox wanders around the celestial equator once every 26,000 years. There are other problems with the motion of the Earth's axis. Even the ecliptic is not completely fixed with respect to far-away stars, because not all planets are exactly within one plane, thus causing so-called secular variations of the inclinations of the orbits. And then, as astronomers in the 19th century had to notice, even the "fixed stars" are not fixed: Some of them have proper motions so large that they cannot easily be used as references to define a coordinate system. Defining celestial reference frames today is achieved by sources much further away than stars: Quasars are radio sources in cosmological distances, and thy do not move in the sky. Fortunately, combining radio telescopes by Very Large Baseline Interferometry allows an extremely precise determination of the position of quasars, which is used to fix a coordinate system. The orbits of the planets, and the coordinates of the Sun, can be calculated and measured very precisely with respect to this coordinate system. What leaves me with one question I am scratching my head about: How does one measure to a high precision the position of the Sun on the celestial sphere? After all, it is not a neat small pointlike source, but has quite a large extension. From a quick search at the ADS database, I have learned that in the 1970s, this was still done in the traditional way, using a zenith tube at Herstmonceux, then the location of the Greenwich observatory in England. It may be that also in the measurement of the position of the Sun, VLBI methods have taken over: For example, precise timing of the occulations of quasars by the Sun may provide very reliable solar coordinates. So, there are still enough puzzeling questions to think about on long autumn evenings. Perhaps someone of our readers knows? There is one good news, at least for those of us living in the Northern hemisphere: Because the Earth is closer to the Sun in winter, with the perihelion reached around January 3, fall and winter are shorter than spring and summer. And in 179 days, we will be again at the vernal equinox, and spring will begin. Restrictions apply: The Sun will rise exactly in the east on those places on Earth where sunrise is at 9:51 UT, i.e. along a line somewhere on the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, due to the extension of the Sun's disk and the effect of atmospheric refraction, the Sun is visible already when in fact it is, geometrically speaking, still below the horizon. This means that actually, the day is a little bit longer on September 23 than the night. Plenty of data can be obtained from the Data Services of the Astronomical Applications Department of the U.S. Naval Observatory. For example, from the table of Earth's Seasons Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion, here is an excerpt covering the next few years: d h d h m d h m Perihelion Jan 3 20 Equinoxes Mar 21 00 07 Sept 23 09 51 Aphelion July 7 00 Solstices June 21 18 06 Dec 22 06 08 Perihelion Jan 3 00 Equinoxes Mar 20 05 48 Sept 22 15 44 Aphelion July 4 08 Solstices June 20 23 59 Dec 21 12 04 Perihelion Jan 4 15 Equinoxes Mar 20 11 44 Sept 22 21 18 Aphelion July 4 02 Solstices June 21 05 45 Dec 21 17 47 Perihelion Jan 3 00 Equinoxes Mar 20 17 32 Sept 23 03 09 Aphelion July 6 11 Solstices June 21 11 28 Dec 21 23 38 Perihelion Jan 3 19 Equinoxes Mar 20 23 21 Sept 23 09 04 Aphelion July 4 15 Solstices June 21 17 16 Dec 22 05 30 Moroever, there is a very nice feature to plot maps and views of Earth that show day and night across the globe. TAGS: astronomy, first day of fall, equinox

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Sometimes, a depressed child goes unrecognized because he/she is normally quiet, shy and introverted. Other people may comment that “Joe/Mary seems depressed.” Parents dismiss this as just a natural part of the personality of the child. This is not to say that all shy, quiet children are depressed. How can parents know whether their child is actually depressed? Everybody has periods of depression. It may last a day or two, a couple of weeks or even a few months, but there is always an understandable reason for normal depression. Major life changes, such as parents divorcing, a parent getting married again, moving too far away from friends to continue a close relationship, death of someone loved, sexual abuse and the battering of one parent by the other are some common reasons that children become depressed. Each child is different. What causes depression in some children, will not affect others to that degree. Depression tends to run in families. If a parent is prone to depression, a major life event will likely trigger depression in the child. The personality of the child, family support, number of close friends and general health of the child all play a role in how he handles major life changes. If a child is a perfectionist, a few less-than-perfect grades may throw her into depression. A child who is too active in extra-curricula activities may begin to suffer health-wise due to lack of sleep and rest or an unhealthy diet. When he is no longer able to handle all these activities and his grades begin to suffer, he may become depressed. Something as seemingly innocent as the death of a pet, a fight with a best friend or the break-up with a school crush can trigger depression in those who have a propensity. Anyone dealing with chronic pain has a tendency to become depressed. There is no way to protect or shield a child from every known and unknown trigger of depression. How do you know when your child is depressed? A child who loses interest in things he normally enjoys, who withdraws from family activities and doesn’t see the humor in life the way he once did, is probably depressed about something. Eating habits will change and your child may stop caring about her appearance. He may refuse to take phone calls and begin to sleep quite a bit more than usual. Any pronounced change in a child that lasts longer than a couple of weeks should be investigated. The longer depression goes unchecked, the more difficult and time-consuming it will be to treat. Depression can spiral out of control and reach the stage of becoming suicidal. Depression is an illness that must be treated the same way that a diabetic must receive treatment to prevent the illness from worsening or leading to death. There is no shame in being depressed. Clinical depression can often be treated with medication and counseling. Natural treatments include taking serotonin supplements, getting more sunshine, eating fresh foods instead of processed foods, and adding folate to the diet. “Researchers at Harvard University have found that depressed people with low folate levels don’t respond as well to antidepressants, and taking folic acid in supplement form can improve the effectiveness of antidepressants. For more information, read Low Folate and Vitamin B12 Linked to Depression.” This quote is taken from alternative medicine. Adding omega-3 fatty acid supplements and magnesium may help, as some people with depression are deficient. Vitamin B6 is needed to help produce the necessary serotonin. Make sure there is a deficiency before adding supplements. Telling someone who is depressed ‘to just get over it’ will not work any better than telling someone who has cancer to ‘just cure yourself’. Someone with an understandable reason for depression will generally get past it as time moves on. If, after 12 months, the person has made no progress, make an appointment with his pediatrician. Make an appointment sooner if his condition worsens at any time. When there is no clear reason for a child to become depressed, begin by gently asking questions about her sudden change in attitude. If a child refuses to speak with a parent, find someone she trusts to intercede. Depression can rob a child of precious childhood memories by keeping him from making any. It can lead to a lifetime disability, failed marriages and poor job performance. Why is your child depressed? Has something recently happened that has caused your child grief, sorrow, sadness, embarrassment, humiliation, anger or disappointment? Some life events may not affect adults in the same way they do children. Ask your child why he is suddenly sad, angry or withdrawn. Who knows, you may actually get an answer. Love your child, don’t smother him. Make sure she knows she has your support, but don’t enable her depression by making excuses to others on her behalf. Don’t freak out every time your child is moody. This is just a normal child being normal.

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By Alison Walker-Baird Published on January 28, 2007 FREDERICK -- The clouded leopard's namesake spots help camouflage the wild Asian cat in the forest, but a local scientist's discovery may help protect this vulnerable species from extinction at the hands of humans. The population of this avid climber -- not a type of leopard but a separate "big cat" species -- has shrunk into endangerment, as the cats are hunted for their fur and meat, and their habitat is destroyed. Four subspecies of clouded leopard had been recognized in Southeast Asia, but a National Cancer Institute at Frederick researcher has now discovered one of those is a separate species. NCI-F's findings were published in a December 2006 paper in Current Biology. The paper's lead author, Valerie Buckley-Beason, is a researcher in the institute's Laboratory of Genomic Diversity. The scientific community will likely name the new species Neofelis diardi, Buckley-Beason said. She found major genetic differences between mainland clouded leopards, a subspecies found from Southern China to eastern Burma, and the diardi, found on the island of Borneo. Finding that separate species may boost conservation efforts, said Karen Povey, coordinator of The Clouded Leopard Project, a conservation and research group based in Tacoma, Wash. "We know so little about them," Povey said. "This is very exciting -- it shows we have so many opportunities to learn about clouded leopards." For more on this story, see Monday's edition of The Frederick News-Post.

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What are the capabilities of bioenergy technologies that make them unique as a means of reducing greenhouse gases? Bioenergy comes from the processing of biomass. Biomass "refers to living and recently dead biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Most commonly, biomass refers to plant matter grown for use as biofuel, but it also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibres, chemicals or heat." (Wikipedia) The carbon cycle is the sustained transfer of carbon between the atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere and then back again. The current concern about fossil fuels is that they are corrupting the carbon cycle by adding below ground carbon to the above ground cycle. NASA estimates the worldwide amount of fossil fuel carbon added to the atmosphere each year to be a colossal 5.5 billion metric tons (see red graphic above). These are the dread greenhouse gases blamed for global warming. This addition of subterranean carbon to the atmosphere is termed "carbon positive." It is possible to use fossil fuels in the production of electricity, capture most of the carbon dioxide from the process, and inject it back into the ground. This is called carbon geo-sequestration and it is used primarily to increase oil production by using gas pressure to force deposits of oil to the surface. However, most carbon dioxide from fossil resources - car emissions for example - can't be captured and returned underground (see orange graphic representation above). One characteristic of renewable energy is that they are, by definition, "carbon neutral" (see gray graphic) - neither adding nor reducing the amount of above carbon used in the carbon cycle. Most forms of renewable energy - solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, and geothermal - don't involve the use or conversion of carbon at all. In contrast to other renewable energy processes, bioenergy involves the conversion and combustion of the carbon content of biomass. Through photosynthesis carbon dioxide is pulled out of the air and stored as sugars (see green cycle above). As long as the carbon stays in the plant or in plant products, the biomass is essentially a carbon sink, temporarily removing the carbon out of the carbon cycle. Through roots, which are not harvested, a good portion of each plant's carbon capture is left in the ground. If the carbon emissions from combustion are captured and injected into oil fields, then this would be "carbon negative." Unlike fossil fuel emissions, any emissions from biofuel is "carbon neutral" because the carbon was derived from carbon already converted into sugars and cellulose in the biomass. The net effect of bioenergy is at worst carbon neutral but, through best practices of the forest products industry, often carbon negative. One other option for subterranean sequestration is being researched by agronomists. There is an ancient practice of using the char from burned biomass as a fertilizer or soil amendment for growing crops. This is variously termed terra preta, biochar, or agrichar. A recent article in the Biopact Blog discusses the four generations of biofuels. It describes recent research into ways to maximize the "carbon negative" impact of bioenergy: In fourth generation production systems, biomass crops are seen as efficient 'carbon capturing' machines that take CO2 out of the atmosphere and lock it up in their branches, trunks and leaves. The carbon-rich biomass is then converted into fuel and gases by means of second generation techniques. Crucially, before, during or after the bioconversion process, the carbon dioxide is captured by utilizing so-called pre-combustion, oxyfuel or post-combustion processes. The greenhouse gas is then geosequestered - stored in depleted oil and gas fields, in unmineable coal seams or in saline aquifers, where it stays locked up for hundreds, possibly thousands of years. According to scientists who looked at this concept of 'bio-energy with carbon storage' (BECS) within the context of a strategy to counter 'abrupt climate change', these systems, if applied on a global scale, can take us back to pre-industrial levels of atmospheric CO2. The concept would be more efficient than techniques that are limited to scrubbing CO2 out of the atmosphere without tackling the source of the problem: the combustion of fossil fuels. BECS intervenes at the source and replaces fossil fuels with renewable biomass; the systems scrub CO2 out of the atmosphere while delivering clean energy. As such, they are seen as one of the only low-risk geo-engineering methods that could help us tackle climate change without powering down our societies. In summary, Bioenergy is the only renewable energy technology that can reduce greenhouse gases. This article is the second in a series of five about the unique capabilities of bioenergy. On November 28th I made a presentation at the Capitol Hill Club to the Biomass Coordinating Council (BCC) of the American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE) titled "BioEnergy Can Do." My aim was to list what I considered to be the top five unique capabilities of bioenergy that should drive legislative action on Capitol Hill. The five capabilities are: 1. Bioenergy can convert solar energy into liquid fuel. 2. Bioenergy can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 3. Bioenergy can remediate ecological disasters. 4. Bioenergy can revive depressed economies. 5. Bioenergy can expand energy freedom of choice. technorati BIOconversion, bioenergy, biofuels, carbon, sequestration

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With our previous post on Laodicea we completed our look at the cities of the seven churches addressed in Revelation 2-3, sites which we visited in March of this year. We were also able to see some of the biblical islands, including Crete. Crete is mentioned on two occasions in the New Testament; in Acts 27:7ff., in connection with Paul’s journey (as a prisoner) to Rome, and then later in Titus 1:5. Additionally, Cretans are mentioned as being among those present on the Day on Pentecost (Acts 2:11). In the Titus text Paul wrote the evangelist, “For this reason I left you in Crete, that you should set in order the things that are lacking, and appoint elders in every city as I commanded you.” Crete is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean, following Sicily, Sardinia and Cyprus. Excavations at Knossos, Crete have confirmed the existence of well established civilizations dating back to the time of Abraham (ca. 2000 B.C.), and beyond. Palaces were located at such coastline cities as Knossos, which served as the heart of economic, political and religious life. Sir Arthur Evans, British archaeologist, excavated this site beginning in 1900. He used what was then newly developed methods of stratigraphy, and kept accurate and careful records of his findings. His many years of work were published in a four-volumes, The Palace of Minos (1921-1936), Minos being the ancient legendary king. More to come on Knossos, Crete. Remember to click on image for larger view.

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Anonymous methods may have associated state. In particular, all variables that an anonymous method captures need to be kept alive so long as the anonymous method is callable. For this reason, anonymous methods are implemented with a lifetime management approach: anonymous methods are actually methods on an object which implements COM-style reference counted interfaces. Method references are interface references with a single method called Invoke. If one badly wants to store an anonymous method in a method pointer, this information can be used to shoehorn it in. Here's how it can be done: procedure MethRefToMethPtr(const MethRef; var MethPtr); type TVtable = array[0..3] of Pointer; PVtable = ^TVtable; PPVtable = ^PVtable; begin // 3 is offset of Invoke, after QI, AddRef, Release TMethod(MethPtr).Code := PPVtable(MethRef)^^; TMethod(MethPtr).Data := Pointer(MethRef); end; This procedure will take a method reference as the first argument, and then extract the two crucial pieces of data needed to put into a method pointer: the value to be passed as the first argument (the method, or interface, reference), and the code address to be called (the value of the Invoke entry in the interface's vtable). The procedure can be used as follows. Note that the method reference still needs to be kept alive somewhere as long as the method pointer is callable to avoid premature disposal of the heap-allocated object: type TMeth = procedure(x: Integer) of object; TMethRef = reference to procedure(x: Integer); function MakeMethRef: TMethRef; var y: Integer; begin y := 30; Result := procedure(x: Integer) begin Writeln('x = ', x, ' and y = ', y); end; end; procedure P; var x: TMethRef; m: TMeth; begin x := MakeMethRef(); MethRefToMethPtr(x, m); Writeln('Using x:'); x(10); Writeln('Using m:'); m(10); end; On the other hand, if the anonymous method's body never captures any variables, then it's not necessary to keep the method reference around. This loses much of the benefits of anonymous methods, but it does prove the point: uses SysUtils, Forms, StdCtrls, Dialogs, classes; procedure MethRefToMethPtr(const MethRef; var MethPtr); type TVtable = array[0..3] of Pointer; PVtable = ^TVtable; PPVtable = ^PVtable; begin // 3 is offset of Invoke, after QI, AddRef, Release TMethod(MethPtr).Code := PPVtable(MethRef)^^; TMethod(MethPtr).Data := Pointer(MethRef); end; type TNotifyRef = reference to procedure(Sender: TObject); function MakeNotify(const ANotifyRef: TNotifyRef): TNotifyEvent; begin MethRefToMethPtr(ANotifyRef, Result); end; procedure P; var f: TForm; btn: TButton; begin f := TForm.Create(nil); try btn := TButton.Create(f); btn.Parent := f; btn.Caption := 'Click Me!'; btn.OnClick := MakeNotify(procedure(Sender: TObject) begin ShowMessage('Hello There!'); end); f.ShowModal; finally f.Free; end; end; begin try P; except on e: Exception do ShowMessage(e.Message); end; end.

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Footprint recently visited Arup’s Animal Estates HQ for discussions on bats and green roofs chaired by ecologist Gary Grant. The audience was surrounded by the latest in animal architecture, from an insect hotel to bat bricks and bee houses. Animal Estates poses the question devised by artist Fritz Haeg: what if animals were clients in the building process? Kelly Gunnell from the Bat Conservation Trust discussed the requirements of the bat client. As excellent indicators of biodiversity, bats are a great starting point for encouraging diverse habitats. When designing for bats, it’s important to analyse connections between neighbouring areas of biodiversity. Bats need a suitable roost, but also good commuting routes to foraging sites. Biodiversity requires a consideration not just of individual buildings, but of urban landscapes, connections and networks. In fact, carefully designed co-habitation between people and animals can help aid urban regeneration. Kelly Gunnell discussed a successful example of this in Austin, Texas. Here, bats appropriated an existing bridge structure and became a spectacle that revitalised the surrounding public space. ‘Add-on’ bird boxes can be beautiful, but urban biodiversity can also capture the architectural imagination on a larger scale. Recognising animals as clients in our urban environments can introduce a rich diversity that benefits people, too. The exhibition and upcoming workshops are free and open to the public until January 20th. More details here. By Tierney Lovell, past AJ sustainability intern. Filed under: Green blog

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The following is a Plus Edition article written by and copyright by Dick Eastman. Even computers with up-to-date virus protection can get viruses, as a friend of mine discovered last week. His anti-virus protection on the computer in his office was up to date (he and I later checked it) but he still got a bad root kit virus. He remembers the exact moment he got it: he mis-typed a web address (also known as a URL) and was taken to a web site that immediately produced a pop-up warning message. The message stated that his PC had viruses (which I now doubt) and asked him if he wanted to download the "Microsoft Anti-Virus Removal Tool" to fix the problems. Thinking this was a good idea, my friend clicked on DOWNLOAD.Sadly, what he downloaded was not what it claimed to be. It wasn't an anti-virus tool and it wasn't produced by Microsoft. In fact, it was a root kit virus, one of the more difficult viruses to remove. Within a few seconds his PC slowed to a crawl and all sorts of warning messages started to appear. The pop-up messages warned of dire results, such as loss of data, data corruption, and worse. However, these warning messages assured him that he could correct the problem by entering his credit card number into the pop-up messages and being charged $39.95. Instead, my friend called me. When I arrived at his office, I noticed two things: the pop-up warnings did not have a corporate name that I recognized. It did not say MacAfee or Symantec or Norton or any other known anti-virus producer. It simply said "Security Alert." I know that the companies that produce legitimate anti-virus software usually plaster their corporate names and logos all over the place. Next, the pop-up windows contained spelling errors. No self-respecting software producer would ever let programs like that go out the door. This program obviously was produced and released by someone who did not speak English as his or her native language. I shudder to think what would have happened if my friend had entered a valid credit card number! Some rip-off artist could then use that credit card number to charge as much as he wanted. The virus was difficult to remove but I did eventually get rid of it. My friend and I then looked in his web browser's history to see what web sites he had recently visited and he immediately recognized the problem. A web site he visits often appeared to be on the list except that one letter was missing in the web address (URL). He had accidentally mis-typed the URL and gone to a different site from what he wanted. I went home and fired up the Macintosh. After all, Macs are impervious to Windows viruses. I went to the URL in question, the one with the missing letter. Immediately, a pop-up window appeared stating that my "PC" had viruses and asked if I wanted to download a "Microsoft Anti-Virus Removal Tool" to fix the problems. Keep in mind that I was using a Mac, not a PC, and Microsoft doesn't make anti-virus software for Macs. I elected to not download the so-called "Microsoft Anti-Virus Removal Tool." I then switched to a Linux system, opened a web browser, and went to the same URL. It was a repeat of the previous experience. The same warning message will appear on ALL systems that visit this scam site: Windows, Macintosh, Linux, and others alike. In fact, it makes no difference if the local computer has a virus or not. The web site simply displays the same pop-up warning message to everyone who is unfortunate enough to visit the site.Sadly, there is no perfect solution to avoid these sites. My friend had the latest version of one of the most popular anti-virus programs available today and his virus definitions had been updated within the previous twenty-four hours. A good anti-virus program is a big help but is never guaranteed to be 100% perfect in blocking viruses, trojans, phishing, and other malware. NOTE: Malware is an abbreviation for "malevolent software." In other words, malware programs are designed to cause harm to your computer's files or to empty your checking account or to steal your credit card information. Malware includes viruses, trojan horse programs, "phishing" programs, and more.One simple solution can help avoid many of these problems and it will speed up your computer's operation a bit as well. It will also avoid many, but not all, of the obnoxious advertisements that seem to appear out of nowhere and it even offers parental controls that will control the sites your children can access. What I like best is that this service offers suggestions if you mis-type a web address. For instance, I often type ".cmo" when I meant to type ".com". If I enter a web address of www.google.cmo, a web page appears that says "Address not found. Did you mean www.google.com?" I can click on that last address and be taken to the site that I really wanted. Want craigslist.org? Type craigslist.og and still get there. The same solution will work on Windows, Macintosh, Linux, or even on the Xbox 360. Best of all is the price tag: free. The remainder of this article is for Plus Edition subscribers only. If you have a Plus Edition user ID and password, you can read the full article right now at no additional charge in this web site's Plus Edition at http://eogn.com/wp/?p=6955. This article will remain online for several weeks. If you do not remember your Plus Edition user ID or password, you can retrieve them at http://www.eogn.com/wp/ and click on "Forgot password?" If you decide to subscribe to the Plus Edition right now, you will be able to immediately read this article online. For more information about subscribing to the Plus Edition of Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter, visit http://blog.eogn.com/eastmans_online_genealogy/plusedition.html.

