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He'd expected the static burst, the light, the grief. What Neku hadn't expected was for Joshua's Noise form to simply collapse to the floor unmoving, for Maya's caution as she stepped closer to get a better look, for the black markings to flare brightly as he too approached. This time, they didn't fade.
He sank to his knees. "Joshua..?" he called softly, afraid to hope.
And then, the faintest whimper of pain as the other began to glow faintly.
"H—He's still here," Maya breathed.
He gasped, unable to manage much else.
"Oh... Oh God." She sank to the floor as well. Abruptly, she seemed to snap to attention. "T—The energy of Shibuya! It's healing him!"
Neku wanted to weep for joy, but he could tell she didn't mean it as good news. "Isn't that—"
"If we don't do something quick, he'll recover completely and try to kill us again!"
"What?! You can't— I— Didn't you say I could 'cure' him?"
Maya nodded. "It's risky. And you can't make a single mistake. If you do, he won't really be himself when it's done. Do you understand?"
Neku fisted his hands in his clothes. "Just tell me!" No matter what it takes. He'd promised.
"You need to remove the corruption from his Music with your Imagination. It's like... overwriting a file. You replace the corrupted sections with what they ought to sound like."
Maya grabbed his wrist and pressed his hand to the unicorn's neck. "Listen."
He did. But even in complete silence, he couldn't hear a sound. "I don't h—"
"Focus! It's not the kind of Music you hear with your ears."
He shifted so Joshua's head rested in his lap and ran his fingers through soft fur that seemed to pass through his hand like light. The Noise made a soft sound, something akin to a whinny. Neku closed his eyes and concentrated, putting everything except Joshua out of his mind. He didn't have to try very hard.
That's when he heard it, the sweetest sound, a hauntingly familiar melody. Even as he tried to catch more of it, it was swallowed up in static.
"—is the poison's corruption," Maya confirmed. "Sometimes, it's static. Other times, it's just the wrong sound. The latter is more difficult to detect, but more easily fixed. The former you will have to forcibly break through. Hurry now. You don't have much time."
"Wait, wait. All this about the wrong sound... How will I know what the right sound is?"
She stared at him. "He's your Partner, Neku. Surely, you know what his Music sounds like."
Neku stared right back, wide-eyed. "Surely? Where would I have heard it?"
"Whenever your sync rate is at its peak?" She sounded exasperated. Taking a deep breath, she continued more calmly. "Try again. Really listen. Remember. Haven't you heard it before?"
He closed his eyes again and strained to hear the Music again. This time, he caught more of it before the static kicked in, but he still couldn't place it. Where have I...
"Don't you hear something whenever you use a maximum level Fusion attack?"
A max level Fusion? That's it! Just that day against the spiders... He thought back, trying his best to recall exactly how the Music went. Come to think of it, heck, he'd heard it sometime last night too, but that probably wasn't the best reference, since Joshua had already been poisoned by then. Now that he knew when and where he'd heard it, he could remember the melody, and yet... "Argh! I can't be sure that's how the second part goes! I know what I heard last night, but what if that isn't the right one? What if I'm wrong, Maya? What's the worst case scenario?"
"Injury. Probably some form of psychological trauma. He might never wake up, lose memories or abilities, or become a totally different person," Maya answered quietly. "Depends on the size of the error."
"Damn it... If only he hadn't gone and erased Shades..."
"He's your Partner, Neku." She grabbed him by the shoulders and shook him emphatically with each word. "I keep telling you: have a little faith. Would he let you come this far if he didn't trust you?"
"He wouldn't even tell me how to do this."
The world's going to hell, and you're afraid of yourself."
"Screw you. I'm n—"
"Look, the way I see it, you have three options. Either erase him, let him erase us, or give it your best shot. As a heads up, if you choose to give up on yourself, I'm out of here because I didn't sign up for erasure when I agreed to help out in Shibuya." She crossed her arms and waited.
Give up... on myself...? That's not...
"Tick tock, dude. Time to make up your mind."
Tightening his arms around Joshua, he did. Give up on yourself, and you give up on the world, right? I'll be damned if I let you say I never listen. He closed his eyes, picking up the strings of the other's Music. "Let's do this."
"Sweet! Now, you're going to have to listen very carefully to his Music. Every time you find a sound that doesn't match what you remember, you need to... will it to change into the correct sound. Does that make any sense?"
"Got it. What about the static?"
"You press at it till it breaks."
"Why, thank you, Princess Helpful."
"Well, gee, I'm sorry there isn't a handbook for this. Fine." Suddenly, he felt her presence close by. "I'll follow along. Every time you run into the static, I'll break it for you. For everything else, you're on your own."
He nodded. "Thanks." This time, he really was grateful.
At the sound of footsteps, Uzuki leaped to her feet. "Who's there?!" The sound faded. "Show yourself!"
Suddenly, she found herself knocked to the ground as something black and shiny zipped by overhead. Kariya was back on his feet in a flash and pulling her up with him. "You okay there, girl? Looks like work's shown up."
Cold laughter resounded in the room as two women stepped into the light. "For Reapers, they aren't too shabby, Eliza. Or perhaps you're losing your touch?" the blonde asked, taunting.
"Go on ahead, Mirabelle," replied the one with purple hair, arms crossed, refusing to take the bait. "I'll handle this."
"Not so fast, sister." Kariya moved to intercept Mirabelle as she moved towards the door, but had to leap out of the way of an attack. It was a shadow. As he made to stop the blonde again, more showed up. "Ugh, so you're the one behind these things." Mirabelle had already run through the door, so he turned back to face the shadow master. She hadn't even moved from her spot. With her dark blue strapless mini dress, stiletto heels the colour of her hair and the frosty look on her pale face, she could have been a young Caucasian version of Konishi Mitsuki. Kariya didn't like the reminder.
"Indeed, Reaper," she answered coolly, uncrossing her arms. "And I'm afraid I can't let you interrupt."
Without waiting for a reply, Eliza and her shadow army charged.
Neku thought it sounded right even if he had no way of knowing for sure. "I thi—"
"What's your confidence level?" Maya interjected.
"Uh... Eighty percent...?" he estimated as he checked it over one last time.
There was a long pause before she said, sotto voce, "That's not even statistically acceptable."
He tightened his arms around Joshua defensively. "I don't have any way to be more certain than this."
Maya sighed. "Fine. He's your Partner, Neku. Do you or do you not believe?"
Before he could even form his answer into words, she was finishing the job. "Maya!"
"You said yes!"
Just then, the Noise in his arms glowed brightly, and he had to shield his eyes with his arm. When the light dimmed, a young man lay in the unicorn's place, eyes closed as if sleeping and his silver hair in disarray. While taller and older, it was unmistakably Joshua, down to the slightly ruffled designer clothing.
To be honest, Neku still wasn't sure he dared to hope. Things with Joshua had a way of going wrong. He looked away, crossing an arm over his chest. "We don't know that."
His Partner smacked him.
"OW!" He covered his sore shoulder with his hand. "What was that for?!"
"Say it with me: have a little faith."
Maya chuckled. "But that's what gives it value. Hm?" She tensed. "Someone's coming. I'll go check it out."
As she quietly walked over to the door, the head in his lap stirred, and Neku sagged in relief when pale lilac eyes turned on him with recognition.
"Neku...?" The Composer's lips languidly curved into a smirk. "Predictable."
Joshua caught his fist, of course, but didn't stop Neku from throttling him.
"PREDICTABLE?! SCREW YOU, JOSH! WHY DO YOU KEEP DOING THIS?! I'M NOT DOING IT, YOU ASS; NOT NOW, NOT EVER!"
The other reached up to caress his cheek, soft fingertips brushing away tears he hadn't known were there, and laughed tiredly, still that infuriating devious chuckle. "So you're saying I can never retire? Tsk, and you say I'm selfish."
Neku gripped the hand on his face tightly. "Well, you can bloody well find someone else to do your job that isn't me."
Joshua turned away. "Silly Neku. Weren't you listening to anything I said?" He sighed softly. "I was hoping you wouldn't come. I'd never be able to live with myself if I let you get erased when I wasn't around to bring you back. Can't have Shibuya falling into the wrong hands, after all. But you only ever pay about one yoctogram of attention whenever it matters, so I suppose it's inevitable. Hee hee~ Fortunately, you did a bang-up job as usual, dear~"
Suddenly, a huge explosion burst forth from the door, and Maya's scream cut off anything he might have said. The blast sent her flying towards them, and she landed on the floor with a sickening crack.
"Angel..." "Scorpion... Run..."
Then Joshua was taking her hand, and everything fell into blinding white.
When he opened his eyes again, they were on Cat Street. Maya was lying unconscious on the ground, and a fiteen-year-old Joshua was doubled over in pain.
The Composer waved his hands away and straightened. "We need to work on teaching you perfect pitch."
"So now it's my fault you didn't teach me anything before this?" Neku retorted automatically before remembering the more pressing concern. "Maya!" He hurried over to her side and crouched. The singer's clothes were soaked in blood, and the position of her body was frightfully unnatural. "We have to help her, Josh. Isn't there anything you can do?"
Before Joshua could respond, a soft pop sounded behind him, and they turned.
"S—Sh—Sh—Shades?! A—Aren't you..."
"Erased?" Kitaniji Megumi, looking just as Neku remembered, adjusted his sunglasses. "I was, but through the Composer's boundless love and compassion, I was allowed to Ascend to the Higher Planes. As part of Their unified Will, I now enforce their Laws on various jurisdictions. Sir." He bowed to Joshua. "I cannot thank You enough."
