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4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising: receiving, by one or more processors, a fourth expansion signal from the user; and expanding, by one or more processors, the dictionary to include related parent terms for the parent term, wherein the related parent terms describe the parent term, and wherein the dictionary is expanded to include the related parent terms in accordance with instructions derived from the fourth expansion signal.

12. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first expansion signal is received from a first user input widget on a user interface, wherein the second expansion signal is received from a second user input widget on the user interface, wherein the third expansion signal is received from a third user input widget on the user interface, and wherein the fourth expansion signal is received from a fourth user input widget on the user interface.

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12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first policy marks a priority to be used for forwarded traffic.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: classifying the first session as being of a first traffic type; and configuring the first traffic type, when applied to a session, to cause packets of that session to be processed in accordance with a first policy.

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45. The system of claim 39 , wherein: said server is part of an Identity System.

39. A system for managing attribute information, comprising: a data store, said data store comprises an access management system configured to receive a request to view and modify at least one of a plurality of identity profiles, wherein the request is associated with a preferred language, determine whether the preferred language of a requesting user matches an installed language at the access management system, and in response to the preferred language not matching the installed language, perform an approximate language match based at least in part on a language code associated with the preferred language; the data store further comprises an entry comprising a plurality of multi-valued attributes, wherein the entry comprises a single data structure that includes the plurality of multi-valued attributes, said plurality of multi-valued attributes comprising a first multi-valued attribute having a plurality of language components and value components, each of said value components specifies a value for said first one multi-valued attribute that is associated with a corresponding language component, wherein said entry contains all available language components and value components for said multi-valued attribute; and at least one server in communication with said data store, said at least one server comprising at least one processor and code executable by said at least one processor, said processor readable code comprising: code for retrieving from the single data structure said first multi-valued attribute to generate a response to a request associated with said first multi-valued attribute, said request is associated with the preferred language, said response includes at least one first value for said first multi-valued attribute that corresponds to said preferred language.

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14. A non-transitory computer readable medium for storing computer instructions that, when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to perform a method for saving a search string as metadata with an image comprising: receiving a first set of image search results from a first search comprising an image search string; receiving one or more image files for storage based on at least one user selection from the image search results; generating metadata based on the image search string; storing the one or more images files with the metadata; accessing the metadata based on detecting a selection of a stored image file from the one or more stored image files; based on the metadata, providing, for presentation in a graphical user interface on a display device, an option to perform a second search using only the image search string; performing the second search with only the image search string in response to a selection of the option; in response to performing the second search, receiving a second set of image search results that matches the first set of image search results; comparing the second set of image search results to the one or more stored image files; and providing, in the graphical user interface, the second set of image search results excluding the one or more stored image files.

19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14 , wherein generating metadata comprises parsing the image search string into individual words.

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6. A system for configuring control rules for applications executable on a computer, the system comprising: a hardware processor configured to: classify at least one computer application into one of a plurality of classification groups that include a trusted classification group, a malicious classification group, and an unknown classification group; configure at least one control rule when the at least one application is classified in the unknown classification group by: determining a computer competency score for a user of the computer, wherein the computer competency score comprises a numerical evaluation indicating a level of computer competence of the user; categorizing, based on system library application programming interface (API) functions used by the at least one application, the at least one application into a plurality of categories, wherein at least one category indicates an access capability of the at least one application; calculating a criticality score of the at least one application as a sum of the criticality scores of the categories in which of the at least one application appears divided by a sum of criticality scores of all predefined categories and multiplied by a correction factor; and generating the at least one control rule for the at least one application that denies use of the application based on a comparison of the determined computer competency score for the user and the calculated criticality score of the at least one application; and block execution of the at least one application based on the generated control rule.

9. The system of claim 6 , wherein the determining of the computer competency score of the user is further based on computer information comprising at least one of computer security event log, network resources access log, and the one or more predefined categories of the at least one application.

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23. The one or more non-transitory computer readable media of claim 16 , wherein: generating the accessibility-enabled version of the particular document comprises identifying data for the accessibility-enabled version of the particular document from the first version of the particular document; and generating the accessibility-enabled version of the particular document further comprises performing, in the data for the accessibility-enabled version of the particular document, one or more of: modifying at least one tag, in the data for the accessibility-enabled version, that would not properly be interpreted by the particular assistive technology; replacing at least one tag, in the data for the accessibility-enabled version, that would not properly be interpreted by the particular assistive technology with a different tag; adding an identification value or label to at least one tag in the data for the accessibility-enabled version; adding a description to at least one tag in the data for the accessibility-enabled version, wherein the description (a) can be interpreted by the particular assistive technology and (b) is not displayed when the accessibility-enabled version of the particular document is rendered for display by a browser; or reformatting one or more elements, in the accessibility-enabled version of the particular document, using cascading style sheets.

16. One or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, causes performance of steps comprising: storing a first version of a particular document in storage accessible to a server-side machine; generating, by the server-side machine, an accessibility-enabled version of the particular document based on the first version of the particular document; wherein the accessibility-enabled version of the particular document has one or more accessibility features, which are not present in the first version of the particular document, that facilitate use of a particular assistive technology; storing the accessibility-enabled version in the storage accessible to the server-side machine; receiving a request, from a client-side machine, for the particular document; determining, by the server-side machine, whether to respond to the request with the first version of the particular document or the accessibility-enabled version of the particular document; responsive to determining to respond to the request with the first version of the particular document, the server-side machine sending the first version of the particular document to the client-side machine; and responsive to determining to respond to the request with the accessibility-enabled version of the particular document, the server-side machine sending the accessibility enabled version of the particular document to the client-side machine.

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3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the JavaScript bindings are generated using an interface definition language (IDL) generator that supports constructor-type static read-only attributes.

1. A method for application interfacing a native physics engine, comprising: embedding access to the native physics engine within a WebCore of a browser engine by providing JavaScript bindings within the WebCore for supporting a plurality of application classes from the browser engine to the native physics engine and to a JavaScript engine; triggering, by the JavaScript engine, a function that calls into a corresponding JavaScript binding function of the WebCore through a table, the corresponding JavaScript binding function calling a wrapper layer function in the JavaScript binding that calls a native function from the native physics engine; and providing, by the WebCore of the browser engine, transparent access from at least one web application to the native physics engine through the JavaScript bindings.

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5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising generating a third instruction to display, on the display of the electronic device, information identifying the rankings assigned to the one or more candidate words.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising assigning rankings to the obtained candidate words based on at least one of usage data, contextual information, or demographic information.

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1. A computer-implemented method of automatically selecting and typing a subset of available family members for DNA profiling to a missing person to identify or exclude a typed unknown biological specimen for implementation on computer apparatus comprising a processor, an input device coupled to the processor, an output device coupled to the processor and a memory for storing profile data obtained from said typed unknown biological specimen coupled to the processor, the method comprising: (a) storing relationships in said memory between said missing person and said available family members in a pedigree via said input device; (b) using the relative discriminating power of the pedigree with at least two combinations of said available family members to automatically select a combination of available family members for DNA typing; (c) using a selected DNA typing technology for typing the automatically selected combination of available family members to obtain DNA profile data and storing said DNA profile data for said automatically selected combination in said memory; (d) using the pedigree and said stored DNA profile data of said automatically selected combination to calculate a likelihood function value using an adaptation of an Elston Stewart algorithm between the stored profile data obtained from said typed unknown biological specimen and said stored profile data for said automatically selected combination of available family members via said processor; and (e) outputting a decision whether said typed unknown biological specimen originates from said missing person and said pedigree or to exclude said typed unknown biological specimen as unrelated to the pedigree.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said at least two combinations of typed available family members includes combinations of different DNA typing technologies.

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2. The computer system of claim 1 , wherein a data point of the set of data points contains a corresponding identifier, wherein the identifier identifies a data item of the set of data items corresponding to the data point.

1. A computer system comprising: one or more computer readable storage devices configured to store: a plurality of computer executable instructions; and a plurality of data items, wherein a data item of the plurality of data items is pre-designated to be associated with one or more attributes, wherein the data items are stored in a plurality of data storage devices according to a data structure storage protocols, wherein the data items are pre-designated in the data structure to be associated with one another according to an object data model in which a plurality of data object types are designated to be associated with a plurality of property types, each property type comprising an attribute of the data object, and wherein data items are linked together according to their object type and properties; one or more hardware computer processors in communication with the one or more computer readable storage devices and configured to execute the plurality of computer executable instructions in order to cause the computer system to: receive one or more parameters at a workspace application, wherein the one or more parameters are associated with the plurality of data items and associated with the plurality of attributes of each data item; automatically generate a graphical user interface comprising a graph of the data items linked to one another and linked to the attributes pre-designated to be associated with each data item, wherein the graphical user interface comprises a display screen for displaying a plurality of interface elements, the plurality of interface elements comprising: a data item display area for displaying the graph of the data items; a data item transmitting area for sending selected data items to a chart creation tool; and a data item attribute selection area for selecting the data items to be displayed in the data item display area; select via the data item attribute selection area of the graphical user interface and in response to a user's selection a set of data items, based at least in part upon the one or more parameters, wherein the user's selection is based upon a desired chart selected from among a plurality of chart types the user desires to create; display in the data item display area of the graphical user interface a graph of the set of data items comprising a graphical representation of the set of data items; receiving a first user input selecting a subset of the data items; receiving a second user input placing the subset of the data items in the data item transmitting area of the graphical user interface to be sent to the chart creation tool to create the desired chart; identify undesired attributes of the subset of data items that are not needed to create the desired chart, the undesired attributes based at least in part upon the subset of data items, the type of the desired chart, and the user's selection of the undesired attributes via the graphical user interface; remove the undesired attributes from the subset of the data items to create a set of data points for the desired chart; automatically send the subset of data points to the chart creation tool separate from the workspace application; and at the chart creation tool, in response to receiving the subset of data points: automatically create the desired chart based at least in part upon the received subset of data points.

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10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the LWED is generated by: generating hash-values for each registered entity of the plurality of registered entities; and storing the generated hash-values in a probabilistic data structure.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the registered entities stored in the GED correspond to entity words that are desired to be secured from unauthorized distribution.

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1. A method for selecting at least one product record for embedding into a document and display with the document in a user interface, the method comprising: analyzing, with a computing device, at least a portion of the document, the analysis including at least a frequency of words in the document; constructing, with a computing device, a query search string based on the analysis of the document, the query search string at least partially based on words of the document having the highest frequencies; applying, with a computing device, the query search string to a products database, the products database including a plurality of product records which include information regarding products, to identify at least one product record in the products database that satisfies the query search string; selecting, with a computing device, at least one of the identified product records for embedding into the document and display in the user interface, and embedding, with a computing device, at least one of the selected product records into the document for display in the user interface, wherein the document is not stored within the products database.