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I absolutely love orchids! I mean who doesn’t, really? They are my very favorite flower in the whole world. I can literally stare at them for hours and not get tired of them. I love to photograph them; I even had them in my wedding! I love their colors, their shapes, there is really no flower quite like the orchid. Well, if you love these flowers as I do, I’ve thought of another reason for you to love insects! We would not have the amazing shapes, the striking colors, or the unique fragrances from orchids if it weren’t from our amazing little friends! Orchids are an ancient flower - appearing some 80 million years ago, during the time of the dinosaurs - much older than scientists first believed. They flourished, as many organisms did, after the big extinction and began to figure out how to best survive in this new world. They can grow on every continent except for Antarctica and in almost every type of habitat. They can grow as epiphytes, attached to trees or shrubs, lithophytes, attached to rocks, or they can be terrestrial like most other flowers. They also figured out, because plants are very smart you know, that cross pollination, as opposed to self pollination, is the best way to survive. What is the best way to cross pollinate? With insects of course. So began an intricate process of co-evolution between these amazing flowers and their insect counter-parts. Co-evolution can be defined simply as the change of a biological object over time that is triggered by the change of a related object. So, as the insects changed, so did the orchids which were dependent upon them. This has led to an incredible amount of diversity in the 25-30,000 species of orchids that exist today. Charles Darwin studied orchids and their relationship with insects; he developed this theory of co-evolution based on his findings. He introduced the theory of plant and insect interactions in his book, On the Origin of Species. Later, he published Fertilisation of Orchids, which explained in detail the complex relationships between these flowers and the insects that pollinate them and how this led to their co-evolution. |A Cocytius antaeus, the new world equivilant of the Today, this can be seen more than ever with some extremely unique orchids and their very interesting, and sometimes weird, ways of attracting insects. One of the most compelling pieces of evidence of this co-evolution is Angraecum sesquipedale or, Darwin’s Orchid in Madagascar. Darwin noticed that this orchid had an extremely long spur, so long that only an insect with a very long proboscis could reach the nectar inside. He actually predicted that there was an undiscovered moth out there with a foot-long proboscis that could pollinate this orchid. Well, he was right, and now we have Xanthopan morgani or the Morgan’s sphinx moth. This incredible moth was not discovered until 1903, but proved Darwin’s theory and was originally named Xanthopan morgani praedicta in honor of his prediction. The moth has an unbelievably long proboscis which can reach down into the flower to retrieve the precious nectar. In doing so, the moth rubs its head against the pollen producing organ of the plant and transfers the pollen to the next flower it drinks from. |photo credit: avmaier| Many other orchids use specific fragrances to lure insects. Some use sweet fragrances to attract certain bees and wasps, and others, putrid smells to attract flies. These happy insects are rewarded for their pollination with yummy nectar. Others use striking colors that flying insects can’t resist. Still others, about 1/3 of all orchids, produce no nectar. These have come up with some pretty tricky methods of attracting insects. These are some of the most specialized orchids of all. Some mimic the smell of food. Flying insects approach the flower and crawl all over it looking for the nectar. It is not until they are covered in pollen that they give up and move on to the next one, transferring the pollen in their search for food. Even more deceiving are the orchids that use sex pheremones to attract unsuspecting pollinators. These orchids are amazing. They actually mimic the female bee or wasp visually, often using the same colors and tufts of hair. They give off a chemical that smells identical to the pheremone that the female insect would give off. The poor males climb on the flower, actually try to mate with it (sometimes leaving behind sperm) and move on to the next, spreading the pollen. What a smart flower! Watch this video to see a great example of this type of orchid. |photo credit: *Micky| One last amazing orchid/insect relationship. The lady’s slipper orchid is a very unique looking flower. With a pouch-like structure, it resembles a pitcher plant, which is a known insect-eating plant. The pitcher plant uses its pouch to lure in insects which fall in and are digested inside. The slipper orchid, however, has a much more benevolent agenda. The pouch does lure insects, they do fall down inside, but they do not meet their doom there. The pouch is too small for the insect to stretch its wings so they cannot fly out. The only way out is to climb a ladder of hairs on the back. The insect must squeeze past where the pollen is kept to get away. They either leave with the pollen, or leave another plant’s pollen there, tricky tricky! So, you see, if you’ve never thought of plants as intelligent, you may want to think again. Exquisite, exotic, luxurious, stunning, elegant, whatever term you use to decribe orchids, you can now add intelligent and highly evolved. I hope this gives you a whole new respect for these famous flowers, and the bugs that make them what they are! If you like orchids and want to learn more about them, don’t miss the Houston Orchid Society’s upcoming Show and Sale, which will be held at the museum this year. It’s free! Saturday and Sunday only, April 17 & 18. For more info, visit our web site.

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|photo credit: e³°°°| Butterflies are probably the most popular insects ever! But what about moths? What’s their story? Why are they less popular than butterflies, considering the fact that there are nearly 250,000 species of them compared to only about 20,000 species of butterflies? This is one fact among a plethora of others that I’m sure you all would like to know about moths! The question we get asked the most here at the CBC is what is the difference between butterflies and moths? It can be a little tricky to explain. They are two completely different types of insects. However, the characteristics that define them are not always so clear-cut. For example, butterflies are diurnal, meaning that they fly during the day. Most moths are nocturnal, but some can be crepuscular (meaning they fly at dawn and dusk) and some are even diurnal. Butterflies and moths can both have thin antennae, but only moths have feathery antennae. Butterflies have thinner bodies with less hair while moths are chunky and hairy! Although, I have seen some stalky butterflies, and hairy ones too. Butterflies tend to be bright and colorful, whereas moths are normally cryptic and drab. But what is thought to be the most beautiful lepidopteran in the world is actually, a moth. So sometimes, you need to take a second or third look to determine which one it is. As different as they are, they are similar in many fundamental ways. They both have scales covering their wings, they feed on flower nectar with a proboscis, and they have complete metamorphosis that includes a larva, pupa, and adult stage. These life stages are given specific names. The larva of both are known as caterpillars and the pupa is called a chrysalis. Some moths build a silk covering around their chrysalis for protection. This is known as a cocoon, and despite what some people think, butterflies do not make cocoons. Moths do get some recognition, unfortunately, it’s not all good. Several moths are serious pests in gardens, in forests, on farms, and even on clothes and in stored grains! If you have tomatoes, you may be familiar with the tomato hornworm. photo credit: NatureFreak07 This is a huge and beautiful caterpillar but it has a very big appetite that most people don’t appreciate! It is a member of the Sphingidae, or sphinx moth family. These moths are often large and impressive, making them one of the most popular families. The caterpillars can be pesky, but can be deterred by planting marigolds around your tomato plants. The Gypsy Moth is another famous caterpillar that has caused a lot of problems. They originated in Europe and Asia but were introduced to the United States in the 1800s. Since their arrival, they have defoliated millions of acres of forest. Although they are better controlled now, they continue to be a major pest of hardwood trees. We all remember the smell of moth balls in our grandma’s closet. We can thank the common clothes moth for that wonderful smell! The caterpillars of these tiny moths are big fans of natural, proteinaceous fibers such as silk and wool. Luckily, they will not eat artificial fibers, so a lot of our clothes are safe now. So, I know you’re thinking: “why should we like moths?” Look at all the trouble they cause! Well, like all other insects, the pests are a tiny minority and the rest make up for it in so many different ways! So, a couple of them eat silk, but where do you think we get that silk to begin with?? The silkworm (bombyx mori) is the world’s only domesticated insect. It is farmed for its silk and these little guys produce a ton of silk worth millions of dollars every year. They are not the only ones. There are several types of moths in the family Saturniidae (giant silk moths) that are used for their silk as well. photo credit: mk* What about pollination? Butterflies do well during the day, but there are so many night blooming flowers. Moths have those covered! Hawkmoths (a.k.a sphinx moths or hornworms) are lovely evening pollinators. They are excellent fliers and some, like the hummingbird moth, are able to hover next to flowers to get nectar. They are often mistaken for hummingbirds. They are awesome to watch! You can plant a moon garden in conjunction with your butterfly garden to attract moths like these. They are attracted to flowers with white blooms that open or are most fragrant in the evening. One last thing to mention is the beauty of moths. Everyone raves about butterflies, but some moths rival and depending on who you ask, surpass the beauty of butterflies. There are several breathtaking species of sphinx moths such as the Oleander Hawk Moth. All sphinx moths are known for their distinctive wing shape, very thick bodies and amazing flight capabilities. The larvae have a horn at the end of their abdomens during their earlier stages – giving rise to the name hornworm. photo credit: tlindenbaum Saturniids, or giant silk moths, are perhaps the most well known moths. They are very large with butterfly-like wings that often have eyespots and brilliant colors. Perhaps the most well known is the Luna Moth. They are a beautiful light green color with graceful, flowing tails. Even more amazing is its relative the Madagascan moon moth or Comet Moth. Some other common saturniids that can be found around here include the Cecropia, Polyphemus and Io moths. Unfortunately, these beautiful giants only live for a couple of days as adult moths. They emerge as adults with no mouth parts, so they do not feed. They live off of food stored from their caterpillar stage until they find a mate and then they die. We do display a species of giant silk moth here at the Cockrell Butterfly Center, the Atlas Moth from Southeast Asia. This is actually the largest moth species in the world and it is amazing! Finally, there is the Uraniidae, the family that includes the world’s most beautiful lepidopteran, according to some. This family contains several beautiful and colorful moths but the most famous is the Madagascan Sunset Moth. They were originally grouped together with swallowtail butterflies until 50 years after its discovery. I’m not sure if it’s the prettiest, but it is certainly a sight to see! Whether they’re large and colorful or small and cryptic, I think moths are fascinating and beautiful insects that are just as important as any other beneficial insect. Next time you see one resting during the day, take a closer look. You may be surprised to see the intricate shapes and patterns that make up its “drab” camouflage. Until next time, happy bug watching!

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The internet has managed to permeate every aspect of our lives and that presence can be quite awe-inspiring. But it can also be quite dangerous. With the insurgence of smart phones, the World Wide Web is in everyone’s pocket. Connecting with loved ones has never been easier with email, social media, and video calling. The internet should be free and open, but not at the expense of your safety. When it comes to children and the internet, vigilance is the key. In several studies, there is quite the generational gap in understanding the power of the web. Most teenagers, children, and senior citizens admitted that they wanted to know more about the internet and how to be safeguarded. Safer Internet Day is an annual holiday that promotes the safe and responsible use of online technology and mobile phones among children and young people. It will be held on February 5th, 2013 as a worldwide push to show people how to navigate the internet safely with these helpful tips. Safety on the Web The internet is an open place to share and gather all types of information. However, this spirit of open sharing can also be problematic. While some of these problems are being remedied by better operating systems, browsers, and better email software, there are some jurisdiction issues that hinder online safety. How do you combat issues like accountability and lax security, as these are human problems? Don’t take chances with the possibility of being stalked on the internet. The online safety of your family can be achieved with a few helpful hints. With Safer internet Day, you can learn tips like choosing a gender-neutral email or screen name. You can learn how to block users that you don’t trust or don’t recognize. Safer Internet Day can also show you how to be more mindful of what you say and “advertise” online. If you don’t want people to contact you, make sure that you know what is in your “email signature,” meaning that you should be more careful about the information your email offers. If you’re looking for more information on keeping your children safe, this is the holiday you really need. Safer Internet Day teaches kids to keep their passwords hidden rather than in a simple file hackers can get into. The holiday also shows children how to use their social networking safely. Follow these helpful tips to stay safe online. When February rolls around, please remember your online safety. Make certain that while you look for kittens who can dance or the atomic weight of Zinc, you take the time to make sure your family is safe.

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As you probably know, The College Board (creators of the SAT test) and ACT, Inc. (creators of the ACT test) both now have “benchmarks.” These benchmarks are reported to serve as predictors of college and career performance, based entirely on how students score on the tests. There has been some form of “college readiness benchmark” for the ACT since 2005, with SAT benchmarks finally appearing in 2011. The ACT benchmarks are subject area specific, whereas the SAT benchmark is based on a single, aggregate score. What exactly are the “benchmarks?” For the SAT, the fundamental guideline is that a student scoring a 1550 combined total across Math, Writing and Critical Reading is said to have a 65% chance of obtaining a B- average or better in his or her freshman year of college. For the ACT, the following benchmark scores predict that a student has a 50% chance of earning a B or better, and a 75% chance of a C or better, in college courses in the subject area: Math, 22; Reading, 21; English, 18; Science, 24. What are these benchmarks all about, and what should tutors know and be ready to share with students about them? Here are four thoughts on the matter: 1) The SAT and ACT benchmarks have very different scopes and purposes. What are the ACT and SAT benchmarks for? According to their providers, their purposes are very different. The ACT’s College Readiness Standards “offer learning strategies that are likely to help students meet state standards and acquire the more advanced concepts associated with … increased college readiness. In other words, they’re intended to provide more context and meaning to a student’s ACT scores: a score in a given range ostensibly correlates to a specific level of learning in that subject, from which follows suggestions for further “learning experiences” paving the way to college. The new SAT Benchmark, meanwhile, “…provides administrators, educators and policymakers a simple, powerful way to evaluate and improve academic programs that prepare students for success after high school.” In other words, SAT benchmark data is meant to be interpreted based on the aggregate scores of many students – and not as a way to make meaning out of the scores of individual students. This is very different from what the ACT benchmark data intends. 2) These benchmarks should not be used to assess the college preparedness of individual kids, or to discourage kids from going to college. The College Board is clear in its guidelines for the benchmark that college success is predicated on a broad spectrum of knowledge and skills, as well as behavioral choices. Further, its benchmarks are meant to be applied in the aggregate, not to individuals. Even the ACT benchmark data, which intends to guide future learning paths for individuals, is nowhere near a good enough predictor of college readiness to be heavily weighted in high-stakes decisions about college admissions. 3) These benchmarks aren’t meant to predict how well a kid will do at a specific school. Both these benchmarks are national in scope. They are based on data gleaned from a wide spectrum of different schools, and hence (according to the SAT) “are an indication of readiness at a typical college.” The ACT benchmark, moreover, seems to focus on college preparatory guidance, not post-college predictions. A given student might have greater success at one institution versus another, but the benchmarks don’t purport to predict this – they are too highly generalized. 4) Benchmarks are great – but academic preparation is still what really matters. From the perspective of students taking these standardized tests, what do the benchmarks mean? At face value, these benchmarks are guidelines that could indicate potential for college success – if the student applies himself or herself. On another level, these benchmarks might not mean even that much. For example, in 2011 only 25% of students taking the ACT met all four of its college readiness benchmarks – yet far more than 25% of those students are likely to succeed in college! 43% of its 2011 test-takers met the SAT benchmark, but that doesn’t validate the numbers. In the final analysis, it’s widely agreed by college admissions counselors and other professionals that the best predictor of success in college is earning good grades in challenging high school courses. Learning and practicing good study habits is also vital. Are you familiar with the ACT and/or the SAT benchmark? How have you used it? Please comment on your thoughts and experiences around these tools. Featured image courtesy of Bruce Berrien. Our free 20-page ebook is a step-by-step guide on how to select the right test for your student. Learn everything you need to know about using the PLAN and PSAT to improve student scores, how to leverage learning analytics to select one test over the other, and other tips on how to take the guesswork out of selecting the ACT vs the SAT.

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Posted on 23 July 2010. There are certain truths that dictate the way we view the world. The earth is round. It rotates around the sun. The sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening. Gravity keeps us firmly on the ground. Or does it? Last week the New York Times published this fascinating article - “A scientist takes on gravity.” We asked our physics tutors to comment and got four just as fascinating articles back. Here’s the first one. Take a read and tell us what you think. A new theory on the gravitational force proposed recently by a renowned physicist, Erik Verlinde of the University of Amsterdam, has caused quite a stir in the physics community and has even caught the attention of the media (see for example the New York Times article). Verlinde’s paper, titled ”On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton”, can also be accessed online. To understand what the fuss is all about, some background is necessary. As far as we know, there are only four forces in the universe: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force (which, as its name indicates, accounts for both the electric and the magnetic forces) and two forces that operate only in atomic nuclei, the so-called strong and weak nuclear forces. Gravity is of course the most familiar of the four and was the first one for which an explicit formula was obtained (the universal law of gravitation, worked out by Newton over four hundred years ago). In 1915, Einstein presented a new description of gravity that is more fundamental (and more beautiful) than Newton’s theory. In this theory, called general relativity, the gravitational force arises through the curvature of spacetime. Objects are not really pulled by a gravitational force as Newton had suggested, they instead simply move through curved spacetime and it is the bending of that spacetime that affects the motion of objects, which is what we then observe as a gravitational force. To understand this, consider the surface of a trampoline. If we make a baseball roll on this surface, it will move in a straight line. Now imagine that someone stands in the middle of the trampoline. The surface of the trampoline is now bent down by the weight of the person. If we now push a baseball on this surface not directly at the person but in some other direction, the path will not be a straight line but will curve due to the bending of the surface. In fact, if you push the baseball just in the right direction and at the right speed, it could roll around the person and come back to its initial position! If there was no friction, it could keep doing that forever, although in real life friction will cause it to spiral down until it hits the person. In general relativity, any object bends space and time around it, which affects the motion of other objects. For example, you could replace the person standing on the trampoline by the Earth, the baseball by the Moon and the surface of the trampoline by space and time and you would get the General Relativity explanation of why the Moon orbits the Earth! Although Newton had not understood the real nature of the force of gravity, it does not mean that his universal law of gravitation is useless! It is in fact an extremely good approximation to Einstein’s equations and in almost all practical applications Newton’s law of gravity is precise enough. Indeed, it’s Newton’s theory that was used to send men to the Moon. On the other hand, Einstein’s General Relativity allows the global positioning system (GPS) to be as accurate as it is. Some strange properties of gravity started to be noticed in the 1970s through the study of black holes. For reasons we can’t go into in this blog entry, it was proposed that black holes have an entropy, a concept familiar to you if you have learned about thermodynamics. This came as a surprise. In thermodynamics, entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. For example, imagine holding a stack of playing cards with the cards initially ordered (ace to king of hearts, ace to king of diamonds, ace to king of diamonds and ace to king of clubs). This is a state of low entropy because it is well ordered. Now you shuffle the deck of cards. It is very unlikely (but not impossible!) that after having shuffled for a while, you will get back exactly the same order you started with. It is also very unlikely that all the first 26 cards will be black and the next 26 will be red, which is also a state that has a lot of order. What is much more likely is that the colors and suits will be pretty much completely mixed and there will be no order in the values of the cards (for example it is unlikely that there will be ten consecutive cards with the values 1 to 10, in that order). We then say that the disorder of the playing cards has increased due to the shuffling and therefore the entropy has increased. If you have done some thermodynamics, you know that entropy in that case is associated to arrangements of atoms and molecules, which therefore play the role of the playing cards in our example. Then Stephen Hawking discovered that black holes have a temperature and emit radiation. In other words, black holes have all the properties of a thermodynamical system. In 1995, Ted Jacobson of the University of Maryland showed that Einstein’s theory of general relativity can be cast in a form that shows that entropy and temperature can be assigned to gravity itself (and not just to black holes)! But if this is the case, what is the equivalent of the playing cards in the case of gravity? In other words, what are the things that can be shuffled around to measure the entropy? Nobody knows for sure although there are some tentative ideas floating around in two very active areas of theoretical physics, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity (see for example the books Three Roads to Quantum Gravity by Lee Smolin, The Elegant Universe, and The Fabric of the Cosmos, both by Brian Greene). We are finally in a position to understand the proposal of Verlinde. We need one last analogy. Imagine a very fine string resting on a surface and which is attached to one extremity while the other one is loose. Let’s imagine that you can move and shake the surface on which the string is resting; it’s on the surface of a book, for example. Now you shake the book violently and look at the result. It is very unlikely that the string will end up being completely straight because that’s a low entropy configuration. It’s much more likely that the string will be curled to some extent. Let’s say that the string is plunged into a liquid at some temperature. Then the molecules in the liquid will be hitting the string from all directions in a rather chaotic manner. Now we come to the main point. If you pull the string to its maximum length and then let it go, it is initially in a state of low entropy. And now you watch what happens. The molecular collisions will tend to make the entropy of the string increase, which means that the string will slowly bend in a random pattern that has a higher entropy. Now imagine that you pull again the string to its maximum length and this time you don’t let it go. You will then feel a force that pulls the string to a state of higher entropy (which corresponds to the string curled up). This is what is referred to as an ”entropic force”. And the higher the temperature of the liquid is, the stronger the force will be because the collisions with the molecules of the liquid will be more violent. Note that the force that you feel on the string is not a force produced by the string itself, it is really due to the collisions from the the molecules with the string. If we do not know about the molecules and the way they interact with the string, we can still write down equations describing the force exerted by the string on our fingers, but the equations we have thus obtained do not describe a real, fundamental force! The actual force at play is the force between the molecules and the string that plays a role during the collisions. Verlinde’s proposal is that what we see as the force of gravity is actually an entropic force! It is important to understand that he does not identify what is the equivalent of the molecules in our string example.There must be some microscopic entities associated to gravity that plays that role, but it is definitely not ordinary matter because gravity is felt in empty space! It is something completely new, possibly something that makes up space and time themselves. In other words, ”atoms” of space and time! Verlinde does not need, however, to identify these entities precisely in his theory. His basic idea is that, as two masses get closer to one another, the entropy associated to gravity increases (this is the basic idea, he obviously makes it more precise in his work). So that, as when the string gets pulled to a curled position because it is a state of higher entropy, two masses are pulled toward one another. For example, if you drop a penny from a certain height, the penny has less ”gravitational entropy” if it is at a lower height, and the tendency of physical systems to increase entropy will pull the penny down, which is we see as a gravitational force! This is a completely new way to think of gravity. Indeed, in this approach gravity is not a fundamental force of nature, like the force pulling the string to curl up was just a consequence of the collisions with the molecules of the liquid and not a fundamental force (by the way, when Verlinde says in the NY Times article that he does not think that gravity exists, what he means is that he does not think that gravity as a fundamental force exists, not that objects are not attracted to one another!). In addition, it begs the obvious question: what are the fundamental entities responsible for the entropy? As mentioned earlier, nobody knows for sure! Verlinde’s idea is still only a proposal and not all physicists think that it is a viable theory. In addition, there is no way yet to test experimentally if this is correct and it might prove impossible to do so, which would not make it useful as a physical theory. On the other hand, it could represent the first step in a completely new approach to gravity and lead to a more fundamental understanding of nature. Dr Patrick L. has been with Tutor.com since 2008 and tutors physics. Read more comments on this New York Times article by other Tutor.com tutors.