Neku stared at the two former Partners and felt awful for every time he'd ever called Joshua heartless on the former Conductor's account. Of course Joshua wouldn't be sad; Shades wasn't even really gone! Even though he'd lost their bet, Joshua had given him exactly what he wanted, maintaining Shibuya and sending him to his ideal world, one in which everyone's consciousness was united in harmony. He hadn't even known. All this while, he'd been so wrong.
I'm the worst... Josh, I'm sorry. I never knew. I never even asked. And all this time, I...
"Hey! Boss?" Hanekoma Sanae ran up and skidded to a stop beside them, surprise written all over his face. "Hah, just as I've finally tracked down Megumi here, it turns out you don't need him after all. Yo Phones! Hm? What's this?"
Joshua turned to Neku and smiled to show he'd heard before returning his attention to the older man. "Megumi, perfect timing. He indicated Maya. "Do what you can for her and get her to Chiyoda fast. The last thing I need is to make an enemy of Yohan."
"As You wish, Sir." Megumi gently lifted Maya, and with a pop, they were gone in a flash of light.
"Hm?" Joshua tilted his head. "Looks like we've got company, Neku."
As he spoke, a distortion appeared in the space before them, and a tall woman with shoulder-length dark blond hair wearing a white peacoat and ankle boots over a teal suede catsuit materialized from it. Most likely the Angel that broke into the Room of Reckoning, that almost killed Maya. The thought made Neku angry, and he balled his hands into fists. She smirked coldly, cerulean eyes immediately focusing on Joshua.
"Nowhere to run, Composer. Finally, I get to make you pay for my eye."
Eye? What, she had a third one somewhere?
Joshua rubbed his chin, searching the sky as if it held the answers he sought, before finally meeting her gaze. "Hee hee~ I suppose you do have me cornered. But what's this about an eye?"
The woman's face darkened, and she snarled, "Audacious, Composer! You glanced my way and sent that pin straight at me! Now you dare feign ignorance?!"
Pin? Neku thought of Yammer. "Wait, that was you?!"
"Oh, so your little boyfriend remembers!" In a flash, she was right in front of Joshua, sneering. "My turn."
Her hand darted out, but Mr. H caught it, having suddenly moved to Joshua's side as well.
"Ah-ah-ah, sister," he sang. "Can't let you do that."
"Keep your paws out of this, Fallen Angel," she snapped, swiping at him with her other hand as Joshua leaped back easily.
The Producer deflected the blow. "My turf, my call, ya dig? M'afraid the only way to the boss is through me."
The blond Angel only screamed in frustration as they vanished into the Noise plane, and Neku hoped that Mr. H would make her pay for what she did to Maya.
"Ah, I was hoping I wouldn't have to make an appearance, but it doesn't look as if Eliza and Mirabelle will be in any condition to finish the job."
No. Please. Just...no.
Neku turned slowly at the sound of the soft voice he'd recognize anywhere to see a young boy with wavy black hair and bright green eyes behind rectangular spectacles walking towards them with his hands behind his back. It couldn't be, but it was, in a white long-sleeved dress shirt with a black fitted vest over it and matching black knee-length pants over long white socks and black oxfords. A cravat the colour of his eyes gave the look a splash of colour. He smiled wistfully.
"It's been a long time, Neku, hasn't it?" he asked, coming to a stop just a few steps away.
Below, the street seemed to give way.
"What's this? You have Angel friends too, dear? I certainly underestimated how much you get around." Joshua's teasing voice seemed to come from very far away.
"E—Enishi...?" was all Neku could manage, and it came out in a hoarse whisper. Too much. This was just too much. His heart may well have stopped for how frozen it felt in his chest.
"Enishi?" Joshua echoed. "Ah, so you're the one he's still hung up on."
Enishi turned to the Composer, still smiling. "Kiryuu Yoshiya, was it not? Shibuya's longest reigning Composer." He held out a hand in greeting. "Cyril Enishi Benoit. Perhaps you remember me? I certainly haven't forgotten you."
Joshua chuckled, shaking the offered hand briefly before returning his hands to his pockets. "Now that I'm looking at you, why yes, I do recall our last meeting! It was one of my most enjoyable Games. The youngest Player ever to erase a Game Master, and Sayuri was one of our best. You even managed to get your Partner to cooperate. Most exceptional, I must say. Neku sure knows how to pick them!"
Cyril nodded. "Excellent. That simplifies things. As for Sho and I, we simply shared relevant interests."
Sho? The Grim Heaper? Partner? It didn't— He couldn't— He clutched his head in his hands.
"Aww, you spoiled him! I think he still misses you~" Joshua sang cheerfully.
At that, the Angel laughed. "I'm afraid I prefer not being reduced to a math theorem. Speaking of which, how is he?"
"Inactive. He was going to pull a number on Neku here at a most inopportune time for me." Joshua's fingers ran through orange locks as he spoke. "Couldn't have him spoiling our climax, could we, dear?"
That broke the stupor.
"WHY?!" Neku grabbed his best friend's wrist from where he had fallen to his knees on the floor. The other didn't resist. "Enishi, why?! Why are you doing this?! Why now?!" His fringe hid his face, but his tears fell freely to the asphalt. Four years. Four years of guilt, of thinking his best friend was gone forever because of him, because he'd wanted to show him the mural he'd discovered in Udagawa, and now... THIS. "Why, goddammit?!"
"You'll have to forgive my dear, dear Partner," Joshua murmured from beside him, a hand squeezing his shoulder in an attempt to comfort. "This is turning into Judgement Day for him, I'm afraid."
"And you are as unsympathetic as always, Yoshiya," Enishi snapped, kneeling to wrap his arms around Neku. "I'm sorry we had to meet again like this, Neku. I'd hoped to avoid this... for your sake."
Neku could only bury his face in the other's shoulder. "Answer me, Enishi.
All these years spent wishing that he hadn't asked his best friend to meet him that day, that Enishi would come back, somehow, and tell him it was okay, that it wasn't his fault, that they were still friends. And here he was, in the flesh, trying to kill Joshua.
Enishi had been his only real friend at school, and when he'd died, he'd taken Neku's world with him. Neku had always been a loner; it never mattered whether or not he'd had friends. It seemed silly how everyone around him would make and break their friendships on a whim. But Enishi... Enishi got him. On a level he didn't think anyone would again until Joshua came along. It... It shouldn't have to come down to this.
Why... Why, why, WHYYYYYY?!
The Angel sighed. "Do you know what it's like Upstairs? Stagnant. All that talent, all that creativity They hone in people here, gone, wasted. You go there, Ascend as They so sweetly call it, expecting to stretch the limits of your Imagination, and instead of boundless inspiration, you lose everything. Everything! Your own thoughts, your own will, your own self. Every thought, every choice, every action... even if you are doing it of your own volition, you can't be sure it wasn't merely implanted in you as long you're connected to the hive mind, that you aren't simply a puppet of that being at the centre of it all." Enishi tightened his embrace as he looked up to face the Composer. "Isn't that right, Yoshiya? And you knew," he continued bitterly. "That's why you've held on to your throne all these decades and refused to Ascend. How he too broke his connection when he returned here? How seeing the unique individuality of Shibuya once more awakened Sanae to the realization that he was but a shade of his former self without the ability to expand his horizons through clashing with others? Isn't that why he keeps telling people to do as much of that as possible while they're here, going so far as to use command codes? Heh, you knew, and still you let the best and the brightest go there."
"I don't see how this is my fault," Joshua replied coolly. "I gave every winner the same three choices. You're the one who chose Ascension. And it can be fabulous... sometimes. Right, Megumi?"
With a pop, the former Conductor appeared in a flash of light before Joshua. "I have returned, Sir. The girl is safe."
"You did well, Megumi, as always."
"Thank You, Sir. As for you, traitor," Shades said, turning to the other Angel. "We have been looking for you. This is the eighth city you have attacked. For your crimes, I owe you only destruction!"
Enishi didn't move. "So you see, Neku, I really was gone, you know. For a time, I wasn't even myself. It was worse than death, worse even than erasure. And he sent me there. YOU sent me there."
"I'm sorry..." Neku whispered, feeling the strength drain from his body. It wasn't okay. Of course it wasn't okay. "I'm so sorry, Enishi. If only I hadn't..."
"My, my..." Joshua interrupted. "You seem like such a pro at this guilt-tripping thing, even I feel a teensy bit bad... for Neku. But since you've piqued my interest with all this talk of the Higher Planes, pray tell how we fit in."
"Do you like New York, Yoshiya?" Enishi asked, smiling. "I have Them to thank for sending me there as Producer. That was where I felt it, what I was missing through the unification of minds. I saw that instead of learning from our differences, we were homogenizing to the strongest will, retaining little of our former selves and losing our ability to progress. That is when I understood — there is only one way to bring all of creation to the next level: I'm going to break the hive mind."
"Exciting!" Joshua enthused. Distantly, Neku thought he shouldn't sound so cheery, shouldn't encourage this madness that had gripped Enishi. "And to do that, you need power, lots of it, so you're gathering it from the cities, hmm?"
"Well done. You are as sharp as they come, Yoshiya," Cyril murmured appreciatively, rising to his feet and pulling Neku up with him to stand between him and the other two. "I see now why Jude always spoke so highly of you."
