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Spot, an 11 month old female entire Bulldog was presented to us with a mass in the eye. The red swelling had appeared suddenly, and was causing no real discomfort to the dog. Upon presentation the mass was easily diagnosed as a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid, or "cherry eye". Cherry eye is common in brachycephalic dogs (those with short snouts.) The third eyelid comes from the inner side of the eye and moves accross the eye as the animal blinks. It contains a lacrimal gland, which produces tears. In normal dogs, the gland is attached firmly to the base of the third eyelid, but in a lot of short-nosed dogs, in particular bulldogs, the attachment is loose and allows the gland to pop up. Whilst not immediately much of a problem, chronic cherry eyes leads to a 42% chance of reduction in tear production, therefore leading to a dry eye, which causes inflammation, infection and eventually can lead to blindness. To help avoid this, the recommended procedure is to surgically replace the cherry eye into the third eyelid, preventing the gland from receiving continual damage. This reduces the risk of dry eye complications to 10%. The old fashion surgery, where the gland is surgically removed, has been found to increase the risk to 50%, and should no longer be performed. In this dog, the gland was sown back into its normal position in the third eyelid. The appearance immediately post-operatively is a little corrugated, but settles with time, as can be seen with the photo of her other eye which had been operated on previously. Mass in corner of eye before surgery

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Phineas Parkhurst Quimby WHENCE IS IT - OF MATTER OR WISDOM? ERRORS & MISERY RESULTING FROM THE MISAPPLICATION OF THE WORDNovember 1861 What is strength? This question sounds as though it might be easily answered, but on consideration, it is not so easy. Words are so misused that it it impossible to get at the original meaning of the person who applied the word - or at the feeling (or state of mind) when the word was first introduced. If you choose to apply the word "strength" to machinery - then I have no fault to find with the definition. But if it means will, then it is wrongly applied - for will is independent of the thing you call strong. If you say, "That is a strong lever" - then it does not include the force that is applied to it. If the person who first used the word applied it to his wisdom as a powerful intellect - then it will only apply where there is some intellect - the quality of which is not taken into account. This confusion of meaning makes a great deal of trouble, for we put intelligence into everything that has resistance - instead of in the intelligence having the strength. As far as man is concerned the word "strength" has no meaning at all - unless you call it "will." A man's legs are a combined lever - and if you mean that they have strength - you might as well say that a lever has strength; for one is as much alive as the other - and neither, of itself, can do anything. The word "strength" does not convey the author's feelings when he made the expression. He either meant to apply it to wisdom - or to matter. If the author meant to give a name to the phenomenon called "will" - then it makes a vast difference in reasoning about strength. For instance, a person is "weak," as it is called, in the back or limbs. Now the medical faculty goes to work to rub on all kinds of strengthening medicines - just as though there were intelligence in the medicine, and it imparted strength to the weak part. The absurd idea is carried out all through our lives - and it deprives man of the true wisdom that might make him happy and intelligent. My theory gives the lie to all the above, for I have seen that the word "strength" is a mere word with no more meaning than to lead man astray - and the whole medical science is based on this word "strength." This or that thing is said to"give a person strength." In the case of a fever, the whole invention of the medical faculty is brought to play to discover some medicine that will "give strength." The chemist is employed to discover the chemical properties such-and-such things contain - and numberless articles are said to contain "strengthening virtue." The food is strengthening, the air is strengthening, and you can find no end to the strengthening things given to the sick - and all the while they are growing weaker. This false idea should be corrected. Everyone knows that animals have more strength than the human species - and it cannot be their food. For a man fed on grass would die, according to our belief, while the animal will live - and he will live on the same food as man and still grow no stronger. Man puts the construction on the word to suit himself. It is used to work some piece of machinery - a carriage for instance - as though it had intelligence. If the word applied to man's will is called "strength" - the thing that it is applied to should not be called "strong." You may ask what this has to do with the curing of disease. I will tell you - for it is the very thing to correct. Apply the word "strength" to man - not to matter; for wisdom has life - and the matter has none. There is such a term as "resistance" - and this is the opposite to strength. For instance, you wish to raise a stone. That wisdom that wants to raise a stone is one thing - and the stone is another. So if wisdom chooses to apply its strength through the arms, its motive (or will) is applied - just according to the amount of resistance. If a horse is attached to a dead weight, it applies its will (or strength) - just according to its wisdom. And if it fails - it makes another effort to overcome the resistance. And as it gets deceived - it loses its power (or strength). Strength is intelligence. It embraces all man's wisdom. And if his wisdom is of this world - his strength is in his muscles; but if his wisdom is of God (or Science) - his strength is in himself. And to be wise is to be strong. I will illustrate my idea of strength as I apply it to the sick. When I use the word - I couple it with skill. These two are governed, either by the brutal wisdom - or the scientific wisdom. I will state a case of my own experience. I treated a man who had lost the use of his lower limbs. He could not move them when he was sitting in his chair. The doctors called it a "spine affection." When he attempted to rise, he had not strength in his spine to keep his body erect. He would give out at the pit of the stomach - and this took all the power from his legs. This was the doctors' theory, and the man believed it - and applied his will (or strength) according to this wisdom. His hope was cut off. He believed the spine was diseased - and so did all his friends and physicians. According to my theory, his body was like the weight to be moved. His will (or strength) was applied to his body - just as it would be to a lever that you believed would break, if you applied too much power to it. His reason directed the power, and being deceived - he could do nothing. To cure him (or make his legs strong and his spine well) was to first convince him that there never was any strength in the idea body - and that strength came from some other source. Everyone knows that the will, being put into action - an effect is produced called "strength." For instance, a person by the power of his will can hold another. This is called "strength." What is the grasp? Strength? Or is it the will applied to the hand? No one supposes that the hand would catch hold and grasp, unless it was directed by another power. This "other power" is the will, governed by the wisdom - and the effect is called "strength." "Strength" is the name of the phenomenon. It is an act, so will without an act (or motive) is no will (or strength) - and availeth nothing. So to sit till his legs grew strong would be as absurd as to make a steam engine and, after it was ready to work - sit and wait till the wood made its own fire, its steam, and let its steam on to the piston head. For a man that has lost his strength to sit still and wait for it to come is just as absurd as to prepare a clay bin and then wait for it to make itself into a vessel! Such an idea of strength is so absurd that it takes away a man's reasoning faculties. Let man know that his weakness is the want of right direction to his ambition - then his strength is in putting his will into action. Both are the result of his wisdom. Destroy a man's prospects and happiness - and you destroy his strength. So as you rouse his ambition and will - his strength comes. The course taken by the medical faculty, in their mode of reasoning, destroys man's natural powers - and makes him a mere tool in the hands of a "quack." Every man who reasons that strength can be made by food, air, or rubbing, or any liniment - is a fool - although he may be honest. I have tried the experiment - and know. I do not guess at it when I say that there is not one particle of virtue in any sort of medicine that people take to give them strength. Neither is there any strength in one kind of food more than another, but it may be all summed up in this: the gratification of man's desires embraces all there is of him - and these vary according to circumstances. All men have a desire for happiness, and this desire creates an appetite - and the desire wants to be gratified. This brings up this feeling called "will" - and then it is forced on by wisdom to accomplish a desire. The wants of the animal are limited. Therefore it is lively and happy - for it acts according to its will. It is often said that the beasts are sick. Granted - but man takes their freedom from them, as well as from the human species. Let both be wild - and you see a bold race. Look at the uncultivated savage, and you will not see him creeping around - as though he had done some mean, dirty act - like the civilized man. Of all mean-looking things, a human being that is completely under the medical faculty is the lowest. He is as much a slave as the Negro at the South - and in fact more so. Look at a sick female suffering from some opinion that the doctors have made her believe. In her mind she is completely under the doctor. She is not allowed to eat or drink or even walk or think - except as the family physician gives direction. The sick have given their souls to the priests - and their bodies to the physicians. They then tell about the "good doctor" - how much he has done for them - showing that he has deprived them of all noble, manly feelings... left them sick... feeble in mind and body; while the doctor struts around like the slave driver, and the sick curl under the lash of their tongue, as the Negroes under the lash of their masters. This may seem strange, but it is God's truth that the sick are a mere tool in the hands of the medical faculty to be treated just as they please. It never will be any better till the sick rise in their wisdom and declare their independence. You may say I am making war for my own gain - but I think I can convince anyone who is out from under these slave-drivers that I could make ten dollars, where I now make one. My object is to raise my fellow man to his original state. I am a white abolitionist. The blacks, it is true, are slaves - but their slavery is a blessing compared with that of the sick. I have seen many a white slave that would change places with the black. The only difference is that white slavery is sanctioned by public opinion. But make the slave know that he is one - and you will see a difference in the result. It is hard for me to keep myself within bounds when I think of the groans of the sick, knowing that it is all the effect of a superstitious ignorance. Does not the South quote the Bible to prove that slavery is of divine origin? Do not the priests and doctors quote the old heathen superstition to bolster up a weak and feeble edifice, just ready to crumble and crush the leaders? Is not Science raising her voice and crying aloud to the people saying, "How long shall it be till the old heathen idolatry shall come to an end... and man shall learn Wisdom... and be his own master - and not a slave?"

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Teacher Translator (B) In every profession there are terms, phrases, and abbreviations that are common knowledge only to insiders. For the rest of us, the lingo can be very confusing. This glossary is intended to offer simple explanations of what are sometimes complex issues in education. It is far from complete but may help you better understand important trends and topics. Bear in mind that the meaning of many of these terms may vary, even from school district to school district. The Balanced Reading approach recognizes the need for intense phonics instruction and immersion in the printed word (whole language). Teachers using a Balanced Reading approach recognize that some children learn better using one method rather than another and that some words can be sounded out while others must be memorized. A Balanced Reading instructor would use all five commonly used methods to help children to learn to read. (See Direct Instruction, Decodable Text, Phonics, Sight Words, and Whole Language.) Basal textbooks are those most parents are quite familiar with from their own school experiences. These are the basic textbooks that are used in the classroom, but this term is usually reserved for the basal reading textbook, which contains a collection of systematically arranged stories intended to gradually introduce new skills and more difficult reading material. Most teachers supplement their basal textbooks with a series of literacy magazines such as Storyworks or class sets of "trade books," those books that are available in any bookstore. Students in U.S. public schools speak more than 150 different languages. The best method to teach them all English has been a source of great debate. In bilingual education, children are taught all subjects in their native language until they learn English. Then they switch to English-only classes. The premise behind this is that children will learn to read easier in their familiar tongue. The downside is that these children are slower to assimilate into society because they are slower to learn English. (See ESOL and LEP.) Recommended Products for Your Child Ages 8-10

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Both creationist and intelligent design writers assert that science has yet to understand the origin of life, and further claim that this is a fatal flaw in evolutionary theory [Behe1996; Dembski1998]. It is true that as of the present time, scientists do not yet fully understand biogenesis (as the origin of life is often termed). In particular, the origin of the first self-reproducing biomolecules, on which evolutionary processes could operate to produce more complicated systems, remains unknown. But numerous discoveries have been made in the area, including some rather striking results just in the past year or two. Biogenesis from 1950 to 2000 The first major result in the field of biogenesis was a 1953 experiment by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey. In this experiment, the researchers tested an earlier hypothesis that conditions on the early earth may have favored the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic compounds. They placed water plus some gases in a sealed flask, then passed electric sparks through the mixture to simulate the effects of sunlight and lightning. Over the next week or so, the mixture in the flask slowly turned a reddish-brown color. Upon analyzing the resulting “goo,” they discovered that it contained several amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins [Davies1999, pg. 86-94]. The Miller-Urey experiment firmly established that basic biochemical building blocks such as amino acids can spontaneously form given the right conditions, although some researchers have questioned whether the Miller-Urey experiment is truly representative of what really happened on the early earth. Going beyond the synthesis of basic amino acids, one leading hypotheses is that ribonucleic acid (RNA) played a key role. For example, researchers recently found that certain RNA molecules can greatly increase the rate of specific chemical reactions, including, remarkably, the replication of parts of other RNA molecules. Thus perhaps a molecule like RNA could “self-catalyze” itself in this manner, perhaps with the assistance of some related molecules, and then larger conglomerates of such compounds, packaged within simple membranes (such as simple hydrophobic compounds), could have formed very primitive cells [NAS2008, pg. 22]. Nonetheless, even the “RNA world” hypothesis, as the above scenario is popularly known, faces challenges. 21st century developments A series of very interesting new results have been published in the field just in the past two or three years, and there is a sense in the field that progress is accelerating. Here is a brief summary of these results (as of early 2013): - In May 2009, a team led by John Sutherland, a chemist at the University of Manchester in England, solved a problem that has perplexed researchers for at least 20 years (see above), namely how the basic nucleotides (building blocks) of RNA could spontaneously assemble. As recently as a few years ago, the appearance of these nucleotides on the primitive earth was thought to be a “near miracle.” In the 2009 study, Sutherland and his team used the same starting chemicals that have been employed in numerous earlier experiments, but they tried many different orders and combinations. They finally discovered one order and combination that formed the RNA nucleotide ribocytidine phosphate. What’s more, when the mixture was exposed to ultraviolet light, a second nucleotide of RNA was formed. Two other nucleotides remain, but the synthesis of the first two was thought to be more difficult. Robert Shapiro pointed out that cyano-acetylene, one of Sutherland’s starting materials, is quickly destroyed and thus was not likely to have existed on the primitive earth, but Sutherland responded by pointing out that this chemical has been detected on Titan, so there is no reason to rule out its presence on the early earth [Wade2009]. - In February 2010 scientists at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego announced that they have synthesized RNA enzymes, known as ribozymes, that can replicate themselves without the help of any proteins or other cellular components. What’s more, these simple molecules can act as catalysts and continue the process indefinitely. The researchers began with ribozymes that occur naturally, and put these in a growth medium, where subsets “competed” with others. Eventually more successful (and more complex) ribozymes came to dominate the culture. As researcher Gerald Joyce noted, “The key thing is it replicates itself, and passes information from parent to progeny down the line. … Some functions are more fit than others, and those that are more fit ‘breed’ more, and are perpetuated more efficiently, and so it goes Darwinian.” [DaSilva2010]. - Also in February 2010, researchers at the University of Colorado showed that a very simple RNA molecule can catalyze chemical reactions, without any other proteins present. Their form of RNA involved only five nucleotides. As researcher Michael Yarus noted, “This work shows that RNA enzymes could have been far smaller, and therefore far easier to make under primitive conditions, than anyone has expected.” [SD2010e]. - In June 2010, a team of researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Roma La Sapienza succeeded in synthesizing guanine, one of the four bases of RNA. The other three, adenine, cytosine and uracil, have previously been synthesized. The researchers were able to form guanine by subjecting a solution of formamide (H2NCOH), a simple compound that often has been suggested as a starting material for biotic compounds, to ultraviolet radiation during heating. Thomas Orlando, one of the researchers, explained, “Our model prebiotic reaction is attractive because most aspects of the process were likely to occur on the early Earth and it reduces chemical constraints.” [SD2010a]. - One aspect of the “RNA world” hypothesis that heretofore has stymied researchers is the difficulty in demonstrating that RNA molecules or components could form long, information-rich chains, in water solutions. In February 2013, a team of researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Institute for Research in Biomedicine in Barcelona, Spain announced that by giving a component of RNA known as TAP a “tail,” these units become “rosettes” that spontaneously form chains in water, like a large stack of plates, up to 18,000 units long. “The nice thing [about this study] is this is a demonstration of self-assembly in water,” noted Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy, a chemist at the Scripps Research Institute in California. The next step will be to see whether such assemblies can encode information, as one possible chemical route to the origin of life [Service2013]. Further details on the search for the first self-replicating biomolecules are given in Origin. It is undeniably true that scientists do not yet have a fully-developed chain of evidence for the origin of life — no knowledgeable scientist has ever claimed otherwise. Numerous scenarios have been explored, but there are still significant gaps in these theories. Nonetheless, given the remarkable progress that has occurred in the biogenesis arena just in the past few years, it would be utter folly to presume that no additional progress will be made. Thousands of scientific papers, documenting countless experimental studies, have been published on these topics, and several previous show-stopping obstacles, such as the formation of certain building blocks of RNA, have been overcome. Almost certainly, even more remarkable results will be published in the next few years. There is not the slightest indication that fundamental, insuperable obstacles have been encountered in the field. Given these developments, most observers, including the present author, believe that it is extremely unwise to base one’s religious or philosophical creed on the presumed impossibility of scientific research eventually discovering a complete natural process that could satisfactorily explain the origin or early development of life on earth. That would be a premier example of a “God of the gaps” theological error. One fundamental difficulty with both the creationist and intelligent design approaches to the origin of life can be seen by considering the following “thought experiment.” Suppose a major international society announced that it had received a communication from a super-intelligent Entity, disclosing that this Entity had initiated or created life on earth. The next day inquisitive humans would then ask questions such as “What time frame was required for this creation?,” “What physical laws and processes were utilized by this Entity?,” “Can we replicate these processes in a laboratory?,” “Why was earth appropriate for life?,” “Was life similarly initiated or created elsewhere?,” “Who created this Entity?,” “Who created the universe?,” “Why?” In other words, even if we found indisputable evidence that some supreme Entity had created life, virtually all of the fundamental questions of existence that have intrigued scientists and theologians alike for centuries would remain unanswered. In this light, the creationist-intelligent design approach of merely asserting “God did it,” and resisting deeper investigation, is tantamount to a “thinking stopper,” reveling in ignorance instead of thirsting for knowledge. Surely there is a more productive approach to harmonize science and religion.

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- Step Up Speak Out - Parents & Community - Coaches & Teachers - Contact Us What is Sexual Harassment? Sexual harassment is ANY unwelcome, unwanted pressure, verbal, visual or physical contact of a sexual nature. It is a power play and may include: • putting a hand on someone’s shoulder • repeatedly propositioning someone when they have said no • questioning or commenting about a person’s sexuality • spreading sexual rumors • telling sexually offensive jokes • displaying pictures or magazines that are sexually explicit • making comments about someone’s clothing or body • making suggestive gestures • standing or rubbing against a person • pressuring someone for a date Sexual harassment hurts everyone. The receiver may experience fear, humiliation, anxiety, inability to trust people, a hard time concentrating, difficulty attending school, social problems, abuse of drugs and alcohol, anger, depression, sleeplessness, withdrawal from others, embarrassment, nervousness, or a change in dress or behavior. The harasser may experience disciplinary action (including detention, suspension, or expulsion), legal consequences, embarrassment, blame, or isolation from friends. The entire school may experience an atmosphere of secrecy, fear, and rumors, problems in protecting students from harassment and retaliation, students taking sides “for” and “against,” and/or a drop in students’ performances. If it’s so bad, why doesn’t the person being harassed talk about it or the person doing the harassing just stop? The person being harassed may fear retaliation, feel like it’s their fault, feel like nothing can be done to stop the harassment, hope the harassment will go away by ignoring it, or think if they change their behavior the harassment will stop by itself. The harasser may really like the person, think the person likes the attention, just be following the crowd and not thinking about what they are doing, not see anything wrong with their behavior, or know his/her actions are unwanted and not care about the person’s feelings. Help is Available If you or someone you know has been sexually harassed, or if you would like more information, talk to your school administrators or contact the domestic violence/sexual assault crisis center nearest you.

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Back the Natives River Basin is one of the most diverse aquatic places in the world, according to the World Wildlife Fund. The Tennessee Aquarium Research Institute (TNARI) conserves and restores species with primary focus on native aquatic organisms. Through research, partnerships and conservation programs, TNARI hopes to promote the future well being of these and other animals. Lake sturgeon can reach weights of more than 300 pounds. That's eight feet of “prehistoric” fish patrolling the depths of the Tennessee River. But just because sturgeon have been around for millions of years doesn’t mean they’re plentiful. In fact, due to habitat destruction, over-fishing and water pollution these shark-like fish virtually disappeared from Tennessee’s rivers during the past century. When the Tennessee Aquarium and its partners agreed to save the sturgeon, it became a long-term commitment, and currently the Tennessee Aquarium Research Institute (TNARI) has completed three successful years of the 25-year reintroduction program. begins with sturgeon eggs, hatched indoors in special tanks at the TNARI facilities at the University of Georgia’s Cohutta Fisheries Center. Once these fish are 10 inches long, a size considered suitable to survive in the wild, they are tagged with an individual identification number and some are implanted with a tiny radio transmitter so their movements can be tracked. year, sturgeon eggs were hatched and the fry raised by the Aquarium and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Afterward, thousands of young sturgeon were tagged and released in the French Broad River. Since 2000 more than 8,000 sturgeon have been released, but because sturgeon grow and mature slowly, it will be many years before a self-sustaining population is reestablished. Turtles represent an important component of aquatic ecosystems, and due to their longevity and relatively restricted home ranges, they are superb subjects for environmental studies. Turtles also provide valuable insight regarding the stability of their community and the environment. years the Aquarium, in connection with the Tennessee River Gorge Trust, has studied turtles in the Gorge. The project’s goal is to develop a better understanding of the turtle species living in this unique stretch of the Tennessee River and to monitor turtle populations to ensure their future well being. In 2002 TNARI received a generous grant from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Lupton Renaissance Gift Fund. The gift will fund a new scientist to join the TNARI staff and help develop TNARI’s long-term turtle conservation and research program addressing regional, national and international needs. The herpetologist will continue the River Gorge turtle survey for another four years as well as join the UTC staff as their herpetologist We are in the midst of “the second largest extinction event on the planet,” and most people don’t even know it, says TNARI Research Scientist Paul Johnson. The victims? Snails, mussels and other aquatic animals that inhabit streams and rivers. And the problem is occurring right under our noses. has the largest diversity of freshwater snails in the world. But that status is quickly changing. The effects are most visible in the Coosa River Basin, where 41 out of the 72 documented freshwater mollusk extinctions in North America have occurred. one of the building blocks of the food pyramid in a water system. But in addition to serving as food for fish and other animals, snails also benefit the environment by eating algae and debris on the river bottom. Thus the loss of snails from rivers and streams can be disastrous for aquatic ecosystems. To stem the tide of extinction in southeastern rivers and streams, TNARI continues its efforts to survey and monitor mollusks within the region and to propagate mussels and snails in captivity for reintroduction into the wild. have successfully bred in captivity the Georgia rocksnail, the plicate rocksnail and the spiny riversnail - snails selected for propagation because habitat destruction has resulted in the loss of these species from over 85 percent of their historical range. In 2002 TNARI researchers produced 11,864 snails in captivity. More than 2,700 spiny riversnails were released into the Tennessee River in 2002. the release of finelined pocketbook mussels, animals that have nearly disappeared in the wild. In all, research scientists have produced nine mussel species, amounting to more than 11,800 mussels Discovery Hall is like a glass-bottom boat journey through the most fascinating aquatic vistas of the Southeast and features some of the most beautiful and bizarre creatures. an underwater world where vibrantly colored sunfish float like jewels, or peek into a swamp nursery where baby alligators bask. From the strange spatula-shaped snout of the paddlefish to the huge claws of the painted river prawn, Discovery Hall gives guests an up-close look at the animals’ remarkable adaptations. One of the most popular features of the gallery is the lake sturgeon touch station-an area where guests can actually have a hands-on encounter with the fish that once ruled the rivers of Tennessee. The sturgeon touch station is the only one in North America. touch station also features video that explains how the well being of these and other native animals depends on the stewardship of their human neighbors. Guests also learn about the Aquarium’s efforts to reintroduce these animals to rivers in the region.

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in a Pecan Shell The town’s probable namesake was early settler R. W. "Mustang" Moore. The honor was not made for donating land, starting a school or for being a railroad official. Mr. Moore was found in the doorway of his cabin – dying from wounds received in an 1861 Indian raid. A second (and more often repeated) story claims that a stranger detrained in the town and uttered that he could take "no more" of Texas. He found the nearest crossbeam that could support his weight and hanged himself. This amusing but dubious story doesn’t provide the name the town was operating under when the stranger arrived. It would seem that if this story was true, we’d be writing about Nomore, Texas. But it’s a colorful story. The next event in Moore’s timeline came in 1870 when August and Louisa Obets transmigrated from Henri Castro’s settlement. The Obets became Moore’s first “permanent” settlers (which means they were not killed by Indians). After living in a sod-covered house, this pioneering couple built a frame house in 1876 – providing an anchor for civilization to affix itself to. Mr. Moore’s name lived on as Moore Hollow. of 1881 fifty acres were sold for the development of a townsite. The buyer in turn, granted a right-of-way to the International-Great Northern Railroad in early 1882. With the prestige of having a railroad connection, the community became Moore Hollow Station and was granted a post office under that name. It was that same year of 1882 when the first general store opened and a Masonic lodge In two short years, the town added another general store, a saloon and a hotel. The population had grown to 50, doubling by 1890. The 100 residents felt the name cumbersome, so in 1892 the Hollow was dropped, becoming Moore Station. In 1897 the Station was dropped, making it just plain Moore – the name by which its known today. The town was thriving around 1900 and even a yellow fever epidemic in 1903 didn’t thwart growth. By 1910 it was and one of the largest towns between San Antonio and Laredo. What yellow fever couldn’t do, the boll weevil did. The great infestation of the early 1920s ruined the cotton crop – Moore’s economic engine. The switch from farming to ranching eliminated the need for workers and the town declined in population. population reached 350 but dropped to 180 by 1950 – the year the Moore schools merged into Pearsall’s ISD. Fom the 1970s to 1990 the number of residents stabilized at an estimated 230. The 2000 census shows a population increase to 644. County TX 1907 Postal Map showing Moore| Courtesy Texas General Land Office |Book Hotel Here

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The UCSF Spine Center brings together experts in orthopedics, neurosurgery, physiatry and other related areas to treat spine trauma or injuries to bones in the spine, spinal cord and nearby nerves. Managing severely traumatized patients often requires expertise in skeletal fixation, soft tissue injury, intensive care management and rehabilitation. As part of an academic medical center, our patients have access to procedures, technology and medications such as the new minimally invasive kyphoplasty treatment for spinal fractures resulting from osteoporosis, one of the most common afflictions of our aging population. We also work closely with leading edge diagnostic radiologists who can detect fractures that may not show up on conventional imaging machinery. Car accidents, falls and sports injuries are examples of trauma that can cause spine fractures. Spine fractures caused by trauma — such as a sudden blow or injury to the vertebrae — can occur anywhere on the spine, including bones in the neck or cervical spine, bones in the upper back or thoracic spine, the lower back or lumbar spine, and the section of connected bone at the very bottom of the spinal column called the sacrum. The first symptom of a broken bone is usually pain unless the spinal cord has been injured, which can produce weakness, paralysis and lack of sensation. Depending on the location of the fracture, the damaged structures can injure the spinal cord or spinal nerves nerves that lead to pain in the arms or legs, or affect the bowel, bladder or sexual organs. Your doctor will conduct a physical examination asking you about where you feel pain, loss of sensation or difficulty moving. An X-ray will show most broken vertebrae but other imaging technology may be necessary to show hard-to-see fractures. These may include MRI and CT scans, or further X-rays where you are asked to bend your neck forward and backward (dynamic or flexion-extension views). About 5 percent of spinal injuries have a second fracture either adjacent to the main fracture or elsewhere on the spine. You may be asked to restrict activity or wear a brace until additional studies can be obtained. Treatment of spinal fractures is aimed at realigning the broken pieces and keeping them in alignment until the bone has healed. Healthy broken bones will naturally form more bone tissue around the broken edges to "knit" the broken edges. Specific treatment of traumatic spine fractures depends on the location of the fracture, its severity and how it impacts nearby tissue and nerves. Some fractures heal well with external bracing. Cervical fractures can sometimes be treated with a halo vest (a ring attached to the skull and attached to a vest on the chest). Other fractures may require surgical stabilization, with implanted screws, hooks and connecting rods, and fusing that portion of the same spine (placing bone graft to help the bones grow together). There are some fractures which my need to be observed to determine whether bone will heal on their own or if surgery will be needed. Surgery is recommended for many patients who suffer neurologic injury at the time of their fracture to remove any bone or disc material that is still compressing the neural structures, and to stabilize that part of the spine to minimize additional trauma to that region. Reviewed by health care specialists at UCSF Medical Center. 400 Parnassus Ave., Third Floor San Francisco, CA 94143-0332 Phone: (866) 81-SPINE or Neuro-spine Fax: (415) 353-2339 Ortho-spine Fax: (415) 353-4047

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This is a printer version of an UnderwaterTimes.com To view the article online, visit: http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=86510072139 This graphic shows how the movements of the fish along the lake bed left the trails. Credit: Anthony Martin ATLANTA, Georgia -- The wavy lines and squiggles etched into a slab of limestone found near Fossil Butte National Monument are prehistoric fish trails, made by Notogoneus osculus as it fed along a lake bottom, says Emory University paleontologist Anthony Martin. "This is a fish story, about ," Martin says. "And I can tell you that the fish was 18-inches long, based on good evidence." He led a detailed analysis, published May 5 in PLoS (Public Library of Science) One, that gives new insights into the behavior of the extinct N. osculus, and into the ancient ecology of Wyoming's former Fossil Lake. "We've got a snapshot of N. osculus interacting with the bottom of a lake that disappeared millions of years ago," Martin says. "It's a fleeting glimpse, but it's an important one." Fossil Lake, part of a subtropical landscape in the early Eocene Epoch, is now a sagebrush desert in southwestern Wyoming, located in Fossil Butte National Monument and environs. The region is famous for an abundance of exquisitely preserved fossils, especially those of freshwater fish. Trails left by these fish, however, are relatively rare. The National Park Service had identified about a dozen of them and asked Martin to investigate. Martin specializes in trace fossils, including tracks, trails, burrows and nests made by animals millions of years ago. One of the fish trace fossils especially intrigued Martin. In addition to apparent fin impressions of two wavy lines, it had squiggles suggesting oval shapes. "The oval impressions stayed roughly in the center of the wavy lines and slightly overlapped one another. I realized that these marks were probably made by the mouth, as the fish fed along the bottom," Martin says. He then deduced that the trace was likely made by N. osculus - the only species found in the same rock layer whose fossils show a mouth pointing downward. Martin brought his detailed notes, photos and sketches of the trace fossil back to Atlanta, where he enlisted the aid of disease ecologist Gonzalo Vazquez-Prokopec and geographer Michael Page, two of his colleagues in Emory's Department of Environmental Studies. Vazquez-Prokopec, who does digital spatial analyses of geographic patterns of diseases and pathogens, applied similar techniques to the trace fossil data. The results showed a mathematical correlation between the trace impressions and the mouth, tail, pelvic and anal fins of an 18-inch N. osculus. "This provides the first direct evidence of N. osculus bottom feeding," Martin says. "Not only that, the fish was bottom feeding in the deepest part of the lake. Previous research had suggested that the bottom of the lake had such low levels of oxygen that it was hostile to life. Our analysis indicates that, at least seasonally, some fish were living on the lake bottom." The scientists were also able to calculate how the fish was moving, and the pitch and yaw of its swimming motion. "The trace fossil lines look simple, but they're not so simple," Martin says, explaining that even the gaps in the lines carry information. Page, an expert in cartography and geographic information systems, created a map of the discovery site, and a Web site that allows viewers to zoom in on different aspects of the fish trace. "All three of us believe in making scientific data as open and assessable as possible," Martin says, adding that he thinks it may be the first collaboration between a paleontologist, a disease ecologist and a geographer. "This opens up a new technique for studying trace fossils that we hope other people will try and test."

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Internet Resources - Diabetes Devices and Tracking Tools A wealth of information is available on the Web to help you live with and manage your diabetes. But as with anything you can find online, you should be careful to seek information only from credible sources. The following Internet resources regarding diabetes devices and tracking tools are recommended by your UW Health diabetes care team: From the U.S. Food and Drug Administration - When people with diabetes can control their blood sugar (glucose), they are more likely to stay healthy. People with diabetes use two kinds of management devices - glucose meters and other diabetes management tests.From the U.S. Food and Drug Administration - Lancets and other lancing devices are sharp blades or needles used to obtain blood samples for glucose testing.From the U.S. Food and Drug Administration - All insulin delivery devices inject insulin through the skin and into the fatty tissue below. Most people inject the insulin with a syringe that delivers insulin just under the skin. Others use insulin pens, jet injectors, or insulin pumps. Several new approaches for taking insulin are under development.Information and illustrations from MedlinePlus.This resource from the American Diabetes Association is a risk assessment tool that can be used to explore the effects of a wide variety of health care interventions, including losing weight, stopping smoking, and taking certain medications.The American Diabetes Association's "Choose to Live Challenge" is a monthly Web tool to help people with diabetes take small steps toward healthier living. Each month, the site features a unique "challenge" on an important aspect of diabetes care and offers tips, tools and resources to help visitors meet their health goals.

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Gosport is a town, district and borough situated on the south coast of England, within the county of Hampshire. It has approximately 80,000 permanent residents with a further 5,000–10,000 during the summer months. It is part of the South Hampshire conurbation and lies on a peninsula on the western side of Portsmouth Harbour opposite the City of Portsmouth, to which it is linked by a pedestrian ferry. Up until the last quarter of the 20th century, Gosport was a major naval and military town associated with the defence and supply infrastructure of Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Portsmouth. As a result of a decline in these activities, many of its fortifications and installations, such as Fort Brockhurst, have been opened to the public as tourism and heritage sites, with extensive redevelopment of the harbour area as a marina. The Rowner area of the peninsula was known to have been settled in Saxon times, mentioned in the Anglo Saxon Chronicles as Rughenor (Rough bank or slope). Both Rowner and Alverstoke (a village now within the boundaries of Gosport), the name coming from the original point where the River Alver entered the Solent at Stokes Bay, were included in the Domesday Book. Settlements in the wider region date back much earlier.Rowner is recorded as being the earliest settlement of the peninsula with many Mesolithic finds and a hunting camp (presently sealed under the reclamation site) being found, tumuli are located on the peninsula (all investigated). Bronze Age items found during a 1960s construction in HMS Sultan included a hoard of axe heads and torcs (now stored by Portsmouth museum services). A three-celled dwelling unearthed during construction of the Rowner Estate in the 1970s points to a settled landscape. Adjacent to the River Alver which passes the southern and western edges of Rowner can be found a Norman motte and bailey, the first fortification of the peninsula, giving a high vantage point over the Solent, Stokes Bay, Lee-on-the-Solent and the Isle of Wight. The Rowner estate and HMS Sultan are situated upon the former Royal Naval air station, first known as RAF Gosport and later as HMS Siskin and gives its name to the local infant and junior schools. The barracks at Browndown (Stokes Bay) were used in the first series of Bad Lads Army. There are several theories of how the borough got its name including from the early name of Goseport which is believed to derive from "goose". An alternative etymology "gorse" (from the bushes growing on local heath land) is not supported by the regional name for the plant, "furze". The third theory which was found in the Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales and used in the town's motto, "God's Port Our Haven", claims a derivation from "God's Port", King Stephen's thanks in 1144 for safe landing in a storm. This, however, is a 19th century invention. Royal Hospital Haslar, formally the last military hospital of the U.K. was closed as a military site in March 2007. It was opened in 1753, serving military personnel and their families, later also serving the community of Gosport. The hospital was then used by the NHS until 2009. The hospital closed as NHS services were relocated to The Queen Alexandra Hospital in Cosham, Portsmouth. Graves of Turkish Sailors - 1850-1851 In November 1850, two ships of the Turkish Navy, the Mirat-ı Zafer and Sirag-i Bahri Birik anchored off the Hardway - Gosport. The visit lasted several months and during this time some of the members of the crew contracted Cholera (see Gosport Cholera epidemic in 1848) and were admitted to Haslar Hospital for treatment, from those who were admitted most of them died and other sailors died because of training accidents. In total 26 died and were laid to rest in the grounds of Haslar. At the turn of the 19th Century the bodies were exhumed and transferred to Clayhall Cemetery where they now lie in peace. "They set sail for eternity and met their creator, and here they are laid to eternal rest." These graves have led to the nickname of Gosport people being referred to as "Turkers" and Gosport as "Turktown".

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Portrait of Niels Bohr The Niels Bohr Archive, Copenhagen Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist who lived between 1885-1962. He studied the structure of atoms and developed a new theory about how the electrons in an atom were arranged. After helping build the first nuclear bomb, Bohr spent the later years of his life encouraging peaceful uses of atomic energy. Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store! Learn about Earth and space science, and have fun while doing it! The games section of our online store includes a climate change card game and the Traveling Nitrogen game You might also be interested in: How did life evolve on Earth? The answer to this question can help us understand our past and prepare for our future. Although evolution provides credible and reliable answers, polls show that many people turn away from science, seeking other explanations with which they are more comfortable....more Florence Bascom, who lived from 1862 until 1945, was one of the most important geologists in the United States. She studied mineral crystals by looking at them very closely with a microscope. She also...more Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist who lived between 1885-1962. He studied the structure of atoms and developed a new theory about how the electrons in an atom were arranged. After helping build the first...more Marie Curie was a physicist and chemist who lived between 1867-1934. She studied radioactivity and the effects of x-rays. She was born Maria Skłodowska in Warsaw, Poland. Women could not study then...more Albert Einstein was a German physicist who lived between 1879-1955. He is probably the most well-known scientist in recent history. Have you heard of Einstein's famous theory? It is called the theory...more Robert Goddard was an American physicist who lived between 1882-1945. He studied rockets and showed how they could be used to travel into outer space and to the Moon. Goddard experimented with different...more Werner Heisenberg was a German physicist who lived between 1901-1976. Heisenberg is most famous for his "uncertainty principle", which explains the impossibility of knowing exactly where something is...more Edwin Hubble was an American astronomer who lived between 1889-1953. He spent a lot of time looking at groups of stars and planets, called galaxies, and trying to explain their motion. He found that all...more

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A team of Canadian researchers have uncovered an unusual new example of “upstream filtering,” where online content in one country is blocked in another country due to filtering that happens in transit. Researchers at the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto, revealed that some Oman Internet users using the Omantel ISP are also being subjected to Indian content restrictions because of traffic flowing through India. “It goes to show what you can find when you begin to probe beneath the surface of the Internet, and what you see when you have governments start to mess with the openness of the Internet,” Ron Deibert, Citizen Lab's director, told Ars on Thursday. “In this case you have a perverse situation where citizens in one country are subject to filtering in another country.” While there have been numerous examples of specific countries blocking foreign or domestic content that they find objectionable, as it runs afoul of their own laws or regulations, it’s rare for one country to accidentally block sites due to peering agreements and traffic flows. In this case, Indian ISP Bharti Airtel and Omantel have peering agreements, and partnered with other companies to build the Europe India Gateway, a 15,000-kilometer fibre optic cable that connects 13 countries via the Suez Canal in Egypt. Citizen Lab conducted numerous tests in late June 2012 both remotely via a proxy, and also in collaboration with Omani Internet users, but also found that the blocks may not be consistently applied at all times. Entertainment, news sites affected “The practice of upstream filtering raises a number of questions, including jurisdictional issues and the lack of recourse to users in Oman,” Citizen Lab states in its report. “The application of filters in India restricts Internet users in Oman from accessing content, potentially even content produced in Oman itself, as a result of actions taken for domestic purposes within India. Users in Oman did not consent to this blocking, are left with little recourse for challenging these actions, and have limited means of accessing this content, which may or may not be in violation of Omani regulations. Combined with the significant filtering implemented by Omantel itself, this essentially puts Internet users in Oman behind multiple layers of national-level filtering.” Primarily, the sites affected included Indian and Pakistani entertainment sites, political blogs, file-sharing websites, and even IndyBay, a San Francisco-based online news site. Not surprisingly, many Internet watchers lament this odd state of affairs online. “Decisions made in one country about acceptable online content often affect users in other countries,” wrote Jillian York, the director for international freedom of expression at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, in an e-mail sent to Ars on Thursday. “This can occur through upstream filtering such as in this scenario or through application of a bill like SOPA, where the US government would have been enabled to make decisions about foreign content." Similar examples in Central Asia Oman has its own national filtering system, written in Arabic and English, which announces that it blocks content that is “contrary to the laws of the Sultanate.” Omantel users seeing the Indian block are shown an English-only message, which states: “This website/URL has been blocked until further notice either pursuant to Court orders or on the Directions issued by the Department of Telecommunications.” The Department of Telecommunications is the name of India’s telco regulations agency. But beyond the name coincidence, running a traceroute from Oman or an Oman proxy, shows that the traffic to a US-based site runs through India. India tends to filter security and Internet tools-related content, according to previous research done by the Open Network Initiative (ONI), while Oman’s tend to be more along the lines of blocking pornographic material, gay and lesbian content, and circumvention tool-related sites. The ONI is a grouping of similar institutions that also includes the SecDev group and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University. In its extensive research on Internet filtering around the world, ONI has found similar examples in the past. Most notably there was a case in Kyrgyzstan, which had some sites blocked by a state ISP from Kazakhstan while selling its service to Kyrgyz Telecom. “Similar behavior was observed in Uzbekistan in 2004, where content filtering on one Uzbek ISP closely matched that seen in China, a finding supplemented by evidence that this ISP was purchasing connectivity service from China Telecom,” the Citizen Lab added in the report. Of course, any Omantel user or any other Internet user with a VPN or other circumvention tool would easily get around such blocks—a service that a New Zealand ISP advertised earlier this year with the express purpose of getting around Hulu and Netflix's geoblocking.

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IBM, together with the general public, is helping academic researchers make advances in energy technologies. The company’s most recent Corporate Responsibility Report, now available, details not only the company’s own environmental stewardship, but discusses projects such as The Clean Energy Project at Harvard University, which is seeking novel, organic molecules that can underpin cheaper and more efficient solar cells. IBM’s World Community Grid, which provides scientists with free computing power harvested from the idle PCs of volunteers, has enabled Harvard to discover a new compound for solar cells that might one day be painted inexpensively and easily on windows and roofs. The Harvard team is using World Community Grid to automate and accelerate the screening 3.5 million molecules — chemistry’s biggest set of quantum calculations ever. IBM believes that collaboration with academia, government, private enterprise and the general public is the key to better environmental research — and a Smarter Planet. Below is a video that outlines the latest developments as part of The Clean Energy Project.

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By Allison Lichter Young children who can sit still and focus are more likely to graduate from college than children who are easily distracted, according to a new study from Oregon State University. Researchers made use of data that spanned 25 years, tracking a group of 430 preschool-age children through age 21. Parents were asked to rate their children on such behaviors as “playing with a single toy for long periods of time,” or “gives up easily” when a task or games gets hard. “We were interested in identifying early predictors of later success,” said Megan McClelland, early childhood research core director at OSU’s Hallie E. Ford Center for Healthy Children and Families, and a lead author on the study. “We know that early academic skills predict later academic stills,” she said. “But the ability to pay attention and focus are foundational skills that help kids persist through difficult tasks when they need to.” She was quick to add that academic skills are critical, and that “aptitude part is part of the equation.” Still, she said, “There are a lot of very smart people who have difficulty finishing tasks.” Of course, a lot transpires in a person’s life between age 4 and age 21. While researchers couldn’t control for all variables, McClelland said, they were able to control for some of the most important predictors of academic success: including parents’ education level, the child’s cognitive ability, and childhood vocabulary. Teachers and parents can help young children develop the qualities of persistence and self-discipline by adding new rules to some familiar games. For example, McClelland suggested playing “Red Light, Green Light,” but changing the rules so that “red” means go, and “green” means stop. “Kids ask me all the time, ‘Are you trying to trick me?’ I tell them, ‘No, we want you stop and think about what you’re doing first.’” Another simple activity to help build the concentration muscle is a dance game in which children are told they have to dance slowly when the music is fast, and dance quickly when the music is slow. “When kids have to control their bodies, it’s more challenging for them,” McClelland said. “They actually have to stop their movements and do something different. It requires a lot of thinking.” McClelland is also the mother of a 3-year-old son. She acknowledges it takes time to help kids practice ways to focus and get engaged in things they are interested in. “He will sit there for 15 or 20 minutes doing a Thomas the Train puzzle.” While putting it together, McClelland will sometimes ask ‘How many pieces have we used?’ to build her son’s aptitude for counting. But she says, “I’m also helping him focus and persist.”

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This page looks at addressing: identification of websites and other locations on the network. It covers - As Christine Borgman notes in From Gutenberg to the Global Information Infrastructure: Access To Information in the Networked World (Cambridge: MIT Press 2000), if you can't find information it - for practical purposes - doesn't exist. While there is been much talk of the web as a global digital library, access to the sites that comprise that library or to people is dependent on agreement about identification of entities on the network. Determination of rules for identification, in particular the structure of the Domain Name System (DNS) and the allocation of names, is thus particularly contentious. Globally and in Australia there is debate about the operation of bodies such ICANN and ownership of addresses or the network. Should names be allocated on a 'first come, first served' basis or to those bodies that 'own' the name offline? And how do we resolve disputes? ICANN and the DNS The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & is the non-profit private sector body formed in 1998 to assume responsibility from the US government for four key Internet functions: management of the domain name system, allocation of IP address space, assignment of protocol parameters (the 'http' you see in web addresses is a protocol) and management of the root server system. Its determination of the global rules for what a web site can be called and how that site can be found has significant ramifications. As a result it has been described by Dan Schiller - author of Digital Capitalism (Cambridge: MIT Press 2000) - as the "unelected parliament of the Web" and by Karl Auerbach and Milton Mueller as "now essentially an organ of the trademark lobby", setting policies that will significantly affect free expression and privacy by favouring commercial interests. ICANN continues to grapple with widespread, although often unfair, criticism. We have explored the 'ICANN Wars' in a more detailed profile. A separate profile dealing with Top Level Domains (TLDs) Within Australia there was similar debate about the move to industry self-regulation of the Australian domain space. We have examined that debate later in this guide and there is a more detailed profile on auDA, the Australian domain administrator. is the acronym adopted by the Internet Engineering Task Force's (IETF) telephone numbering working group to describe use of the DNS to relate E.164 numbers to URLs. E.164 is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard identifying telephone number formats. Potential use of ENUM is wide-ranging. It might, for example allow a single contact identifier for individuals. Digital business cards could comprise a single number rather than a long list of addresses for the owner's email address, mobile phone, home phone, business phone and fax, with services using the net to translate that one number into specific addresses. ENUM's architecture is simple. Applications first convert phone numbers to their domain name equivalents - taking an international phone number that begins with the country code (for example +44 20 362 8752), reversing the sequence, inserting periods between each digit and adding a .e164.arpa suffix to produce a domain address (eg 22.214.171.124.126.96.36.199.2.4.4.e164.arpa). That address is queried against a name server, which refers to one or more Naming Authority Pointer (NAPTR) records, each of which features a 'contact resource' (eg an email address) and associated information that enables applications to process the contact. Preferences enable the address 'owner' to specify how contact is handled, with a cascade of messages or allmessages to one box. An NAPTR for example might first direct an ENUM-enabled phone to ring a business phone, then mobile phone, then home phone and then a voice-to-email gateway if the initial calls are unanswered. ENUM remains contentious at both a technical and political Discussions in December concluded without the expected agreement and the process of achieving a global standard may be protracted. The ramifications of ENUM are uncertain. Proponents argue that like the web, a range of business models and software applications will evolve once there's agreement on standards. Privacy advocates such as the US Electronic Privacy Information have expressed concern about potential misuse of ENUM as a unique global identifier, accordingly organising to "Just Say ENO to ENUM". So far there is no campaign against VeriSign's similar WebNum Anthony Rutkowski's September 2000 column ENUM: the Internet's Glueball Infrastructure is a short introduction. There is more detail at the ITU's ENUM page and the Washington Internet Project's page. The 2001 ENUM proposal by the former Australian Communications Authority to the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity Standardization Program Forum is here. other resource identification schemes RealNames and other keyword schemes, URNs, PURLs and other digital resource locator schemes are discussed in more detail in the metadata and search profiles elsewhere on this site.

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Ask Me: Madera County gold mining town was named for pioneer Question: What is the history of the town of Hildreth in Madera County? – Neil Simpson, Fresno Answer: Hildreth, about 35 miles east of Madera, took its name from a pioneer family that came to California by wagon train in the 1850s. According to “Madera” by Charles W. Clough, Jesse Hildreth established one of the county’s largest early sheep herds in 1853. In 1860, Emphrey Hildreth bought the Wideawake Ranch on the Millerton-Stockton road where it crossed a creek later named for the family. The foothill mining town of Hildreth began in the late 1870s when Tom Hildreth opened a store to serve area gold miners, according to Clough. Hildreth grew quickly and soon had two hotels, three general stores, about nine saloons, a millinery shop, a barber shop and other small businesses. A post office operated at Hildreth from 1886 to 1896. Children from Hildreth attended the Hanover School, named for one of the area’s mines, about a half-mile northeast of town. By the 1880s, there were nine gold mines operating around the town, including the Hildreth mine, which produced about $100,000 in gold before it closed in the 1890s. Nearly 5,000 people lived in Hildreth at its peak, but the town eventually was abandoned after the mine shut down. The school building was later moved and can be seen from Road 210, also called Hildreth Road, near O’Neals. Q: How did Temperance Avenue get its name? – Bob and Carol Turner, Clovis A: Temperance Avenue took its name from the Temperance Colony started by Moses Church, who developed Fresno County’s canal system in the 1800s. Church formed the colony in what is now the Sunnyside area of Fresno in 1877. He divided it into 32 parcels and put in a series of irrigation canals. A devout Seventh-day Adventist who disapproved of drinking and smoking, Church named the colony “Temperance” because he would sell the 20-acre parcels only to buyers who pledged not to smoke or to make or sell intoxicating spirits. Despite the restrictions, Church sold all the parcels by the next year. More on the Kearney peacocks After the answer to a question about peacocks at Kearney Park ran on Dec. 12, Mimi English-Koch of Vashon Island, Wash., emailed more information about peacocks still found in the area. “The birds are from a flock I started raising in the early 1980s when I lived on Cornelia Avenue between Church and Jensen,” she wrote. “I started with two small chicks and by 1998 I had about 75 peacocks on my property, where they roamed freely.” English-Koch said she got the chicks from a family living south of Fresno. Over the years, the flock has been thinned by predators, including coyotes and a pair of red-tailed hawks that prey on chicks, wrote English-Koch, who moved to Washington in 2005. But several peacocks still roam freely on the five-acre property. “They truly are amazing birds and very intelligent. Many of them would come to me when I gave a special call,” she wrote. By Paula Lloyd

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Is it true that skeletal remains of humans have been found that would put them as much as 12-13 feet The King James translation speaks of there being "giants in the land" in the pre-Flood and immediate post-Flood world (Genesis 6:4 and Joshua 12:13). Medieval churches often had fossil bones on display, purporting to be part of some ancient giant and, in this way, sustain belief among their congregation. In the late 1700s in England, a living giant appeared known as "The Irish Giant" while in 1869 in Cardiff, New York, a fossil giant was dug up and given the name "The Cardiff Giant." Both were used and are still sometimes used by believers to support Scripture. Here are the facts. Charles Byrne – who became known as "The Irish Giant" – was born in 1763 in Littlebridge, Ireland. By the time he was 20, he had grown so tall that he came to the attention of a showman by the name of Joe Vance. After Vance took Byrne to Edinburgh, his promotional advertising claimed that "The Irish Giant" was 13 feet tall. At this time, two other claimants to the title "giant" were made by men who also happened to be from Ireland, so that there were now three "Irish Giants"! Charles Byrne fell into bad company, drank very heavily and died in 1783 at the age of 22. Fortunately for our account, his body was quickly acquired by surgeon John Hunter, and Byrne's skeleton became one of the prized possessions of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. In 1909 Dr. Harvey Cushing was able to determine the correct cause of Byrne's abnormal growth but – vital for our story – we have an exact measurement of the Irish Giant's actual height: 7 feet, 7 inches. This means he was no more than 7 feet, 10 inches in life. And the Cardiff Giant? It was a 10½ foot piece of carved stone – a pure fake! Ref: Bonderson, Jan. 1997. A Cabinet of Medical Curbside, NY.: Cornell University Press.

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|What should a bystander do?| If you think someone is having a stroke, you should call 9–1–1 or emergency medical services right away. Why is there a need to act fast? Death or permanent disability can result from a stroke. With timely treatment, however, the risk of death and disability from stroke can be lowered. It is very important to know the symptoms of a stroke and act right away. What are the risk factors for stroke? Some conditions as well as some lifestyle factors can put people at a higher risk for stroke. The most important risk factors for stroke are high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and cigarette smoking. Persons who have already had a stroke need to control the risk factors in order to lower their risk of having another stroke. All persons can take steps to lower their risk for stroke. For more information about these risk factors, please see our Risk Factors section. What can you do to reduce your risk of stroke? All persons can take steps to lower their risk of stroke by maintaining normal blood pressure levels or controlling high blood pressure, preventing or treating heart disease and stroke, and by not using tobacco.

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Facetiously, a friend of ours is wont to say: “Mother Nature is beautiful, but we can improve on her.” Similarly, the obstetrical complication of umbilical cord prolapse, an accident of nature, occurs once in 200 to 300 pregnancies – a frequency of 0.5 percent or less. Prolapse is defined as “a falling down of an organ or other part, especially its appearance at a natural orifice.” In the last century, the incidence of umbilical cord prolapse has remained constant, while fetal mortality has decreased from 50 to 10 percent – at least in large urban hospitals – if prolapse occurs after hospital admission. The numbers were 100 percent for a couple we knew back East. They were in their late 30s, and it was their first pregnancy – high hopes and high expectations. She was at term and had a gush of fluid – her “waters” broke – without labor “pains” or contractions. Active labor ensued. After a long ride to the hospital, she delivered a stillborn. The cause: lack of oxygen because of umbilical cord compression by the baby’s head. The couple’s devastation couldn’t be measured. Immediate delivery, usually by Caesarian section, has increased survival from prolapse. While risk factors for prolapse have been recognized for decades, efforts to predict when, or in which women it will occur, have been mostly futile. Consider the usual anatomy within the womb (uterus). The placenta, which provides oxygen and sustenance to the fetus through the umbilical cord, usually lies (is implanted) in the upper portion of the uterus. Within the uterus, the membranes wrap the whole package: fetus, cord and amniotic fluid. Until later in pregnancy, the fetus is usually “floating,” before settling head-down toward the pelvis and uterine cervix, “the birth canal.” When the head descends or settles into the pelvis and is no longer movable, it is said to be “engaged,” usually preventing the cord’s sliding by or out, i.e., prolapsing. Certain conditions increase the risk of prolapse and cord compression. In addition to a floating head, breech presentations with the rump (or legs) headed south, are scenarios. The second baby of twin pregnancies (multiple gestations), low birth-weight, and lack of prenatal care are also known risk factors. For umbilical-cord prolapse, speculum or manual examination should be diagnostic, or the cord may actually be visible outside the vagina. Fetal distress, sustained heart rate below 120 or above 160 per minute, also constitutes an emergency. A friend of mine, while a lowly medical student, was attending a delivery in a university hospital. After spontaneous rupture of membranes, a gush of fluid, and prolapse – he was ordered to apply pressure to the baby’s head. It was a life-preserving measure to limit cord compression en route to the operating room. Now squatting at the operating table’s end, arm outstretched, gloved fingers you-know-where, he was under the sheets as the C-section began and rapidly progressed. Soon, he heard the unmistakable sound of breaking suction as the baby was pulled out. His dismissal came when the surgeon squeezed his fingers – from within. There is no such thing as getting to a hospital too early. If transporting an obvious prolapse, gravity is your friend – pelvis above chest and shoulders – and/or apply pressure to the head. www.alanfraserhouston.com. Dr. Fraser Houston is a retired emergency room physician who worked at area hospitals after moving to Southwest Colorado from New Hampshire in 1990.

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Culture of Cambodia Throughout Cambodia's long history, religion has been a major source of cultural inspiration. Over nearly two millennia, Cambodians have developed a unique Khmer belief from the syncreticism of indigenous animistic beliefs and the Indian religions of Buddhism and Hinduism. Indian culture and civilization, including its languages and arts reached mainland Southeast Asia around the 1st century AD. It is generally believed that seafaring merchants brought Indian customs and culture to ports along the Gulf of Thailand and the Pacific en route to trade with China. The Kingdom of Funan was most probably the first Khmer state to benefit from this influx of Indian ideas. The golden age of Cambodia was between the 9th and 14th century, during the Angkor period, during which it was a powerful and prosperous empire that flourished and dominated almost all of inland Southeast Asia. However, Angkor would eventually collapse after much in-fighting between royalty and constant warring with its increasingly powerful neighbors, notably Siam and Dai Viet. Many temples from this period however, like Bayon and Angkor Wat still remain today, scattered throughout Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam as a reminder of the grandeur of Khmer arts and culture. Cambodia's unparalleled achievements in art, architectures, music, and dance during this period have had a great influence on many neighboring kingdoms, namely Thailand and Laos. The effect of Angkorian culture can still be seen today in those countries, as they share many close characteristics with current-day Cambodia. Architecture and housing The Angkorian architects and sculptors created temples that mapped the cosmic world in stone. Khmer decorations drew inspiration from religion, and mythical creatures from Hinduism and Buddhism were carved on walls. Temples were built in accordance to the rule of ancient Khmer architecture that dictated that a basic temple layout include a central shrine, a courtyard, an enclosing wall, and a moat. Khmer motifs use many creatures from Buddhist and Hindu mythology, like the Royal Palace in Phnom Penh, use motifs such as the garuda, a mythical bird in Hinduism. The architecture of Cambodia developed in stages under the Khmer empire from the 9th to the 15th century, preserved in many buildings of the Angkor temple. The remains of secular architecture from this time are rare, as only religious buildings were made of stone. The architecture of the Angkor period used specific structural features and styles, which are one of the main methods used to date the temples, along with inscriptions. In modern rural Cambodia, the nuclear family typically lives in a rectangular house that may vary in size from four by six meters to six by ten meters. It is constructed of a wooden frame with gabled thatch roof and walls of woven bamboo. Khmer houses are typically raised as much as three meters on stilts for protection from annual floods. Two ladders or wooden staircases provide access to the house. The steep thatch roof overhanging the house walls protects the interior from rain. Typically a house contains three rooms separated by partitions of woven bamboo. The front room serves as a living room used to receive visitors, the next room is the parents' bedroom, and the third is for unmarried daughters. Sons sleep anywhere they can find space. Family members and neighbors work together to build the house, and a house-raising ceremony is held upon its completion. The houses of poorer persons may contain only a single large room. Food is prepared in a separate kitchen located near the house but usually behind it. Toilet facilities consist of simple pits in the ground, located away from the house, that are covered up when filled. Any livestock is kept below the house. Chinese and Vietnamese houses in Cambodian towns and villages are typically built directly on the ground and have earthen, cement, or tile floors, depending upon the economic status of the owner. Urban housing and commercial buildings may be of brick, masonry, or wood. Buddhism has existed in Cambodia since at least the 5th century CE Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century CE (excepting the Khmer Rouge period), and is currently estimated to be the faith of 90% of the population. Islam is the religion of a majority of the Cham (also called Khmer Islam) and Malay minorities in Cambodia. According to Po Dharma, there were 150,000 to 200,000 Muslims in Cambodia as late as 1975. Persecution under the Khmer Rouge eroded their numbers, however, and by the late 1980s they probably had not regained their former strength. All of the Cham Muslims are Sunnis of the Shafi'i school. Po Dharma divides the Muslim Cham in Cambodia into a traditionalist branch and an orthodox branch. Christianity was introduced into Cambodia by Roman Catholic missionaries in 1660. However, it made little headway at first, particularly among Buddhists. In 1972 there were probably about 20,000 Christians in Cambodia, most of whom were Roman Catholics. According to Vatican statistics, in 1953, members of the Roman Catholic Church in Cambodia numbered 120,000, making it, at that time, the second largest religion in the country. In April 1970, just before repatriation, estimates indicate that about 50,000 Catholics were Vietnamese. Many of the Catholics remaining in Cambodia in 1972 were Europeans—chiefly French. American Protestant missionary activity increased in Cambodia, especially among some of the hill tribes and among the Cham, after the establishment of the Khmer Republic. The 1962 census, which reported 2,000 Protestants in Cambodia, remains the most recent statistic for the group. Observers reported that in 1980 there were more registered Khmer Christians among the refugees in camps in Thailand than in all of Cambodia before 1970. Kiernan notes that, until June 1980, five weekly Protestant services were held in Phnom Penh by a Khmer pastor, but that they had been reduced to a single weekly service after police harassment. There are around 20,000 Catholics in Cambodia which represents only 0.15% of the total population. There are no dioceses, but there are three territorial jurisdictions - one Apostolic Vicariate and two Apostolic Prefectures. Highland tribal groups, most with their own local religious systems, probably number fewer than 100,000 persons. The Khmer Loeu have been loosely described as animists, but most tribal groups have their own pantheon of local spirits. In general they see their world filled with various invisible spirits (often called yang), some benevolent, others malevolent. They associate spirits with rice, soil, water, fire, stones, paths, and so forth. Sorcerers or specialists in each village contact these spirits and prescribe ways to appease them. In times of crisis or change, animal sacrifices may be made to placate the anger of the spirits. Illness is often believed to be caused by evil spirits or sorcerers. Some tribes have special medicine men or shamans who treat the sick. In addition to belief in spirits, villagers believe in taboos on many objects or practices. Among the Khmer Loeu, the Rhade and Jarai groups have a well-developed hierarchy of spirits with a supreme ruler at its head. Ways of life Birth and death rituals The birth of a child is a happy event for the family. According to traditional beliefs, however, confinement and childbirth expose the family, and especially the mother and the child to harm from the spirit world. A woman who dies in childbirth—crosses the river (chhlong tonle) in Khmer is believed to become an evil spirit. In traditional Khmer society, a pregnant woman respects a number of food taboos and avoids certain situations. These traditions remain in practice in rural Cambodia, but they have become weakened in urban areas. Death is not viewed with the great outpouring of grief common to Western society; it is viewed as the end of one life and as the beginning of another life that one hopes will be better. Buddhist Khmer usually are cremated, and their ashes are deposited in a stupa in the temple compound. A corpse is washed, dressed, and placed in a coffin, which may be decorated with flowers and with a photograph of the deceased. White pennant-shaped flags, called "white crocodile flags," outside a house indicate that someone in that household has died. A funeral procession consisting of an achar, Buddhist monks, members of the family, and other mourners accompanies the coffin to the crematorium. The spouse and the children show mourning by shaving their heads and by wearing white clothing. Relics such as teeth or pieces of bone are prized by the survivors, and they are often worn on gold chains as amulets. Childhood and adolescence A Cambodian child may be nursed until two to four years of age. Up to the age of three or four, the child is given considerable physical affection and freedom. Children around five years of age also may be expected to help look after younger siblings. Children's games emphasize socialization or skill rather than winning and losing. Most children begin school when they are seven or eight. By the time they reach this age, they are familiar with the society's norms of politeness, obedience, and respect toward their elders and toward Buddhist monks. The father at this time begins his permanent retreat into a relatively remote, authoritarian role. By age ten, a girl is expected to help her mother in basic household tasks; a boy knows how to care for the family's livestock and can do farm work under the supervision of older males. Adolescent children usually play with members of the same sex. During his teens, a boy may become a temple servant and go on to serve a time as a novice monk, which is a great honor for the parents. In precommunist days, parents exerted complete authority over their children until the children were married, and the parents continued to maintain some control well into the marriage. Age difference is strictly recognized with polite vocabulary and special generational terms for "you". Courtship, marriage, and divorce In Cambodia, premarital sex is deplored. The choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male, and it may involve not only his parents and his friends, as well as those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker and a Haora. In theory, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. Courtship patterns differ between rural and urban Khmer; romantic love is a notion that exists to a much greater extent in larger cities. A man usually marries between the ages of nineteen and twenty-five, a girl between the ages of sixteen and twenty-two. After a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying into a good family. In rural areas, there is a form of bride-service; that is, the young man may take a vow to serve his prospective father-in-law for a period of time. The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, but in the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and recite prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union. After the wedding, a banquet is held. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may live with them up to a year, until they can build a new house nearby. Divorce is legal and relatively easy to obtain, but not common. Divorced persons are viewed with some disapproval. Each spouse retains whatever property he or she brought into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is divided equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but the woman must wait ten months. Custody of minor children is usually given to the mother, and both parents continue to have an obligation to contribute financially toward the rearing and education of the child. The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can re-marry. In reality, the majority of "married" Cambodian couples did not obtain legal marriage documents. This practice continues today. Couples have a ceremony and a party. But they are not legally married. Therefore, when a couple separate, they likewise need not obtain divorce documents. Tradition and custom have been skewed by indoctrination and destruction of most wats during the period 1975-1979. At present there is variation in tradition from province to province. In Siem Reap, it is widely understood, for example, that the man takes the first-born child upon separation. Men who leave their families typically do not support their other children, especially when they leave one woman for another woman. The new woman and her family will not accept children from a previous relationship. This is also an important source of the 70% or so of non orphans living in fake orphanages around cities in Cambodia which are tourist focal points. Marriage is one of many institutions in Cambodian society which is in dire need of reform. Social organization Khmer culture is very hierarchical. The greater a person's age, the greater the level of respect that must be granted to them. Cambodians are addressed with a hierarchical title corresponding to their seniority before the name. When a married couple becomes too old to support themselves, they may invite the youngest child's family to move in and to take over running the household. At this stage in their lives, they enjoy a position of high status. The individual Khmer is surrounded by a small inner circle of family and friends who constitute his or her closest associates, those he would approach first for help. The nuclear family, consisting of a husband and a wife and their unmarried children, is the most important kin group. Within this unit are the strongest emotional ties, the assurance of aid in the event of trouble, economic cooperation in labor, sharing of produce and income, and contribution as a unit to ceremonial obligations. In rural communities, neighbors—who are often also kin—may be important, too. Fictive child-parent, sibling, and close friend relationships Cambodia transcend kinship boundaries and serve to strengthen interpersonal and interfamily ties. Beyond this close circle are more distant relatives and casual friends. In rural Cambodia, the strongest ties a Khmer may develop—besides those to the nuclear family and to close friends—are those to other members of the local community. A strong feeling of pride—for the village, for the district, and province—usually characterizes Cambodian community life. Legally, the husband is the head of the Khmer family, but the wife has considerable authority, especially in family economics. The husband is responsible for providing shelter and food for his family; the wife is generally in charge of the family budget, and she serves as the major ethical and religious model for the children, especially the daughters. Both husbands and wives are responsible for domestic economic tasks. In Khmer culture a person's head is believed to contain the person's soul—therefore making it taboo to touch or point one's feet at it. It is also considered to be extremely disrespectful to use the feet to point out a person, or to sit or sleep with the soles of the feet pointing at a person, as the feet are the lowest part of the body and are considered to be impure. Customary Cambodian teachings are laid out in verse form in long works from the 14th to 18th centuries collectively called Chhbap ("rules" or "codes"). These were traditionally learned by rote. Works such as the Chhbap Pros ("Boy's Code"), Chhbap Srey ("Girl's Code") and Chhbap Peak Chas ("Code of Ancient Words") gave such advice as: a person that does not wake up before sunrise is lazy; a child must tell parents or elders where they go and what time they will return home; always close doors gently, otherwise a bad temper will be assumed; sit in a chair with the legs straight down and not crossed (crossing the legs is a mark of an impolite person); and always let the other person do more talking. In Cambodia it is not polite to make eye contact with someone who is older or someone who is considered a superior. Clothing in Cambodia is one of the most important aspects of the culture. Cambodian fashion differs according to ethnic group and social class. Khmer people traditionally wear a checkered scarf called a Krama. The "krama" is what distinctly separates the Khmer (Cambodians) from their neighbors the Thai, the Vietnamese, and the Laotians. The scarf is used for many purposes including for style, protection from the sun, an aid (for the feet) when climbing trees, a hammock for infants, a towel, or as a "sarong". A "krama" can also be easily shaped into a small child's doll for play. Under the Khmer Rouge, krama of various patterns were part of standard clothing. The long-popular traditional garment known as the Sampot, is an Indian-influenced costume which Cambodians have worn since the Funan era. Historically, Khmer clothing has changed depending on the time period and religion. From the Funan era to the Angkor Era, there was a strong Hindu influence in Cambodian fashion which favored wearing Sampots over the lower body and oftentimes nothing from the waist up except jewelry including bracelets and collars such as the Sarong Kor, a symbol of Hinduism. As Buddhism began to replace Hinduism, Khmer people started wearing the blouse, shirt and trousers of Khmer style. Khmer people, both common and royal, stopped wearing the Hindu-style collars and began to adopt beautiful decorated shawls such as Sbai instead. This new clothing style was popular in the Udong period. In fact, a Khmer lady habitually chooses the right colour for her Sampot or blouse, both to please herself and to follow the costume of good luck. Some Cambodians still wear a religious style of clothing. Some Khmer men and women wear a Buddha pendant on a necklace. There are different pendants for different uses; some are meant for protection from evil spirits, some are meant to bring good luck. Otherwise, in the notable class people in Cambodia, especially the royal caste, have adapted a well known dress as well as expensive fashion style.Sampot is still well recognized among the royalty. Most royalty prefer Sampot Phamuong, a new version of sampot adapted by Thai people in the 17th century. Since the Udong period, most royalty have retained their dressing habits. Female royalty created the most attractive fashion. The lady always wears a traditional cape called sbai or rabai kanorng, which is draped over the left shoulder, leaving the right shoulder bare. Rarely was the cape worn over the right shoulder. The sbai or rabai kanorng would have been sumptuously fashioned in the old days in threads of genuine gold or silver. The cape in the old days would have hung down to the hem of the Sampot. Dancers wear a collar known as Sarong Kor around their necks. Importantly, they wear a unique skirt called Sampot sara-bhap (lamé), made from silk inter-woven with gold or silver threads, forming elaborate and intricate designs that shimmer as the dancers move. This is held in place with a bejewelled belt. A multitude of jewellery is also worn by the female dancers. These include earrings, several pairs of bangles, a garland of flowers in the form of a bracelet, bracelets, anklets and an armlet that is worn on the right. Several body chains cross over the body like a sash. A circular or diamond shaped pendant is worn around the neck. There are several different types of mokot worn by female royalty. The typical mokots that are worn are much similar to those of male royalty. Some crowns are just like tiaras where at the back of the mokot hair is let loose, cascading down the back. Other mokots have a few accessories such as ear pieces that would sit above the ear and help hold the mokot in place while a comb at the back is just an added accessory. Flowers are also worn on the mokot in the same style, but the hanging garlands of flowers are worn on the left and the bouquet is worn on the right. The best example of these royal clothes is illustrated by Khmer classical dance costumes, which are an adaptation of the beautiful royalty costume. Khmer cuisine is similar to that of its Southeast Asian neighbors. It shares many similarities with Thai cuisine, Vietnamese cuisine and Teochew cuisine. Cambodian cuisine also uses fish sauce in soups, stir-fried cuisine, and as dippings. The Chinese influence can be noted in the common chha (Khmer: ឆារ, Stir frying) and in the use of many variations of rice noodles. A particular popular dish of ultimately Chinese origin is "pork broth rice noodle soup", similar to phở, called kuy tieu (Khmer: គុយទាវ). Indian influenced dishes include many types of curry known as kari (Khmer: ការី) that call for dried spices such as star anise, cardamom, cinnamon, nutmeg and fennel as well as local ingredients like lemongrass, garlic, kaffir lime leaves, shallots and galangal that give dishes a distinctive Cambodian flavor. Banh Chaew (Khmer: នំបាញ់ឆែវ), the Khmer version of the Vietnamese Bánh xèo, is also a popular dish. Khmer cuisine is noted for the use of prahok (ប្រហុក), a type of fermented fish paste, in many dishes as a distinctive flavoring. When prahok is not used, it is likely to be kapǐ (កាពិ) instead, a kind of fermented shrimp paste. Coconut milk is the main ingredient of many Khmer curries and desserts. Cambodians prefer either jasmine rice or sticky (glutinous) rice. The latter is used more in dessert dishes with fruits such as durian while jasmine rice is eaten with meals. Almost every meal is eaten with a bowl of rice. Typically, Cambodians eat their meals with at least three or four separate dishes. Each individual dish will usually be one of either sweet, sour, salty or bitter. Chili is usually left up to the individual to add themselves. In this way Cambodians ensure that they get a bit of every flavor to satisfy their palates. Regional Cambodian cuisine offers some unique dishes influenced by the traditions of local ethnic groups. In Kampot and Kep, known for its Kampot Pepper Crab or Kdam Chha Mrich Kchei (Khmer: ក្តាមឆាម្រេចខ្ជី) in Khmer. This dish is prepared with a local crab fried with the black pepper from area pepper fields. Kula people, an ethnic group of Pailin Province, originated Mee Kola (Khmer: មីកុឡា), a vegetarian rice stick noodle dish. In southeastern Cambodia, the influence of Vietnamese cuisine are strong, evidenced by Bánh tráng which is ubiquitous in southeastern Cambodia but virtually unknown elsewhere. The region between Siem Reap and Kampong Thom, an area with many Chinese Cambodians, displays Khmer versions of many Chinese dishes. Arts and literature Visual arts The history of visual arts in Cambodia stretches back centuries to ancient crafts; Khmer art reached its peak during the Angkor period. Traditional Cambodian arts and crafts include textiles, non-textile weaving, silversmithing, stone carving, lacquerware, ceramics, wat murals, and kite-making. Beginning in the mid-20th century, a tradition of modern art began in Cambodia, though in the later 20th century both traditional and modern arts declined for several reasons, including the killing of artists by the Khmer Rouge. The country has experienced a recent artistic revival due to increased support from governments, NGOs, and foreign tourists. Especially in the 60s and 70s, the 'big two' duet of Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Sereysothea had been a large hit in the country. However after their deaths, new music stars have tried to bring back the music. Cambodian music has undergone heavy Westernization. The Cambodian pinpeat ensemble is traditionally heard on feast days in the pagodas. It is also a court ensemble used to accompany classical dance for ritual occasions or theatrical events. The pinpeat is primarily made up of percussion instruments: the roneat ek (lead xylophone), roneat thung (low bamboo xylophone), kong vong touch and kong vong thom (small and large sets of tuned gongs), sampho (two-sided drum), skor thom (two large drums), and sralai (quadruple-reed instrument). Cambodian Dance can be divided into three main categories: classical dance, folk dances, and vernacular dances. Khmer classical dance is a form of Cambodian dance originally performed only for royalty. The dances have many elements in common with Thai classical dance. During the mid-20th century, it was introduced to the public where it now remains a celebrated icon of Khmer culture, often being performed during public events, holidays, and for tourists visiting Cambodia.this classical Dance is famous for its using of hands and feet to express emotion which known as there are 4,000 different gestures in this type of dance. Provided as repeating a golden age in 1960s, Khmer Classical Dance which know as The Royal Ballet of Cambodia after select as UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, has lead one of its dance to be an outstanding dance of all for culture and society. Reamker, a khmer version of Indian, Ramayana had influced strongly to Khmer classical dance. It involved in khmer gesture, movement and story line.The dance that divided from Reamker Dance known as Robam Sovann Macha and Robam Moni Mekala. In Facts, all of Dance reminded the audience of celestial dance which is an angel or Apsara in sansrit mythology in goal of bring the good luck and success to the viewer. The Classical dance is create by the heart of high art as the performer is decorated with themselves with a branches of jewellry. Apsara Dance, a khmer dance that has survived since the Angkor Era, has been singled out to attract foreign tourists and to make the richness of khmer culture known to the world. Apsara Dance was promoted by Princess Norodom Buppha Devi before the Khmer Rouge times and recently has received an award as one of the main symbols of Cambodia. Khmer folk dances, which are performed for audiences, are fast-paced. The movements and gestures are not as stylized as Khmer classical dance. Folk dancers wear clothes of the people they are portraying such as Chams, hill tribes, farmers, and peasants. The folk dance music is played by a mahori orchestra. Cambodian vernacular dances (or social dances) are those danced at social gatherings. Such dances include Romvong, Rom Kbach, Rom Saravan, and Lam Leav. Some of these dances have much influence from the traditional dances of Laos. But Rom Kbach, for example, take heavily from the classical dance of the royal court. Other social dances from around the world have had an impact on Cambodian social culture include the Cha-cha, Bolero, and the Madison. A testimony of the antiquity of the Khmer language are the multitude of epigraphic inscriptions on stone. The first written proof that has allowed the history of the Khmer Kingdom to be reconstructed are those inscriptions. These writings on columns, stelae and walls throw light on the royal lineages, religious edicts, territorial conquests and internal organization of the kingdom. Following the stone inscriptions, some of the oldest Khmer documents are translations and commentaries of the Pali Buddhist texts of the Tripitaka. They were written by the monks on palmyra palm leaves and kept in various monasteries throughout the country. The Reamker (Khmer: រាមកេរ្តិ៍, "Rama's Fame") is the Cambodian version of the Ramayana, the famous Indian epic. The Reamker is composed in rhymed verses and is staged in sections that are adapted to dance movements interpreted by Khmer artists. The Reamker is the most ubiquitous form of traditional Cambodian theatre. Cambodia had a rich and varied traditional oral literature. There are many legends, tales and songs of very ancient origin that were not put into writing until the arrival of the Europeans. One of the most representative of these tales was the story of Vorvong and Sorvong (Vorvong and Saurivong), a long story about two Khmer princes that was first put into writing by Auguste Pavie. This French civil servant claimed that he had obtained the story from old Uncle Nip in Somrontong District. This story was put into writing in Battambang. In 2006 the Vorvong and Sorvong story was enacted in dance form by the Royal Ballet of Cambodia. Tum Teav, which has been compared[by whom?] to Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, is probably the most well-known indigenous story, based on a poem first written by a Khmer monk named Sam. A tragic love story set during the Lovek era, it has been told throughout Cambodia since at least the middle of the 19th century. The story has been portrayed in many forms including oral, historical, literary, theatre, and film adaptions. Tum Teav also has played a role in Cambodia's education, appearing as a topic for the 12th grade Khmer language examination several times. Although a translation into French had already been made by Étienne Aymonier in 1880, Tum Teav was popularized abroad when writer George Chigas translated the 1915 literary version by the venerable Buddhist monk Preah Botumthera Som or Padumatthera Som, known also as Som, one of the best writers in the Khmer language. Some talented members of Khmer royalty such as King Ang Duong (1841–1860) and King Thommaracha II (1629–1634) have produced lasting works of literature as well. King Thomaracha wrote a highly esteemed poem for younger Cambodians. The prolific King Ang Duong is most famous for his novel Kakey, inspired from a Jataka tale about an unfaithful woman. While not written as a work of instruction, Kakey is often used as an example to teach young Khmer girls about the importance of fidelity. Shadow Theatre Nang Sbek (shadow theatre) (or Lakhaon Nang Sbek; Khmer) is closely related to the Nang Yai of Thailand, Wayang of Malaysia and Indonesia like the islands of Java and Bali, thus implying that Nang Sbek may have an Indonesian or Malaysian origin many centuries ago. Nang Sbek is also a dying art form and may disappear because of the decline in popularity due to the introduction of modern entertainment. Before the spread of modern entertainment such as movies, videos and television the Khmer enjoyed and watched shadow theatre apart from the other sources of entertainment available during that time. There are three kinds of shadow theatre in Cambodia: - Nang Sbek Thom is an art that involves mime, song, music as well as dance and narration to the accompaniment of the Pinpeat orchestra. It most often features the Reamker. - Nang Sbek Toch also called Nang Kalun and sometimes called Ayang (small shadow theatre) uses smaller puppets and a wide range of stories. - Sbek Paor (coloured puppet theatre) uses coloured leather puppets. Cinema in Cambodia began in the 1950s; King Norodom Sihanouk himself was an avid film enthusiast. Many films were being screened in theaters throughout the country by the 1960s, which are regarded as the "golden age". After a decline during the Khmer Rouge regime, competition from video and television has meant that the Cambodian film industry is relatively weak today. Cambodia has increasingly become involved in sports over the last 30 years. Football is popular as are martial arts, including bokator, pradal serey (Khmer kick boxing), and Khmer traditional wrestling. Bokator is an ancient Khmer martial art said[by whom?] to be the predecessor of all Southeast Asian kickboxing styles. Depicted in the bas relief at Angkor Wat,[dubious ] bokator was the close quarter combat system used by the ancient Angkor army. Unlike kickboxing, which is a sport fighting art, bokator was a soldier’s art, designed to be used on the battlefield. When fighting, bokator practitioners still wear the uniforms of ancient Khmer armies. A kroma (scarf) is folded around their waist and blue and red silk cords are tied around the combatant's head and biceps. Pradal serey, or traditional Khmer kickboxing, is a popular sport in Cambodia. Victory is by knockout or by judge's decision. Styles of boxing have been practiced in Southeast Asia since ancient times. In the Angkor era, both armed and unarmed martial arts were practiced by the Khmers. Evidence shows that a style resembling pradal serey existed around the 9th century. There have been heated debates between nations about the true origins of Southeast Asian kickboxing. Khmer traditional wrestling is yet another popular Cambodian sport. A wrestling match consists of three rounds, which may be won by forcing an opponent to his back. Traditional matches are held during the Khmer New Year and other Cambodian holidays. The Cambodian Football Federation is the governing body of football in Cambodia, controlling the Cambodian national football team. It was founded in 1933, and has been a member of FIFA since 1953, and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) since 1957. See also - The Influence of Indian Culture on Khmer superstructure - Federal Research Division. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Housing". Cambodia: A Country Study. Research completed December 1987. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. - "CIA World Factbook - Cambodia". Retrieved 2007-04-10. - Federal Research Division. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Families". Cambodia: A Country Study. Research completed December 1987. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. - Lay, V., (n.d.) Cambodian law on marriage and family - Federal Research Division. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Household and Family Structure". Cambodia: A Country Study. