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Ischnosiphon Ischnosiphon is a genus of plants native to Central America, South America, Trinidad and the Lesser Antilles. It was first described as a genus in 1859. species References Category:Marantaceae Category:Zingiberales genera

Charles Frink Charles Frink may refer to: Charles N. Frink (1860–?), American travelling salesman, insurance executive and member of the Wisconsin State Legislature

Lord Creator Lord Creator (born Kentrick Patrick, circa 1940, San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago) is a calypso, r&b, ska and rocksteady artist. Alongside Cuban-born Roland Alphonso, Barbadian Jackie Opel and fellow Trinidadians Lynn Taitt and Lord Brynner, Lord Creator was an important and positive "outside" influence during the early development of the Jamaican music scene. Career He started as a calypso singer in Trinidad under the stage name Lord Creator and recorded his first hits, "The Cockhead" and "Evening News", in Trinidad in 1958 and 1959 respectively with Fitz Vaughan Bryan's big band. Due to the success of his hit "Evening News", which was released in Trinidad on the Cook label and also in the UK on the Melodisc label, he moved to Jamaica in late 1959 to perform and record and decided to settle there. In 1962, he recorded "Independent Jamaica" with producer Vincent "Randy" Chin, which became the official song marking Jamaica's independence from the British Empire on 6 August 1962. That song was also the first record on Chris Blackwell's newly founded Island Records label in the United Kingdom (Island 001). In 1963, "Don't Stay Out Late", produced by Chin, became a hit in Jamaica. In 1964, he had a further hit with "Big Bamboo", produced by Coxsone Dodd with Tommy McCook on saxophone. After "Little Princess" in 1964, he recorded a calypso album, Jamaica Time, at Studio One. It included calypso classics like "Jamaica Farewell" and "Yellowbird", as well as a cover of Bob Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind". His next album, Big Bamboo, was recorded at Dynamic Studios sometime after 1969, when the studio was established by Byron Lee. Carlton Lee is listed as the producer. Creator had another big hit with "Kingston Town", a tune he recorded for producer Clancy Eccles in 1970. After that, Lord Creator virtually disappeared from the music industry; although in 1976, he still recorded "Big Pussy Sally", a no-holding-back, free-spirited song which was done on the same tape as Fay Bennett's equally lewd and light-hearted "Big Cocky Wally" for Lee 'Scratch' Perry in the Black Ark studio. Both songs were released on two separate Island Records singles in the UK, both on the B-side accompanied by two different Upsetters dubs. In 1978 Creator returned to the Black Ark to re-record his in 1968 in Randys studio recorded, Vincent Chin produced song, "Such is Life". He returned to Trinidad and Tobago after suffering two strokes. In 1989, the British band UB40 recorded a cover version of "Kingston Town", which helped to revive Lord Creator's career. He appeared in oldies shows in Jamaica, and toured Japan. He now lives in Montego Bay. References External links In the Battle for Emergent Independence: Calypsos of Decolonization, by Ray Funk Category:Trinidad and Tobago musicians Category:Calypsonians Category:Jamaican ska musicians Category:Island Records artists Category:Year of birth uncertain Category:Living people Category:Stroke survivors Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:People from San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago

Artapanus of Alexandria Artapanus of Alexandria (Gk. Ἀρτάπανος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς) was a historian, of Jewish origin, who is believed to have lived in Alexandria, during the later half of the 3rd or 2nd century BCE. Although most scholars assume Artapanus lived in Alexandria, others argue he resided in the countryside. Regardless, Artapanus lived in Egypt. His name, however, is a rather curious one; for Hystaspes' son, and the Achaemenian king Darius the Great's brother's name was also Artap/banus. It is also the name of several Iranian historical personalities, including five (six, including the Parthian ruler of Armenia) of the Parthian kings'. In modern Persian it is Ardavān (اردوان in Persian script). Artapanus wrote Concerning The Jews, a history of the Jews, in Greek between 250 and 100 BCE, but this text has not survived to the present. Artapanus’s writings may be interpreted as a response to those such as Manetho writing as early as the 3rd century BCE; therefore, Artapanus most likely wrote no earlier than the middle of the 3rd century. It is arguable that Artapanus wrote in the second half of the 3rd century BCE under the influence of Ptolemy IV Philopator’s reign between 221 and 204 BCE; however, Alexander Polyhistor’s citation of Artapanus in the middle of the 1st century BCE makes it likely that Artapanus wrote no later than the end of the 2nd century BCE. Polyhistor’s writings have not survived to the present. Parts of Artapanus's work have been preserved in the books of two later historians: Clement of Alexandria in Stromata (Book I, chapter 23) and Eusebius of Caesarea in Præparatio Evangelica (Book IX, chapters 18, 23, and 27). Works and portrayal of Moses There is general scholarly consensus that Artapanus used the Septuagint as a framework for his historical narrative, liberally manipulating its stories to create his own unique account. He describes the Egyptian adventures of the three major Jewish patriarchs, Abraham, Joseph, and Moses, depicting them as heroes responsible for many of the cultural innovations of the ancient Near East. According to Artapanus, Abraham taught an Egyptian pharaoh the science of astrology, while Moses bestowed many “useful benefits on mankind” by inventing boats, Egyptian weapons, and philosophy. (Eusebius, PrEv 9.27.4) He also recounts that the Greeks called Moses Musaeus and that he taught Orpheus, who was widely considered to be the father of Greek culture. Similarly, Artapanus credits Moses with the division of Egypt into 36 nomes as well as the successful conquest of Ethiopia, two accomplishments traditionally attributed to the Egyptian folk hero Sesostris. Throughout the narrative Artapanus insists that the public loved these Jewish figures for their impressive innovations and achievements. In fact, he remarks that the Ethiopians went so far as to circumcise themselves out of admiration for Moses. While some of Artapanus’ history clearly references accounts in Genesis and Exodus, such as his description of the plagues, most of his story lacks evidence. One of the most striking aspects of Artapanus' works is the ease with which he syncretizes Jewish and Egyptian culture and religion. Artapanus also writes that Moses is responsible for appointing "for each of the [36] nomes the god to be worshipped, and that they should be cats and dogs and ibises." There is no doubt that Artapanus was familiar with the animal cults of Egypt and many cult centers for the worship of cats, such as Tell el-Bubastis, and ibises, such as Tuna el-Gebel (outside of Hermopolis), were flourishing in the time Artapanus was writing. Unfortunately, the mention of "cats and dogs and ibises" does not give us enough knowledge about the various cult centers that might be used for dating the work. However, we cannot know from only Artapanus' account the extent to which this religious syncretism existed in the minds of other Jews or Egyptians writing or living at this time. Although Artapanus credits Moses with the foundation of the animal cults, he also claims that the "consecrated animals" were destroyed during the crossing of the Red Sea. This suggests that, according to Artapanus, Moses' contributions to Egyptian society were ultimately less important than the original purpose of this folk hero: to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses is also identified with Hermes in 9.27.6 (Eusebius, PrEv): "On account of these things Moses was loved by the masses, and was deemed worthy of godlike honor by the priests and called Hermes, on account of the interpretation of sacred letters." Hermes was a Greek messenger god who was in Egyptian traditions associated with Thoth (Djehuty), the god of wisdom and time who invented writing. John J. Collins points out the Greek linguistic play that must have existed in Artapanus' day of Moses, Thoth, and the common name Thutmosis; yet this is not why Artapanus associates Moses with Thoth. Instead, Artapanus makes the connection between the Jewish patriarchs who taught the Egyptians skills such as astrology (Abraham, Eusebius PrEv 9.18.1) and Moses who, by interpreting the sacred letters (presumably Hebrew Script), attained the godlike knowledge of Thoth. Moses' connection to the obscure Jewish figure Enoch has also been made by some scholars, as Enoch was said to have taught human beings the "right" kind of astrology (for instance, the solar calendar; 1 Enoch 1–36), however Artapanus only clearly denotes Moses' association with Hermes/Thoth. This makes sense, because Artapanus is not trying to reconcile Moses with Jewish mythological figures, but rather with Egyptian history, culture, and religion in general. Theology and motivation Artapanus’ theology is an issue of extreme contention among the scholarly community. Some scholars take him to be a polytheistic Jew. John Barclay, for example, sees Artapanus’ acceptance of the Egyptian animal cults and his depiction of Moses as divine as signs of his polytheism. Others observe that his fascination with the miraculous powers of Moses are reminiscent of Hellenistic paganism. A different group of scholars, however, believes that Artapanus practiced monolatry – he himself worshipped only one god but acknowledged the possible existence of others. They argue that Artapanus maintains the superiority of YHVH throughout his text, and that his depiction of Moses as divine actually has biblical origins. Artapanus’ motivation for writing his history is equally debated. One branch of analysis emphasizes the underlying tension between the diaspora Jews and their Hellenistic neighbors. For example, some scholars, such as Carl Holladay, see Artapanus’ writings as “competitive historiography.” These scholars argue that Artapanus aimed to defend the Jews from the attacks of gentile historians such as Manetho, and this explains his superior depiction of the Jewish patriarchs. James Charlesworth of Princeton University, for example, argues Artapanus composed a “pro-Jewish apology” in response to anti-Moses and other anti-Jewish Egyptian stereotypes. Others refute the former argument, claiming it is highly unlikely that any gentiles would read an embellished history of the Jews that disparaged their own cultures’ accomplishments. Instead, these scholars insist that Artapanus’ target audience was primarily the Jews themselves, and he wrote this romantic history to bolster their national pride. Some scholars accept both of these arguments, claiming that Artapanus’ narrative at once represents an apologetic historiography and a romantic piece of national propaganda. On the other hand, Erich Gruen insists that these arguments completely miss Artapanus’ humor and thus his major motivation. He argues that Artapanus did not intend for his readers to take his imaginative tale literally, since anyone familiar with the biblical stories would quickly recognize his fantastical additions and manipulations. Instead, Gruen insists that Artanpanus playfully teases the pharaohs and exaggerates the accomplishments of the Jewish patriarchs to “comic proportions” in order to demonstrate his own self-confidence as a diaspora Jew. It is this sense of comfort that he aimed to give his Jewish readers. Literary impact Although it is possible that Artapanus influenced the Jewish historian Josephus, it seems that he generally had little impact on later Jewish literature. References Bibliography H. M. Zellentin, "The End of Jewish Egypt: Artapanus and the Second Exodus," in Gregg Gardner and Kevin L Osterloh (eds), Antiquity in Antiquity: Jewish and Christian Pasts in the Greco-Roman World (Tuebingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2008) (Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum, 123), 27–73. Category:Hellenistic-era historians Category:Ancient Greek grammarians Category:Hellenistic Jewish writers Category:Jews of Ptolemaic Alexandria Category:2nd-century BC historians Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Year of death unknown

Ryan Yamane Ryan I. Yamane (born October 24, 1969 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Hawaii House of Representatives since January 2005 representing District 37. Education Yamane earned his BA in psychology, his MSW, and his MBA from the University of Hawaii. Elections 2002 Yamane attempted to challenge incumbent Republican Representative Guy Ontai for the District 35 seat, but lost the four-way September 21, 2002 Democratic Primary. 2004 Yamane and Representative Ontai were both unopposed for their September 18, 2004 primaries, setting up a rematch; Yamane won the November 2, 2004 General election against Ontai. 2008 Yamane was unopposed for both the September 20, 2008 Democratic Primary, winning with 4,036 votes, and the November 4, 2008 General election. 2010 Yamane was unopposed for the September 18, 2010 Democratic Primary, winning with 4,493 votes, and won the November 2, 2010 General election with 5,092 votes (54.8%) against Republican nominee Beth Fukumoto. 2012 Yamane was unopposed for the August 11, 2012 Democratic Primary, winning with 5,510 votes, and won the November 6, 2012 General election with 8,660 votes (75.1%) against Republican nominee Emil Svrcina. References External links Official page at the Hawaii State Legislature Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:Hawaii Democrats Category:Members of the Hawaii House of Representatives Category:Politicians from Honolulu Category:University of Hawaii alumni Category:21st-century American politicians Category:Hawaii politicians of Japanese descent

Shelley King Shelley King (born 25 September 1955) is a British-Indian actress, known for her roles as Jay Harper on Angels and Yasmeen Nazir on the ITV soap opera Coronation Street. Early life King was born in Calcutta, India in 1955 to Kelly King, a much respected photographer in India and the UK. King attended La Martinere for Girls and learnt English and French but not her ancestral languages. On 18 April 2018 during an interview on ITV's This Morning King opened up about being a gay woman and discussed her own struggles and difficulties which she had with her own sexuality. Coronation Street Yasmeen Nazir, played by Shelley King, made her first on-screen appearance on 4 July 2014. The character and King's casting was announced on 15 May 2014. Yasmeen is established character Kal Nazir's (Jimi Mistry) mother and the wife of Sharif Nazir (Marc Anwar). The Nazirs were the show's first Muslim family. Formerly a librarian, Yasmeen runs Jamila House; a community centre, on Victoria Street. Filmography References Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:British people of Indian descent Category:British people of South Asian descent Category:English people of Portuguese descent Category:English people of Irish descent Category:English people of Scottish descent Category:British people of English descent Category:Anglo-Indian people Category:British soap opera actresses Category:British television actresses Category:British stage actresses Category:Lesbian actresses Category:LGBT entertainers from England

GPW GPW may refer to: Ford GPW, an automobile Government Polytechnic Hindupur or Government Polytechnic For Women, Hindupur (GPW Hindupur), Hindupur, Andhra Pradesh, India Grand Prix Wrestling, a defunct Canadian professional wrestling Grand Pro Wrestling, a British professional wrestling promotion Warsaw Stock Exchange (Polish: ) Gachimuchi, a shorter term for Gachimuchi Pants Wrestling; related to Billy Herrington See also Ground proximity warning system

Coast guards in Australia Responsibilities for traditional coast guard duties in Australia are distributed across various federal, state and community agencies. The de facto coast guard of Australia is the Maritime Border Command, a joint command of the Australian Defence Force and the Australian Border Force which works alongside the Australian Federal Police, the Australian Fisheries Management Authority, and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority. Each state and territory government have specific maritime safety agencies and police marine units. In addition, there are several private volunteer coast guard organisations which act as auxiliary search and rescue services and maritime safety educators with the largest organisations being the Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol established in 1937, the Australian Volunteer Coast Guard established in 1961, and Marine Rescue New South Wales established in 2009. Federal agencies Maritime Border Command The Maritime Border Command is the de facto coast guard of Australia. The Maritime Border Command is a joint unit of the Australian Defence Force (the Royal Australian Navy Patrol Force and the Royal Australian Air Force Surveillance and Response Group) and the Australian Border Force (Marine Unit and Coastwatch aircraft). It is responsible for border protection in the exclusive economic zone of Australia and its 19,650 kilometres of coastline and issues such as illegal fishing and exploitation of natural resources, maritime terrorism and piracy, biosecurity threats, and marine pollution. The Australian Federal Police supports the Maritime Border Command and particularly the Australian Border Force with criminal investigations, law enforcement and national security matters. Australian Maritime Safety Authority The Australian Maritime Safety Authority is responsible for maritime safety and seaworthiness of Australian and foreign vessels in Australian waters including compulsory pilotage, aids to navigation, the Australian Rescue Coordination Centre and coordination of search and rescue operations, and management of Australia's international maritime obligations. Australian Fisheries Management Authority The Australian Fisheries Management Authority is responsible for the management and sustainable use of fisheries resources and for combating illegal fishing activities in the Australian Fishing Zone. Office of Transport Security The Office of Transport Security has various responsibilities for maritime security. State agencies Each State Government also has agencies with coast guard responsibilities. Queensland Maritime Safety Queensland is responsible for maritime safety and the Queensland Police Service has a water police unit for law enforcement along the coastline, in waterways, and for Queensland islands. Western Australia Neither the Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol nor the Australian Volunteer Coastguard are active in Western Australia, which is the largest state with the longest coastline. Inshore close to towns the West Australian Police co-ordinate local search and rescue between various state agencies (such as DOT, Fisheries and Water Police), Volunteer Sea Rescue Groups (VSRGs) who provide the majority of the assets and not for profit companies such as Westpac helicopter. Volunteer Marine Rescue Groups (VMRs) form the core of the system with three main areas of emergency response / search And rescue (SAR), education, and radio monitoring. VMRs (37) are affiliated to DFES (Department of Fire and Emergency Services) or two maintain independence from government and act as charities (in much the same way as the RNLI in UK work). The 3 largest VMRs are part of DFES including Mandurah the oldest VMR group in WA. Community organisations In addition, there are several private volunteer coast guard organizations, the two largest organizations being the Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol (established in 1937) and the Australian Volunteer Coast Guard (established in 1961). These volunteer organizations have no law enforcement powers, and are essentially auxiliary Search and Rescue services. In NSW these two organisations have joined to become Marine Rescue in 2009. Marine Rescue NSW In November 2008, the NSW Government announced the establishment of a new volunteer marine rescue organisation to be called Marine Rescue NSW, (MRNSW) which was incorporated in July 2009. Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol, Australian Volunteer Coast Guard (NSW units) and Volunteer Rescue Association (marine units) united under the new organisation which began operation on 1 January 2010. Marine Rescue NSW is a charitable organisation similar to the RNLI in Britain. It provides radio and rescue services over New South Wales with 44 units along the coast including two inland units and has over 3000 volunteers. It is also a registered training organisation ensuring that its members are trained and maintain competencies. The NSW Government imposes an annual levy of $7 both on boat registration and on boat driver licences to provide funds for MRNSW to refurbish and replace old boats and equipment. As at 1 January 2016, MRNSW has refurbished a number of boats and purchased many new purpose built boats. MRNSW members are volunteer and in addition to their duties as radio operators, boat crew and many other tasks spend large amounts of time raising funds needed in addition to those provided by the government. Australian Volunteer Coast Guard The Australian Volunteer Coast Guard Association was established in 1961, and modelled on the US Coast Guard Auxiliary, the association is an organisation composed entirely of volunteers. It guards the coast in the most effective way - initially by education, example, examination and finally by search and rescue. The Australian Volunteer Coast Guard has no law enforcement powers. Flotillas and radio bases are located from the Skardon River in the Gulf of Carpentaria, down the eastern seaboard to Ceduna in South Australia, including Tasmania and major inland lakes and weirs. Coast Guard currently has more than 2,500 Regular members and 9,000 Associate members. Expansion is continuing in areas of need. Australian Volunteer Coast Guard resources across Australia include: 107 Association-owned rescue vessels 147 radio bases under the control of 72 local flotillas 30 communication and display vans and 4WD vehicles Registered Training Organisations delivering competency based training Formal affiliations and collaborations with similar organisations in Australia, New Zealand, North America, the Philippines and Europe. Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol In 1936 Commander Rupert Long, OBE, RAN, Director of Naval Intelligence raised with retired Captain Maurice Blackwood, DSO, RN the possibility of raising a group of trained yachtsmen as a Naval Auxiliary Service. Discussions were held with HWG Nobbs and W Giles, both Sydney yachtsmen and a proposal sent to the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board that a Volunteer Coastal Patrol be established under the command of Captain Blackwood. The Naval Board supported this and on 27 March 1937 the Volunteer Coastal Patrol was established under the command of Captain Blackwood, DSO, RN (rtd) with H.W.G. Nobbs as Staff Officer Operations and W Giles as Staff Officer Administration. During World War II Coastal Patrol members became special constables and guarded commercial wharves, oil installations and bridges. By the war's end, patrol vessels had patrolled 128,000 miles of harbour and coastal waters and donated 393,000-man-hours of unpaid war service. They were granted the right to fly the Police Nemesis pennant as recognition of this service and the right to fly the New South Wales State Flag as their ensign. Post war development saw the Patrol undertake civilian search and rescue operations as their primary role but maintain their original Royal Australian Navy inspired organisation structure, ranks and uniform. 1955 saw a democratically elected council formed which directed the development and administration of the Patrol and appointed the Officer Commanding. 1963 saw the Patrol become an incorporated company and the articles of association written. In 1974, Her Majesty the Queen granted the Patrol the privilege of adding the Royal prefix to its title when it became the Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol (RVCP). In 2008 the NSW State Government after strong representations by RVCP agreed to the amalgamation of the three volunteer rescue organisations (RVCP, Volunteer Rescue Association (marine sections) and Australian Volunteer Coast Guard (NSW units) into one organisation which became Volunteer Marine Rescue NSW (VMRNSW) and commenced operation on 1 January 2010. Today VMRNSW works closely with all government agencies in search and rescue and education to the boating public. They maintain constant watch in Radio Bases for marine traffic, work with the Water Police in search and rescue as well as crowd control at major maritime events, run education classes in seamanship, navigation, first aid and meteorology for the public as well as providing constant information to Radio Stations and TV stations regarding sea conditions etc. The NSW Government imposes an annual levy of $7 on boat registration and boat driver licences to fund the operation of VMRNSW which has enabled the replacement and refurbishment of many old boats and equipment. All members of the Patrol are volunteers with a large proportion of their time devoted to raising funds needed in addition to the government provision. Proposals for an Australian Coast Guard After the Tampa affair, and the declaration of the War on Terrorism, in 2001 Kim Beazley announced that the Australian Labor Party, if in government, would establish an Australian Coast Guard "responsible for conducting Australia's coastal surveillance and meeting Australia's maritime protection needs, including in relation to illegal immigration, drugs, fisheries, and quarantine-related issues". This plan met with criticism. Peter Reith criticised Beazley for stating that an Australian Coast Guard both will and will not be an "answer to the question of people smuggling". The plan was criticised by the Australian government, on the grounds that it would either be prohibitively expensive or inadequate to the task. Later, the motives for the establishment of an Australian Coast Guard were interpreted by some as "a plan to extend the capabilities of the Australian Federal Police." References Further reading External links Marine Rescue NSW Official Website Coastwatch Official Website Australian Volunteer Coast Guard official web site Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol official web site Category:Coast guards Category:Sea rescue organizations Category:Organisations based in Australia with royal patronage Category:Emergency services in Victoria (Australia) Category:Marine occupations Category:Coastline of Australia

Aprilia, Lazio Aprilia is a city and comune (municipality) in the province of Latina, now incorporated in the conurbation of Rome, in the Lazio region of central Italy. It is the fifth town for population in the region and the tenth for its area. Territory Aprilia is located at above sea level, in the Agro Romano, and is away from the Anzio and Nettuno sea side towns, from Rome and from Colli Albani. Although Aprilia is effectively part of the province of Latina, because of its strategic position at the far north of the Pontinian province, Aprilia is commonly associated to Rome. It has been considered whether Aprilia should be included in the Rome metropolitan area. History In ancient times the territory of Aprilia was under the dominion of Ardea and Rome. In modern age Aprilia was founded on April 25, 1936, during the Fascist government. The project of the land reclamation, wanted by Benito Mussolini, where the Duce proposed new areas for Italian citizens to live and work in not so far from the big cities. Aprilia was part of the project called 2PST by(Concezio Petrucci, Mario (Mosè) Tufaroli, Emanuele Filiberto Paolini e Riccardo Silenzi.) The area where the city has been built belonged to the Rome county, is the fourth in order of foundation after Littoria, Sabaudia e Pontinia. The name of the city come from the Latin Venus Aprilia - "Fruitful Venus" With a surface of 17,774 hectares and 71,150 inhabitants , the municipality comprises the city center and the following settlements: Agip, Bellavista, Buon Riposo, Caffarelli, Campo del Fico, Campo di Carne, Campoleone, Campoverde, Carano-Garibaldi, Carroceto, Casalazzara, Fossignano, Gattone, Genio Civile, Giannottola, Guardapasso, Isole, La Gogna, Montarelli, Pantanelle, Pian di Frasso, Rosatelli, Spaccasassi, Torre Bruna, Toscanini, Torre del Padiglione, Tufello, Vallelata, Valli. In 1929, after repeated attempts, began the work of land reclamation in the area that attracted a significant number of people coming from Trentino, Veneto, from Friuli, and from Emilia Romagna. At the end of 1931 started the real transformation of the land with deforestation in the whole area, the marsh was drained, the land was plowed and houses were built with estates ranging from . Only then a stable population settled in living for a small part in the new urban center, most of them in rural houses. Aprilia was an integral part of the reclamation Pontina including Littoria (then Latina), Sabaudia, Pontinia and Pomezia. At its foundation, the Urban Center was composed of four main buildings: City, post office, church and casa del Fascio, to which were later added Cinema Littorio and the inn. Things became critical with the advance of World War II and the beginning of the Battle of Rome. In January 1944 Aprilia called "la fabbrica", "the factory" by the Allies, was reduced to a pile of rubble and the population took refuge in Campania and Calabria. In the 1950s, Italians from North Africa colonies who built extensive vineyards to produce wines with Denominazione di origine controllata and some of the best grapes in Italy. With the establishment of the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno and, subsequently, the Consortium for the area of industrial development in Lazio, the future of Aprilia changed completely: it went from agriculture to a consumer 'market-oriented agriculture, and new and more technically advanced farms emerged. This was the first step toward industrialization itself. At the end of 1951 settled in Aprilia's first factory, the Simmenthal, which was followed by many other national and international workshops. The town changed its face and gave work to many workers. Aprilia currently houses about one hundred plants, including some major corporations. On Aprili 26, 1996, Aprilia became the sister city of Mostardas, a town of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where the national hero Menotti Garibaldi was born, and whose remains rest in Aprilia after some parts of the neighbouring town Velletri switched to Aprilia in the same year. Geography Frazioni Agip, Bellavista, Buon Riposo, Caffarelli, Campo del Fico, Campo di Carne, Campoleone, Campoverde, Carano - Garibaldi, Carroceto, Casalazzara, Fossignano, Gattone, Genio Civile, Giannottola, Guardapasso, Isole, La Cogna, Montarelli, Pantanelle, Pian di Frasso, Rosatelli, Spaccasassi, Torre Bruna, Toscanini, Torre del Padiglione, Tufello, Vallelata, Valli. Aprilia DOC The Aprilia region is home to a Denominazione di origine controllata DOC that is noted for its varietal wines from varieties such as Trebbiano, Merlot, Sangiovese and Abbuoto. Under DOC regulations, the wine must be labeled correctly for the grape variety in order to qualify for the DOC designation. Nearly 75% of the DOC production is centered around Trebbiano. Additional DOC requirements include: Merlot and Trebbiano grapes must be harvested to a yield no greater than 15 tonnes per hectare with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of at least 11% Sangiovese have a maximum yield restriction of 14 t/ha with the finished wine needing at least 11.5% alcohol by volume. Twin towns — sister cities Aprilia is twinned with: Mostardas, Brazil (1996) Buja, Italy (1997) Montorio al Vomano, Italy (2000) Sciacca, Italy (2003) Ben Arous, Tunisia (2003) Tulcea, Romania (2003) Cingoli, Italy (2004) References External links Category:Cities and towns in Lazio Category:Populated places established in 1936 Category:1936 establishments in Italy Category:Italian fascist architecture

Praveen Nischol Praveen Nischol is a producer, director and writer. He has made Feature Films, T.V. Serials and T.V. Commercials. He is the younger brother of Late Bollywood Actor Navin Nischol. Early life and education Praveen Nischol was born in Delhi and had his early education in Park English School in Calcutta, wherein Class 8 he was awarded the Gold medal for the most outstanding student of the year. From his early years, he was very active on stage in acting and debates in which he won many awards. After class 8 he shifted to Delhi and finished his schooling at Delhi Public School, Mathura Rd., where he got many awards in debates and was also awarded the best actor award, on the school's annual day function, by the then President of India Dr. Zakir Hussain. He did his graduation in BSc from St. Stephen's College in Delhi University. He then joined M.A. in Philosophy in Hindu College (Delhi University), but left it halfway and came to Mumbai to work in films and join his brother Navin Nischol, who was then playing the lead man in his first Bollywood Movie, "Sawan Bhadon". Career Praveen started his career as a Chief Assistant Director to Mohan Sehgal in the film "Woh Main Nahin’ which again starred the "Sawan Bhadon’ pair Navin Nischol and Rekha. He also helped Mohan Sehgal in Production and for many years was the Business Agent for his brother Navin. He started his career as a Director in a film "Jaan Se Pyara" starring Navin, Rekha, Reena Roy, Amjad Khan, Prem Chopra etc., with music by R.D.Burman. The movie started with the recording of two Songs sung by Asha Bhonsle. It was on the lines of an International James Bond with Indian emotions. The most expensive film of its time. The Special effects of this movie were to be done by John Dykstra of Apogee Studios, Los Angeles, who had made the epic film "Star Wars" in partnership with George Lucas. There were many discussions for the same. Praveen had shot seven reels of the film but then unfortunately the movie was abandoned by the Producer as he ran into financial difficulties. These were of a nature which unfortunately did not allow the film to be taken over by any other Production house either. After this initial setback, Praveen took the rights of the four volumes of the Bengali literary Classic "Shrikant", by Sarat Chandra Chatterji. He made the first two volumes in a sponsored T.V. Serial for Doordarshan, called "Shrikant", starring Farooque Shaikh, Sujata Mehta, Priyadarshani, Bharat Bhushan etc. It was written by Ali Raza, had music by Jaidev and was Produced jointly with Manmohan Shetty and Pradeep Uppoor. The Serial was of 18 Episodes of half-hour each and was the first Serial to be shot entirely on film. It went on to be a big success and got huge critical acclaim. This was the first Asian Serial ever to feature on Channels 1 and 2 of BBC. Using some portions of the above Serial, Praveen shot some more and made a feature film "Rajlaxmi". This was sold to Mr. F.C. Mehra, mainly for foreign markets. After the success of the Serial, Doordarshan then invited Praveen to do the third Volume of the Classic Novel, and then Commissioned him to make ‘Shrikant II’ in 24 Episodes of half-hour each. Farooque Shaikh again played the role of Shrikant and joining him in the cast were Irfan Khan, Mrinal Kulkarni, Ravinder Mankani, A.K. Hangal etc. Praveen then went on to Produce and Direct a Feature film "English Babu Desi Mem", starring Shah Rukh Khan, Sonali Bendre, Saeed Jaffery etc. He Produced, Wrote and Directed a TV Film "Jahan Pyar Miley" of 90 mins. duration, for the programme ‘Director's Cut’ on Channel 9. In 2002 he joined Manmohan Shetty’s Company, Adlabs, and started a Film Production Division named Entertainment One. The Company funded and Co Produced about 20 Feature Films. The first film to release from the Company was Gangajal in 2003, in which Praveen shared the Producer's National Award with Prakash Jha. In 2007 Praveen left Adlabs (which had become Reliance Adlabs), and became a Partner with Ram Gopal Varma. Together they Produced three films. The first was ‘Sarkar Raj’ starring Amitabh Bachchan, Abhishek Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai, followed by ‘Contract’ and ‘Phoonk’. They separated in 2009, after which Praveen started an Ad Film Company ‘White Onion Films’ with two Partners, E. Niwas and Ryan Suares and Produced many T.V. Commercials. Praveen is also Producing a Feature Film. The Script of the film has been written by him. Praveen also has a Line Production Company which does Line Production, Cost Reporting and Accounting for Feature Films, T.V. Commercials, Photo Shoots etc. Filmography Feature Films TV Serials References Category:Living people Category:Film producers from Delhi Category:Indian writers Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

Rue de Rome Rue de Rome is the name of a number of streets: Belgium Rue de Rome (Brussels), in Brussels France Rue de Rome (Marseille), in Marseille Rue de Rome (Paris), in Paris Rue de Rome (Tampon), in Le Tampon, Réunion Tunisia Rue de Rome (Tunis), in Tunis

Giorgio Calza Giorgio Calza (20 July 1900 – 31 March 1970) was an Italian wrestler. He competed in the Greco-Roman heavyweight event at the 1920 Summer Olympics. References Category:1900 births Category:1970 deaths Category:Olympic wrestlers of Italy Category:Wrestlers at the 1920 Summer Olympics Category:Italian male sport wrestlers Category:Sportspeople from Trieste

Eh Hee "Eh Hee" is a song written and recorded by Dave Matthews that was released as a digital single on September 4, 2007. An accompanying music video was also released on the same date, and was available as a free download from the iTunes Store for one week following its release. The music video was directed by Fenton Williams of Filament Productions. Origins "Eh Hee" was written as an evocation of the music and culture of the San people of southern Africa. In a story told to the Radio City audience (an edited version of which appears on the DVD version of Live at Radio City), Matthews recalls hearing the music of the Khoisan and, upon asking his guide what the words to their songs were, being told that "there are no words to these songs, because these songs, we've been singing since before people had words". He goes on to describe the song as his "homage to meeting... the most advanced people on the planet". Live performance history The song debuted in February 2006 on the Dave Matthews & Friends Caribbean cruise under the title "Ayhee". It was performed as part of a mini-performance on each individual ship after stormy conditions cut the main show short. Other than a solo performance by Matthews in Manchester a few months later, it was not performed again in full until 2007 at an acoustic concert at Radio City Music Hall by Matthews and Tim Reynolds. Beginning with that concert, the title was changed from "Ayhee" to "Eh Hee" on the setlist, and its performance was later released as part of the Live at Radio City album. The next performance of the song was performed by the entire Dave Matthews Band in August 2007 in Noblesville, Indiana and became only the second to ever be performed by the band, as well as Matthews and Reynolds, Dave Matthews & Friends, and as a solo by Matthews. "Eh Hee" went on to become one of the most performed songs by the band during the summer 2007 tour, and live performances of the song were released on the albums Live at Piedmont Park and 2008's Live at Mile High Music Festival. Track listing "Eh Hee" - 4:31 (Dave Matthews) References Category:2007 singles Category:Dave Matthews songs Category:Songs written by Dave Matthews Category:Live singles Category:2007 songs Category:RCA Records singles

Opting out Opting out is a political expression that was formulated in Canada to describe the intention of a province to remove itself from a program administered by the federal government, or to exempt itself from a constitutional amendment that would transfer its legislative powers to Parliament. Up until the 1960s, a province that did not participate in a shared-cost program would suffer a financial penalty for exercising this choice. The province of Quebec exercised this choice on occasion despite the financial cost. In the 1960s, negotiations between the federal and the Quebec governments led to tax abatements or fiscal compensation formulas which compensated the Quebec government when it opted out of federal programs. Under the Constitution Act, 1982, the right for any province to opt out of future constitutional amendments that would transfer legislative powers from the provincial legislatures to Parliament is affirmed. Financial compensation is guaranteed for any province that opts out of such an amendment relating to education or other cultural matters. Under the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords, this financial compensation was to be extended to include any constitutional amendment that transferred any legislative powers, not just those relating to education or other cultural matters. However, neither the Meech Lake nor the Charlottetown Accords were ratified. See also Fiscal federalism Opt-outs in the European Union External links website explaining the history of the opting out formulas Category:Federalism Category:Government in Canada

Can Mr. Smith Get to Washington Anymore? Can Mr. Smith Get to Washington Anymore? is a 2006 documentary film directed by Frank Popper, which follows Missouri politician Jeff Smith's 2004 Democratic primary election campaign to the United States House of Representatives after the retirement of Dick Gephardt from his seat. The film follows Smith as he challenges Russ Carnahan, a member of the Carnahan political family and the frontrunner of a crowded Democratic primary, to capture the Democratic nomination for the seat. The movie's title references Frank Capra's Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, a film in which a naive but well-meaning man (named "Jefferson Smith") becomes a Senator and fights the cynical nature of Washington. Synopsis The film follows Jeff Smith from inside his campaign during his bid to win the Democratic primary for the House seat of Representative Dick Gephardt, who announced his retirement. Smith, a 29-year-old teacher with no political experience, decided to run for the seat against 10 other Democratic candidates including Russ Carnahan, a member of the Carnahan political family. He was instantly dismissed by pundits who saw him as a no-name candidate due to his lack of political expertise and the presence of a Carnahan in the race. Smith's campaign begins to gain more support as he mobilizes a large grassroots political campaign. He earns the endorsement of Howard Dean at one of his speaking events, and his campaign cuts into Carnahan's initial 30-point lead. Smith, however, loses the campaign by fewer than 2,000 votes. Critical reception Can Mr. Smith Get to Washington Anymore? earned mostly positive reviews from critics; it received an 83% based on 12 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes, and the film won the Audience Award at the 2006 Silverdocs Documentary Festival. The Washington Posts Ann Horaday felt that it was a, "funny, engrossing and affectionate documentary." The Boston Globes Janice Page noted that the movie restored the viewer's faith in democracy, even if Jeff Smith failed to win the seat. Kevin Crust of The Los Angeles Times praised the movie: "... [the film] captures ground-level political machinations in an utterly fascinating way." Scandal In August 2009, Jeff Smith pleaded guilty and was sentenced to a year and a day in prison for his involvement in federal election law violations (committed during the congressional campaign depicted in the film) and the subsequent coverup. References External links Category:2006 films Category:2000s documentary films Category:American documentary films Category:American films Category:Documentary films about American politics Category:American independent films Category:English-language films Category:United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri Category:2004 Missouri elections Category:Films set in Missouri Category:History of St. Louis Category:Documentary films about Missouri