Joshua stiffened. "Jude? Jude Ascott?"
Neku couldn't choke back his sob. No. NO, NO, NO...
"The same. And I see you've already realized, sharp as you are, but I may as well make it obvious. Yes, New York was the first city I took. And I couldn't bear to send a friend to the hell I'd only just escaped from, so I did the only other thing I could: I erased him."
"E—Erased...?" Neku gasped, barely audible. He could barely even breathe. This... This wasn't— His best friend had always been so kind. "How could you?" he choked out. Enishi would never— He'd never just... erase a friend in cold blood! "What happened to you, Enishi? You never used to be like this!"
Cyril's smile turned sad as he spun his old friend around to wrap his arms around Neku from behind. "Do you remember the Game, Neku? I'm sure you can't forget. You played thrice, after all." He tightened his embrace and stepped back, pulling Neku with him. "See, that's where I learned: sometimes, you just have to do what is necessary; sometimes, there are no easy choices. If it's either me or the other guy, I have to defend myself, don't I? And between a living hell and oblivion, I know which one I'd choose, so I gave dear Jude the same."
Too numb to do anything but let Enishi drag him along with surprising strength, Neku barely registered Joshua and Shades following them, taking a step forward for every step they took backward.
Madness. This was madness.
"I will not let these streets I know and love fall into your tainted hands, Cyril," Megumi warned, poised to attack.
"Now, now," Cyril replied, an iridescent knife materializing in his hand to press to Neku's ribs. "No need to get so hostile. You do know what this does?" He continued to back away down Cat Street, dragging an unresisting Neku with him. "See, I've been observing you, Yoshiya, and I am certain you wouldn't want his Soul completely dispersed to the ether."
"Don't be silly," the Composer chided derisively, but the uncertainty in his voice made Neku look up, look at him, at the hand he held out to restrain Megumi. Neku had never heard Joshua sound so unsure. "He's been your friend longer than I've known him."
Behind him, he felt Enishi nod, his voice incredibly sad when he spoke. "Yes... I never wanted to hurt you, Neku, to get you involved. I never expected— Well, I suppose it's all moot now, is it not? You should have stayed away."
"You're a monster," Neku whispered.
This was wrong. This was all wrong.
"Is that an endearment, dear?" Joshua teased, but his usual playfulness was strained. "I remember you calling me that a lot too."
Neku didn't answer. This was all WRONG, and there was nothing he could do about it. It was all his fault. Enishi buried his face in his shoulder.
"That's a horrid thing to call something you created, Neku," he whispered hoarsely. "I missed you, you know... We could have been so much together. At least, that's what I thought. But I saw you during my Game. You were better without me, Neku. You worked so much harder, drew more, were so much more creative. That was when you won your first art contest, was it not? That's why I chose not to come back."
W—What. The. HELL?! "G—Goddammit, Enishi!" Neku yelled, voice breaking as he wiped at his tears. "I— Do you know how hard it was for me?! All I could think about was how I'd killed you. I couldn't eat, couldn't sleep, could barely even function! I felt like crap, knowing it should have been me, but unable to even wish it had been because I was... I was afraid to die! I threw myself into the only thing I knew to take my mind off it, to keep from THINKING, damn it!"
"Then help me," Enishi pleaded softly without missing a beat as they kept moving. "Help me help the worlds. Tell him to cede his throne."
At that, Shades pointed a condescending finger at them, angrily declaring, "Egotists like you are not fit to judge the will of the Higher Planes! Breaking the hive mind would only unleash chaos upon the worlds. Even after sharing in Our collective wisdom, here you are staging childish rebellion." He turned to Joshua. "Composer, Sir. He is merely biding time. You cannot allow him to cross into Omotesando. We must stop him. No matter the cost."
A sigh. "Busted, I suppose." The sly smile was audible in Enishi's velvety voice. "Not that Yoshiya didn't know from the start. To be honest, I'm quite impressed. Tell me, how is it that people call you the most ruthless Composer in Japan?"
"They don't know Yohan well enough," Joshua answered, expression unreadable as he continued to follow them, lilac eyes still trained on Neku. There was a long pause, and then, expectantly, "Well, Neku?"
Neku met that carefully blank gaze and wanted to run.
Joshua couldn't afford to cede his throne; it was either Ascension or erasure for that. Enishi was beyond reason. They had to do something before they reached Omotesando (that was in Minato, out of Joshua's jurisdiction), but instead of attacking, Joshua was giving him a choice. Just like on the roof of Pork City mere days ago, looking prepared for any answer.
"I can't," he said desperately, shaking his head. "I can't." How could he? Once he chose, there would be no going back. But they had to do SOMETHING. Worlds were at stake. He turned to Shades. "No matter the cost, right?" he reminded sadly.
The older man's mouth set into a grim line. "Time be still!"
The next thing Neku knew, the laser was searing through him.
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2010,
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] |
Hardrock
Scott Brockmeir was the leading VHTRC finisher at the Hardrock 100 in Silverton, Colorado. Other VHTRC finishers included Jack Kurisky, Mike Bur, and Robert Andrulis. Leonard Martin finished, but over the time limit by two minutes. We are not sure how they are counting that, but it is an impressive achievement regardless. Live Hardrock Reports
Submitted by Anstr Davidson on July 9, 2010 - 11:13am | 101 | [
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Nov. 27, 2006
Garden City, N.Y. -
2003 Adelphi University graduate and three-time All-East Coast Conference performer Dave Harvey is going to run the ING Georgia Marathon on March 25. 2007. What makes this even more special is Harvey is running the Georgia Marathon, which will be his first, as part of Team in Training (TNT) and raising money to benefit the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.
Over the past two and a half years, Dave has been living in Atlanta, Georgia and working for CNN, where he was recently promoted to Network Editor. He has also kept busy by competing in triathlons, completing three last summer and he also finished the Atlanta MS 150. The Atlanta MS 150 is a 150-mile bike tour of Pine Mountain, Georgia and benefits the Multiple Sclerosis society.
Dave raised $300 for the Georgia chapter of the Multiple Sclerosis society in honor of a friend and coworker who was recently diagnosed with MS. He will be running the Georgia Marathon and raising money in honor of Rebecca McCain, who was diagnosed with Hodgkin's Lymphoma in June of 2005. Dave's goal is to raise over $2,000 and to break the three-hour mark.
If you would like to support Dave and his cause please visit his team in training website at.
Adelphi Athletics Cross Country | 283 | [
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<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: High cpu usage of communicator
username_0: To better tune my application, I set name for every threads by calling _pthread\_setname\_np_ API in linux. I found that high cpu usage for Multiverso's Communicator(subclass of Actor) thread. Here is a snapshot provided by htop.
I notice some code in src/communicator.cpp. According to this code, communicator always call non-blocking send and receive. I think this is the result of high cpu usage.
```case NetThreadLevel::THREAD_SERIALIZED: {
MessagePtr msg;
while (mailbox_->Alive()) {
// Try pop and Send
if (mailbox_->TryPop(msg)) {
ProcessMessage(msg);
}
// Probe and Recv
size_t size = net_util_->Recv(&msg);
if (size > 0) LocalForward(msg);
CHECK(msg.get() == nullptr);
net_util_->Send(msg);
}
break;
}
```
This "spin lock" design is great. But most applications won't call send/recv thousand or millions times in a second, which means a cpu computation resource is wasted. Why not sleep communicator for a little while when no send/recv calls?
<issue_comment>username_1: Communicator only uses one thread. Usually it's not a big overhead for a multi-cores machine. But you could add Sleep in the code for your usage.<issue_closed>
<issue_comment>username_0: It's pretty reasonable. I think my problem is solved. | 513 | [
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] |
*monticellofiletree-core
writeCypressJsonOn: aStream forHtml: forHtml indent: startIndent
"by default ignore <forHtml> ... <forHtml> is used for Dictionary and Array, i.e., container objects and String which actually encodes itself differently for HTML"
| indent |
aStream
nextPutAll: '[';
lf.
indent := startIndent + 1.
1 to: self size do: [ :index |
| item |
item := self at: index.
aStream tab: indent.
item writeCypressJsonOn: aStream forHtml: forHtml indent: indent.
index < self size
ifTrue: [
aStream
nextPutAll: ',';
lf ] ].
self size = 0
ifTrue: [ aStream tab: indent ].
aStream nextPutAll: ' ]' | 348 | [
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] |
Multi-Level Canadian Spelling Program Grade 4-6
- Author : Scott, Barb/Turville, Joni
Improve Spelling and Editing Skills
Includes lists of the most commonly used words in children's writing.
26-word lists for primary students and 27-word lists for junior students.
Students are at increasingly diverse spelling abilities within every classroom. The ability to meet these needs is challenging but easy to do with these teacher-tested and created activities.
The words are sequenced, and alike words are together for each unit. For example, we've started with short vowel words, so the lists for short a contain five different lists from easiest to hardest.
Blank line masters enable both primary and junior writers to create their spelling dictionary. | 154 | [
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|
Careers
|
This WOW goes to Kevin Pierce, an Inside Sales Account Manager in Seattle. Following a reassessment of our local sales coverage to ultimately serve our customers better, Kevin was asked to hand off a customer account to a colleague.
To ensure the transition went smoothly for both customer and co-worker, Kevin committed to both of them to bring the new account manager up to speed and serve as a resource as long as needed. Kevin also reassured the customer of the new rep’s ability to carry the torch. The customer was grateful of Kevin's dedication to their business, and made a point of telling him how much they had appreciated working with him and looked forward to working with the new rep.
Thank you, Kevin, for turning what could have been a customer concern into a seamless and positive customer experience! | 170 | [
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] |
Watercolor Stuff To Color Eugene Easy Fun And Print
|Include In Article|
Stuff To Color And Print
|Published Date||Friday , February 21st 2020|
Coloring. Friday , February 21st 2020.
Quote from Stuff To Color And Print :
Coloring environments for animals. The kids in your class are probably used to coloring animals but they might not be used to coloring the environments in which animals live. If you want to teach the kids something about animal habitats this is a great exercise. Split the class up into groups and have each group color a large panorama of a landscape. Place different landscapes and habitats in different parts of the room. Provide pictures to the students so that they have a general idea of the appropriate colors. Then cut out the animals the children have been drawing and attach them to the habitats. The finished product is an attractive image of a wildlife scene that can teach the children a great deal about their favorite animals. It will also help to teach them the importance of preserving habitat.
It is okay to have styling products already in your hair because the color will process anyway. In fact, I use hair spray to help control it when I’m highlighting with foils. It is okay to get the tangles out of your hair with a comb beforehand; but don’t stimulate your scalp too much. Never use a brush. Mix a tiny amount of color and developer together and follow the manufacturers instructions on allergy testing.
That’s what coloring pages and coloring books do for kids. They bring the imagination to life. They entertain kids bringing out creative and artistic talents. Yet coloring book pages can also educate kids, teaching them through various themes and concepts. Coloring book pages for kids are a classic, wonderful activity that they can enjoy endlessly.
It’s always wise to follow the manufacturers directions, but don’t always assume that your hair needs to process for the full amount of time written on the box. People with gray or resistant hair need the full amount of time to process.
Any content, trademark/s, or other material that might be found on this site that is not this site property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does LocalHost claim ownership or responsibility for such items and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner. | 481 | [
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class Order < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :organization
belongs_to :organization_unscoped, -> { unscope(where: :deleted_at) },
class_name: "Organization",
foreign_key: :organization_id
belongs_to :user
has_many :order_details, autosave: true
has_many :order_program_details, autosave: true
has_many :items, through: :order_details
has_many :tracking_details
include OrderStatus
def self.by_status_includes_extras(statuses, include_tables = %i[organization order_details tracking_details])
statuses = [statuses].flatten.map { |s| Order.statuses[s] }
includes(*include_tables).where(status: statuses)
end
def unscoped_organization
@unscoped_organization ||= Organization.unscoped { organization }
end
def add_tracking_details(params)
params[:order][:tracking_details][:tracking_number].each_with_index do |tracking_number, index|
shipping_carrier = params[:order][:tracking_details][:shipping_carrier][index]
tracking_details.build(
date: Time.zone.now,
tracking_number: tracking_number,
shipping_carrier: shipping_carrier.to_i
)
end
end
def sync_status_available?
external_id.present?
end
def synced?
external_id.present? && !NetSuiteIntegration.export_failed?(self)
end
def formatted_order_date
order_date.strftime("%-m/%-d/%Y") if order_date.present?
end
def submitted?
!select_items? && !select_ship_to? && !confirm_order?
end
def open?
!(closed? || rejected? || canceled?)
end
def order_uneditable?
filled? || shipped? || received? || closed? || rejected? || canceled?
end
def ship_to_addresses
organization.addresses.map(&:address)
end
def ship_to_names
[user.name.to_s, "#{organization.name} c/o #{user.name}"]
end
def organization_ship_to_names
organization.users.map do |user|
[user.name.to_s, "#{organization.name} c/o #{user.name}"]
end.flatten
end
def to_json
{
id: id,
status: status,
order_details: order_details.sort_by(&:id).map(&:to_json),
in_requested_status: in_requested_status?
}.to_json
end
def self.to_json
includes(:order_details).order(:id).all.map(&:to_json).to_json
end
def value
order_details.map(&:total_value).sum
end
def item_count
order_details.map(&:quantity).sum
end
def create_values_for_programs
transaction do
program_values = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = 0.0 }
order_details.each do |detail|
ratios = detail.item.program_ratio_split_for(organization_unscoped.programs)
ratios.each do |program, ratio|
program_values[program] += detail.total_value * ratio
end
end
program_values.each do |program, value|
order_program_details.create!(program: program, value: value)
end
end
end
def value_by_program
order_program_details.all.each_with_object({}) do |detail, result|
result[detail.program] = detail.value
result
end
end
end
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128001
] |
<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: feature request: property aware normalization
username_0: It would be really useful to have a way to normalize values for properties. This would include doing unit conversions, string case conversion, and whitespace normalization in such a way that two values that are always equivalent in the browser are the same string value.
This would probably precipitate a property aware value ast and stringifier.
<issue_comment>username_1: As noted in the original opticss issue, postcss-colormin, or really just [colormin](https://github.com/ben-eb/colormin), already handles this for the `color` property. While normalizing all values would be great, `color` is a particularly useful property to normalize with it's many different ways of defining the same thing. | 184 | [
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By Mrs Nikki Grauman, Head of Academic Care, Junior School
Recently, both the Junior and Seniors School students at Masada College participated in a range of activities to promote National Reconciliation week. The key idea of this week is to bring together the relationship between the broader Australian community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. As a school, Reconciliation Week resonates with us as we encourage our students to work together, to synergise and reconcile our differences when they arise and to do so with respect and sincerity.
In my role as Head of Academic Care, I often deal with students who need to work with one another to reconcile a difference of opinion or belief or to rectify a situation in order to move forward. This got me thinking about what it takes to make a sincere apology and about the process involved when we work together to try and repair a situation.
In my research I came upon this explanation of an apology: An apology is a statement that has two key elements – it shows your remorse over your actions and it acknowledges the hurt that your actions have caused to someone else. Whilst an apology appears like a simple way of making amends and we know that it is an effective way to restore trust and balance in a relationship, many of us nonetheless find it a difficult thing to do.
These are the four key steps in making an apology: 1. Express remorse, 2. Admit responsibility, 3. Make amends and 4. Take steps to ensure you do not find yourself in the same situation again.
What we need to realise is that an apology is a means of opening dialogue between the two parties. When we are willing to admit our mistake, the other person is given the opportunity to start to rebuild their trust and re-establish their relationship with you. It also gives you a chance to discuss what is and isn’t acceptable. Offering a sincere apology is a means to begin a healing process for those you hurt. However, we need to also remember that we too benefit when we make an apology as we assume responsibility for our actions. This allows us to build up our self-confidence, self-respect and reputation. When we fail to apologise we build animosity and tension and this can create a toxic environment. I found this quote I will leave you with: “You can grow flowers where dirt used to be.” Teach your children, as we try to teach our students, the art of making a sincere apology when we have hurt someone – You never know what can come out of this act of working together with courage, hand in hand. | 527 | [
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] |
<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: 商洛市山阳县哪里有真实大保健(找特色服务u
username_0: 商洛市山阳县哪里有真实大保健(找特色服务【威信IO77I9O9美女】美女商洛市山阳县哪里有真实大保健(找特色服务〖╋V:⒈O⒎⒎乄⒈⒐O⒐】月日，演员张馨比在绿洲发布自己“圣诞节礼物造型”质感大片，并配文：“礼物已打包，请签收。”三组照片中，张馨比分别呈现高难度肢体照、人像照和圣诞包裹照，将圣诞节的主题元素融合，一颦一笑好似在讲一个圣诞的故事，既高级又有质感。网友热烈回应道：圣诞魔性馨比礼包来啦；最喜欢的圣诞礼物；别具一格的大片。链蛋懈在踪勘方卣焦飞谧环毡济惺https://github.com/trailofbits/monitoring_linux_events/issues/5487?ikHM1 <br />https://github.com/trailofbits/monitoring_linux_events/issues/2165?kbwax <br />https://github.com/trailofbits/monitoring_linux_events/issues/14381?YG8ji <br />https://github.com/trailofbits/monitoring_linux_events/issues/13001?41LeP <br />https://github.com/trailofbits/monitoring_linux_events/issues/10673?hviyu <br /> | 715 | [
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] |
Tokenisation is a system that replaces sensitive data with unique identification symbols that store the same information in a safer way.
The Payment Card Industry (PCI) Council
, a global organisation overseeing payments security, defines tokenisation as "a process by which the primary account number (PAN) is replaced with a surrogate value called a token. De-tokensation is the reverse process of redeeming a token for its associated PAN value."
The PCI now requires merchants to fully secure payment data. Previously it could be stored by the merchant and used for marketing strategies.
Tokenisation helps organisations to keep financial transaction data safe whilst still adhering to government and industry compliance requirements in a cost effective way.
The way tokenisation works
Unlike encryption, tokenisation does not rely on a mathematical algorithm to turn the data into a token. Instead it puts the data into a secure database where it is encrypted, providing a token to be used. An index links the data to the token and the index can only give out the original data if the token is presented to it.
For instance, with Apple Pay, the user is identified using a fingerprint scan, the app then sends the card token and a cryptogram to the merchant’s terminal and onto the card network. The network authorises the token and the cryptogram and sends them to the bank that issued the payment card.
The bank then decrypts the token, checks its authenticity, links it to your account number and finally authorises the transaction. The merchant then receives payment and the buyer’s account is debited.