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A current exhibition at the Science Museum highlights some intriguing objects from the history of psychiatry. We sent guest blogger James Poskett to find out more. Anna O named psychoanalysis her ‘talking cure’ and the technique soon came to evoke the classic image of a patient lying on the couch. But how can a ‘talking cure’ treat those who cannot speak? Children in particular often lack the vocabulary or may simply be too young to talk. The Science Museum’s latest special exhibition, Psychoanalysis: The Unconscious in Everyday Life, curated by Catarina Albano (also responsible for our current First Time Out project), features a number of items deposited with the Wellcome Library and reveals how leading psychoanalysts adapted their theories to give children a voice. A set of pencil and crayon drawings made by eight-year old ‘Richard’ in 1941 tell a particularly vivid story. Richard, one of Melanie Klein’s patients, appears acutely aware of the war surrounding him. The first drawing depicts an underwater scene in which a Nazi U-boat, complete with swastika, stalks a British frigate. The drawings then progress through a conflict in which ships are engulfed by tentacled sea-monsters whilst aircraft battles rage on overhead. In one Klein notes ‘Result: Germany 3, Britain 1’. She later explained how each figure represented a family member for Richard: the U-boat his father and the frigate his mother. Richard drew himself as a little fish, always somehow caught up in the conflict, fleeing from his father whenever he approached his mother. Donald Winnicott also used drawings to ‘talk’ to children. In the 1950s he invented a ‘squiggle’ game in which he would draw a wobbly crisscrossing line on a piece of card. His patient would then respond in some way, by drawing their own squiggle, or rejecting the offering. Four of these drawings are featured in the exhibition, each requiring different input from the viewer. The first drawing is entirely abstract in form, a wavy blue line enclosed by a C-shaped arc, whereas the last drawing, clearly an animal of some kind, is an uneasy mix of reality and imagination. These objects let us see for ourselves the raw material from which leading psychoanalysts drew their conclusions, as well as illustrating how nursery-style play became a serious form of therapy. The theme of play is most striking in the objects from the Science Museum’s psychology collections associated with another pioneer of child psychotherapy: Margaret Lowenfeld. Where Freud had the couch, Lowenfeld had the sandbox. In this, and surrounded by toys, children would reveal their inner worlds. Lowenfeld’s toys can also be found on the Brought to Life website which includes an original sandbox created by a nine-year-old girl in 1955. We are confronted with two rows of antagonistic figures, including armed soldiers, yet Lowenfeld reports the little girl describing the scene as a tranquil summer’s day. In the exhibition, these objects of play are set alongside others: from the everyday, such as a pair of satin gloves, to works of art, such as a fairytale-inspired pot by Grayson Perry. We are invited to consider our own reactions to each and, whilst we cannot reach out and touch any of these fascinating objects, we can do the next best thing: talk about them! Psychoanalysis: The Unconscious in Everyday Life runs at the Science Museum until April 2 2011. James Poskett is a recent graduate of the History and Philosophy of Science Department at Cambridge.

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16 Aug, 12 | by BMJ Group “Mortality rates in a refugee camp in South Sudan are nearly double the threshold for an emergency, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) has warned” said a BBC report on 6 July 2012. “In Yida camp, [MSF data show] at least five children dying each day, most from diarrhoea and severe infections,” 2 August, MSF press release. But where did these numbers come from? Getting good data might not seem the first priority in an emergency, but it is essential to understand and respond appropriately to the needs of the population affected. I am an MSF epidemiologist and have just returned from the Jamam refugee crisis in South Sudan. In early May 2012 we started receiving reports of refugees fleeing Blue Nile state, Sudan, and crossing the border into the world’s youngest nation, South Sudan. The refugees were escaping fighting and bombing by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) targeting rebels allied with the South Sudanese (Sudanese People’s Liberation Army (SPLA)-North). These refugees, weakened by months on the run, hiding in forests and caves, and eating nothing but leaves were arriving in Upper Nile State, South Sudan, in shocking conditions, sometimes beyond medical care. And then in June 2012 the rains came, turning Jamam refugee camp into a muddy swamp. MSF was already working in two refugee camps in Upper Nile State (Jamam and Doro) and another in neighbouring Unity State (Yida), supporting a total of 120,000 refugees since January 2012 that had fled the same fighting. Agencies were already struggling to provide enough clean water and shelter to these refugees. This was certainly a challenging environment. I have never seen children so malnourished that they are literally skin and bone, or people drinking from muddy pools. My role was to understand the scale and severity of the emergency. This is measured through the mortality rate. I needed to somehow measure what proportion of the camp population was dying every day. These data would guide the nature and size of our intervention. And ensure we gave these refugees the most appropriate help. There are several approaches for measuring mortality such as the classic 30×30 retrospective cluster sampling survey where 30 clusters (villages, wards, districts) are randomly selected and 30 households within each cluster are interviewed. Although this technique is useful for capturing the mortality rate at a single point in time, it does not indicate whether the rate is increasing or decreasing and may not be relevant to the current situation if the recall period is large. So we elected to set up prospective surveillance in which we visited every household within the camp weekly. As well as monitoring mortality rates, with this system we could monitor the health status of the refugees more closely. We could refer any sick people to the MSF clinic, monitor the nutritional status of children aged less than five years using mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurements, and trace children defaulting from the therapeutic feeding programmes before their condition deteriorated. Such a system relies on solid training of outreach workers, local people that are trusted by the local population and able to communicate in their language. We identified 46 such people, all from the local population, most of whom were not literate but could all count. It was at times challenging to train these outreach workers, sometimes requiring two rounds of translation (English-Arabic and Arabic-Ingassana or Magaja), and we had to re-design the surveillance forms such that they required no writing. But these teams were bright and understood quickly what they needed to do. And by forming them into teams in which there was a mix of men and women, all local languages were represented, and at least one person was literate we were able to discover quickly that the crude mortality rate was 1.8 per 10,000 per day and the under-five mortality rate was 2.8 per 10,000 per day. Both rates were well above the emergency threshold, defining this as a severe situation. Almost 3 children were dying in the camp every day and 65% of deaths were due to diarrhoea. We were able to respond to these shocking findings by decentralising clinic services, setting up oral rehydration points throughout the camp, and promoting safe water and hygiene practices at every household visited. The international media quoted our findings in headline news that demanded that governments and international agencies paid attention to this refugee crisis. And now we have seen mortality rates dip below the emergency thresholds. There is still much to do. We need to identify and protect against the main morbidities in this population, remain vigilant against malaria and cholera for which the conditions are perfect, and moreover continue to advocate for the transfer of these refugees out of the Jamam swamp. And as long as we continue to supervise strongly and are provided with a vehicle when needed (always a major challenge in MSF projects!), the prospective surveillance system will continue to provide the real-time health data that enables us to respond quickly and provide timely care to this population who have been through so much.

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This past week I could have sworn I was back in the 1980s, based on the news coming out of Brazil. Brazil's powerful agriculture caucus (bancada ruralista) and Communist Party led the charge in the House of Representatives to pass a bill that, if enacted, would essentially legalize deforestation in vast amounts of land. And three activists who worked for years to protect forests from illegal logging were killed for their efforts. Then, yesterday, the Brazilian environmental agency approved the Belo Monte dam – a hydroelectric project so controversial and flawed that the Federal Attorney General's office brought a series of lawsuits against it, most of which have not been judged, and recommended that it not be licensed. As someone who works with indigenous and environmental groups in Brazil and has been active in tropical forest policy for years, I find this series of events deeply troubling, and reminiscent of the Brazilian Amazon's dark past. And these events come at a time when, because of strong pressure on land use from increasing commodity prices, and an expectation that the Congress would revise the 1965 Forest Code, the clearing of trees for expanding farms and cattle ranching in the Amazon rainforest is on the rise, possibly up 30% over last year. Brazil's government is at a crossroads – either it can go back to a future of rampant deforestation and frontier chaos, or ahead, to the future of a sustainable and equitable green economy leader, with rule of law, good governance and a secure natural and investment environment. Senate action on the Forest Code over the next few months could spell the difference. Is Brazil going backward or forward? This series of events recalls the former status-quo, business-as-usual days when deforestation was accepted – even promoted – as a necessary corollary to development and prosperity. Those were the days when Brazil was the fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world, with about 70% of its emissions caused by clearing forests. At the height of deforestation, the Amazon was losing more than 21,000 km2 – more than 8,000 square miles, about twice the size of Connecticut – of forest a year. Those were also the days when grassroots environmental and union leaders were killed for working to protect the forest and forest peoples' rights; prominent activists like rubber tapper and union leader Chico Mendes and Roman Catholic Sister Dorothy Stang were both slain for their efforts to keep forests standing for the sake of communities' livelihoods and the environment. Brazil has come a long way since then, particularly in reducing deforestation and altering public perception of it. Reducing deforestation: Brazil has experienced seven years of almost uninterrupted decreases in deforestation, establishing it as the world leader in greenhouse gas pollution reductions. Between 2006 and 2010, Brazil has reduced Amazon deforestation about two-thirds below the annual average from 1996–2005, reducing about 1 billion tons of greenhouse gas pollution. This was due largely to the 2003 National Plan to Prevent and Control Amazon Deforestation and the subsequent 2009 National Climate Change Policy, in which Brazil committed to reducing deforestation 80% below the 1996–2005 average by 2020. Social shift against deforestation: Popular opinion on the Amazon has clearly changed – most people want deforestation to stop. Most people also think that murders for hire in land conflicts should be punished – and in cases when international spotlights shone on Amazon assassinations, like Chico Mendes and Sister Dorothy Stang, it seemed as though the rule of law could be taking hold. But despite these encouraging environmental strides, and even aside from the passage of the explicitly anti-environment bill, three disturbing themes of the past couple weeks are calling into question just how permanent Brazil's environmental progress is: 1. Lethal intolerance of activists who protect forests José Claudio Ribeiro da Silva, a Brazil nut gatherer and forest defender, was slain the morning of the Forest Code vote with his wife Maria do Espírito Santo in Nova Ipixuna, in Pará state in the Brazilian Amazon. The couple had long resisted illegal logging and forest clearing for smelters for pig iron (made from iron ore and charcoal and used for manufacturing steel) and had received numerous death threats. In a public lecture in November 2010 José Claudio said, recalling slain grassroots environmental leaders Chico Mendes (1988) and Sister Dorothy Stang (2005), "What they did to Chico Mendes and Sister Dorothy, they want to do to me." Then, on Friday, May 27th small-scale farmer leader Adelino Ramos was shot dead in Vista Alegre do Abunã, in Rondonia state. Ramos had received death threats for denouncing illegal logging in the region. And on Saturday May 28th, the body of a small-scale farmer Eremilton Pereira dos Santos, was found shot to death about 7 km away from where José Claudio and Maria were killed. Police say they do not know whether these three killings are related, but representatives of the Pastoral Land Commission surmise that Eremilton may have witnessed the earlier killings. 2. Heavy influence of the Agriculture Caucus on Congress's Forest Code debate Listening to the Forest Code debate in the Brazilian Congress so far is about as informative and edifying as listening to the U.S. Congress talk about climate change – that is, to say, not very. It is commonly agreed within Brazil that the 1965 Forest Code needs revision and updating. But Communist Party representative and author of the just-passed bill Aldo Rebelo didn't focus on looking at other solutions, like using taxes, credit or a carbon market to incentivize farmers to keep forests standing or restore past deforestation. The Rebelo proposal instead falsely supposes that forests are inherently, as Márcio Santilli of the Instituto Socioambiental put it, "nothing more than 'anti-food'" – that more forest means less agriculture, less growth and less development. Rebelo's bill, and its ultimate success, capitalized on the erroneous, purely ideological notion that environmental regulation is a foreign plot designed to keep Brazilian agriculture from competing with U.S. agriculture. The agriculture caucus leadership has a sense of entitlement and cronyism about it that can get ugly. During the discussion before the vote on Tuesday, former Environment Minister and current Congressman José Sarney Filho made a motion in the House to ask for the federal police to investigate the killing of Ribeiro and his wife – and was met with boos from the agriculture caucus. Brazil's farmers deserve better political representation than this. I've met farmers and ranchers across the Amazon who have worked hard to build productive, competitive businesses, and are proud that they're in compliance with the current law. These voices are not being heard in this debate, and if the Rebelo bill is enacted, they will be penalized for their efforts, while the scofflaws will be rewarded. 3. Surge in deforestation In mid-May, we learned that deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon in March and April may have spiked dramatically over those same months last year, and Brazil's Environment Ministry and many researchers hold that expectations that the Congress would weaken forest protection requirements in the Forest Code are contributing to the increase. Preliminary reports from Brazil's National Space Research Agency (INPE) now suggest that deforestation has increased about 30% from last year, which is also widely attributed to the anticipation of the approval of the new Forest Code. So, what does all this mean for Brazil? EDF believes that the brutal killings, the influence of the agriculture caucus, the rapidly increasing deforestation, and the House vote to cripple Brazil's environmental legislation, must be met with a solid government response for Brazil to maintain its international leadership on the environment. And we're not the only ones calling for action at this critical juncture. The Forest Code changes were opposed by Brazil's major national scientific associations – the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and the Brazilian Society for the Advancement of Science – as well as numerous forestry sector trade associations and ten former Environment Ministers. The Ministers wrote in a letter to President Dilma Rousseff: "We understand… that history has reserved for our times… above all, the opportunity to lead a great collective effort for Brazil to proceed on its pathway as a nation that develops with social justice and environmental sustainability." And the range of interests that came together to support forest protect protection – the scientific community, the National Council of Brazilian Bishops, the national association of attorneys, small farmers' organizations and environmentalists — are coming together to provide the efforts needed to produce balanced and fair revisions to the Forest Code. If enacted, the House language would open up wholesale entire categories of land that are now protected, and could completely roll back the progress Brazil has made in the last seven years by: - Giving amnesty for past illegal deforestation - Opening up to deforestation hundreds of thousands of acres of currently protected forests along watercourses, on steep slopes and hilltops and mangrove swamps - Making virtually any regulation against forest clearance unenforceable, by inter alia, allowing illegal deforestation to be compensated with replanting over a twenty year period. Justification for change in Forest Code "patently false" The most common justification for Congressional support for the bill – that environmental regulation has shackled Brazil's development and growth of agriculture – is patently false. The Communist Party's Rebelo and his large landholder and rancher allies also justified the measure in the name of small farmers burdened with environmental restrictions. The fact is, since 2003, Brazil's economy has grown steadily and robustly and some 25 million people escaped poverty, all while Amazon deforestation declined two-thirds below the average of the previous decade. In recent years, Brazil has become the world's largest exporter of beef, chicken and sugar, and the second biggest exporter of soy. And major small farmers' organizations actually opposed the bill. The Amazon has enormous potential for growth through intensification – some 80% of the deforested land in the Amazon is extremely low-yield cattle pasture (less than one head per hectare). Small farmers are poor because they lack access to credit, technology and technical assistance, not because of environmental regulation, as Rebelo claims. World watching Brazil as Forest Code moves to Senate, President The House passage of the Forest Code is certainly not the end of this story. The bill now goes to Brazil's Senate, which could spend months debating it. (Before last week's passage of the bill, the House had been debating the Forest Code since 2009). The rapporteur for the bill, Senator Jorge Viana, has an outstanding record on forest protection and sustainable development as former governor of Acre state. If the Senate makes any changes, the bill goes back to the House, and so on, until the bill's language is agreed. The bill is then sent to President Rousseff, who has the option to veto portions of the bill or the entire bill. During Rousseff's presidential campaign last fall, she pledged to reduce deforestation in the Amazon by 80 percent and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by about 39 percent by 2020. Reuters quotes the then-candidate saying, in regards to these pledges from her environmental platform: "I will keep those promises.” President Rousseff and the Senate have — and should grab — the opportunity to preserve Brazil's leadership on sustainable development and signal investors that they can count on rule of law and a stable investment environment in a plethora of sustainable, green economy alternatives from biofuels, to sustainable forestry and forest carbon credits. However, if the bill should pass the Senate and be enacted as currently written, it could, over time, erase Brazil's gains in controlling Amazon deforestation, undermine the considerable international stature the country gained through its environmental leadership, and foreclose Brazil's enormous green growth potential. With Brazil set to host the Rio +20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development next year, the world will be watching the Senate and President closely.

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by guest blogger Nikhita Venugopal A report released Monday by a national education technology group suggests schools switch to digital instructional materials by 2017, and highlights some of the policy barriers that must be knocked down in order to get there. The report, from the State Educational Technology Directors Association (SETDA), is a blueprint for states and districts looking to switch over to digital content, and mirrors a similar road map laid out by the U.S. Department of Education and Federal Communications Commission earlier this year. "The textbook was the best technology we had... 50 plus years ago," said Doug Levin, the executive director of SETDA, during a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington. Levin was joined by SETDA officials and representatives from states like Utah and Virginia, which are put forth as case studies for digital content policy in the report, titled "Out of Print." Levin went on to list the trends changing how instructional materials are designed and delivered, like the Common Core State Standards, budget pressures and student demographic changes, among others. "[It's] the perfect storm for re-imagination of the K-12 textbook," said Levin. Supporters of the digital textbook often argue there is significant savings in switching from print to digital textbooks. Net sales revenue for K-12 education publishing was $5.5 billion in 2010, according to BookStats 2011, a report from the Association of American Publishers and the Book Industry Study Group. Digital revenues increased from 2008 to 2010 while sales of printed books were down 13.7 percent over the same period, the report said. "This is a significant cost category in state and local budgets," he said. Research by Project RED that looks into the use of technology in education has shown that a 500-student school can save between $35 and $250 per student per year by switching to digital textbooks, as reported by Education Week. However, more than $100 of those estimated savings are associated with highly variable costs that are not directly tied to digital content. The estimate also assumes the price of a tablet is $250, less than many tablets including the iPad, which can cost between $379 and $700, depending on the specifications. (Map of textbook policies around the country, from the State Educational Technology Directors Association "Out of Print" report, used under Creative Commons license.) "Out of Print" outlines three recommendations addressed to "policymakers, school leaders, and publishers" on making the move to a digital world in schools, including shifting entirely from print to digital instruction materials by 2017. The second recommendation is to develop "a vision and road map for completing the shift," such as eliminating unnecessary regulations that presumably hinder the path to digital textbooks. At the press conference for the report's release, Geoff Fletcher, deputy executive director of SETDA, said policy, as well as practice, needs changing, so good content isn't kept out of school districts. SETDA advises states to alter their definition of "textbooks" so funds designated for instructional materials can be used on digital content. The group also recommends investing in devices and infrastructure, including a sufficient supply of bandwidth in broadband Internet. SETDA recommends that, in the next two years, schools should have external Internet connections of 100 Mbps per 1,000 users (including students and faculty members) and 1Gbps per 1,000 users by 2017, according to the report. Policies that limit materials available for school use should be replaced with advisory guides and states should more broadly share the results of research and evaluation on digital content, the report recommends. Finally, SETDA recommends ensuring a marketplace for open and digital content, using recent developments in Utah as a model for doing so. In Utah, recent policy changes have allowed and encouraged open educational resources to be used in the classroom, often created by teachers using free resources available for re-distribution on the web. My colleague Erik Robelen wrote about how educators in the state are crafting their own high school math textbook, aligned with Common Core State Standards in the subject. Textbook and curriculum recommendations are made by the Instructional Materials Center of the state's education department. These recommendations go into an online state database, organized into categories such as publisher, subject, and course. But authority over what instructional materials are used in the classroom doesn't lie with the state, and is instead given to the local education agencies, according to the report. Groups of teachers and experts are also included in reviewing content. "They have a great deal of flexibility in choosing textbooks that are most appropriate for their district and their student needs," said Utah K-12 Literacy Coordinator Tiffany Hall, at the press conference on Monday. Educational publishing executives have insisted that the move to open educational resources is not a threat because teachers don't have enough time to select and vet the mass of content available online. But Hall said that when Utah teachers were approached to participate in creating math and science open texts, they were motivated by a desire to work with electronic resources and multimedia. "We know that teachers have always shared materials and always shared books" she said. "This really helps us focus that sharing process." You can read the SETDA report, embedded under a Creative Commons license, below. Staff Writer Jason Tomassini contributed to this report.