Contemporary Greek art Contemporary Greek Art is defined as the art produced by Greek artists after World War II. Painting-Sculpture Abstract Expressionism Theodoros Stamos (1922-1997) was an acclaimed abstract expressionist artist from Lefkas, who lived and worked in New York in the 1940s and 50s. His work has been exhibited throughout the world, and can be found in major museum collections such as the Whitney Museum of Art, the Guggenheim Museum, Smithsonian and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. Dimitris Koukos (1948-) is also considered as a leading expressionist painter, mainly renowned for his abstract work and landscapes. Koukos has had over 30 one man exhibitions and participated in several group exhibitions in Athens, Paris, Boston, and Moscow. The artist's works can be found in private collections in the U.S, France, Italy, U.K. as well as at the National Gallery in Athens, the Pieridis Museum, the Vorres Museum, the Cultural Institute of the National Bank of Greece, the Greek Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Education in Cyprus. Kinetic Art Takis was born in 1925 in Athens, and is an internationally acclaimed self-taught sculptor. He travelled, worked exhibited in Athens, Paris, London, New York and in many other cities. He is particularly known for his telemagnetic sculpture that formed the basis of his aesthetic expression and his musical sculptures. Takis' musical sculptures are based on the simple concept of using magnetic waves caused by electricity as a means to activate repeated musical sounds: the latter are to be heard every time a needle strikes a string, when attracted by a magnet. He won the Grand Prize at the Paris New Biennale in 1985. An illustrative example would be the installation of a real forest of numerous Signs in the Place de la Defence in Paris (1984–87), the original and imaginative illumination of the Arc de Triomphe at the same period, the transformation of the aqueduct at Beauvais into a musical tower with a network of vertical metallic strings, in 1992, and his design for the layout of a subway station in Toulouse in 1993. Takis' non-morphological inquiries have continued through successive rejections of represantationalism; his method and the acoustic sensations which it calls forth retain their austerity. These are the features which place his artistic inventions among the most important achievements of contemporary, post-World War II art. Arte povera In Arte povera, artists use any medium they could get for free or very, very cheap. The main Greek representative of arte povera is Jannis Kounellis, who introduced found objects in his paintings, such as live animals but also fire, earth, burlap sacks, gold. He replaced the canvas with bed frames, doorways, windows or simply the gallery itself. Stuckism Stuckism is an international artistic movement that was created as a reaction to conceptual art. Stuckist painter Odysseus Yakoumakis on September 2004,founded the first Greek group of Stuckism International named The Romantic Anonymous Fellowship to oppose to the provinciality of the mainstream contemporary Greek art and in particular post-modernism. Digital Art Miltos Manetas is an artist who makes paintings, videoworks, prints and performances about video games, players and computer hardware. Andreas Angelidakis is an architect and artist working at the intersection of digital culture and architectural production. He is one of the first artists who treated the internet as a real place, a site where he designed and built online communities such as the Chelsea Project and Neen World. He also designed and built spaces, intended to appear as computer renderings, sparking a discussion as to whether they were ever built (Pause pavilion, Stockholm 2002) and spaces that included a garden of mummified plants used as a virtual horizon for a laser beauty clinic (Forever Laser, Geneva 1998 and 2003). Angelidakis has realized projects in Sweden, Switzerland, United States and Italy for publications, museums and cultural foundations. Lydia Venieri although known as painter and mixed media sculptor started doing internet art in 1994 with her showing of Fin at the FIAC95. This was followed by Her Story, Apology (addressed to the artist Takis). Her last digital work Moonlight was released in 2008 for the iPhone. See also Contemporary art Art in modern Greece Greek art National Gallery of Greece External links Deste foundation official site National Museum of Contemporary Art official site State Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki official site Contemporary Greek artists Art Topos Andreas Angelidakis Angelo Plessas AngeloSays Blog Venieri's Internet Art Sources Bibliography Greek Horizons: Contemporary Art from Greece (1998) Efi Strousa, Roger Wollen, Tullie House Museum, Art Gallery Carlise, England Modern and Contemporary Art in Greece (1984) Hans-Jörg Heusser AICARC Center, Zürich In Present Tense: Young Greek Contemporary Artists''' (2007) The National Museum of Contemporary Art

Angélique Arvanitaki Angélique Arvanitaki (11 July 1901 – 6 October 1983) was a French neurophysiologist who did research on the electrical activity of neurons using the large nerve fibres of several different molluscs. Life Angélique Arvanitaki was of Greek origin and was born in Cairo on 11 July 1901. In 1942, she married Nick Chalazonitis, who was a student in veterinary medicine at the time, and would himself become a neurophysiologist too. Their daughter Alcmene Chalazonitis, born in 1943, later also became a neuroscientist. Research Arvanitaki contributed to the field of neurophysiology with research that explored the giant nerve fibres in genera of gastropods, the sea hare Aplysia and the land snail Helix. She developed the concept of ganglion preparation of large identifiable nerves. Arvanitaki also discovered that regular electrical oscillations could periodically grow in size until a series of action potentials were fired along isolated nerve fibres of the cuttlefish, genus Sepia. A further contribution of Arvanitaki was the demonstration that a neuronal circuit was not required for a single nerve to produce rhythmic and spontaneous activity. Also, she discovered that when two nerve fibres are close in proximity, the activity of a single nerve fibre can generate activity in a nearby nerve fibre. Arvanitaki and her husband Chalazonitis both explored the methodology of electrophysiological activity of the nervous system of the sea hare genus Aplysia. In 1955, Arvanitaki and Chalazonitis as well as Ladislav Tauc created the first intracellular recordings of large neurons of the California sea hare. Arvanitaki's and Chalazonitis' explored photoexcitability of certain neurons. Arvanitaki's work was, however, overshadowed by Hodgkin and Huxley's work on the giant axon of the squid. References Category:1901 births Category:1983 deaths Category:French biophysicists Category:French neuroscientists Category:Electrophysiologists Category:Neurophysiologists Category:Women physiologists Category:French physiologists Category:Egyptian biologists Category:French women neuroscientists Category:French people of Greek descent Category:20th-century women scientists Category:Egyptian women scientists

École hôtelière de Lausanne École hôtelière de Lausanne (EHL) is a hospitality management school in Switzerland. The school is consistently regarded as the best hospitality school in the world. It trains students whose goals are to obtain managerial careers in the hotel and hospitality industries. Its campus is located in Le Chalet-à-Gobet, eight kilometers from the city center of Lausanne. Today, the school welcomes more than 3,200 students from 123 different countries. EHL is a member of EHL Group, which was founded in 2015 and is dedicated to hospitality management education. This reorganization was aimed at fostering management transparency and facilitating partnerships abroad. History Founded in 1893 by Jacques Tschumi, Ecole hôtelière de Lausanne is the oldest and first hotel school in the world. It opened during the tourism boom in Switzerland in the late 19th century in response to high demand for skilled and qualified personnel. In 1994, EHL launched its new Bachelor of Science in International Hospitality Management In 2001, EHL launched an EMBA (Executive Master in Hospitality Administration) program, a graduate degree in hospitality management from the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland (HES-SO). Education It prepares students for senior international positions in the field through five programs: The Bachelor of Science in International Hospitality Management (taught in English or French), which includes a preparatory year of immersion into the hospitality industry, three years of coursework studying business management topics, two six-month internships (often taken abroad), and a 10-week consulting mandate The Master of Science in Global Hospitality Business, a three-semester program in partnership with the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the University of Houston, with courses taught in Lausanne (Switzerland), Hong Kong (China) and Houston (United States) The MBA in Hospitality, delivered 80% online starting September 2017 The Executive MBA in Hospitality Administration, a 12-month post-graduate program in hotel and hospitality management The Master Class in Culinary Arts, a six-month certificate focused on the advanced aspects of culinary arts such as international cuisine, gastronomy and baking EHL offers financial support to talented students who are unable to enroll due to financial hardship. Students, staff and teachers follow the EHL dress code, which is viewed as an additional asset for developing student potential. Campus The EHL campus contains several training restaurants for students in the preparatory year, including the Berceau des Sens, a gourmet restaurant that is open to the public and recognized by the Gault Millau guide. In 2019, the restaurant was awarded One Michelin Star. It also has several bars, 48 classrooms, auditoriums, a library, study rooms, a wine tasting room, a cafeteria, a boutique, a historic building, sports areas, and dorms. EHL has adopted several sustainability initiatives, including a waste management system, vegetable garden, heat recovery system for cold storage, solar panels, and two electric cars on campus. In 2013, EHL launched a project to further develop its campus through a collaborative exchange of ideas involving 385 architecture and landscape design students from around the world. Preparatory work should start in the fall of 2016, and should end within four years. The cost of the project is estimated at 226 million Swiss francs. After having received the EduTrust certification from Singaporean authorities last June, Ecole hôtelière de Lausanne has now secured the location of its future campus to open in September 2021. The building located at 3 Lady Hill Road in the Orchard Road area will receive its first cohort in the fall of 2021. Once a boarding school for the children of British soldiers, the former Kinloss House has been completely restored to its former classic beauty. This 2,400 square meter building set on 1.9 hectares of land used to be the executive training center for a major global company. The property houses classrooms, meeting rooms, a large multi-purpose hall and numerous break out spaces. This location has been selected based on several factors such as potential for student life, quality and aesthetics, flexibility to accommodate modern learning formats, its peaceful environment to facilitate learning, proximity to some of the main touristic landmarks and an opportunity to offer an EHL experience with a genuinely local flavor. Student life EHL students have created several committees for various interests, including sports, photography, food, arts, entrepreneurship and career development. Admissions Candidates for the Bachelor program are selected after a review of their application materials as well as an online assessment with analytical and quantitative tests, a hospitality aptitude test, and an online interview. The process is divided into three parts. Submitting of profile and essay online, then if accepted candidates take an online interview with aptitude tests, following this; if successful, applicants are invited to a selection day which includes a campus tour, an hour long interview with a teacher or staff member along with a student ambassador, and a team building activity. Accreditations Ecole hôtelière de Lausanne is accredited as an Institution of Higher Education, issued by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC, USA). This accreditation ensures that the institution meets the international standards of higher education, and facilitates credit transfers and degree recognition from American institutions. Within Switzerland, it is the only hospitality school offering training affiliated with the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland (HES-SO), attesting to the high teaching quality and allowing the issued qualifications to be protected by Swiss law. The Executive MBA in Hospitality Administration program was recognized by the Swiss Center of Accreditation and Quality Assurance in Higher Education (AAQ) as meeting their quality standards. Rankings Based on a study done by TNS Sofres in 2007, 2010 and 2013 with managers and recruiters from the hospitality world, EHL is considered to be the best in the world with regard to graduate job placement in international hospitality careers. In 2013 and 2014, EHL was named the Best Hospitality Management School in the international competition of the Worldwide Hospitality Awards. In 2019 EHL was ranked No.1 Worldwide by QS World University Rankings (Hospitality and Leisure Management category. EHL also ranked No.1 on the list of the best hospitality and hotel management schools in the world (CEO Word Magazine, 2019) Faculty and research Since 2014, the EHL research center, in partnership with STR, has sought to become a premier source of research in the field of international hospitality. The EHL Food & Beverage Chair, supported by the food production and marketing group Saviva, has studied the changes and challenges of the restaurant industry market since 2010. The METRO Innovation Chair is dedicated to research and innovation in the hospitality and restaurant field. Many gastronomy experts are part of the school's faculty, including several Meilleurs Ouvriers de France (MOF). Collaboration with industry EHL incorporates market trends and new technologies in its teaching through collaborative projects with companies. The Student Business Projects allow companies to appoint a full-time team of students to work on a topic that they need a solution for. Every year, students can attend the on-campus Career Fair, allowing them to meet potential employers for internships or permanent positions. A Business Incubator was established in 2012 to support start-ups who want to start in the hospitality sector. EHL has established an International Advisory Board composed of international leaders in the hospitality and education sector, which provides the school with an opportunity to benefit from direct feedback and experiences from the industry. Partnerships Through its subsidiary, EHL Advisory Services, EHL Group provides consulting services and manager training from its offices in Switzerland, China and India. EHL Advisory Services has developed a network of certified schools to recognize institutions when they become top notch. To date, it has issued EHL certification to the following schools: Algeria - Ecole Supérieure d'Hôtellerie et Restauration d'Alger China - Beijing Hospitality Institute China - Hospitality Institute of SanYa China - Guilin Tourism University India - Indian School of Hospitality India - DICE School of Hospitality and Culinary Arts Jordan - Royal Academy of Culinary Arts (Associate Member to the Network of EHL-Certified Schools) Lebanon - Université La Sagesse, Faculty of Hospitality Management Mexico - Centro de Estudios Superiores de San Ángel Philippines - Dusit Hospitality Management College Thailand - Dusit Thani College Saudi Arabia - King Abdulaziz University Tourism Institute In November 2013, EHL acquired the Swiss School of Tourism and Hospitality (SSTH) at Passugg, Switzerland, which teaches tourism, gastronomy and hospitality. Alumni The EHL Alumni Association (AEHL) was established in 1926. Nearly 500 former students became members during its first year of existence, including the directors of prestigious hotel establishments located in Switzerland and abroad. Today, AEHL fosters a network of 25,000 active members in 120 countries. Notable members: Bernhard Bohnenberger (1986), President, Six Senses Hotels Resorts Spas Peter C. Borer (1975), COO, The Peninsula Hotels and Executive Director, The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels Limited Christopher W. Norton (1980), President, Global Product and Operations, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Georges Plassat (1972), CEO, Carrefour Group Kurt Eduard Ritter (1970), CEO, The Rezidor Hotel Group Hans Wiedemann (1978), Managing Director and Delegate of the Board, Badrutt's Palace Hotel Christian Clerc (1992), President, Hotel Operations - Europe, Middle East and Africa, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Nathalie Seiler-Hayez (1995), Managing Director, Beau-Rivage Palace, Lausanne Jacky Lorenzetti (1969), Founder, Fonica Group and President, Racing Métro 92 Rugby Philippe Durand-Daguin (1965), Founder, Eurent Group François Dussart (1990), Managing Director, Beau-Rivage Palace SA Philippe Peverelli (1985), CEO, Montres Tudor SA (Rolex group) Alain Delamuraz (1988), Vice President and Head of Marketing, Blancpain SA Lorenzo Stoll (1996), CEO Suisse Romande Swiss International Airlines, Switzerland Mathieu Jaton (1999), CEO, Montreux Jazz Festival Arnaud Bertrand (2008), Founder, Housetrip Dominique Seiler (1990), Head of Talent Acquisition, UBS Switzerland Flo Sander (2001), Managing Director, iThink Consulting Group Alain Kropf (1990), General Manager, Royal Savoy Hotel Lausanne Tomas Feier (1992), General Manager Disneyland Hotel, European Hotel Managers Association Christophe Laure (1990), General Manager, InterContinental Le Grand Hotel Paris Michel Jauslin (1972), Area Vice President, Hyatt Hotels & Resorts Simon Rusconi (1990), Vice President of Operations, Morgans Hotel Group Claude Membrez (1990), General Manager, Palexpo Eric Blatter (2014), Assistant General Manager, CUT by Wolfgang Puck at The Beverly Wilshire Captain Jonny Haddock (2013), Deputy Head of Investment Advisory Mandates, Global Wealth Management at Credit Suisse, Zurich Gallery See also EHL Wolves List of largest universities by enrollment in Switzerland References External links ehl.edu, Official website Category:1893 establishments in Switzerland Category:Educational institutions established in 1893 Category:Hospitality schools in Switzerland Category:Organisations based in Lausanne Category:Universities of Applied Sciences in Switzerland Category:Education in Lausanne

Bruno Cesar Xavier Sislo Bruno Cesar Xavier Sislo (born 27 November 1996), known as Bruno Xavier, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Desportivo Aves. Club career Born in São Paulo, Bruno Xavier was a Portuguesa youth graduate. He made his senior debut on 8 June 2015, coming on as a late substitute for goalscorer Guilherme Queiróz in a 3–0 away win against Guaratinguetá for the Série C championship. Definitely promoted to the main squad in June 2016, Bruno Xavier scored his first senior goal on 9 July of that year, netting the opener in a 2–1 away loss against the same opponent. On 9 July 2017, he terminated his contract with Lusa, and joined Nacional-SP late in the month. On 23 August 2017, after scoring five goals in only six matches for Naça in the Copa Paulista, Bruno Xavier joined Série A side Sport initially on a trial basis. He subsequently signed a loan contract until the end of the year, and made his debut in the category on 10 September by replacing Samuel Xavier in a 1–0 loss at Avaí. On 14 December 2017, Bruno Xavier was released by Sport and subsequently returned to Nacional. The following 24 April, after being the club's top goalscorer in the Campeonato Paulista Série A2, he signed a loan deal with Corinthians until May 2019. Career statistics References External links Category:1996 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from São Paulo Category:Brazilian footballers Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players Category:Primeira Liga players Category:Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players Category:Nacional Atlético Clube (SP) players Category:Sport Club do Recife players Category:Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players Category:Guarani FC players Category:Oeste Futebol Clube players Category:C.D. Aves players Category:Expatriate footballers in Portugal Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal

Bishop of Limerick The Bishop of Limerick is an episcopal title which takes its name after the city of Limerick in the Province of Munster, Ireland. In the Roman Catholic Church it still continues as a separate title, but in the Church of Ireland it has been united with other bishoprics. History The diocese of Limerick is one of the twenty-four dioceses established at the Synod of Rathbreasail in 1111. After the Reformation, there are parallel apostolic successions: one of the Church of Ireland and the other of the Roman Catholic Church. In the Church of Ireland, Limerick continued as a separate title until 1661 when it was combined with Ardfert and Aghadoe to form the united bishopric of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe. Since 1976, the Church of Ireland see has been part of the united bishopric of Limerick and Killaloe. In the Roman Catholic Church, Limerick still remains as a separate title. The current bishop is the Most Reverend Brendan Leahy, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limerick, who was appointed by the Holy See on 10 January 2013 and received episcopal ordination on 14 April 2013. Pre-Reformation bishops Post-Reformation bishops Church of Ireland succession Roman Catholic succession Notes Some sources state that John Quin resigned by consequences of his infirmities. However, another source states he was forced to resign by King Edward VI in 1551, but was restored by Queen Mary I in 1553. Hugh Lacy became bishop of both successions when they were briefly reunited in the reign of Queen Mary I. After the accession of Queen Elizabeth I, he was deprived of the Church of Ireland title in 1571, but continued with the Roman Catholic title until his death in 1580. References Bibliography Further reading Begley, John, The Diocese of Limerick, Ancient and Medieval. Dublin: Browne & Nolan, 1906. Gillebert of Limerick:the Prelate's Present to the Primate of England, John Lucey, North Munster Antiquarian Journal 6, 2006, pp. 5–14 External links 'Bishops' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland 'Bishop Richard Arthur' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland 'Bishop Jeremiah Newman' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland 'Bishop Terence Albert O'Brien' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland 'Bishop Cornelius O'Dea' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland 'Bishop Edward Thomas O'Dwyer' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland Limerick Limerick Category:Religion in County Limerick Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Limerick Limerick

List of The Sandbaggers characters This is a list of the main and recurring fictional characters from the Yorkshire Television espionage series, The Sandbaggers. Main characters Neil Burnside Neil D. Burnside is a career intelligence officer, Director of Operations ("D-Ops") of SIS, and a former Sandbagger and Royal Marine commando. Burnside is devious, manipulative, and by turns dour, brusque, aggressive and independent-minded; this combination of traits frequently puts him in conflict with others. He is fiercely patriotic and devoted to the preservation of Britain's national security and "the destruction of the KGB by any means necessary", but while the KGB makes life difficult enough, his main source of antagonism throughout the series are people supposedly on his side: superiors in SIS, whom he alternately considers too cautious or too reckless; the self-serving politicians who grant or withhold permission for the covert operations Burnside wants to execute; territory-hungry MI5 officers; and entrenched civil servants. Since becoming D-Ops, Burnside is a teetotaler, choosing to drink Coca-Cola rather than run the risk of having to make difficult professional decisions while under the influence of alcohol. The dedication to his job cost Burnside his marriage some time before the first episode, and he has trouble forming close relationships. Despite his divorce, he remains on close terms with his former father-in-law, Sir Geoffrey Wellingham, the Permanent Undersecretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, which allows him to bypass both the Deputy Chief of SIS and C himself. His one attempt at a serious relationship is with Laura Dickens, a Sandbagger recruit in the first series. Burnside's subsequent attraction to her immediately becomes a source of tension between his usually non-existent personal life and his professional duties; this storyline fuels several episodes, and is resolved in a typically gritty fashion. The series begins six months after Burnside has become Director of Operations, and one running theme is the relatively high casualty rate that his directorate suffers with him in charge. While fiercely protective of his agents, especially from what he views as his superiors' willingness to squander their lives on unwise missions, Burnside is himself willing to use the Sandbaggers as pawns if doing so will protect Britain's national security interests. Burnside is played by Roy Marsden. Willie Caine The senior Sandbagger (or "Sandbagger One") and head of the Special Operations Section, Caine is a former Paratrooper and according to Burnside, possibly the best operative of his kind in the world. Grounded and straightforward where his boss is not, he is not afraid to speak his mind, but remains steadfastly loyal to Burnside despite the latter's maneuverings. Although he dislikes both violence and guns, he is prepared to use them when necessary. Besides Burnside, Caine is the only character who appears in every episode of the series. The character is played by Ray Lonnen. Sir James Greenley The Head of SIS when the series begins, code-named "C". A diplomat by training, Greenley is treated with suspicion by Burnside when he first becomes "C". Over the course of the first two series, Burnside comes to both trust and become fond of Greenley, who has the difficult task of balancing political as well as security concerns. Greenley is an almost paternal figure to Burnside, often protecting him from the consequences of his worst instincts and keeping the peace between Burnside and Matthew Peele, the deputy chief. Greenley retires at the end of the second series as a result of angina, and Burnside is disappointed to see him replaced, in "Operation Kingmaker," by the less benevolent John Tower Gibbs (Dennis Burgess), who remains C for the rest of the series. Greenley is played by Richard Vernon. Sir Geoffrey Wellingham Sir Geoffrey Wellingham, KCMG, DSC is the Permanent Undersecretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office that oversees SIS. As such, he represents the political side of things and is even more cynical and better-versed in realpolitik than Burnside, who is by no means an idealist. As Burnside's former father-in-law (the show often refers to Burnside's former wife Belinda, who is never seen other than via a photograph in Burnside's home), he is also Burnside's contact within Whitehall, and the two both share information and use each other. This avenue of communication is somewhat outside regular channels, and although it can be a useful one for both Burnside and the SIS, on occasion Burnside's superiors show signs of resenting his relationship with Wellingham. Burnside suggests in one episode that the reason the two get along so well is because Wellingham sees a younger version of himself in Burnside. Despite their relationship, the two men can occasionally become adversaries when their agendas differ. Due to his background, experience, and position, Wellingham can be a formidable opponent for Burnside and reminds him of that more than once. Wellingham appears in all but two episodes in the series and is played by Alan MacNaughtan. Matthew Peele The Deputy Head of SIS, the former Head of Hong Kong Station and, like Burnside, a career intelligence officer. Unlike Burnside, however, Peele has little field experience and is more concerned with going by the book, avoiding rocking the political boat, and furthering his own ambitions to higher rank. As a result, Peele often opposes what he sees as Burnside's recklessness, contempt for the proper chain of command, and lack of political tact. He is disliked by his subordinates and considered a tyrant with no opinions of his own, but he is a more complex character than he seems. He proves himself just as committed to the security of Britain as Burnside, in his own way, and their relationship evolves over the course of the series to one of mutual respect (if still antagonistic). Peele appears in all but two episodes and is played by Jerome Willis. John Tower Gibbs Introduced in the last episode of the second series ("Operation Kingmaker"), John Tower Gibbs replaces Sir James Greenley as C and remains in that capacity until the end of the series. Gibbs is a career intelligence officer, former head of the Washington and Bonn Stations and working with the Joint Intelligence Commission when he is appointed C. Unlike his predecessor, Gibbs disapproves of Burnside's methods and is suspicious of the special relationship with the CIA, preferring to see it phased out; for his part, Burnside views Gibbs as a tyrant who will stifle his (Burnside's) ability to run his directorate. They clash throughout the third series, but in one episode where Burnside is on leave and Caine is Acting D-Ops, Caine and Gibbs work very well together. He is played by Dennis Burgess. Jeff Ross The head of the CIA's London station, Ross is probably Burnside's closest friend. The two often have lunch and work together to preserve the "special relationship" between the two intelligence agencies. Ross also takes a keen interest in Burnside's personal life and often urges his friend to actually have one. The close relationship between the two, however, does not prevent Ross from using Burnside and the SIS on at least one occasion. In some episodes, Burnside and Ross are even working at cross-purposes. He is played by Bob Sherman. Other characters The junior Sandbaggers in series one are Jake Landy (David Glyder), Alan Denson (Steven Grives), and Laura Dickens (Diane Keen); series two introduces Tom Elliot (David Beames), and Mike Wallace (Michael Cashman); of these, only Wallace survives to the end of the series, while the rest are killed in the field. Burnside's capable and fiercely loyal personal assistant is Diane Lawler (Elizabeth Bennett), who retires and is replaced in "Operation Kingmaker" by Marianne Straker (Sue Holderness). Karen Milner (Jana Sheldon) is a CIA field officer who reports to Jeff Ross and sometimes works alongside one or more of Burnside's Sandbaggers on assignments; she is only seen in the second series. For the second and first two episodes of the third series, Burnside enjoys a friendly relationship with Edward Tyler (Peter Laird), the SIS Director of Intelligence (D-Int), and considers him to be the finest D-Int he's ever seen. Tyler reveals himself to have been a double agent for 23 years in the third series episode "To Hell with Justice," and asks the KGB to lift him in Malta--after leaving a trail for SIS to follow and stop the lift, he commits suicide using a KGB-provided cyanide pill before Burnside can escort him back to the UK. He is replaced as D-Int by the less capable Paul Dalgetty (David Robb), who is rarely seen and has a completely antagonistic relationship with Burnside, openly maneuvering to replace the latter as D-Ops. At the conclusion of the series, Dalgetty remains D-Int. Bibliography Mackintosh, Ian. (1978). The Sandbaggers. Corgi Childrens. References Sandbaggers, The Sandbaggers, The

Woodbury Township, Woodbury County, Iowa Woodbury Township is a township in Woodbury County, Iowa, USA. References Category:Townships in Woodbury County, Iowa Category:Townships in Iowa

Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) Syriac Union Party (, ) abbreviated as SUL is a Lebanese Assyrian/Syriac political party established on 29 March 2005. It expresses points of view of the Assyrian/Syriac minority community in Lebanon without any confessional differences between Syriac Orthodox or Syriac Catholic and is vocal in asking for independent seats for the Assyrians/Syriacs in the Lebanese Parliament, rather than confining them to the "minorities seat" in Beirut as is now the case. The Syriac Union Party is headed by Ibrahim Murad, and is considered very close with the opposition of the 14 March alliance. See also Syriac Union Party (Syria) Syriac Military Council References Category:2005 establishments in Lebanon Category:Assyrian nationalism Category:Assyrian political parties Category:Assyrians in Lebanon Category:Christian political parties in Lebanon Category:March 14 Alliance Category:Dawronoye Category:Political parties established in 2005 Category:Political parties in Lebanon

Barb Bond Barbara Bond (born August 9, 1962) is an American former rugby union player. She captained the at the first Women's Rugby World Cup in 1991. They defeated 19-6 in the final to claim the 1991 World Cup. She participated at the 1994 Women's Rugby World Cup, and 1998 Women's Rugby World Cup. Life She graduated from Reed College. References External links https://www.usarugby.org/player/barb-bond/ https://www.goffrugbyreport.com/news/25-years-ago-march-top-began http://scrumhalfconnection.com/2016/04/15/91-usa-rugby-womens-rugby-world-cup-winners-honored/ Category:Living people Category:United States women's international rugby union players Category:American female rugby union players Category:Female rugby union players Category:1962 births

Sandra Black (economist) Sandra Eilene Black (born 1969) is a Professor of Economics and International and Public Affairs at Columbia University. She received her B.A. from UC Berkeley and her Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University. Since that time, she worked as an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and as an assistant, associate, and ultimately full professor in the Department of Economics at UCLA before arriving at the University of Texas at Austin in 2010. She is currently a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), a research affiliate at IZA Institute of Labor Economics, and a nonresident senior fellow at Brookings Institution. She served as a Member of Barack Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers from August 2015 to January 2017. Research Her research focuses on the role of early life experiences on the long-run outcomes of children, as well as issues of gender and discrimination. Selected Works Black, Sandra E., and Lisa M. Lynch. "How to compete: the impact of workplace practices and information technology on productivity." Review of Economics and statistics 83, no. 3 (2001): 434-445. Black, Sandra E. "Do better schools matter? Parental valuation of elementary education." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, no. 2 (1999): 577-599. Black, Sandra E., and Lisa M. Lynch. "Human-capital investments and productivity." The American economic review 86, no. 2 (1996): 263-267. Black, Sandra E., Paul J. Devereux, and Kjell G. Salvanes. "The more the merrier? The effect of family size and birth order on children's education." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 120, no. 2 (2005): 669-700. Black, Sandra E., Paul J. Devereux, and Kjell G. Salvanes. "From the cradle to the labor market? The effect of birth weight on adult outcomes." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122, no. 1 (2007): 409-439. References External links Personal website Category:United States Council of Economic Advisers Category:American women economists Category:21st-century American economists Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Labor economists Category:University of California, Los Angeles faculty Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:Education economists Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:Brookings Institution

Nyctemera malaccana Nyctemera malaccana is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Walter Karl Johann Roepke in 1957. It is found on Malacca in Malaysia. References Category:Nyctemerina Category:Moths described in 1957

1966 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland The 1966 congressional elections in Maryland were held on November 8, 1966, to determine who will represent the state of Maryland in the United States House of Representatives. Maryland has eight seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1960 United States Census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms; those elected served in the 90th Congress from January 3, 1967 until January 3, 1969. Overview |- style="background-color: #e9e9e9; font-weight: bold;" ! scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align: right;" | Totals | style="text-align: right;" | 8 | style="text-align: right;" | 0 | style="text-align: right;" | 0 | style="text-align: right;" | — | style="text-align: right;" | 100% | style="text-align: right;" | 100% | style="text-align: right;" | 765,423 |} References External links Maryland State Board of Elections 1966 Maryland United States House of Representatives

TypeShift TypeShift is a word puzzle video game developed by Zach Gage. Gameplay TypeShift is a word puzzle video game in which the player must spell out words by sliding letters in columns (by sliding the columns up and down). When a player makes a word, the letters in the word turn green. The player's goal is to have all the letters on the stage be turned green. There are also "key" words, which if found by the player, allow them to quickly solve a puzzle. The game also includes "clue" stages in addition to the standard stages. In a clue stage, the player is presented with clues (like a crossword puzzle) as well as the columns of letters. The player solves a clue by tapping on the clue and if they are correct, the clue will disappear. Development and release TypeShift was developed by Zach Gage. The game released for iOS devices on March 18, 2017. A web browser version was also released and hosted by Merriam-Webster. An Android port, produced by Noodlecake Studios, was released on December 20, 2017. Reception TypeShift received "generally favorable" reviews from professional critics according to review aggregator website Metacritic, receiving a score of 86 out of 100. Gamezebo rated the game 4 out of 5 stars, praising the game's "substantial challenge without feeling impossible", that the game lets the player "learn new words and expand your vocabulary" and that it is "easy to make the ads disappear" while criticizing the limited number of puzzles available and that "the ads are a poor match for a beautiful game". TouchArcade rated the game 4 out of 5 stars calling it an "attractive game with an enjoyable primary mechanic" but criticizing the game giving away the "key words" after solving a puzzle. See also Really Bad Chess SpellTower References External links TypeShift at Merriam-Webster Category:2017 video games Category:Browser games Category:IOS games Category:Video games developed in the United States Category:Word puzzle video games