Tokenisation hides or replaces data so there is no data to breach. When you make an online purchase, the system transforms your card number into a random number which is then used for the transaction in the same way that the card number would be.
Benefits of tokenisation
The company converts credit card numbers into unique tokens and safely stores the data. The tokens give no information that can be used outside of the specific transaction. The data is meaningless to someone who gets access to it who shouldn’t.
Tokenisation provides a cost effective way to comply with financial regulations and makes it difficult for cybercriminals to get cardholders data as it’s stored in secure databases and not freely exchanged over networks.
Rob Macmillan, VP Marketing, Digital Payments at Proxama said in an October 2015 interview with PYMNTS.com, “If we look at the evolution of the international payment schemes, most recently with EMV standardization across the world, it is evident that standardization is needed to achieve interoperability and ensure that systems talk to each other.”
Tokens are generated using methods that only allow the process to be reversed with the permission of the owners.
Systems should be secured using data protection best practice to ensure that there is no way for the tokens to be reversed back to live data except by the owners.
A token cannot be turned back into the real data if the token is stolen. A thief would have to access the secure token vault, protected by further encryption, to access the real data.
Apple Pay, Samsung Pay and Android Pay use a form of tokenisation.
The use of tokenisation is rising, partly as a result of high profile security breaches. The fact that Apple and other major brands are using it will also help its use rise. Recently American Express announced that tokens can be used in the US for online transactions. Visa and Mastercard also have plans afoot which suggests tokenisation use will increase in the industry.
Primarily, tokenisation has been used for card-not-present transactions, to improve security for online payment systems because the actual card number is not being put through the payment system.
Rob Macmillan concludes: “There is clearly a need for tokenisation as a general mechanism for protecting cardholder data. The security breaches that have happened in the past illustrate how important this is.
“It’s no surprise, given the evolution of our industry, that things will continue to change; but now is definitely the time to get on board with tokenisation.”
This article represents the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of BPAY.
Published by BPAY Pty Ltd. BPAY is offered by over 150 Financial Institutions. Contact your Financial Institution to see if it offers BPAY and to get the terms and conditions. This is general advice – before using BPAY please review the terms and conditions and consider whether BPAY is appropriate for your personal circumstances. | 941 | [
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Dawn was finishing up a report when the buzzer sounded. She toggled programmes on her desktop, calling up the video feed from the lobby, but she didn't recognise the man on the monitor.
Rachel looked up from her work and shook her head. "We don't have any appointments scheduled either."
"Better see who he is then. Keep an ear open." Dawn straightened her skirt before opening the door.
The man turned at her entrance and Dawn gave him a professional once over. He was tall, dark and handsome in a way that the patients of Hollywood plastic surgeons could only dream of. He was dressed in a Zegna suit that she was fairly certain didn't come off the peg and had a haircut that would cost more than most people were paid in a week. There was also something about him that set her teeth on edge.
Many thanks to the luscious moonbeamsfanfic for volunteering as beta, any leftover weirdness is all my fault. | 204 | [
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] |
where is the bright future for us?
I wonder where did the white dove gone!
Born on October 19th, 1994, Monsif is on his second year at the University of sidi Mohammed Ben Adlallah,Taza city, Morocco. He still lives with his family. He is a young fellow with BIG vision of sharing Love and Peace in the World. He feels that humanity and all creatures have the right to live peacefully and be treated with compassion, respect and love which are visible in his writings.
Winner of the Inspirational Poet Award Pentasi B. World Friendship Poetry, AfrIca, Ghana, 2016.
Member of the selected group Pentasi B. World Friendship Poetry, founded by the Father of Visual Poetry: Dr. Penpen B. Takipsilim.
His poems have been published in different International anthologies around the world; read them on radio programs at Canada, Chicago, Argentina, Morocco and Mexico.
His poems have been translated into: Spanish, Arabic and French. | 213 | [
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<filename>admin/src/main/ts/src/app/admc/apps/roles/application-roles/resolvers/actions.resolver.ts
import {Injectable} from '@angular/core';
import {ActivatedRouteSnapshot, Resolve} from '@angular/router';
import { SpinnerService } from 'ngx-ode-ui';
import { NotifyService } from 'src/app/core/services/notify.service';
import { routing } from 'src/app/core/services/routing.service';
import { ApplicationModel } from 'src/app/core/store/models/application.model';
import { RoleActionModel } from 'src/app/core/store/models/role.model';
import { g_appStore } from '../../../admc-apps.store';
import { AdmcAppsRolesService } from '../../admc-apps-roles.service';
@Injectable()
export class ActionsResolver implements Resolve<Array<RoleActionModel> | boolean> {
constructor(
private spinner: SpinnerService,
private ns: NotifyService,
private roleSvc:AdmcAppsRolesService
) {
}
resolve(route: ActivatedRouteSnapshot): Promise<Array<RoleActionModel> | boolean> {
const app:ApplicationModel = g_appStore.applications.data.find(
s => s.id === routing.getParam(route, 'appId'));
if (app) {
return this.spinner.perform('portal-content', this.roleSvc.getApps()
.then( apps => apps.find(ar=>ar.id===app.id) )
.then( appTemplate => appTemplate.actions )
.catch(error => {
this.ns.error('user.root.error.text', 'user.root.error', error);
return false;
}));
} else {
return Promise.resolve(false);
}
}
}
| 639 | [
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Pregnant women and foetal well-being are compromised by malaria due to downregulation of normal maternal immune response during pregnancy. Consequently cell mediated immunity (Th1) is suppressed and as a result, the ...
The microbial larvicides Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis have recently proven to be effective tools for integrated mosquito control programmes in Africa. This study assessed the efficacy and duration of ...
The general objective of this study was to determine the role of background music, mood, personality, work behaviour and performance of tailoring workers at the EPZ in Athi River, Kenya. The specific objectives were to ...
Background: Morbidity and mortality from malaria remains high, even with appropriate treatment. Complicating pathologies may contribute to this state. There is laboratory evidence of altered immune function at different ...
The increased use of herbal medicines has come with challenges of safety, quality and efficient utilization. This study assessed the safety of the herbal medicines with regards to microbial contamination, aflatoxins and ...
BACKGROUND: Hospital operating theatre equipment and the environment air may harbour bacteria, viruses, yeasts, and fungal spores. Susceptible patients undergoing surgery in such an environment may develop post-operative ...
Indigenous chickens are mostly raised free-range, where they scavenge around, picking their food from the environment with little or no supplementation. During periods of heavy rains, the flooding water carries different ...
A prospective study on the bacterial colonization profile of the respiratory tract was carried out on fifty-six (56) patients admitted to the Kenyatta National Hospital, Intensive- Care unit, and intubated for at least ...
Study Type: Retrospective cross - sectional study that involved the review of laboratory reports on stool culture of adults at KNH microbiology laboratory from ~ﾷI;t January 2005 to 31 st December 2009 Objectives: To ...
This is a prospective study of forty children in sickle cell crisis with suspected bacterial infections seen at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Eighteen of these children were found bacteriologically positive ...
The pattern of neonatal bacterial infections in the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH nursery was analysed over a three month period with a view of finding out the causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. ...
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common types of nosocomial infections encountered in the inpatient settings including intensive care unit (ICU). Amongst patients ix admitted to ICU, studies have revealed ...
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is defined as an imbalance in the normal vaginal flora with a reduced level of the usual predominant lactobacilli and the proliferation of various anaerobic bacteria. 79 BV is associated with ...
This study aimed at determining the microbiological safety of kale (Brassica oleracea Acephala), a green leafy vegetable produced and sold in Nairobi. The assessment was carried out on kale and water (used for irrigation ...
Introduction: Access to safe drinking water is an important basic need. A large proportion of people in developing countries lack access to safe drinking water. This has resulted in high morbidity and mortality due to ...
Bacterial growth was obtained from 114 neonates from all the paediatric units of the Kenyatta National Hospital (K. N. H. ) where neonates are admitted and managed during the period January to December, 1980. The ...
Thirty samples of unheated expressed breast milk (EBM) from 30 lactating mothers, and twelve samples of unboiled Kenya Co-operatives Creameries (KCC) milk, both stored at room temperature (RT) and in the refrigerator ...
The 1990s passed as a decade in which commercial banks in Kenya experienced highs and lows in terms of profitability and asset quality. While other sectors suffered major losses due to the economic recession, the banks ... | 808 | [
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Registration is opening soon for weekly, overnight summer camp programs emphasizing outdoor skills or children ages 8-17 at Barry Conservation Camp in Berlin, New Hampshire. The camp is operated by the University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension 4-H in partnership with the state Fish and Game Department. The sessions run from June 19 through Aug. 10 and focus on 4-H shooting sports, fishing, hunter education, becoming a junior conservation officer, and other topics. Registration opens at midnight on Feb. 17. | 98 | [
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From the air, scientists map ‘fast paths’ for recharging California’s groundwater table
Climate change has transformed precipitation systems across the American West in recent decades, making some places less likely to find enough water to grow crops or water wildlife. Scientists are now mapping the potential for California to build on its water resources by tapping into subterranean aquifers that hold as much as 100 billion gallons of water, though it takes decades of pumping to recharge the aquifers and bring them above ground.
The scientists, led by Stephen Holbrook, a geologist at the University of California at Riverside, focused on the California Channel Islands, a cluster of seven islands and three smaller islets that lie about 700 nautical miles (1,260 miles) west of mainland California.
Using radar sounding from the University of California at Irvine, they identified groundwater flow pathways that could be used as a source of fresh water. To map the underground rivers, the researchers mapped the surface layers of soil in each location, so that they could figure out how much water would flow through specific underground pathways. They then drilled wells on each island to sample the water and to calculate when it could be produced aboveground.
“We went through a number of experiments to figure out how the water was coming down to the ground, and how long it was going to stay there,” Holbrook said. “How long water stays in the ground isn’t actually the important thing. What matters are the pathways through which the groundwater is flowing. We found, for instance, that the groundwater on Midway is likely to flow through a number of different pathways – maybe a few dozen pathways.”
The scientists also drilled wells near the channel islands, which have been dry for more than a century. On Midway, they found that a water supply that flowed for about 1.5 meters (5 feet) a year could recharge the aquifer from less than 1.5 meters (5 feet) of precipitation, Holbrook said. If precipitation fell at a rate | 417 | [
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Roscoe Pound, 1908
roscoe pound followed in Oliver Wendell Holmes's footsteps. In "Mechanical Jurisprudence" (1908), Pound coined the term mechanical jurisprudence to refer to the common but odious practice whereby judges woodenly applied previous precedents to the facts of cases without regard to the consequences. For Pound, the logic of previous precedents alone would not solve jurisprudential problems. The essay decries the ossification of legal concepts into self-evident truths.
In opposition to mechanical jurisprudence, Pound offered his theory of sociological jurisprudence. He acknowledged that the common law contains some constant principles, particularly in regard to methods. He gave these principles the name "taught legal tradition." Pound believed that the implementation of this taught legal tradition by wise common-law judges resulted in substantive change, which reflected changes in society. As the interpreters of the common law, judges had a special duty to consider the practical effects of their decisions and to strive to ensure that they facilitated rather than hindered societal growth.
Source: Reprinted from 8 Columbia Law Review 605.
"There is no way," says Sir Frederick Pollock, "by which modern law can escape from the scientific and artificial character imposed on it by the demand of modern societies for full, equal, and exact justice:" An Australian judge has stated the same proposition in these words: "The public is more interested than it knows in maintaining the highest scientific standard in the administration of justice." Every lawyer feels this, and every thoughtful student of institutions must admit it. But what do we mean by the word "scientific" in this connection? What is scientific law? What constitutes science in the administration of justice? Sir Frederick Pollock gives us the clue when he defines the reasons that compel law to take on this scientific character as three: the demand for full justice, that is for solutions that go to the root of controversies; the demand for equal justice, that is a like adjustment of like relations under like conditions; and the demand for exact justice, that is for a justice whose operations, within reasonable limits, may be predicted in advance of action. In other words, the marks of a scientific law are, conformity to reason, uniformity, and certainty. Scientific law is a reasoned body of principles for the administration of justice, and its antithesis is a system of enforcing magisterial caprice, however honest, and however much disguised under the name of justice or equity or natural law. But this scientific character of law is a means—a means toward the end of law, which is the administration of justice. Law is forced to take on this character in order to accomplish its end fully, equally, and exactly; and in so far as it fails to perform its function fully, equally, and exactly, it fails in the end for which it exists. Law is scientific in order to eliminate so far as may be the personal equation in judicial administration, to preclude corruption and to limit the dangerous possibilities of magisterial ignorance. Law is not scientific for the sake of science. Being scientific as a means toward an end, it must be judged by the results it achieves, not by the niceties of its internal structure; it must be valued by the extent to which it meets its end, not by the beauty of its logical processes or the strictness with which its rules proceed from the dogmas it takes for its foundation.
Two dangers have to be guarded against in a scientific legal system, one of them in the direction of the effect of its scientific and artificial character upon the public, the other in the direction of its effect upon the courts and the legal profession. With respect to the first danger, it is well to remember that law must not become too scientific for the people to appreciate its workings. Law has the practical function of adjusting everyday relations so as to meet current ideas of fair play. It must not become so completely artificial that the public is led to regard it as wholly arbitrary. No institution can stand upon such a basis today. Reverence for institutions of the past will not preserve, of itself, an institution that touches everyday life as profoundly as does the law. Legal theory can no more stand as a sacred tradition in the modern world than can political theory. It has been one of the great merits of English law that its votaries have always borne this in mind. When Lord Esher said, "the law of England is not a science," he meant to protest against a pseudo-science of technical rules existing for their own sake and subserving supposed ends of science, while defeating justice. And it is the importance of the role of jurors in tempering the administration of justice with common-sense and preserving a due connection of the rules governing everyday relations with everyday needs of ordinary men that has atoned for the manifold and conspicuous defects of trial by jury and is keeping it alive. In Germany today one of the problems of law reform is how to achieve a similar tempering of the justice administered by highly trained specialists.
In the other direction, the effect of a scientific legal system upon the courts and upon the legal profession is more subtle and far-reaching. The effect of all systems is apt to be petrifaction of the subject systematized. Perfection of scientific system and exposition tends to cut off individual initiative in the future, to stifle independent consideration of new problems and of new phases of old problems, and to impose the ideas of one generation upon another. This is so in all departments of learning. One of the obstacles to advance in every science is the domination of the ghosts of departed masters. Their sound methods are forgotten, while their unsound conclusions are held for gospel. Legal science is not exempt from this tendency. Legal systems have their periods in which science degenerates, in which system decays into technicality, in which a scientific jurisprudence becomes a mechanical jurisprudence.
Roman law in its decadence furnishes a striking example. The Valentinian "law of citations" made a selection of jurisconsults of the past and allowed their writings only to be cited. It declared them, with the exception of Papinian, equal in authority. It confined the judge, when questions of law were in issue, to the purely mechanical task of counting and of determining the numerical preponderance of authority. Principles were no longer resorted to in order to make rules to fit cases. The rules were at hand in a fixed and final form, and cases were to be fitted to the rules. The classical jurisprudence of principles had developed, by the very weight of its authority, a jurisprudence of rules; and it is in the nature of rules to operate mechanically.
Undoubtedly one cause of the tendency of scientific law to become mechanical is to be found in the average man's admiration for the ingenious in any direction, his love of technicality as a manifestation of cleverness, his feeling that law, as a developed institution, ought to have a certain ballast of mysterious technicality. "Philosophy's queerest arguments," says James, "tickle agreeably our sense of subtlety and ingenuity." Every practitioner has encountered the lay obsession as to invalidity of a signing with a lead pencil. Every law teacher has had to combat the student obsession that notice, however cogent, may be disregarded unless it is "official." Lay hair-splitting over rules and regulations goes far beyond anything of which lawyers are capable. Experienced advocates have insisted that in argument to a jury, along with a just, common-sense theory of the merits, one ought to have a specious technicality for good measure. But apart from this general human tendency, there is the special tendency of the lawyer to regard artificiality in law as an end, to hold science something to be pursued for its own sake, to forget in this pursuit the purpose of law and hence of scientific law, and to judge rules and doctrines by their conformity to a supposed science and not by the results to which they lead. In periods of growth and expansion, this tendency is repressed. In periods of maturity and stability, when the opportunity for constructive work is largely eliminated, it becomes very marked.
I have known judges, [said Chief Justice Erle] bred in the world of legal studies, who delighted in nothing so much as in a strong decision. Now a strong decision is a decision opposed to common-sense and to common convenience…. A great part of the law made by judges consists of strong decisions, and as one strong decision is a precedent for another a little stronger, the law at last, on some matters, becomes such a nuisance that equity intervenes, or an Act of Parliament must be passed to sweep the whole away.
The instance suggested in the conversation from which the foregoing extract is taken illustrates very well the development of a mechanical legal doctrine. Successive decisions upon the construction of wills had passed upon the meaning of particular words and phrases in particular wills. These decisions were used as guides in the construction of other wills. Presently rules grew up whereby it was settled that particular words and phrases had prescribed hard and fast meanings, and the construction of wills became so artificial, so scientific, that it defeated the very end of construction and compelled a series of sections in the Wills Act of 1836.
I have referred to mechanical jurisprudence as scientific because those who administer it believe it such. But in truth it is not science at all. We no longer hold anything scientific merely because it exhibits a rigid scheme of deductions from a priori conceptions. In the philosophy of today, theories are "instruments, not answers to enigmas, in which we can rest." The idea of science as a system of deductions has become obsolete, and the revolution which has taken place in other sciences in this regard must take place and is taking place in jurisprudence also. This revolution in science at large was achieved in the middle of the nineteenth century. In the first half of that century, scientific method in every department of learning was dominated by the classical German philosophy. Men conceived that by dialectics and deduction from controlling conceptions they could construe the whole content of knowledge. Even in the natural sciences this belief prevailed and had long dictated theories of nature and of natural phenomena. Linnaeus, for instance, lays down a proposition, omne vivum ex ovo, and from this fundamental conception deduces a theory of homologies between animal and vegetable organs. He deemed no study of the organisms and the organs themselves necessary to reach or to sustain these conclusions. Yet, today, study of the organisms themselves has overthrown his fundamental proposition. The substitution of efficient for final causes as explanations of natural phenomena has been paralleled by a revolution in political thought. We do not base institutions upon deduction from assumed principles of human nature; we require them to exhibit practical utility, and we rest them upon a foundation of policy and established adaptation to human needs. It has been asserted that to no small extent the old mode of procedure was borrowed from the law. We are told that it involved a "fundamentally juristic conception of the world in which all kinds of action and every sort of judgment was expressed in legal phraseology." We are told that "in the Middle Ages human welfare and even religion was conceived under the form of legality, and in the modern world this has given place to utility." We have, then, the same task in jurisprudence that has been achieved in philosophy, in the natural sciences and in politics. We have to rid ourselves of this sort of legality and to attain a pragmatic, a sociological legal science.
What is needed nowadays, [it has been said] is that as against an abstract and unreal theory of State omnipotence on the one hand, and an atomistic and artificial view of individual independence on the other, the facts of the world with its innumerable bonds of association and the naturalness of social authority should be generally recognized, and become the basis of our laws, as it is of our life.
Herein is the task of the sociological jurist. Professor Small defines the sociological movement as "a frank endeavor to secure for the human factor in experience the central place which belongs to it in our whole scheme of thought and action." The sociological movement in jurisprudence is a movement for pragmatism as a philosophy of law; for the adjustment of principles and doctrines to the human conditions they are to govern rather than to assumed first principles; for putting the human factor in the central place and relegating logic to its true position as an instrument.
Jurisprudence is last in the march of the sciences away from the method of deduction from predetermined conceptions. On the continent of Europe, both the historical school of jurists and the philosophical school, which were dominant until at least the last quarter of the nineteenth century, proceeded in this way. The difference between them lay in the manner in which they arrived at their fundamental conceptions. The former derived them from the history of juristic speculation and the historical development of the Roman sources. The latter, through metaphysical inquiries, arrived at certain propositions as to human nature, and deduced a system from them. This was the philosophical theory behind the eighteenth-century movement for codification. Ihering was the pioneer in the work of superseding this jurisprudence of conceptions (Begriffsjurisrudenz) by a jurisprudence of results (Wirklichkeitsjurisprudenz). He insisted that we should begin at the other end; that the first question should be, how will a rule or a decision operate in practice? For instance, if a rule of commercial law were in question, the search should be for the rule that best accords with and gives effect to sound business practice. In the Civil Law, the doctrine as to mistake in the formation of a contract affords an example of the working of the two methods. Savigny treated the subject according to the jurisprudence of conceptions. He worked out historically and analytically the conception of a contract and deduced therefrom the rules to govern cases of mistake. It followed, from his conception, that if A telegraphed B to buy shares and the telegram as delivered to B read sell, there was no contract between A and B, and hence no liability of A to B; and for a time it was so held. But this and some of the other resulting rules were so far from just in their practical operation that, following the lead of Ihering, they have been abandoned and the ordinary understanding of businessmen has been given effect. And, in this same connection, the new German code has introduced, as a criterion of error in the content of an expression of the will, the question, what would be regarded as essential in the ordinary understanding of business. Even better examples of the workings of a jurisprudence of conceptions, for our purposes, may be found in the manner in which common-law courts have dealt with points of mercantile law. For instance, the law of partnership is made difficult and often unjust by the insistence of the courts upon deducing its rules from a conception of joint ownership and joint obligation, instead of ascertaining and giving effect to the actual situation as understood and practiced by merchants. The legal theory does not affect the actual course of business an iota. But it leads to unfortunate results when that course of business, for some reason, comes before the courts. Again, the refusal of Lord Holt to recognize the negotiability of promissory notes proceeded upon a deduction from the conception of a chose in action. A jurisprudence of ends would have avoided each of these errors.
In periods of legal development through juristic speculation and judicial decision, we have a jurisprudence of ends in fact, even if in form it is a jurisprudence of conceptions. The Roman jus gentium was worked out for concrete causes and the conceptions were later generalizations from its results. The jus naturale was a system of reaching reasonable ends by bringing philosophical theory into the scale against the hard and fast rules of antiquity. The development of equity in England was attained by a method of seeking results in concrete causes. The liberalizing of English law through the law merchant was brought about by substituting business practice for juridical conceptions. The development of the common law in America was a period of growth because the doctrine that the common law was received only so far as applicable led the courts, in adapting English case-law to American conditions, to study the conditions of application as well as the conceptions and their logical consequences. Whenever such a period has come to an end, when its work has been done and its legal theories have come to maturity, the jurisprudence of conceptions tends to decay. Conceptions are fixed. The premises are no longer to be examined. Everything is reduced to simple deduction from them. Principles cease to have importance. The law becomes a body of rules. This is the condition against which sociologists now protest, and protest rightly.
A period of legislative activity supervenes to supply, first new rules, then new premises, and finally a systematic body of principles as a fresh start for juristic development. But such periods hitherto have not been periods of growth. Usually legislative activity has not gone beyond the introduction of new rules or of new premises, and the chief result has been a summing up of the juristic accomplishment of the past in improved form. The further step, which is beginning to be taken in our present era of legal development through legislation, is in reality an awakening of juristic activity, as jurists perceive that they may effect results through the legislator as well as through the judge or the doctrinal writer. This step has yet to be taken outside of Germany. And in the first and second stages of a period of legislation the mechanical character of legal science is aggravated by the imperative theory, which is a concomitant of legislative activity. Austin's proposition that law is command so complete that even the unwritten law must be given this character, since whatever the sovereign permits he commands, was simply rediscovered during the legislative ferment of the reform movement in English law. In the flowering-time of Papal legislation the canon law had already asserted it. Moreover, a period of legislation and codification has brought German jurists to a like conclusion. At such times, when law is felt to be positive, to be the command of the law-maker, a tendency to enact rules as such becomes manifest. Roman law, in its period of legislation, can furnish more than one example of the sort of law-making of which we complain to-day.
Before the analytical school, which revived the imperative theory to meet the facts of an age of legislation, had become established, historical jurists led a revolt. But their jurisprudence is a jurisprudence of conceptions. Moreover, they have had little effect upon the actual course of Anglo-American law. The philosophical jurists have protested also and have appealed from purely legal considerations to considerations of reason and of natural law. But theirs, too, is a jurisprudence of conceptions, and their method, of itself, offers no relief. Their service has been in connection with the general sociological movement, in giving natural law a new and a modern aspect, and in promoting a general agreement among jurists on a sociological basis. In Europe, it is obvious that the different schools are coming together in a new sociological school that is to dominate juristic thought. Instead of seeking for an ideal universal law by metaphysical methods, the idea of all schools is to turn "the community of fact of mankind into a community of law in accord with the reasonable ordering of active life." Hence they hold that "the less arbitrary the character of a rule and the more clearly it conforms to the nature of things, the more nearly does it approach to the norm of a perfect law." The utilitarian theory of Bentham was a theory of legislation. The sociological theory of the present is a theory of legal science. Probably the chief merit of the new German code lies in its conformity in so large a degree to this theory. It lays down principles from which to deduce, not rules, but decisions; and decisions will indicate a rule only so long as the conditions to which they are applied cause them to express the principle. This, and not lax methods of equitable application, into which American courts are falling so generally, is the true way to make rules fit cases instead of making cases fit rules.
An efficient cause of the failure of much American legislation is that it is founded on an assumption that it is enough for the State to command. Legislation has not been the product of preliminary study of the conditions to which it was to apply. It has not expressed social standards accurately. It has not responded accurately to social needs. Hence a large proportion has been nugatory in practice. But the difficulty is not, as some have assumed, that matters of private law are not within the legitimate scope of legislation. It is rather that legislation has approached them upon a false theory. Judicial law-making also has acted upon an erroneous theory; and its results are often quite as much disregarded in practice as are statutes. Judicial law-making, however, cannot escape, except within very narrow limits, until it is given a new starting point from without. Legislative lawmaking, on the contrary, may do so and is beginning to do so.
That our case law at its maturity has acquired the sterility of a fully developed system, may be shown by abundant examples of its failure to respond to vital needs of present-day life. Its inadequacy to deal with employers' liability; the failure of the theory of "general jurisprudence" of the Supreme Court of the United States to give us a uniform commercial law; the failure of American courts, with centuries of discussion before them, to work out a reasonable or certain law of future interests in land; the breakdown of the common law in the matter of discrimination by public service companies because of inability to make procedure enforce its doctrines and rules; its breakdown in the attempt to adjust water rights in our newer states, where there was opportunity for free development; its inability to hold promoters to their duty and to protect the interests of those who invest in corporate enterprises against mismanagement and breach of trust; its failure to work out a scheme of responsibility that will hold legal entities, or those who hide behind their skirts, to their duty to the public—all these failures, and many more might be adduced, speak for themselves. But compare these failures with the great achievements of the youth of our case-law, with Lord Mansfield's development of a law of quasi-contracts from the fictions of the common counts, with Lord Mansfield's development of mercantile law by judicial decision, with Kent's working out of equity for America from a handful of English decisions, with Marshall's work in giving us a living constitution by judicial interpretation. Now and then, at present, we see vigorous life in remote corners of our case law, as, for instance, in the newer decisions as to surface and underground waters. But judicial revolt from mechanical methods to-day is more likely to take the form of "officious kindness" and flabby equitable application of law. Our judge-made law is losing its vitality, and it is a normal phenomenon that it should do so.
I have suggested some examples of the failure of our case law to rise to social and legal emergencies. Let me point to some phases of its active operation which lead to the same conclusion.
The manner in which the Fourteenth Amendment is applied affords a striking instance of the workings today of a jurisprudence of conceptions. Starting with the conception that it was intended to incorporate Spencer's Social Statics in the fundamental law of the United States, rules have been deduced that obstruct the way of social progress. The conception of liberty of contract, in particular, has given rise to rules and decisions which, tested by their practical operation, defeat liberty. As Mr. Olney says of the Adair Case, "it is archaic, it is a long step into the past, to conceive of and deal with the relations between the employer in such industries and the employee, as if the parties were individuals." The conception of freedom of contract is made the basis of a logical deduction. The court does not inquire what the effect of such a deduction will be, when applied to the actual situation. It does not observe that the result will be to produce a condition precisely the reverse of that which the conception originally contemplated. Again, the Commerce Clause of the Federal Constitution has been taken by one judge, at least, to be a constitutional enactment of a conception of free trade among the states. Deductions from this and like conceptions, assumed to express the meaning and the sole meaning of the clause, have given us rules which, when applied to the existing commercial and industrial situation, are wholly inadequate.
Procedure, with respect to which every thoughtful lawyer must feel that we are inexcusably behind the rest of the English-speaking world, suffers especially from mechanical jurisprudence. The conception of a theory of the case, developed by the common-law forms of action, has, in nearly half of our code jurisdictions, nullified the legislative intent and made the practice more rigid than at common law. But this conception is regarded by many as fundamental. In deductions from this conception they lose sight of the end of procedure, they make scientific procedure an end of itself, and thus, in the result, make adjective law an agency for defeating or delaying substantive law and justice instead of one for enforcing and speeding them. Aristotle discusses a project of a Greek reformer for enabling tribunals to render what he called a divided judgment. At that time, the judgment had to be absolute one way or the other. If a plaintiff claimed twenty minœ: when but eighteen were proved to be due him, there was no course but to find for the defendant. The proposal to correct this and to allow a finding for the eighteen minœ: due did not meet with Aristotle's approval. He said:
A juror who votes acquittal decides, not that the defendant owes nothing, but that he does not owe the twenty minœ: claimed.
We smile now at Aristotle's hard and fast deduction, in the face of a manifestly absurd result, from his conception of the trial of an issue. But at least half our jurisdictions do the same thing essentially in this matter of the theory of a plaintiff's case. That his pleadings and proofs disclose a case and a good case is not enough. The courts say they are not foreclosing that case; they are merely deciding upon the theory he has chosen to advance.
Again, in the practice as to parties, the common-law conception that there must be a joint interest or a joint liability, because there must be one controversy and joint parties are as one party, has seriously interfered with the liberal plan of the framers of the original Code of Civil Procedure. I can only cite some of the cases. But let me compare with our American cases a recent English decision. In that case two plaintiffs sued for an injunction against infringement of copyright and for an accounting of profits. Only one was owner of the copyright; the other was a mere licensee. But which one was owner was not clear. The court did not deem it necessary to take up this question and determine whether one only was owner and if so which, although a money recovery was to be had. So long as the plaintiffs were agreed among themselves and the defendant had wronged and owed money to one or the other of them, it affirmed a decree for an injunction and accounting. Although in strictness it might be that only one was entitled to judgment and so it would be necessary to determine which one, the court wasted no time on that question so long as nothing turned on it. Here the court was conscious that procedure was a mere means. It strove to vindicate the substantive law. It was not set upon adhering with scrupulous exactness to logical deductions from a conception of adjective law at the expense of the merits the latter exists to give effect to.
Trial procedure is full of mechanical jurisprudence born of deduction from conceptions. The decisions as to the effect of a view of the locus by a jury, in which judgments are reversed unless jurors are told, in the face of common-sense, not to use what they see as evidence, in order to vindicate a conception of the duty of a court of review; the wilderness of decisions as to the province of court and jury, in which, carrying a conception of distinction between law and fact to extreme logical results, the courts at one moment assume that jurors are perfect and will absolutely follow an abstract instruction to its logical consequences, in the face of common-sense and the evidence, and at the next assume that they are fools and will be misled by anything not relevant that drops from the court; and the practice of instructions, one way or the other, when doubtful points of law arise, a general verdict, and a new trial, if the court of review takes another view of the point, when the verdict could have been taken quite as well subject to the point of law reserved, and a new trial obviated, illustrate forcibly the extent to which procedural conceptions, pursued for their own sake, may defeat the end of procedure and defeat the substance of the law. For delay of justice is denial of justice. Every time a party goes out of court on a mere point of practice, substantive law suffers an injury. The life of the law is in its enforcement.
Evidence also has been a prolific field for the unchecked jurisprudence of conceptions. But one example must suffice. The decisions by which in a majority of jurisdictions jurors are not permitted to learn directly the views of standard texts upon scientific and technical subjects, but must pass upon the conflicting opinions of experts without the aid of the impartial sources of information to which any common-sense man would resort in practice, carry out a conception of the competency of evidence at the expense of the end of evidence. In one case, the question was whether death had taken place from strangulation. The trial was held in a rural community, and the medical experts accessible had had no actual experience of cases of strangulation of the sort involved. But standard medical works did relate cases precisely in point, and, after proof that they were standard authorities, a physician was allowed to testify with respect to the symptoms disclosed in the light of the recorded experience of mankind. For this, the judgment was reversed. To vindicate a juridical conception, the court shut out the best possible means of information, in the circumstances of the case in hand, and allowed an accused person to escape because of the inevitable limits of experience of a rural physician.
How far the mechanical jurisprudence, of which the example just given is an extreme case, forgets the end in the means, is made manifest by the stock objection to attempts at introducing a common-sense and business-like procedure. We are told that formal and technical procedure "makes better lawyers." One might ask whether the making of good lawyers is the end of law. But what is a good lawyer? Let Ulpian answer:
lus est ars boni et œqui. Cuius merito quis nos sacerdotes appellet; iustitiam namque colimus et boni et œqui, notitiam profitemur, œquum ab iniquo separantes, licitum ab illicto discernentes, bonos non solum metu pœnarum, verum etiam prœmiorum quoque exhortatione efficere cupientes veram, nisi fallor, philosophiam, non simulatam affectantes.
The nadir of mechanical jurisprudence is reached when conceptions are used, not as premises from which to reason, but as ultimate solutions. So used, they cease to be conceptions and become empty words. James has called attention to a like vice in philosophical thought:
Metaphysics has usually followed a very primitive kind of quest. You know how men have always hankered after unlawful magic, and you know what a great part in magic words have always played. If you have his name, or the formula of incantation that binds him, you can control the spirit, genie, afrite, or whatever the power may be…. So the universe has always appeared to the natural mind as a kind of enigma of which the key must be sought in the shape of some illuminating or power-bringing word or name. That word names the universe's principle, and to possess it is after a fashion to possess the universe itself."God,""Matter,""Reason,""the Absolute," "Energy," are so many solving names. You can rest when you have them. You are at the end of your metaphysical quest.
Current decisions and discussions are full of such solving words: estoppel, malice, privity, implied, intention of the testator, vested and contingent—when we arrive at these we are assumed to be at the end of our juristic search. Like Habib in the Arabian Nights, we wave aloft our scimitar and pronounce the talismanic word.
With legislative law-making in the grip of the imperative theory and its arbitrary results, and judicial decision in the grip of a jurisprudence of conceptions and its equally arbitrary results, whither are we to turn? Judicial lawmaking cannot serve us. As things are, the cure would be worse than the disease. No court could hold such hearings as those had by legislative committees upon measures for the protection of operatives, described by Mrs. Kelley, or that recently had before the Interstate Commerce Commission as to uniform bills of lading. We must soon have a new starting-point that only legislation can afford. That we may put the sociological, the pragmatic theory behind legislation, is demonstrated every day. Legislative reference bureaus, the Comparative Law Bureau, the Conferences of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, such hearings as the one before the Interstate Commerce Commission already referred to, hearings before legislative commit-tees, such conferences as the one held recently with respect to the Sherman Anti-trust Law, barassociation discussions of reforms in procedure—all these are furnishing abundant material for legislation of the best type. No such resources are open to the courts. Hence common-law lawyers will some day abandon their traditional attitude toward legislation; will welcome legislation and will make it what it should be. The part played by jurists in the best days of Roman legislation, and the part they have taken in modern Continental legislation, should convince us, if need be, that juristic principles may be recognized and juristic speculation may be put into effect quite as well by legislation as by judicial decision.
Herein is a noble task for the legal scholars of America. To test the conceptions worked out in the common law by the requirements of the new juristic theory, to lay sure foundations for the ultimate legislative restatement of the law, from which judicial decision shall start afresh—this is as great an opportunity as has fallen to the jurists of any age. The end of a period of development by judicial decision is marked by the prevalence of two types of judges; those who think it a great display of learning and of judicial independence to render what Chief Justice Erle called "strong decisions," and those who fix their gaze upon the raw equities of a cause and forage in the books for cases to sustain the desired result. But the task of a judge is to make a principle living, not by deducing from it rules, to be, like the Freshman's hero, "immortal for a great many years," but by achieving thoroughly the less ambitious but more useful labor of giving a fresh illustration of the intelligent application of the principle to a concrete cause, producing a workable and a just result. The real genius of our common law is in this, not in an eternal case-law. Let the principles be formulated by whom or derived from whence you will. The Common Law will look to courts to develop and expound them, the Civil Law to doctrinal treatises. It is only a lip service to our common law that would condemn it to a perpetuity of mechanical jurisprudence through distrust of legislation.
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2011,
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9875,
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11,
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41305,
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13,
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2011,
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555,
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264,
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11,
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2011,
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279,
52133,
18463,
315,
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279,
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315,
279,
68824,
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11,
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2011,
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