11. The method of claim 1 , further including associating said selected product records with the document.

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1. A system, comprising: a citation search engine that includes a processor, which in operation, retrieves a plurality of citations composed by a plurality of subjects citing a plurality of objects that fit a searching query specified by a user; an influence evaluation engine that includes a processor, which in operation, creates a list of the plurality of subjects from the user's perspective and calculates the influence scores of the plurality of subjects on the user by flattening a user's influence network of subjects up to a given number of degrees, levels, or depth, wherein the list of plurality of subjects from the user's perspective are subjects that are in the user's influence network of subjects and the user's influence network includes subjects that are connected to the user either directly or indirectly through other sources; and an object/subject selection engine that includes a processor, which in operation, ranks the plurality of objects of the plurality of citations from the user's perspective using a bias filter, wherein the bias filter includes a ranking function based on the influence scores of the list of plurality of subjects and an inverse number of links of those plurality of subjects from the user's perspective, and selects objects from the plurality of objects as the search result for the user based on matching of the objects with the searching query as well as the influence scores of the plurality of subjects on the user.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein: The influence score of each subject on the list reflects the subject's potential influence on the user and/or the closeness of its connection with the user.

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7. The computer-implemented method of claim 2 , further comprising training the concept tagging module to identify the instances of the plurality of concepts by analyzing expressions of the literal speech recognition corpus that are labeled with concepts that the expressions represent.

2. A computer-implemented method, comprising: accessing a literal speech recognition corpus comprising a plurality of expressions, an expression comprising a sequence of word tokens; accessing a concept tagging module for identifying instances of a plurality of concepts within an expression and for replacing expressions with placeholders that indicate classes associated with concepts; generating a parameterized speech recognition corpus by using the concept tagging module to identify, within the expressions of the literal speech recognition corpus, portions of the expressions that are instances of the concepts and to replace the identified portions of the expressions with placeholders; and generating a parameterized statistical model based on the parameterized speech recognition corpus receiving, over a computer network, an utterance of a user, the utterance having been accepted from the user at a client device as spoken input; and generating a text interpretation of the utterance using the parameterized statistical model together with a language sub-model corresponding to one of the plurality of concepts.

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6. The method of claim 1 , wherein prior to transmitting the first request, the user's computing device removes data from a previously-stored content digest from the user's computing device.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein removal of the previously-stored content is based on at least one of a time that the previously-stored content was stored in memory on the user's computing device, an amount of storage remaining in memory on the user's computing device, or whether the user accessed the previously-stored content.

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1. A processor-based method for operating an electronic device configured to function as an agent for a user interface in a medical environment utilizing conversation histories, the method comprising: (a) receiving, from a user of the electronic device via a microphone of the electronic device, a first utterance corresponding to a first spoken command, the first spoken command identifying a first patient; (b) converting, utilizing one or more processors, the first utterance to first text; (c) encapsulating, utilizing one or more processors, the converted first text in a first rheme object; (d) searching, for each of a plurality of topics utilizing one or more processors, for keywords in the converted first text; (e) determining, utilizing one or more processors, a relevancy metric for each of the plurality of topics based on the keyword searching of the converted first text; (f) selecting, utilizing one or more processors, one or more topics as a first set of one or more relevant topics based on the determined relevancy metrics; (g) comparing, utilizing one or more processors, some or all of the converted first text to names in one or more patient lists or databases; (h) determining, utilizing one or more processors based on comparing some or all of the converted first text, that the first utterance included an identification of the first patient based on successful matching during the comparing of some or all of the converted first text; (i) based on the determination that the first utterance included an identification of the first patient, attaching, utilizing one or more processors, an indication of the identified first patient to the first rheme object; (j) displaying, to the user via a display device associated with the electronic device, first information associated with the first patient based on the selected first set of one or more relevant topics and the identified first patient; (k) saving, utilizing one or more processors, the selected first set of one or more relevant topics in a conversation history in association with the identified first patient; (l) receiving, from the user of the electronic device via the microphone of the electronic device, a second utterance corresponding to a second spoken command, the second spoken command not including an identification of a patient; (m) converting, utilizing one or more processors, the second utterance to second text; (n) encapsulating, utilizing one or more processors, the converted second text in a second rheme object; (o) searching, for each of the plurality of topics utilizing one or more processors, for keywords in the converted second text; (p) determining, utilizing one or more processors, a relevancy metric for each of the plurality of topics based on the keyword searching of the converted second text; (q) selecting, utilizing one or more processors, one or more topics as a second set of one or more relevant topics based on the determined relevancy metrics; (r) comparing, utilizing one or more processors, some or all of the converted second text to names in the one or more patient lists or databases; (s) determining, utilizing one or more processors based on comparing some or all of the converted second text, that the second utterance did not include an identification of a patient, and, based thereon, attaching an indication of the previously identified first patient to the second rheme object; (t) displaying, to the user via the display device associated with the electronic device, second information associated with the first patient based on the selected second set of one or more relevant topics and the previous identification of the first patient; and (u) generating, via the one or more processors, an updated conversation history comprising the selected second set of one or more relevant topics associated with the previously identified first patient.

18. The processor-based method of claim 1 , wherein each of the determined relevancy metrics comprises a numerical score.

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10. A system of matching users to user communities, the system comprising: memory for storing event data representing user-generated events that reflect user affinities for particular items represented in the electronic catalog and for storing information about a plurality of user communities, each of which corresponds to a respective subset of the plurality of users and comprises multiple users; and at least one computing device including a processor in communication with the memory, the at least one computing device operative to: identify a first plurality of items that characterize item preferences of a first user community of the plurality of user communities; calculate a degree to which the first plurality of items are related to a set of items in the electronic catalog identified by the first user; and based at least in part on the degree, determine whether to suggest the first user community to the first user.

15. The system of claim 10 , wherein the event data identifies books ordered by particular users.

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6. The electronic interface of claim 3 wherein the summary document further includes a text description of at least one figure.

3. The electronic interface of claim 2 wherein the electronic computer further executes the stored program to (d) produce a display output viewable by the human operator providing a summary document providing a text summary of the text of the document and at least one figure of the document selected according to the ranking of the figures.

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3. The translation system according to claim 1 , further comprising a translating unit that generates a translation phrase by translating the original text into the translation target language if no translation texts satisfying the condition can be found in the translation database.

1. A translation system comprising: an image reading unit that optically reads an image of a manuscript and generates image data; an inputting unit that inputs a translation target language; a character recognizing unit that generates an original text by performing a character recognition process on the image data generated by the image reading unit; a translation database that stores translation phrases in a plurality of languages, language identifiers that specify the language in which each individual translation phrase is written, and document identifiers that identify a content of the translation phrase regardless of the language in which the translation phrase is written; an extracting unit that extracts the document identifier which specifies the content of the original text from the original text; a searching unit that searches the translation database for a translation text associated with a document identifier identical to the document identifier extracted from the original text by the extracting unit and a language identifier identical to the language identifier which specify the translation target language input by the inputting unit; and an outputting unit that outputs the translation text searched by the searching unit wherein if the translation text associated with the document identifier is not found in the translation database, the original text is translated to generate a translation text for the original text and the language identifier, the document identifier, and the generated translation text are automatically stored in the translation database.

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1. A method of a reception apparatus for processing closed caption data, comprising: receiving, by circuitry of the reception apparatus, audio, video, and closed caption data, the closed caption data including closed caption text in Standard caption Service #1 and additional data in Standard caption Service #6; receiving, by the circuitry, caption service information that announces the Standard caption Service #1 and does not announce the Standard caption Service #6; parsing the additional data from the closed caption data included in the Standard caption Service #6; and outputting, by the circuitry, a presentation of the video data for display to a user of the reception apparatus based on the parsed additional data included in the Standard caption Service #6.

6. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising: outputting the closed caption text for display as a stereoscopic image in the presentation.

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20. The computer program product of claim 14 , wherein the computer usable program code configured to translate comprises: computer usable program code configured to decode meaning of the text in the source language, wherein the decoding comprises decoding derived from at least one of grammar, semantics, syntax, and idioms; and computer usable program code configured to re-encode the meaning of the text into the target language based on the decoding derived from the at least one of grammar, semantics, syntax, and idioms.

14. A computer program product for multilingual administration of enterprise data, the computer program product comprising: non-transitory machine-readable medium having computer usable program code embodied therewith, the computer usable program code comprising a computer usable program code configured to, retrieve enterprise data comprising text and metadata; extract the text and the metadata from the enterprise data for rendering from a digital media file, the extracted text and the extracted metadata being in a source language; select a target language from among a plurality of target languages based on a data type for the enterprise data; translate the extracted text and the extracted metadata in the source language to translated text and translated metadata in the target language; convert the translated text to synthesized speech in the target language; and record the synthesized speech in the target language in a digital media file; and store the translated text as metadata associated with the digital media file.

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12. The automatic abstract determination method of the document clustering according to claim 1 , wherein the new abstract content is formed by new abstract text and new abstract picture.

1. An automatic abstract determination method of a document clustering, comprising: (A) forming a database, for correspondingly packing and storing each document clustering including a plurality of abstract contents and body contents of subdocuments preloaded by a user as a document clustering process record file, wherein each document clustering process record file records the abstract contents and the body contents of the subdocuments, and sets a document accumulation counter value, an abstract making accumulation counter value, and a success abstract making counter value; (B) loading the corresponding document clustering process record file according to the document clustering wished to be browsed by the user; (C) loading the abstract contents of one of the subdocuments, refreshing the document accumulation counter value, and determining whether or not the document accumulation counter value is greater than a first threshold value; if the document accumulation counter value is smaller than the first threshold value, executing a step (F); (D) if the document accumulation counter value is greater than the first threshold value, calculating the abstract making accumulation counter value and the success abstract making counter value for generating an abstract making success rate; (E) determining whether or not the abstract making success rate is greater than a second threshold value; if the abstract making success rate is smaller than the second threshold value, executing a step (J); (F) determining whether or not the length of the abstract contents is greater than a third threshold value; if the length of the abstract contents is greater than the third threshold value, executing the step (J); (G) if the length of the abstract contents is smaller than the third threshold value, executing an abstract making process to the body contents of the subdocument, for generating a new abstract content and refreshing the abstract making accumulation counter value; (H) refreshing the new abstract contents to the document clustering process record file for replacing the abstract contents of the subdocument; (I) refreshing the success abstract making counter value; (J) outputting the abstract contents to a display terminal; and (K) repeating the steps (C) to (K), until the abstract contents of all subdocuments in the document clustering process record file are processed.

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19. The method of claim 15 , further comprising: determining an event type based on the article; creating the event object of the event type, including an event description from the article; and storing the event object in an event database.

22. The method of claim 19 , further comprising: applying a classification algorithm to the event object to determine the event type represented in the event object.

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7. The combination of chimes and message bars of claim 4 , wherein said message bars are suspended by message lines to be spaced apart laterally from said circular pattern of said chimes.

4. The combination chimes and message bars of claim 1 , wherein said plurality of chimes are suspended by chime lines in a circular pattern from said main support member with said a single striker suspended vertically by a striker line from said main support member within an inner boundary of said chimes.

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11. The word recognition method according to claim 9 , further comprising calculating, for each of the plurality of words, an evaluation value for each character when the word image is recognized as a plurality of characters, and selecting the first word candidate and the second word candidate from among the plurality of words by using the calculated evaluation value.

9. A word recognition method comprising: receiving input of a word image representing a plurality of characters; recognizing the word image and selecting a first word candidate and a second word candidate based on a plurality of words registered in a word dictionary; identifying unmatched characters between the first word candidate and the second word candidate; comparing a first image with a second image, the first image corresponding to a portion of the word image and the second image corresponding to the unmatched characters; and determining, using at least one processor associated with a control unit of a word recognition apparatus, a likelihood of the first word candidate based on the comparison between the first image and the second image.