Kidnapping of Aldo Moro <noinclude> The kidnapping of Aldo Moro (), also referred in Italy as Moro Case (), was a seminal event in Italian political history. On the morning of 16 March 1978, the day on which the new cabinet led by Giulio Andreotti was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament, the car of Aldo Moro, former prime minister and then president of Christian Democracy (Italian: Democrazia Cristiana, or DC, Italy's relative majority party at the time), was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades (Italian: Brigate Rosse, or BR) terrorists in Via Fani in Rome. Firing automatic weapons, the terrorists killed Moro's bodyguards, (two Carabinieri in Moro's car and three policemen in the following car) and kidnapped him. On 9 May 1978 Moro's body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani after 54 days of imprisonment, during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called "people's court" set up by the Brigate Rosse and the Italian government was asked for an exchange of prisoners. Despite the common interpretation, the car location in Via Caetani was not halfway between, but was very close to both, the locations of the national offices of DC and of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in Rome. Kidnapping The assault The terrorists had prepared the ambush by parking two cars in Via Mario Fani which, once moved, would prevent Moro's cars from escaping. According to the official reconstruction at the subsequent trials, eleven people participated in the assault. However, several doubts have been cast on the terrorists' declarations on which the official accounts were based, and about the exact identity of the ambush team's members. The presence of Moro himself in Via Fani during the ambush has also been questioned after revelations in the 1990s (see Theory of the alternative kidnapping). At 08:45 the Red Brigades members took their positions at the end of Via Fani, a downhill street in the northern quarter of Rome. An unknown number, from at least two to the whole team, were wearing Alitalia airline crew uniforms. Since not all team members knew each other, the uniforms were needed to avoid friendly fire. In the upper part of the road, and on the right-hand side, Mario Moretti was inside a Fiat 128 with a fake diplomatic license plate. Alvaro Lojacono and Alessio Casimirri were in another Fiat 128 some meters ahead of him. On the opposite side there was a third Fiat 128, with Barbara Balzerani inside, facing the supposed direction from which Moro would arrive. occupied a fourth car, a Fiat 132, near the crossroads where the street ended. Moro left his house a few minutes before 09:00. He was sitting in a blue Fiat 130 driven by Domenico Ricci. Another carabiniere, marshal Oreste Leonardi, sat beside him. Leonardi was the head of the bodyguard team. The Fiat 130 was followed by a white Alfetta with the remaining bodyguards: Francesco Zizzi, Giulio Rivera and Raffaele Iozzino. The ambush began when the two cars entered Via Fani and the terrorists were alerted by a lookout, . Moretti's Fiat 128 cut the road in front of Moro's car, which bumped into the rear of Moretti's car and remained blocked between it and the bodyguards' Alfetta. Leonardi tried an escape manoeuver, but was thwarted by a Mini Minor parked at the crossroad. Moro's cars were finally trapped from behind by Lojacono's 128. At this point four armed terrorists jumped out from the bushes at the sides of the street, firing machine pistols. The judiciary investigations identified them as Valerio Morucci, , Prospero Gallinari and . The action has shown an analogy to a similar one by the German far-left formation RAF. One unidentified witness declared that a German voice was heard during the ambush, which led to a presumption of the presence of RAF militiamen in the ambush. 91 bullets were fired of which 45 hit the bodyguards, who were all killed. 49 shots came from a single weapon, a FNAB-43 submachine gun, and 22 from another of the same model. The remaining 20 shots came from other weapons which included a Beretta M12. Ricci and Leonardi, who were sitting in the front seat of the first car, were killed first. Moro was immediately kidnapped and forced into the Fiat 132 which was next to his car. At the same time the terrorists killed the other three policemen, dispatching each of them with a single shot in the neck. The only policeman who was able to shoot back was Iozzino, but he was immediately hit in the head by Bonisoli. The blue Fiat 132 was found at 09:40 in Via Licinio Calvo with some blood stains inside. The other cars used for the ambush were also found in the following days in the same road (according to the declarations of Red Brigade members, the cars had been left in the road that same day). On 16 March the escort in Via Fani was not carrying weapons, which were instead kept in the trunks of the cars; Eleonora Chiavarelli (Aldo Moro's wife) said, during the trial, that the weapons were in the trunks because "these people didn't know how to use weapons because they had never had any shooting practice, they were not used to handling them, so the guns were in the trunk. Leonardi always talked about it. "These people shouldn't have weapons they don't know how to use. They should know how to use them. They should carry them properly. Keep them within reach. The radio should be operational, but it doesn't work." For months it had been going on like this. Marshal Leonardi and lance corporal Ricci did not expect an ambush, because their weapons were placed in the bag and one of the two holsters was even in a plastic liner." The last sentence was denied by the widow of Marshal Leonardi, stating that her husband "recently went around armed because he had noticed that a car was following him." The action was claimed by the BR in a phone call to ANSA. At 10:00 Pietro Ingrao, president of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, stopped the session and announced that Moro had been kidnapped. On the same day Andreotti's government obtained a large majority of votes, including those of his traditional enemies, notably PCI. Before the kidnapping the Communists were supposed to enter the government in a direct role but the emergency changed the situation, resulting in another right-centre cabinet under the firm control of DC. Enrico Berlinguer spoke of "an attempt to stop a positive political process", but Lucio Magri, representative of the extreme left PUP, was concerned about the hypocrisy of passing laws limiting personal freedom as a reaction to the massacre, saying that "it would play into the hands of the strategy of subversion". He asked for "self-criticism" from the authorities and for a genuine willingness to tackle problems "that are at the basis of the economic and moral crisis". Mario Ferrandi, a militant of Prima Linea, nicknamed "Coniglio" (Rabbit), later said that when the news of the kidnapping and the killing of the bodyguards spread during a workers' demonstration there was a moment of amazement, followed by a moment of euphoria and anxiety because there was a feeling that something would happen so big that things would not be quite the same. He recalled that students present at the event spent the money of Cassa del circolo giovanile to buy champagne and toast with workers of the canteen. Motivations A large amount of literature exists about the reasons for the kidnapping. The Red Brigades chose Moro due to his role as mediator between DC and PCI, the two main parties in Italy at the time, which had both participated in the Fourth Andreotti Cabinet. It was the first time since 1947 that Italian Communists had a government position, even if indirect. The success of the action would thus halt the Communists' rise to Italian state institutions, reassuring the BR as a key point in a future revolutionary war against capitalism. According to others BR aimed to strike at the whole DC who were the main exponent of a regime that, as described in BR's first communiqué after the kidnapping "... had been suppressing the Italian people for years". According to later terrorist declarations, in the months before the kidnapping the Red Brigades had also envisaged the kidnapping the other leader of DC, Giulio Andreotti. This was abandoned once they deemed that Andreotti's police protection was too strong. The immediate consequence of the kidnapping was the exclusion of PCI from any government cabinet in the following years. Although increasingly weakened, DC remained the main government party until 1994 (although in 1981, for the first time since the formation of the Italian Republic Giovanni Spadolini, a non-Christian Democrat, became premier in a DC-based alliance). Imprisonment The exact location of Moro's imprisonment is disputed. The original reconstruction in the trials claimed it to be an apartment in Via Camillo Montalcini 8 in Rome, which had been owned by a Red Brigades member for a few years. Moro would be killed there, in an underground parking garage. Months after the kidnapping the apartment was put under investigation by UCIGOS, the Italian police's central directorate for political crimes, and was thus abandoned by the Red Brigades. Aldo Moro's brother Carlo Alfredo, a judge, writes in his book Storia di un delitto annunciato that the politician was not detained in Via Montalcini, but in a seaside location. His theory is based on the fact that sand and vegetable remains were found in the car together with Moro's body. Further, Moro's body had a generally good muscular tone and according to Moro's brother this, along with several contradictions in the terrorists' declarations, contravenes the traditional view of the politician closed in a very tight cell with little space to move. More proof was found by geologist David Bressan, who showed that based on certain microfossils and grains of igneous rock found on the victim and car he must have been located on an artificial (as opposed to natural) river beach near the delta of the river Tiber. While the kidnappers later claimed to have tried to mislead the investigators by pouring water and sand onto the victim and into the car, forensic geologists doubt that the killers at the time would have been aware of grains of sand as possible evidence for a crime and wouldn't likely have gone through such effort. Aldo Moro's letters During his detention, Moro wrote 86 letters to the main members of Christian Democracy, his family and to Pope Paul VI. Some arrived at their addressees; others that had not been sent were later found in another base of the BR in via Monte Nevoso, Milan. In the letters Moro puts forward the possibility of negotiation for his liberation if help from his party's colleagues and of the highest figures of the Republic could be obtained. Some of Moro's letters allegedly contain hidden allusions and hints. In one letter he asks: "Is maybe there, behind keeping it hard against me, an American or German instruction?" Writer Leonardo Sciascia suggested that in his letters Moro was including clues about his position, as when he wrote "I am here in full health" to indicate that he was in Rome. In the letter of 8 April Moro launched a vibrant attack at Benigno Zaccagnini, national secretary of Christian Democracy, at Francesco Cossiga, then Minister of the Interior, as well as on the whole of his party: "Of course, I cannot prevent myself from underlining the wickedness of all the Christian Democrats who did not agree with my position [...] And Zaccagnini? How can he stay tranquil in his position? And Cossiga could not devise any possible defence? My blood will fall over them." Doubts have been cast over the complete publication of Moro's letters. The Carabinieri general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa (then coordinator of the fight against terrorism in Italy, later killed by the Mafia) found copies of some previously unknown letters in an apartment used by the terrorists in via Monte Nevoso. For undisclosed reasons the finding was not publicly revealed for years. During the kidnapping the prevalent view was that Moro did not enjoy complete freedom to write. Despite Moro's wife declaring that she recognized his writing style in them, the letters would be considered, if not directly dictated by the terrorists, at least to be inspired or controlled by them. Some experts in an analysis committee formed by Cossiga initially declared that Moro had been subject to brainwashing. Cossiga would later admit that he had partially written the speech held by Giulio Andreotti in which it was said that Moro's letter were to be considered "not morally authentic". Aldo Moro was never tortured by the Red Brigades during the 55 days; in the 1990s Italian journalist Indro Montanelli commented severely on the letters written during the kidnapping, saying that "Everyone in this world has the right to be afraid. But a Statesman (and Moro was the State) can't try to induce the State to a negotiation with terrorists that over all, in the kidnapping of Via Fani, had left on the asphalt five dead between Carabinieri and policemen." Montanelli was also scathingly critical of Moro's widow, Eleonora Chiavarelli, who, in the years after her husband was killed, blamed the Christian Democrats and the Italian political class in general for his fate. In 1982 he wrote: Communications and negotiations During the 55 days of Moro's detention the Red Brigades issued nine "Communications" in which they explained the reasons for the kidnapping. In the Communication No.3: And: The Red Brigades proposed to exchange Moro for imprisoned terrorists (Communication No.8). They later accepted to exchange him for a single terrorist. On 22 April 1978 Pope Paul VI made a public speech and asked BR to return Moro to his family, specifying that such act should also be "without conditions". Moro, who had previously written a letter to the Pope, reacted angrily to the latter point, feeling he had been abandoned by the Vatican. The specified "without conditions" is controversial—according to some sources it was added to Paul VI's letter against his will, and the pope instead wanted to negotiate with the kidnappers. Government members like Cossiga denied this hypothesis. Italian politicians were divided into two factions: one favourable to negotiations which, amongst others, included the secretary of the Italian Socialist Party, Bettino Craxi and the others totally negating that possibility, most of the Christian Democracy and Italian Communist Party, including the latter's national secretary Enrico Berlinguer and Republican leader Ugo La Malfa who proposed the death penalty for the terrorists. The second faction noted that any negotiation would seem a legitimisation of the violence of the terrorists. Further, that solution would not be accepted by the Italian police forces who had seen numerous of their members fall during the war against terrorism in previous years. Writers, including Moro's brother, underlined how the BR's communication lacked any reference to the possible role of the Communist Party in the Italian government. This was in spite of the day chosen for the kidnapping being that in which PCI, for the first time since the early republican years, was going to obtain an active government role in Italy. A letter by Moro to Zaccagnini, in which he was referring to this argument, had to be rewritten by the politician. A second point put forward was the premise that Moro's revelations, from most of the communication during his "political process", would be made public. Unlike other people kidnapped by the BR and subjected to same procedure and, in spite of the unprecedented repetition of the point, in the case of Moro this never happened. Much of the material collected by the terrorists, including Moro's letter and personal notes written during his imprisonment, became public only after the discovery of the base in via Monte Nevoso. The terrorists later declared they had destroyed all the material including that containing references to the Gladio undercover organization discovered in 1990. Journalist Indro Montanelli sided in favor of firmness and against the negotiations from the first day and in 2000, responding to a reader on Corriere della Sera, wrote: Discovery of the body Communication No.9 stated that: The depositions made to the Italian judges during the trials showed that not all the Red Brigades leaders were for condemning Moro to death. Mario Moretti called Moro's wife by phone, asking her to push the DC leaders for negotiations. Adriana Faranda, a member of BR, mentioned a night meeting held in Milan a few days before the murder of Moro where she and other terrorists, including Valerio Morucci and Franco Bonisoli, dissented although the final decision was taken after voting. On 9 May 1978, after a summary "people's trial", Moro was murdered by Mario Moretti. It was also determined that the participation of . The body was found that same day in the trunk of a red Renault 4 in via Michelangelo Caetani in the historic centre of Rome. The location was mentioned by journalist Carmine Pecorelli as the residence of opera conductor Igor Markevitch who, according to some theories, was the alleged instigator of the whole kidnapping. According to the terrorist's declarations, made some ten years after the event, Moro was woken up at 06:00 with the excuse that he had to be moved to another secret base. In contradiction to this Bonisoli said that Moro was told that he had been "pardoned" and was going to be freed. The terrorists put him into a wicker basket and brought him to the parking garage of their base in via Montalcini. They put him into the trunk of a red Renault and, after covering him with a red sheet, Moretti shot Moro with a 9 mm Walther PPK and after the weapon jammed, a 7.65 mm Škorpion vz. 61. The bullets perforated Moro's lungs and killed him. The car with his body was taken to via Caetani where it was parked about one hour after the murder. The common interpretation was that the location was midway between the national seats of DC and of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in Rome to symbolize the end of the Historic Compromise, the alliance between DC and PCI which Moro had sought. In fact the car was found more towards the Tiber River, near the Ghetto. At 12:30 a phone call was made to Francesco Tritto, assistant of Aldo Moro in order to let him announce the location of the body. This fulfilled an exliciti will communicated by Aldo Moro to his kidnappers. At 13:30 a phone call, attributed to Valerio Morucci, notified the Prefecture of Police that the politician's body was in a car in via Caetani. Autoptic examinations made after the discovery assigned the death to around 09:00 and 10:00 of the same day, in contradiction to the terrorist's declarations. Witnesses declared that the car was in the street as early as 08:00 AM, while some witnesses declared that they did not see it before 12:30 AM. Moro was wearing the same grey clothes he had during the kidnapping. The cravat had several blood stains, traces of sand were found in the pockets and socks, and traces of vegetables were also found. Eventually the terrorists declared that they had intentionally added those traces in order to sidetrack the investigators. In the trunk there were also some of Moro's personal effects, a bracelet and his watch, and some spent cartridges. Moro also had a thigh wound, likely suffered during the initial assault in via Fani. Subsequent hypotheses, investigations and trials Despite the long investigations and trials, the exact details of the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro are not known. Crisis committees Francesco Cossiga, minister of the interior at the time, formed two "crisis committees" on the very day of the kidnapping of Moro. These were: a technical-operational-political committee, chaired by Cossiga himself and, in his absence, by undersecretary Nicola Lettieri. Other members included the supreme commanders of the Italian Police Forces, of the Carabinieri, the Guardia di Finanza, the recently named directors of SISMI and SISDE (respectively, Italy's military and civil intelligence services), the national secretary of CESIS (a secret information agency), the director of UCIGOS and the police prefect of Rome. an information committee, including members of CESIS, SISDE, SISMI and SIOS, another military intelligence office. A third unofficial committee was created which never met officially, called the comitato di esperti ("committee of experts"). Its existence was not disclosed until 1981, by Cossiga himself, in his interrogation by the Italian Parliament's Commission about the Moro affair. He omitted to reveal the decisions and the activities of the committee however. This committee included: Steve Pieczenik, a psychologist of the anti-terrorism section of the US State Department, a criminologist Franco Ferracuti, Stefano Silvestri, (director of the Istituto per l'Enciclopedia Italiana) and Giulia Conte Micheli. Despite these changes, in the months that the kidnapping of Aldo Moro developed and executed, no Secret Service was designed to combat internal subversion. The committees were acting according to old standards: the planning of measures to be taken in case of emergency dating back to the 1950s, and it hadn't been updated even after the alarming growth of terrorism. This was due to the fact that the country had spread an atmosphere of resignation (if not indulgence) to the left-wing terrorism, because in the trials defendants get extenuating circumstances, Prima Linea was considered a simple subversive association (instead of an armed gang) and a part of the judiciary harbored hostility towards the State and was sympathetic to the revolutionary myths; so that the political scientist said that terrorism had become "a historical phenomenon understandable (though not justifiable) in a period of social change thwarted by a corrupt political class". Terrorists involved in the kidnapping Involvement of P2, Gladio and of the Italian intelligence services Several authorities have suggested that Propaganda 2 (P2) was involved in the kidnapping of Aldo Moro. Propaganda 2 was a secret masonic lodge involved in numerous financial and political scandals in Italy in the 1970s and 1980s and which featured as its members entrepreneurs, journalists, numerous high exponents of right-wing parties, the Italian police and military forces. Another theory supposes that the Red Brigades had been infiltrated by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) or by the Organizzazione Gladio, a paramilitary clandestine network headed by NATO whose main alleged task was to oppose Soviet influence in western Europe. During the days of Moro's imprisonment journalist Carmine Pecorelli (see also below) wrote, in his magazine Osservatorio politico, an article entitled "Vergogna, buffoni!" ("Shame on you, clowns!"): in it he wrote that Giulio Andreotti had met general Dalla Chiesa who told the politician that he knew the location where Moro was kept, but did not obtain the authorization to proceed to free him due to (in Pecorelli's words) a certain "Christ's lodge in paradise". The likely allusion to P2 became clear only after the discovery of a list of the lodge members on 17 March 1981. Members of the lodge occupied important institutional positions and included: Giuseppe Santovito, director of SISMI; prefect Walter Pelosi, director of CESIS; general Giulio Grassini of SISDE; admiral Antonino Geraci, commander of SIOS; Federico Umberto D'Amato, director of the Office of Reserved Affairs of the Ministry of the Interiors; generals Raffaele Giudice and Donato Lo Prete, respectively commander and chief-of-staff of the Guardia di Finanza; and Carabinieri general Giuseppe Siracusano, responsible for road blocks in the capital during the investigations of the Moro affair. According to (a professor who took part in the crisis committees) Franco Ferracuti, later discovered to be a member of P2 and who declared that Moro was suffering of the Stockholm syndrome towards his kidnappers, was close to the lodge during the kidnapping days, having been introduced by general Grassini. Licio Gelli declared that the presence of numerous members of P2 in the committees was casual, since numerous personalities were members at the time, and this was simply a statistic reflected by the composition of the committees. According to Gelli, some members of the committees did not know that some of their colleagues were also part of P2. On 16 March 1978, the day of Moro's kidnapping, the most important members of P2 met in the Hotel Excelsior in Rome—a few hundred meters from the United States Embassy. While exiting the hotel Gelli declared "the most difficult part is done". It was supposed that his words referred to the abduction of Moro. Another debated case was regarding the presence of Camillo Guglielmi, a colonel of SISMI's 7th Division which controlled Operation Gladio, in via Stresa near the location of the ambush, and in those exact minutes when the BR kidnapped Moro. His presence was kept secret and was only disclosed in 1990 during the investigation of the Italian Parliament commission on State Massacres. Guglielmi admitted that he was in via Stresa, but only because he had been invited to lunch by a colleague. According to several sources the colleague confirmed that Guglielmi came to his house, but had not been invited. Furthermore, Italians normally have lunch at around 12:30 and Guglielmi's presence at around 09:00 would be not justified. Other sources list Guglielmi as a true member of Gladio, but the officer always firmly denied this accusation. His direct superior, general Pietro Musumeci, was a member of P2 and condemned for sidetracking the investigations on the 1980 Bologna Station bombing. The discovery of the BR refuge in via Gradoli (see also below) saw the participation of members of both P2 and the police forces of Italy. Lucia Mokbel, an informer of SISDE, had communicated that she had heard MORSE messages coming from the flat next to her. It turned out that those noises interpreted as MORSE code were in fact coming from the electric typewriter used by the Terrorists (BR) to type their demand letters. She informed police commissar Elio Coppa, enlisted in the Propaganda Due, but when police agents went to the flat and knocked on the door, strangely they did not attempt to enter it and left the place instead. SISDE had been also informed that a lock-up garage in via Gradoli had an antenna, allegedly used by the terrorist to communicate with the area of Lake Duchessa. However Giulio Grassini, head of SISDE and member of P2, did not take any investigative measures. Investigations made by DIGOS discovered that several machines used by the terrorists to print their communications from one year before the kidnapping of Moro, which was financed by Moretti, had been previously owned by the Italian state. These included a printer owned by the Raggruppamento Unità Speciali dell'Esercito and, despite its relatively young age and its high value, had been sold out as a scrap. A photocopier was previously owned by the Ministry of Transportation, acquired in 1969 and later sold to Enrico Triaca, a member of BR. The apartment in via Gradoli (see below) had been rented by Mario Moretti under the pseudonym of Mario Borghi since 1978. The same building housed several apartments owned by SISDE men and one inhabited by a police confidant. During the days of the kidnapping the palace was inspected by Carabinieri under colonel Varisco, with the exclusion of Moretti's apartment—the official justification was that the Carabinieri were not authorized to enter the apartments if no one was inside. The owner of the apartment, Luciana Bozzi, was later discovered to be a friend of Giuliana Conforto, whose father was named in the Mitrokhin list of the KGB. Morucci and Faranda were eventually arrested in her flat. Pecorelli wrote a postcard to Moretti in 1977 from Ascoli Piceno (Moretti was born in the province of Ascoli), addressing it to one "Borghi at via Gradoli", with the message "Greetings, brrrr". In June 2008 the Venezuelan terrorist Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, best known as "Carlos the Jackal", spoke in an interview released to the Italian press agency ANSA declaring that several men of the SISMI, led by colonel Stefano Giovannone (considered near to Moro) negotiated at the airport in Beirut for the liberation of the politician during the night of 8 to 9 May 1978: the agreement would endorse the liberation of several imprisoned members of the BR to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in the territory of an Arabic country. According to Carlos the agreement, which found the opposition of the SISMI leading figures, failed because news about it leaked to other western secret services who, in turn, informed SISMI. Moro was killed the following day. Carlos stated that the officers involved in the attempt were all expelled from the services, being forced to resign or to go into compulsory retirement on a pension. Involvement of foreign powers In 2005 Giovanni Galloni, former national vice-secretary of Christian Democracy, said that during a discussion with Moro about the difficulty to find the Red Brigades' bases Moro told him that he knew of the presence of US and Israeli intelligence agents infiltrated within the BR. However the information obtained was not given to the Italian investigators. He also declared that the reason of the assassination of journalist Carmine Pecorelli was the same information, perhaps coming from the United States. During an interview in front of the Italian parliament commission on terrorism Galloni also stated that, during his trip to the United States in 1976, he had been told that a government like that envisaged by Moro, which would include the Communist presence, would be opposed at "any cost" by the American Republicans. During the 1983 trial against the BR Moro's widow, Eleonora Chiavarelli, declared that her husband was unpopular in the United States due to the historic compromise matter, and that he had been repeatedly warned by American politicians to stop disrupting the political situation which had been established in the Yalta conference (in reference to the possible executive role of the Italian Communist Party). According to her Henry Kissinger was one of the American personalities who menaced Moro in 1974 and 1976. She said that the words to Moro which he repeated to her were: Kissinger denied these accusations. Alberto Franceschini, one of the founders of BR, mentioned the possibility that the Red Brigades had been infiltrated by Israeli agents as early as 1974. He reported a confidence told to him by co-founder Renato Curcio, according to whom Mario Moretti would be an infiltrated agent. Curcio has always denied this reconstruction. Moretti took the reins of the Red Brigades after Franceschini and Curcio were arrested in the mid-1970s, introducing a far stronger militarization of the organization's activities. Moretti, in the Italian RAI TV programme La notte della Repubblica denied these accusations, saying that he had never seen an Israeli in his life and that it was wrong to think that the change of RB's strategy depended from the arrest of some militants. He also added: The false Communication No. 7 and the discovery of the base of via Gradoli Another controversial event occurred on April 18, 1978 when a false BR's "Communication No. 7" announced the death of Moro and that he had been buried near Lake Duchessa, in the province of Rieti (north of Rome). In response the Italian police looked in vain for Moro under the iced surface of the lake. The authors of the false communication included Antonio Chichiarelli, a notorious forger from Rome who was connected to the Banda della Magliana gang of the city. Chichiarelli would later issue further false communications from the Red Brigades. He was killed in uncertain circumstances in September 1984 when his connection with the false communiqué had been yet entirely clarified. Chichiarelli spoke of the communication to several people, including Luciano Dal Bello, a confidant of the Carabinieri and of SISDE. Del Bello reported the facts but no investigation on Chichiarelli followed. In the same day that the police force found an apartment used as a base by the Red Brigades in Rome, on via Gradoli 96. The discovery was allegedly due to a water leak for which a neighbour had called the firemen. The leak was caused by a tap left open in the apartment's shower in an unusual fashion, i.e. with water directed against the wall. The base was normally used by Mario Moretti but the Italian media reported the discovery immediately and he avoided returning there. As previously mentioned, the palace had been inspected by Carabinieri under colonel Varisco, with the exclusion of Moretti's apartment: the official justification was that the Carabinieri were not authorized to enter the apartments if no one was inside. The owner of the apartment, Luciana Bozzi, was later discovered to be a friend of Giuliana Conforto, whose father was named in the Mitrokhin list of the KGB, and in whose apartments Morucci and Faranda were later arrested. The commissar who had led Rome's police forces in the inspection of the building on via Gradoli, Elio Coppa, was eventually promoted to vice-director of SISDE—he later turned out to be a member of P2. The neighbor whose call had led to the inspection, Lucia Mokbel, was officially a university student of Egyptian descent and was later identified as a confidant of SISDE or of the police. Furthermore, the report of the inspection, which was presented at the trial on the Moro affair, was written on a type of paper distributed to the Italian police only in 1981, three years after the events. Before, and after 1978, numerous apartments in the street had been used by Italian secret agents, including a Carabinieri NCO enrolled by SISMI who resided in the building facing that of Moretti and who was from the same birthplace. In the street there were also firms used by SISMI for its affairs. Moretti's apartment itself had been under observation by UCIGOS for several years previously as it had been frequented also by members of the far-left organizations Potere Operaio and Autonomia Operaia. Later it was revealed that the Christian Democracy parliament member Benito Cazora, during the contact he had with the 'ndrangheta (the Calabrian mafia) in the attempt to find Moro's prison, had been warned that the area of via Gradoli was a "hot zone". Cazora had reported this warning to the DC and to the police. Mino Pecorelli, already mentioned for his likely knowledge of the presence of Moretti in via Gradoli, was one of the few journalists to immediately deny the authenticity of "Communication No.7", whereas most authorities had considered it true. Some 30 years after the events Steve Pieczenik, an expert on terrorism of the US State Department, declared in an interview that the decision to issue the false communication was taken during a meeting of the crisis committee, present at which were Francesco Cossiga, members of the Italian intelligence agencies and Franco Ferracuti (as previously mentioned, a member of P2). The alleged goal was to prepare the Italian and European audience for the likely death of Moro in the kidnapping. He however stated that it would be ignored if the communication had been actually issued. See also below It was also supposed that Moro had told his kidnappers of the existence of Operation Gladio, many years before its public revelation in 1990. From this point of view the false "Communication No.7" was a code message from sectors of the Italian secret agencies that Moro should not return alive from his imprisonment. On 20 April 1978 the Red Brigades issued the true Communication No.7: they attached a photo of Aldo Moro holding a copy of La Repubblica, dated 19 April, showing that the politician was still alive. The séance Also connected to via Gradoli is an event which involved Romano Prodi, Mario Baldassarri and Alberto Clò. During an alleged séance in which they participated on 2 April 1978, after asking the soul of Giorgio La Pira about the location of Moro, a Ouija table they were using registered the words Viterbo, Bolsena and Gradoli, three towns north of Rome. The information was trusted and a police group made an armed blitz in the town of Gradoli, 80 km from Rome, on the following day, 6 April though Moro was not found. Prodi spoke to the Italian parliament's commission about the case in 1981. In the notes of the Italian parliament commission on terrorism the séance is described as a fake, used to hide the true source of the information. In 1997 Giulio Andreotti declared that the information came from the Bologna section of Autonomia Operaia, a far-left organization with some ties with the BR, and that Cossiga also knew the true source. Judge Ferdinando Imposimato considered Andreotti's theory as "possible", but accused him of having kept information that could have been valuable in a trial about Moro's murder. Moro's widow later declared that she had repeatedly informed the police that a via Gradoli existed in Rome, but the investigators did not consider it — some replied to her that the street did not appear in Rome's maps. This is confirmed by other Moro relatives, but strongly denied by Francesco Cossiga. In the 1990s the séance matter was reopened by the Italian parliament's commission on terrorism. While Prodi (then prime minister) declared that he had no time for an interview, both Baldassarri (senator and vice-minister in two Berlusconi cabinets) and Clò (minister of Industry in Lamberto Dini's cabinet and owner of the house where the séance was performed) responded to the call: they confirmed the circumstances of the séance, and that the word "Gradoli" had appeared in several sessions, even if the participants had changed. Involvement of the Mafia In the years following Moro's murder there have been numerous references to the presence of Calabrian 'ndrangheta at via Fani. In an intercepted phone call between Sereno Freato, then Moro's personal secretary, and Benito Cazora, a DC parliament member who had been given the task to keep contacts with the Calabrian gangs, Freato asks for news about the prison of Moro. The 'ndrangheta was in possession of several photos of the events in via Fani, some of which allegedly portrayed a "man known by them". According to what was reported by Cazora in 1991 some members of the 'ndrangheta, who had been expelled from Calabria, had offered their assistance to the Christian Democracy to discover the location of Moro, in exchange for the possibility to return to their homeland. However this collaboration never materialized. According to the Sicilian Mafia pentito Tommaso Buscetta, several Italian state organizations tried to obtain information about Moro's location from the Mafia, but later Giuseppe Calò asked boss Stefano Bontade to stop the search, since the highest members of DC no longer desired the liberation of their fellow politician. The decision to abandon the search was taken between 9 and 10 April after Moro had revealed to his captors a series of very compromising information about the American CIA and Giulio Andreotti. Other sources report that the Sicilian Mafia changed its mind due to Moro's will to associate the Communist Party with the government. In a deposition made at trial Raffaele Cutolo, then leader of the Neapolitan camorra, declared that the Banda della Magliana asked him if he was interested in the liberation of Moro. Cutolo contacted the Italian secret service who replied to him to stay away from the matter, because had vetoed the intermediation for the salvation of the then president of the DC. Valerio Morucci has completely discredited this confused story: he showed that the Camorra's militants were apparently "normal people in suits", completely alien environment of the underworld and therefore difficult to identify from the Banda della Magliana. Morucci concluded: "We weren't a gang ... we didn't meet under the street lights ... we didn't do we trade strange ... I don't see how the Banda della Magliana or anyone could identify the Red Brigades". On 15 October 1993 a 'Ndrangheta pentito, , declared that Antonio Nirta, another Calabrian gangster who had been infiltrated in the Red Brigades, took part in the assault in via Fani. Sergio Flamigni, a former communist senator and member of the Italian Parliament commission on the Moro affair, wrote that when he learnt about Morabito's words he remembered about the testimony of Benito Cazora, who had declared that he had been approached by a Calabrian asking him about photos shot in via Fani. According to the 'Ndrangheta pentito Francesco Fonti, his boss Sebastiano Romeo was involved in attempts to locate the place where Moro was held. Romeo had been asked by unnamed national and Calabrian Christian Democrats such as and to help out. With the help of SISMI and the Banda della Magliana, Fonti was able to locate the house where Moro was kept. When he reported back, Romeo said that he had done a good job but that important politicians in Rome had changed their minds. Morabito's revelations were not considered supported by adequate evidence. Role of Carmine Pecorelli Journalist Carmine "Mino" Pecorelli, who apparently had several informers in the Italian secret services, spoke repeatedly about the kidnapping of Moro in his magazine Osservatorio Politico (or simply OP). Before the events of via Fani, Pecorelli had already written about the possibility that Moro would be blocked in his attempt to admit the Italian Communist Party into the government. On 15 March 1978, one day before Moro was abducted, Osservatorio Politico published an article which, citing the anniversary of the killing of Julius Caesar in relation with the upcoming formation of Andreotti's cabinet, mentioned a possible new Brutus (one of the assassins of Caesar, and a member of his family). Articles written during the politician's imprisonment show that he already knew of the existence of a memorial (the documents written by Moro in his detention) and of some of the unpublished letters. Pecorelli stated that there were two groups within the Red Brigades, one favourable to the negotiations, and one who wanted to kill Moro in any case. He hinted that the group that had captured Moro in via Fani was not the same that was detaining him, and which had planned the whole move. He wrote: When the terrorist base in via Gradoli was discovered Pecorelli stressed how in the apartment, different from what could be expected, all the proofs of the BR's presence were clearly displayed. Regarding the kidnapping he wrote that Moro's opening to the Communist Party was not welcome, both by the United States as it would change the political balance of southern Europe, nor by the Soviet Union since this would prove that Communists could reach power democratically, and without being a direct offshoot of any Communist party. On 20 March 1979 Pecorelli was murdered in front of his house. In 1992 the Mafia pentito Tommaso Buscetta revealed that the journalist had been eliminated as "a favor to Andreotti", who was preoccupied about some information about Moro's kidnapping in the possession of Pecorelli. The latter had allegedly received from general Dalla Chiesa (they were both affiliated or near to P2) a copy of a letter by Moro which contained dangerous accusations against Andreotti; the journalist had hinted about them in some previous articles. The unabridged letters were published only in 1991 when, together with others, it was discovered during renovation works in via Nevoso (only a resume of them, the so-called Memoriale Moro, had been previously issued). The fact that Moro's letters were circulating before 1991 is proven by a speech held by Bettino Craxi, leader of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), in which he mentioned a letter which had not been officially published at the time. The fact was considered a subtle menace against Andreotti in the war for the supreme political power waged between PSI and DC at the time. In 1993 historian expressed doubts about what was said by the Mafia pentiti because, comparing the two memorials (the "amputee" of 1978 and the "complete" of 1990), noted that Moro's allegations addressed to Andreotti were the same, so Andreotti had no interest to order the murder of Pecorelli, who could not threaten him to publish things already known and publicly available. Andreotti underwent a trial for his role in the assassination of Pecorelli. He was acquitted in the first grade trial (1999), condemned in the second (2002), and finally acquitted by the Italian Supreme Court (2003). Pecorelli, in an article written the very day of his assassination, hinted to the role of opera composer Igor Markevitch (see below) in the kidnapping. Role of Steve Pieczenik Steve Pieczenik was an American negotiatior and expert in terrorism who was sent by the US State Department, at the request of Cossiga, and remained in Italy for three weeks during Moro's detention. He later collaborated with Tom Clancy as a novel and cinematic writer. His presence in Italy as a member of one of the previously mentioned "crisis committees" was revealed only in the early 1990s. Pieczenik had written to a relation in which he spoke about the possible effects of Moro's abduction, the possibility that the Red Brigades had been infiltrated by Italian agents, and also gave advice about how to find the terrorists. Eventually however, Pieczenik declared that this relation was false, since the ideas included were similar to those of the P2-affiliated criminologist Francesco Ferracuti, another member of the secret committee. Pieczenik also stated that he did not release any written document. According to what was revealed by Cossiga and by Pieczenik himself, his initial idea was to show the will to negotiate, with the goal of gaining time and in the hope that the terrorists would make some error from which they could be detected. During later interviews, Pieczenik declared that there were numerous leaks about the discussions made at the committee: Pieczenik also declared that, once returned to the United States, he met an alleged Argentinian secret agent who knew everything that had happened at the Italian crisis committee. Pieczenik explained the leak to Argentina with the presence in the committee of numerous members of the P2 lodge, which had strong ties with the South American country (its founder Licio Gelli had lived for a period there). In a later interview to French journalist Emmanuel Amara, Pieczenik declared: At his arrival in Italy Pieczenik had been informed by Cossiga and the Vatican intelligence services that there had been a coup attempt in Italy in previous months, led by right-winged personalities of the intelligence services and of P2. Pieczenik was astonished by the presence of so many fascists in the Italian intelligence services. The Red Brigades had also infiltrated the Italian institutions and obtained information from the children of politicians who were members of left and far-left organizations. With the help of the Vatican intelligence, which he considered superior to the Italian one, he investigated such infiltrations, but no measures were taken. Pieczenik also declared that he participated in the decision to issue the false "Communication No.7", stating that he pushed the BR to kill Moro in order to de-legitimise them, once it was clear that the Italian politicians were not interested in his liberation. According to Pieczenik, the United States did not have a clear image of the situation in Italy, especially for the left and right-wing terrorist groups; he also said that he received no help from CIA or the US embassy in Italy. Pieczenik explained his premature return to the US with the desire to avoid the accusations of American pressure behind the now likely death of Moro. Previously he had instead declared that he had left in order to deprive the decisions taken by the Italian institutions, which he considered inefficient and corrupted, of any US legitimisation. Role of Igor Markevitch Russian composer and conductor Igor Markevitch has also been purported to have helped the kidnappers, housing them in his villa at Florence and perhaps preparing the questions made to Moro. His residence in Rome faced via Michelangelo Caetani (Markevitch had married the daughter of the nobleman after whom the street was named), where Moro's body was found after he was killed. A report issued by SISMI in 1980 mentions one "Igor, of the dukes Caetani family", who had a prominent role in the Red Brigades organization. Two agents of SISMI were investigating near Paleazzo Caetani in the early May 1978 when Moro had not yet been murdered. They were stopped by an unspecified "superior intervention" (allegedly coming from the agency's director, Giuseppe Santovito, a member of P2). Markevitch has been also identified as the "mysterious intermediary" mentioned by the Red Brigades in their Communication No.4. In the article written the very day in which he was killed, Mino Pecorelli, speaking of the "prison of the people" where Moro was kept, mentioned a palace having a frieze with lions and located in the centre of Rome; and described a duchess who could see the body of Moro from her balcony. The Caetani palace in which Markevitch and his wife lived had a bas-relief of two lions biting two horses. Alleged presence of a marksman In the course of Moro's capture the terrorists fired 93 bullets. These killed all the five members of the escort but left Moro with only a light wound in his thigh. Despite this apparent precision, members of the BR such as Valerio Morucci declared that they had only a rough shooting training, obtained by firing their weapons in grottoes at night. The position of the bodyguards (two sitting in the front seats of Moro's car, and three in the following one), separated from the politician, likely made it easier for the ambush squad to direct their fire against them and avoid hitting Moro. However several writers and observers suggested that the ambushers of via Fani included a marksman. Sources such as the magazine l'espresso further suppose that he could have been a member of the Italian intelligence service and identify him as Giustino De Vuono, a marksman once part of the French Foreign Legion: according to their reconstruction, the 49 bullets found in the bodies of the bodyguards would come from his weapon. A witness reporting on 19 April 1978 at Rome's Prefecture declared that he had recognized De Vuono driving a green Austin Mini or Autobianchi A112 on the location of the massacre. De Vuono, who was affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta (Calabrian mafia), on that day was not in his usual residence in southern Paraguay (at the time under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner). Several members of the Red Brigades declared that their weapons were acquired from the Calabrian gangland, amongst others; further, it has been proved that members of DC got in touch with Calabrian gangsters to obtain a help in the liberation of Moro. The identity of the alleged marksman has been also associated to the German terrorist group RAF. Another witness of the events in via Fani declared that some thirty minutes before the ambush a foreigner with German accent had addressed him, ordering to go away from the area. Since some of the ammunition used for the massacre had been treated with a special preserving paint (which was also found in some secret depots related to the Gladio undercover organization), it has been suggested that these would come from some Italian military or paramilitary corps. Theory of the alternative kidnapping Journalist Rita di Giovacchino suggests that Moro was not in via Fani during the massacre, but had been taken prisoner by another organization and that the Red Brigades acted only as "front men". This would explain their reticence and the incongruity of their declarations about the whole kidnapping (from the ambush, to the presence of sand on Moro's body). According to her, this would also explain the sibylline remark pronounced by Sereno Freato, first secretary of Aldo Moro, when Carmine Pecorelli (see above) was also found dead: "Investigate on the instigators of Pecorelli's murder, and would find the instigators of Moro's murder". She thus lists as part of the same plot the deaths of Pecorelli, Chichiarelli (who would have been punished for his blackmailing attempts) and of Carabinieri colonel . Allegedly killed by the Red Brigades in 1979, although in circumstances never clear, Antonio Varisco had been at the helm of the investigation on the BR base in via Gradoli; he was also a friend of general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa (also murdered for never completely understood reasons), as well as of Pecorelli. The use made by BR of printing machines once owned by the Italian intelligence, according to di Giovacchino, shows that the latter were likely the organization behind all these bloody acts. Mario Moretti declared that he was studying Moro's daily moves since 1976. Every morning the politician went with his grandson to a church near his house, after which he had a short walk with only one member of the escort. This looked like a more favourable moment to kidnap him, since most of the bodyguards were not present, but was not chosen by the terrorists. On the morning of his abduction Moro did not bring his grandson with him. After the ambush in via Fani the terrorists took only the most interesting for them of the five bags that Moro carried with him. Those containing the politician's medicines and his reserved documents. Further, the necessity of inflicting a coup de grâce to any of the bodyguards is in contrast with a hurried attack typical of such acts, and is motivated only by the necessity to eliminate any possible witness that would reveal that Moro was not there. In a letter to his wife Moro wrote during captivity he asked her to take care of his bags. Since Moro was surely aware that if his bags had been found in the massacre location, they had been taken by the investigators. Also the absence from his letter of any word about the victims of via Fani has been taken as an element in favour of the theory that Moro was captured while in his Gladio escort (see Involvement of P2, Gladio and of the Italian intelligence services) and not in via Fani and so did not know anything about their assassination. Doubts about the kidnapping Numerous unanswered questions surround Moro's kidnapping in via Fani: Moro's widow noted that in Moro's letters, delivered by the terrorists, there is no mention of the killing of his bodyguards: given the character of Aldo Moro, she considered it improbable that he did not write a single word about these victims. On 1 October 1993, during the fourth trial on the Moro affair, ballistic experts released a report which disputed the version of Valerio Morucci. According to their new report, a second member of the ambush squad fired towards the Fiat 130. The number of the participants in the ambush (the terrorists initially spoke of nine, later of eleven people) is considered small by other terrorists, such as Red Brigades co-founder Alberto Franceschini. He declared: "For the capture of Mario Sossi, in 1974, we were twelve. I think that managing a kidnapping such as that of via Fani with 11 is quite risky". Alessandro Marini, an engineer who passed by via Fani the day of the assault, declared that two people on a Honda motorbike shot at him with a firearm. The motorbike preceded Mario Moretti's car. However, members of the Red Brigades always denied the presence of the Honda and did not explain the origin of the shooting against Marini. An unexplained element is how the terrorists could have planned an ambush in via Fani, since Moro's escort changed their routes daily. However, the terrorists for the occasion had taken measures, such as cutting the tyres of the van of a florist who worked in via Fani (in order to remove a dangerous witness during the ambush), which can be explained only by their having precise knowledge of Moro's route that morning. SIP, then Italy's national telephone company, was exceedingly inefficient on numerous occasions linked to Moro's detention. In particular, after the assault in via Fani, all the phone communications in the area were inoperative. Other examples included when, on 14 April, journalists of Rome's newspaper Il Messaggero were waiting for a phone call from the terrorists. The six phone lines in the newspaper's office had been connected to police central but, when the call arrived, DIGOS reported that all of them had been cut, with the result that the caller could not be identified. On 15 March 1978, the day before the capture of Moro, SIP had been alerted. However, after Moro had been kidnapped, an inspection of the telephone lines in the area of via Fani showed that they were all out of order. This prevented any possible witness contact with the police before the ambush. The commander of DIGOS during the kidnapping days described SIP as "totally un-cooperative", and stated that "in no occasion did they find the origin of the kidnappers' calls", concluding by noting that Michele Principe, then general director of STET, the company that owned SIP, was a member of the P2 lodge. Other suspicions and controversies Chichiarelli, the author of the false "Communication No.7", was related to the Banda della Magliana. Aside from its purely criminal activities this large gang in Rome was related to Sicilian Mafia and has been involved in numerous political and terrorist scandals since the 1970s. Judiciary acts have proved that members of the gang had a role in the assassination of Pecorelli and in the case of Roberto Calvi (both of which saw the incrimination of Giulio Andreotti), in the financial affairs of the Vatican City (including the kidnapping of Emanuela Orlandi), and in the sidetracking of the investigations on massacres such as that of Bologna Station. Judge Ferdinando Imposimato proved that the "Banda della Magliana" had strong ties with SISMI (Italy's military intelligence agency), and that the latter inspired the farce of the communication and of the Lago della Duchessa. Finally, the apartment of via Montalcini, in which Moro was allegedly detained by the Red Brigades, was located in the Magliana quarter of southern Rome and a member of the gang owned the building facing that apartment. Members of Moro's escort, who were not in service on the day of the kidnap, declared in September 1978 that Moro was a habitual person, and that every day he got out from his house exactly at 09:00 AM. However, Moro's widow denied this circumstance during her interview in front of the investigative judges on 23 September 1978. Francesco Cossiga declared that Moro's confessor, Don Antonio Mennini (later papal nuncio to Great Britain), was allowed to enter in the politician's cell just before his execution. In 2015 Don Mennini has denied this reconstruction. Political consequences The kidnapping and murder of Moro drastically changed the politics of Italy. The Historic Compromise between DC and PCI, one of Moro's main goals, was not liked by Italy's main international partners. On 23 March 1976 Aldo Moro, during his tenure as prime minister, took part in the G7 conference in Puerto Rico. When he asked his colleagues' opinions about the matter they replied to him that, if it materialized, the presence of the Communists in the executive would cause the loss of international support (including financial ones) for Italy. At the previous general elections, DC had scored a 38%, followed by PCI with 34%. Moro was considered a natural candidate for the next President of the Italian Republic, with the ensuing realization of the government alliance between the two parties. His assassination marked the definitive end of the Historic Compromise. On 16 March 1978, the very day of the kidnapping of Moro, Andreotti's cabinet obtained the vote of confidence: it was voted for by all the Italian parties, with the exception of the Social Movement, the Liberal Party (the first a far right party, the second a centre-right one), the Radical Party and of Proletarian Democracy (the latter being left/far left formations). The executive was formed exclusively by members from DC and could govern only with the indirect support of PCI (the so-called "non-no confidence"). Between 1978 and 1979, Italy was involved with a series of events, after the assassination of Moro; on 15 June Giovanni Leone resigned from the presidency of the Republic, ending six months before his term as a result of harsh polemics and attacks on his person. A few weeks later Sandro Pertini was elected with plebiscite vote. In January 1979, Andreotti's cabinet resigned: Pertini entrusted the task to Ugo La Malfa, but the attempt failed and there were new elections. At successive elections the DC remained stable while the PCI suffered a sharp setback: this result marked the end of the government of national solidarity and the possibility of entry of the Communists in the executive. The party, under the stronger influence of Ciriaco De Mita (from 1982 to 1989), Giulio Andreotti and Arnaldo Forlani (from 1989), remained a government party until 1994; in the 1992 elections went down for the first time below 30% of the votes due to the Lega Nord's growth in Northern Italy, and following the requests of Mani pulite scandal (and the ties between the Mafia and Andreotti himself) that also involved the allied parties (in addition to former PCI, renamed PDS, involved at the local level), continued to lose support. In 1994 the party was disbanded and the DC's last secretary, Mino Martinazzoli, decided to change the name of the party to the Italian People's Party. According to the acts of the Italian Parliament commission on terrorism: See also The Moro Affair Years of Lead Terrorism in the European Union References Sources Further reading External links Interactive website/Blog about the Moro affair The Moro Affair from A to Z Gallery of contemporary frontpages and videos Category:1978 crimes in Italy Category:1978 mass shootings Category:1978 murders in Europe Category:1970s in Rome Category:1970s mass shootings in Europe Category:1970s murders in Italy Kidnapping Category:Communist terrorism Category:Kidnappings in Italy Category:March 1978 crimes Category:March 1978 events in Europe Category:Mass murder in 1978 Category:Mass murder in Italy Category:Mass shootings in Italy Category:Murder in Rome Category:Red Brigades Category:Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1978 Category:Terrorist incidents in Italy in the 1970s Category:Terrorist incidents in Lazio Category:Years of Lead (Italy)

Allan Paivio Allan Urho Paivio (March 29, 1925 - June 19, 2016) was a Professor of psychology at the University of Western Ontario. He earned his Ph.D. from McGill University in 1959 and taught at the University of Western Ontario from 1963 until his retirement. Early life and family Paivio was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario as the son of Aku Päiviö and Ida Hänninen. His father was a Finnish Canadian journalist, poet and socialist. Paivio's brother Jules Päiviö was an architect and professor. He was the last surviving member of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion fighting in the Spanish Civil War. In 1948, Allan Paivio won the title of "Mr. Canada" in a competition established by the International Federation of BodyBuilders. Academic career Paivio has published approximately two hundred articles and is most known for his dual-coding theory. Dual-coding theory posits that nonverbal and verbal information are stored separately in long term memory. Dual coding theory is complemented by the theory of Alan Baddeley, in which working memory is divided into a visuospatial sketchpad and a phonological loop. Paivio's work has implications in many areas including human factors, interface design, as well as the development of educational materials. Allan Paivio earned three degrees from McGill University between 1949 and 1959. Paivio obtained a Ph.D. in Psychology, and spent over forty years in research on imagery, memory, language, cognition, and other areas. He published approximately two hundred articles and book chapters, and five books. His 2000 book, Imagery and Text: A Dual Coding Theory of Reading and Writing, he wrote with Mark Sadoski. He published his most recent book in 2006, Mind and Its Evolution: A Dual Coding Theoretical Approach. Dual coding theory The dual coding theory (DCT), according to Paivio, suggests that visual and verbal information act as two distinctive systems. It has had its roots in the practical use of imagery as a memory aid 2500 years ago For example, one can think of a car by thinking of the word "car", or by forming a mental image of a car. The verbal and image systems are correlated, as one can think of the mental image of the car and then describe it in words, or read or listen to words and then form a mental image. DCT identifies three types of processing: (1) representational, the direct activation of verbal or non-verbal representations, (2) referential, the activation of the verbal system by the nonverbal system or vice versa, and (3) associative processing, the activation of representations within the same verbal or nonverbal system. A given task may require any or all of the three kinds of processing. Verbal system units are called logogens; these units contain information that underlies our use of the word. Non-Verbal system units are called imagens. Imagens contain information that generates mental images such as natural objects, holistic parts of objects, and natural grouping of objects. Imagens operate synchronously or in parallel; thus all parts of an image are available at once. Logogens operate sequentially; words come one at a time in a syntactically appropriate sequence in a sentence. The two codes may overlap in the processing of information but greater emphasis is on one or the other. The verbal and non-verbal systems are further divided into subsystems that process information from different modalities. Many experiments reported by Paivio and others support the importance of imagery in cognitive operations. In one experiment, participants saw pairs of items that differed in roundness (e.g., tomato, goblet) and were asked to indicate which member of the pair was rounder. The objects were presented as words, pictures, or word-picture pairs. The response times were slowest for word-word pairs, intermediate for the picture-word pairs, and fastest for the picture-picture pairs. Empirical evidence DCT research focused initially on memory and soon expanded to other cognitive phenomena. Memory remains crucial, however, because it is the basis of all knowledge and thought. The memory emphasis is further justified here because learning and memory are at the heart of educational goals. The effects can be explained by two DCT hypotheses. One hypothesis is that nonverbal and verbal codes, being functionally independent, can have additive effects on recall. For example, participants in free recall experiments are likely to name presented objects covertly and thus create a nonverbal (pictorial) and a verbal memory trace. They can also set up a dual verbal-nonverbal memory trace by imaging to concrete words, but this is somewhat less likely than naming pictures, hence the lower memory for concrete words than pictures. Abstract words are difficult to image and hence are least likely to be dually coded. The expected additive memory benefit of dual coding has been confirmed in numerous experiments which also suggested that the nonverbal code is mnemonically stronger (contributes more to the additive effect) than the verbal code. References Anderson, J. R. (2005). Cognitive Psychology and its implications. New York: Worth Publishers. Mayer, R. E. & Moreno, R. (2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 43-52. Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. E. (2000). A coherence effect in multimedia learning: the case for minimizing irrelevant sounds in the design of multimedia instructional messages. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 117-125. Paivio, A (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Paivio, A (1986). Mental representations: a dual coding approach. Oxford. England: Oxford University Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20110221091503/http://www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/IP/paivio.html Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. New York: Oxford University Press Ryu,J., Lai,t., Colaric, S., Cawley,J., & Aldag, H. (2000). Dual Coding Theory. Retrieved from the World Wide Web September 29, 2003 from http://www.coe.ecu.edu/ltdi/colaric/KB/Paivio.html Category:1925 births Category:2016 deaths Category:Canadian psychologists Category:Canadian people of Finnish descent Category:Cognitive scientists Category:McGill University alumni Category:University of Western Ontario faculty Category:Writers from Thunder Bay

Vorontsov (disambiguation) Vorontsov is a Russian noble family. Vorontsov (Russian: Воронцов) or Vorontsova (feminine: Воронцова) may also refer to: Nobility Alexander Vorontsov (1741–1805) Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov (1714–1767) Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov (1782–1856) Semyon Vorontsov (1744–1832) Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova (1744–1810) Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov (1837–1916)) Other people Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov (1904–1994), Russian astrophysicist Vasily Vorontsov (1947–1917), Russian economist and sociologist Yuli Vorontsov (1929–2007), Russian diplomat Yuri Vorontsov (1937–2002), Russian cinematographer Other uses Vorontsov Lighthouse, in the Black Sea port of Odessa, Ukraine See also Vorontsov Palace (disambiguation) Woronzow Records, a record label that publishes Ptolemaic Terrascope

Sydney Vincent Sippe Major Sydney Vincent Sippe (pronounced -ee) (24 April 1889 – 17 November 1968) was a British pioneer aviator. He designed, built, and tested early aeroplanes, being the first pilot to take off from the sea in Britain. He flew many missions in World War I, including some of the first ever bombing raids. He won honours from several countries, particularly for his part in the 1914 bombing of a German Zeppelin factory. Early life Sippe's parents were Charles Henry Sippe (1842–1924), a shipping export agent (whose firm, C H Sippe & Sons Ltd, still existed until c.2013), and Elizabeth Jane Thornton (born 1846). They had moved to Britain from Australia, both families having originally emigrated from Liverpool. The youngest of nine children, Sydney Sippe was born in 1889 in Brixton, London, where his parents lived at 17 Lambert Road. He was educated at Dulwich College from May 1903 to December 1905. Name and title Sippe was named after Sydney, Australia, where both his parents had lived. His first name is often misspelled 'Sidney', even on official documents, and his surname sometimes written with an accent, 'Sippé', as if of French origin. The form 'Sydney Vincent Sippe' is used both on his birth and death certificates. Following his service during World War I, Sippe continued to use the title Major – and was known as 'the Major' – even though the RAF rank was renamed Squadron Leader in 1919. He also went by the nickname Pi (pronounced like 'pie'), and was known to his family as Pipi. Aviation pioneer After leaving school, in February 1906 Sippe became an engineering apprentice with British Westinghouse in Manchester. Between late 1909 and early 1910, just a year after Wilbur Wright first demonstrated powered flight in Europe, Sippe (aged 20), his brother Arthur, and their friend James Jensen (or Jenson) designed and built a monoplane from steel tubing. Its attempted maiden flight on 24 April 1910 at Addington, Croydon, failed due to insufficient power: Sydney Sippe was thrown forward with some violence and his nose came into collision with one of the steel tubes. The nose came off worst, and a piece of flesh was removed from the inside of his thigh. That, with sundry bruises, was all. A well-meaning friend rushed up with a flask of whisky, which he thrust into the pilot's mouth, and so Sydney Sippe arrived home to his mother with a broken nose, a bleeding thigh—and slightly intoxicated. He learned to fly at the Avro school at Brooklands, gaining his licence in January 1912 "in a way which showed that he had thoroughly mastered the art". He immediately became a test and demonstration pilot. Three weeks after his flying test he survived a crash near Finchampstead caused by a frozen carburettor; the aircraft was wrecked, but Sippe escaped unhurt. In the spring of 1912 he test-flew the Avro hydro-aeroplane at Barrow-in-Furness, making the first ever flight from the sea in Britain on 2 April. He shortly afterwards tested a monoplane for Hanriot in France. Engine failure forced him to land in a cornfield; the plane ended up upside down, but was undamaged, and he flew it again in the first Aerial Derby. This was a race round London, competing against various European pilots including Thomas Sopwith. Engine trouble forced Sippe out of the race. Later that year he supervised the construction of aircraft in Milan for the Bristol Aeroplane Company, and took part in an Italian long-distance flying competition. On his return to the UK he took up flight testing and instruction at Salisbury. War service In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, Sippe immediately joined up and was made a Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Navy Air Service. He took part in the Entente's very first bombing raids on Düsseldorf and Cologne; in the latter, after failing to find his designated target, he instead bombed Cologne railway station, causing serious damage. Friedrichshafen raid This was followed by a celebrated attack on the Zeppelin sheds and factories at Friedrichshafen, Germany on 21 November 1914, one of the first long-distance bombing missions. Sippe and two other pilots flew from Belfort, France, over mountainous terrain and in difficult weather—a risky flight near the limit of the aircraft's range. The distance was increased by the need to avoid flying over neutral Switzerland. Reaching the target area, Sippe crossed Lake Constance in mist while under heavy fire, descending to just ten feet above the water so as to use the mist as cover. Despite their aircraft taking damage, the three pilots succeeded in bombing their targets. Although substantial damage was claimed at the time and in some later histories, the damage inflicted was slight. One pilot was shot down and captured, but Sippe and the third pilot returned safely. The raid was announced by Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, who called it "a fine feat of arms". One historian concluded: "The pilots deserve all praise for their admirable navigation... this flight of 250 miles, into gunfire, across enemy country, in the frail little Avro with its humble horse-power, can compare as an achievement with the best of them". The bullet-damaged tail of Sippe's (or possibly one of the other pilots') plane was later mounted on a plaque as a souvenir. Honours Sippe and the other returning pilot received the French Legion of Honour (rarely given to foreigners) immediately after the Friedrichshafen raid, at the request of General Joffre himself. Sippe was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in the 1915 New Year Honours, and the OBE in the 1919 New Year's Honours. He was also awarded the Croix de Guerre, and made a Chevalier of the Belgian Order of Leopold. Sippe was mentioned in dispatches six times during the war. Cigarette cards Sippe was featured on at least two cigarette cards: one, with his photograph and short biography, no. 26 in a series of 50 Naval Portraits, was issued by Lambert and Butler in c.1917. Another, no. 2 in a series of 50 War Incidents, was issued by Wills. Both cards recounted the Friedrichshafen raid. Family In December 1915, Sippe married Mabel Frances D'Arcy, only child of Gerald d'Arcy of Dublin; they had two children, Angela and James, and four grandchildren. They subsequently separated, and were divorced in 1933 on the grounds of her adultery with a Greek man. Post-war life After World War I, Sippe went through a variety of jobs, mostly related to engineering or aviation. In the early 1920s he trained pilots in Japan. In 1922 he began a secret attempt to salvage what was thought to be £2 million worth of gold coins (£100 million in 2012 prices) from the SS Tubantia, a ship which sank off the Dutch coast in 1916. When a rival salvage operation started the following year, Sippe won a landmark court case which ruled that, as his divers had found the ship and started work, he had the sole right to salvage it. In 1925, after £100,000 (£5.2 million in 2012 prices) had been spent on the salvage attempt, he concluded that though the cargo had been in the ship, the difficulty of accessing it made it too dangerous for divers to recover, and so the project was abandoned. Sippe was a sales manager for ten years with Short Brothers (now a large aerospace business), then with Crossley Motors, followed by the Fairey Aviation Company from 1946 to 1955. He later founded his own business, Field and Forest Supplies, selling products of his own invention. In 1963 he became a consultant to the 20th Century Joinery and Packing Co Ltd, a company which specialized in packing aircraft parts for transport. He died of cancer in 1968 in Leatherhead Hospital. Despite Sippe's distinguished war record, it seems no obituary appeared in any major newspapers, as they were not aware of his death at the time. References Category:1889 births Category:1968 deaths Category:British World War I pilots Category:British inventors Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Category:People educated at Dulwich College Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France) Category:Royal Naval Air Service aviators Category:Royal Air Force officers Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:20th-century inventors

NTAP NTAP is an acronym for nonprofit technology assistance provider. The term generally refers to organizations and individuals that specialize in providing information and communication technology support to nonprofit organizations, without regard for whether the provider itself is formally incorporated as a nonprofit entity or a for-profit business. Nonprofit technology assistance provider is distinguished from a "nonprofit management assistance provider." The latter focuses on building organizational capacity in all areas of nonprofit management, some of which may include technology assistance. Readers should also understand that the term "technical assistance" has historically covered any form of capacity building assistance, technological or otherwise. See also Circuit rider (Technology) Nonprofit technology The Nonprofit Technology Enterprise Network (NTEN) TechFoundation Category:Non-profit technology Nonprofit Technology News

Craig Colony Craig Colony may refer to: Craig Hospital, Englewood, Colorado, US Craig Colony (New York), US

Sheppard Sheppard can refer to: Places Sheppard, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community, United States Sheppard Avenue in Toronto, Canada. Hence: Sheppard subway line Sheppard West (TTC), formerly Downsview, subway station Sheppard-Yonge (TTC), formerly Sheppard, subway station Kate Sheppard House, the historic home of civil rights campaigner Kate Sheppard Sheppard Air Force Base in Texas, United States Other Sheppard (name) Sheppard (band), an Australian Brisbane-based rock band Sheppard (EP) See also Shepherd (disambiguation) Shepard (disambiguation) ru:Шепард

Sequenom Sequenom () is an American company based in San Diego, California. It develops enabling molecular technologies, and highly sensitive laboratory genetic tests for NIPT. Sequenom's wholly owned subsidiarity, Sequenom Center for Molecular Medicine (SCMM), offers multiple clinical molecular genetics tests to patients, including MaterniT21, plus a noninvasive prenatal test for trisomy 21, trisomy 18, and trisomy 13, and the SensiGene RHD Fetal RHD genotyping test. In June 2014 the company sold its biosciences unit to Agena Bioscience for up to $35.8 million. In July 2016, it was announced that diagnostic and testing giant LabCorp will acquire Sequenom, paying $2.40 for every outstanding share of Sequenom stock. The acquisition was completed in September 2016. Competition Companies also offering non-invasive prenatal genetic testing include Ariosa, Ravgen, Illumina (Verinata Health),, PerkinElmer and Natera (The Panorama Prenatal Test),. Other companies and universities that are working towards developing non-invasive prenatal testing include Stanford University,. Patent litigation In January 2012, Sequenom entered a patent battle with competing companies, Ariosa and Natera, accusing them of infringing the "540 patent" (). The cases are Sequenom Inc. v. Natera Inc. 12-cv-0184, Sequenom v. Ariosa Diagnostics Inc., 12-cv-0189, U.S. District Court, Southern District of California (San Diego), and Ariosa v. Sequenom. Verinatal Health and Stanford University later filed suit against Sequenom in a dispute over the 'Quake patent'. Verinata claims that Sequenom's lawyers sent it a letter in 2010 alleging that "'the practice of non-invasive prenatal diagnostics, including diagnosis of the Down Syndrome and other genetic disorders, using cell-free nucleic acids in a sample of maternal blood infringes' the '540 patent, as well as the claims of a pending United States Patent Application." The '540 patent was invented by Isis Ltd. and expires in 2017. Stanford University owns the Quake patents and licensing rights; Verinata is its exclusive licensee. In April 2012, Sequenom acquired two pending patents from Helicos Biosciences. In consideration for the sale and transfer of the purchased assets, Sequenom paid Helicos $1.3 million. The Helicos patent applications (US Patent application 12/709,057 and 12/727,824) cover methods for detecting fetal nucleic acids and diagnosing fetal abnormalities. In July 2012, The United States District Court denied Sequenom's motion for a preliminary injunction motion against Ariosa Diagnostics. In August 2013, The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit vacated the District Court decision and remanded that case to the District Court. In the Ariosa litigation, the District Court (N.D.Cal.) held that the '540 patent was invalid because it claimed a natural phenomenon, the presence of cell-free fetal DNA fragments in maternal blood. On June 13, 2015, the CAFC affirmed the District Court's judgment. Finally on December 2, 2015, the Federal Circuit declined to rehear en banc. SEQureDx scandal In 2009, Sequenom Center for Molecular Medicine (SCMM) was expected to launch the SEQureDx prenatal screening tests for Down syndrome and Rhesus D. Subsequent investigation revealed significant flaws in the studies of the test's effectiveness. As a result, the board of directors of Sequenom fired CEO Harry Stylli, senior vice president of research and development Elizabeth Dragon and three other employees after a probe discovered that the company had failed to adequately supervise its Down syndrome test. CFO Paul Hawran also resigned. Board chairman Harry F. Hixson Jr. was named interim CEO and director Ronald M. Lindsay was appointed to replace Dragon. Dragon has since been charged by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) because she "lied to the public about the accuracy of Sequenom's prenatal screening test for Down syndrome". She died on February 26, 2011. In 2010, Sequenom paid $14 million to settle a shareholder class-action lawsuit that arose from the errors in the development of the Down syndrome test. Sequenom executives are under investigation by the SEC for insider trading before announcement of problems with the test. On September 1, 2011 Sequenom entered into a cease-and-desist order with SEC. MaterniT21 PLUS MaterniT21 PLUS is Sequenom Center for Molecular Medicine's prenatal test for trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) and trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome). The test operates by sampling cell-free DNA in the mother's blood, which contains some DNA from the fetus. The proportions of DNA from sequences from chromosome 21, 18, or 13 can indicate whether the fetus has trisomy in that chromosome. In a randomized controlled trial of 1,696 pregnancies at high risk for Down syndrome, the test correctly identified 98.6% of the actual cases of Down syndrome (209 out of 212), with a false positive rate of 0.2% (3 of 1471 pregnancies without Down); the test gave no result in 0.8% of the cases tested (13 of 1696). The primary advantage of MaterniT21 PLUS over the other major high accuracy tests for Down syndrome, Amniocentesis and Chorionic villus sampling, is that MaterniT21 PLUS is noninvasive. Because amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are invasive, they have a chance of causing miscarriage. History On August 4, 2011, Sequenom said it would call its new blood test for Down syndrome in pregnancy MaterniT21 when the product went on sale in the United States. On August 11, 2011, Sequenom announced European licensing agreement with LifeCodexx. The companies agreed to collaborate in the development and launch of a trisomy 21 laboratory-developed test and other aneuploidies testing in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, with the potential for additional launches in other countries. Under the initial five year licensing agreement, Sequenom granted LifeCodexx licenses to key patent rights, including European Patent EP0994963B1 and pending application EP2183693A1 that enable the development and commercialization of a non-invasive aneuploidy test utilizing circulating cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma. On October 24, 2011 International Society of Prenatal Diagnostics (ISPD) issued a rapid response statement in response to the launch of Sequenom non-invasive Trisomy 21 (MaterniT21) test. On October 17, 2011 Sequenom announced that a clinical validation study leading to the introduction of the MaterniT21 LDT had been published in the journal Genetics in Medicine. On October 17, 2011 Sequenom Center for Molecular Medicine announced the launch of MaterniT21 Noninvasive Prenatal Test for Down Syndrome. MassARRAY Analyzer 4 Sequenom Oncomap Version 3 – "core" set interrogates ~450 mutations in 35 genes. An "extended" set interrogates ~700 mutations in 113 genes. Sequenom OncoCarta(OncoMap) identifies 396 unique "druggable" or "actionable" mutations in 33 cancer genes. In total, 417 mutations are identified. MassARRAY spectrometry is more sensitive than PreTect HPV-Proofer and Consensus PCR for type-specific detection of high-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical cancer. iPLEX ADME PGx Panel on MassARRAY System On October 4, 2011 Sequenom introduced iPLEX ADME PGx Panel on MassARRAY System, developed to genotype polymorphisms in genes associated with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This Research Use Only (RUO) panel contains a set of pre-designed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), insertions and deletions (INDELS) and copy number variation (CNV) assays for use in the investigation of variants with demonstrated relevance to drug metabolism. After detection on the MassARRAY (RUO) system, a proprietary software solution is then used to score and qualify polymorphisms to create a unique haplotype report. References External links Sequenom's Company Website Category:Biotechnology companies of the United States Category:Genomics companies Category:Microarrays Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ

Lambros Athanassoulas Lambros Athanassoulas (born November 10, 1976 in Athens) is a Greek rally driver. Career Athanassoulas graduated from the American College of Greece and got a BEng in Mechanical Engineering and an M.A. in Finance from the University of Westminster. He started racing in 2001, after winning a competition by Greek magazine 4 Wheels and Toyota Hellas. This earnt him the chance to drive a Toyota Yaris rally car. In 2005 he won the A5 class of the Greek Rally Championship driving a Ford Puma Kit Car. This led to him becoming an official driver for Ford Motor Hellas. This included making his World Rally Championship debut in a Ford Fiesta S1600 at the 2005 Acropolis Rally. In 2006 Athanassoulas competed in the Fiesta Sporting Trophy, as part of the WRC. In 2007 and 2008 he competed at his home event of the WRC in a Group N Subaru Impreza. For the 2009 Acropolis Rally, Athanassoulas competed in a Škoda Fabia S2000, winning the PWRC class and finishing eighth overall. He followed this by winning his class on the 2009 Rally Catalunya on the debut of the new Ford Fiesta R2. He was named Greek Athlete of the Year at the end of 2009 by Status magazine. WRC results PWRC results References External links Athanassoulas Rally Team Profile at eWRC-results.com Category:1976 births Category:Greek rally drivers Category:Living people Category:World Rally Championship drivers

Beef Wellington (disambiguation) Beef Wellington is a steak dish. Beef Wellington may also refer to: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, "The Beef" Wellington Biff Wellington, stage name of wrestler Shayne Alexander Bower Beef Wellington (wrestler), a nickname for wrestler Brad Maddox

Dioryctria rossi Dioryctria rossi is a species of snout moth in the genus Dioryctria. This moth was discovered and named by Dr. Douglas Alexander Ross, chief entomologist at the Vernon Forest Entomology laboratory and research centre in Vernon BC from 1950-1970. It was described by Munroe in 1959. It is found in western North America, from southern British Columbia to northern Mexico and east to New Mexico. The wingspan is 22–34 mm. The forewings are orange brown, without an inner transverse line and with whitish markings, primarily consisting of a longitudinal streak. The hindwings are pale. The larvae feed on Pinus ponderosa, Pinus arizonica and Pinus durangensis. They feed in the cones of their host plant. The larvae are about 30 mm long and brown with dark-gray subdorsal bands and a reddish-brown head. References Category:Moths described in 1959 rossi

Lola B2K/40 The Lola B2K/40 was a Le Mans Prototype developed in 2000 by Lola Cars International as a cheaper, smaller, and lighter alternative to the similar Lola B2K/10. Although specifically designed to compete in the SR2 class of the Sports Racing World Cup and Grand American Road Racing Championship, it would later be adapted to the LMP675 and LMP2 classes for the 24 Hours of Le Mans and American Le Mans Series. This design was replaced in 2005 by the Lola B05/40 and would last be used in competition in 2006. Development Although the B2K/40 shared some mechanical elements with the larger B2K/10, the design was more simplified for the sake of ease of use. Unlike the raised footbox B2K/10 and large protruding nose caused by this footbox, the B2K/40 would employ a simplified footbox and a flattened nose, although it still featured a raised element in the middle to help air flow between the cockpit and fenders. The fenders themselves were also much simpler, using a narrow wedge shape instead of the sweeping curves of the B2K/10. Intakes for the radiators would be placed inside the fenders, instead of on the outer edge as on the B2K/10. A single air intake underneath the rollbar would be employed for feeding the engine, although the B2K/40 employed a cylindrical nacelle instead of the large scoop that was sometimes used on the B2K/10. Some later chassis employed turbocharged engines, which required the addition of an intake for the turbocharger. Various designs were used over the years. For an engine, the chosen Lola unit was a small, production based V6 that was stipulated by SR2 class rules. Advanced Engine Research had an agreement with Nissan to modify their production VQ 3.0 Litre V6 for use in the SR2 class. However, as a customer car, the AER-Nissan unit was not put into all cars, and other engines have been used over the chassis' lifetime. Such choices included a Mazda turbocharged 2-rotor, a Judd V8, a Porsche Flat-6, and a Ford turbocharged Inline-4 developed by Millington. A total of sixteen B2K/40s were built. Racing history Debuting during the middle of the 2000 season, the first B2K/40s were delivered to various customers in the Grand American Road Racing Championship and American Le Mans Series in North American, and Sports Racing World Cup in Europe. Snow/Schumacher Racing, Archangel Motorsports and TRP Racing would run the USRRC season, while KnightHawk Racing and Phillips Motorsports would run ALMS with Snow/Schumacher Racing making two appearances at the end of the season. SportsRacing Team Sweden would be the only B2K/40 runner in the Sports Racing World Cup. The B2K/40s would perform well in the USRRC series, gaining five class wins, four for Archangel and one for Snow/Schumacher, and earning Archangel the SR2 class championship. In the ALMS, Snow/Schumacher would take a best result of 11th at Petit Le Mans, while SportsRacing Team Sweden would take a single win in the final round of the Sports Racing World Cup. However the best achievement of the season would be at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, where Multimatic Motorsports took the LMP675 class win, finishing 25th overall and one of only two competitors in its class to finish. For 2001, the number of B2K/40s in competition would nearly double. USRRC saw the return of Snow/Schumacher, Archangel, and TRP while gaining Northstar Racing, Porschehaus Racing, followed by Multimatic Motorsports and Rand Racing. Unfortunately, the ALMS would see only Roock-KnightHawk Racing competing regularly in the new LMP675 class, while the Sports Racing World Cup (now renamed the FIA Sportscar Championship) would see SportsRacing Team Sweden running alone again. USRRC was another dominant year for the B2K/40 with another nine class wins, six for championship winner Archangel, two for Porschehaus, and one for Rand Racing. In Europe, SportsRacing Team Sweden would take four class victories and also take the SR2 championship. Unfortunately, KnightHawk would be unable to score a single win in the ALMS season, although they did manage to take second in the LMP675 championship. They were also the only team to enter the 24 Hours of Le Mans, where they unfortunately failed to finish. 2002 would begin to see continued success for the B2K/40. The USRRC series would see only Rand Racing-Risi Competizione as consistent competitors, with Porschehaus and Archangel Motorsports only making occasional appearances. Although Rand-Risi would be amongst the few SR2 class competitors in the series, they were able to score nine wins and take the championship. However the American Le Mans Series would see a boost in competitors Archangel Motorsports moved to the series, joining occasional runners Spencer Motorsports, Essex Racing, and Kyser Racing. Archangel would take two class victories and finish third in the LMP675 championship. SportsRacing Team Sweden would continue to be the only European squad, but would not be able to repeat their previous success, finishing third in the championship without a single win. 2003 began to see a decline in results for the B2K/40. The Grand American Road Racing Association was beginning a shift towards their Daytona Prototype class, and rule restrictions left the SR2 class uncompetitive. This meant a handful of teams participated in only a select number of races. Team Essex would win class at the 24 Hours of Daytona while G&W Motorsports would win at Virginia International Raceway, earning them the championship due to points earned running a Picchio chassis in the class earlier that season. Essex Racing would be the only competitor in the American Le Mans Series, finishing third in the LMP675 championship yet not earning a single win. SportsRacing Team Sweden's B2K/40 would also not return to the FIA Sportscar Championship. 2004 would see the end of the SR2 class in the USRRC as well as the cancellation of the FIA Sportscar Championship, leaving the American Le Mans Series and new Le Mans Endurance Series as the only area of competition for the B2K/40. Miracle Motorsports, Intersport Racing, Marshall Cooke Race Car Company, and Van der Steur Racing would all regularly compete in the ALMS season, joined by Rand Racing for the 12 Hours of Sebring. B2K/40s would win eight races in the LMP2 class, with six for Intersport and three for Miracle, although it would be Miracle Motorsports who would win the championship, aided by their second car, a Courage C65. Tracsport would be the only competitor in the Le Mans Endurance Series, scoring a best finish of third in class and taking third in the championship. Intersport Racing would also go to the 24 Hours of Le Mans and successfully take the class victory, again one of only two LMP2 class competitors to finish. For 2005, a change in regulations for the 24 Hours of Le Mans and Le Mans Endurance Series would make the B2K/40 obsolete, while at the same time the new B05/40 was being launched as its replacement. In the American Le Mans Series, the B2K/40 would still be allowed. Van der Steur Racing would be the only consistent competitor, with BAT Competition appearing for a few select races and Intersport running their car for one last time at the 12 Hours of Sebring before upgrading to a B05/40. The team would finish a distant fourth in the LMP2 championship. Van der Steur, strapped for cash, would continue with their B2K/40 into 2006 at select races before finally upgrading to a Radical SR9. External links Mulsannes Corner - Lola B2K/40 technical analysis World Sports Racing Prototype - Lola Sports Car chassis index B2K 40 Category:Le Mans Prototypes Category:24 Hours of Le Mans race cars Category:Sports prototypes

Richard Angelo Richard Angelo (born August 29, 1962) is an American serial killer and former nurse at the Good Samaritan Hospital in West Islip, New York. In 1989, he was convicted of murdering several of his patients and sentenced to 50 years to life in prison. Early life Angelo was born on August 29, 1962, to parents who were both working in the educational sector. His mother was an economics teacher, and his father was a high school guidance counselor for the Lindenhurst school district on Long Island. He graduated from St. John the Baptist Diocesan High School in 1980 and then entered a two-year nursing program at Farmingdale State College, where he was a well-regarded honor student. Arrest Angelo first came to the attention of the public in October 1987 when he was suspected of poisoning a patient at the Good Samaritan Hospital on Long Island, where he worked as a nurse. He was accused of injecting Gerolamo Cucich with a drug into his I.V. Cucich did not feel well after the injection, so he paged another nurse to help him. Later it was found that he had Pavulon in his urine, which he had not been prescribed. He was arrested for assault on the 73-year-old patient because he was the only person to match the description given to the police (a "heavyset man with a dark beard and glasses"). Following his arrest, he confessed to having poisoned other patients with Pavulon and Anectine. As a result, as many as 30 recently deceased patients were exhumed and examined for traces of these powerful paralyzing agents. It was later concluded that he had poisoned at least 35 people at the hospital while working there for seven months. The poisoning resulted in ten deaths. He claimed that his motive was to portray himself as a hero. After poisoning his victims, he would wait until they went into cardiac arrest and then come by and save them in front of his colleagues. He was held in Suffolk County Jail for over a year, awaiting trial. He declined to pay his $50,000 bail, fearing for his safety — given the high-profile nature of the case. Conviction In December 1989, Angelo was found guilty on two counts of murder, one count of manslaughter, and one count of criminally negligent homicide. He was also convicted of assault in connection with the deaths of four other patients, and he was suspected of being responsible for several other deaths. On January 25, 1990, he was sentenced to 50-years-to-life in prison. He was 27 years old. He is serving his sentence in the Great Meadow Correctional Facility. See also List of serial killers in the United States References External links New York State - Department of Corrections and Community Supervision >Inmate Lookup Richard Angelo - Department Identification Number (DIN): 90A2242 Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:American serial killers Category:Male serial killers Category:American people convicted of murder Category:American people convicted of manslaughter Category:Nurses convicted of killing patients Category:Male nurses Category:People convicted of murder by New York (state) Category:American people convicted of assault Category:American nurses Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New York (state) Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Category:Criminals from New York City Category:20th-century American criminals Category:American male criminals Category:St. John the Baptist Diocesan High School alumni

Dust abatement Dust abatement refers to the process of inhibiting the creation of excess soil dust, a pollutant that contributes to excess levels of particulate matter. Frequently employed by local governments of arid climates such as those in the Southwest United States, dust abatement procedures may also be required in private construction as a condition of obtaining a building permit. Dust control is most commonly used in vineyards, orchards and logging roads. Dust abatement methods generally fall into four categories. The first two are petroleum-based products, such as emulsified asphalts, but they are considered environmentally hazardous, according to the report. The third category includes such non-petroleum products as lignosulfates, which are a byproduct of the wood pulping industry, but they tend to leach and run off during heavy rains, giving off odors and staining soil. Magnesium Chloride, a by product salt production, is a certified organic product that is the most environmentally friendly. Praedium sells Dustoff. The fourth category, synthetic polymers, are generally stable, durable, do not leach or give off appreciable odors, and have proven to be the most environmentally friendly. Abatement oil (an organic, lubricating and penetrating oil) is most commonly used to remove debris such as dust and asbestos. Application of this product is normally done by lathering onto the surface and then removing with a clean dry cloth. See also Air pollution SoilO Dust Control References Category:Air pollution

The Institute (2013 film) The Institute is a 2013 documentary film directed by Spencer McCall reconstructing the story of the "Jejune Institute", an alternate reality game set in San Francisco, through interviews with the participants and the creators. The game was produced in 2008 by Oakland-based artist Jeff Hull. Over the course of three years, it enrolled more than 10,000 players who, responding to eccentric flyers plastered all over the city, started the game by receiving their "induction" at the fake headquarters of the Institute, located in an office building in San Francisco's Financial District. References External links Category:2013 films Category:American documentary films Category:American films Category:English-language films Category:Documentary films about San Francisco Category:Alternate reality games Category:Documentary films about fandom Category:2010s documentary films

Battle of Coronel The Battle of Coronel was a First World War Imperial German Naval victory over the Royal Navy on 1 November 1914, off the coast of central Chile near the city of Coronel. The East Asia Squadron (Ostasiengeschwader or Kreuzergeschwader) of the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy) led by Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee met and defeated a British squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock. The engagement probably took place as a result of misunderstandings. Neither admiral expected to meet the other in full force. Once the two met, Cradock understood his orders were to fight to the end, despite the odds being heavily against him. Although Spee had an easy victory, destroying two enemy armoured cruisers for just three men injured, the engagement also cost him almost half his supply of ammunition, which was irreplaceable. Shock at the British losses led the Admiralty to send more ships, including two modern battlecruisers, which in turn destroyed Spee and the majority of his squadron on 8 December at the Battle of the Falkland Islands. Background At the outbreak of war the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy, with assistance from New Zealand and Japanese naval and land forces in the Far East, had captured the German colonies of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, Yap, Nauru and Samoa early in the war, instead of searching for the German East Asia Squadron commanded by Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee, which had abandoned its base at the German concession at Tsingtao in the expectation of war breaking out with Japan. The East Asiatic Squadron rendezvoused at Pagan Island in the Marianas in early August 1914. Eventually, recognising the German squadron's potential for disrupting trade in the Pacific, the British Admiralty decided to destroy the squadron and searched the western Pacific Ocean after the East Asia Squadron had conducted the Bombardment of Papeete (22 September 1914), where a French steamer reported its presence. On 4 October 1914, the British learned from an intercepted radio message that Spee planned to attack shipping on the trade routes along the west coast of South America. Having correctly guessed the intention of the German commander, Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock patrolled the area with a Squadron consisting of the armoured cruisers (flagship) and , the modern light cruiser , and the armed merchantman . The Admiralty had planned to reinforce the squadron by sending the newer and more powerful armoured cruiser from the Mediterranean but temporarily diverted this ship to patrol the western Atlantic. Defence reached Montevideo two days after the battle and instead, Cradock received the pre-dreadnought battleship . The change of plan meant that the British squadron comprised obsolete or lightly armed vessels, crewed by inexperienced naval reservists. Monmouth and Good Hope had a large number of 6-inch guns but only Good Hope was armed with two 9.2-inch guns mounted in single turrets. Spee had a superior force of five modern vessels (the armoured cruisers and and the light cruisers , and ), led by officers hand-picked by Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau carried eight 8.2-inch guns each, which gave them an overwhelming advantage in range and firepower; the crews of both ships had earned accolades for their gunnery before the war. The Admiralty ordered Cradock to "be prepared to meet them in company", with no effort being made to clarify what action he was expected to take should he find Spee. On receiving his orders, Cradock asked the Admiralty for permission to split his fleet into two forces, each able to face Spee independently. The two groups would operate on the east and west coasts of South America to counter the possibility of Spee slipping past Cradock into the Atlantic Ocean. The Admiralty agreed and established the east coast squadron under Rear-Admiral Archibald Stoddart, consisting of three cruisers and two armed merchantmen. The remaining vessels formed the west coast squadron, which was reinforced by Canopus on 18 October. Reprieved from scrapping by the outbreak of war and badly in need of overhaul, Canopus was claimed to have a top speed of only , about two-thirds her design speed and just over half that of the remainder of the squadron. (After the fleet sailed, it was found that the ship could make and that the senior engineer was mentally ill.) The Admiralty agreed that with Canopus the fleet would be too slow to force an engagement with the German cruisers and that without Canopus the west coast squadron stood no chance. Cradock sailed from the Falklands on 20 October, still under the impression that Defence would soon arrive and with Admiralty orders to attack German merchant ships and to seek out the East Asiatic Squadron. As the British squadron rounded Cape Horn, wireless transmissions from Leipzig increased in power and it seemed that the British would catch the ship while isolated, but Spee had made rendezvous with Leipzig on 14 October and had enforced wireless silence on the other ships. Lines of communication On 30 October, before the battle but due to communications delays too late to have any effect, Admiral Jackie Fisher was re-appointed First Sea Lord, replacing Prince Louis of Battenberg, who, along with Churchill, had been preoccupied with fighting to keep his position as First Sea Lord in the face of widespread concern over the senior British Admiral being of German descent. Battenberg was a proven and reliable admiral but was replaced to appease public opinion. The crisis drew the attention of the most senior members of the Admiralty away from the events in South America: Churchill later claimed that if he had not been distracted, he would have questioned the intentions of his admiral at sea more deeply. A signal from Cradock was received by Churchill on 27 October, advising the Admiralty of his intention to leave Canopus behind because of her slow speed and, as previously instructed, to take his remaining ships in search of Spee. He re-stated that he was still expecting reinforcements in the form of Defence, which he had previously been told was coming and that he had given orders for her to follow him as soon as possible. Although Defence had once been sent to reinforce Cradock, it had then been recalled part way, returned to the Mediterranean and then been sent again to form part of a new squadron patrolling the eastern coast of South America. A misunderstanding had arisen between Cradock and the Admiralty over how ships were to be assigned and used. Cradock believed he was expected to advance against Spee with those forces he had, whereas the Admiralty expected him to exercise caution, using Canopus for defence and merely to scout for the enemy or take advantage of any situation where he might come across part of the enemy force. Churchill replied to the signal, telling Cradock that Defence was to remain on the east coast and that Cradock was considered to have sufficient forces for his task, making no comment about his plan to abandon Canopus. Churchill had passed on the message to the Admiralty staff, saying he did not properly understand what Cradock intended. Cradock probably received Churchill's reply on 1 November with the messages collected by Glasgow at Coronel, giving him time to read it before the battle. Thus, Cradock would have taken the message as final confirmation that he was doing what was expected. Departing from Stanley he had left behind a letter to be forwarded to Admiral of the Fleet Sir Hedworth Meux in the event of his death. In this, he commented that he did not intend to suffer the fate of Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge, a friend of Cradock, who at the time was awaiting court-martial for failing to engage the enemy. The governor of the Falklands reported that Cradock had not expected to survive, as did the governor's aide. Luce reported that "Cradock was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action if there was the smallest chance of success". On 3 November, Fisher in London received news from Valparaiso that Spee had been sighted. He urgently gave orders for Defence to join Cradock and stressed the need to keep Canopus together with the other ships. On 4 November, German reports of the battle started to reach London. Prelude British preparations On 22 October, Cradock cabled the Admiralty that he was going to round Cape Horn and was leaving Canopus behind to escort his colliers. Admiral John Fisher replaced Battenberg as First Sea Lord on 27 October, and the following day Fisher ordered Cradock not to engage Spee without Canopus. He then ordered HMS Defence to reinforce Cradock. The previous week Cradock had sent Glasgow to Coronel to pick up any messages the Admiralty might have sent. Spee, having learned of the presence of Glasgow off Coronel, sailed south from Valparaíso with all five warships with the intention of destroying her. Glasgow intercepted radio traffic from one of the German cruisers and informed Cradock, who turned his fleet north to intercept the cruiser. Given the German superiority in speed, firepower, efficiency and numbers, why Cradock chose to engage puzzles historians. At the time Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge, a friend of Cradock, was awaiting court-martial for failing to engage the enemy, and he had been told by the Admiralty that his force was "sufficient". The accepted view among Cradock's colleagues was that he was "constitutionally incapable of refusing action". On 31 October, he ordered his squadron to adopt an attacking formation. Both sides are thought to have expected to encounter a single ship until they sighted each other at 16:40 on 1 November. Battle On 31 October, Glasgow entered Coronel harbour to collect messages and news from the British consul. Also in harbour was a supply ship—Göttingen—working for Spee, which immediately radioed with the news of the British ship entering harbour. Glasgow was listening to radio traffic, which suggested that German warships were close. Matters were confused because the German ships had been instructed to all use the same call sign, that of Leipzig. Spee decided to move his ships to Coronel to trap Glasgow while Admiral Cradock hurried north to catch Leipzig. Neither side realised the other's main force was nearby. At 09:15 on 1 November, Glasgow left port to meet Cradock at noon, west of Coronel. Seas were rough so that it was impossible to send a boat between the ships to deliver the messages, which had to be transferred on a line floated in the sea. At 13:5, the ships formed into a line abreast formation apart, with Glasgow at the eastern end, and started to steam north at searching for Leipzig. At 16:17 Leipzig, accompanied by the other German ships, spotted smoke from the line of British ships. Spee ordered full speed so that Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Leipzig were approaching the British at , with the slower light cruisers Dresden and Nürnberg some way behind. At 16:20, Glasgow and Otranto saw smoke to the north and then three ships at a range of . The British reversed direction, so that both fleets were moving south, and a chase began which lasted 90 minutes. Cradock was faced with a choice; he could either take his three cruisers capable of , abandon Otranto and run from the Germans, or stay and fight with Otranto, which could only manage . The German ships slowed at a range of to reorganise themselves for best positions, and to await best visibility, when the British to their west would be outlined against the setting sun. At 17:10, Cradock decided he must fight, and drew his ships closer together. He changed course to south-east and attempted to close upon the German ships while the sun remained high. Spee declined to engage and turned his faster ships away, maintaining the distance between the forces which sailed roughly parallel at a distance of . At 18:18, Cradock again attempted to close, steering directly towards the enemy, which once again turned away to a greater range of . At 18:50, the sun set; Spee closed to and commenced firing. The German ships had sixteen guns of comparable range to the two guns on Good Hope. One of these was hit within five minutes of the engagement's starting. Of the remaining guns on the British ships, most were in casemates along the sides of the ships, which continually flooded if the gun doors were opened to fire in heavy seas. The merchant cruiser Otranto—having only guns and being a much larger target than the other ships—retired west at full speed. Since the British guns had insufficient range to match the German guns, Cradock attempted to close on the German ships. By 19:30, he had reached but as he closed, the German fire became correspondingly more accurate. Good Hope and Monmouth caught fire, presenting easy targets to the German gunners now that darkness had fallen, whereas the German ships had disappeared into the dark. Monmouth was first to be silenced. Good Hope continued firing, continuing to close on the German ships and receiving more and more fire. By 19:50, she had also ceased firing; subsequently her forward section exploded, then she broke apart and sank, with no-one witness to the sinking. Scharnhorst switched her fire to Monmouth, while Gneisenau joined Leipzig and Dresden which had been engaging Glasgow. The German light cruisers had only guns, which had left Glasgow almost unscathed, but these were now joined by the guns of Gneisenau. John Luce, captain of Glasgow, determined that nothing would be gained by staying and attempting to fight. It was noticed that each time he fired, the flash of his guns was used by the Germans to aim a new salvo, so he also ceased firing. One compartment of the ship was flooded but she could still manage . He returned first to Monmouth, which was now dark but still afloat. Nothing was to be done for the ship, which was sinking slowly but would attempt to beach on the Chilean coast. Glasgow turned south and departed. There was some confusion amongst the German ships as to the fate of the two armoured cruisers, which had disappeared into the dark once they ceased firing, and a hunt began. Leipzig saw something burning, but on approaching found only wreckage. Nürnberg—slower than the other German ships—arrived late at the battle and sighted Monmouth, listing and badly damaged but still moving. After pointedly directing his searchlights at the ship's ensign, an invitation to surrender—which was declined—he opened fire, finally sinking the ship. Without firm information, Spee decided that Good Hope had escaped and called off the search at 22:15. Mindful of the reports that a British battleship was around somewhere, he turned north. With no survivors from either Good Hope or Monmouth, 1,600 British officers and men were dead, including Admiral Cradock. Glasgow and Otranto both escaped (the former suffering five hits and five wounded men). Just two shells had struck Scharnhorst, neither of which exploded: one 6-inch shell hit above the armour belt and penetrated to a storeroom where, in Spee's words, "the creature just lay there as a kind of greeting." Another struck a funnel. In return, Scharnhorst had managed at least 35 hits on Good Hope, but at the expense of 422 shells, leaving her with 350. Four shells had struck Gneisenau, one of which nearly flooded the officers' wardroom. A shell from Glasgow struck her aft turret and temporarily knocked it out. Three of Gneisenaus men were wounded; she expended 244 of her shells and had 528 left. Aftermath This was Britain's first naval defeat since the Battle of Lake Champlain in the War of 1812 and the first of a British naval squadron since the Battle of Grand Port in 1810. Once news of the defeat reached the Admiralty, a new naval force was assembled under Vice-Admiral Doveton Sturdee, including the battlecruisers and her sister-ship . This found and destroyed Spee's force at the Battle of the Falkland Islands. Glasgow, having escaped the battle, steamed south for three days at , passing through the Straits of Magellan. Canopus—warned by Glasgows messages—turned about and headed back at the best speed she could manage, . On 6 November, the two ships met and proceeded slowly towards the Falklands. Twice during the voyage Canopus had to report that she was not under control. After coaling, both ships were ordered north but again Canopus broke down. She was finally ordered to be beached in the inner part of Stanley Harbour, where she could serve as a defensive battery. Otranto steamed out into the Pacific Ocean before turning south and rounding Cape Horn. On 4 November the Admiralty issued orders for the surviving ships to go to the Abrolhos Rocks, where a new force was being assembled. Rear-Admiral Archibald Stoddart, with the armoured cruisers and , were to meet them there and await the arrival of Defence. Sturdee was ordered to travel with the battlecruisers and —then attached to the Grand Fleet in the North Sea—to command a new squadron with clear superiority over Spee. Despite his victory Spee was pessimistic about his own chances of survival and dismissive with regard to the harm done to the British navy The official explanation of the defeat as presented to the House of Commons by Winston Churchill was: "feeling he could not bring the enemy immediately to action as long as he kept with Canopus, he decided to attack them with his fast ships alone, in the belief that even if he himself were destroyed... he would inflict damage on them which ...would lead to their certain subsequent destruction." On 3 November Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Nürnberg entered Valparaiso harbour to a welcome by the German population. Spee refused to join in the celebrations; when presented with a bouquet of flowers, he refused them, commenting that "these will do nicely for my grave". He was to die with most of the men on his ships on 8 December 1914, at the Battle of the Falkland Islands. Commemoration The Coronel Memorial Library at Royal Roads Military College, now Royal Roads University in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, was named in honour of the four Canadian midshipmen who perished in HMS Good Hope at the Battle of Coronel. In 1989 a memorial to those who perished in the battle was erected in the 21st May Square at Coronel, Chile. Along with two plaques depicting HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth, it has a central dedication plaque (in Spanish) which reads Footnotes References Further reading External links Andreas Leipold: Coronel, Battle of, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Battle of Coronel Battles of Coronel and the Falklands – a Pictorial Look Nafziger, Order of Battle Category:Naval battles of the Asian and Pacific Theatre (World War I) Category:Naval battles of World War I involving Germany Category:Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom Category:Maritime incidents in Chile Category:1914 in Chile Category:Conflicts in 1914 Battle of Coronel Category:November 1914 events

Kill the Drive Kill the Drive is a four-piece punk rock band, formed in Haifa, Israel in 2005. The band started as a skate punk trio and gained their first recognition releasing their third album Lady Karma on Broken English Records, in 2012. History Formation and Roadkill (2005–2008) The band was formed in the summer of 2005, in Haifa, Israel, as a skate/hardcore punk trio, with Eyal Reiner on lead vocals and bass, Yuval Segal on guitar, and Gideon Berger (younger brother of Useless ID's Ishay Berger) on drums and percussion, under the name Increase, though not long after formation, guitarist Yuval Segal decided to leave the band and was replaced with Lavy Josephson. Segal returned to the band not long after, and the band decided to stay as a four-piece with both Segal and Josephson on guitars. The band started playing live right away, playing their first live show at the Patiphone club in Tel Aviv. though their close connection to internationally known punk rock band Useless ID landed them many opening slots for Useless ID, as well as other big name Israeli bands such as Betzefer and Man Alive. In September 2005, the band opened for Australian Jewish punk rock band Yidcore and Useless ID on their co-headlining tour of Israel, at the show that took place at the Barby club in Kfar Saba. Not long after, Segal has once again left the band, and the band stayed as a trio. They then decided to record their first demo tape Short Notice, which included 7 songs and was self-released in February 2006. The band celebrated the release of the demo, opening for Useless ID and Whorecore at the City Hall club in Haifa, on February 10, 2006. On July 28, 2006, the band served once again as the opening act for Useless ID, along with ska punk band Cuban B, at the City Hall in Haifa. On December 6, 2006, the band self-released their first full-length album studio album Roadkill. The album was available only through the band and through the website Interpunk. Following the release of the album, the band served as the opening act of the 3-date Betzefer vs. Useless ID Hanuka Tour, opening for Useless ID and Betzefer, along with supporting acts The Fading and This Means You. Shows took place in Tel Aviv, Haifa and Jerusalem. In the summer of 2007, the band went on their first tour of the US, playing for two months, mainly in the West Coast. Returning from their US tour in September, the band opened for NOFX on their first Israeli tour, at the Haifa show on September 7, 2007. The band then continued playing many shows throughout Israel, mainly Tel Aviv and Haifa, though then guitarist Lavy Josephson has decided to quit, and was replaced by Gal Pearlman. On April 8, 2008, the band opened for American nintendocore band HORSE the band on their first Israeli show, in Haifa. The band was also set to open for Sick of It All on June 18, 2008, as part of their Israeli tour, though this tour was eventually cancelled due to poor ticket sales. A Postcard from Hell (2008–2010) On October 4, 2008, the band participated in the show celebrating the release of the first Israeli punk rock compilation by the label High Fiber, which included a previously unreleased song by the band, entitled "Take Me". The release of the compilation took place at the Barby club in Tel Aviv. Around that time, the band was getting ready to record their second studio album, that they have started writing back in 2007. The band started recording their second studio album, with Useless ID frontman Yotam Ben-Horin as producer. In January 2009, the band was signed by Japanese label Radtone Music, who set a release date for their second album A Postcard from Hell, in May 2009, though only in Japan. Before the release of the album, throughout February–March 2009, the band went on their first tour of the UK, when they decided to relocate to a London apartment for the time being, playing shows all around the London area, and promoting the band. A little bit after the release of the album, another major line-up change has been made, and Nadav Rotem has joined as the band's bassist, letting Reiner to focus solely on vocals, though the band then decided to add another guitar, with Reiner switching to rhythm guitar instead of bass. The Israeli release show for A Postcard from Hell took place on September 10, 2009, at the OzenBar. The band then played as an opening act for The Fading on a show that took place at the Sublime club on October 12, 2009, that saw for the first time as a four-piece, since 2006. On January 1, 2010, the band supported Man Alive on their 10-year anniversary show at the Barzilay club in Tel Aviv. Following that show, guitarist Gal Pearlman was replaced by Or Yaakov on the lead guitar position. The band continued to perform all around Israel throughout 2010, playing at the Showdown Festival on May 19, 2010, and opening for Frank Turner in Tel Aviv (June 4, 2010) and Haifa (June 6, 2010). Lady Karma and signing to Broken English Records (2011–present) In February 2011, bassist Nadav Rotem has decided to leave the band to focus on his other band Kids Insane and was replaced by Man Alive bassist Jonathan Shkedi. With Shkedi, the band flew to New York City in April 2011, to record their third studio album Lady Karma with producer John Naclerio, at Nada Recording Studio, where such bands as Polar Bear Club and The Audition have recorded. Recording took place between April 5–24, 2011. On October 30, 2011, the first song from the third album, "Apocalypse 101", was released for free streaming through SoundCloud. On November 11, 2011, the first official single from the album, "Monsters In My Bed", was released along with a music video. The album release show for Lady Karma took place on December 3, 2011, at the OzenBar in Tel Aviv. In February 2012, the band was signed by US label Broken English Records (Just Surrender, Asteria), making their third album Lady Karma available for the first time in the US, Canada and South America. The album was released on February 9, 2012, being the band's first album officially released outside of Israel and Japan. On March 6, 2012, it was announced that the band was signed by European label Fond of Life Records (This Is a Standoff, Failsafe) to release Lady Karma in Europe. On March 7, 2012, it was announced that drummer Gideon Berger will be joining Useless ID as their new drummer, following Jonathan Harpak's departure, though he will remain in both bands. On May 10, 2012, the band announced they will be shooting a music video for the second single off Lady Karma, "Apocalypse 101", over the weekend. The music video premiered on BlankTV on June 18, 2012. On December 29, 2012, the band played their final show for 2012, and last one with lead guitarist Or Yaakov, before his move to the United States, at the Wunderbar in Haifa, along with Kids Insane and Magnolia. On October 25, 2013, the band played their first show in almost a year, and their first with guitarist Roman Mishko of Chains of Past Decisions, who replaced Or Yaakov who was still out of the country. This followed the band going to a Japanese tour on November 1–4, 2013, supporting Useless ID. Band members Eyal Reiner - lead vocals (2005–present), rhythm guitar (2009–present), bass (2005–2009) Or Yaakov - lead guitar, backing vocals (2010–present) Jonathan Shkedi - bass (2011–present) Gideon Berger - drums, percussion (2005–present) Former members Nadav Rotem - bass (2009–2011) Gal Pearlman - guitar (2009–2010) Lavy Josephson - guitar, backing vocals (2005–2009) Yuval Segal - guitar (2005) Discography Studio albums Roadkill (2006) A Postcard from Hell (2009) Lady Karma (2011) EPs Short Notice (2006) References Category:Israeli punk rock groups Category:Musical groups established in 2005

Mushabian culture The Mushabian culture (alternately, Mushabi or Mushabaean) is an archaeological culture suggested to have originated among the Iberomaurusians in North Africa, though once thought to have originated in the Levant. Archaeologists' opinions According to Ofer Bar-Yosef : "A contemporary desertic entity was labeled "Mushabian," and was considered to be, on the basis of the technotypological features of its lithics, of North African origin. The fieldwork done in recent years in northern Sinai and the Negev has shown that the forms of the Mushabian microliths (mainly curved and arched backed bladelets) and the intensive use of the microburin technique was a trait foreign to previous Levantine industries, but instead is closer to the Iberomaurusian." According to Thomas Levy: "The Mushabian is commonly considered to have originated in North Africa, largely on the basis of habitual of the microburin technique and general morphological similarities with some assemblages in Nubia(Phillips and Mintz 1977; Bar-Yosef and Vogel 1987." According to Eric Delson: "A different industry, the Mushabian, is marked by steeply arched microliths and the frequent use of the microburin technique. The Mushabian is found exclusively in the arid interior southern Levant (e.g., Sinai), suggesting it could represent an arid-land adaptation. Some researchers have noted stylistic continuities between the Mushabian and the Ibero-Maurusian of North Africa, suggesting the Mushabian may represent a migration of African groups into the southern Levant." According to Deborah Olszewski: "At the time that Henry and Garrard analyzed and published the Tor Hamar assemblage, it was commonly believed that microburin technique appeared relatively late in the Levantine Epipaleolithic sequence, perhaps being derived from microburin technique in Egypt. Since then, however, several Jordanian sites have produced evidence of microburin technique well in advance of the latter part of the Epipaleolithic sequence. These include Wadi Uwaynid 18 and Wadi Uwaynid 14 in the Azraq region of Jordan, with radiocarbon dates between 19 800 and 18 400 uncal. BP, Tor at-Tareeq in the Wadi al-Hasa area of Jordan, with radiocarbon dates between 16 900 and 15 580 uncal. BP, and Tor Sageer, also in the Wadi al-Hasa area, with radiocarbon dates between 22 590 and 20 330 BP. This new evidence clearly documents the use of the microburin technique in the inland Levant during the earliest phases of the Epipaleolithic. Thus, its presence at sites such as Wadi Madamagh and Tor Hamar cannot necessarily be used to link these sites to the Mushabian Complex, a fact also noted by Byrd". According to Nigel Goring-Morris: "Another technological shift is reflected in the approach to microlith fabrication, when backed microliths replaced finely retouched types, sometimes using the microburin technique. The introduction and systematic use of this technique in the Levant (i.e., Nebekian, Nizzanan, and later the Mushabian, Ramonian, and Natufian) are an endemic phenomenon, originating east of the Rift Valley". Early migrations The migration of farmers from the Middle East into Europe is believed to have significantly influenced the genetic profile of contemporary Europeans. The Natufian culture which existed about 12,000 years ago in the Levant, has been the subject of various archeological investigations as the Natufian culture is generally believed to be the source of the European Neolithic. The Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara Desert were formidable barriers to gene flow between Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. But Europe was periodically accessible to Africans due to fluctuations in the size and climate of the Sahara. At the Strait of Gibraltar, Africa and Europe are separated by only 15 km of water. At the Suez, Eurasia is connected to Africa forming a single land mass. The Nile river valley, which runs from East Africa to the Mediterranean Sea served as a bidirectional corridor in the Sahara desert, that frequently connected people from Sub-Saharan Africa with the peoples of Eurasia. Mushabian-Kebaran merge According to Bar-Yosef the Natufian culture emerged from the mixing of the Geometric Kebaran (indigenous to the Levant) and the Mushabian (most likely North African). Modern analyses comparing 24 craniofacial measurements reveal a predominantly cosmopolitan population within the pre-Neolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age Fertile Crescent, supporting the view that a diverse population of peoples occupied this region during these time periods. In particular, evidence demonstrates the presence of North European, Central European, Saharan and strong Sub-Saharan African presence within the region, especially among the Epipalaeolithic Natufians of Palestine. These studies further argue that over time the Sub-Saharan influences would have been "diluted" out of the genetic picture due to interbreeding between Neolithic migrants from the Near East and indigenous hunter-gatherers whom they came in contact with. However, a recent study showed that Natufians had no Sub-Saharan admixture. Ricaut et al. (2008) associate the Sub-Saharan influences detected in the Natufian samples with the migration of E1b1b lineages from North Africa to the Levant and then into Europe. Entering the late mesolithic Natufian culture, the E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) sub-clade has been associated with the spread of farming from the Middle East into Europe either during or just before the Neolithic transition. E1b1b1 lineages are found throughout Europe but are distributed along a South-to-North cline, with an E1b1b1a mode in the Balkans. "Recently, it has been proposed that E3b originated in sub-Saharan Africa and expanded into the Near East and northern Africa at the end of the Pleistocene. E3b lineages would have then been introduced from the Near East into southern Europe by immigrant farmers, during the Neolithic expansion".'''' Also,"a Mesolithic population carrying Group III lineages with the M35/M215 mutation expanded northwards from sub-Saharan to North Africa and the Levant. The Levantine population of farmers that dispersed into Europe during and after the Neolithic carried these African Group III M35/M215 lineages, together with a cluster of Group VI lineages characterized by M172 and M201 mutations".Loosdrecht et al. (2018) consider that the Natufians arose from a population without SSA influences either in Morocco, Libya, or the Levant."We speculate that the Natufian-related ancestral population may have been widespread across North Africa and the Near East, associated with microlithic backed bladelet technologies that started to spread out in this area by at least 25,000 yr B.P. [(10) and references therein]. However, given the absence of ancient genomic data from a similar time frame for this broader area, the epicenter of expansion, if any, for this ancestral population remains unknown. Although the oldest Iberomaurusian microlithic bladelet technologies are found earlier in the Maghreb than their equivalents in northeastern Africa (Cyrenaica) and the earliest Natufian in the Levant, the complex sub-Saharan ancestry in Taforalt makes our individuals an unlikely proxy for the ancestral population of later Natufians who do not harbor sub-Saharan ancestry. An epicenter in the Maghreb is plausible only if the sub-Saharan African admixture into Taforalt either postdated the expansion into the Levant orwas a locally confined phenomenon. Alternatively, placing the epicenter in Cyrenaica or the Levant requires an additional explanation for the observed archaeological chronology."'' Notes Although a migration of people from Africa bringing E-M78 lineages into the Levant took place c. 14,700 years ago it as yet cannot be linked with any of the Levantine cultures at the time (Hamran, Mushabian, Ramonian, Geometric Kebaran) or later (Natufian, Harifian, Khiamian) since all are known to have originated in the Levant. Since a material culture cannot be connected with the E-M78 immigrants into the Levant it is likely they were assimilated into the various Levantine cultures beginning with the Ramonian culture, which was present in the Sinai 14,700 years ago. This migration coincided with the population overflow in the Sinai and Negev that caused the Geometric Kebarans to fall back to the Mediterranean core area which in turn caused them to develop the Natufian culture as a result of the population increase in the Mediterranean park forest. References Category:Archaeological cultures of Asia Category:Stone Age Asia

William Kelly Wallace William Kelly Wallace (1883–1969) was an Irish railway engineer who joined the Northern Counties Committee and later became Chief Civil Engineer of the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). He was awarded a civil CBE in the 1946 New Year Honours. Biography William Kelly Wallace was born in 1883 and educated privately. He joined the Midland Railway Northern Counties Committee (NCC) railway in Ireland in 1906, after three years of practical training. He gained knowledge as a railway engineering, particularly in bridges inspecting all 228 bridges from Belfast to Londonderry in 1910. In 1919 he an assistant engineer to Bowman Malcolm. Although primarily a civil engineer, he was appointed to the joint positions of Locomotive Engineer and Civil Engineer on the NCC in 1922 when Bowman Malcolm retired. In 1924 he became chief engineer, a position he held till 1930. In collaboration with the Manager, James Pepper, he initiated a renewal programme in which, not only were new locomotives built, but suitable classes of older locomotives would be "heavily rebuilt", in the main following the style of the Midland Railway and, later, the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). As Civil Engineer, Wallace took over the task of completing the new bridge across the River Bann at Coleraine, County Londonderry from Bowman Malcolm. This opened for traffic in March 1924. He oversaw the installation of colour light signalling at York Road station, Belfast which was commissioned in 1926. This was the first of its kind in Ireland and among the earliest large installations in the United Kingdom. Wallace devised an innovative method of constructing reinforced concrete bridges using T-section pre-cast concrete beams carried on reinforced concrete piers. Four beams created the bridge deck on to which ballasted track could be directly laid. In September 1930 he left the NCC to become Chief Stores Superintendent (Euston) on the LMS. In 1934 he became Chief Civil Engineer. Wallace was an advocate of British Standard track and flat-bottom rails and among the works he carried out were extensive trials of flat-bottom track with two types of baseplate on the former Midland and Caledonian mainlines. He also initiated an assessment of continuously welded rail (CWR). In 1946 he designed the Adam Viaduct, the first prestressed concrete railway bridge in the United Kingdom. In 1948 he left the railway service. Wallace was known for having a dry sense of humour and was popular with his colleagues. He was appointed President of the Institution of Civil Engineers for 1955–56, after being on its council and committees for 11 years. In 1949 he chaired the first meeting of its associated society, the British Geotechnical Society, and he received an honorary doctorate of science from Queen's University, Belfast in 1956. William Kelly Wallace died in Surrey in May 1969. References Further reading Currie, J.R.L. (1974) The Northern Counties Railway, Volume 2: 1903–1972, David & Charles, Newton Abbot, Ellis, Hamilton (1970) London Midland & Scottish, A Railway in Retrospect, Ian Allan Ltd., Shepperton, Category:1883 births Category:1969 deaths Category:Irish civil engineers Category:Irish mechanical engineers Category:Irish people in rail transport Category:British people in rail transport Category:London, Midland and Scottish Railway people Category:Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers Category:Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers Category:20th-century Irish engineers

First Presbyterian Church (Gardner, Kansas) First Presbyterian Church (FPC) of Gardner, Kansas is a PC(USA) congregation that was established in 1866. The church now occupies its third building; the first two buildings both were destroyed, one after being hit by lightning, and another due to an electrical fire. First Presbyterian Church has a congregation of approximately 400 adult members. In addition to weekly and holiday services, the church has an active youth group, and several community outreach programs. See also List of Presbyterian churches in the United States References External links First Presbyterian Church, official website Category:Presbyterian churches in Kansas

Division bench A Division Bench is a term in judicial system in India in which a case is heard and judged by at least 2 judges. However, if the bench during the hearing of any matter feels that the matter needs to be considered by a larger bench, such a matter is referred to a larger bench. References Category:Judiciary of India

Jeryl Lynn Jeryl Lynn are strains of mumps virus used in the Mumpsvax mumps vaccine made by Merck. The strains are named after Jeryl Lynn Hilleman. In 1963, Jeryl’s father, Dr. Maurice Hilleman, was leading efforts to produce a mumps vaccine for Merck. He cultured the mumps virus from her throat, and in 1967 a vaccine was produced which is now widely used. The Jeryl Lynn strains used in the manufacture of Mumpsvax later turned out to contain two distinguishable viral substrains, JL1 and JL2. Further research showed that the JL1 strain was preferentially selected by propagation in Vero and chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell cultures. The JL2 strain was preferentially selected by passage in embryonated chicken eggs. In the US the Jeryl Lynn strain-based vaccines supplanted the previous, killed virus, vaccine in 1978. See also MMR vaccine References Category:Vaccines Category:Mumps

Messier 10 Messier 10 or M10 (also designated NGC 6254) is a globular cluster of stars in the equatorial constellation of Ophiuchus. The object was discovered by the French astronomer Charles Messier on May 29, 1764, who cataloged it as number 10 in his catalogue and described it as a "nebula without stars". In 1774, German astronomer Johann Elert Bode likewise called it a "nebulous patch without stars; very pale". Using larger instrumentation, German-born astronomer William Herschel was able to resolve the cluster into its individual members. He described it as a "beautiful cluster of extremely compressed stars". William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse thought he could distinguish a dark lane through part of the cluster. The first to estimate the distance to the cluster was Harlow Shapley, although his derivation of 33,000 light years was much further than the modern value. The tidal radius of M10 is 19.3 arcminutes, which is about two-thirds of the apparent diameter of the Moon. Viewed through medium-sized telescopes it appears about half that size (8–9 arcminutes), as its bright core is only 35 light-years across. It has a core radius of 48 arcseconds and a half-mass radius of 147 arcseconds (2.5 arcminutes). M10 has a spatial diameter of 83 light-years and is estimated to be 14,300 light-years away from Earth. In terms of the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the metallicity, Messier 10 is "moderately metal–poor". The abundance of iron, measured as [Fe/H] equals , is only 3.5% of the abundance found at the surface of the Sun. The cluster shows evidence of being enriched by the elements generated through the s-process in massive stars and Type II supernovae. It shows little evidence of enrichment by Type 1a supernovae. Because binary stars are, on average, more massive than normal stars, the binaries tend to migrate toward the center of the cluster. The fraction of binary stars in the core region is about 14%. This proportion decreases with increasing radius to about 1.5% in the outlying regions of the cluster. Correspondingly, the core region contains a concentration of interaction-formed blue straggler stars, most of which formed 2–5 billion years ago. The density of stars in the core region is about 3.8 solar masses per cubic parsec. Four variable stars have been discovered in this cluster. The cluster is currently located about from the Galactic Center. It completes an orbit around the Milky Way galaxy about every 140 million years, during which it crosses the plane of the galactic disk every 53 million years. Its rosette orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21. References External links Messier 10, SEDS Messier pages Messier 10, Galactic Globular Clusters Database page Messier 010 Messier 010 010 Messier 010 17640529

DanceSport BC DanceSport BC (DSBC), founded in 1968, is the governing body for competitive ballroom dance in British Columbia and Yukon, Canada. It is a member of the Canadian Amateur DanceSport Association. DSBC is a non-profit, volunteer-run organization that promotes ballroom dancing in British Columbia. Among its numerous functions, it publishes a newsletter, Dancin', every two months and a dancers' guide, Steppin' Out, each year. DanceSport BC sanctions several annual competitions, including: SnowBall Classic - Vancouver (IDSF world-ranking competition) (February). Hosted by DanceSport BC. UBC Gala Ball - Vancouver (March). Hosted by the University of British Columbia Dance Club. Island Fantasy Ball (including the BC Closed Championships) - Nanaimo (May). Hosted by the Nanaimo Ballroom Dance Society. Dance Pacifica - Victoria (June). Hosted by the Victoria Ballroom Dance Society. Pro-Am Fiesta - Richmond (June). Hosted by the Grand Ballroom. Okanagan DanceSport Festival - Penticton (July). Crystal Invitational DanceSport Festival - Vancouver (September or October). Hosted by the Crystal Ballroom. The Grand Ball - Richmond (November). Hosted by the Grand Ballroom. External links DanceSport BC web site Active member of Dancesport BC from 1995 to 1st of June 2004 Category:Dancesport in Canada Category:1968 establishments in British Columbia Category:Sports organizations established in 1968 Category:Sports governing bodies in British Columbia

Kondor (automobile) The Kondor was a German automobile manufactured from 1902 until 1904. The 5 hp two-seater was the product of a bicycle works. References Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany

Constant amplitude zero autocorrelation waveform In signal processing, a Constant Amplitude Zero AutoCorrelation waveform (CAZAC) is a periodic complex-valued signal with modulus one and out-of-phase periodic (cyclic) autocorrelations equal to zero. CAZAC sequences find application in wireless communication systems, for example in 3GPP Long Term Evolution for synchronization of mobile phones with base stations. Zadoff–Chu sequences are well-known CAZAC sequences with special properties. External links CAZAC Sequence Generator (Java applet) Category:Signal processing

Mitsuishi River is a river in Hokkaidō, Japan. It is in length and has a drainage area of . Course The Mitsuishi River originates at Mount Setaushi () in the Hidaka Mountains and flows roughly south to southwest. The river flows into a reservoir at the Mitsuishi Dam. The Mitsuishi Dam was completed on the river in 1992 to prevent the flow of earth and sand from the , which is prone to landslides. It then continues until it reaches the Pacific Ocean at Mitsuishi in Shinhidaka, Hokkaidō. Tributaries (left) (right) Bebō River (left) (left) 　(right) (left) (left) or Ninth River on the Right (right) References External links Category:Rivers of Hokkaido Category:Rivers of Japan

Laurence Hurst Laurence Daniel Hurst (born 1965) FMedSci FRS is a Professor of Evolutionary Genetics in the Department of Biology and Biochemistry at the University of Bath and the director of the Milner Centre for Evolution. Education Hurst was educated at Truro School and completed his Bachelor of Arts in Natural Sciences (Zoology) at Churchill College, Cambridge, in 1987. After a year at Harvard University he returned to the UK, and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Oxford in 1991 for research supervised by W. D. Hamilton and Alan Grafen. Career and Research Hurst was a Royal Society University Research Fellow at the University of Cambridge from 1993 to 1996 and has been a Professor at the University of Bath since 1997. His research interests include evolution, genetics and genomics using computational and mathematical techniques to understand the way genes and genomes evolve. This has resulted in work on housekeeping genes, gene orders, and the evolution of drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the evolution of sexual reproduction / sexual dimorphism. Hurst works on fundamental problems in the evolution of genetic systems, such as understanding why some sorts of mutations are less damaging than predicted whilst others are more damaging. Mutations that change proteins are, surprisingly, often not especially deleterious. Hurst showed that this was because the genetic code is structured in a way that renders it highly error-proof. Similarly, in applying network representations of gene interactions, he revealed why many deletions of genes have little effect and which deletions tend not to be recessive. By contrast, Hurst revealed that genomic changes often considered to be relatively harmless – such as gene order changes and mutations at 'silent' sites – are under selection for unanticipated reasons. He also showed how synonymous mutations can disrupt the way gene transcripts are processed. Similarly, in showing that genomes are arranged into gene expression domains, Hurst revealed that genes can affect the expression of other genes in their vicinity. translation of this fundamental work to medicine is a focus of his research. Awards and honours Hurst was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015. His certificate of election to the Royal Society reads: Hurst was awarded the Scientific Medal of the Zoological Society of London in 2003, and elected a member of European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in 2004. He was awarded The Genetics Society Medal in 2010. References Category:Living people Category:People educated at Truro School Category:Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization Category:Bioinformaticians Category:Academics of the University of Bath Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford Category:Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:1965 births Category:People from Ilkley

Nick Awde Nick Awde Hill (born 29 December 1961 in London, England) is a British writer, artist, singer-songwriter and critic. He is based in London and Brussels. Personal life The son of an international lawyer (who formulated laws that enable containers to go round the world), he was raised in Nigeria, the Sudan and Kenya before being sent to the Jesuit Catholic boarding school Stonyhurst College in the UK. Although his father moved to Northern Ireland and his mother to Germany after divorcing, most of Awde's teenage home life was spent in Soho and the West End of London. He studied Arabic and Hausa at London's School of Oriental and African Studies, later becoming a journalist after working for several years on building sites and teaching English in Spain. Plays and fiction With Chris Bartlett he co-wrote the comedy drama Pete and Dud: Come Again, a hit at the Assembly Rooms at the Edinburgh Festival in August 2005 before transferring to London's West End at The Venue, in March 2006, then doing a 90-date tour of the UK the following year. The play examines the comic relationship that existed between comedians Peter Cook and Dudley Moore of Beyond the Fringe; set in a chat show during the early eighties, the play tells their tale from the perspective of Dudley Moore, by then an international film star. In 2007 two other plays followed, premiering at the Edinburgh Festival. Written with Chris Bartlett, directed by David Giles and starring Jessica Martin and Jason Wood, Unnatural Acts is a comedy about two flatmates, a gay man and a straight woman, who try to have a baby together. Written by Awde and directed by Jon Bonfiglio, Blood Confession is a violent drama about an interrogation, about a child murder from 25 years ago, that goes horribly wrong. In 1993, Awde wrote, composed and produced Andrew Lloyd Webber The Musical, described as "a bizarre mix of spoof and satire" by The Virgin Encyclopedia of Stage & Film Musicals. A pastiche of the life of top musical composer Lloyd Webber, in loving homage to Mel Brooks' The Producers, it ran in a variety of fringe venues across London with several casts. Awde's 1994 follow-up Margaret Thatcher: The Musical failed to find backing. Awde's other stage works are Eros and the Skull (Bloomsbury Theatre, London, 1988) – a multi-created one-man show about the French poet Baudelaire – and Semtex & Lipstick (King's Head Theatre, London, 1992) – a drama for actor and actress about love and political torture. He also co-designed costumes for historical drama Tewodros (Arts Theatre, 1987). In 2003 he published his first novel, The Virgin Killers, as part of The Public School Chronicles series. It is a thriller about murders of priests at a Catholic prep school in the wilds of Lancashire that lead to a trail of Jesuit and Freemason conspiracies deep within the British Establishment. He has been a theatre critic since the early 1990s, and has been writing for The Stage newspaper for most of that time. Together with Gerald Berkowitz, in 1999 he set up theatreguidelondon.co.uk. He worked on The Voice during a key period of the fight for black empowerment in the UK, frequently with immediate impact, as when he wrote a front-page headline that contributed to a riot in Brixton the following day and attempted siege of the local police station. As an illustrator and cartoonist, over the years he has worked for newspapers such as The Voice and The Weekly Journal – where he was the regular profile illustrator for several years – City Limits and The Guardian newspaper. His cartoons also illustrate comedian Llewella Gideon's The Little Big Woman Book. He has done illustration work for Spanish educational publishers and has run a wide range of cartoon strips in specialist publications such as Boogie (music press, Spain), London Student, Untitled, The Wharf and The Stage. Music Desert Hearts Hill's rock group Desert Hearts initially operated as a rock three-piece that also played under the name of Dr Wu in 1990 before becoming a more complex four-piece in 1991 with Awde on vocals, guitar and violin, Andy Matthews on bass and vocals, Leo Katana on guitars, plus a string of drummers. Dropping the Dr Wu tag, Awde went into the studio in 1993 to produce sessions with Andy Ward – Awde provided vocals and played all other instruments – guitars, bass, keyboards and violin. Sub-titled 'Love Songs from the Underground', 1996's I Saw Satan on the Northern Line was released as a 'CD without music'. Designed in the format of a CD lyrics booklet, it contains often comic observations on modern life. The band came out of hibernation in 2010 with the release of Close to the Edge B/W Rocket Man/Meryl Streep, a mini album laced with Mellotron keyboard arrangements. MelloFest November 2008 saw the first MelloFest take place at the Fiddler's Elbow in Kentish Town, London. Organised by Awde, MelloFest One featured two Mellotrons onstage along with discussions and live Mellotron-inspired music from guests, plus the official launch of Awde's book Mellotron. Talking about their music and in some cases also playing it were: David Cross (King Crimson), Nick Magnus (Steve Hackett Band), Martin Orford (IQ), Jakko Jakszyk (21st Century Schizoid Band/Tangent/Level 42), Dave Cousins (Strawbs) & Robert Kirby (Strawbs/Nick Drake/Paul Weller), Robert Webb (England) and Tony Clarke, producer of the Moody Blues. A more concert-based second MelloFest Two, complete with three Mellotrons onstage and a Stylophone, took place at The Luminaire in London on 2 May 2009 featuring Clarke, Orford, Webb, Maggie Alexander, Mark Rae, Andy Thompson and a virtual appearance from Jordan Rudess of Dream Theater demonstrating the new Ellatron iPod/iPhone Mellotron app. MelloFest Three is the Nick Awde & Desert Hearts EP Close to the Edge, released in early 2010. MelloFest Four will be the band's follow-up album MelloRetro. MelloFest Six is 2011's A Christmas Carol Unplugged at the Union Chapel, north London, a music biz update of Charles Dickens' classic A Christmas Carol arranged by Awde, written by Chris Bartlett and starring Noddy Holder of Slade. Musicians appearing in the show at the Union Chapel, north London, are Robert Webb, Simon Scardanelli, Andy Thompson, Knox of The Vibrators, Marc Atkinson, Grace Solero and member of parliament and deputy transport minister Norman Baker. The stage director is Saul Reichlin. Academic work As Nicholas Awde, Hill has written or edited books on non-European languages and cultures, including a Chechen Phrasebook, a Georgian Phrasebook, Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an and Hadiths, An Illustrated History of Islam and an Arabic Dictionary. He has written three other dictionaries for Swahili, Serbo-Croatian and Hausa, as well as 15-plus dictionary-phrasebooks. He has commissioned many authors, particularly from the Caucasus, editing and designing their books for other publishers. He is also a long-standing consultant on the Caucasus, and, with Fred James Hill, runs the publishing companies Bennett & Bloom (academic) and Desert Hearts (general arts). Dramatic works Migraaaants!, translation from French of Matei Visniec's play (2016) Jason (...and the Fleeced) (2016) Khojaly: The Play (2016) The Europeans (Antwerp) (2015) Translator's Introduction (in Italian) in La Bella Tarantola nel grano e altre storie di Puglia (2015) Hecuba, translation from French of Matei Visniec's play (2015) The Europeans (Bruges) (2014) Jamie and the Mountain Monsters, featuring Matt Panesh aka Monkey Poet (2014) Translations from Romanian of Occidental Express, Spider and Decomposed Theatre, in Matei Visniec: How to Explain the History of Communism to Mental Patients and Other Plays (2014) HEADS UP! (The Prisoner of Terminal 4, or: Hague’s Miranda Samba) – A Flash Mob Satire (2013) Jimmy Savile: The Punch and Judy Show (2013) Noddy Holder's A Christmas Carol Unplugged (producer, director & musical arranger, 2011) Blood Confession (2007) Unnatural Acts (2007), with Chris Bartlett Pete and Dud: Come Again (2005), with Chris Bartlett Andrew Lloyd Webber: The Musical (1994) Semtex & Lipstick (1993) Eros & the Skull (1988), with Peter Stevenson & John FitZgeRald Design: Tewodros (1987) Discography Paradox of Choice, Mindgames – vocal session (2015) Mellotronic Belgian Blues (as Nick Awde, 2015) Close to the Edge B/W Rocket Man/Meryl Streep (as Nick Awde & Desert Hearts, 2010) Always Tomorrow, The Reform Club with Norman Baker (2013) – sessions, Mellotron Comandamenti di Auriti, Heather Beaumont, Venice Biennale (2013) – voices Select bibliography 2010 Georgia: A Short History, edited with Fred James Hill (forthcoming) One-Person Show (forthcoming) Singer-Songwriters Vol. 1 (forthcoming) Zazaki (Dimli) Phrasebook (forthcoming) Kurdish (Kurmanji) Phrasebook (forthcoming) The Armenians: People, Culture & History, edited with Fred James Hill (forthcoming) 2009 The Azerbaijanis: People, Culture & History, edited with Fred James Hill Kurdish (Sorani) Phrasebook Tatar Phrasebook 2008 Mellotron: The Machine and the Musicians that Revolutionised Rock 2007 Modern Aramaic Dictionary & Phrasebook (Assyrian/Syriac: Swadaya and Turoyo), with Nineb Limassu and Nicholas Al-Jeloo 2006 Pete and Dud: Come Again, with Chris Bartlett Western Armenian Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Vazken-Khatchig Davidian Farsi Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Camilla Shahribaf 2005 Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an & Hadiths [first edition 1985] Turkmen Dictionary & Phrasebook, with William Dirks & Amandurdy Amadurdyev 2004 Serbian Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Duska Radosavljevic 2003 The Virgin Killers History of the Islamic World (Illustrated), with Fred James Hill Eastern Armenian Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Peter Maghdashyan Pashto Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Asmatullah Sarwan Dari Dictionary & Phrasebook Urdu Dictionary & Phrasebook 2002 London: An Illustrated History, with Robert Chester Uzbek Dictionary & Phrasebook, with William Dirks & Umida Hikmatullaeva Swahili Dictionary & Phrasebook 2001 Armenian First Names, with Emanuela Losi 2000 Andrew Lloyd Webber: The Musical Swahili Dictionary 1999 The Little Big Woman Book, by Llewella Gideon, illustrated by Nick Awde Somali Dictionary & Phrasebook Azerbaijani Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Famil Ismailov Igbo Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Onyekachi Wambu Treasury of Indian Love: Poems & Proverbs, with Christopher Shackle 1997 Armenian Perspectives (edited) Treasury of African Love: Poems & Proverbs Georgian Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Thea Khitarishvili The Mandeer Ayurvedic Cookbook, by Ramesh Patel, illustrated by Nick Awde 1996 I Saw Satan on the Northern Line: Love Songs from the Underground Chechen Dictionary and Phrasebook, with Muhammad Galaev Serbo-Croatian Dictionary Hausa Dictionary Qasida Poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa (Studies in Arabic literature): Vols. 1 & 2, edited by Stefan Sperl & Christopher Shackle, consultant editor Nicholas Awde 1992 Playground: Vols. 1, 2 & 3, with Imad Alassir 1987 21st Century Hausa Hausa Reader 1986 Arabic: How to Read & Write It 1985 Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an & Hadiths [new edition 2005] Bibliography of Caucasian Linguistics 1982 Pickled Priests, illustrated by Nick Awde References Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:British singer-songwriters Category:British theatre critics Category:British expatriates in Nigeria Category:British expatriates in Sudan Category:British expatriates in Kenya Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London Category:Writers from London Category:Gargleblast Records artists

Liantang station Liantang station (), is a station of Line 9 of the Guangzhou Metro. It started operations on 28 December 2017. References Category:Railway stations opened in 2017 Category:Guangzhou Metro stations in Huadu District Category:2017 establishments in China

Amplifier (Amplifier album) Amplifier is the debut album of the Manchester alternative rock band Amplifier. Originally released by Music For Nations on June 6, 2004, it was re-released by the German-based label SPV in May 2005 after the collapse of the former. The Music For Nations release came in two formats: jewel case with 10 tracks, and digipack with 13 tracks. Unlike normal special editions, the 13-track version's bonus tracks are in the middle of the album, apparently forming the "true" album as the band intended it. The SPV release contains a bonus EP with four additional tracks (all previously released) and videos of two songs from the original. The critical reception of the album was generally positive, with comments such as: "A British rock-scene altering record. Enjoy it in all its infinite glory" Kerrang! "No other record this year will have the audacity to field such lofty ambitions, let alone have the skills to fulfil them" NME Track listing All songs by Sel Balamir. Music for Nations - Original Release "Motorhead" – 6:15 "Airborne" – 8:28 "Panzer" – 7:02 "Old Movies" – 5:50 "Post Acid Youth" – 6:05 "Half Life" – 3:47 "Drawing No1" - 2:09 "Neon" – 4:16 "On/Off" – 6:33 "The Consultancy" – 4:59 "Drawing No2" - 2:49 "One Great Summer" – 5:56 "UFOs" – 7:26 SPV - 2CD Re-release "Motorhead" – 6:15 "Airborne" – 8:28 "Panzer" – 7:02 "Old Movies" – 5:50 "Post Acid Youth" – 6:05 "Neon" – 4:16 "On/Off" – 6:33 "The Consultancy" – 4:59 "One Great Summer" – 5:56 "UFOs" – 7:26 Bonus EP Tracks "Boomtime" – 4:51 "Half Life" – 3:47 "Throwaway" – 2:29 "Glory Electricity" – 7:36 Credits Sel Balamir – Guitar, vocals and co-production Neil Mahony – Bass Matt Brobin – Drums Matt Steele – Electric Piano on "Old Movies" and reverse piano on "On/Off" Claire Lemmon – Backing vocals on "Neon" Mike Vennart and Steve Durose – Backing vocals on "Panzer" and "UFOs" Steve Lyon – Co-production Chris Sheldon – Mixing Max Dingle – Assistant mixing Chris Blair – Mastering Rainer Holst – Mastering of bonus EP References External links Lyrics Contains lyrics to all Amplifier songs. Category:Amplifier (band) albums Category:2004 debut albums

Max Wolf (gymnast) Max Wolf was an American gymnast. He competed in four events at the 1904 Summer Olympics, winning a silver medal in the team event. References Category:Year of birth missing Category:Year of death missing Category:American male artistic gymnasts Category:Olympic gymnasts of the United States Category:Gymnasts at the 1904 Summer Olympics Category:Place of birth missing Category:Olympic silver medalists for the United States in gymnastics Category:Medalists at the 1904 Summer Olympics

Passenger rail terminology Various terms are used for passenger rail lines and equipment-the usage of these terms differs substantially between areas: Rapid transit A rapid transit system is an electric railway characterized by high speed (~) and rapid acceleration. It uses passenger railcars operating singly or in multiple unit trains on fixed rails. It operates on separate rights-of-way from which all other vehicular and foot traffic are excluded (i.e. is fully grade separated from other traffic). It uses sophisticated signaling systems, and high platform loading. Originally, the term rapid transit was used in the 1800s to describe new forms of quick urban public transportation that had a right-of-way separated from street traffic. This set rapid transit apart from horsecars, trams, streetcars, omnibuses, and other forms of public transport. A variant of the term, mass rapid transit (MRT), is also used for metro systems in Singapore, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. Though the term was almost always used to describe rail transportation, other forms of transit were sometimes described by their proponents as rapid transit, including local ferries in some cases. The term bus rapid transit has recently come into use to describe bus lines with features to speed their operation. These usually have more characteristics of light rail than rapid transit. Metro Metros, short for metropolitan railways, are defined by the International Association of Public Transport (L'Union Internationale des Transports Publics, or UITP) as urban guided transport systems "operated on their own right of way and segregated from general road and pedestrian traffic. They are consequently designed for operations in tunnel, viaducts or on surface level but with physical separation in such a way that inadvertent access is not possible. In different parts of the world Metro systems are also known as the underground, the subway or the tube. Rail systems with specific construction issues operating on a segregated guideway (e.g. monorail, rack railways) are also treated as Metros as long as they are designated as part of the urban public transport network." Metropolitan railways are used for high capacity public transportation. They can operate in trains of up to 10 cars, carrying 1800 passengers or more. Some metro systems run on rubber tires but are based on the same fixed-guideway principles as steel wheel systems. Paris, Rome, Madrid, Barcelona, Lisbon, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Warsaw, Saint Petersburg, Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Moscow all have metro (from the word metropolitan where "metro" means "mother" and "politan" means "city") systems which are called metro in French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Finnish, Polish, Dutch and Russian. Subway Subway used in a transit sense refers to either a rapid transit system using heavy rail or a light rail/streetcar system that goes underground. The term may refer only to the underground parts of the system, or to the full system. Subway is most commonly used in the United States and the English-speaking parts of Canada, though the term is also used elsewhere, such as to describe the SPT Subway in Glasgow, Scotland, and in translation of system names or descriptions in some Asian and Latin American cities. Some lines described as subway use light rail equipment. Notably, Boston's Green Line and the Newark City Subway, each about half underground, originated from fully surface streetcar lines. Also, the Buffalo Metro Rail is referred to as "the subway", while it uses light rail equipment and operates in a pedestrian mall downtown for half of its route and underground for the remaining section. Sometimes the term is qualified, such as in Philadelphia, where trolleys operate in an actual subway for part of their route and on city streets for the remainder. This is locally styled subway-surface. In some cities where subway is used, it refers to the entire system; in others, only to the portions that actually are underground. Naming practices often select one type of placement in a system where several are used; there are many subways with above-ground components, and on the other hand, the Vancouver SkyTrain and Chicago 'L' include underground sections. Historic posters referred to Chicago's Red & Blue lines (then called the State Street & Milwaukee/Dearborn lines) as "the subway lines". When the Boston subway was originally built, the subway label was only used for sections into which streetcars (trams) operated, and the rapid transit sections were called tunnels. Also, in some countries, subway refers to systems built under roads and the informal term tube is used for the deep-underground tunnelled systems (such as London's Piccadilly line) – in this usage, somewhat technical nowadays and not used much in London, underground is regardless the general term for both types of system. Bus subways are uncommon but do exist, though in these cases the non-underground portions of route are not called subways. Until March 2019, Seattle, Washington had a bus subway downtown in which diesel-electric hybrid buses and light rail trains operated in a shared tunnel. The hybrid buses ran in electrical-only mode while traveling through the tunnel and overhead wires power the light rail trains which continue to operate in the tunnel. Bus subways are sometimes built to provide an exclusive right-of-way for bus rapid transit lines, such as the MBTA Silver Line in Boston. These are usually called by the term bus rapid transit. 'Subway' outside the USA, and especially in Europe often refers to an underground pedestrian passageway linking large road interconnections that are often too difficult or dangerous to cross at ground level. In Canada, the term subway may be used in either sense. Underground and Tube The usage of underground is very similar to that of subway, describing an underground train system. In London the colloquial term tube now refers to the London Underground and is the most common word used for the underground system, and it is used by Transport for London the local government body responsible for most aspects of the transport system throughout Greater London. However, strictly speaking, it should only refer to those deep lines which run in bored circular tunnels as opposed to those constructed near to the surface by 'cut-and-cover' methods. The Glasgow metro system is known as the Glasgow Subway or colloquial as "the subway". The word Metro is not usually used in London or Glasgow to refer to those cities' metros, but it is used in and around Newcastle upon Tyne to refer to the Tyne and Wear Metro. U-Bahn and S-Bahn The term metro is not usually used to describe metro systems in German-speaking areas (Germany, Austria and parts of Switzerland), instead using the term U-Bahn—a shortening of Untergrundbahn, meaning "underground railway"—and S-Bahn—an abbreviation for the German "Stadtschnellbahn" or just "Schnellbahn" (fast city train, fast train) the more common English translation, suburban train. So for example in Berlin, the mostly underground system is known as the Berlin U-Bahn and it is integrated with the mostly above-ground system, known as the Berlin S-Bahn. The Frankfurt U-Bahn is an important exception, the system being really a light rail transit system with underground sections. Hamburg S-Bahn fulfills all criteria for heavy rail inside the state and city of Hamburg, but some lines go beyond the state border into the state of Niedersachsen and there the S-Bahn runs with lower train frequency. The same applies also to the S-Bahn and U-Bahn in Copenhagen, Denmark, with the only exception that the word "Metro" is used instead of "U-Bahn" and "S-tog" instead of "S-Bahn". (The Danish word "S-tog" applies to the trains (tog), rather than the tracks as in Germany; "S-tog" means "S-train".) Otherwise, the S-Bahn of Berlin and the S-tog of Copenhagen are very similar with the exception of the size. In Switzerland, where there is only one underground railway system in Lausanne, the term metro is generally used, due to the influence from the French language. In Sweden, the metro of Stockholm is called "Tunnelbana" or "T-bana" which refers to the fact that the trains often run in tunnels. The same applies to Norway and the "T-bane" of Oslo. Elevated and Overhead Elevated is a shorthand for elevated railway, a railway built on supports over other rights of way, generally city streets. The term overhead tends to be used in Europe. The names of elevated railways are sometimes further abbreviate it to El or L. Some examples include: Chicago 'L' The best known elevated transit system in the United States. Vancouver SkyTrain An automated rapid transit system that is mostly elevated. New York City Subway A combination of the old IRT and BMT rapid transit systems that had built or leased numerous elevated lines throughout the entire city. New York "El's" are the oldest ones in the United States, dating from 1869. Today, the majority of "El" lines in New York are in Brooklyn, Queens, and The Bronx. Most "El's" in Manhattan were torn down in the 1940s and '50s, some replaced by subways. Liverpool Overhead Railway This was the United Kingdom's only true elevated railway, although the London and Greenwich Railway of 1836 was constructed on a brick viaduct for the greater part of its length. SEPTA's Market-Frankford Line is elevated except for the portion running through Center City and University City, and is sometimes referred to as the "El". The Manila LRT Line 1 in Manila, Philippines, is an elevated railway, made operational in 1984 and the country's first urban rail transit since Manila tram service ended in 1944, during the Japanese occupation of the city. The BTS Skytrain is an elevated rapid transit system in Bangkok, Thailand, which was officially opened on 5 December 1999 by Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn. It now consists of 34 stations and 2 lines. Sydney Metro Monorail was an elevated monorail through the CBD of Sydney from the bicentenary in 1988 until its dismantlement in 2013. Heavy rail The term heavy rail has different meanings in different parts of the world. Europe Austria, Germany, Switzerland The German complementary term is Vollbahn and the opposite Kleinbahn. These terms were defined to distinguish different axle loads and connected construction rules. Today the term Vollbahn is not common and Kleinbahn is used for small gauge lines. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, heavy rail refers to conventional railways forming part of the national network, including commuter, intercity, high-speed rail, rural and freight services, as distinct from metro, light rail and tram lines, people movers and similar. North America In North America, the American Public Transportation Association defines a heavy rail system as an electric railway with the capacity to handle a heavy volume of traffic. The term is often used to distinguish it from light rail systems, which usually handle a smaller volume of passengers. In North America, heavy rail can also refer to rapid transit, when referring to systems with heavier passenger loadings than light rail systems, but distinct from commuter rail and intercity rail systems. It is characterized by high-speed, passenger rail cars running in separate rights-of-way from which all other vehicular and foot traffic are excluded. Such passenger rail cars are almost always electrically driven, with power either drawn from an overhead line or an electrified third rail. At-grade urban rail transit Tram, streetcar, trolley The terms tram, streetcar and trolley refer to most forms of common carrier rail transit that run entirely or partly on streets, providing a local service and picking up and discharging passengers at any street corner, unless otherwise marked. While tram or tramway are widely used worldwide, the term used varies in different dialects of English, with streetcar and trolley most commonly used in North America (streetcar being more common in the western and central part of the continent and trolley in the eastern part), while tram predominates in Europe and elsewhere. Tram is a British word, cognate with the Low German traam, and the Dutch trame, meaning the "shafts of a wheelbarrow". From this the term "tram" was used in the coal mines of Scotland and Northern England for a coal cart running on rails, and by extension to any similar system of trackway. Some sources however claim that it was derived from the name of engineer Benjamin Outram. Streetcar is an American word derived from "street" + "car", where "car" is used in the sense of a vehicle running on rails, i.e. railway car. The first American streetcars, introduced around 1830, were horsecars, and this type of streetcar became ubiquitous because very few of the streets in American cities were paved. Mechanical versions, pulled by cables, were introduced around 1870. Electric streetcars were introduced in the 1880s and soon replaced the horse-drawn streetcar in cities across the United States. Trolley is an American word derived from the electric current pickup mechanism in early systems. The first successful electric streetcars in the United States used a system devised by Frank J. Sprague, in which a spring-loaded trolley pole pushed a small trolley wheel up against an overhead wire to collect electricity for the motors. Although not the first overhead collection system, it was far more reliable than its predecessors, and eventually became used by almost all streetcars. Some authorities believe that the vehicle became known as a trolley car because it reminded people (particularly on the West Coast) of a boat trolling for fish. Others believe it derived from a dialect word for a wheeled cart. In the U.S. the word tram frequently refers to a special-purpose bus used as a shuttle (and often not designed for use on public roads), such as for parking lot shuttles at theme parks and major events or transportation within theme parks. Other common North American English meanings of the term tram include aerial cable cars and short-distance, rubber-tired people-movers (such as at certain airports). Tourist buses that have been given the appearance of a vintage streetcar (i.e. trolley-replica buses) are most commonly referred to, ambiguously, simply as trolleys by the companies or entities operating them or selling them, but may be referred to as trams or streetcars. Historical systems Specific terms for some historically important tram technologies include horsecar, heritage streetcar, and cable car. Heritage streetcar (also known as heritage trolley or vintage trolley) is an American term for streetcar systems that use vehicles that were built before 1960, or modern replicas of such vehicles. Cable car is an American word for a passenger rail vehicle attached to a moving cable located below the street surface and powered by engines or motors at a central location, not on board the vehicle. There are cable cars operating in numerous cities, such as San Francisco. Light railway A light railway is a British English term referring to a railway built at lower costs and to lower standards than typical "heavy rail". These lighter standards allow lower costs of operation at the price of slower operating speeds and lower vehicle capacity. They were permitted under the Light Railways Act 1896 and intended to bring railways to rural areas. The London Docklands Light Railway, has more rapid transit style features than would be typical of light rail systems, but fits within the U.K. light railway definition. Light rail A light rail transit (LRT) system is an urban rail transit system with a "light" passenger capacity compared to heavy rail and metro systems. Its operating characteristics are that it uses railcars, called light rail vehicles (LRVs), operating singly or in short multiple unit trains on fixed rails in a right-of-way that is not necessarily grade separated from other traffic for much of the way. Light rail vehicles are almost always electrically driven, with power usually being drawn from an overhead line rather than an electrified third rail, though a few exceptional systems use diesel multiple units (DMUs) instead as a cheaper alternative to an electrically driven light rail system. The phrase light rail was coined in the 1970s during the re-emergence of streetcars/trams with more modern technology. It was devised in 1972 by the U.S. Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA; the precursor to the Federal Transit Administration) to describe new streetcar transformations which were taking place, and was a translation of the German word Stadtbahn. However, instead of the literal translation of city rail, the UMTA used light rail instead. In general, it refers to streetcar/tram systems with rapid transit-style features. It is named to distinguish it from heavy rail, which refers to rapid transit systems as well as heavier regional rail/intercity rail. A few systems such as people movers and personal rapid transit could be considered as even "lighter", at least in terms of how many passengers are moved per vehicle and the speed at which they travel. Monorails are a separate technology. Light rail systems can typically handle steeper inclines than heavy rail, and curves sharp enough to fit within street intersections. They are typically built in urban areas, providing frequent service with multiple-unit trains or single cars. The most difficult distinction to draw is that between light rail and streetcar/tram systems. There is a significant amount of overlap between the technologies, and it is common to classify streetcars/trams as a subtype of light rail rather than as a distinct type of transportation. The two general versions are: The traditional type, where the tracks and trains run along the streets and share space with road traffic. Stops tend to be frequent, and little effort is made to set up special stations. Because space is shared, the tracks are usually visually unobtrusive. A more modern variation, where the trains tend to run along their own right-of-way and are often separated from road traffic. Stops are generally less frequent, and the passengers are often boarded from a platform. Tracks are highly visible, and in some cases significant effort is expended to keep traffic away through the use of special signaling, and even grade crossings with gate arms. At the highest degree of separation, it can be difficult or impossible to draw the line between light rail and rapid transit, as in the case of London's Docklands Light Railway, which would likely not be called light rail were it not for the contrast between it and the London Underground. Many light rail systems — even fairly old ones — have a combination of the two, with both on-road and off-road sections. In some countries, only the latter is described as light rail. In those places, trams running on mixed right of way are not regarded as light rail, but considered distinctly as streetcars or trams. However, the requirement for saying that a rail line is "separated" can be quite minimal — sometimes just with concrete "buttons" to discourage automobile drivers from getting onto the tracks. There is a significant difference in cost between these different classes of light rail transit. The traditional style is often less expensive by a factor of two or more. Despite the increased cost, the more modern variation (which can be considered as "heavier" than old streetcar systems, even though it's called light rail) is the dominant form of new urban rail transit in the United States. The Federal Transit Administration helps to fund many projects, but as of 2004, the rules to determine which projects will be funded are unfavorable toward the simpler streetcar systems (partly because the vehicles tend to be somewhat slower). Some places in the country have set about building the less expensive streetcar lines themselves or with only minimal federal support. Most of these lines have been "heritage" railways, using refurbished or replica streetcars harkening back to the first half of the 20th century. However, a few, such as the Portland Streetcar, use modern vehicles. There is a growing desire to push the Federal Transit Administration to help fund these startup lines as well. Light rail is generally powered by electricity, usually by means of overhead wires, but sometimes by a live rail, also called third rail (a high voltage bar alongside the track), requiring safety measures and warnings to the public not to touch it. In some cases, particularly when initial funds are limited, diesel-powered versions have been used, but it is not a preferred option. Some systems, such as AirTrain JFK in New York City, are automatic, dispensing with the need for a driver; however, such systems are not what is generally thought of as light rail, crossing over into rapid transit. Automatic operation is more common in smaller people mover systems than in light rail systems, where the possibility of grade crossings and street running make driverless operation of the latter inappropriate. Interurban In the U.S., interurban (German Überland(straßen)bahn) refers to a higher-speed streetcar (tram) line – i.e. electrical railcars or trains which run both between the cities or towns (often in rural environments) on their own right-of-way, and through the city streets as trams. In the U.S., some interurban railcars constructed in the period 1900–1930 ran at extremely high speed for its time. Essentially, the classic interurbans were the light-rail lines of the day. Several advanced innovations – like streamlining, wind tunnel research and lightweight constructions – have their origin on the interurban scene, or were early adopted by companies like J. G. Brill Company, Cincinnati Car Company, and St. Louis Car Company. The fastest interurbans had a maximum service speed at 145–150 km/h, and an average speed including stops at above 80 km/h. The Cincinnati–Toledo route of Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad was . A few interurbans like Philadelphia and Western Railroad adapted to high speeds with double-track, absolute block signalling and without grade crossings. Others ran at (too) high speed on single-track right-of-way without block signalling – and experienced disastrous wrecks. The classic U.S. interurbans are all but gone, with two of the remaining (Norristown High Speed Line , IRT Dyre Avenue Line) having been upgraded to rapid transit specifications, and a third system (Cleveland's Blue and Green Lines) now considered to be light rail. The South Shore Line, which runs from Chicago's Millennium Station to South Bend, Indiana, has been converted to modern electric rapid-transit operation on the dense corridor between Chicago and Gary, Indiana but still runs essentially as an interurban through several small towns between Gary and South Bend. Los Angeles has a light-rail system whose lines sometimes follow the routes of the area's interurbans, although this revival commenced decades after the original interurban ceased service. The European interurbans, like the Silesian Interurbans (Tramwaje Śląskie S.A.; German Schlesische Straßenbahn) and Belgium’s Coastal Tram, were (and are) more like conventional tramways, as their names indicate. Interurbans sometimes used freight railways rather than building their own track. In Australia, interurban refers to long distance commuter trains such as the routes between Newcastle and Sydney, between Brisbane and Gympie, or between Brisbane and the Gold Coast. Some interurban trains may operate from where suburban lines end, such as Southern Higlands services between Campbelltown and Goulburn, or between Ipswich and Rosewood. These do not have the features of "intercity trains" in other parts of the world, such as booked seats and meal services, but are bare commuter trains. They are properly called interurban rather than intercity, although New South Wales refers to its interurban services as "intercity" trains. Tram-train Tram-trains are railcars or trains which run like trams (streetcars) in city streets, and on heavy rail tracks out to the suburbs or between the cities. Usually, this requires two current systems (German Zweisystemstadtbahn, Stadtbahn with two systems), both the tram voltage (600 or 750 V DC) and the heavy rail high voltage (in Germany, 15 kV AC). The vehicles must also be adapted to the heavy rail’s signalling system. This transit mode combines the tram’s availability with stops in the street, and the heavy rail’s higher speed. They are often faster than most rapid transit (metro) systems. The first system was opened in Karlsruhe in 1992. Their top speed is often 100 km/h, in Kassel as much as 114 km/h. This transit mode is a rebirth of the interurban. Regional and commuter rail Regional rail (also called metropolitan rail, commuter rail, or suburban rail) is an electric or diesel propelled railway for urban passenger train service consisting of local short distance travel operating between adjacent cities and towns, or between a central city and adjacent suburbs, using either locomotive hauled or multiple unit railroad passenger cars. Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs in the way inter-city rail does. Regional rail operates outside major cities. Unlike Inter-city, it stops at most or all stations. It provides a service between smaller communities along the line, and also connections with long-distance services. Alternative names are "local train" or "stopping train". Examples include the former BR's Regional Railways, France's TER (Transport express régional) and Germany's DB Regio services. Regional rail operates throughout the day but often at low frequency (once per hour or only a few times a day), whereas commuter rail provides a high-frequency service within a conurbation. Regional trains are usually all seated and provide luggage space, although they seldom have all the amenities of inter-city trains such as a buffet or dining car. Since their invention, the distinction between regional and long-distance rail has also been the use of multiple unit propulsion, with longer distance trains being locomotive hauled, although development of trains such as the British Rail Class 390 have blurred this distinction. Shorter regional rail services will still usually be operated exclusively by multiple units where they exist, which have a shorter range and operate at lower average speeds than services on Inter-city rail networks. Not using a locomotive also provides greater passenger capacity in the commuter role at peak periods. British Rail, during sectorisation, did once create a "Regional Railways" subsidiary, however this was so named to differentiate it's 'all other regions' lines from the other sectors Network SouthEast, which heavily focused on commuters services to London terminal stations but operated rail services across the South East region, and the Inter-City sector which operated long distance services. Commuter rail in North America refers to urban passenger train service for local short-distance travel operating between a central city and its suburbs. Such rail service, using either locomotive-hauled or self-propelled railroad passenger cars, is characterized by multi-trip tickets, specific station-to-station fares, and usually only one or two stations in the central business district. It does not include heavy rail, rapid transit, light rail, streetcar, tram, or intercity rail service. Some commuter rail systems do link nearby cities, e.g. Boston and Providence (MBTA) or Baltimore and Washington (MARC Train). The national passenger rail provider, Amtrak, uses the term Regional to distinguish its slower trains on the Northeast Corridor from its Acela high-speed express service. The term regional railroad refers to second-tier freight lines. Intercity, Corridor and Long-Distance The Inter-City was a British named train, introduced in 1950, but the term InterCity was adopted by British Rail in 1966 as a brand-name for its long-haul express passenger services. Since then, the terms Inter-city or intercity have been widely adopted to refer to express passenger train services that cover longer distances than commuter or regional trains. In the U.S., "Corridor" services refer to routes connecting relatively nearby cities, where one city can be visited from another without staying overnight. "Long-Distance" refers to routes which cover vast rural distances. Other types of rail transit Automated guideway transit refers to guided transit vehicles operating singly or in multi-car trains with fully automated control (no crew on transit units). Service may be on a fixed schedule or in response to a passenger-activated call button. Automated guideway transit includes personal rapid transit, group rapid transit and people mover systems. Personal rapid transit (PRT), also called personal automated transport (PAT), is a public transportation concept that offers on-demand, non-stop transportation, using small, independent vehicles on a network of specially built guideways. People mover or automated people mover (APM) systems are fully automated, grade-separated mass transit systems which serve a relatively small area such as an airport, downtown district or theme park. The term "people mover" has become generic for the type of system, which may use technologies such as monorail, duorail, automated guideway transit or maglev. Monorail means a system of guided transit vehicles operating on or suspended from a single rail, beam, or tube. Usually they operate in trains. Monorails are distinguished from other types of elevated rail system by their use of only a single beam, and from light rail and tram systems by the fact they are always grade separated from other vehicles and pedestrians. Suspension railway is a form of elevated monorail where the vehicle is suspended from a fixed track (as opposed to a cable used in aerial tramways), which is built above street level, over a river or canal, or an existing railway track. Service type Local service Means trains stop at every station on a route. For light rail vehicles operating on city streets as trams or streetcars, local service is analogous to local bus service, where stops are every block or two apart. Regional service Regional passenger trains may be classified as either slow or stopping trains, or else limited-stop or semi-fast or express trains, where not all stations and stops are served. For example, a pair of closely spaced trains may both stop at the most heavily used stations. For lesser-used stations, the first train stops at alternate stations, while the following train stops at the stations missed by the first train. Express service Means trains operate for long distances without stopping, skipping some stations between stops. This speeds up longer trips, especially in major urban areas. In major cities, express trains may have separate tracks for at least part of their routes. Passenger boarding Street-level boarding Used primarily by light rail and tram lines that stop on the street rather than at stations. No platforms are used, the passengers walk up steps into the vehicles. For wheelchairs, a retractable lift or ramp is required to gain access to the vehicle. Low-level platforms Generally about above track level and are used primarily by some commuter rail and light rail and tram/streetcar rail systems. Wheelchairs can board low-floor vehicles directly from the platform, but high-floor vehicles require retractable lifts or ramps. High-level platforms Generally above track level and are used primarily by heavy rail, automated guideway, and some commuter rail lines. Only high-floor vehicles can be used, but wheelchairs can board directly from platforms if vehicle floors are level with the platform. Rail terminology with regard to speed Conventional rail Generally, the speed range for conventional rail is or less. The vast majority of local, regional and express passenger trains, and almost 100% of freight trains are of this category. Countries that do not make distinction between conventional rail and higher-speed rail can have the maximum speeds of conventional rail up to with the systems that can operate at the speeds higher than that be classified as high-speed rail. For the countries with higher-speed rail classification, the maximum speeds of conventional rail can vary which may go up to such as in Canada. Higher-speed rail Generally, the speed range for higher-speed rail is between and . The higher-speed rail can operate at top speeds that are higher than conventional rail but the speeds are not as high as those in the high-speed rail services. These services are provided after improvements to the conventional rail infrastructure in order to support trains that can operate safely at higher speeds. There is no globally accepted standard in the speed ranges for this classification. Local and regional jurisdictions may have their own definitions. For example, a definition in North Texas has a wide range of speeds between and . A planned construction in Thailand, called medium-speed rail, has the top speeds of . High-speed rail Generally, the speed range for high-speed rail is between and . There is no globally accepted standard separating high-speed rail from conventional railroads; however a number of widely accepted variables have been acknowledged by the industry in recent years. Generally, high-speed rail is defined as having a top speed in regular use of over . Although almost every form of high-speed rail is electrically driven via overhead lines, this is not necessarily a defining aspect and other forms of propulsion, such as diesel locomotives, may be used. A definitive aspect is the use of continuous welded rail which reduces track vibrations and discrepancies between rail segments enough to allow trains to pass at speeds in excess of . Track radius will often be the ultimate limiting factor in a train's speed, with passenger discomfort often more imminent than the danger of derailment. Depending on design speed, banking and the forces deemed acceptable to the passengers, curves often exceed a 5 kilometer radius. Tilting trains have been developed for achieving greater comfort for passengers, so higher speeds are possible on curvy tracks. Although a few exceptions exist, zero grade crossings is a policy adopted almost worldwide, with advanced switches utilizing very low entry and frog angles. Magnetic levitation trains fall under the category of high-speed rail due to their association with track oriented vehicles; however their inability to operate on conventional railroads often leads to their classification in a separate category. In the United States, the federal law has used the term "high-speed rail" as the rail services with "reasonably expected to reach sustained speeds of more than 125 miles per hour [200 km/h]" since 1998. In 2009, the United States Department of Transportation created a vision plan for national high-speed rail network with conflicting definitions by describing the lowest speed range of the high-speed rail systems as "Emerging HSR" with top speeds between and This created confusion in terminology and the media started to differentiate the "higher-speed rail" from the high-speed rail. Some state-level departments of transportation and council of governments now use different sets of definitions. For examples, North Central Texas Council of Governments uses the definition of the speeds over , and Texas Department of Transportation and Oklahoma Department of Transportation use the speeds of or more to define high-speed rail. These agencies have a separate category for higher-speed rail which can be a wide range of speeds between and . Very high-speed rail Generally, the speed range for very high-speed rail is between and . The term is used for the fastest trains introduced after 2000, exceeding 300 km/h. Shanghai Transrapid is one example, with a line speed of 430 km/h. Ultra high-speed rail Generally, the speed range for ultra high-speed rail is between and . A number of both technological and practical variables begin to influence trains in the vicinity of 500–600 km/h. Technologically, the limitations are by no means beyond reach, however conventional trains begin to encounter several physical obstacles, most notably track damage and pantograph limitations. It is important to note that the current world record for rail vehicles is held by the TGV V150 set on 15 April 2007 at , and conventional trains may indeed eventually reach into ultra high-speeds. However, this test has shown that speeds over 500 km/h are unrealistic for regular usage; it wears down the material too much. Based on current and foreseeable technology, these speeds will more than likely be reached predominantly by maglev trains. The two most prominent maglev trains are the Transrapid with a maximum speed of and the Japanese MLX01, which holds the world land speed record for rail vehicles at . Trains faster than will exceed the speed of most propeller-driven aircraft. Regardless of technological parameters, the track for such a train and anything faster would more than likely require turn radii of significantly higher proportions than current dimensions, essentially preventing anything but a direct line between terminals. Such trains are extremely unlikely in the current or near future. Greater than 1000 km/h (621 mph) Depending on the aerodynamic design of the vehicle and various ambient atmospheric conditions, a train would begin to exhibit transonic airflow in the vicinity of Mach 0.8 (988 km/h) and higher. From a modern perspective, this is essentially the realistic maximum speed of trains as they are known today. This is because the Prandtl-Glauert singularity would cause catastrophic damage to the vehicle as the sound waves reflected off of the ground, potentially blasting the train into the air. The only trains that could exceed this speed significantly are vactrains. Rail terminology with respect to railway track gauge Approximately 60% of the world's existing railway lines are built to the standard track gauge where the distance between the inside edges of the rails of the track is (see the list of countries that use the standard gauge). Narrow gauge railways have track gauges of between and . They are cheaper to build and operate, but tend to be slower and have less capacity. Minimum gauge railway have a gauge of less than and are primarily used as industrial railways rather than for passenger transit. However many miniature railways use this type of gauge. Broad gauge railways use a track gauge greater than . Examples include , and . Comparison of types See also Glossary of rail transport terms Glossary of Australian railway terms Glossary of New Zealand railway terms Glossary of North American railway terms Glossary of United Kingdom railway terms References Category:Glossaries of rail transport Category:Passenger rail transport

Hato Mayor del Rey Hato Mayor del Rey is the capital of Hato Mayor Province, Dominican Republic. It is bordered on the North by the municipalities of El Valle and Sabana de la Mar, on the South by the San Pedro de Macorís Province, on the East by the El Seibo Province and on the West by the municipality of Bayaguana, Monte Plata. It is located 27 kilometers from the San Pedro de Macorís Province and 110 kilometers from the capital city of Santo Domingo. Hato Mayor del Rey has a population of 70,141 inhabitants, and is divided into three municipal districts: Yerba Buena, Guayabo Dulce and Mata Palacio. Etymology Directly translated into English, it means Great Herd of the King or King's Great Herd. The name stems from the colonial period in the 16th century, in which Hato Mayor del Rey was among the largest herding regions of Hispaniola and served King Charles I. History Hato Mayor del Rey was founded around the year 1520 by Francisco Dávila as land that was dedicated to cattle and agriculture. Francisco Dávila, in his position as Treasurer and Perpetual Royal Regidor in Hispaniola, established the Majorat of Dávila on 23 August 1554 in the city of Santo Domingo, in the presence of his nephew Gaspar Dávila. The lands of Hato Mayor del Rey then formed a part of Dávila's majorat. Over time, Hato Mayor del Rey passed through the hands of several heirs and keepers. In 1746, Don Antonio Coca y Vevers Landeche, who was the perpetual manager of the Majorat of Dávila, founded Hato Mayor del Rey as a village. The village included a hermitage dedicated to Our Lady of Mercy to encourage people living near the estate to practice Catholicism. Until July 1843, Hato Mayor del Rey was part of the community of El Seibo and the province of El Seibo. After 1843, Hato Mayor del Rey became its own independent community by decree of the occupying Haitian forces under Charles Rivière-Hérard. On 9 June 1845, Hato Mayor del Rey's independent community status was lost under law No. 40 of the Provincial Administration, reverting it to a military outpost of El Seibo. On 13 October 1848, Dominican President Manuel Jiménes, proclaimed the community of Hato Mayor del Rey an independent town by Decree No. 174 of the Conservative Council and the Chamber of Tribunes. During the Annexation, Hato Mayor del Rey was converted into a military base in charge of the protection of El Seibo. On 14 December 1888, Mrs. María de las Mercedes de la Rocha y Landeche and her husband Esteban Fernández de Coca, before the presence of Ramón María Gautreaux, Secretary and Treasurer of the township, and Antonio Lluberes and Manuel Mañón, witnesses, donated 1,070,879.41 m2 to the City Council of Hato Mayor del Rey. Climate Notable residents Antonio Bastardo (major league baseball pitcher, Philadelphia Phillies) References Category:Populated places in Hato Mayor Province Category:Municipalities of the Dominican Republic Category:Populated places established in 1520

Nazmie-Lee Marai Nazmie-Lee Marai (born 2 December 1991) is a Papua New Guinean athlete. He competed in the men's 60 metres at the 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships. References External links Category:1991 births Category:Living people Category:Papua New Guinean male sprinters Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Papua New Guinea

Paul Beyerl Rev. Paul Beyerl, (pronounced "bye'-rul") born 1945 in Owen, Wisconsin, is known as an author and educator, and particularly as a Wiccan priest, in Wiccan and neopagan circles. Biography Rev. Paul and Rev. Gerry Beyerl, his partner since 1993, reside on an 11 acre property in southeast Minnesota just west of Houston, Minnesota. The property is known as The Hermit’s Grove and is a retreat and educational center for The Rowan Tree Church and The Hermit's Grove. It houses the administrative offices, lodging for Church Members and students, a 4500 research library, and the herbal area holding more than 200 species of dried botanicals. The Rowan Tree Church is Wiccan, representing The Tradition of Lothloriën. Beyerl founded both in the 1970s when living in Minneapolis. The Rowan Tree Church trains its clergy in The Mystery School, a challenging and in-depth educational program. Both the Church and Mystery School serve Church Members and students living near the center and at great distances. The Tradition is discussed at length in Beyerl’a book A Wiccan Bardo, Revisited. The Hermit's Grove also represents the publishing house for the Church, and has its own education program, the Master Herbalist Program. It is the publishing house and maintains the Master Herbalist Program . Publications Beyerl began publishing a Wiccan newsletter - The Unicorn - in 1977. It is now among the longest-published Wiccan newsletters in North America, in continuous publication since 1977. Bibliography • The Master Book of Herbalism (1984) Phoenix Publishing () • A Wiccan Bardo: Initiation and Self-Transformation originally published by Prism Press in England and the U.S. () and by Unity Press in Australia in 1989. • A Wiccan Reader Vol 1 (1994) • A Wiccan Reader Vol 2 (2010) • Painless Astrology (1997) Hermit's Grove () • The Holy Books of the Devas (1998) The Hermit's Grove () • A Compendium of Herbal Magick (1998) Phoenix Publishing () • A Wiccan Bardo, Revisited (1999) The Hermit’s Grove () • The Symbols and Magick of Tarot (2005) The Hermit's Grove () • Gem and Mineral Lore (2005) The Hermit's Grove () • On Death & Dying (2014) The Hermit's Grove () http://www.therowantreechurch.org/ http://www.thehermitsgrove.org/ Discography The Arts of Healing - Lecture on cassette (ACE) Initiation and Initiatory Orders (Panel Discussion with Ian Corrigan, Liafal, and Donald Michael Kraig) (ACE) References Bond, Lawrence & Ellen Evert Hopman (1996) People of the Earth: The New Pagans Speak Out. (reissued as Being a Pagan: Druids, Wiccans & Witches Today in 2002: Destiny Books ) Interview. Lewis, James & Shelley Rabinovitch (2002) The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism. Citadel , O'Gaea, Ashleen (2003) In the Service of Life: A Wiccan Perspective on Death. C Trade Paper , Raeburn, Jane (2001) Celtic Wicca: Ancient Wisdom for the 21st Century. Citadel , External links The Hermit's Grove Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:People from Clark County, Wisconsin Category:Writers from Minnesota Category:Wiccan priests Category:American Wiccans Category:20th-century American writers Category:21st-century American writers Category:20th-century clergy Category:21st-century clergy

Posey vest A Posey vest is a type of medical restraint used to restrain a patient to a bed or chair. Its name comes from the J.T. Posey Company, its inventor, though the term "Posey" is used generically to describe all such devices. The vest is placed on the patient, and meshy straps extending from each corner are tied either individually to each side of the bed or together to the back of a chair. Poseys are most often used to prevent patients from injuring themselves by falling or climbing out of the bed or chair. They allow patients the freedom to move around their arms and legs if no limb restraints have been applied. Laws in many places require Posey vests be applied with the opening at the patient's front. Misuse in which a Posey vest is applied backwards has resulted in patients being choked to death. Many lawsuits have been litigated in which a patient has died while restrained by a Posey. Film showing use of the Posey Vest. Variations A cushion belt is a belt that does not include a vest, and simply fastens around the waist, and is tied to the sides of a bed or to a chair. An alternate version of the Posey is a vest that is placed on with an opening in the back and a back zipper, and straps that extend from the sides. See also Straitjacket References Category:Safety clothing Category:Physical restraint

Jeb Stuart (writer) Jeb Stuart (born January 21, 1956) is an American screenwriter, film director, and producer best known for writing blockbuster action films like Die Hard and The Fugitive. Career Stuart graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Stuart's first screenplay was that of the 1988 action film Die Hard, which he co-wrote with Steven E. de Souza. Adapted from the Roderick Thorp novel Nothing Lasts Forever, the film was a massive financial and critical success, spawning four sequels and being considered one of the greatest and most influential action films of all time. He helped pen the science-fiction horror movie Leviathan and the Sylvester Stallone prison thriller Lock Up. Stuart was heavily involved in the writing of The Fugitive (1993), reworking David Twohy's original draft while on set and working with director Andrew Davis and stars Harrison Ford and Tommy Lee Jones. He wrote an early draft of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, entitled Indiana Jones and the Saucer Men from Mars, in 1995. In 1997, he made his directorial debut with Switchback, a thriller starring Dennis Quaid and Danny Glover. The film's negative critical reception led to Stuart semi-retiring from filmmaking for over a decade, before returning by writing, producing, and directing Blood Done Sign My Name, adapted from the autobiography of author and historian Timothy Tyson. Filmography Awards and nominations Nominations 1988 Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Motion Picture: Die Hard (with Steven E. de Souza) 1993 Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Motion Picture: The Fugitive (with David Twohy) 1993 Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published: The Fugitive (with David Twohy) References External links Category:1956 births Category:Living people Category:American male screenwriters Category:American film directors Category:American film producers Category:Writers from Little Rock, Arkansas Category:Screenwriters from Arkansas

Roman Catholic Diocese of Leribe The Roman Catholic Diocese of Leribe () is a diocese located in the city of Leribe in the Ecclesiastical province of Maseru in Lesotho. History December 11, 1952: Established as Diocese of Leribe from the Diocese of Maseru Leadership Bishops of Leribe (Roman rite) Bishop Augustine Tumaole Bane (since 2009.09.19) Bishop Paul Khoarai (1970.03.07 – 2009.06.30) Bishop Ignatius Phakoe, O.M.I. (1961.01.03 – 1968.06.18) Archbishop Emanuel Mabathoana, O.M.I. (1952.12.11 – 1961.01.03) Sources GCatholic.org Catholic Hierarchy Leribe Category:Christian organizations established in 1952 Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century

Kastellet ferry The Kastellet ferry (), also known as the Vaxholmen ferry, is a passenger cable ferry in Sweden's Stockholm archipelago. It connects the town of Vaxholm to Vaxholm Castle, situated on an islet in the middle of the strait between the town and the island of . At its town terminus, the ferry berths next to the quay used by the Waxholmsbolaget passenger ferries that link Vaxholm to central Stockholm and many other islands of the archipelago. The crossing is some in length and takes about 2 minutes. There are between two and four return crossings an hour, each of which conveys a maximum of 130 passengers. The service only operates from the start of May to the end of September. The vessel used on the crossing is named Vaxholmen and is electrically powered, using a supply cable attached to the shore at the Vaxholm end and paid out on a drum on the vessel. The power cable is lowered to the bottom of the channel when the vessel is docked at Vaxholm Castle, as are the guidance cables when the ferry is docked at either terminal, thus allowing shipping to transit the channel. The Vaxholmen was built in 1967, but reconstructed and converted to electrical power in 2015, in time for the opening of the new service in 2016. She is in length, in width, and has a draught of . The ferry is run by Trafikverket under contract to the Vaxholm Municipality. The municipality is responsible for defining timetables, ticket prices and ferry conditions, while Trafikverket is responsible for operating the ferry. References External links Pages on the Kastelletleden from Trafikverket web site (includes link to timetable) Category:Ferries of Sweden Category:Transport in Stockholm County Category:Cable ferries

Crossroads Mall (Omaha) Crossroads Mall is an enclosed shopping mall located in Omaha, Nebraska, United States, at the intersection of 72nd and Dodge Streets. Originally opened in 1960 by Omaha's Brandeis department store, the mall has been home to several major chains, including Sears, Target and Dillard's before the store closed in 2008. Most of the mall is expected to be demolished in the near future and replaced with a new mixed-use development. History Beginnings In the late 1950s, Brandeis Investment Co., the real estate division of the local Brandeis department store, obtained a 96-year lease on land at the northwest corner of 72nd and Dodge streets for a new shopping center. Construction started in September 1959., and the mall opened in September 1960 as "Crossroads Shopping Center", a single-story straight shot connector between the two anchor stores: Sears at the west and Brandeis at the east. Both Sears and Brandeis were 3 stories: the first floor of each is actually the basement level of the mall, but had exterior access for the anchors; the second floor (originally called the "Arcade Level") opens into the mall; there was no mall or exterior access to the third floor of either anchor store. Renovation Melvin Simon & Associates purchased the mall in 1984. A $35 million renovation project began in 1986 and was completed in 1988. The renovation created a new 2-story center court with a unique white membrane "tent" roof extending far above the 2nd floor. The 2nd floor of the center court housed the food court. A new wing running perpendicular to the original corridor to the north added 2 floors of retail space with Dillard's as a new anchor at the north end. William Dillard, the founder and president of the Dillard's chain was present at the opening of the store at Crossroads. A new single-story wing extends south from the center court and ends at a large glass-enclosed main entrance. The renovation also added a 6-story parking structure on the northeast corner of the property, which connects to the 2nd floor of the new north wing, to the 2nd and 3rd floors of the new Dillard's store, and originally connected to the 3rd floor of the existing Younkers store, all via enclosed skywalks. Unlike the original anchors, the first and second floors of Dillard's match up with the first and second floors of the mall. The entire mall was refurbished during the renovation, updated with a bold new red, blue, and gray color scheme and new neon lighting. Also around the same time as this renovation, Sears added a passenger elevator, where previously only escalators had been available to customers. Second Renovation In 1998, the mall underwent a smaller, mostly cosmetic remodel in which the color scheme and furnishings were updated to more neutral colors. New directional signage was added in the mall and the parking garage, and a large lighted "FOOD COURT" sign was added over the escalator leading up to the food court. Spaces of two former food court tenants were combined and remodeled to provide additional seating, small children's rides, and a family restroom. The main south entrance was also updated with a new "compass" logo, new logotype, and faux windows above the existing windows. 2005-2013 In early 2005, Younkers closed its store, and the building was demolished to make way for a new Target store which opened in July, 2006. Despite speculation that the new Target would be two floors like some of its other urban locations (such as downtown Minneapolis), the new store has one level of retail space with entrances to the south surface parking lot and into the mall. The receiving and storage areas for the store are on a separate level below the retail space and not accessible to customers. Unlike the former Younkers space, the Target store is not connected to the parking garage. Instead, the skywalk that used to open into Younkers now leads to a new stairway down to the mall level in an expanded entrance north of Target's mall entrance. In December, 2007, Dillard's announced that its Crossroads store would become a Dillard's Clearance Center, selling clearance merchandise from area Dillard's stores and other lower-priced items. The Dillard's anchor was closed in August 2008. By the spring of 2009, the entire second level, including the food court, had become completely vacant. Currently, the mall is struggling. The larger Westroads (less than three miles (5 km) away) and Oak View Malls, as well as the "lifestyle centers" Village Pointe and Shadow Lake are drawing customers away from Crossroads. Nearly 50 percent of the mall is vacant. In mid-June 2009, Simon Malls announced that Crossroads was for sale. Simon did not say the price of the property, however in 2002, the mall was appraised at approximately $57 million. Ideas for redevelopment of Crossroads include a complex for residential and commercial. Having received several bids for the mall that were deemed too low, Simon Property Group defaulted on their mortgage payments, sending the mall into foreclosure. A foreclosure sale by the lender was scheduled on March 4, 2010. The mall changed hands that March, going to CW Capital for $40.6 million, who turned around and sold it in June 2010 for an undisclosed amount. Century Development is the current owner, who displayed a strong concern for taking the mall in the right direction for Omaha. Two of the malls bays on the East wing next to Target have been occupied by Restoration Church. Crossroads Mall also houses many small unique businesses like Sissy's Bags Boutique, ReJenerations, Stella's, Dragon Storm Kempo Karate, Pro Nails, Battle Bears, D&B Auction House, Diverse Cutz Barber Shop, Fairytail Costumes, and Wireless Solutions. It also has a few chain stores like Barnes & Noble, . Present As of February 2016, both Foot Locker and Finish Line, Inc. have closed, with Restoration Church having moved to the latter's bay. Other bays around the mall have since become occupied by new tenants, including: Fairytail Costumes and Rental, Diverse Cutz, Cinderella's Closet, 1/2 of 1/2 Name Brand Clothing, Om Eyebrow Threading, The Czech and Slovak Educational Center and Museum, The Great Plains Black History Museum, PART (Performing Artists Repertory Theatre), and Pishon Boutique. The Mall also hosts semi-annual events like "Nebraska's Largest Indoor Garage Sale," Take 2 Kids Consignment, and AARP Tax Services. The third level of the Sears store has been closed off. In 2016, Target permanently sealed off their mall entrance. Century Development has stated it wants to begin demolition on the mall—except for Target and a parking garage, but including a parcel to the west of the mall most recently occupied by Best Buy to make way for a mixed-use development to be called Crossroads Village. The developers planned to seek tax incentives though the Nebraska Legislature; however, as of 2018, none of this has come to fruition. On December 28, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing in March 2019 as part of a plan to close 80 stores nationwide which left Target as the only anchor left. Design Crossroads is an enclosed mall with 2 levels of retail space. A third level (basement) houses the mall management office. The mall features a 2nd level food court that overlooks the center court and is housed under a unique large white membrane "tent" with 2 peaks. However, the food court is closed and no stores are open on the second floor, so this floor has been closed. The north wing has large skylights running the entire length of the corridor, while the east, west, and south wings do not have natural lighting. References External links Vintage Crossroads Mall postcard @ Malls of America Omaha City Weekly article 'At a Crossroads' "Lincoln Journal Star" article 'Crossroads Mall in Omaha sold to Century Development' Omaha by Design vision for Crossroads area Category:Shopping malls in Omaha, Nebraska Category:Shopping malls established in 1960

Maurism Maurism (Maurismo in Spanish) was a conservative political movement that bloomed in Spain from 1913 around the political figure of Antonio Maura after a schism in the Conservative Party between idóneos ('apt ones') and mauristas ('maurists'). Its development took place in a period of crisis for the dynastic parties of the Spanish Restoration regime. The movement, which fragmented in several factions in the 1920s, has been portrayed as a precursor of the Spanish radical right. History The 1913 refusal by Antonio Maura to accept the terms of the turno pacífico (the alternation in government between the two major parties in the Restoration two-party system) and assume the presidency of the Council of Ministers led to a schism in the Conservative Party between idóneos (supporters of Eduardo Dato and dynastic normality) and the followers of Maura, leading to the establishment of a new movement, maurismo. In October 1913 a seminal speech by Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo delivered in Zaragoza gave birth to the so-called maurismo callejero ('street Maurism'). This side of Maurism became active in street politics using popular agitation, even physical violence. Maurism, aside from the figure of Antonio Maura, was partially inspired by historian Gabriel Maura (son of Antonio Maura), and received some influences from the ideas of French monarchist Charles Maurras—Maura and Maurras wrote to each other—and Action Française. However, Antonio Maura never got to lend support to the radical side of the movement created around him. Other notable Mauristas were José Calvo Sotelo, José Félix de Lequerica, Fernando Suárez de Tangil and César Silió. Miguel Ángel Perfecto identified three inner factions within the movement: the social Catholic one of Ossorio, the liberal-conservative strand of Gabriel Maura and the neoconservatives of Goicoechea. Additionally, the followers of Juan de la Cierva within the Conservative Party, as they drifted away from the orthodoxy of Eduardo Dato, ended up orbiting around authoritarian stances close to Maurism, but they did not merge into the organizational structure. The social strata prevalent among mauristas, whose first National Assembly was held in January 1913, were young people from the aristocracy and the wealthy middle classes. The movement built up its own organic structure and related media, created Maurist circles and even worker associations and presented candidates for local and general elections. Maurists were noted for the wide dissemination of their propaganda, embracing the catch-phrase "¡Maura Sí!" ('Yes to Maura!'). Attempts were made to reach capture working class support but these did not succeed as it was perceived as too middle class and establishment-minded, with republican groups managing to mobilise the workers much more successfully. Presenting itself as an antithetical to the Restoration regime instituted by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (canovismo), Maurism tried to lead a conservative modernization, endorsing an interventionist, nationalist and corporative ideological project. It has been characterised as a regenerationist movement. It shared with that movement the belief that defeat in the Spanish–American War had been the fault of a political system that was rife with incompetence and corruption, with Maurism prescribing the imposition of a new patriotic system from above by elites. Another feature of Maurism was confessional Catholicism. The movement's social action could be described as paternalist, with a tutelary function of the upper classes over the lower ones. During World War I, Maurists largely supported Germanophile stances, although Maura himself defended neutrality and Ossorio endorsed Germanophobia. In the 1917 Madrid local elections nine Maurist councillors were elected. At this election non-dynastic unconventional candidates (Maurists and the republican-socialist coalition) took marginally more seats than the candidates elected by the traditional Restoration parties. The 1919 Maura cabinet, that included three Maurists, Goicoechea, Silió and Ossorio, was a window of opportunity for Maurism but it ended up in failure. Maura had become aware of the difficulties in fulfilling the Maurist agenda without the support of the dynastic forces. Since then the movement shifted towards fragmentation. In the 1920 election to the Cortes the Maurist fraction only got 22 members of the parliament. Two "antagonistic" factions split from Maurism. In one side the scion led by Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo, supportive of social Catholicism and Christian democracy, founded the Partido Social Popular in 1922. On the other side Antonio Goicoechea led an anti-liberal and authoritarian scion, vouching for an "organic democracy", concept later advanced by Francoism. In 1922 the Maurists around Manuel Delgado Barreto and the journal La Acción looked to Italian Fascism. Goicoechea insisted on a proclaimed popular support in Spain for the rise of "a Mussolini" in the country. The very vagueness that underpinned Maurism, which insisted on a "revolution from above" but left the interpretation of this vague concept up to individual adherents, has been characterised as encouraging this factionalism and preventing it from fully emerging as a coherent ideology. For his part Maura never addressed these issues, preferring to remain an aloof figurehead rather than seeking to lead an organised political movement. Maurists such as José Calvo Sotelo and Goicoechea gave support after the September 1923 Primo de Rivera coup d'etat to the dictatorship of the later — whose coming was cheered by the overwhelming majority of the Maurists — and they would finally participate in Renovación Española ('Spanish Renovation') during the Second Republic. José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez notes that Maurism added at some point the "Neither Right Nor Left" rhetoric, identified by the author as a feature of a drift from liberal conservatism towards authoritarian conservatism. References Bibliography Category:Conservatism in Spain

Tower Ticker Tower Ticker was a column in the Chicago Tribune, and later a blog. It was originated by Jimmy Savage in 1948 and focused on "night life, show business, and the activities of people in the news". It has been conducted by: Jimmy Savage, 1948–1951 (credited as "Savage") Will Leonard Herb Katz, 1954–1968 Robert Wiedrich Aaron Gold ( –1983) (hiatus) Phil Rosenthal (column and blog) (2005–2011) Notes External references Tower Ticker blog Category:Columns (periodical) Category:Chicago Tribune

D.G. Kerr (1916 ship) D.G. Kerr was a lake freighter, launched in 1916, for the Pittsburg Steamship Company. Ownership was transferred to US Steel, in 1952. She is considered to be a "600 footer", a vessel whose design was based on the J. Pierpont Morgan, built in 1903. In 1921 the DG Kerr set a record, loading her entire capacity of 12,507 tons of ore, in just 16 and a half minutes. She ran aground in 1970, and was permanently laid up in 1975. She was lost, off the Azores, while under tow to a Spanish ship breaker's yard. Namesake The vessel was named in honor of David Garret Kerr, a Vice President of U.S. Steel. References Category:1916 ships Category:Great Lakes freighters

2015 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship squads This article displays the rosters for the teams competing at the 2015 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship. Each team had to submit 18 players. Pool A Netherlands Head Coach: Sjoerd Marijne Belgium Head Coach: Pascal Kina Spain Head Coach: Adrian Lock Poland Head Coach: Krzysztof Rachwalski Pool B England Head Coach: Danny Kerry Germany Head Coach: Jamilon Mülders Scotland Head Coach: Gordon Shepherd Italy Head Coach: Fernando Ferrara References Category:Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship squads squads

Misasagi Station is a train station in Yamashina-ku ward, city of Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Lines Kyoto Municipal Subway Tōzai Line (Station Number: T08) Keihan Electric Railway Keishin Line - Misasagi is the terminus of the line. Layout The station is a cross-platform interchange between the Tōzai Line and the Keihan Keishin Line, with two tracks and one island platform on both the second and third basement levels. The westbound platform (which is used for trains to Uzumasa Tenjingawa) is stacked above the eastbound platform (which is used for trains to Rokujizō and Hamaōtsu). 2nd basement 3rd basement History The station originally opened on 15 August 1912 as an at-grade railway station on the Keihan Keishin Line. On 12 October 1997, the at-grade station was replaced with an underground station when the first phase of the Tōzai Line opened. Adjacent stations References Category:Railway stations opened in 1997 Category:Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture Category:Stations of Keihan Electric Railway

Claude McFayden Claude McFayden was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played for Western Suburbs in the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) competition. McFayden was a foundation player for Western Suburbs. Playing career McFayden made his first grade debut for Western Suburbs against Glebe in Round 3 1908 at Wentworth Park which was during the opening season of the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) competition in Australia. McFayden played in Western Suburbs first ever victory against Newtown in Round 9 1908 at Wentworth Park which ended with a score of 6-5. The win would be Western Suburbs only victory of the season and the club finished second last on the table above last placed Cumberland who were dissolved at the conclusion of the season. McFayden played with Wests up until the end of 1916 but his time at the club was difficult with the side finishing last in 1909, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1915 and 1916. The club also narrowly avoided coming last in 1914 finishing just above last placed Annandale. At the time of his retirement, McFayden was one of Western Suburbs longest serving players. Post playing McFayden would go on to be a selector and a trainer at Western Suburbs. He then became a committeeman at the club and coached the Western Suburbs Presidents Cup team. McFayden died in 1947 which was disclosed in the club's annual report stating “Western Suburbs Football lost one of its greatest stalwarts in Claude McFayden, who passed away suddenly during the season. Claude was member of the District Club since its inception. Firstly as a player, then a trainer and then a committeeman. Also, during his association with the club, he had on various occasions acted as coach to our lower grades”. References Category:Year of birth missing Category:Australian rugby league administrators Category:Australian rugby league players Category:Western Suburbs Magpies players Category:1947 deaths Category:Rugby league centres Category:Rugby league wingers

Lord Charles Hay Lord Charles Hay (c. 1700 – 1 May 1760) was a soldier of the British Army who saw service in the Anglo-Spanish War, the Wars of the Polish and Austrian Successions, and the Seven Years' War. He combined this with a political career, sitting for a time as a member of parliament. Born into the nobility, the younger son of a marquess, Hay entered the army and rose through the ranks, seeing action in some of the European campaigns of the Anglo-Spanish War and the War of the Polish Succession. He won particular renown during the War of the Austrian Succession, when he commanded some of the regiments involved in the fighting. He saw action at the Battles of Dettingen and Fontenoy, distinguishing himself in the latter with an encounter with a French regiment, that was later remarked upon by Voltaire. His political career was also turbulent, at times spent in opposition to the Administration. It ended after a period of apparent mental instability, and he did not seek re-election. Further military promotions nevertheless followed. Hay was appointed to an important command early in the Seven Years' War, to be part of a force sent to capture Louisbourg, but the commanders vacillated and Hay became discontent. He was overheard making opprobrious remarks about the conduct of the campaign, and was arrested. He spent some time waiting for a ship to be able to return to England, and on arriving there, demanded a court-martial to investigate the facts. The court-martial referred its decision to the king, but Hay died suddenly in 1760, before it could be announced. Family and early life Lord Charles Hay was born c. 1700, the third son of Charles Hay, 3rd Marquess of Tweeddale, and his wife Lady Susan Hamilton, the daughter of William Douglas, Duke of Hamilton. Lord Charles was the younger brother of John Hay, 4th Marquess of Tweeddale. Hay entered the army, being gazetted ensign in the 2nd Regiment of Foot Guards on 18 May 1722, and a captain in the 33rd Regiment of Foot on 14 May 1727. He was apparently present at the siege of Gibraltar in 1727, and in 1729 he was serving as a captain of the 9th Regiment of Dragoons. He took part as a volunteer in the armies of Prince Eugene of Savoy during the Rhine campaigns of 1734 in the War of the Polish Succession. He was elected as the member of parliament for Haddingtonshire in 1741 and on 7 April 1743 was given command of a company in the 3rd Foot Guards. He took part in the European campaigns of the War of the Austrian Succession, and was a virtual, if not actual, lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards at the Battles of Dettingen and Fontenoy. Fontenoy Deploying with the army on 11 May 1745, the day of the battle' he unexpectedly found himself, on reaching the crest of a low hill, face to face with the Gardes Françaises, who, though anticipating an engagement as little as Hay, showed no sign of disorder. According to the French accounts, of which Voltaire's is the best known, Lord Charles stepped from the ranks and, in response to a similar movement promptly made by the French commander, politely called to him to order his people to fire, but in reply was assured, with equal politeness, that the French guards never fired first. According to the story which he himself sent in a letter to his brother three weeks later, his men came within twenty or thirty paces of the enemy, whereupon he advanced in front of the regiment, drank to the health of the French, bantered them with more spirit than pungency on their defeat at Dettingen, and then turned and called on his own men to huzzah, which they did. Hay recalled that "it was our regiment that attacked the French Guards: and when we came to within twenty or thirty paces of them, I advanced before our regiment; drank to them and told them that we were the English Guards, and hoped they would stand till we came quite up to them, and not swim the Scheldt as they did the Main at Dettingen." One of Hay's biographers noted that "whichever be the correct version of the occurrence, Hay unquestionably showed extraordinary coolness." Hay was severely wounded in the ensuing battle, and was initially reported to have been killed. He recovered and continued his career in politics, supporting the Hanoverian faction and the Carteret Ministry. A professional soldier, he was described by Horace Walpole in a letter to Sir Horace Mann as having "more of the parts of an Irishman than of a Scot", and was "so vain of having made a campaign ... [on the Rhine] in 1734, that he talked of it ever after and went by the name of Trentquatre". Walpole had reason to dislike Hay, who supported Lord Carteret against Sir Robert Walpole's Ministry and opposed Walpole's candidate for the chairman of the elections committee. With Walpole's fall in 1742, Hay supported Carteret's new Administration, and its successor, the Pelham Ministry. His political career came to an end after a period in November 1746, when he was apparently "confined raving mad" and to have "been tied in his bed some time". He did not seek re-election at the 1747 general election. Promotions He was made aide-de-camp to King George II in March 1749, and in August was promoted to colonel. In 1751 he succeeded his kinsman Sir Robert Hay, 2nd Baronet to the estate of Linplum in Haddingtonshire. From 1753 until 1760 he was Colonel of the 33rd Regiment of Foot. With the outbreak of the Seven Years' War he was further promoted, to major-general, on 22 February 1757 and was second in command of the force sent to Halifax, Nova Scotia under General Peregrine Hopson. The force was part of the expedition under Lord Loudoun. Halifax and dismissal Loudoun's progress towards the goal of capturing Louisbourg appears to have been too cautious for Hay's liking. The French had sent heavy naval reinforcements, and the attack was called off. Hay had arrived at Halifax on 9 July and was dismayed at the inaction of his superiors. Colonel John Forbes overheard him criticising the conduct of the campaign, commenting while their troops exercised in a sham attack that "by God, difficult as it may be, I shall find a method of letting the mother country know what is doing here, that we are taken up in building sham forts and making approaches to them, when we should be employed in real attacks. The fleet should sail up the bason, and have a sham fight there; and then we might write home that we had a sea fight and taken a fort." He was also said to have commented that "the general was keeping the courage of his majesty's troops at bay, and expending the nation's wealth in making sham sieges and planting cabbages when he ought to have been fighting." The news reached Loudoun, who had Hay arrested in July for "uttering various opprobrious and disrespectful speeches". He did not press a charge though, instead suggesting that "the voyage, climate and season of the year have been prejudicial to his Lordship’s health." The implication was that Hay had gone mad, or suffered a breakdown, and he was closely confined for seven months while awaiting passage back to England. He volunteered for service aboard the 74-gun , which had arrived in Halifax in May 1758 under the command of Captain George Brydges Rodney, carrying Major-General Jeffery Amherst. Hay observed the successful siege and capture of Louisbourg from the Dublin, before his return to England aboard . Hay demanded a court-martial to investigate the charges. This was agreed to, with Hay charged with endeavouring "to bring into contempt the conduct and authority of the commanders of the fleet and land forces in America," and with behaving "in a manner evidently tending to excite mutiny and sedition amongst the troops." The court-martial took place between 12 February and 4 March 1760. Samuel Johnson, who met Hay about this time, was apparently "mightily" pleased with his conversation, and remarked that his defence was "a very good soldierly defence." The result of the court-martial was not made public, but was referred to the king for judgement. Before the king could decide on the matter, Hay died, on 1 May 1760. He was unmarried. Hay's biographer, Julian Gwyn, remarked that it was "doubtful that the first charge would have stuck; the second ... was absurd." Citations References Category:1700s births Category:1760 deaths Category:Younger sons of marquesses Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies Category:British MPs 1741–1747 Category:British Army generals Category:9th Queen's Royal Lancers officers Category:Grenadier Guards officers Category:Coldstream Guards officers Category:33rd Regiment of Foot officers Category:British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession Category:British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War Category:British military personnel of the French and Indian War

1996–97 Shrewsbury Town F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Shrewsbury Town F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division. Season summary In the 1996-97 season, Shrewsbury endured a poor campaign and were relegated to the Third Division which ultimately cost manager Davies his job. Final league table Pld = Matches ; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GD = Goal difference; Pts = Points NB: In the Football League goals scored (F) takes precedence over goal difference (GD). Results Shrewsbury Town's score comes first Legend Football League Second Division FA Cup League Cup Football League Trophy Squad References Category:Shrewsbury Town F.C. seasons Shrewsbury Town

Ewen Collection The Ewen Collection is a collection of railway letter stamps of the United Kingdom from 1891 to 1912 that forms part of the British Library Philatelic Collections. It was formed by Herbert L'Estrange Ewen and donated in 1949 by his sister Mrs Clement Williams. See also Parcel stamp Turner Collection of Railway Letter Stamps References Category:British Library Philatelic Collections Category:Philately of the United Kingdom Category:Cinderella stamps

Valsecca Valsecca was a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about northeast of Milan and about northwest of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 411 and an area of . In 2014 it was merged into the comune of Sant'Omobono Terme. References Category:Former municipalities of Lombardy

William Havens William Dodge Havens, Jr. (January 29, 1919 – May 5, 2013) was an American canoeist who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. References Category:1919 births Category:2013 deaths Category:American male canoeists Category:Olympic canoeists of the United States Category:Canoeists at the 1948 Summer Olympics

Valerie Wilson Valerie Wilson may refer to: Valerie Elise Plame Wilson, usually known as Valerie Plame, CIA operative at the center of a criminal investigation and political scandal Valerie Wilson Wesley, African-American author; former executive editor of Essence magazine Valerie Wilson, from North Babylon, New York, who twice in the 2000s won a $1 million prize in the New York Lottery See also: Valarie Wilson, involved in politics and education

Suzanne Packer Suzanne Packer (born Suzanne Jackson on 20 September 1962) is a Welsh actress who is best known for playing the role of Tess Bateman in the long-running television series Casualty from September 2003 until August 2015. She returned to the show as a guest for the 30th anniversary episodes. She now teaches in many Welsh schools. Early life Packer is the daughter of Jamaican immigrant parents to Abergavenny, and her mother worked as a nurse. She is the elder sister of the Olympic hurdler Colin Jackson. Whilst studying at Llanedeyrn High School in Cardiff, she already showed an interest in acting, playing the lead in school plays including Oklahoma and The King and I. Career Packer attended the National Youth Theatre of Wales before earning a BA in theatre and drama at the University of Warwick. She then trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Embarking on an acting career, in the early 1990s she was most well known for her role as Mick Johnson's wife Josie in the Channel 4 soap Brookside. She then undertook a degree in teaching at Goldsmiths College, and after graduating in 1996 taught drama in London. Whilst acting, she met and married American actor Jesse Newman. The couple moved to New York City, where she taught drama and acted, and in 2003 gave birth to their son Paris. After the birth their relationship began to break down, and they agreed to move back to the UK, but Newman later decided to stay in the US. The couple divorced the following year. Arriving back in Cardiff with her three-month-old son, she gained an audition for BBC drama Casualty. Three weeks later she started work as Sister Tess Bateman, first appearing on screen from September 2003. In November 2006 Martina Laird who played the role of Comfort left Casualty, which then meant that Suzanne was the second longest serving cast member. On August 22, 2015, she quit Casualty after playing the character of Tess for nearly 12 years to become a member of the cast of Stella and Doctors. Packer appeared with her brother Colin on the first series of Pointless Celebrities on 6 July 2011. They were eliminated in the first round. On 19 March 2017, Packer appeared in the ITV crime drama Vera as ranger Sophia in the episode "Natural Selection". On 23 February 2018, Packer appeared in the series finale of Death in Paradise. On 18 March 2018, Packer played a minor role in an episode of Hold the Sunset. On 4 November 2018, Packer played Eve Cicero in the Doctor Who episode, "The Tsuranga Conundrum". In 2019 Packer played Dame Stella Regan in the 5Star prison drama Clink. And she also played Delyth Lloyd in Series 1 and 2 of the Welsh drama Keeping Faith. Personal life Packer is divorced from American actor Jesse Newman and in 2006 lived in Cardiff with their son Paris. Filmography TV References External links Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:Actresses from Cardiff Category:Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art Category:Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London Category:Alumni of the University of Warwick Category:Black Welsh people Category:People of Jamaican Maroon descent Category:People from Abergavenny Category:Welsh people of Taíno descent Category:Welsh people of American descent Category:Welsh people of Jamaican descent Category:Welsh soap opera actresses Category:Welsh television actresses Category:Welsh schoolteachers

Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni is a 1993 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Anil Babu and starring Innocent, Jagadish and Baiju in the lead roles. Cast Innocent as Chathunni Jagadish as Unnikrishnan Baiju as Dasan Jagathy Sreekumar as Pathalam Bhairavan Maathu as Maya Rajagopal K. P. A. C. Lalitha as Pankajam Sukumari as Bhavani Shammi Thilakan as Vikraman K. P. A. C. Sunny as Rajagopal P. C. George as Keshava Panicker Krishnankutty Nair as Sankunni Nair Zainuddin as Gopalan Kundara Johny as Bhargavan M. S. Thripunithura as Parameswaran Nair Kalpana as Reshmi Nair Harisree Ashokan as Bhaskaran Paravoor Bharathan as House Owner T. P. Madhavan as Blade Kaimal Kunchan as Ravuji N. Govindankutty as Manthravadi Silk Smitha as Silk Smitha (Special Appearance in Song) Narayanankutty as Thief Bobby Kottarakkara References External links Category:1993 films Category:Indian films Category:1990s Malayalam-language films

Tawanda Kanhema Tawanda Kanhema (born ) is a Zimbabwean photographer and product manager. He helped map 500 miles of Zimbabwe for Google Street View as a volunteer. Early life and education Tawanda Kanhema is from the city of Harare, Zimbabwe. He studied documentary film-making and journalism at University of California, Berkeley. Career As of 2019, Kanhema was a product manager in Silicon Valley. In 2009, he noticed that Zimbabwe was not represented on Google Street View. He subsequently volunteered to carry the Street View gear across of Zimbabwe so that it would be more complete and representative. He captured images in Zimbabwe via helicopter, speedboat, bicycling, car, and hiking. Ultimately, about of his travels across the country were uploaded to the Street View platform. Kanhema acted as a volunteer for Google for this project, spending US$5,000 of his own money to travel and take the pictures for Street View. In March 2019, he was paid by the Mushkegowuk Council of northern Ontario to document the ice roads connecting their villages for Street View. Kanhema views his efforts as part of a wider effort to make Zimbabwe more attractive and accessible to tourists. Personal life In 2009, Kanhema moved from Zimbabwe to the US. He lived in Berkeley, California as of 2019. References Category:1980s births Category:People from Harare Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:Zimbabwean emigrants to the United States Category:Living people

Buick Riviera (film) Buick Riviera is a 2008 drama film by director Goran Rušinović, based on the novel Buick Rivera by Miljenko Jergović. It was awarded the "Heart of Sarajevo" award as the Best Film at the 2008 Sarajevo Film Festival. Plot Hasan Hujdur is a 42-year-old Muslim from Bosnia living in North Dakota, who finds refuge and contentment behind the wheel of his 1965 Buick Riviera. Surrounding everything that Hasan loves is a prejudiced world afraid of a culture they cannot understand and a religion they cannot comprehend. Hasan is a quiet man who stands distant from his beliefs, however it is these beliefs that inevitably lead to his untimely death. On the way to pick up his wife from work at the local hospital, he falls asleep at the wheel of his Buick and runs it off the road, getting stuck in the snow. He is discovered by Vuko Salipur, who stops to help him. They both immediately recognise that they are from the same country and both understand the irony of a Bosnian stopping to help another Bosnian in a country full of all different races and colours. Despite their similar background it soon becomes clear that Muslim Hasan and non-Muslim Vuko are very different. Their continuing interaction results in ever increasing tension between them, ultimately with tragic consequences. Accolades Best Screenplay. Pula Film Festival 2008. Golden Arena. Heart of Sarajevo. Sarajevo Film Festival 2008. Best Actor. Slavko Stimac. Leon Lucev. Sarajevo Film Festival 2008. References External links Buick Riviera | Review | Screen A Path of No Return: Goran Rušinović's Buick Riviera (Film Review) Category:2008 films Category:Croatian films Category:English-language films Category:Films directed by Goran Rušinović Category:2000s drama films Category:Films based on Croatian novels Category:Films shot in North Dakota Category:Films set in North Dakota Category:Heart of Sarajevo Award for Best Film winners Category:Croatian drama films

Hong Seong-ik Hong Seong-ik (born 1 September 1940) is a former South Korean cyclist. He competed in the team time trial at the 1964 Summer Olympics. References Category:1940 births Category:Living people Category:South Korean male cyclists Category:Olympic cyclists of South Korea Category:Cyclists at the 1964 Summer Olympics Category:Sportspeople from South Chungcheong Province

Institute of Forest Biodiversity Institute of Forest Biodiversity (IFB) is a research institute situated in Hyderabad in the state of Telangana, India. It works under the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India. Divisions Forest Ecology and Climate Change Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement Extension and Publicity (ICTS) Mangroves and Coastal Ecology See also Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK) Forest Science Centres References Category:2012 establishments in India Category:Research institutes established in 2012 Category:Conservation in India Category:Forest research institutes Category:Forestry education in India Category:Forestry agencies in India Category:Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Category:Ministry of Environment and Forests (India) Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India

Navicula Navicula is a genus of boat-shaped diatom algae, comprising over 1,200 species. Navicula is Latin for "small ship", and also a term in English for a boat-shaped incense-holder. Diatoms — eukaryotic, primarily aquatic, single-celled photosynthetic organisms — play an important role in global ecology, producing about a quarter of all the oxygen within Earth's biosphere, often serving as foundational organisms, or keystone species in the food chain of many environments where they provide a staple for the diets of many aquatic species. Mobility Navicula diatoms are known for their ability to creep about on each other and on hard surfaces such as microscope slides. It is thought that around the outside of the navicula's shell is a girdle of protoplasm that can flow and thus act as a tank track. See also Phaeodactylum tricornutum References External links Navicula Image (Missouri State University) Navicula sp. Diatoms from Guaíba island, Rio de Janeiro. Bacillariophyceae - Navicula Ohio University 01 Category:Naviculales

Calchaquí The Calchaquí or Kalchakí were a tribe of South American Indians of the Diaguita group, now extinct, who formerly occupied northern Argentina. Stone and other remains prove them to have reached a high degree of civilization. Under the leadership of Juan Calchaquí they offered a vigorous resistance to the first Spanish colonists coming from Chile. Their language, known as Cacán, became extinct in the mid-17th century or beginning of 18th century. Its genetic classification remains unclear. The language was supposedly documented by the Jesuit Alonso de Bárcena, but the manuscript is lost. Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind reported in 1896 that among the Calchaquis of Northern Argentina is found pottery painted with line drawings of birds, reptiles, and human faces, which remind one of Peruvian and Malay work. The Calchaqui people had bronze age technology. Etymology The name of "Calchaquí" was not given until the 17th century. The Europeans called "Calchaquíes" to a set of Diaguita cultures, such as Yocavil, Quilme, Tafí, Chicoana, Tilcara, Purmamarca, among others. The denomination "Calchaquí" seems to derive from one of the main kuraka (chief) who opposed the Spaniards: Kalchakí called by the Spaniards Juan Calchaquí, who dominated in the valley of Yocavil. Kalcha means "courageous" or "brave" and Qui means "very" or "much". Life and Culture They were farmers, herders, and great potters. They worshipped the sun, the moon, thunder and the earth, and spoke their own language called kakán. With the third expansion of the Inca territory, in 1480, they were incorporated into the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), from which they received a strong cultural influence. Calchaquí Wars During the whole period of the conquest the Spaniards had not been able to penetrate in the Calchaquíes Valleys, where the Diaguita culture (Pazioca or Pazioc) had taken refuge, an advanced confederation of independent agro-pottery lordships belonging to the Santa María culture, united by a common language, the Kakán, and in turn part of the great group of the Andean civilizations. The Spaniards referred to their members, incorrectly, as Calchaquíes, name corresponding to one of the Pazioca lordships (called "curacazgos" by the Spanish). These lordships were gathered in three great nations: Pular to the north, Diaguita to the west and Calchaquí to the east. Minor groups were the Ocloy formed by 2,000 people and the Calchaquí, some 12,500 people (2,500 tributary Indians), according to Sotelo Narváez (1583). An ancestral tradition of self-sufficiency of the Paziocas and the scarce number of Spaniards in Tucumán, allowed a series of defense acts of its territory by the Pular-Diaguita-Calchaquí confederation, known as Calchachi by the Spanish. These fights have been historically known as the Calchaquí Wars that extended for more than a century. The First Calchaquí War was unleashed in 1560 and was led by the kuraka Juan Calchaquí along with the kurakas Quipildor and Viltipoco. The confederation managed to keep the Europeans out of its territory, razing the three new cities founded by the Spaniards: Cañete, Córdoba de Calchaquí, and Londres. The Viltipoco rebellion. Later in 1594 Viltipoco, chief of the Omaguaca, initiated a new uprising gathering an army of 10,000 lances, however, 25 Spaniards and their native allies under the command of the captain Francisco de Argañaras y Murguía infiltrated the Quebrada de Humahuaca where they attacked by surprise the enemy camp, killing the chiefs and capturing Viltipoco, who was taken to San Salvador de Jujuy where he died in prison some years later. The Second Calchaquí War lasted 7 years (1630-1637) and was directed by the kuraka Chalamín. The Paziocas again destroyed the cities installed by the Spaniards, Londres II and Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. In 1637 the Spanish army captured and executed Chalamín. The inhabitants who participated in the war were deported and reduced to slavery by the Spaniards. The Third Calchaquí War lasted for eight years (1658-1667). This war had the particularity that, in its beginnings, the Spanish adventurer Pedro Bohórquez, who claimed to be Inca, the "Inca Hualpa" (Inka Wallpa), was accepted as a military leader by the Paziocas. Bohórquez maneuvered cunningly, obtained even the support of the Jesuits and organized a solid indigenous army of 6,000 warriors with which he maintained control of the region for several years. However, in 1659, Bohórquez handed over to the Spaniards with the intention of being forgiven, who sent him to Lima and finally executed him. The confederation continued the war led by José Henriquez. When the lordship of Quilme was defeated in 1665, the Spaniards ordered their complete uprooting and deportation of all its 11,000 members to the Pampean territories close to Buenos Aires, where the city of Quilmes stands today, and where they finally disappeared as an ethnic group. The war ended on January 2, 1667, when the last of the Pazioca lordships, Acali or Calian, was defeated. The Spaniards took the decision to divide, deport, and reduce all the Diaguita peoples to slavery. See Also Diaguita Pedro Bohórquez Tucumán Province References Category:Diaguita Category:Indigenous peoples in Argentina Category:Salta Province

Boulton Paul Bodmin The Boulton & Paul P.12 Bodmin was an experimental British twin-engined biplane bomber with its engines mounted in a fuselage engine room and with tandem pairs of tractor and pusher airscrews mounted between the wings. The two Bodmins built flew in 1924, proving the concept but the layout was not developed to production. Design and development The Boulton & Paul Bodmin was one of the few multi-motor propeller-driven aircraft to have its engines in its fuselage. The concept arose immediately after World War I, when the British & Colonial Aeroplane Co. (soon renamed Bristol Aeroplane) began thinking about large transport aircraft powered by steam turbines mounted in an "engine room" in the fuselage and driving wing mounted propellers. They intended to develop the idea using their large Bristol Braemar triplane bomber, initially modified to be powered by four 230 hp (172 kW) Siddeley Pumas and called, in anticipation of steam power the Tramp. They gained Air Ministry support for this project, the Ministry appreciating the extra safety of an aircraft whose engines could be serviced in flight. The Ministry also issued Specification 9/20 for a smaller aircraft of the same configuration and placed orders for two prototypes with both Boulton & Paul for the twin-engined Bodmin and for the single-engined Parnall Possum They were described as "Postal" aircraft to cover the Ministry's intents but were clearly bombers. All three types were built but only the Bodmin and the Possum flew. It was recognised that the "engine room" arrangement came with a weight penalty owing to the gearing, clutches, drive shafts and supports, plus the need to strengthen wings but John Dudley North, the Boulton & Paul chief designer argued that the airframe weight would be reduced by 10 per cent due to the all-metal construction, as pioneered in the Boulton Paul P.10. This used tubes etc. produced in-house from steel sheet; the airframe was then fabric covered. The Bodmin was a large three bay biplane with unswept and unstaggered square tipped wings of equal span and constant chord. These had leading-edge-balanced ailerons on upper and lower planes and the rather rectangular fin and tailplane carried similarly balanced control surfaces. The rudder extended below the fuselage underside. The fuselage centre section contained the "engine room" with its two 450 hp (336 kW) Napier Lions in tandem. One was ahead of the wing leading edge and the other at the wing centreline, with an enclosed, illuminated space between them where the engineer could stand upright and monitor them. The engines were mounted on the upper fuselage longerons, leaving a crawl space beneath. The Lions were orientated with their gearboxes away from the engineer's room and the power from each was taken to the airscrews by two drive shafts at right angles to the fuselage. The two from the front engine drove a pair of two-bladed tractor propellers ahead of the leading edge via a pair of gearboxes halfway between the wings, just beyond the first interplane struts. Their mountings extended rearwards to carry a pair of four-bladed pusher propellers driven by the rear engine. Port and starboard airscrews rotated in opposite directions and the fore and aft pairs did likewise, so that either engine could be shut down without any power asymmetry. The centre section, engine drive shafts and propeller mountings were built as a unit independent of the wings, the drives having their own struts and bracing. The space between each fore and aft pair of propellers was occupied by a cylindrical petrol tank and thin radiators extended between these tanks and the fuselage. Radiators and driveshafts were enclosed by a streamlined fairing on either side. The rest of the fuselage was conventional and of square cross section with rounded decking. The pilot sat well forward, behind a front gunner's position and the forward end chin shaped; the long front fuselage has been described as being "like the bow of an inverted boat". There was also provision for a dorsal gunner just behind the wings. The main wide tracked single axle undercarriage had pneumatic springing and damping; a pair of smaller wheels further ahead and closer together served to prevent nose-overs and a standard tail skid extended below the rudder. The first of two Bodmins flew early in 1924. It flew well, though with some drive and cooling problems and showed that despite Bristol's problems with the Tramp the fuselage mounted engine arrangement was workable. John North had been able to compensate the extra weight of this configuration by the savings of metal construction, which he estimated after the Bodmin was built to be as high as 20 per cent, a factor of two better than his design estimate. The safety bonus of engines that could be adjusted and mended in the air, the most important reason behind the layout was achieved. The maximum speed and climb rate of the Bodmin were marginally better than those of the identically powered though slightly smaller metal-framed Boulton & Paul Bugle II. The Bodmin could fly level on one engine and there was no asymmetry of thrust unlike a conventional twin-engine design. The first prototype was written off due to undercarriage failure and the trials were completed with the second. The "engine room" concept did not catch on but all-metal airframes served later aircraft well. Specifications See also References Notes Bibliography Bodmin Category:1920s British bomber aircraft Category:Twin-engined four-prop push-pull aircraft Category:Biplanes Category:Aircraft first flown in 1924

Timber Trade Federation The Timber Trade Federation (TTF), is a British federation of timber traders, founded in 1892 and based in London. It groups together more than 370 voluntary member companies operating as agents, importers, manufacturers, merchants and sawmillers. It is a member of the Confederation of Timber Industries (CTI) and the Confederation of British Industry (CBI). TTF members are bound to satisfy specific criteria concerning sustainable sourcing and harvesting before joining the federation. In 2008 the Timber Trade Federation introduced its “Responsible Purchasing Policy” (RPP) and in 2013 adopted the European Union Timber Regulation. Structure TTF operates through a Governing Board comprising representatives of the Product Divisions of softwood, hardwood and panel products and representatives of all the member organisations. The Officers are directly elected and the Product Divisions are made up of elected members. The president of the board is Stephen B. King since June 2013. See also Forestry in the United Kingdom British timber trade References External links TTF website Category:Business organisations based in the United Kingdom Category:Building materials companies of the United Kingdom Category:Organizations established in 1892 Category:Business organisations based in London

1992 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone – Knockout Stage The Knockout Stage of the 1992 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone was the final stage of the Zonal Competition involving teams from Asia and Oceania. Those that qualified for this stage placed first and second in their respective pools, with the exception of the third-placing India, who qualified due to the withdrawing of Philippines. The four teams were then randomly drawn into a two-stage knockout tournament, with the winner qualifying for the World Group. Draw {{2RoundBracket-Byes | RD1=Semifinals7 May | RD2=Final8 May | RD1-seed1=  | RD1-team1= Semifinals Chinese Taipei vs. India Sri Lanka vs. South Korea Final Chinese Taipei vs. South Korea advanced to the World Group. They defeated in the first round, 2–1, but were defeated in the second round by , 3–0. See also Fed Cup structure References External links Fed Cup website Category:1992 Federation Cup Asia/Oceania Zone

Alan Moller Alan Roger Moller (February 1, 1950 – June 19, 2014) was an American meteorologist, storm chaser, nature and landscape photographer known for advancing spotter training and bridging operational meteorology (particularly severe storms forecasting) with research. Early years Moller was born in Fort Worth, Texas on February 1, 1950, grew up in the South Hills section of Fort Worth, and attended R. L. Paschal High School. He studied meteorology at the University of Oklahoma (OU) where he earned B.S. and M.S. degrees in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He made a career as a forecaster at the National Weather Service (NWS). Storm prediction pioneer Moller was influential in developing the national Skywarn storm spotter training program, he produced, appeared in, and provided photography for its training film Tornadoes: A Spotter's Guide (1977) and its training video Storm Watch (1995), and he collaboratively developed the concept of the "integrated warning system". He was influential in developing new spotter training materials in the 1970s that were used nationally and he continued to refine training materials and techniques throughout his career. Moller intensively trained spotters in his NWS office area of responsibility in North Texas as well as around the country by way of frequent speaking engagements. Himself an amateur radio operator, he was enthusiastic at the ground truth information provided via amateur radio. Moller believed that storm chasing was important in providing field experience for spotter trainers as well for forecasting convective weather. He viewed chasing as an important avenue in providing imagery illustrating storm processes for spotter training and public preparedness. Moller passionately photographed storms and skyscapes, actively shared this imagery, and was also a noted nature and landscape photographer. Moller began chasing as a graduate student of OU and was a participant in the first organized scientific storm chasing projects, such as the NSSL/OU Tornado Intercept Project, in the early 1970s. He was a forecaster for Project VORTEX in 1994-1995. Moller participated in major pieces of media coverage regarding forecasting storms and storm spotting and chasing. He was an important contributor to Storm Track magazine and wrote or co-wrote dozens of scientific journal articles, conference papers, and monograph chapters. Moller was a fellow of the American Meteorological Society (AMS). The Texas Severe Storms Association (TESSA) made a formal tribute to Moller upon his retirement and established the Alan R. Moller Severe Weather Education and Research Scholarship a few years prior to his death. Personal life Moller contracted early-onset Alzheimer's disease and died of complications thereof on June 19, 2014, aged 64. Moller enjoyed drag racing and fast cars, baseball, travel, western art, barbecue, and blues music. References External links Al Moller - The Zen of Weather Forecasting (College of DuPage) In Memory of Alan Moller (Facebook tribute page) Farewell to a mentor, teacher, and good friend (Jason Jordan) Category:University of Oklahoma alumni Category:Storm chasers Category:Amateur radio people Category:Photographers from Texas Category:Landscape photographers Category:Nature photographers Category:People from Fort Worth, Texas Category:American meteorologists Category:National Weather Service people Category:1950 births Category:2014 deaths Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease Category:Fellows of the American Meteorological Society

Atheloca subrufella Atheloca subrufella, the palm bud moth or coconut moth, is a species of snout moth described by George Duryea Hulst in 1887. It is found in the US states of Georgia and Florida, and in northern Mexico, Cuba, the Virgin Islands and Brazil. The wingspan is 14–18 mm. Adults are brownish. The larvae feed on various species in the family Arecaceae, including Cocos, Attalea, Syagrus, Sabal and Serenoa species. They are one of the most important coconut pests. Young larvae feed on the carpels of still-tender flowers or, if the flower has already been fertilized, they penetrate the developing coconut through the lower part of the bracts. In young coconuts, the larvae feed on the mesocarp, opening a series of galleries and causing premature shedding of fruits. References Category:Moths described in 1887 Category:Phycitinae Category:Moths of North America Category:Moths of South America

Kowari (disambiguation) A kowari is an Australasian marsupial. Kowari may also refer to: KOWARI - Residual-Stress Diffractometer, a neutron diffractometer at OPAL, Australia's research reactor Kowari (software), an open-source metadata database written in Java

Biketi Lake Biketi Lake () is a small lake of Samtskhe-Javakheti, southeastern Georgia. It is located north of Madatapa Lake. References Category:Lakes of Georgia (country) Category:Geography of Samtskhe-Javakheti

Borderland Borderland or Borderlands are the geographical space or zone around a territorial border. It may also refer to: Places Borderland State Park, one of Massachusetts' state parks, located in the towns of Easton and Sharon Borderland, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Mingo County, West Virginia Borderland (electoral district), a provincial electoral district in Manitoba. Books Borderland (magazine), a spiritualism and psychical research magazine founded and edited by William Thomas Stead The Borderland Series, urban fantasy novels and stories created for teenage readers by Terri Windling Borderlands, a series of anthologies edited by Thomas F. Monteleone Borderlands (novel), a 1991 children's historical novel by author Peter Carter Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, influential work on Chicana issues by Gloria E. Anzaldúa The House on the Borderland, a supernatural horror novel by British fantasist William Hope Hodgson "Up the Country" (originally "Borderland"), an 1892 popular poem by iconic Australian writer and poet Henry Lawson Film and TV "The Borderland", a 1963 episode of the original The Outer Limits television show Borderland (1937 film), a 1937 film directed by Nate Watt Borderland (2007 film), a 2007 horror film written and directed by Zev Berman Borderland (1922 film), a 1922 American silent drama film The Borderlands (2013 film), a 2013 film directed by Elliot Goldner "Borderland" (Star Trek: Enterprise), the 80th episode from the television series Star Trek: Enterprise Games Borderlands (series), a series of action role-playing first-person shooter video games including: Borderlands (video game) Borderlands 2, the sequel of the first game Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel, the third game of the series, took place between both first and second game Tales from the Borderlands, a spin-off of the series Borderlands 3, the second sequel of the series Music Albums Borderland (The Chevin album), 2012 Borderland (John Mark McMillan album), 2014 Borderlands, a 1987 album by Kathryn Tickell Songs "Borderland", a song by Mami Kawada "Borderland", Secret Chiefs First Grand Constitution and Bylaws "Borderlands", a 1999 song by Jefferson Starship from Windows of Heaven Other uses Borderland Derby, an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually early in the year at Sunland Park Racetrack Borderlands Books, a San Francisco independent bookstore specializing in science fiction, fantasy and horror Borderlands line, the railway line between Wrexham, Wales, and Bidston, Wirral, England See also Frontier (disambiguation)

Chilobrachys fimbriatus Chilobrachys fimbriatus, commonly known as the Indian violet, is a species of spider of the genus Chilobrachys. It is endemic to India. See also List of Theraphosidae species References Category:Theraphosidae Category:Spiders of Asia Category:Endemic fauna of India Category:Spiders described in 1895

St. Joseph's Public School St. Joseph's Public School is a school in the King Koti area of Hyderabad, India. The principal is U. G. Reddy, and the headmistress is Aparna. The school started with a population of 30 students and 5 teachers and today has a population of 7000 students and 250 teachers. The school is divided into three blocks. Classes P-I to VI are in the main block which is a three storied building. Two classes are there in each floor. The middle school block has classes VII & VIII in a separate building and the new ISC block is for classes IX to XII. Branches Apart from the main branch at Koti, the school has a branch at Asman Garh Palace. See also Education in India List of schools in India List of institutions of higher education in Telangana References Category:Schools in Hyderabad, India Category:Schools in Telangana External links

Metter High School Metter High School is a high school in Metter in rural Candler County, Georgia, United States. It serves grades 9 through 12 and is located at 34905 Georgia Highway 129 South. The school's athletic teams are the "Metter Tigers". Historic building The school's old building, at the junction of College Street and Vertia Street, about four blocks away from the current building, was constructed in 1921. It was designed in Classical Revival style by architect C.C. Muse. A new classroom building was built across College Street in 1937, after which the old building was used less and less. The old building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The former school is a two-story building with a full-height, pedimented portico supported by four Doric columns and two brick pilasters. It originally provided education from grade 1 through grade 11 for the white students of the area. After 1937, a kitchen and lunchroom in a former classroom area were used until about 1955. Vocational training including industrial arts and business classes continued in the old building for many years. It was later used primarily for storage. In 2017, it became home to the Candler County Historical Society Museum. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Candler County, Georgia References External links Metter High School website Candler County School District website Category:Education in Candler County, Georgia Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Buildings and structures in Candler County, Georgia Category:National Register of Historic Places in Candler County, Georgia Category:High schools in Georgia (U.S. state)