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Global environmental challenges Another winter storm is brewing in Middle America. So what else is new? It’s been one spate of severe weather after another even before 2011 began. And you would expect those skeptical of climate change to capitalize on the cold snap by questioning whether human-spurred global warming is a real deal. Strangely enough, climate skeptics appear to be less vocal than they were last year, when Republican Sen. James Inhofe of Oklahoma built an igloo as a blizzard blew through Washington DC, and dubbed it “Al Gore’s new home.” If it’s so cold, the argument went, how can there be global warming? Gore himself offered an answer last week, in a blog post meant to respond to just such a question from Fox News’s Bill O’Reilly. “In fact, scientists have been warning for at least two decades that global warming could make snowstorms more severe,” Gore wrote. “Snow has two simple ingredients: cold and moisture. Warmer air collects moisture like a sponge until it hits a patch of cold air. When temperatures dip below freezing, a lot of moisture creates a lot of snow.” from The Great Debate UK: There's nothing new or unusual about the idea of using bicycles to replace cars to help combat the effects of climate change on the environment. Neither is there anything new or unusual about it taking so long to put the concept into practice. Oliver Lowenstein has spent several years in pursuit of what he says could become an environmentally sustainable network structured around economically viable "cyclestations" or covered rest points, which would help make long-distance travel more feasible for cyclists.

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Oregon Trivia: Interesting Place Names Most of the following information is derived from Oregon Geographic Names, 7th Edition, by Lewis A. McArthur, Revised and enlarged by Lewis L. McArthur, Published by Oregon Historical Society Press, 2003. It is available in libraries and bookstores throughout Oregon. This locality and post office in Jackson County was named for the deposits of fireproofing material found nearby. This Jefferson County area got its name from the broken axe handle that local wood haulers found near a water hole. This Lane County rock derived its name from an Indian legend about animals that left the footprints of a baby. This Wasco County area got its name in the 1800s after a trader started from The Dalles with a pack train of flour for gold miners in Canyon City. Along the way, Indians drove off his horses but the trader made the best of it by constructing a rough clay and rock bake oven that he used to make bread to sell to miners heading to the gold country. One story says that this Marion County mountain was named after a brand of chewing tobacco popular in the 1890s that an old woodsman chewed in great quantities while exploring the area. Beggars Tick Wildlife Refuge This Multnomah County wetland is named for a native plant species commonly called the tickseed or sticktight. Big Noise Creek This Clatsop County stream is named because of a loud sluice gate that was used to control water for floating logs. Bloody Run Creek By one account, this Josephine County stream was named because of a skirmish in the 1850s Rogue River Indian War. A white man stooped over a stream to get a drink and was shot, leaving blood running in the creek. Boo Boo Lake This Lane County lake was stocked with trout accidentally, thus creating a "boo boo" that resulted in the name. Bruces Bones Creek Bruce Schilling was working on a 1950s road survey crew in Curry County when he got lost in heavy brush. One of his fellow survey workers remarked that "they would find Bruce's parched bones next spring." The comment stuck and became the name of the creek. This descriptive name was derived from a military camp in Coos County where soldiers and sailors managed to get ashore from a shipwreck in 1852. It was used for about four months before the men made their way to Port Orford after considerable adventure. After postal and railroad officials balked at other proposed names, local residents of this Lane County place settled on the name Canary even though it had absolutely no local significance. The derivation of the name of this Lincoln County peak is mysterious. One unsupported story claims that during a snowstorm a pioneer trapper ate his Indian wife to avoid starvation. It's likely that the name of this Douglas County stream is a mutation of the name of a local settler, Joseph Champaign. The more elegant champagne version conjures up visions of bubbly wine flowing downstream. Chicken Whistle Creek A local described this small Lane County stream as "nearly as big as a chicken whistle," a real or fanciful musical instrument. This Deschutes County butte was said to be shaped like a hat worn by Chinese in 1800s Oregon. This Coos County station on the Southern Pacific Coos Bay Line got its name during World War II because of nearby chome mining and processing. A coffee pot fell off a pioneer wagon and was run over by a wheel and smashed leaving the name of this Lane County stream. In the 1880s a hunter in Wallowa County looked down into a canyon and saw a man who was acting "as if demented, cavorting and jumping about." It turned out that the antics came because the man was so surprised at seeing another man in the apparently isolated area. This Wallowa County stream was named after the "curious" branch of an alder tree. Apparently, the branch looked like a jug handle because it grew back into the tree. Most of the pioneer gold miners in this Josephine County place must have shared the same political views. This Hood River County geologic feature got its name in relation to the nearby Preachers Peak. A remark was made that "if the preacher was there, the Devil wouldn't be far away." Dipping Vat Creek Crook County shares the name of this stream with others in eastern Oregon after a 1907 law set the requirement that sheep be dipped annually in huge vats of chemicals to combat diseases. Large flocks with thousands of sheep required lots of water for the process and hence the connection with streams.

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I’ve moved to WordPress. This post can now be found at The Warming Of The World Oceans (0-700 Meters) In Degrees C################# THE GLOBAL OCEAN HEAT CONTENT ROSE APPROXIMATELY 16*10^22 JOULES FROM 1969 to 2008The units used to express Ocean Heat Content (OHC) are 10^22 Joules. Figure 1 from Levitus et al (2009) “Global Ocean Heat Content 1955–2008 In Light Of Recently Revealed Instrumentation Problems” follows. As illustrated, Ocean Heat Content of the upper 700 meters of the global oceans, using the linear trend as reference, rose approximately 16*10^22 Joules from 1969 to 2008, the period Levitus et al elected to use for linear trends. Link to Levitus et al (2009): Levitus et al (2009) Figure 1 Unfortunately, most people cannot put that rise in Ocean Heat Content into perspective; that is, into familiar terms. Also, the number 16*10^22 Joules is simply too large to comprehend. An AGW proponent might write, “Since 1969, an additional 16*10^22 Joules of heat is being stored in the oceans.” The number is so large it sounds scary. Maybe that’s why it’s used. BUT WHAT WAS THE TEMPERATURE RISE? According to the supplemental material furnished with Levitus et al (2009), the temperature of the Global Oceans (0-700 meters) rose about 0.17 deg C from 1969 to 2008. Refer to Table T1 from Levitus et al (2009). Levitus et al (2009) Table T1 This equals a trend of approximately 0.042 Deg C/Decade or less than a half degree per century for the upper 700 meters. ARE THERE ANY REFERENCES FOR GREATER DEPTHS? The Abstract of an earlier Levitus et al paper, one from 2005, “The Warming Of The World Ocean: 1955 to 2003” states, “During 1955–1998 world ocean heat content (0–3000 m) increased 14.5 × 10^22 J corresponding to a mean temperature increase of 0.037°C at a rate of 0.20 Wm−2 (per unit area of Earth's total surface area).” 0.037 Deg C from 1955 to 1998 equals a linear trend of less than 0.009 deg C/ Decade. The rise doesn’t sound catastrophic in those terms. THE IMPACTS OF NATURAL VARIABLES There has been a recent push to use Ocean Heat Content as a measure of anthropogenic global warming. Unfortunately for AGW proponents, there is little evidence that anthropogenic greenhouse gases have an effect on Ocean Heat Content. As illustrated and discussed in the following posts, natural climate variations are the dominant causes of the rises in Global Ocean Heat Content. One simply needs to break the global OHC data down into logical subsets to witness these effects. ENSO Dominates NODC Ocean Heat Content (0-700 Meters) Data North Atlantic Ocean Heat Content (0-700 Meters) Is Governed By Natural Variables North Pacific Ocean Heat Content Shift In The Late 1980s

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Sun-Tzu - History - 2000 - 92 pages The timeless wisdom of Sun Tzu's The Art of War is as effective in the modern boardroom as it was on the ancient battlefield, providing simple strategies for success and ... James L. Stokesbury - History - 1988 - 276 pages Summarizes the major events of the Korean War, surveys the world situation in the early 1950s, and details the war's effect on American domestic affairs Joseph C. Goulden - History - 1982 - 690 pages A history of the Korean War makes use of recently declassified documents that provide a background for the decisions that affected the course of the war Kenneth P. Werrell - History - 2005 - 318 pages This is the story of the first jet versus jet war, the largest in number of victories and losses, and one of the few military bright spots in the Korean War. It tells how an ...

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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines. OCR for page 32 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2 The Ideal Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research Program As its first step in evaluating the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research Program (AFF Program), the committee was directed by the Framework Document to independently identify the major program challenges for an occupational safety and health research program in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. The committee relied on surveillance findings and its expert judgment to determine the major components of an “ideal” research program that would cut across the three sectors. This chapter outlines the committee’s deliberations regarding the ideal safety and health research program in agriculture, forestry, and fishing and provides a methodology for the program to fulfill its congressional mandate. The committee used the ideal program as a benchmark to measure the goals and activities of the existing NIOSH AFF Program, which is assessed in Chapters 3-10. OVERARCHING PROGRAM CHARACTERISTICS The ideal NIOSH AFF Program would have adequate resources to set priorities among and accomplish the congressionally stated goals of surveillance, research, and intervention through (1) identification and characterization of injuries and illness and detailed characterization of populations at risk through surveillance; (2) identification and characterization of special populations and the unique health and safety risks they face; (3) identification and characterization of health effects associated with chemical, physical, and biological agents encountered in agricul- OCR for page 33 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ture, fishing, and forestry; (4) identification, development, evaluation, and implementation of control systems to reduce injury and illness; and (5) development of efficient and effective outreach mechanisms for dissemination and delivery of knowledge developed through research. Those resources would include adequate staff, scientists, engineers, and administrators who work together with clearly defined goals, strategies, and evaluation methods to ensure success in achieving AFF Program goals. Their combined experience and expertise would be specific to agriculture, fishing, and forestry, to the extent possible. There would be clearly defined reporting mechanisms and procedures for maintaining accountability, and a well-organized system would be in place for creating an archive of program work products for future reference. A single person would be charged with directing the entire program and overseeing, evaluating, and communicating its plans. However, content experts would be in charge of each arm of the program: a separate leader for agriculture, for forestry, and for fishing. The committee envisions a relatively flat organization chart; the person in charge of each arm would have a fair amount of responsibility to make decisions. The management matrix or organization structure would be flexible so that the AFF research teams can recognize and react quickly to changes in the AFF industries, the economy, new technologies, and relevant results of research in other programs, and managed in such a way that AFF research teams are encouraged to be proactive in anticipating and mitigating emerging risks and hazards. The AFF Program would be informed of current issues through contacts in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension System, and industry representatives. The AFF Program would have world-class research facilities and laboratories devoted to solving problems specific to the strategic plan. The facilities would focus on elements of the strategic plan that may not be adequately addressed through extramural research projects, such as the development of analytic methods directly relevant to the AFF mission. AFF resources would not be used to duplicate capabilities available in partner agencies or programs or when the foremost expertise is available through extramural programs. In addition to projects funded at the NIOSH Centers for Agricultural Disease and Injury Research, Education, and Prevention (Ag Centers), the AFF Program would consider funding extramural projects that address important issues and innovative technologies. The AFF Program would include the means to fund large multicenter studies to answer scientific questions that cannot be addressed any other way; an example might be gene-environment interaction studies, which have become important in fields ranging from the risk of lumbar disk herniation to the risk of airway obstruction related to animal feeding operations. Ethical issues related to findings from gene-environment interaction studies would be considered, including the possible impact on employment. OCR for page 34 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Resources would be distributed among the three industries covered by the program according to appropriate measures of impact, such as numbers and types of fatalities and nonfatal injuries and illnesses, and the application of objective metrics of direct and indirect costs. Appropriate resource distribution requires a complete understanding of populations at risk, and requires surveillance to characterize injuries, illnesses, and associated costs and to detect new trends. Surveillance methods specific to the regions of the population at risk would be used to ensure adequate coverage. Strategies for developing new objective approaches to measure the socioeconomic impact of work-related injury and illness would be established. The ideal AFF Program would be highly visible in the industries covered at federal, state, and local levels. The program would have representation across the country in numbers proportional to the population at risk. The program would form partnerships with existing agencies, universities, or other organizations that have complementary missions and would leverage infrastructure and relationships toward accomplishing its goals, with emphasis on surveillance and outreach. The ideal program would address the research needs of large, medium, and small-sized operations. Large corporations produce most of our food and fiber products, are able to harness resources to implement many recent technological developments, and would be viewed as valuable partners of NIOSH. Program evaluation procedures that use both internal and external reviews would be conducted at regular intervals. A short summary of the reviews would be accessible to the public. SPECIFIC PROGRAM COMPONENTS When considering the ideal research program, the committee focused its efforts on identifying the following program components that would comprehensively and effectively address the safety and health issues that face workers in agriculture, forestry, and fishing: Identify and engage stakeholders, Identify populations at risk, Conduct surveillance, Conduct health effects research, Conduct intervention research, Conduct health services research and training, Conduct research on knowledge diffusion and technology transfer, Inform public policy and provide regulatory assistance, Conduct program evaluation initiatives. OCR for page 35 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Stakeholders The occupational safety and health program for the AFF industries would be founded on an understanding of and respect for the unique characteristics of the AFF communities. Healthy and safe workers and families are the foundation of the economic and social well-being of the industries. Government, private, academic, and healthcare professionals all have unique strengths that complement those of the AFF Program, and all parties are needed to maximize its effectiveness. The program would be participatory and community- or work population-based and have the support of the AFF community so that there is buy-in for research intervention developments. The program would also empower the community to action so that involvement goes beyond involving stakeholders merely at the beginning and end. The concept of broader deliberation and decisionmaking among researchers and populations at risk from the inception of research ideas to their completion as applications would be explored more in-depth. Partnership and collaboration with stakeholder groups are integral to favorable change and improved outcomes. Involving these groups would enable the AFF Program to “think outside the box”; stakeholder involvement is especially important when researchers devise various ways to reach AFF workers for input. Regional priorities would be developed in collaboration with carefully selected community study groups in each U.S. Department of Agriculture region where a substantial portion of the identified population at risk resides and works. For example, a state-level or regional community study group would include representatives of each of the five types of workers (see Populations at Risk section within this chapter for worker classification). The private sector—including the agricultural service and supply industries, insurance companies, private foundations, legal services providers, industry trade associations, ethnic self-help groups, and community service organizations—is an essential part of an effective national strategy. Careful selection implies that both organizational representatives and unaffiliated individual workers will be represented. It is expected that community study groups will also monitor and report to the public on the progress of the program. A reasonable allocation of program resources to staff and nurture these groups will be required to support a successful long-term effort. Special efforts will be required to include full participation of and direct representation of non-English speaking workers, whether self-employed or hired. Surveillance A successful surveillance program requires knowledge about the size, distribution, and characteristics of “at-risk” populations. That would be followed by systematic analysis of data and surveillance of hazards, injuries, and illnesses. NIOSH OCR for page 36 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health AFF Program staff would routinely provide surveillance data so that intervention initiatives can be appropriately targeted. Furthermore, periodic evaluation of AFF surveillance mechanisms is needed to update procedures as work practices, hazards, diseases, injuries, and worker populations change. Health and hazard surveillance is central to the design of interventions for the AFF sectors. Surveillance would be broad in light of the diversity of settings, employment practices, and populations, such as female spouses, the elderly, and children. Datasets would include demographic characteristics to assist in the identification of populations at risk. It has been noted that “hazard surveillance is the assessment of the occurrence of, distribution of, and secular trends in levels of hazards (toxic chemical agents, physical agents, biochemical stressors as well as biological agents) responsible for disease and injury” (Halperin et al., 1992). Surveillance would be continuous to monitor the effects of technological changes, geographic and other shifts in production, policies, population changes, and market forces that affect AFF worksite organization and management. On occasion, special non-routine surveillance efforts would be launched to address rapidly emerging developments and unique populations of workers. Surveillance is the cornerstone of a successful long-term program; it is a means of identifying dangerous conditions and monitoring trends in AFF industries and is aimed at prevention and knowledge translation. Surveillance of important risk factors for injury and illness would be continuous so that the effects of technological change, geographic and other types of shifts in production, population changes, and other external factors can be monitored. Surveillance will rely on various sources: in addition to federal or other government institutions, other sources would be consulted, such as workers’ compensation insurance records, death certificates, and hospital emergency room records. Trade association meetings and conferences can also provide useful information on current trends. For some industries and populations, it may prove necessary to commission special surveillance studies. Such studies would be initiated by a group of experts who meet jointly with carefully selected spokespersons representing important subgroups of the population of interest. The surveillance effort would regularly produce summary reports that are carefully designed in collaboration with experts and that are made available to the public through the Internet. Each AFF project would have priorities in surveillance for not only gathering data but analyzing findings to assist NIOSH in establishing research and intervention priorities. Populations at Risk Risk exposure is a component of research in occupational safety and health. It is fundamental that increased risk exposure leads to a greater incidence of OCR for page 37 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health occupational injury or illness. Injury and disease rates in occupational settings would be computed to appropriately assess populations that are at higher or lower risk of exposure. Rate computation requires knowledge of the number of people at risk (the denominator). Assessing the number of AFF workers by race or ethnicity, age, and gender requires use of information outside traditional occupational safety and health data collection systems. Unlike nearly all other major industry sectors, the AFF workforce is comprised of mostly self-employed and seasonally employed workers. In addition, because of the reliance on natural resources for production, there are millions of distinct AFF worksites: farms, forests, and fishing vessels on open waters. The ideal AFF Program would have thorough, accurate, and up-to-date knowledge of the AFF workforce. The size, geographic distribution, seasonal variations in employment, and demographic characteristics of the overall population and of substantial groups would be identified with reasonable precision. There are five types of workers to consider (some examples of each are indicated): Self-employed workers (such as farmers, ranchers, fishermen, and loggers). Unpaid family workers (such as spouses, adult children, and children under 18 years old). Direct-hire workers (such as farm laborers, fishing vessel crews, and lumber company employees). Contract-hire workers (such as labor contractor employees, custom harvesters, and service company employees). Workers employed by larger-scale businesses. AFF workplaces are, by their relationship to natural resources, extensive as opposed to localized; therefore, other persons may be at risk owing to their residence on or next to worksites. They may include children, spouses, or other kin of AFF workers. Minors, whether they are unpaid family workers or hired workers, are of special concern in the AFF workforce. Non-working minors who reside on a farm, near crop fields, or adjacent to livestock facilities are also of concern as they may face exposure to hazards normally associated with employment. The occupational safety and health of minors working in agriculture is addressed in federal law and in several state laws (see Appendix F). A few farm family health and hazard surveillance studies have included women in the study populations, and reports have been published on work-related injuries (Xiang et al., 1997; Stallones and Beseler, 2003). Some studies have documented the extent of women’s contribution to work in agriculture and their risk of injuries (Engberg, 1993; Xiang et al., 1997; Reed et al., 1999; McCoy et al., 2001; Stallones and Beseler, 2003; Stallones, 2004); however, OCR for page 38 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health little has been done in either forestry or fishing. The ideal program’s extramural research review process would include gender-related studies, because women have thus far received little attention as a group of concern. The committee established a detailed analysis for the ideal AFF Program to identify various AFF workforce populations in Appendix E. Health Effects Research Investigation of health effects in AFF would be the foundation of the AFF Program. Health effects to be studied include those caused by physical, chemical, and biological hazards. The health effects would include traumatic injury, hearing loss, cancer, musculoskeletal conditions, lung disorders, dermatological conditions, psychosocial effects, mental health disorders, and zoonotic diseases. Tuberculosis is a persistent problem and would also be studied in AFF workers, because it is transmitted in the work setting and disproportionately affects AFF workers. The physiological effects of working in extreme temperatures and of exposure to vibration from tools would also be explored in AFF workers. The relationship between incentive pay, worker productivity, and product quality has been studied (Billikopf, 1985), but the health effects of incentive-based pay systems—such as piece rate that is widely used in agricultural harvest work and other forms of incentives to increase worker productivity—remains unknown and needs to be examined. There is also an urgent need to investigate the effects of shift work and other causes of work-related sleep deprivation on AFF workers. The results of all those studies will be the foundation of intervention research in the AFF Program. A key element of intervention research is to disseminate research findings to AFF workers, company safety officers, Cooperative Extension agents, and public health workers. The existing NIOSH Ag Centers could play a larger role in this effort than they have to date. Means of disseminating information relevant to forestry and fishing will have to be devised. Accurate evaluation of the results of the dissemination effort would be part of the dissemination plan. Epidemiological research, toxicological research, laboratory-based physical and safety risk factor research, and exposure assessment research would be conducted as part of the ideal AFF Program. Epidemiological Research An ideal research program would use the surveillance results to identify target illnesses for further epidemiological study. Appropriate study designs for discerning disease associations and causation, such as long-term prospective cohort studies, would be used in such a way as to ensure that results are applicable to the overall population and important subpopulations. The ideal AFF Program would conduct population-based studies with adequate staffing to define a variety of health effects OCR for page 39 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health related to production AFF. This effort would require a large financial commitment and careful coordination on a local and national level. Some critical work aimed at answering many important questions can be done only with a multicenter approach. The ideal program would explore emerging topics, including genetic susceptibility to health effects of AFF exposures. Gene-environment interactions relevant to various illnesses and injuries common in AFF workers would be explored with a combination of laboratory and clinical methods in the new field of genetic epidemiology. The risk of zoonotic disease transmission has emerged as a concern; specifically, there have been several cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) transmission from birds to humans in Asia and Europe (CDC, 2007), and this could emerge as a threat to U.S. poultry handlers if the disease spreads to the United States. Challenges to conducting large epidemiological studies include the resources required and the diversity of the AFF industries with regard to regions, occupations, methods, and exposures. Existing collaborations between NIOSH and other agencies conducting the Agricultural Health Study could be expanded to avoid duplication of efforts. Toxicological Research The ideal AFF Program would have partnerships with other agencies and organizations, including chemical manufacturers, to ensure that toxicological studies are performed to characterize mechanisms of health effects and disease in connection with all exposures relevant to AFF occupations. Challenges would include the resources required for detailed toxicological studies, the logistics of partnering with other agencies to influence direction, and the large number of chemical, physical, and biological agents to which AFF workers are exposed. Laboratory-Based Physical and Safety Risk-Factor Research The ideal AFF Program would have access to state-of-the-art laboratory facilities adequately equipped to conduct the research needed to characterize safety risk factors for each AFF occupation. The program would also work closely with the manufacturers of equipment identified as being most often associated with injury exposure. Challenges include the resources required, including physical facilities, technical expertise, and partnerships with equipment manufacturers. Exposure Assessment Research The ideal AFF Program would have projects in place to ensure that exposures to physical, chemical, and biological agents in the AFF industries that cause injury or illness are fully characterized. Typical exposures, ranges of exposures, and exposure OCR for page 40 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health distributions would be characterized. The ideal AFF Program would develop convenient and effective clinical methods for detecting and characterizing exposures and disease in the populations at risk. Tests would be economical, noninvasive, field-ready, and reliable. Exposure assessment algorithms would be developed for use in retrospective epidemiological studies and prospective studies. Ideally, exposure assessment would be a continuous part of prospective cohort studies. Where resources limit the establishment of large cohorts, exposure assessment activity on a smaller scale would form the basis of algorithms for use in quantifying exposure in epidemiological studies. Challenges include financial resources, technical expertise and limitations in available technology, the variability of exposures among the different AFF occupations, and the extreme diversity of chemical, physical, and biological agents to which workers are exposed. The ideal AFF Program would take into consideration the complex mixtures of chemicals and environmental factors to which workers are routinely exposed. Intervention Research Intervention research has been described as the study of planned and applied activities designed to achieve desired outcomes (Goldenhar and Schulte, 1994), and focuses on the examination of the efficacy of new and existing prevention strategies in the workplace (Rosenstock, 1996). In explaining a commitment to increase extramural and intramural support in 1996, NIOSH Director Linda Rosenstock stated that it was important for NIOSH to use intervention research more aggressively to provide a mechanism of evaluation that goes beyond investigation, identification, and recommendations (Rosenstock, 1996). Given the focus on intervention research and the development of guideline documents for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions (see Figure 2-1) (Goldenhar et al., 2001; Robson et al., 2001), it is appropriate to consider an ideal or benchmark intervention research program in describing the ideal AFF program. The ideal or benchmark intervention research program would have the following characteristics: A comprehensive surveillance program to ensure that the incidence of acute and chronic illness and injury, relevant exposures and risk factors, and the affected populations can be fully characterized. Funding, facilitation, and promotion of intervention research that focuses on the highest-priority populations and problems (identified through surveillance) and that is conducted according to established and accepted theory and frameworks related to development, implementation, and evaluation. OCR for page 41 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health FIGURE 2-1 The intervention research framework and phases. SOURCE: Adapted by L.M. Goldenhar from Goldenhar et al., 2001. Funding mechanisms that allow for the evaluation of long-term effectiveness. Support of long-term prospective cohort studies of which intervention research is a substantial component. Preference of research on engineering intervention strategies when feasible but consideration of administrative and personal or behavioral intervention research when appropriate. Partnerships with production equipment and personal protective equipment manufacturers throughout the process to assist in identifying good candidates for modification and to facilitate testing and deployment of new control technologies. OCR for page 42 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Intervention effectiveness research conducted according to scientific standards. Ensuring that detailed results are disseminated quickly and effectively so that all stakeholders are aware of both successful and unsuccessful intervention strategies. High visibility at all levels in each of the industries and active engagement in community-based participatory programs to deploy effective interventions and disseminate information. Evaluation mechanisms to measure the effectiveness of different strategies for implementing controls and transferring information. A group devoted to evaluating policy development and potential effects on implementation of control strategies for reducing injury and illness in AFF industries. Extensive involvement in research to characterize and identify the best strategies for implementing new control approaches. Development and use of objective measures for assessing the cost-effective distribution and acceptance of control strategies. Coordination and sharing of activities and results across all intramural and extramural research groups and external partners to avoid duplication of efforts and to ensure dissemination of effective strategies. Established effective national networks for rapid dissemination of relevant intervention strategies to users. Readily available results of all intervention research to anyone interested and in a standardized format that allows for quick determination of the relevance and likely effectiveness of a given strategy for another application. Health Services Research and Training The ideal AFF Program would fully describe access to occupational health services for each AFF industry in all regions and for all subpopulations. All important barriers to obtaining such services would be identified and characterized. The program would then use strategies that allow effective delivery of occupational healthcare services to all populations at risk in each industry. When feasible, health promotion and preventive health services would also be offered. The workplace is the primary location at which those services are delivered to many workers, and this justifies the allocation of occupational health resources to meet general wellness needs. A special effort will be required to integrate health services research into the NIOSH agenda. Health services research is central to the NIOSH agenda and would be conducted in both intramural and extramural settings. A substantial propor- OCR for page 43 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health tion of resources would be devoted to extramural, competitive grant programs that complement intramural research. Approaches may be specific to industries, occupations, regions, and workforce demographics. Each of the three sectors—agriculture, forestry, and fishing—would receive resources for health services research in an equitable way that is proportionate to injuries and illnesses affecting their worker populations. An effort would be made to nurture the careers of young investigators engaged in occupational health services research. Training programs for occupational safety and health students and practitioners pertinent to all aspects of occupational health relevant to AFF would be further developed, including training for subspecialist physicians with expertise in areas such as pulmonary disease and allergies. The existing NIOSH training of rural nurses with occupational expertise would be expanded. Barriers to completing this work include the historic difficulties encountered when attempting to insert material on occupational and environmental health relevant to all aspects of AFF into the curriculum for health professions students. Existing programs would be reviewed for the relevance of their content and approach. Monetary support of training programs would be offered to fill a gap left by waning institutional support of such programs. The ideal AFF Program would seek new ways to reach worker populations with preventive services and information. The possibilities include partnerships with workers’ compensation insurance carriers to improve characterization of the incidence of illness and injury in the AFF industries and to quantify and control costs. The AFF Program could also work with WC carriers to develop and implement strategies for reaching workers with training materials to increase their awareness of key health and safety topics and to offer incentives for reduction in occupational illness and injury. Incentive-based programs carry the possible danger that workers may be discouraged from reporting injuries or illnesses, but new research is needed to more fully document the impact of such programs. To implement such a program, WC insurance companies would need the cooperation of employers that purchase their insurance, because insurance companies ordinarily do not have direct access to workers unless a claim is filed. NIOSH could play a key role in facilitating such relationships by preparing educational materials and interpreting injury and illness data. Knowledge Diffusion and Technology Transfer For research and technological development to be effective, people at risk of disease or injury would need to apply the information that results from such research and technological development. Knowledge diffusion makes it possible for new information to be shared beyond the narrow confines of researchers. AFF workers can be difficult to reach because they do not work in well-defined settings OCR for page 44 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and often are not native English speakers. New approaches need to be developed to reach such disparate groups. In some instances, research is needed to develop new approaches and to evaluate their effectiveness and efficiency in reaching the at-risk population. That would be a critical activity in the ideal AFF Program. Technology transfer refers to the application of new approaches that can reach at-risk working populations. There are opportunities to develop highly technical approaches to reducing illnesses and injuries among AFF workers, but these approaches would need to be useful in extreme work conditions with highly variable temperatures and weather conditions and with minimal disruption of work productivity. Field testing of new equipment and approaches is essential in an ideal AFF Program because the work environments of farmers, hired farm workers, loggers, and fishermen are substantially different from those in manufacturing and other work settings. Public Policy and Regulatory Advice As the research arm in occupational safety and health, the ideal AFF Program would offer independent, scientifically sound advice to inform public policy and assist regulatory agencies in protecting AFF worker populations. Research would include retrospective cohort studies that aid decisionmaking and inform regulatory activities to reduce workplace injury and illness. In Appendix F, the committee provides detailed information about federal and state policies and regulations that directly affect AFF workers. Program Evaluation Initiatives Effective periodic evaluation throughout the NIOSH process as indicated in the logic model is crucial. All aspects of the AFF Program—including activities, outputs, and outcomes—need to be evaluated for relevance and impact. Assessment of the impact of such programs and use of the assessment results in priority-setting are essential. For such assessment to be useful, the program needs both clear and repeatable processes for tracking and collecting information on fatalities and injuries. Robust surveillance data constitute an absolute foundation for quantitatively measuring program impacts. In some cases, research initiatives would be evaluated on an ongoing basis by third-party professionals who contract directly with the AFF Program. Whenever practical, interventions developed by the AFF Program would rely on the “gold standard” of evaluation: comparing workers exposed to the hazard with all or randomly selected non-exposed workers. An essential element of evaluation is transparency, which can be enhanced by holding local, regional, or national con- OCR for page 45 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ferences at which information derived from basic and applied research and from surveillance is exposed to public scrutiny. In addition to internal and external program reviews, overall program evaluations can provide a high level of evaluation of the overall NIOSH program, with examples including recent National Academies studies (IOM and NRC, 2006; NRC and IOM, 2007). Such reviews are essential to help NIOSH maximize its impact on safety and health.

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When we evaluate a limit, we are trying to determine the value that the function is approaching at a certain point. When evaluating limits, we want to first check to see if the function is continuous. If we determine that the limit is continuous at the point where we are evaluating it, we can simply plug in the value and solve the function. One of the first things that you will learn to do in a Calculus class is how to evaluate a limit, and I want to show you how to evaluate limits Algebraically. Now I've divided evaluating limits Algebraically into two categories, sometimes you can use continuity and sometimes you can't. So I'm going to go over the cases where you can use continuity and uh and then later I'll go over the ones where you can't. Let's start with the definition of continuity, let's remind ourselves, a function of is continuous at the point x=a then limit as x approaches a of f of x equals f of a. And what this means is when you're evaluating limits you can basically plug in the value as expert you say you can plug in the a value into f of x and that's the value of your limit. You can only do this for continuous functions but luckily a lot of the functions we deal with are continuous. Here's an example this looks like a terrible limit limit is x approaches -2 of x squared plus 8x-20 over x-2. Now this is a rational function so it's going to be continuous everywhere it's defined. And it's only undefined for x=+2 right, so this is continuous for x not equal to 2. Well we're letting x approach -2 we're pretty clear away from positive 2. So I can evaluate this limit by plugging in, so this limit is going to equal -2 squared +8x-2-20 over -2-2. So I will just have to do this Arithmetic right, I have 4-16 -20 and I have -2-2 -4. Now what do we have on top here? 4-36 -32 over -4 this is 8. And so the value of the limit is 8 right? Now here I use continuity, you use continuity whenever you have a continuous function you just plug in the value of the number a whatever x is approaching into the function and evaluate it. Now if that doesn't seem to work like if you get division by 0 when you do that then the function is not continuous at that point and you have to use some other method.

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died Aug. 16, 2007, New York City, N.Y. American jazz drummer and composer, one of the most influential and widely recorded modern percussionists. Roach grew up in New York City, and, as a child, he played drums in gospel bands. In the early 1940s he began performing with a group of innovative musiciansincluding Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespieat such notable nightclubs as Monroe's Uptown House and Minton's Playhouse. Their jam sessions gave rise to bebop, a style of jazz that moved the fixed pulse from the bass drum to the ride cymbal and created a polyrhythmic, percussive texture by exploiting the flexibility of the trap-drum set. By carefully developing thematic ideas on his drums, Roach elevated the percussionist to the equal of melodic improvisers. Roach participated in recordings by Parker's quintet in 194748 and in the Miles Davis sessions that were later collected in the album Birth of the Cool (1957). In 1954 he became coleader of a quintet with trumpeter Clifford Brown. The group produced a number of influential recordings before a car accident in 1956 killed Brown and another band member. Roach subsequently formed other ensembles, many of which did not include a pianist. In 1960 he composed, with lyricist Oscar Brown, Jr., We Insist! Freedom Now Suite for his future wife, vocalist Abbey Lincoln, a chorus, instrumental soloists, and ensemble. The work's theme of racial equality reflected Roach's political activism. In the early 1970s he established an all-percussion ensemble, M'Boom, and in 1972 he began teaching at the University of Massachusetts (Amherst). In 1980 he embarked on a series of duets with such avant-garde improvisers as pianist Cecil Taylor and saxophonist Anthony Braxton. Often involved in unusual projects, Roach performed with a rapper and accompanied authors' readings. His Max Roach Double Quartet was unique for its inclusion of improvising string players. Roach continued to tour into the early 21st century. Among his numerous compositions were works for plays, films, and dance pieces. Roach received many honours, including a MacArthur Foundation grant (1988).

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It has not been established whether Ptolemy was born in Alexandria of Egypt or Ptolemais. The encyclopedic nature of his interests is evidenced by his surviving works; but all we know about his life is that he made astronomical observations between 127 and 141 C.E. and probably worked at the Museum of Alexandria. His most famous text, the thirteen-book Compositione matematica or Almagest (c. 140 C.E.), marks the apogee of Alexandrine astronomy. Having proved the immobility and the centrality of the Earth in the universe, Ptolemy set out the planetary geometric models to which astronomers would refer until the 16th century. To explain the planets' longitudinal movements, he transformed the deferents of the epicyclical theory of Apollonius of Perga into eccentric orbits and introduced equants. To account for the planets' latitudinal shifts as well, he tilted the deferents and epicycles. In two successive works, the Manual Tables and Hypotheses on the Planets, Ptolemy compiled a practical compendium of the numerical tables of the Almagest and outlined the architecture of the universe. Enclosed in the sphere of fixed stars, the planetary models were stacked above the Earth in a canonical order: Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. In a third work, Tetrabiblos, Ptolemy blended Babylonian and Egyptian beliefs about the astral influences on human life, laying the foundations of western astrology. Two brief works, the Analemma and the Planisphere, discuss specific problems of projective mathematics: how to determine the length of the solar shadows on a plane, and how to plot the stereographic projection of the celestial sphere. Projective mathematics are also dealt with in the eight books of the Geography. Not only does Ptolemy recommend the use of longitude and latitude to determine the points of the globe; but, alongside a list of localities with their coordinates, he gives two cartographic projections for preparing accurate maps of the inhabited regions. Light and colors are the topic of the Optics, a treatise in five books of which parts have been lost. Defending the theory that vision is due to a flow emanating from the eye, Ptolemy analyzed the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors, and its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media. His contribution here was to find the first known mathematical relationship between the angles of the rays of refracted light and incident light. Lastly, his three books on the Harmonics document the most ancient musical theories.

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The Central England Temperature (CET) record, starting in 1659 and maintained by the UK Met Office, is the longest unbroken temperature record in the world. Temperature data is averaged for a number of weather stations regarded as being representative of Central England rather than measuring temperature at one arbitrary geographical point identified as the centre of England. A Scottish Chemist, Wilson Flood, has collected and analysed the 351 year CET record. Here is the comparison of the 18th Century with the 20th Century: Wilson Flood comments: “Summers in the second half of the 20th century were warmer than those in the first half and it could be argued that this was a global warming signal. However, the average CET summer temperature in the 18th century was 15.46 degC while that for the 20th century was 15.35 degC. Far from being warmer due to assumed global warming, comparison of actual temperature data shows that UK summers in the 20th century were cooler than those of two centuries previously.”

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October 7th, 1571. A day that everyone who has an appreciation for Western Civilization should know and celebrate. For seven centuries the Christian West had been losing a war against the encroaching Muslims. Africa had fallen. Jerusalem and the Middle East were lost. Spain fell and it was only the courage of Charles Martel of France that kept the Muslims from spilling over the Pyrenees into France. The Byzantine Empire, long the buffer between Europe and the East had fallen. The Ottoman Empire had renewed the press westward in 1560 and most of the islands in the Eastern Mediterranean had already been taken. Their next targets were Rome and Venice. Pope St. Pius V sent requests to the European monarchs asking for help in repelling the Ottoman Fleet. Queen Elizabeth was too busy fighting with Spain. France had a sometimes-alliance with the Turks and the sick king didn't see the threat. King Phillip II of Spain was preoccupied with his colonies in America and the ongoing conflict with England but did send Don Juan of Austria and some ships to help. On the morning of October 7th, Don Juan led a fleet with 25% fewer ships against the Ottoman navy just South of the town of Lepanto.

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The gradual changes in our bodies that occur as part of the aging process also affect our sleep. Even in healthy older people, sleep becomes more fragile. It becomes harder to settle into sleep, and more awakenings occur throughout the night. These changes have been demonstrated in sleep laboratory studies. Sleep efficiency (the time spent asleep compared to time in bed), falls from its high values in youth (95 to 98%) to 70 to 80% in older age. Also, the amount of light sleep increases with age, and the amount of deep sleep is reduced. Some research has demonstrated that we need less sleep as we age, but most experts believe that we need just as much. And although as we age we may sleep less at night, we are taking more naps or dozing while reading or watching TV. Additionally, the arousal threshold falls as we age, so that sounds and other interruptions are more likely to awaken us. Another aspect of aging is that the normal circadian pattern (24-hour rhythm) of sleep gradually weakens, and sleep tends increasingly to be spread across the 24-hour day rather than being consolidated in the nighttime sleep period. All of these changes result in the common complaint of seniors: that sleep is shorter and less restorative than it was in their youth. Most seniors notice that their sleep is interrupted by other changes in their bodies. For example, muscle or joint pains may make it difficult to get comfortable, and most people over the age of 65 must visit the bathroom at least once during the night. However, these are normal aspects of aging. The most problematic and long-term sleep difficulties in seniors are due to medical conditions (e.g., lung disease, arthritis, reflux and heart disease) and mental health issues such as depression and dementia. In addition, specific sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder are also associated with age, and affect sleep. Since disturbed sleep is common in seniors, it can be difficult to distinguish between a normal aging process and a disease state. Therefore, a medical check-up is needed to determine the cause when older individuals experience persistent trouble in falling or staying asleep that is associated with daytime problems (e.g., marked sleepiness, mood changes, pronounced fatigue, forgetfulness, loss of interest or pleasure). Poor sleep habits can worsen the sleep changes associated with aging. Therefore, by simply changing these habits, the sleep problem may be reduced or eliminated, resulting in a better quality of life. Helpful strategies include reducing caffeine intake, avoiding large, heavy meals late at night, and reducing daytime naps. Also, active seniors report fewer sleep problems than their inactive counterparts. Physical exercise such as walking briskly for 30 to 40 minutes has beneficial effects on sleep, regardless of age. For more tips on getting a better night's sleep, read our article about sleep hygiene . Just as medical and mental health issues become more common as we age, specific sleep disorders are also more common and affect the amount and quality of sleep. Sleep apnea refers to breathing problems during sleep, and is estimated to affect up to 4 out of every 10 people over the age of 60. In obstructive sleep apnea, loud snoring and pauses in breathing are noticed by the bed partner, but the sleeper may have no complaints apart from sleepiness in the day. Obstructive sleep apnea is due to narrowing or closure of the airway during sleep. It is caused by many factors, including obesity. The breathing disturbance causes brief awakenings, which disrupt sleep but are not usually recalled in the morning. Common associated symptoms are difficulty with memory, concentration and thinking, and daytime sleepiness, including sleepiness while driving. Obstructive sleep apnea requires treatment such as use of a device that uses air pressure to keep the throat open, plus other strategies such as weight loss. Treatment is necessary because obstructive sleep apnea has been linked to several conditions such as heart disease, depression, and headaches. The second, less common type of breathing disturbance associated with age is called central sleep apnea. This type of sleep apnea is caused by a failure, during sleep, of the brain's control of the breathing process. In this condition, snoring is usually absent. Sighing breaths or shallow breathing may be noted by the bed partner. Unlike people with obstructive sleep apnea, those with central sleep apnea are more likely to remember their awakenings and complain of light and fragmented sleep. Periodic limb movement disorder About half of all people aged 65 or over experience twitching in the legs and sometimes the arms during the night. When these twitches and jerks are prominent and frequent, the condition is called periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). Diagnosis of periodic limb movement disorder requires a sleep laboratory evaluation to confirm the presence of the movements and their effects on sleep. Commonly, these movements occur in "batches," and can occur as frequently as 2 or 3 times a minute. People with periodic limb movement disorder may complain of marked sleep disruption, or may not be aware of it at all. Periodic limb movement disorder usually causes insomnia (difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep) and, more rarely, excessive daytime sleepiness. People with periodic limb movement disorder may also experience "restless legs" when awake. Restless legs syndrome is present when a peculiar and difficult-to-describe sensation occurs in the calves or thighs while at rest. Characteristically, it is relieved by movement but recurs on resting again. Both periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome can be treated with non-medication and medication approaches. REM sleep behaviour disorder Normally, during the dreaming part of sleep (called the rapid eye movement or REM part of sleep), the body is paralyzed. However, for people with REM sleep behaviour disorder, this does not occur, resulting in an enactment of dreams. A variety of behaviours can occur associated with dream enactment (striking out, swearing, falling, etc.), and self-injury or injury of the bed partner may occur. This disorder is more common in men over the age of 60, and can be associated with other neurological disorders. The medication clonazepam improves sleep and reduces dream-enactment behaviours. Did you find what you were looking for on our website? Please let us know.

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Author of Ed Engoron’s Choclatique, Running Press, 2011 With all the nutritional news coming out of the White House these days, I only have one thing to say to Michelle Obama, “There is no evidence to implicate cacao bean consumption with obesity.” Cacao beans contain no sugar and only between 12 and 50% fat depending on variety and growth conditions. Cacao is remarkably rich in sulfur and magnesium. In fact, the nutritional aspects of cacao show the beans to be the number one source of magnesium of any food. This is likely the primary reason women crave chocolate during certain times of the month. Magnesium is known to balance brain chemistry, builds strong bones and is associated with increased happiness. What’s more, magnesium is the most deficient major mineral in the Standard American Diet—with over 80% of Americans chronically deficient in Magnesium! Cacao is also high in the “beauty” mineral sulfur. Sulfur builds strong nails, hair, shiny skin, detoxifies the liver and supports healthy pancreas functions. Anecdotal reports indicate that cacao consumption can detoxify mercury because it is so high in sulfur content. Cacao contains small amounts of natural caffeine and theobromine. However, experiments have shown that these stimulants are far different when consumed raw than when processed. Cacao seems to diminish appetite, probably due to its monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibitors (MAO inhibitors). These are different from human digestive enzyme inhibitors found in most nuts and seeds. According to Dr. Gabriel Cousens, MAO inhibitors also facilitate staying younger longer and even have powers of rejuvenation. Does this mean a chocolate fountain is the fountain of youth? Well, the jury is still out on this claim. Phenyethylamine (PEA) is found in chocolate. PEA is an adrenal-related chemical compound that is also created within the brain and released when we are in love. This is one of the reasons why love and chocolate have a deep correlation. PEA also plays a role in increasing one’s focus and alertness. Recently, a neurotransmitter called anandamide has been isolated in cacao. Anandamide is also produced naturally in the brain. Anandamide is known as the “Bliss Chemical” because it is released while we are feeling great. Cacao contains enzyme inhibitors that decrease our bodies’ ability to breakdown anandamide. This means that the natural cacao anandamide may stick around longer, making us feel better longer when we eat chocolate. And don’t be so worried about chocolate allergies. A recent study showed that only 1 out of 500 people who thought they were allergic to chocolate actually tested positive. Allergies to chocolate are quite rare. It is typically that the person is in fact allergic to nuts, milk and dairy products rather than chocolate. So, you see there are lots of great reasons to include chocolate in a well balanced diet. At Choclatique, we all enjoy an Ingot or two a day of Q-91, our functional chocolate that is low in sugar and has many of the health benefit listed above.

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Mikvah is associated with ritual purity. Baptism is always associated with discipleship. Israel was baptized into Moses's teachings. John's baptism took disciples away from competing rabbis. John considered Jesus's teachings to be superior to his own, requiring him to be baptised BY Jesus and to follow Him. Paul was reluctant to baptize new believers because he thought it created division . Why was the term baptism used to describe what the competing rabbis were doing? Was it a case of using an equivalent Greek word to convey an existing Hebrew meaning? We know that Adonai, sarx, psyche, etc were used inspite of not being the exact equivalents. Or was it a word used to describe a new ritual or process. Israel knew that they were still in exile, under judgment even though they were returned from Babylon. Jerusalem was under foreign rule, freedom to worship was controlled, the Temple had been desecrated several times. They searched the Scripture to discover what was needed to please God and be justified. Each rabbi had a suite of laws they considered halakhic, required, for justification. Works of the law. 4QMMT and Paul: Justification, "Works" and Eschatology The ‘works’ commended in MMT, then, are designed to mark out God’s true people present time , the time when the final fulfillment of Deuteronomy has begun but concluded. They are designed (C30) ‘so that you may rejoice words of ours to be true’. These extrabiblical commands will thus enable the sect to the verdict of the last day, when it will be clearly r a the identity and context of the differentia of the in the is not yet at the end of time , finding these anticipate evealed that those who follow this particular halakhah are indeed the true, renewed people of God. (3) This brings us to the key comparison between MMT and Paul. Paul, arguably, held a version of the same covenantal and eschatological scheme of thought as MMT; but, in his scheme, the place taken by ‘works of Torah’ in MMT was taken by ‘faith’. Paul, like MMT, believed (a) in a coming ‘last day’ when all would be revealed, and (b) that the verdict of that last day could be anticipated in the present when so meone displayed the appropriate marks of covenant membership. For him, though, the appropriate marks were not ‘works’, either of the biblical Torah or of postbiblical halakhah, but faith: more specifically, faith in the God who raised Jesus from the dead. John taught the need to follow ALL the Law. Those who followed his teachings were inducted into his group by baptism. In 1st Century Palestine, the term baptism could have come from the word bapto or related words like baptizo. We have a 2nd Century BC document here containing both those words: The clearest example that shows the meaning of baptizo is a text from the Greek poet and physician Nicander, who lived about 200 B.C. It is a recipe for making pickles and is helpful because it uses both words. Nicander says that in order to make a pickle, the vegetable should first be 'dipped' (bapto) into boiling water and then 'baptised' (baptizo) in the vinegar solution. Both verbs concern the immersing of vegetables in a solution. But the first is temporary. The second, the act of baptising the vegetable, produces a permanent change. When used in the New Testament, this word more often refers to our union and identification with Christ than to our water baptism. e.g. Mark 16:16. 'He that believes and is baptised shall be saved'. Christ is saying that mere intellectual assent is not enough. There must be a union with him, a real change, like the vegetable to the pickle! Bible Study Magazine, James Montgomery Boice, May 1989. Translated Words KJV (80) 1 Peter 3:21-22 NET And this prefigured baptism, which now saves you – not the washing off of physical dirt but the pledge of a good conscience to God – through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who went into heaven and is at the right hand of God with angels and authorities and powers subject to him. In the NT, is baptism a ritual for induction to a course of indoctrination or the indoctrination itself. The answer is: both. Induction brings one into the church. Indoctrination saves. Israel was baptized into Moses (God's People/ecclesia) drank from the Rock (Christ) did not believe, resisted indoctrination, rebelled, perished.

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Previous | Index | Next "STUDIES IN THE MINOR PROPHETS" Hosea - God's Redeeming Love (8:1-10:15) 1. Thus far in our survey of the book of Hosea, we have seen... a. The analogy of Hosea and Gomer, illustrating God's experience 1) Israel's rejection symbolized, in the names of Hosea and Gomer's children - Hos 1:2-9 2) Israel's restoration foretold - Hos 1:10-2:1 3) Israel's unfaithfulness described, depicted as a wife guilty of harlotry - Hos 2:2-13 4) Israel's restoration described, finally cured of her idolatry - Hos 2:14-23 5) Israel's restoration symbolized, depicted as a harlot taken back to be a wife - Hos 3:1-5 b. God's indictment of Israel 1) The charges brought against Israel - Hos 4:1-5:15 2) Israel's appeal rejected - Hos 6:1-7:16 -- The theme proposed for this book has been "God's Redeeming Love" 2. The love God has for Israel does not preclude the need for punishment if she is to be truly redeemed... a. As mentioned in Hos 2:13 b. This punishment will be seen in the form of the Assyrian invasion, as foretold in the section now before us [In this lesson, we shall continue our survey of Hosea by noticing God's warning of punishment that is to befall Israel, chapters 8-10...] I. GOD'S PUNISHMENT FOR ISRAEL (8:1-10:15) A. WARNING OF APPROACHING JUDGMENT (8:1-14) 1. Judgment is coming because they transgressed the covenant - Hos 8:1-6 2. They have sown the wind, through their alliances with Assyria, and shall reap the whirlwind - Hos 8:7-10 3. The altars of their religion has made them sin, their punishment will be a "return to Egypt" (Egypt as a symbol of captivity) - Hos 8:11-13 4. Israel has forgotten his Maker, and even Judah places more trust in fortified cities; but judgment will come upon them both - Hos 8:14 B. ASSYRIAN CAPTIVITY FORETOLD (9:1-17) 1. Because Israel has played the harlot - Hos 9:1-2 2. Ephraim (Israel) shall "return to Egypt" - Hos 9:3-9 a. Egypt used as a type for captivity, but then Assyria is mentioned by name b. They will be unable to celebrate the feasts c. They will be punished for their sins 3. The fleeting glory of Israel - Hos 9:10-17 a. Though considered the firstfruits, they soon gave themselves over to idolatry b. Thus their glory will fly away, and they will be like one c. For their wickedness, God will cast them away C. ISRAEL'S SIN AND CAPTIVITY REITERATED (10:1-15) 1. Her guilt and coming captivity - Hos 10:1-8 2. Her sin and coming punishment - Hos 10:9-15 [With such ample warnings through prophets like Hosea, God let Israel know what was to befall her. Yet the prophet's message did not end there. A message of hope concerning restoration was also proclaimed, which we will shall consider in our next lesson. For a few remaining moments, let's review...] II. SOME KEY PASSAGES IN THIS SECTION A. "I HAVE WRITTEN FOR HIM THE GREAT THINGS OF MY LAW, BUT THEY WERE CONSIDERED A STRANGE THING" 1. Notice Hos 8:12 2. This is a sad commentary on the condition of Israel a. God had done a wondrous thing by giving them His Word - cf. b. Yet they had become so perverted that God's word seemed strange to them! 3. Is this not true today as well? a. We have been richly blessed with the full revelation of God's will through His Son Jesus Christ b. Yet many people (even some in the church)... 1) ...are so unaware of what the Bible says 2) ...are so caught up in the thinking of the world ...that the principles and truths of God's word are "considered a strange thing"! -- Is God's word considered a strange thing to you? B. "SOW FOR YOURSELVES RIGHTEOUSNESS, REAP IN MERCY" 1. Consider Hos 10:12 2. While we cannot earn our salvation by good works, works of righteousness can result in experiencing God's grace and mercy a. A case in point is the conversion of Cornelius - Ac 10:1-6 b. His fear of God, prayers, and alms did not save him, but God did take notice c. By striving to serve and please God, he came to know the way of mercy and salvation -- Thus we should be diligent in our service, not to earn salvation, but to receive God's gracious mercy - e.g., Onesiphorus - 2 Ti 1:16-18 C. "YOU HAVE PLOWED WICKEDNESS, YOU HAVE REAPED INIQUITY" 1. Read Hos 10:13 2. Iniquity (injustice, NASB) is the natural consequence of a. When people turn their ears away from hearing the Word of God, they will be wicked b. And the consequence is great injustice and lawlessness -- Sadly, I believe we can see why our society is reaping so much injustice and lawlessness today (because of the wickedness that is sown) 1. The messages of Hosea, though first spoken to a people of an earlier time, speak to us also... a. History tends to repeat itself; we need to learn from the mistakes of others b. The people of God are not immune from apostasy, wickedness and 2. As Paul wrote to the church of Corinth, after reviewing parts of "Now these things became our examples, to the intent that we should not lust after evil things as they also lusted." (1 Co 10:6) 3. God's "intent" in preserving the Old Testament was that we might benefit from Israel's mistakes a. The works of prophets like Hosea can certainly help b. Will his words be well known to us, or will they too be "considered a strange thing"? I pray this study will help his words become more familiar to us... | Index | Next >>

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Bronze vessels and furnishings History and formationThe room contains a recent display that contains a selection of bronze vessels which were found mainly in the Vesuvian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The Roman world has produced a large quantity of bronze vessels: besides objects of extremely high artistic quality made by highly specialised craftsmen, there are many more modest finds which offer a vivid insight into everyday life. In the first century AD Campania played an extremely important role in the production of bronze vases; the use of the wheel used to give the vase a specific shape and not just to retouch the surface, together with the greater use of smelting compared to hammering made it possible to produce a series of highly functional vases of excellent quality in workshops with an efficient network of trade and distribution. ItineraryThere was a vast repertoire of vessels, of which various types are illustrated in the room; some of them were original creations, such as baskets and others were reworked versions of older forms derived from the Greek and Hellenistic tradition such as basins, amphorae, jugs with trefoil spouts and askoi. The huge variety of bronze vessels found in the Vesuvian sites reflects their various uses in daily life. Saucepans, cauldrons and frying pans were used for cooking as can be seen from the traces of blackening from exposure to flame, while for cosmetics and tableware, as well as for ritual occasions, amphorae, jugs, paterae, buckets and bowls were used; the custom of not using cutlery meant that it was necessary to wash before, during and after meals. Other vessels linked to coking or dining include funnels, colanders and sieves, cups and pie dishes. Banquetting tableware was also characterised by decorated handles. The decoration on handles tends to be on the lower join and the main decorative features include characters of the Dionysian world with depictions of masks of Silenuses, Satyrs and Maenads but there are also Bacchic symbols with baskets of fruit, pan pipes and thyrsi on the handles. Many mythological figures are depicted as masks: Hercules, Tritons, Sirens, Medusas and Sphinxes. Mythological themes are united with an animal and plant repertoire: acanthus leaves, stylised palmettes and lotus blossoms. There is an extremely fine situla with elegant decoration on the rim and, on the join of the handle, rosettes and a beautiful damascened female head; on the inside of the handles, between two rectangular scrolls is the name, Cornelia Chelidon, probably that of the owner. |Location:||First floor; room LXXXVII|

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May 17, 1866 - July 1, 1925 Late Romantic Period Erik Satie was a French avant-garde composer born in 1866. He was also a writer who contributed to publications such as Vanity Fair. His work anticipated 20th century music and is considered minimalist by today's standards. Some compositions featured instruments which mimic animal sounds and other non-instrumental noises. In 1879 he entered the Paris Conservatory, where his teachers said he was a lazy and untalented pianist. He never finished at the school. He performed mainly for caberet and cafe audiences, as his work was not widely accepted by the public. He became friends with Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy, who helped bring his work into the public eye. He died in 1925. See other composers from the Late Romantic period

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Stem Cell (Modified Bone Marrow) Transplantation in HIV-Infected Patients With Blood Cancer This study will investigate the safety and effectiveness of a new stem cell transplant procedure to treat acute or chronic leukemia, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in HIV-infected patients. HIV-infected patients usually are not offered bone marrow transplant treatments because they are at increased risk of dying from the intense chemotherapy and radiation therapy used for the procedure. This study uses a modified procedure, transplanting stem cells instead of bone marrow, designed to be less dangerous for such patients. Patients will also undergo a procedure called gene transfer to try to halt progression of their HIV infection. The procedure in this study differs from standard bone marrow transplantation in three ways: Stem cells will be transplanted instead of bone marrow. (Stem cells, which are produced by the bone marrow, mature into the different blood components-white and red cells and platelets.) The stem cell donor will be given a drug that releases these cells from their bone marrow into the blood stream. The cells will then be collected from the donor by apheresis, a procedure in which whole blood is drawn, the stem cells separated and removed, and the rest of the blood returned to the donor.); The procedure will use lower doses of chemotherapy than the conventional method, and will not use radiation therapy; or A laboratory-manufactured gene designed to obstruct HIV reproduction will be inserted into the stem cells, rendering future cells that develop from resistance to the virus. Prospective patients will be tested for matching with an HIV-negative donor (family member) and will undergo a medical history, physical examination and several tests (e.g., breathing tests, X-rays, etc.) to determine eligibility for the study. Study participants will then undergo apheresis to collect white blood cells called lymphocytes. Stem cells will be collected from the donor. Half the donated cells will have the HIV-resistant gene inserted; the other half will have a "control" gene inserted. Additional stem cells collected a second day will not be manipulated. All the donor cells will be frozen until transplantation. Patients will be given drugs (cyclophosphamide, fludarabine and cyclosporin) to prevent the donated cells from being rejected and to prevent them from damaging the patient's organs. The thawed stem cells will then be infused through a vein. After 30, 60 and 100 days, bone marrow cells and circulating lymphocytes will be checked to see how many are of donor cell origin. If less than 100 percent are of donor origin, more lymphocytes will be transfused. Patients will have physical examinations and blood tests once or twice a week for 2 to 3 months with and then will be followed periodically for at least 5 years. Drug: GCSF Mobilized Allogeneic PBSC Cultured w/Cytokines; Transduced w/RV |Study Design:||Endpoint Classification: Safety Study Primary Purpose: Treatment |Official Title:||Low Intensity Non-Myeloablative Preparative Conditioning Followed by Transplantation of Genetically Modified HLA-Matched Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Precursor Cells (PBPC) for Hematologic Malignancies in HIV Positive Adults| |Study Start Date:||September 1999| |Estimated Study Completion Date:||November 2001| Adult patients with myelodysplasia, leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can be cured by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). This curative effect has until now been ascribed to the intense chemoradiotherapy used to condition the recipient for transplantation. The assumption that the curative effect of allogeneic transplantation rests in the ability to deliver very high doses of chemoradiotherapy has led to the restriction of allogeneic transplantation to those recipient patients whose overall status would permit the use of such intense conditioning. As a result, HIV positivity has generally appeared as an exclusion criteria to allogeneic transplantation for hematologic malignancies. Additionally, early studies of allogeneic BMT in HIV patients suggested no benefit in controlling the progression to AIDS. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated the existence of donor derived CD4 and CD8 positive lymphocytes with specific reactivity to recipient leukemia providing a potent graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect, and this GVL effect is area of intense interest both at the NIH and elsewhere. In fact, early attempts to decrease treatment related mortality in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients undergoing allogeneic BMT by T-cell depletion of the graft resulted in an unacceptably high rate of relapse suggesting that alloreactivity in the donor graft accounted for a significant portion of the cure rate in this disease. This GVL effect is most dramatically demonstrated among relapsed allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients transplanted for CML in whom a simple infusion of donor lymphocytes can induce a complete and durable remission. Non-myeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplants are currently being investigated for engraftment efficacy and toxicity in a number of transplant centers. Preliminary data including our own experience with 13 patients undergoing this type of procedure have shown a high rate of complete donor engraftment, low toxicity, and preservation of the GVL effect. Two recent published studies investigating non-myeloablative allo-transplantation in standard risk patients revealed an extremely low rate of transplant related complications and mortality. The decreased risk of transplant related complications associated with non-myeloablative transplants expands the eligibility of transplant candidates and may allow successful application in patients infected with HIV. In this study, we will assess the safety and efficacy of nonmyeloablative transplantation in patients with HIV infection. Moreover, the introduction of an HIV resistance vector into a portion of the allogeneic graft provides a unique opportunity to test the in vivo efficacy of introducing resistance to HIV through the self renewing stem cell. The end points of this study are engraftment, degree of donor-host chimerism, incidence of acute and chronic GVHD, transplant related morbidity and mortality, disease free survival, as well as overall survival, and overall level and persistence of progeny of gene modified cells. |United States, Maryland| |National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)| |Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892|

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Our bodies are made up of billions of cells that grow, divide, and then die in a predictable manner. Cancer occurs when something goes wrong with this system, causing uncontrolled cell division and growth. Cancer cells lump together and form a mass of extra tissue, also known as a cancerous tumor. When cancer cells are present in the rectum, it's referred to as rectal cancer. Since rectal cancer can grow for years without causing any symptoms, it's best to get regular colorectal cancer screenings. But, knowing what to look out for can't hurt. Examples of rectal cancer symptoms include thin stools, stomach cramping, bright red blood on your poop, and feeling like you have to "go" when you don't. Being age 50 or older is the number one risk factor for colorectal cancer. Examples of things that researchers believe increase rectal cancer risk include alcohol, smoking, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity. Surgery is the most common treatment method and is often combined with chemo/radiation to treat late-stage rectal cancer. For more information, please read What is Colorectal Cancer? - Top 10 Colon Cancer Symptoms - 15 Causes of Colon Cancer - Top 10 Colon Cancer Prevention Tips - Colon Cancer Treatment Options - Chemotherapy. Adam Healthcare Center. 27 Aug. 2006 [http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/002324.htm]. - Detailed Guide: Colon and Rectum Cancer: How Is Colorectal Cancer Treated? American Cancer Society. 7 Mar. 2006. 27 Aug. 2006 [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4x_How_is_colorectal_cancer_treated_10.asp?sitearea=]. - Large Bowel Resection Series. Adam Healthcare Center. 27 Aug. 2006 [http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/100089.htm]. - Radiation Therapy. Adam Healthcare Center. 27 Aug. 2006 [http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/001918.htm].

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Researchers at Boston's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center tracked more than 3,000 bicyclists at 43 locations near bike rental kiosks in Washington, D.C., and Boston. They found that helmets weren't used by more than half of all bicyclists and more than four out of five bike share riders. "Head injury accounts for about a third of all bicycle injuries and about three-quarters of bicycle related deaths, so these are some pretty shocking numbers," lead author and emergency medicine physician Christopher Fischer said in announcing the findings. The study, published in the April 30 online edition of the Annals of Emergency Medicine, says 15 programs in U.S. cities now allow riders to rent bikes from multiple kiosks and 30 more are being developed. FOLLOW: Green House on Twitter "Bike sharing programs have the potential to offer a lot of benefits to cyclists and cities, but it's important to encourage safe cycling," Fischer says, adding helmets should be more readily available at bike rental sites. Boston's Hubway program and Washington's Capital Bikeshare encourage helmet use (by listing places where riders can buy helmets) but don't require it. May is National Bike Month, which this year includes the first Bike to School Day on May 9. Bike to Work Week is May 14-18. Wendy Koch has been a reporter and editor at USA TODAY since 1998, covering politics and social issues. She's begun a quest to build the most eco-friendly home her budget allows. She'll share her experience and give you tips for greening your home. More about Wendy

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From April 12 to April 17, the Industrial and Labor Relations School hosts Union Days, a series of events held every year to celebrate and discuss organized labor. This year’s posters ask “Is This Land Made for You and Me?” and will include discussions of inequality and the Occupy Wall Street movement. It’s no secret that globalization and the shift towards a service-economy have hollowed out the size and scope of unionization in the United States. Union membership as a share of the total work force is now less than 12% and just less than 7% in the private sector. On the other hand, public sector unions, whose dues and wages are funded by taxpayers, had, until recently, expanded a great deal, attaining a membership approaching 40% of public employees. What most attendees of Union Days think about these trends is predictable. They have every incentive to reflect with nostalgia on the era of 30% union membership. Let’s not forget that there’s also the Social Justice Career Fair. Arguments in defense of organized labor usually follow an assumption that unions defend the political interests of the working class against big corporate interests and their big money contributions. An uncomfortable reality, however, is that unions are simply another type of big-spending political interest group, but, given their declining share of the labor force, it is hard to argue that their group interests coincide with those of most Americans. In fact, 12 of the top 20 political contributors from 1989-2012 are unions: http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/list.php?order=A It’s particularly difficult to argue that modern labor unions represent the interests of working class Americans, when you consider the steely intransigence of national teachers unions to reforming America’s failing schools. Taken together, the National Education Association (NEA) and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) represent the single largest lobbying conglomerate in the country, but unlike private firms, their contributions come from the pockets of American taxpayers who are forced to fund not just America’s failing public schools, but also one of main sources of their failure. How the NEA and the AFT stymie our public education system is well-documented and, in light of the facts, difficult to argue against. For every 57 doctors, one loses the right to practice medicine, but in New York City between 2007 and 2010, only 88 of 80,000 teachers lost their jobs due to poor performance according to a report by the New York Daily News. In one poll, 47% of union teachers themselves have said that tenure and teachers unions make it too hard to remove underperforming teachers. A better system would reflect the importance of incentives, not job-security, in guaranteeing educational improvement. In union rhetoric, the mere mention of impossible-to-fire teachers failing American children is usually equated with an attack on working people. It is not quite in their interest that we keep in mind the millions of children who continue to be short-changed in an industry far behind its time. Despite the egalitarian themes of this year’s Union Days, Randi Weingarten ’80, longtime President of the American Federation of Teachers is Thursday’s keynote speaker. I have experience doing manual labor alongside near union projects and can describe firsthand the strange work habits of unionized workers (some seem to misplace their screwdrivers a bit too frequently). Yet I was still surprised while on a recent trip to Washington D.C. when I encountered a union protest that seemed especially lethargic and lacking the zealous fire that one might expect if unions represent a working class under assault by big business. Only days later did I find out that these union protesters admitted themselves that they had been paid “$60 a head” for a day’s protest and some stated openly that they neither knew nor cared about the cause for which they supposedly stood. Anecdotal evidence aside, there is good reason to believe that typical discourse about labor unions is deeply flawed and full of political gimmicks. Incentives do of course matter.

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This month, Mars has been more than ready for its close-up - and fortunately, the Hubble Space Telescope was ready as well, snapping pictures of the Red Planet during its orbital approach. If the skies are clear, you can have your own close encounter with Mars tonight - the closest encounter possible until the year 2016. Tonight marks the very night when Mars stops coming closer and starts moving away from us in its roughly 26-month orbital cycle - at 6:47 p.m. ET, according to this handy list of the planet's oppositions and close approaches. This year, Mars comes as close as 54.8 million miles - not as close as the historic pass-by of 2003 (34.6 million miles), but still a night-brightener. It shouldn't be hard to pick out the butterscotch-colored, steadily glowing jewel in the sky, but if you need help, just consult Space.com's sky chart. NASA / ESA / STScI / Cornell / SSI |CLICK FOR VIDEO: The Hubble Space Telescope took this picture on Dec. 17. In the southern hemisphere, the dark triangular shape to the right is Syrtis Major. The dark horizontal lane to the left is Sinus Meridiani. NASA's Opportunity rover landed at the western end of this region in 2004. Click on the picture to watch a video clip narrated by Alan Boyle. The Hubble telescope has been capturing Mars up close for more than a decade, since before NASA's first Mars rover ever bounced down to the surface. Today, two rovers are surveying the planet from ground level, three orbiters are mapping the globe from above, and another lander is on the way. So is it really worth Hubble's precious time to be taking pictures from afar? "It's often surprising to people that, despite the fact that we have this armada of orbiters, landers and rovers on Mars, we can still do useful and unique scientific observations of Mars from Earth," said Cornell astronomer Jim Bell, who is a member of the Hubble observation team as well as the lead scientist for the panoramic color cameras on NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers. Because of its far-seeing perspective, Hubble still provides the best all-at-once global views of the planet. Although the orbiters can produce much higher-resolution mosaics, they're just too close to see the whole planet at once. "They're only seeing a bit at a time - strips of data taken at the same time of day," Bell told me today. "You don't get an overall perspective." The Hubble views show how all the parts of a planet work together: dust storms and icy clouds, the permanent ice caps and the ebb and flow of seasonal frost. The latest pictures document thin, bluish clouds of water ice that are appearing just as springtime is coming to northern latitudes. That's a view that Hubble really hasn't seen up close before, Bell said. "This data set really fills in what had been a missing gap in coverage during Mars' year," he said. Scientists are particularly interested in how water moves around between Mars' surface ice and the atmosphere due to the planet's seasonal changes. "There's an enormous amount of water-ice cloudiness in the wintertime," Bell said. "How that super-cloudy season changes from the wintertime through the spring and the summer is still a subject of scientific debate." NASA's Phoenix Mars lander, currently zooming toward a May landing in Mars' northern polar region, could help answer questions about the planet's water cycle - which naturally lead to the even bigger questions about past or present life. Thanks to his double role, Bell gets to work with the big picture as part of the Hubble team, plus the up-close-and-personal views taken by the panoramic cameras, or Pancams, aboard the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. The Pancams are the instruments that have been capturing the stunning color views cataloged on NASA's Web site for the rover missions, as well as in Bell's coffee-table book, "Postcards From Mars." For the latest Pancam views, you can also check out the imaging team's Web site at Cornell University. The rovers' primary mission was slated to last just 90 days - but almost four years later, they're still going strong, and so are the cameras. "We haven't detected any degradation," Bell said. "Nothing seems to be wearing out." Even though the rovers have been surprisingly resilient, Bell and his colleagues on the rover science team are handling them with exceeding care. Right now their top priority is to check out a safe haven for Spirit. Just as spring is coming to Mars' northern hemisphere, winter is coming to the southern hemisphere, where Spirit is located. The solar-powered rovers almost didn't make it through a huge dust storm earlier this year, so the team wants to make sure that Spirit is in a good sun-facing position for the coming winter. "We've been focusing on taking pictures of the region where we will have to park the rover very soon," Bell said. "The rover could spend most of 2008 at this one location." Meanwhile, Opportunity is carefully making its way down the slopes of Victoria Crater, taking lots of pictures as it goes. "We're being very methodical at each location," Bell said. "We've been using the photography to try to relate the specific areas where the rover is to the layers that we see elsewhere in the crater." Will the rovers still be taking pictures when Mars has its next close approach to Earth, in early 2010? Four years ago, no one would have predicted that, but Bell has given up trying to guess how long the rovers and their cameras will last. "There's nothing that we can use as a predictor to say, 'Oh, man, the end is coming,'" he said. To keep tabs on Mars exploration until the bitter end, check in with our special report, "Return to the Red Planet." And for great views of Mars as well as Hubble's glories, take a tour of our space gallery.

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To start off the blogging in 2011, this chart speaks for itself, but a little more explanation. . . Racial disproportionality, specifically the impact of being African-American, pervades the child welfare, school discipline, juvenile justice, and criminal justice systems. For every bad outcome, from having a child removed from the home to being on death row, African Americans are represented significantly more than they are represented in our state population, and the exact reverse is true for Whites. • State Population: Estimate of the Population by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity for July 1, 2009 for State of Texas, Texas State Data Center, http://txsdc.utsa.edu/tpepp/2009ASREstimates/alldata.pdf. • FY 2009 CPS Data: Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Data Book 2009, http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/About/Data_Books_and_Annual_Reports/2009/default.asp. • Students Expelled 2008–2009, Mandatory and Discretionary Expulsions 2007–2008: Texas’ School-to-Prison Pipeline: School Expulsion The Path from Lockout to Dropout, Texas Appleseed, 2010, http://www.texasappleseed.net/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=380&Itemid. • Juvenile Justice Data: The State of Juvenile Probation Activity in Texas—Calendar Year 2008, http://www.tjpc.state.tx.us/publications/reports/RPTSTAT2008.pdf, published July 2010. • Prison/State Jail Population: TDCJ On Hand as of August 31, 2009: Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Fiscal Year 2009 Statistical Report, http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/publications/executive/Statistical_Report_FY09.pdf. • Felony Revocations: FY 2010 Statewide Felony Revocations to Texas Department of Criminal Justice, data received from Texas Department of Criminal Justice, December 27, 2010. • Drug Arrests: Arrest Data by Race, 2009 Crime in Texas, http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/administration/crime_records/pages/crimestatistics.htm • Death Row Offenders: Gender and Racial Statistics of Death Row Offenders, http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/racial.htm, last updated November 22, 2010.

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In this issue of the useless electronic circuits blog, I'll show you how to create a little infrared lamp. So why is the post title Night vision? well, it just happens that digital cameras can "see" infrared light, thing that the human eye cannot do. There are other things you can do with IR light but i'll leave that to you to investigate, here we'll make a infrared light source that does nothing without some extra gear. To get started you will need to get about 10 infrared leds, two 1.5 batteries (AA recommended), a push-button and a on-off switch. If you want your lamp to be fancier you can make a digital gate with transistors to only turn the lamp on when you have the on switch and push the button. To get a bright and reliable IR light that doesn't turn off when one of the leds fail, we are going to wire them in paralel and in two different circuits, like so: This diagram doesn't have the switches, that is up to you to decide what type of swith you want. When you turn on this lamp and see where you are pointing it to with a digital camera you'll see a purple light, that's the infrared. The cool thing is that you cannot see the light with just your eyes, so you won't bother anyone when you are using this thing.

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As you spend more and more time drawing, there usually comes a point when contour drawing isn’t enough. You can set down lines that perfectly describe the shapes in front of you but you become interested in giving your work dimension and exploring the effects of light and shade. Several people have reached that point recently and written asking me to talk discuss the whys and wherefores of cross hatching. let me try. Cross hatching is quite miraculous. How is it that black ink lines on white paper have the ability to create an infinite number of shades of grey, to evoke all the colors of the rainbow and to suggest textures and materials and varied as silk and stone, glass and schnauzer hair? The first thing to do is to get in the groove. Practice drawing lines until you can lay them down in fairly predictable parallel strokes. Do it in boring practice sessions or just start working them into your drawings. Try greying gradations, filling boxes from pure white to solid black — space the lines far apart in the first box, then halve the distance in the second box, then halve it again in the third and so on until your final block is completely black. Next, try crossing your vertical lines with horizontal ones, weaving darker and darker gradations. Then lay a diagonal set of lines over the grid, upper left to lower right, then cross back upper right to lower left. Try keeping them as regular and even as you can, so you can create various sorts of grey with various sorts of combinations of lines. Don’t make yourself nuts just experiment with lines at 45 and 90 degree angles. The next things to consider: What do these shades of grey represent? The answer seems to fall into three main effects: Tone, color and texture. You can decide that darker greys mean things in shadow, or that different greys represent different surface colors, or that the lines represent different textures. These drawings (by Guptill — see below*) are basically about light and dark. The lines tell you the volume and direction of the light on the object and that’s about it. These lines tell you a lot more about the materials the objects are made from; straw, wood, wicker, etc. all accomplished with crosshatching various sorts of lines. In this drawings, my pal Tom Kane uses lines to suggest different colors in a girl’s kerchief. But here he uses the same sorts of lines to express the direction and shading of light on a girl’s hair. As you can see, once you start introducing these tones, you have a lot more decisions to make. You aren’t just recoding shapes; you are expressing an opinion about what you found interesting in the scene. Consider the differences that values and tones make in these three interpretations of a scene:the various choices evoke different temperatures, distances, moods and degrees of importance. It’s interesting to play around with line quality and stippling too: Consider the different feelings these drawings have because of the varying degree of regularity and the direction of the lines used in each identical composition. My inclination is to avoid incredibly regular lines; they seem mechanical and inorganic to me. I lay down one value in the middle then go back and firth balancing areas with more or less crosshatching until I have described the effect I want. It’;s all a matter of balance and crosshatching is pretty forgiving, If things feel off, just go back and hit your darker areas with a new layer of lines to get the emphasis right. Like so many things in drawing, there aren’t a lot of hard fast rules or rights and wrongs. Crosshatching is just another opportunity to record your observations, capture your feelings and have fun. And there’s something about that hypnotic regularity of drawing parallel lines that is very soothing. “Drawing is just an excuse to crosshatch”— R.Crumb * The greatest practitioners and teachers worked and published in the 19th century, when every day’s paper was full of endless engraved examples of cross hatching. I have learned a lot from the publications of Watson Guptill, beginning with seminal works by Arthur L. Guptill himself, like Rendering in Pen and Ink and moving on to the less encyclopedic but crystalline Henry C. Pitz’s Ink Drawing Techniques. I also love Paul Hogarth’s Creative Ink Drawing. Many of these are still in print or can be picked up cheaply second-hand.

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Assessment of the Performance of Engineered Waste Containment Barriers (2007)Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Each report is produced by a committee of experts selected by the Academy to address a particular statement of task and is subject to a rigorous, independent peer review; while the reports represent views of the committee, they also are endorsed by the Academy. Learn more on our expert consensus reports. President Carter's 1980 declaration of a state of emergency at Love Canal, New York recognized that residents' health had been affected by nearby chemical waste sites. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, enacted in 1976, had just ushered in a new era of waste management disposal designed to protect the public from harm. It required that modern waste containment systems use "engineered" barriers designed to isolate hazardous and toxic wastes and prevent them from seeping into the environment. These containment systems are now employed at thousands of waste sites around the United States, and their effectiveness must be continually monitored. At the request of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, this National Research Council report assesses the performance of waste containment barriers to date. Existing data suggest that waste containment systems with liners and covers, when constructed and maintained in accordance with current regulations, are performing well thus far. However, they have not been in existence long enough to assess long-term (postclosure) performance, which may extend for hundreds of years. The report recommends expansion of data collection and reporting, improvement of models, and development of new monitoring techniques to improve future assessments and increase confidence in predictions of barrier system performance. - Extrapolations of long-term performance can be made from existing data and models, but they will have high uncertainties until field data are accumulated for longer periods, perhaps 100 years or more. - Most engineered waste containment barrier systems that have been designed, constructed, operated, and maintained in accordance with current statutory regulations and requirements have thus far provided environmental protection at or above specified levels. - Much data used to predict performance come from laboratory experiments, models, and field-constructed prototype barrier systems (e.g., test pads). Although useful for understanding material properties and behavior, these data are no substitute for performance data collected in the field from operating containment systems. - Performance criteria are needed that account for both barrier performance and impacts to public health and safety that extend beyond the barrier system. - The optimum time for monitoring varies with the facility, type of waste, climate, and the observed performance. Yet funding is often not available to continue monitoring until the site no longer poses risk to human health and the environment, and no national policy exists to assure that such funding will be available. - The performance of many engineered barriers is monitored indirectly, usually through evidence of contaminant migration outside the waste containment system. The absence of direct monitoring data introduces uncertainties about how well the individual elements of the overall containment system are working.

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|See also histiocyte any large phagocytic cell occurring in the blood, lymph, and connective tissue of vertebrates| |occurring at fixed intervals; normal, usual, ordinary, common| |a clear yellowish, slightly alkaline, coagulable fluid, containing white blood cells in a liquid resembling blood plasma, that is derived from the tissues of the body and conveyed to the bloodstream by the lymphatic vessels.| macrophage mac·ro·phage (māk'rə-fāj') Any of the large phagocytic cells found in the reticuloendothelial system. |macrophage (māk'rə-fāj') Pronunciation Key Any of various large white blood cells that play an essential immunologic role in vertebrates and some lower organisms by eliminating cellular debris and particulate antigens, including bacteria, through phagocytosis. Macrophages develop from circulating monocytes that migrate from the blood into tissues throughout the body, especially the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, lungs, brain, and connective tissue. Macrophages also participate in the immune response by producing and responding to inflammatory cytokines.

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presenting favorable conditions; favorable: propitious weather. indicative of favor; auspicious: propitious omens. favorably inclined; disposed to bestow favors or forgive: propitious gods. Origin: 1400–50; late Middle English propicius Related forms < Latin propitius favorably inclined, propitious, probably equivalent to pro- pro-1 combining form of petere to head for, resort to, solicit + -ius adj. suffix; see -ous is always a great word to know. So is quincunx. Does it mean:

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Creator: Petrie, Trent A.; Greenleaf, Christy; Reel, Justine J. & Carter, Jennifer Description: This article discusses the prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors among male collegiate athletes. Male athletes have been hypothesized to be at increased risk for disordered eating attitudes and behaviors due to unique pressures in the sport environment. In this study, 203 male collegiate athletes from three universities completed the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnosis (QEDD; Mintz, O'Halloran, Mulholland, & Schneider, 1997) as well as provided information on binge eating and pathogenic weight control behaviors. None were classified with a clinical eating disorder, though almost 20% reported a sufficient number and level of symptoms to be considered symptomatic. Just over 80% had no significant eating disorder concerns and were classified as asymptomatic. Neither year in school, race/ethnicity, sport type, nor age were related to whether or not the athletes were symptomatic or asymptomatic. In terms of the athletes' body mass, fewer than 2% were underweight and 66% were classified as overweight or obese according to CDC guidelines; over 60% were satisfied with their current body weight. Although the frequency of pathogenic behaviors was low, exercise (37%) and fasting/dieting (14.2%) were the primary and secondary means for controlling weight; fewer than 10% used vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics. Contributing Partner: UNT College of Education

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Prepare yourself for the Des Moines Symphony’s 74th annual Season Debut: Ode to Joy with some little known facts about the man and the most performed orchestral work of all time — Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, you know, the one with the famous Ode to Joy finale! Be sure to hear it live September 17 and 18. — Pam Neubauer, Des Moines Symphony intern 1. Beethoven 9 was adopted as the European National Anthem in 1972. In 1985, it became the official anthem of the European Union. 2. It was the last of Beethoven’s symphonies, completed in 1824, just three years before his death. 3. It is considered one of the first examples of a choral symphony by a major composer. Words are sung in the final movement by four vocal soloists and a chorus. 4. The words in the final movement were taken from the “Ode to Joy” poem written by Friedrich von Schiller in 1785. 5. Symphony No. 9 was premiered in Vienna on May 7, 1824. By this time, Beethoven was completely deaf. At the end of the piece, the crowd burst into applause but Beethoven, who had been a few measures behind the symphony, continued to conduct. The contralto, Caroline Unger, walked over to Beethoven and turned him around so he could accept the rousing applause. 6. It was customary at that time for the Imperial couple to have three ovations whenever they entered a hall. Beethoven received five that night, causing the police agents present at the concert to break off the explosion of ovations. 7. This is Beethoven’s most heavily orchestrated composition, with ten woodwinds, nine brass, four percussionists, four vocal soloists with full choir, Violin I, Violin II, Viola, Cello, and bass. As if this wasn’t enough, Beethoven doubled every wind part for the premiere. If he hadn’t lost his hearing before, he probably would have that night! 8. Don’t think Beethoven has any affect on your day to day life? Think again. When Philips started work on their new audio format known as a compact disc, many groups argued over what size it should be. They planned on having a 11.5 cm diameter CD while Sony planned on 10 cm. One bright chap insisted that one CD ought to have the capacity to contain a complete performance of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. The duration ranges from about 65 to 74 minutes which requires a 12 cm diameter, the size of a CD. 9. Beethoven was a compositional rebel, rejecting standard classical practices in order to write with emotion. While many of his contemporaries were disgusted, if not intimidated by this, his influence on composers to come after him shows how important a figure he truly was: · Richard Wagner completed a piano arrangement of Symphony No. 9 · Brahms’ Symphony No. 1 in C Minor is related to the “Ode to Joy” theme in Symphony No.9. Brahms’ Symphony No. 1 has been both praised and chided as “Beethoven’s Tenth.” · Bruckner used the chromatic fourth in his third symphony in much the same way as Beethoven did in the coda of the first movement. · Mahler imitates the texture and mood of the opening of the first movement with the opening of his first symphony. · Dvorak imitates the scherzo of Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9 in his own “New World Symphony” in the opening notes of the third movement. · The extremely familiar church hymn, “Joyful, Joyful We Adore Thee,” is sung to “Ode to Joy.”

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Skin disorder that occurs from scabies was not only due to mites, but also by patients themselves, which is due to do scratching. Mites (Committee) to move into the top layer of skin by removing the protease enzyme that can be thinned stratum korneum. They live from damaged tissue rather than blood sucking. Skibala (feces) are left behind when he passed the epidermis, forming lesions clinically shaped tunnel liner. Skibala causes sensitization of the skin, causing itching complaints (Cordoro, 2008). The incubation period varies skabies, there are a couple of weeks and even months - months without showing symptoms. Sensitization of the mites will take approximately 4 to 6 weeks after the first mite infestations. Infestations of this first hipersentivitas reaction type IV, which is a reaction to the mites, eggs or skibala of these mites (Maskur, 2000). At this moment arises that resembles the skin disorder dermatitis with the finding papul, vesicles, hives, etc., which can occur with erosion scratching, ekskoriasi, krusta, even a secondary infection (Rikyanto, 2001). At the time of this onset, the patient can infect at least within one month before being diagnosed with skabies. This means that transmission can occur in anyone who had contact with patients. Scabies mites can not fly or jump away, but they can travel with average speed - average 2.5 cm / min in the warm skin. At room temperature with sufficient humidity, mites can survive 36 to 48 hours and still have the ability to infect and make a tunnel lesions (Chodisow, 2006). Was at a temperature of 20o C, the mites become immobile, but still can survive for a longer time (Cordoro, 2008). Scabies transmission can occur either directly or indirectly. Direct transmission is due to skin contact with the skin (skin to skin contact). Because it did, it can be classified in scabies sexually transmitted diseases. According Chodisow (2006), from studies ever of the risk factors scabies transmission through sexual intercourse, that people at high risk for infection scabies on people - people who often relate the same sex (homosexual) or who frequently change - change partners. But there is no evidence that can be transmitted scabies with HIV. Indirect transmission usually occurs through objects - objects related to the patient as the bedding, clothes, towels, pillows, and so forth. 3 years ago

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A conference of service-learning "pioneers" held in 1995 (Service-Learning: A Movement's Pioneers Reflect on its Origins, Practice, and the Future, Stanton, Giles, & Cruz: 1995) determined that there were two primary strands that came together in service-learning. A number of proponents saw the practice as a way of addressing issues of social and economic justice. Others saw the practice as a way of transforming our educational institutions. It is safe to say that most of the pioneers were interested in both strands and their common thread: the strengthening of democracy. The movement grew out of the concerns and activism of the 1960's and early '70's but with some roots that ran deeper into the earliest days of the twentieth century. Educators such as John Dewey and Paulo Freire provided the philosophical underpinnings for educational reform while social activists like Martin Luther King and Cesar Chavez provided the inspiration for citizen action. The pedagogy of service-learning was given a boost in the '70's and early '80's through the work of cognitive psychologists such as Lev Vygotsky and Jerome Bruner. These psychologists pointed out that learning involves the creation of meaning and is highly individualized. Service-learning educators have been able to point out the validity of using out-of-classroom experiences in helping students make meaning of rather abstract theories and concepts. Beginning in the 1990's, scholars began to conduct research on service-learning as pedagogy. While researchers struggle to design studies that can capture the multifaceted nature of service-learning practice, the over-whelming evidence suggests nevertheless that substantial effects can be derived from well designed service-learning programs. A good starting point for looking at some of the research can be found in Where is the Learning in Service-Learning by Dwight Giles and Janet Eyler (1999). In addition, the annual International Conference on Service-Learning Research provides a forum for researchers to discuss methodological approaches and theoretical frameworks that advance the field of service-learning. In the following sections we have tried to avoid the hype and fanfare we use when we describe our own efforts at the Joint Educational Project. We have abstracted out what we consider to be the fundamental principles of service-learning in order to help faculty members and others understand concepts at a general level. Service-learning programs across the country have found different ways to implement these principles but we believe any serious service-learning models must give attention to each of these principles. • A Working Definition and Model of Service-Learning • Designing Service-Learning Courses • Informing, Enlisting, Recruiting Students • Placing and Preparing Students • Potential Problems • Student Recognition • Other Resources

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29 Apr 2010: Report The Greening of Silicon Valley: It Looks Like the Next Big Thing California’s high-tech giants have long used renewable energy to help power their Silicon Valley headquarters. Now, companies such as Google, Adobe Systems, and eBay are preparing for the next step — investing in off-site solar and wind installations and innovative technologies that will supply their offices and data centers with green electricity. From the street, Adobe Systems’ San Jose headquarters looks like any other collection of skyscrapers that dot the downtown of the self-proclaimed capital of Silicon Valley. But ascend to a skyway that connects two of the software company’s towers and you’ll find a wind farm. Twenty vertical turbines that resemble a modern art installation slowly rotate in the breeze that blows through a six-floor plaza. Down in the parking garage, a dozen electric car-charging stations have been set up. Adobe, which makes the ubiquitous Flash player software, will install 18 more chargers this year to accommodate workers expected to be first in line when the Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet Volt, and other battery-powered vehicles roll into Silicon Valley showrooms later this year. Adobe also plans to install fuel cells — possibly using carbon neutral biogas made from cow manure — to generate the three megawatts of electricity consumed by its downtown data centers. And since the company has limited roof space to install solar panels, it is considering joining a co-op that would purchase land outside the city for a solar farm, according to Randy Knox, senior director for global workplace solutions for Adobe. “Once you’ve got your buildings running pretty energy efficient, you start to look at the source of your energy, and that’s where we are now,” says Knox, as the wind turbines slowly spin in the winter wind, generating about 24 kilowatts of electricity. “We’re a technology company and people have to step up and be early adopters in the green area or it won’t go anywhere.” Silicon Valley companies have long gone green — racking up LEED points by installing everything from solar arrays to waterless urinals to demonstrate their environmental street cred to customers, shareholders, Corporate campuses are laboratories to test new technologies to cut carbon footprints. and their young, climate-change-aware workforces. But for companies in the environmental vanguard, their corporate campuses are laboratories to test new technologies to cut their carbon footprints and improve the bottom line. As climate change legislation remains stalled in Congress, and California struggles through the regulatory complexities of implementing its own global warming law, much of the action has shifted to the private sector. Case in point: The unveiling of Bloom Energy’s breakthrough fuel cell technology in February. (Fuel cells generate energy without combustion by turning hydrogen, natural gas, biogas or other fuels into electricity through an electrochemical process.) The Silicon Valley fuel cell manufacturer had spent eight years quietly developing a solid oxide fuel cell to deliver electricity at competitive prices while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. When Bloom finally lifted the curtain on its 100-kilowatt Bloom Energy Server in February, it revealed that Google, eBay, Wal-Mart, Federal Express, and other Fortune 500 heavyweights had already installed cube-shaped, SUV-sized devices at their Bay Area outposts. “I’d love to see us have a whole data center running on this at some point when they’re ready,” Larry Page, Google’s co-founder, said at a press conference introducing the Bloom Energy Server. “Moving production of energy closer to where it’s used has a lot of environmental benefits and a lot of commercial benefits. It lets you choose your fuel source.” In 2007, Google added a 1.6-megawatt solar array to the roofs of its Mountain View, Calif. headquarters. The Bloom Energy Server’s ability to deliver electricity at prices competitive with traditional fossil fuels currently depends on significant state and federal subsidies. The long-term durability of the devices also remains to be proven. But the fact that some of the world’s largest corporations have embraced the Bloom Box could be the key to giving the company and its competitors the scale to drive down costs and continue innovating. No surprise that the first Bloom Box — which sells for $700,000 to $800,000 — was secretly plugged in at the Googleplex more than a year ago and hidden behind a fence. Bloom kept the development of its energy server shielded from public view, and Google did not want it known that it would be the first to use the Bloom Box. The search giant’s interest in green technologies is pragmatically experimental. Back in June 2007, Google flipped the switch on what was then the world’s largest corporate solar array, a 1.6-megawatt solar system that covered the roofs of its Mountain View, Calif., headquarters. When I climbed the roof to take a look a few months later, I remarked to a Google executive that the panels were covered in dust. The dirt was deliberate, she said. Google didn’t just want to draw electricity from the panels, it wanted to test how they performed under different conditions, including how often they would need to be washed to maximize energy production. Likewise, Google’s fleet of converted plug-in hybrid Toyota Priuses – the campus features some 100 charging stations – have been deployed as rolling laboratories for how electric cars perform. While other Silicon Valley companies have moved to secure renewable sources of energy, Google has created, in effect, its own utility company, Google Energy, to procure electricity for its massive data centers and other Google’s interest in green technologies is pragmatically experimental. facilities. On Feb. 18, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved Google Energy’s request to become, as it stated in its license application, “a power marketer, purchasing electricity and reselling it to wholesale customers.” The company has said little about its plans for Google Energy. In it regulatory filings, Google stated that Google Energy “was formed to identify and develop opportunities to contain and manage the cost of energy for Google.” Safeway, Wal-Mart, and scores of other big corporations have also been licensed to act as in-house utilities for their operations. But Google Energy has prompted much speculation about whether the company had greater ambitions in the energy field, given its big investments in solar power plant builders like BrightSource Energy and eSolar by Google.org, its philanthropic arm. It’s all part of Google.org’s ambition to make renewable energy competitive with coal. “We’re looking to make investments in clean energy projects and to procure green energy,” Dan Reicher, Google.org director of climate change and energy programs, told me recently as Googlers bicycled by a conference room at the Googleplex, while other employees drove plug-in hybrid Priuses into solar panel-covered carports. Reicher said that one way to do that would be as an equity investment in a generating plant somewhere. Another, he noted, is to become a big buyer of green electricity, especially for Google data centers around the U.S. “This interest in procuring green electrons is part of what’s driven Google Energy,” said Reicher. Thus one could imagine a scenario where Google.org or Google Venture, its venture capital subsidiary, buys a solar power plant and signs a deal with Google Energy to supply the electricity to Google data centers and sell any surplus to other buyers, as is permitted by its government license. Silicon Valley companies are interested in embracing cutting-edge technology that offers big potential payoffs. Though not as large as Google, other Silicon Valley companies are moving quickly to adopt renewable sources of energy. Applied Materials, which makes solar cell manufacturing equipment, installed a massive solar array at its Silicon Valley headquarters, while Yahoo for years operated a biodiesel-powered shuttle bus for its employees. Some Silicon Valley companies have offered workers subsidies for the purchase of Toyota Priuses and other hybrid cars. At eBay’s sprawling San Jose headquarters, five Bloom Energy Servers sit outside a LEED Gold certified building. The Bloom Boxes are providing about 15 percent of the eBay campus’ electricity, or about five times as much energy as generated by its 3,248 solar panels, according to Amy Skoczlas Cole, director of the company’s Green Team. And since the Bloom Energy Servers operate off the grid and supply electricity directly to the eBay campus, they reduce the load on the regional transmission system. (The energy servers presently run on natural gas, but eBay is working on a deal to purchase biogas generated from cow manure.) Install enough Bloom Boxes and utilities could forgo building expensive and polluting power plants that they fire up when demand spikes on a hot day when everyone runs their air conditioners. Such “peaker” plants usually sit idle but for a couple days of the year, utility executives say. MORE FROM YALE e360 It’s Green Against Green In Mojave Solar Battle Few places are as well suited for large-scale solar projects as California’s Mojave Desert . But as mainstream environmental organizations push plans to turn the desert into a center for renewable energy, some green groups are standing up to oppose them. READ MORE EBay’s LEED building sports the de rigueur green bells and whistles, such as recycled materials and energy efficient lighting. But it’s the “bioswale” adjacent to the Bloom Boxes that is one of the most notable features. Designed to filter rainwater runoff from the buildings and reduce the burden on the public sewage system, the bioswale resembles a wide sloping culvert where native grasses and layers of dirt and sand enable rain to percolate into the ground. Skoczlas Cole says innovations such as the Bloom Energy Servers and the bioswale fit the “disruptive DNA” of Silicon Valley companies like eBay’s, which are interested in embracing cutting-edge technology that offers big potential payoffs. “This new disruptive technology made sense because the economics made sense, frankly,” she says, noting that state and federal incentives mean that eBay’s multi million-dollar investment in Bloom Boxes is expected to pay for itself in three years. And that may be the greenest innovation of all to come out of Silicon Valley companies’ embrace of cutting-edge green technology. POSTED ON 29 Apr 2010 IN Business & Innovation Climate Energy Policy & Politics North America North America

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The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals today upheld Washington’s energy efficient building code—a code that sets standards that is saving Washington families and businesses millions of dollars on energy bills and reducing harmful global warming pollution. The energy code sets minimum standards for energy efficiency for new homes throughout the state, and has been in effect since 2011. Although supported by many Washington builders, the Building Industry Association of Washington had challenged Washington’s code, alleging that it conflicted with federal law, despite that fact that the code gives builders the flexibility to pick from a large range of energy efficiency options. Ruling in favor of Washington State and conservation and energy groups, the appellate court found that federal law does not trump Washington’s building code because the code does not mandate the use of major appliances that exceed federal energy efficiency standards and the options are based on scientific modeling. Instead, Washington and other states are free to give consumers and home builders options to increase the energy efficiency of their new homes. Conservation groups that argued in defense of the state code were pleased with the decision. “Washington has boosted its economy, economically met rising energy costs, and fought the impact of climate change by being a leader in energy efficiency,” said Amanda Goodin, an Earthjustice attorney who represents the conservation and energy groups. “This decision should give other states the confidence to enact forward-looking codes like Washington’s with the knowledge that these codes comply with the law.” “The energy code is good for the economy and good for the environment,” said Kim Drury of the NW Energy Coalition. “It’s a lot cheaper to build in energy efficiency at the time of construction. It keeps energy bills affordable and is one of the most cost effective actions to reduce climate pollution.” Washington has been a leader in energy efficiency for decades. Saving energy through energy efficiency has cost three times less than building new energy sources, and Washington's efficiency investments have avoided the need to build polluting new coal plants. “Our state’s building energy code saves people money, puts people to work, and reduces energy use,” said Joan Crooks, Executive Director of Washington Environmental Council. “This decision reaffirms Washington’s leadership on energy efficiency and green buildings—both essential ingredients to a clean energy economy.” The State Building Code Council revised the building energy code in 2009, following two years of work by the public, stakeholders, and the Council’s Energy Code Technical Advisory Group to develop an innovative, cost effective, and flexible building energy code. That time and expertise led to the 2009 revision to the building energy code, a revision that went into effect on January 1, 2011. The new code allows home-builders to choose from a list of practical and accessible energy-saving options for new homes, like installation of high-efficiency, money-saving furnaces or water heaters, or insulation and efficient windows. NW Energy Coalition, Washington Environmental Council, and the Sierra Club (represented by Earthjustice) and the Natural Resources Defense Council intervened in the case to support the Washington State Building Code Council.

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We live in a strange world. What would happen if tomorrow a common sedative was found to cause 21,000 cancer deaths every year? What if it resulted in breast cancer, mouth cancer, hepatoma and esophageal malignancies, and if the average patient lost 19 years of life? What if the drug also killed by cirrhosis, massive upper GI bleeding, accelerated dementia, and for good measure slaughtered thousands innocent children in car accidents. Do you think this caustic concoction would last in the pharmacies for a month…a week…. a moment? Of course not. Let us raise a drink to that. One month ago, we believed that in the United States only 2 percent of breast cancer is caused by alcohol, and that the highest risk is in Italy at 11 percent. Now Dr. David Nelson, of the National Cancer Institute, has published data showing that more than 15 percent of breast cancer in America is from alcohol. Equally horrifying is that alcohol consumption results in an estimated 18,200 to 21,300 yearly cancer deaths. This includes not only breast cancer (60 percent), but also upper airway and esophageal cancer, especially in men. No big deal you say, you don’t drink much? The NCI research found, as have multiple prior studies, that there is no safe minimum. While it is true that the more alcohol you drink the more likely you are to die of tumor growth, most of the cancer in this study occurred in people that drink less than one and half drinks a day. This is made worse by smoking, obesity, estrogen, limited exercise or inherited genetics, but cannot be completely avoided no matter how little one imbibes. Now the good news. While we know alcohol also causes mouth, throat, and liver cancer, it has not been proven to increase colon or pancreatic neoplasm rates. In addition, we know from the Iowa Women’s Health Study that drinking women, who take more than 300mcg of folic acid daily, are less likely to get breast cancer. Kind of a hangover-anti-cancer-morning-after pill; pretty pale comfort. There is an ongoing debate about the dangers of alcohol verses its potential benefit. Studies appear to show that modest alcohol intake in older persons decreases atherosclerotic heart disease, diabetes and stroke, while the negative affects seem to be more in younger populations and include not only cancer, but hepatitis, pancreatitis, trauma, domestic violence, fetal alcohol syndrome, osteoporosis and multiple forms of brain damage. Nelson’s added information showing higher cancer risks than we assumed, will likely change the balance of the conversation. There will never be a randomized trial of alcohol intake, and the science is complex. However, there can be no doubt that alcohol destroys millions of lives and many more than we thought die by cancer. In the end, drinking is a personal decision we make regarding lifestyle, risk and how we treat our bodies, of which we are each given only one. Nonetheless, this disturbing study should reinforce the fact that there is no completely safe dose or form amount of alcohol. Friday night? Perhaps a double club soda and lime. Cheers to your health. As published in Sunrise Rounds. By using this blog, you agree to these terms, which may change. This blog is for personal educational use only. Children under the age of 13 may not use this blog. Blog user agrees not to rely on this blog and releases Blogger from any damages arising from its use. This blog is compliant with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Please report infringements to email@example.com.

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Cover: Technical Assessment of the Renewable Energy Action Plans© EU, 2011 EU on track with 2020 renewable energy targets A report published by the JRC shows that Member States intend to achieve the EU 2020 target of 20% energy coming from renewable sources. The report shows that, according to the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs), Member States plan to reach an overall share of 20.7% of energy from renewable sources by 2020. The JRC report is a technical assessment of the plans which Member States have submitted to the European Commission to provide detail on their national targets in renewable energy production and how they intend to reach them. The JRC's assessment shows that almost half of the Member States are planning to exceed their own targets and will therefore be able to provide surpluses for other Member States. Overall, the share of electricity from renewable energy sources in the EU is planned to reach 34% (up from 15%) for electricity generation, 21.4% (up from 10%) for the provision of heating and cooling, and 1.7% (up from 1.4%) for transport. The renewable energy sources mix is composed of biomass and biofuel (almost 60%), hydro energy (12%), onshore wind (12%), offshore wind (12%), photovoltaic (2.3%) and solar thermal (2.4%).

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SAN DIEGO, California (CNN) -- Hispanic Heritage Month (September 15-October 15) gives all Americans the chance to gain insight into the nation's largest minority. Ruben Navarrette Jr.: Hispanics aren't going anywhere. In many cases, we were in the United States first. You might as well give it a try. There are more than 44 million Hispanics in the United States, and the Census Bureau estimates that -- by 2050 -- we'll represent one in four Americans. And despite efforts by nativists to keep out both legal and illegal immigrants in a desperate attempt to turn back the demographic clock, Hispanics aren't going anywhere. Why should we? In many cases, we were here first. In Arizona, Texas and New Mexico, you'll find families whose roots go back five or six generations. These people never crossed a border, and yet many of them are treated as if they came across last week because of skin color or the language they speak. Ah, language. The great divider. More than three-fourths of Hispanics speak English or both English and Spanish, and less than a quarter speak only Spanish. Yet some Americans see a Spanish-language billboard and assume that Hispanics aren't assimilating. Or they accuse Hispanics of sending mixed messages by claiming to value English while maintaining Spanish. And they're convinced that the reason we have bilingual-this and bilingual-that is because Hispanics are demanding the accommodation. They're not. If only there wa$ $ome way to explain what the$e outreach effort$ are really about. The Hispanic Century is upon us -- and influencing everything from food to fashion, politics to pop culture. In fact, one of the few places where it may be hard to find Hispanics is public television. This week, PBS aired the first installment of "The War," a 14½-hour documentary on World War II by Ken Burns. While most of his colleagues use color, Burns tells stories in black and white. Literally. He took care to include the experience of African-Americans but overlooked the contributions of more than 500,000 Hispanics to the war effort. That includes more than a dozen Medals of Honor recipients. When Hispanic groups pressured the film's corporate sponsors, Burns sprinkled in 28 minutes of new interviews and photographs to tell the stories of two Hispanics and one Native American. In an earlier commentary, I blasted Burns for his blunder. Then a reader wrote an angry e-mail blasting me. He insisted that Burns didn't have to make a special effort to tell the stories of Hispanic veterans because they were, after all, Americans. Awesome. Most Hispanic World War II veterans are gone now, but I'm sure they would have loved hearing those words. They were first-rate heroes who were treated like second-class citizens. And all they wanted was to be considered Americans. I might have found the reader's comments more persuasive if he'd been consistent. In his e-mail, he insisted that, because my Spanish isn't very good and my family has been in the United States for a while, "lots of people probably mistake you for an American." He even described me as "white." That was nice of him. But in an earlier e-mail, he wrote that I was "still a Mexican." Huh? Speaking of mixed messages. Ruben Navarrette Jr. is a member of the editorial board of The San Diego Union-Tribune and a nationally syndicated columnist. You can read his column here. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the writer. E-mail to a friend |Most Viewed||Most Emailed|

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How to score UPSR Science Paper II ? Many students are facing problems when answering the Paper II because they have not understand the proper technique in answering the exam papers. Simple Tips to Answer Paper II a) What is the Aim of the experiment? b) What is the Hypothesis of the experiment? c) What is the Inference? d) What is the Observation? e) What is the conclusion from the experiment? How to answer all the questions? To Study the relationship between + (Manipulated Variable) + (Responding Variable) When + (Manipulate Variable) + then what happens to the + (Responding Variable) Must start with “Because……. ” By : skorminda

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In an unplanned series of sorts, we’re showcasing a couple of posts about the 2013 NMC/EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative Horizon Report for Higher Education. We’ve already talked about the key trends in the report and some challenges we face in implementing education technology, so we’re ready to take a look at the six technologies highlighted in the report as being game-changers for education. Since MOOCs were at the top of the list (identified as part of the ‘first horizon’, or entering mainstream use in a year or less), we’ll start with that. We’ve talked about MOOCs before (really, we’ve talked about it too many times to even link to all of them in a reasonable way), but the Horizon Report showcases a number of different examples of MOOCs in action. We’ve linked to each of them below (along with the description provided in the report) so you can check out some of what the investigators saw as great examples. Caltech’s Learning from Data The California Institute of Technology piloted the “Learning from Data” MOOC in April 2012. The first offering included live streaming and real-time Q&A sessions with the participants, along with automated grading and discussion forums. Since then, it has been offered four times, with over 100,000 enrolled students. The Games MOOC is a community site woven around a series of three courses about the use of games in education, including traditional games, massively multiplayer online role-playing games, game-based learning, and immersive environments. The first courses were piloted in the fall of 2012. Google’s Open Course Builder Google created an open course builder and its first massive open online course, “Power Searching with Google.” It drew 150,000 students, and helped sharpen their Internet search skills. Open Course for Educators (Career and Technical Education 230: Instructional Technology) This Maricopa Community Colleges’ course stems from a National Science Foundation-funded project to increase the ability of STEM teachers to collaboratively learn and apply STEM skills using information and communication technology. Participating educators acquire knowledge and skills using Canvas and 3D Game Lab learning management systems, and Google+ Community. UMW’s Digital Storytelling 106 Anyone can take this online digital storytelling course at University of Mary Washington (UMW), one of the few that adhere to the original collectivist notion of a massive online course, but only students registered at the university can receive credit. For the past couple years, it has also been taught at several other institutions. UMW is currently exploring how to give credit to other state college students as well as incoming high school students. The Centro Superior para la Enseñanza Virtual is encouraging MOOC enrollment to Latin American communities through a Spanish platform called unX. The model includes many interactive features along with a digital badging system.

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