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3. The system of claim 1 , wherein said search engine monitors standard deviations for each iteration in order to decide whether additional iteration can provide convergence of the standard deviation of the approximation vector to a threshold value.

1. An associative vector storage system, comprising: an encoding engine that takes input vectors, and generates transformed coefficients for a tunable number of iterations, wherein each iteration performs a complete transformation to obtain coefficients, thereby performing a process of iterative transformations, wherein said encoding engine selects a subset of coefficients from the coefficients generated by the process of iterative transformations to form an approximation vector with reduced dimension; a data store that stores the approximation vectors with a corresponding set of meta data containing information about how the approximation vectors are generated, wherein the meta data includes at least one of the number of iterations, a projection map, quantization, or statistical information associated with each approximation vector; and a search engine that uses a comparator module to perform similarity search between the approximation vectors and a query vector in a transformed domain, wherein said search engine uses the meta data in a distance calculation of the similarity search.

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16. The computer method of claim 13 , wherein at least two owned comment data elements are merged one with another to form a single owned comment data element representing the at least two owned comment data elements.

13. A computer method of processing an owned comment data element stored on a computer for localization of data included in software programs executed by the computer, the method comprising: providing a source file including the owned comment data element as an input to a comment extractor tool executed by the computer; accessing, by the comment extractor tool, the owned comment data element included in the source file, the source file including data and instructions; based on a data field in the owned comment data element for enabling and disabling the owned comment data element, determining whether the owned comment data element is enabled; and if the owned comment data element is enabled, extracting, by the comment extractor tool, the owned comment data element from the source file by interpreting and executing instructions embedded in the owned comment data element, and producing, by the comment extractor tool, an output file including the extracted owned comment data element, the output file including instructions for localization of the data; merging the owned comment data element with a second owned comment data element having a different ownership, the merging comprising issuing an error message when the second owned comment data element is not associated with an owner comprising a file or a tool and is disabled; and wherein when a more recent version of a file that owns a comment data element is available, an information message is issued indicating that the comment data element is ignored.

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22. The system of claim 21 , wherein the content display device and the computing platform are wirelessly coupled.

21. The system of claim 20 , wherein the content is displayed on at least one of: a smart phone, a handheld computing device, a tablet computer, a notebook computer, or a desktop computer.

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1. A method of identifying in one or more images captured by a second camera a target object captured by a first camera, the method implemented on a processor and comprising: storing in a non-transitory computer readable memory operatively coupled to the processor a first set of trained classifiers and a second set of trained classifiers, wherein the 1 st set specifies values corresponding to a first plurality of attributes usable for identifying objects captured by the first camera, and the second set differs from the first set and specifies values corresponding to a second plurality of attributes usable for identifying objects captured by the second camera, wherein the first set of trained classifiers and second set of trained classifiers are trained independently, and wherein the first plurality of attributes and second plurality of attributes have at least one attribute in common; generating, by the processor, using one or more images captured by the 1 st camera, a reference platoon of n objects, the reference platoon comprising the target object and (n−1) other objects; generating, by the processor, a reference group by running the first set of trained classifiers over the reference platoon, the reference group being indicative of values of attributes specified by the 1 st set of trained classifiers and characterizing the objects in the reference platoon; generating, by the processor, using one or more images captured by the 2 nd camera, a plurality of candidate platoons, each candidate platoon comprising n objects, wherein the one or more images are captured by the 2 nd camera in a time window corresponding to the time of capturing by the 1 st camera the one or more images used for generating the reference platoon; generating, by the processor, a plurality of candidate groups, each candidate group obtained by running the 2 nd set of trained classifiers over a respective candidate platoon, each candidate group being indicative of values of attributes specified by the 2 nd set of trained classifiers and characterizing the objects in the corresponding candidate platoon; selecting, by the processor, a candidate platoon corresponding to a candidate group best matching the reference group; identifying, by the processor, the target object in the selected candidate platoon in accordance with a position of the target object in the reference platoon.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein each classifier within a set of classifiers is trained independently.

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1. A computer-implemented dictionary system, comprising: a format component for formatting a dictionary in a universal format consumable by disparate applications; a dictionary architecture to draw content for the formatted dictionary from other available dictionary sources on networks including: lexicons related to Asian languages, automobiles, printing, financials, construction, abbreviations, Japanese English, translation, old words, sources related to Chinese traditional (CHT) and Chinese simplified (CHS), and compound words, old poems, legal, economy, and medical; a compiler component for compiling the drawn formatted dictionary specific for use in each of the disparate applications in response to the dictionary being accessed; and a distribution component for sharing the compiled formatted dictionary with each of the compatible applications among the disparate applications supporting a format of the compiled formatted dictionary, wherein the disparate applications comprise speech dictation, spell checking, linguistic analysis, and input method applications.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the dictionary is centrally located for access by the disparate applications.

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22. The method of claim 17 , wherein moving the element is based at least in part on whether the stroke intersects itself.

23. The method of claim 22 , wherein whether the stroke intersects itself is used to determine whether the element generally faces a screen space.

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10. The machine of claim 1 , the information extractor producing an evidence template comprising a plurality of text fields describing an event of interest, including text fields describing at least two of a nature of the event, a cause of the event, a mechanism producing the event, an actor associated with the event, a location of the event, a time of the event, and a magnitude of the event.

1. A machine for determining potential unknown unknowns for an assisted decision making system, where an unknown unknown is an item of data that is missing from a story of interest and whose absence is not accounted for in the story of interest, comprising: a processor; a memory containing: an information extraction algorithm that extracts evidence from unformatted text segments to produce an evidence template and an associated confidence value from a given text segment; a plurality of inferencing algorithms, a given inferencing algorithm receiving evidence templates from the information extraction component and generating a story fragment comprising at least one hypothesis, evidence supporting the at least one hypothesis, and respective belief values associated with the at least one hypothesis from the evidence stored in the knowledge base; and an arbitrator, associated with the assisted decision making system, that compares the at least one hypothesis and the evidence supporting the at least one hypothesis comprising the story fragment to a plurality of hypotheses and associated evidence comprising a story of interest associated with the assisted decision making system to determine if the story fragment is sufficiently related to the story of interest as to represent a potential unknown unknown within the story of interest.

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7. The method of claim 2 wherein processing a second plurality of user inputs to the system further comprises: applying an automated speech recognition procedure to data representing speech inputs of the users to determine a text-based representations of the inputs; producing linguistic representations of the inputs from the text-based representations of the inputs; and providing the linguistic representations to the first linguistic classifier, which provides corresponding recognized linguistic categories as outputs.

2. A method for configuring a natural language (NL) understanding system, the NL understanding system including at least a linguistic classifier, the linguistic classifier being configurable with configuration data to distinguish a plurality of linguistic categories based on a linguistic input, the method comprising: configuring the linguistic classifier with first configuration data; processing a second plurality of user inputs to the system, wherein the processing includes, for each of the second plurality of user inputs, using the linguistic classifier configured with the first configuration data to determine a recognized linguistic category corresponding to said input, and causing determination of a corresponding response to the input based on the recognized linguistic category; storing second collected data, the second collected data comprising, for each of the second plurality of user inputs, a representation of the user input and the corresponding responses; receiving annotations for the second collected data, an annotation for each item of the second collected data indicating whether the corresponding response is consistent with the user input; determining second configuration data for the first linguistic classifier, the second configuration data being determined to distinguish the plurality of linguistic categories by computing the second configuration data to match the second annotated data; and configuring the linguistic classifier with the second configuration data.

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11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10 , wherein identifying the navigational resource for the revised query comprises identifying as the navigational resource a resource having a traffic proportion that exceeds the traffic proportion threshold.

10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein determining a navigation score for the revised query comprises: determining a traffic proportion for each resource identified by a search engine in response to the revised query, the traffic proportion being a proportion of traffic from search results generated in response to the query; and the navigation score threshold is a traffic proportion threshold.

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5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the common characteristic is a category or a classification.

1. A computer-implemented method for identifying data files that have a common characteristic, the method comprising: receiving a plurality of data files, the plurality of data files including one or more data files having the common characteristic; generating, using one or more processors, a list that includes key terms from the plurality of data files; using the list to generate a rule set, the rule set being generated using the one or more processors by: generating a potential rule by selecting one or more key terms from the list that satisfy a term evaluation metric; evaluating the potential rule using a rule evaluation metric configured to determine a relevancy of the potential rule to the one or more data files having the common characteristic, the rule evaluation metric being further configured to determine an applicability of the potential rule to data not included in the plurality of data files; adding the potential rule to the rule set if the rule evaluation metric is satisfied; based upon the potential rule being added to the rule set, removing data files covered by the potential rule from the plurality of data files; and repeating the potential rule generation and evaluation until a stopping criterion is met; and after the stopping criterion has been met, identifying with the rule set, other data files that have the common characteristic using the one or more processors.

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12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the relationship is static.

7. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving a first display element, the first display element defined at least in part according to a first style attribute defined in a style sheet language; receiving a second display element, the second display element defined at least in part according to a second style attribute defined in the style sheet language; receiving a first relationship between the first display element and the second display element; automatically generating a modified second style attribute in the style sheet language, the modified second style sheet attribute based on the first style attribute and the first relationship; storing the modified second style attribute in the style sheet language document; receiving a third display element, the third display element defined at least in part according to a third style attribute defined in a style sheet language; receiving a second relationship between the first display element and the third display element; automatically generating a modified third style attribute in the style sheet language, the modified third style sheet attribute based on the first style attribute and the second relationship; and storing the modified third style attribute in the style sheet language document, wherein at least one of the first or the second relationship comprises a spatial relationship or a size relationship, and wherein at least one of the first or the second relationship is dynamic.

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19. An apparatus that infers activity-related context information from a message, comprising: a processor; a parser configured to scan for a keyword in the message, wherein the keyword is associated with an activity category in a content database; an inference mechanism configured to: determine that the keyword indicates the associated activity category; and infer message-related context information from the keyword in the message; and a recommendation mechanism configured to recommend an activity in the activity category based on the inferred message-related context information, wherein while recommending the activity, the recommendation mechanism is configured to: identify one or more content items associated with the keyword, wherein each content item corresponds to a recommendable activity; generate a combined model based on the message-related context information, wherein the combined model includes an activity model for one or more activities associated with the message-related context information, and includes a user preference model for the user; score the one or more content items using at least the activity model and the user preference model of the combined model; and return a content item associated with a top score.

20. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein while scanning for the keyword in the message, the parser is configured to look for surrounding text which indicates the presence of the activity-related keywords in the message.

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1. A method of high resolution digital embossing by printing a polymer overlayer over a printed file, comprising the steps of: a. receiving a digital image of a printed file; b. identifying text characters in said digital image; c. for each said identified text characters, determining the font type and size of said character; d. using a lookup table to determine a percentage of polymer pixels reduction for said identified font type and size; e. creating a raster image for a polymer overlayer to be printed over the printed areas of said printed file; and f. printing a polymer overlayer according to said raster image over said printed file, wherein said creating a raster image comprises stochastically removing said determined percentage of pixels from the overlay area concurrent with each said identified characters.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lookup table additionally comprises at least one of: paper type and output resolution.

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13. A method for comparing a first text document to a second text document, comprising: at least one computer processor identifying a sector for the first text document; the at least one computer processor retrieving a customization library for the first text document based on the sector; the at least one computer processor generating an elastic graph for the first text document based on the customization library; the at least one computer processor generating an elastic graph for a second text document based on the customization library; and the at least one computer processor comparing the elastic graph for the first text document to the elastic graph for the second text document.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the step of comparing the elastic graph for the first text document to the elastic graph for the text second document comprises: comparing a plurality of markers in the elastic graph for the first text document to a plurality of markers in the elastic graph for the second text document.

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12. A system comprising: a processor; a computer-readable storage medium storing a plurality of instructions that cause the processor to: receive a request to resolve the registered multilingual domain name that is identified by a sequence of numeric values, wherein the request that was received from a Web browser of a user is based on a specified URL that contains the domain name; determine that the primary name server is unable to identify, in a zone data file of the primary name server, an IP address associated with the sequence of numeric values; select a default IP address in response to a failure to identify an associated IP address, the default IP address corresponding to a multilingual domain name server that is able to resolve requests for domain names in multiple languages; determine appropriate response information for the multilingual domain name; and provide an indication of the appropriate response information to the Web browser of the user in response to the request.

17. The system of claim 12 , wherein the primary domain server is capable of resolving domain names in an ASCII-compatible encoding.

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28. A method of querying arbitrarily structured records in a database, the method being implemented in a query engine, the query engine being executable by a processor operably connected to a memory device, and the method comprising the following steps executed in an order and repetition determined by the query engine: building, in a memory device, a query structure containing a selection criterion and information defining a query; retrieving indicia of records from the database in accordance with the query structure; evaluating each of the indicia according to the selection criterion to determine whether the indicia satisfy the selection criterion; and returning selected indicia that satisfy the selection criterion.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the query structure represents a hybrid query.

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17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the attributes include geo-location indicators of a physical location of the entity; wherein the geo-location indicators reflect geographic coordinates of a current and temporary location of the entity that are retrieved from social media activity derived from one of the two datasets.

16. A system for entity resolution between traditional and non-traditional datasets, the system comprising: a memory having computer readable computer instructions; and a processor for executing the computer readable instructions, the computer readable instructions including: creating a deterministic model, comprising: defining an entity to be resolved; selecting two datasets for comparison, wherein a first of the two datasets is a traditional database comprising structured or semi-structured data records, wherein a second of the two datasets is a non-traditional database comprising unstructured data records; defining matching predicates for attributes of the two datasets to select a set of candidate matches; and defining at least one precedence rule for the candidate matches to select a subset of the candidate matches; running the deterministic model on the two datasets, the running comprising applying the matching predicates and the at least one precedence rule to data in the two datasets that correspond to the attributes; applying a cardinality rule to results of the running; outputting, via the processor, the matching candidates for which the cardinality rule is satisfied; creating a probabilistic model, comprising: selecting records from the two datasets for comparison; implementing data derivation on the records, the data derivation resulting in standardized and bucketed data bucketed data; and defining a scoring rule for pairwise comparisons of the bucketed data; running the probabilistic model on the bucketed data; scoring results of the pairwise comparisons of the bucketed data; and combining the results of the deterministic model with the results of the probabilistic model.

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12. A method comprising: issuing, from a third party, a client set of tokens to a client; issuing, from the third party, a verification set of tokens to a provider; receiving a request from the provider to redeem a provider set of tokens; comparing the provider set of tokens with the client set of tokens; and selectively redeeming the provider set of tokens based on the results of the comparing.

21. The method of claim 12 , wherein the set of client tokens includes one or more numerical identifiers.

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14. The method of claim 11 , further comprising, for at least one mobile user in the set, inferring at least one activity performed by or of interest to the at least one mobile user based on the single refined location context category.

11. A method performed by a computer server for inferring location context categories for a set of mobile users having at least two members, comprising: for each mobile user in the set, receiving at least one location context category from one or more mobile web applications responsive to a respective query; and applying multi-user collaborative machine learning with an objective function to the at least one location context category for each mobile user in the set to infer a single refined location context category for each mobile user in the set to form a matrix.

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1. A method in a computer system with a processor and memory for generating a classifier based on training samples factoring in inter-sample relationships, the method comprising: providing training samples having inter-sample relationships, a training sample having a feature vector, an initial sample weight, and an actual classification; setting a current sample weight for each training sample to the initial sample weight of the training sample; and for a plurality of iterations performed by the processor, selecting for this iteration a sub-classifier that has not yet been trained; training the selected sub-classifier based on the feature vectors, the current sample weights, and the actual classifications of the training samples; classifying the training samples using the trained sub-classifier such that each training sample has a classification for this iteration; adjusting the classifications of the training samples for this iteration based on the inter-sample relationships between the training samples; adjusting current sample weights for the training samples based on a difference between the classifications for this iteration as adjusted and the actual classification of the training samples such that the adjusted current sample weights are used to train the sub-classifier of the next iteration; and calculating a sub-classifier weight for the trained sub-classifier of this iteration based on the classifications of this iteration as adjusted that are different from the actual classifications of the training samples; wherein the generated classifier is a combination of the trained sub-classifiers based on the calculated sub-classifier weights of the trained sub-classifiers.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the initial weights of the training samples are set according to the following equation: D 1 ( i )=1 /N where D 1 (i) is the initial weight of the i-th training sample and N is number of training samples.

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3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the further action comprises a selection by the viewing user of a link on the selected story.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bid amount for the advertiser to sponsor stories represents an amount of compensation to be received by the social networking system if the viewing user takes a further action with respect to at least one of the sponsored stories.

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14. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising one or more modules configured to execute in one or more processors of a computing device, the one or more modules being further configured to: receive, from a sensor configured to detect presence of a user independent of a direction of the user's gaze and without detecting physical contact between the user and the computing device, an indication that presence of the user was detected; begin to listen for utterances from the user in response to receiving the indication; detect a first voice signal corresponding to a first utterance of the user; determine an identity of the user using the first voice signal; determine speech recognition model information using at least one of the first voice signal and user information stored in a user profile associated with the identity of the user; perform speech recognition on the first voice signal using the speech recognition model information to obtain speech recognition results that indicate that a second utterance corresponding to a language characteristic is likely to be uttered by a second user different from the user at a time after a current time; and select a second user acoustic model corresponding to the language characteristic for performing speech recognition.

34. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14 , wherein the one or more modules are further configured to: receive a second voice signal corresponding to a third utterance, wherein the third utterance is produced by an electronic device; process the second voice signal to determine a habit of the user, wherein the habit comprises a time that the user routinely watches television; and store, in the user profile associated with the identity of the user, the time that the user watches television.

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1. A computer implemented method for processing via software text documents and extracting chemical data therein, comprising: identifying, by a computer, one or more chemical compounds within a text document, said text document is an XML-type document, wherein said identifying is performed by software without human interaction; tagging, by said computer, each of said one or more chemical compounds with a tag that designates it as a chemical name; tagging, by said computer, at least one anaphor in said text document with a tag that designates said at least one anaphor as a chemical name; identifying, by said computer, at least one chemical reaction within said text document by: analyzing each phrase in said text document that includes chemical name tags, to determine a pattern of words and chemical name tags in said phrases, for each phrase, matching at least one predefined pattern, assigned to one of at least two priority levels, to said pattern of words and chemical name tags in said phrase, wherein each predefined pattern is associated with chemical roles in place of chemical name tags and wherein said at least one predefined pattern is applied to the text in order of its priority level, and determining a chemical role for each chemical name tag in said text document based on said at least one predefined pattern matched to each phrase in said text document; extracting via software said at least one chemical reaction that includes at least one chemical name and at least one chemical role for said at least one chemical name; and storing via software said extracted at least one chemical reaction in a database.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising identifying and tagging atomistic properties within said text document.

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1. An image reading apparatus comprising: a main unit having a document support surface configured to support a document on the document support surface, the main unit including a frame member holding edges of the document support surface, the frame member having: a first surface being adjacent to the document support surface and extending in a first direction parallel to the document support surface; a second surface extending in a second direction substantially orthogonal to the document support surface; and a third surface being continuous with the second surface and facing the first surface at a specified distance from the first surface in the second direction; a reading unit accommodated in the main unit and configured to read an image of the document supported on the document support surface; and an openable unit coupled to the main unit and configured to pivot about a pivot axis between a closed position where the document support surface of the main unit is covered and a released position where the document support surface of the main unit is exposed, the openable unit having a facing surface that, when the openable unit is in the closed position, faces the first surface of the frame member of the main unit, wherein one of the second surface of the frame member of the main unit and the facing surface of the openable unit includes a protrusion that, when the openable unit is in the closed position, protrudes toward the other of the second surface of the frame member of the main unit and the facing surface of the openable unit, and wherein the pivot axis of the openable unit extends in parallel to an edge of the document support surface, and the pivot axis is located between the second surface and the edge of the document support surface in the first direction and between the first surface and the third surface in the second direction.

2. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the second surface of the frame member of the main unit includes the protrusion that, when the openable unit is in the closed position, protrudes toward the facing surface of the openable unit.

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11. A development system for automatically deploying objects into a networked display, comprising: a processor; and a memory, wherein said processor is operative to execute a deployment engine in said memory, said deployment engine being operative to: receive an object for deployment thereof as a client-side rendered component from at a networked portal system, said object having a name and a class, and after said receiving of said object having said name and said class: (i) automatically incorporate said name and said class in a markup language document, (ii) automatically create a view component that enables an embedding of said object in a portal iView, said object being displayable by a browser in said portal iView; and (iii) thereafter automatically transmit said object, said markup language document, and said view component to a server where the view component is registered into a portal as client-side rendered components.

13. The development system according to claim 11 , wherein said deployment engine is operative to incorporate said object, said markup language document, and said view component into an archive file.

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14. The method as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the generating ETL code automatically determines an order of loading data, and loads the data in the order.

13. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the providing data management services comprises generating extract-transform-load (ETL) code for extracting data from the source systems, transforming the data, and loading the data into the data warehouse based on the data information model.

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1. A computer-based method for processing one or more citations within a document, the method comprising: scanning a document to identify an unformatted citation; parsing the unformatted citation to determine one or more citation terms; querying one or more citation libraries to find possible citations, each possible citation comprising at least a portion of the one or more citation terms; selecting one of the possible citations; and inserting a formatted citation based on the selected one of the possible citations into the document.

15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising enabling a user to set format preferences; and using the format preferences to generate the formatted citation from the selected possible citation.

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13. A system for collaborative matter management and analysis comprising: a computer system with memory comprising a stored set of instructions for collaborative matter management and analysis; an interface to a user for uploading a document; an interface to said user for updating one or more metadata fields of said document; and at least one processor configured to process the stored set of instructions, the stored set of instructions configured to: receive a new document to upload to a Master File, wherein the Master File is a document repository for a matter; create one or more metadata fields for said new document; extract text from said new document using text recognition and saving said extracted text in one of said one or more metadata fields of said new document; auto-populate said one or more metadata fields with Players, document type and date associated with said new document; determine from said extracted text if said new document is an evidentiary document and adding a plurality of authentication metadata fields to said one or more metadata fields for authentication if said document is evidentiary; use said document, type to determine if there are related documents and automatically generate a structural hierarchy comprising a cluster of documents for said new document, wherein the structural hierarchy is based on timing, and reserving placeholders for the other related documents in said cluster; determine from said extracted text if said new document is a version of an existing document and associating said new document with said existing document upon positive determination; identify all citations to evidentiary documents, Master File documents and legal authority documents in the new document; and convert said citations in said new document to hyperlinks to other documents in the system.

14. The system of claim 13 , wherein said plurality of authentication metadata fields includes whether or not the new document has been authenticated, which of said Players can authenticate the new document, which one of said Players have authenticated the new document, a method of authentication, and an excerpt from a transcript of the Player authenticating the new document.

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15. The computer-implemented method of claim 3 , wherein said providing, by the electronic communication device to the user, at least one cue, comprises providing, by the electronic communication device to the user, a plurality of cues, each cue being based at least in part on a different parameter associated with the respective portion of the user utterance.

3. A computer-implemented method of providing cues to a user while capturing an utterance, the computer-implemented method comprising: capturing, by an electronic communication device, a user utterance; and providing, by the electronic communication device to the user in at least near real-time, one or more cues associated with the user utterance, wherein said providing includes, for each portion of a plurality of portions of the user utterance: communicating, from the electronic communication device, data representative of the respective portion of the user utterance to a remote electronic device, in response to the communication of data representative of the respective portion of the user utterance, receiving, at the electronic communication device, data representative of at least one parameter associated with the respective portion of the user utterance, and providing, by the electronic communication device to the user, at least one cue based at least in part on the at least one parameter associated with the respective portion of the user utterance; wherein at least one cue of the one or more cues is provided by the electronic communication device to the user prior to completion of capturing the user utterance.

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37. The computer-implemented method of claim 25 , including determining whether the search request includes a predetermined threshold minimum number of constraints, and formulating the plurality of search definitions if the number of constraints exceeds the predetermined threshold minimum number of constraints.

25. A computer-implemented method to process a data search request, the method including: receiving, via an interface of a computer system, the data search request, the data search request including a plurality of constraints corresponding to a query; performing a search of a data source based on the data search request to find and count a number of data items; formulating, within the computer system, a plurality of search definitions, responsive to identifying the number of data items exceeding a predetermined threshold minimum number of data items, each search definition of a subset of the plurality of constraints being formulated to exclude at least one constraint; performing a plurality of searches of the data source for each of the plurality of search definitions to generate a plurality of search results corresponding to each search definition; and utilizing the plurality of search results, calculating, within the computer system, a corresponding data item count for each search definition; and communicating, via the interface of the computer system, the count of data items for the each search definition, the plurality of search definitions, and the number of data items corresponding to the data search request to a client machine for simultaneous display.

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14. The method of claim 10 , further comprising: determining whether the legal text element includes a user consent requirement; and in response to determining that the legal text element includes the user consent requirement, prompting a user for consent.

15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising: determining whether the user consents to the legal text; and in response to determining that the user consents to the legal text, transmitting a purchase message to a content provider.

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15. A method comprising: extracting a plurality of features of a speech signal, the plurality of features being used for voice recognition; detecting voice activity within the speech signal, dividing the speech signal into speech frames and non-speech frames, wherein speech is detected in the speech frames and speech is not detected in the non-speech frames, providing an indication of detected voice activity, and generating output including the speech frames and excluding the non-speech frames; and transmitting the indication of detected voice activity and the output that includes the speech frames and excludes the non-speech frames over a wireless network to a voice recognition device in a distributed voice recognition system, wherein the indication of detected voice activity is transmitted over a separate channel than the output to identify the non-speech frames that were excluded from the output.

20. The method of claim 15 , further comprising: receiving from the voice recognition device in the distributed voice recognition system at least one word or command estimated based on the indication of detected voice activity and the plurality of features.

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10. The computer-implemented method of claim 7 , further comprising: aggregating a plurality of classifications for translated segments; and generating one or more document-level or corpus-level distribution statistics based upon the aggregated classifications.

11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10 , further comprising initiating one or more actions based, at least in part, on the document-level or corpus-level distribution statistics.

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6. A computer-readable memory device comprising: a plurality of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: determine a rate of appearance, a rate of disappearance, or a rate of update of advertisements within a document over time; determine a measure of quality of advertisers associated with the advertisements within the document, where the measure of quality is based on: an amount of traffic to, or a measure of trustworthiness of, advertising documents referred to by the advertisements; generate a score for the document based on: the rate of appearance, the rate of disappearance, or the rate of update of the advertisements within the document over time, and the measure of quality of the advertisers associated with the advertisements; rank the document with regard to at least one other document based on the generated score; and present, based on a search query, the document and the at least one other document, where the document and the at least one other document are presented in an order that is based on the ranking.

8. The computer-readable memory device of claim 6 , where the plurality of instructions further cause the one or more processors to: determine whether the advertisements refer to advertising documents that are associated with at least a threshold amount of traffic; and where the plurality of instructions, which cause the one or more processors to generate the score for the document, further cause the one or more processors to generate the score for the document further based on whether the advertisements refer to advertising documents that are associated with at least a threshold amount of traffic.

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1. A method performed by a trusted system comprising a processor and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the trusted system to perform the method, the method comprising: receiving, at an interface of the trusted system, from a device, personal information relating to a user of the device, the personal information being provided by a plurality of trusted components included in a plurality of applications executing on the device; generating, based on the personal information, a person ontology graph relating to the user, the personal ontology graph comprising first level interest information relating to the user derived from at least one or more inferences based on the personal information, wherein generating the personal ontology graph further comprises: accessing an interest taxonomy database; identifying one or more second level interests included in the interest taxonomy database associated with the first level interest information, and including the one or more second level interests in the personal ontology graph; receiving, by the interface, a plurality of content items; selecting, based at least in part on the first level interest information and the one or more second level interests included in the personal ontology graph, a content item of the plurality of content items; and transmitting, from the interface, the selected content item to the user device for rendering by the device.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the personal information comprises information obtained by one or more sensors of the device.

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11. A system for providing search results based on user interaction with content, the system comprising: a server of a linking system receiving identification of a plurality of clicks of encoded uniform resource locator (URL) links, the encoded URL links generated by the server of the linking system and linked to content items on destination servers, the plurality of clicks corresponding to clicks performed by a plurality of users via devices on which the encoded URL links are provided for display; a click tracker of the linking system identifying for each of the plurality of clicks, data about a user of the plurality of users who clicked an encoded URL link and traffic data associated with the device from which the user clicked the encoded URL link a database storing a record for each click of the plurality of clicks, the record comprising data about the user and traffic data associated with each click, the traffic data including a referring website on which the encoded URL link was displayed when clicked by the user; a relevancy scorer of the linking system determines based on the records corresponding to the plurality of clicks performed by the plurality of users, a relevancy score for each content item identified from decoding the encoded URL links, the relevancy score for each content item indicating a popularity of the content item based on a number of clicks received by encoded URLs linked to the content item and a number of referring websites; and wherein the server of the linking system responsive to the server of the linking system receiving a request to search content based on a keyword, communicates a set of search results based on the keyword and the respective relevancy scores of the content items included in the set of search results.

19. The system of claim 11 , wherein the relevancy scorer determines the relevancy score by a combination of two or more of a distribution score, an engagement score, a frequency normalization value and a time decay function.

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10. A computer-aided design (CAD) system for designing a real-world physical object, the CAD system comprising: a processor and a memory with computer code instructions stored thereon, the processor and the memory, with the computer code instructions, being configured to cause the CAD system to: obtain in memory of a computer-aided engineering (CAE) system, a first finite element model and a first CAD model that the first finite element model represents, the CAD model representing at least one or more curved surface of a real-world physical object; perform a finite element simulation of contact involving the real-world physical object by using both the first finite element model and the first CAD model within the simulation, said performing the finite element simulation including the CAE system determining contact behavior of the one or more curved surface of the real-world physical object, determining one or more variations between the first finite element model and the first CAD model, and using these determined variations in determining the contact behavior of the one or more curved surface of the real-world physical object to correct one or more errors in the contact behavior determined; and modify the first CAD model in the CAD system based on a result of performing the finite element simulation in the CAE system such that the modified first CAD model more accurately represents real-world contact behavior of the physical object.

18. The CAD system of claim 10 wherein: the first finite element model represents at least two parts; and the finite element simulation simulates contact between the at least two parts.

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3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of generating a word trellis from the sequence of key codes comprises the steps of: determining N subsequences of the received sequence of key codes, wherein the N subsequences are subsequences of key codes separated within the received sequence of key codes by a predetermined key code; and recovering the at least one subset of candidate words from the lexical database based on an input to the lexical database of one of the N subsequences.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the predetermined key code is a code that represents a key labeled #.

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1. A computer-implemented method for encoding an alphanumeric message, comprising: determining whether a phrase comprising a string of one or more symbols in the alphanumeric message is a numeric phrase, and if so, encoding the phrase in a compressed form according to a predefined numeric model; when the phrase is not a numeric phrase, matching strings of at least one symbol in the alphanumeric message with corresponding entries in a predetermined phrase dictionary, wherein each dictionary entry corresponds to a phrase code and replacing matched strings in the alphanumeric message with corresponding phrase codes to result in creating a compressed encoding of the phrase; and encoding at least a portion of the remaining symbols in the alphanumeric message using a statistical model based coding method.

16. The method of claim 1, further comprising encoding the phrase codes replacing the matched strings and the remaining symbols in the message using a statistical model based coding method if the matching step fails to result in matching strings of at least one symbol in the alphanumeric message with corresponding entries in the predetermined phrase dictionary.

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4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the word vector connects extracted semantic content mapped to at least two entries in the knowledge graph.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the semantic content comprises at least one of a word vector, a structure data, a topic, or a token, and wherein the at least one knowledge cluster is incrementally updated.

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19. The display apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the first display item comprises a result of a search using a search engine.

14. A display apparatus comprising: a display unit which displays a first display item; a text determination unit which extracts a first text from the first display item; a voice recognition unit which recognizes a voice input from a user; and a controller which: displays the first text so as to distinguish the first text from other texts, determines if the recognized voice input corresponds to the first text, and controls the display unit to select the first display item in response to a determination that the recognized voice input corresponds to the first text, wherein the voice input comprises a voice of the user speaking at least a word from the first text, and wherein the text determination unit extracts the first text comprising at least one word from the display item such that the first text does not share common words with a second text extracted from a second display item.

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49. The computer readable storage medium of claim 25 wherein the second set of controls further includes means for defining a comparison for generating markup for comparing a recognized result with a selected value.

25. A computer readable storage medium having instructions, which when executed on a computer generate client side markup for a client in a client/server system, the instructions comprising: a first set of visual controls defined on an authoring page for a website having attributes related to a first modality of interaction with a user of the client that being visual renderings on the client device, and the attributes including at least one of location for visual rendering, font, background color, and foreground color, and the first set of controls being related to client side markup executable by a client browser; a second set of controls defined on the authoring page for defining desired operation on the client device having attributes related to a second modality of interaction with the user of the client that being at least one of recognition and audible prompting, the second set of controls being selectively associated with the first set of controls, and the second set of controls being related to client side markup executable by a client browser, the second set of controls comprising: a question control for generating markup related to audible prompting of a question; and an answer control for generating markup related to a grammar for recognition, the question and answer controls being associated with a semantic map comprising one or more semantic items that form a layer between individually associated visual domain primary controls and a non-visual recognition domain of the question and answer controls, the associated visual domain primary controls comprising markup; and a module operable on a computer, the module being configured to receive the authoring page, wherein the module is further configured to process the controls of the first set in the authoring page to generate client side markup by incorporating the attributes in the controls that is executable by the client browser on the client in the server/client system in accordance with the controls of the first set and the attributes of the controls of the first set to perform both visual rendering, and wherein the module is further configured to process the controls of the second set to generate client side markup by incorporating the attributes in the controls that is executable by the client browser on the client in the server/client system in accordance with the controls of the second set and the attributes of the controls of the second set in the authoring page.

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3. A method for recognizing a speaker according to claim 2 wherein said distinct group template correspondence signal generation comprises detecting the minimum distinct group template correspondence signal, and forming a normalized correspondence signal for each distinct group correspondence signal responsive to the distinct group correspondence signal and the detected minimum distinct group correspondence signal.

4. A method for recognizing a speaker according to claim 3 wherein said distinct group correspondence signal forming step further comprises; generating a set of quantizing threshold signals; and quantizing each normalized correspondence signal responsive to said quantizing threshold signals.

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21. The method of claim 3 , wherein geographical location information includes a street address or latitude/longitude coordinates, and geocoding includes converting the street address or latitude/longitude coordinates to the ULA.

3. A method of creating a Unified Geographic Database (UGD) by registering a universal location address (ULA) for a geographical location of an entity, the method comprising: receiving geographical location information for an entity; geocoding the geographical location information into a ULA; storing the ULA and geographical location information as a record in the Unified Geographic Database; receiving a proprietary name for the entity and storing the proprietary name with the ULA and geographical location information in the record; and converting the proprietary name into a domain-name like, proprietary locational address based on the geographical location information and the proprietary name, and storing the proprietary locational address as the proprietary name in the record, wherein converting the proprietary name into a domain-name like, proprietary locational address includes determining a regional or local grid having a centroid closest to the geographical location of the business or entity, the regional grid represented by an A.B.C naming format, where A represents a country, B represents a state or province, and C represents a city, and prefixing this A.B.C format to the proprietary name to create the domain-name like proprietary locational address.

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7. The method of claim 6 wherein the average distance .beta. is in the range of about 0.6 to 0.7.

6. The method of claim 4 wherein the parameter .alpha. is approximately 0.7 if ##EQU6## and the parameter .alpha. is approximately 2.0 if ##EQU7## where .beta. is the average distance expected between comparisons of speech patterns from the same acoustic class.

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50. The computer-implemented method of claim 41 wherein one rule of the set of rules comprises if an unaligned node of one of the dependency structures having immediate neighbor nodes comprising respective parent nodes, if any, and respective child nodes, if any, all aligned, and if exactly one of the immediate neighbor nodes is a non-compound word aligned to a node comprising a compound word, then align the unaligned node with the node comprising the compound word.

41. A computer-implemented method of associating dependency structures from two different languages stored on a tangible computer readable medium, wherein the dependency structures comprise nodes organized in a hierarchical parent/child structure, the computer-implemented method comprising: aligning nodes of the dependency structures with correspondences on the tangible medium with a computer as a function of a set of rules comprising at least two different rules where aligned nodes are determined based on the parent/child structure, and wherein aligning does not require beginning with either a top or bottom node of the hierarchical parent/child structure of the dependency structures, and wherein an order of aligning nodes is based on linguistic relevance, beginning with aligning nodes having more linguistic relevance than aligning nodes having less linguistic relevance; and providing an output from the computer indicative of the alignment of the dependency structures.

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20. One or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media embodying software that is operable when executed to: receive an indication of a first user action by a first user; when the indication is received: determine a topic of the first user action based at least in part on analyzing content associated with the first user action; determine whether the first user has indicated a preference to exclude posts associated with the topic or a category associated with the topic; and in response to a determination that the first user has not indicated any preference to exclude posts associated with the topic or the category, then: identify a second user action by a second user and related to the topic; determine whether the first user has indicated a preference to exclude posts associated with the second user; and in response to a determination that the first user has not indicated any preference to exclude posts associated with the second user, providing the first user with access to the second user action, wherein the access enables the first user to interact with the second user action.

23. The media of claim 20 , wherein the first user action is the submission of a first post, wherein identifying the topic from the first post comprises matching one or more words in the first post with one or more words in a database of topics, and wherein the database of topics is updated dynamically based on user posts as the posts are declared and received by the one or more computing systems.

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13. A computer system for identifying a matching product relative to a reference product, the computer system comprising: one or more computer processors; one or more computer readable storage media; program instructions stored on the computer-readable storage media for execution by at least one of the one or more processors, the program instructions comprising: program instructions to receive a product query from a user via a user device, the user device being capable of communicating user input and a geographical location associated with the user; program instructions to identifying a reference product based on the received product query; program instructions to parse the received product query into one or more elements, wherein the one or more elements of the product query are associated with the identified reference product; program instructions to generate an application query based on the parsed product query, wherein the application query includes a plurality of terms, the plurality of terms include at least a first term based on a predefined ontology associated with the reference product, a second term based on the one or more elements of the product query, and a third term based on one or more social media posts associated with the user, wherein the one or more social media posts includes a geographical location associated with the user; in response to program instructions to determine the one or more social media posts associated with the user contains social media data associated with the reference product, program instructions to form a query phrase based on the plurality of terms of the application query; program instructions to identify a set of relevant products in a computer database based on the query phrase, wherein the identified relevant products have one or more terms that match the one or more terms of the plurality of terms of the application query, wherein the one or more terms that match includes at least the third term of the plurality of terms, wherein identifying a set of relevant products based on the query phrase and the one or more social media posts that include the geographical location increases the efficiency of identifying the set of relevant products; program instructions to calculate a relationship score between the reference product and one or more identified relevant products of the set of identified relevant products based at least in part on the one or more matching terms; program instructions to generate a set of scored identified relevant products for display via the user device, in response to the received product query, wherein the scored identified relevant products comprise the one or more identified relevant products with an associated relationship score above a threshold; program instructions to receive a user input selection, via the user device, of one or more of scored identified relevant products of the set of scored identified relevant products; program instructions to modify the associated relationship score of the one or more scored identified relevant products based on the received user input selection and the geographical location associated with the user; and program instructions to generate a subset of scored identified relevant products for display via the user device, in response to the received query, based on the modified associated relationship score.

16. The system in accordance with claim 13 further comprising: program instructions to receive a subscription request, wherein the subscription request includes an identification; program instructions to generate a profile associated with the identification; program instructions to filter a subset of the identified products based on the profile; and program instructions to communicate a subset of filtered identified products.

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14. The method of claim 10 wherein the memory contains additional instructions executable by the processor to cause the computer system to display a form related to an object in a user interface, wherein the user interface includes controls for selecting one or more templates to apply to the object.

10. A computer system, comprising: a processor and a memory containing instructions executable by the processor to cause the computer system to: receive from a user a selection identifying a template to apply to an object instance of an object of an object type, wherein the template sets one or more properties and corresponding template property values of the object instance of the object type; and in response to receiving the template selection, search for the object instance that matches the object type of the selected template; and apply the selected template to the matched object instance of the object type, including to: determine whether the template includes multiple levels of sub-objects; and in response to determining that the template includes multiple levels of sub-objects, determine whether a sub-object of the matched object instance that matches a hierarchical pattern of the selected template already exists in the matched object instance; and in response to determining that the sub-object of the matched object instance does not exist, create a sub-object in the matched object instance according to the hierarchical pattern of the selected template and applying a template property and a corresponding template property value to the created sub-object according to the selected template.

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3. Method as defined in claim 1 wherein said step of randomly jumbling is effected by operation of the transmitter arrangement itself and with the aid of the basic key said step of retaining before transmission is carried out by initially storing a representation of the prime data of the transmitter code text generators in a first intermediate memory, said step of transmitting a representation further includes deciphering the representation of the prime data at the receiver and storing such deciphered representation in a second intermediate memory, and transferring the stored representations from the first and second memories to the code text generators of the transmitter and the receiver, respectively.

1. In a method for enciphering and deciphering the transmission of data between a transmitter including a code text generator and at least one receiver including a code text generator in which clear text data are linked with key data at the transmitting end and are recovered at the receiving end by linkage with identical key data and in which the same basic key is present in a stored state at the transmitter and at the receiver, each code text generator including a plurality of code text forming registers, the improvement comprising, before the transmission of data: randomly jumbling, in the code text generator at the transmitter, with a fixed or a randomly changing formation rule, at least one code text forming register over a minimum period of time, with a nonperiodic continuous clock pulse which is different from the transmission clock pulse until a random bit sequence of elements has been generated in the code text forming registers; retaining such random bit sequence to define the prime data for the code text generators at the transmitter and at the receiver; transmitting such random bit sequence from the transmitter to the receiver while cyclically shifting the code text forming registers at the transmitter so that after said transmitting, the code text generators at the transmitter and at the receiver have the same prime data, said step of transmitting including transmitting an identifying word indicating start of transmission of the prime data of the code text generators in the transmitter and then transmitting a representation of that prime data in an enciphered form with the basic key which is defined at the transmitter and at the receiver; deriving the formation rule of each code text generator from the random bit sequence generated at the transmitter and transmitted in an enciphered form to the receiver, and during the transmission of data effecting repeated synchronization by temporarily interrupting the flow of data and performing, during such interruption, the steps of: retaining the bit sequence in the code text forming registers of the transmitter at the moment of interruption to define new prime data for the code text generator of each receiver connected to receive such data transmission; or to check the synchronization of such receivers which have synchronized any time before, marking the bit sequence retained at the transmitter at the moment of interruption by an identifying marker, transmitting this bit sequence in enciphered form by means of a basic key information which is identical at the transmitter and the receiver; and deriving the formation rule of each code text generator from the retained bit sequence of the code text forming registers at the transmitter and the receiver.

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5. A method performed by one or more processors, the method comprising: obtaining a first plurality of documents based on at least a user input; obtaining a statistical model based at least on the user input; obtaining, from content of the first plurality of documents, a plurality of segments; determining statistical significance for the obtained plurality of segments based at least on the obtained statistical model; determining representative segments from the obtained plurality of segments for each document in the first plurality of documents, the representative segments being determined based at least in part on the determined statistical significance; clustering documents from the obtained first plurality of documents based at least in part on the determined representative segments; receiving a selection of a date range; for a cluster of documents associated with a date within the date range, automatically associating a label with the cluster of documents based at least in party on the determined representative segments; and providing for display within a graphical user interface a representation of the date range, the label, and at least one of contents of and links to documents in the cluster of documents.

8. The method of claim 5 further comprising: receiving a selection input associated with the cluster of documents; and responsive to the selection input, providing for display contents of one or more documents within the cluster of documents.

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15. The method of claim 1 further comprising: indicating to the first party a language indicator specifying a language of communication to be used in communicating with the second party.

1. A method of providing a service to a first party using an instant communications client, the method comprising: receiving indication from the first party that the first party desires to establish instant communications with a messaging response system, the messaging response system providing a service related to establishing communications; receiving information from the first party relating to how charges for the service will be paid, wherein an account of the first party is identified by both a screen name of the first party and a service provider identifier associated with a service provider of the first party, and wherein the service provider is one of a plurality of service providers that can be used to access the messaging response system; receiving from the first party an identifier which identifies, to the message response system, a second party; receiving a request from the first party to have communications established involving the first party and the second party; providing communications among the first party and the second party; and receiving from the first party textual information to be converted into corresponding audio information to be provided to the second party; wherein an aspect of how the textual information is converted into corresponding audio information is affected by preference information pertaining to at least one of the first party, the second party and the instant communications client and the aspect relates to a voice characteristic imparted to synthesized speech in the audio information.

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1. A non-transitory computer-readable medium embodying a program executable in a computing device, the program comprising: code that acquires a test document associated with a workflow definition in response to receiving the workflow definition comprising a plurality of possible paths of execution, individual ones of the plurality of possible paths of execution comprising a sequence of a plurality of actions, the test document comprising a programmatic input source configured to provide an input for at least one of the plurality of actions of the workflow definition and an expected state for the workflow definition based at least on the input; code that places a workflow instance in a queue accessible to a workflow engine in the computing device, the workflow instance being an instance of the workflow definition; code that provides the input from the programmatic input source for the at least one of the plurality of actions of the workflow instance to the workflow engine managing the workflow instance, the at least one of the plurality of actions determined based at least in part upon a present state of the workflow instance and being performed by a remote application, the remote application interfacing with the workflow engine and returning a result, the input being determined upon execution of the at least one of the plurality of actions of the workflow instance; code that generates a comparison of a next state of the workflow instance to the expected state of the test document in response to receiving the next state of the workflow instance, the next state being based at least in part upon the present state, the at least one of the plurality of actions, the input, and the result, wherein the comparison comprises the result of the remote application; and code that restarts the workflow instance at a beginning of the workflow instance based at least in part on a difference in the comparison.

3. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1 , further comprising code that generates a plurality of common actions for use with future workflow instances, wherein the plurality of common actions are inserted within the test document and the plurality of common actions are based at least in part upon a transaction log from a plurality of prior executions of a plurality of prior workflow instances, the plurality of prior workflow instances being associated with the workflow definition.

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17. The method according to claim 13 , further comprising storing a set of distractors in a distractor store database.

13. A system comprising: a keyword store configured to store a plurality of keywords extracted from one or more resources and metadata associated with each respective keyword, the metadata associated with each respective keyword indicating a word difficulty score of the respective keyword; a computer comprising a processor and non-transitory machine-readable storage instructing the processor to execute the steps of: automatically selecting from the keyword store a set of one or more keywords based upon the word difficulty score of each respective keyword and one or more skill scores of a learner-record stored in a learner database; identifying in one or more dictionary sources, one or more distractors that are of one or more distractor types and are associated with a keyword; identifying in the one or more dictionary sources a plurality of words having an edit distance based upon a keyword, wherein the edit distance of a word is an amount of letter-insertions and letter-deletions required for the word to be the keyword; generating a set of one or more identified orthographic distractors comprising one or more words of the plurality of words, wherein the edit distance of each respective word in the set of orthographic distractors satisfies an edit distance amount setting, and wherein the edit distance amount setting limits the edit distance of the respective word relative to the keyword based upon the one or more skills scores of the learner-record; generating a set of one or more identified semantic distractors comprising a synonym and an antonym of the keyword; and identifying a context of the keyword according to metadata associated with the keyword identifying content of the resource, wherein the semantic distractors are identified based on the context of the keyword in the resource.

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14. The computer program product of claim 13 , wherein the operations further comprise: populating the dictionary with words and phrases included in a set of search queries submitted by users of one or more information retrieval systems over a first predetermined time period.

15. The computer program product of claim 14 , wherein the operations further comprise: periodically updating the dictionary with words and phrases included in additional sets of search queries submitted by users of the one or more information retrieval systems over predetermined time periods that are subsequent to the first predetermined time period.

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1. A system comprising: a communications server to: receive a first language construct in a first language from a first entity, identify a first numerical identifier associated with the first language construct; and a processing server to: identify a language identifier from a user table of a network-based transaction facility, the language identifier associated with a second entity, the second entity being a user of the network-based transaction facility, the user table containing user information about the second entity, and retrieve a second language construct based on the first numerical identifier and the language identifier associated with the second entity, the second language construct being a translation of the first language construct in a second language, the language identifier corresponding to the second language.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first entity comprises the network-based transaction facility.

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13. A computer program product according to claim 11 , wherein the selecting one of the matching rules having the most specific pattern description comprises: favouring rules with pattern descriptions matching a specific type in the expression over rules with pattern descriptions matching a more general version of the specific type in the expression.

11. A computer program product for transforming a source model to a target model, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program code embodied therewith, the program code executable by a computer perform a method comprising: receiving the source model; accessing a transformation specification comprising a set of rules, each rule of the set of rules comprising a pattern description and a production component, the pattern description comprising a pattern in the source model and the production component comprising an algorithm for generating an output in the target model from the pattern; for each expression in the source model: decomposing the expression into sub-expressions; detecting matching rules in the transformation specification for the expression and the sub-expressions; selecting one of the matching rules having a most specific pattern description; and executing the production component of a selected rule to generate the output in the target model; and creating the target model from generated output.

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3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the application is at least one of the following: a client database application; an email client; a file system client; a database application; a pure database application; a web application; and an online catalog that displays data.

2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an application that provides the query and cursors on the query result utilizing the advanced key.

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2. The method of claim 1 further comprising causing the message broker to assign a priority to messages to the service provider.

1. A computer-implemented method comprising operating a computer in a vehicle to perform steps of: providing a vehicle application platform (VAP) to facilitate communication between a vehicle-to-business software application executing on the computer and business applications executing on a server system separate from the vehicle; supporting on the VAP execution of a discovery process including the discovery process detecting a network connection and in response thereto registering the vehicle with a service provider associated with the vehicle-to-business software application; and supporting on the VAP execution of a message broker including the message broker: managing transmission of messages from the vehicle-to-business software application to the service provider; and detecting failure in delivery of a message to the service provider and, in response thereto, buffering said message and scheduling said message for subsequent transmission of said message to the service provider.

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9. The computer program product of claim 2 , wherein parsing the question text to obtain the natural language processing structure of the question text comprises identifying a focus or a lexical answer type.

2. The computer program product of claim 1 , wherein determining the question strength score comprises: parsing, by a parser in the question answering system, the question text to obtain the natural language processing structure of the question text; and classifying, by a classifier in the question answering system, the question text to identify a question type.

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16. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory recording medium storing instructions, which when executed on a computer causes the computer to perform the method of claim 1 .

1. A method for object instance localization in an image comprising: detecting keypoints in each of a set of labeled reference images, each of the reference images comprising an object instance; describing each of the detected keypoints in the reference images with a local descriptor based on a region of pixels local to the respective keypoint; receiving a target image; detecting keypoints in the target image; describing each of the detected keypoints in the target image with a local descriptor based on a region of pixels local to the respective keypoint; locating candidate regions in the target image, based on matching of keypoints detected in the target image with keypoints detected in the reference images based on their local descriptors; and computing similarity measures between global descriptors computed for the located candidate regions and global descriptors for the reference images; and assigning labels to at least some of the candidate regions based on the computed similarity measures; wherein at least one of the detecting keypoints, locating candidate regions, computing similarity measures, and the assigning of labels is performed with a processor.

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4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the class of a user is indicated by associated information stored in an address book.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particular organization represents a class, wherein users internal to the particular organization are included in the class, and wherein users external to the organization are not included in the class.

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18. A server, comprising: a communication device configured to: intercept a first request for a source document representing a web page, the first request being transmitted from a computing device to a web server via a network, the first request including web browser information indicating web browser software executing on the computing device, and intercept the source document being transmitted from the web server to the computing device via the network in response to the first request, the source document specifying one or more fonts in which to display a text in the source document; and one or more processors configured to: render the web page using the source document, the web page including the text displayed in the one or more fonts, determine unique characters displayed at the web page for each of the one or more fonts in which the text is displayed, and obtain one or more font subsets based on the unique characters, wherein at least one of the one or more font subsets includes the unique characters in the source document and one or more additional characters related to the unique characters in the source document, and wherein the one or more additional characters related to the unique characters include at least one of (i) one or more characters having a different case than one or more of the unique characters and (ii) one or more characters having a different accent than one or more of the unique characters wherein the communication device is further configured to: transmit information to the computing device based on whether the web browser software indicated by the web browser information is capable of displaying a font family having a plurality of fonts, the information specifying the one or more font subsets, and receive a second request from the computing device, the second request being for one or more missing font subsets from the one or more font subsets specified by the information, the one or more missing font subsets being font subsets that the computing device does not have, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to embed the one or more missing font subsets in the source document to obtain a modified source document, and wherein the communication device is further configured to transmit the modified source document to the computing device.

28. The server of claim 18 , wherein the communication device is further configured to transmit one or more locations from which to obtain the one or more missing font subsets to the computing device, wherein receiving the one or more locations causes the computing device to retrieve the one or more missing font subsets.

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1. A method for verification of soft error resilience of devices from design data for a logic design, comprising: selecting a statistically relevant set of Soft Error Rate (SER) sensitive logic devices deemed critical to a SER robustness for a test process of the logic design by using a SER categorization tool to generate a SER sensitive device test set, and further comprising: successively filtering the design data through a series of heuristic rule-based device identifiers that group and annotate the SER sensitive logic devices by parsing a netlist representing the logic design for identification nomenclature, device type and connectivity; selecting, grouping, and associating related devices for testing according to a list of predetermined SER sensitive device types; and reducing a number of the devices in the SER sensitive device test set based on symmetry of structures joined to a common bus and further reducing flow device vectors to scalars; and inducing a logic state fault in successive ones of said reduced number of devices in said test process of the logic design for functional design verification which provides a sufficient delay after injection for the logic design to detect a logic fault for those reduced number of devices in said test process; and providing logic fault information of said detected logic fault of said reduced number of devices to facilitate corrective action.

10. The method according to claim 1 wherein there is selection from a Soft Error Rate (SER) device list a set of statistically relevant SER sensitive devices deemed critical to SER robustness for a test process of said logic design while using said programmed SER categorization tool to extract SER sensitive devices from said SER device list according to said logic design and then generating the SER sensitive device test set organized by common structure and function.

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4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of symbols comprises a plurality of grammar forms in the natural language.

1. A computer-implemented method comprising: (A) providing, to a user, representations of a plurality of discriminants of meanings of a plurality of symbols in a natural language, wherein each of the plurality of discriminants is associated with a corresponding finite set of mutually exclusive answers to the discriminant, and wherein the plurality of discriminants are orthogonal to each other; (B) receiving, from the user, input representing a plurality of answers to the plurality of discriminants, wherein each of the plurality of answers from the user is selected from the finite set of mutually exclusive answers to the corresponding discriminant, wherein (B) comprises: (B) (1) receiving first input from the user representing a first answer to a first one of the plurality of discriminants; and (B)(2) receiving second input, independent of the first input, from the user representing a second answer to a second one of the plurality of discriminants; and (C) generating, in response to the input, a data structure tangibly stored in a computer-readable memory, the data structure comprising data representing the plurality of answers from the user, including the first answer and the second answer, and thereby representing a meaning of one of the plurality of symbols in the natural language; wherein the plurality of discriminants includes at least one Nature-related discriminant and one Realm-related discriminant, wherein Nature-related discriminants include a discriminant for distinguishing between individual and collective meanings in the natural language and a discriminant for distinguishing between specific and indefinite meanings in the natural language, and wherein Realm-related discriminants include a discriminant for distinguishing between natural and artificial meanings in the natural language and a discriminant for distinguishing between concrete and information meanings in the natural language.

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1. A text editing apparatus comprising: a display control unit that displays text to be edited on a display device; an operation receiving unit that receives a range specifying operation for performing range specification for at least part of the text displayed on the display device; a storing unit that stores therein specific text including the text in the range specified by the range specifying operation received by the operation receiving unit and other text relating to the specified range; and an editing processing unit that causes, at a time of performing text pasting processing, the display control unit to display on the display device the specific text stored in the storing unit together with the text in the specified range, and performs, based on a changing operation for changing the text in the specified range being received, paste processing by changing text to be pasted in accordance with the changing operation.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the storing unit stores, as the specific text, text in a specific range that includes the text in the range specified in accordance with the range specifying operation received by the operation receiving unit and that is defined based on the specified range, together with the text in the specified range.

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3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the validated document does not include the first unstructured data, does not include the second unstructured data, does not include the updated first unstructured data, and does not include the updated second unstructured data.

1. A method implemented by at least one computing device of a cloud computing environment, the method comprising: receiving multiple authoring inputs from a document creation client device identifying multiple portions of multiple websites, the multiple authoring inputs including a first authoring input identifying a first author-identified portion of a first website that contains first unstructured data and a second authoring input identifying a second author-identified portion of a second website that contains second unstructured data; obtaining a first pointer that links to the first author-identified portion of the first website; obtaining a second pointer that links to the second author-identified portion of the second website; storing the first pointer to the first author-identified portion of the first website and the second pointer to the second author-identified portion of the second website in a document in the cloud computing environment; receiving validation inputs from a validating client device indicating that the document is a validated document, wherein the validation inputs include a correction to part of the document and the validated document includes the correction; storing the validated document in the cloud computing environment; detecting when the first website and the second website are updated; automatically obtaining updated first unstructured data from the first author-identified portion of the first website via the first pointer stored in the validated document and automatically obtaining updated second unstructured data from the second author-identified portion of the second website via the second pointer stored in the validated document; and providing the updated first unstructured data and the updated second unstructured data to an accessing client device in response to a request by the accessing client device to access the validated document.

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1. A method of integrating one or more declarative rules into a plurality of procedural instructions in a procedural computational system, the method comprising the steps of: executing, on a digital data processing system that comprises one or more digital data processors, a procedural sequence that comprises a plurality of procedural instructions, updating, upon execution of a procedural instruction that causes change to one or more variables, one or more other variables participating in one or more declarative rules so as to maintain relationships imposed by said one or more rules among said variables, wherein said one or more other variables are those not changed by the execution of that procedural instruction, and wherein said rules are defined outside that procedural instruction, and wherein said updating of said one or more other variables is performed by executing said rules on said digital data processing system prior to execution of any other procedural instruction in the sequence.

28. The method of claim 1 , wherein said declarative rules form a multi-source directional declarative system.

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15. A computer program product in a non-transitory computer readable medium for use in one or more data processing systems, the computer program product holding computer program instructions executed by the one or more data processing systems to reduce security vulnerability in association with a cloud-based static analysis security tool that is accessible by a set of application development environments, the computer program instructions operative to: associate a social networking platform with the application development environments, the social networking platform being accessible by users of the application development environments anonymously; prior to publishing a message received for posting from an anonymous user, filter the message and, responsive to the filtering, automatically obfuscate sensitive data associated with a particular application development environment included in the message; receive security findings generated as users of the application development environments use the cloud-based static analysis security tool; process the received security findings into a knowledgebase; and provide social network content associated with the processed security findings from the knowledgebase as crowdsourced security knowledge generated from use of the cloud-based static analysis security tool by users of the application development environments.

20. The computer program product as described in claim 15 wherein the social network content includes information identifying a third party that is available to provide assistance to a user to facilitate a remediation identified by the static security analysis tool.

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6. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having tangibly embodied thereon a program of instructions executable by a processor, instructions causing a processor to execute steps of: receiving, by a learning application publishing management module, over a network, a plurality of learning application authoring requests from a plurality of user devices each operated by one of a plurality of authoring users; validating, by an authentication module, authoring user credentials of each of the authoring users upon receiving the plurality of learning application authoring requests; providing, by a content editing interface generator, an electronic content editing interface for display on a video display to each of the authoring users over the network; managing, by a collaboration module, access by at least some of the authoring users to an electronic learning application template having a learning framework comprising a choice of modes for a selected learning application in an electronic learning application template database; receiving a request over the network, by one of the authoring users, via the content editing interface to edit the selected learning application and, responsive thereto, accessing la the content editing interface identifier items and electronic interface items associated with the learning application template from the learning application template database, the selected learning application including media metadata; authorizing, by the authentication module, at least one other of the authoring users to edit the selected learning application simultaneously with the editing by the requested one of the authoring users via the corresponding content editing interface accessed by the at least one other of the authoring users; dynamically updating, by a dynamic updation module, content metadata associated with the selected learning application with a plurality of updated metadata, the updated metadata comprising at least one of media metadata, language metadata, certification metadata, learning facility compatibility metadata and tutor compatibility metadata provided by different users of modular learning system over the network, the content metadata describing parameters for performance of the selected learning application; generating, by the dynamic updation module, an update notification responsive to new electronic media being added to an external computer source referenced by media metadata of the selected learning application; dynamically updating, by the dynamic updation module, the media metadata associated with the selected learning application responsive to generating the update notification; storing, by a learning application storage module, the selected learning application including the updated content metadata, the updated media metadata, and the edited identifier items, the selected learning application conforming to the learning application template having a learning framework comprising the choice of modes; determining, by the dynamic updation module, whether a translation or certification is requested by the learning application authoring user from a translating or certifying user, by choosing a preferred translation or certification through an interface generated by generator on the user device operated by the learning application authoring user; if the translation or certification of the learning application is requested by authoring user, reviewing the updated language metadata, or certification metadata of the learning application and adding the updated metadata, or certification metadata to the learning application metadata stored in learning application storage module; receiving, by the learning application publishing module, a publishing request from the one of the authoring users over the network; generating and displaying, by the content editing interface generator, a pricing terms input interface with corresponding areas to be filled in by the authoring user via the user device operated by the authoring user; determining an approval status of the selected learning application from a modular learning system provider; responsive to the approval status being approved, publishing by the learning application publishing module, the selected learning application to a computer-based learning user marketplace or computer-based learning user library; allowing, by a learning application performance analytics module, the selected learning application to be performed by at least one learning user and monitored by at least one tutoring user, wherein the performance of the learning application includes receiving a review request via a review module from the learning user and the monitoring of the learning application includes receiving a review request from the tutoring user to update the content of the learning application; and generating, by the review module, a plurality of review request interface items each associated with the review request from the performance of the selected learning application by the learning user or from the monitoring of the selected learning application by the tutoring user, and displaying the plurality of review request interface items on an interface of the user device of the requesting authoring user.

7. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 6 , further comprising providing an update notification to the user device wherein the update notification is generated at intervals requested by the authoring user, by a translation received from a translating user, by a certification received from a certifying user, by a learning user performing the learning application and by a tutoring user monitoring a performance of the learning application.

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33. A non-transitory computer storage medium readable by a computer and embodying one or more instructions executable by the computer, the computer program providing a query assist tool for assisting a user in creating and/or editing a query statement and further comprising: program instructions for visually displaying a search condition of a query statement in a first display area of the user interface; and program instructions for visually selecting two or more predicates of the displayed search condition for grouping; program instructions for visually resolving column references and value expression datatypes in the query statement comprising: syntactic parsing of an input into an internal model form, semantic resolving of SQL expression tables and columns by associating the SQL expression tables and columns with table and column entities provided in an information catalog, and resolving remaining value expression datatypes; and program instructions for visually indicating the grouping in the first display area in response to selection of the two or more predicates.

34. The non-transitory computer storage medium of manufacture of claim 33 , wherein the program instructions for selecting further comprises program instructions for highlighting the two or more predicates.

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3. The system of claim 1 wherein the system transaction manager is adapted to receive the speech information request from a subscriber.

1. A system for facilitating the exchange of speech recognition and transcription among users, the system comprising: at least one system transaction manager, using a uniform system protocol, which is a server application that provides a central interconnect point and a communications interface among System components and Users and a bi-directional translation between legacy protocols and the uniform system protocol and receives a speech information request from at least one of the users employing a first user legacy protocol, and configured to route a response to one or more of the users employing a second user legacy protocol, the response comprised of a formatted transcription of formatted spoken text; and at least one speech recognition and transcription engine which is a server application employing a third legacy protocol in communication with the system transaction manager, the speech recognition and transcription engine configured to receive the speech information request from the system transaction manager, to generate a response to the speech information request, and to transmit the response to the system transaction manager; wherein the system transaction manager translates between the first user legacy protocol and the uniform system protocol, between the second user legacy protocol and the uniform system protocol, and between the third legacy protocol and the uniform system protocol.

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7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second query does not include any correlated predicates.

1. A method comprising: receiving a first query; transforming the first query, comprising an outer query that includes a selection of a subquery that (a) returns at most one row and (b) includes a first predicate that references a database object that is from the outer query and outside the subquery, to a second query that includes: a second predicate that corresponds to the first predicate, wherein the second predicate references an outer join, wherein the second query does not select any subquery having the first predicate or the second predicate, and wherein the second query is semantically equivalent to the first query; causing execution of the second query instead of the first query; wherein the method is performed by one or more computing devices.

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1. A method for determining a linguistic preference between two or more phrases each of the two or more phrases including a plurality of words, comprising: submitting each of the two or more phrases simultaneously, and one or more linguistic categories, as a search string to at least one search engine, wherein a search performed by the at least one search engine is restricted to the one or more linguistic categories; receiving search results from each instance of the at least one search engine for each submitted search string; comparing total hit values of each search result with each other; and displaying, to a user, one of the phrases associated with a greatest total hit value as a preferred phrase, wherein the step of displaying comprises displaying, to the user, two or more of display phrases where a difference between the total hit values of the two or more phrases is less than a predefined percentage.

6. The method of claim 1 , the steps of submitting and receiving comprising communicating with the at least one search engine via a local area network.

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23. The translation method according to claim 17, further comprising: displaying the source language word on a first area of the display unit of the voice typewriter apparatus; and, displaying said at least one target language word on a second area of the display unit of the voice typewriter apparatus.

17. A translation method for converting source language words into target language words in a voice typewriter apparatus including a central processing unit, a display unit, a voice input device and a storage unit storing a source text file, a bilingual dictionary and a translation text file, the method comprising steps of: retrieving a source language word from the source text file of the voice typewriter apparatus for predicting at least a target language word which corresponds to said first source language word; displaying the retrieved source language word on the display unit of the voice typewriter apparatus for reference by a human operator of the voice typewriter apparatus; retrieving, from the bilingual dictionary of the voice typewriter apparatus, a set of target language candidate words corresponding in meaning to the retrieved source language word; with the voice input device, generating a voice input signal of the human operator uttering a target language word corresponding in meaning to said displayed source language word; converting the voice input signal to a plurality of target language phonetic strings; and, when at least one of the plurality of target language phonetic strings matches at least one target language word among said set of target language candidate words, writing said at least one target language word to the translation text file as a translation of the source language word.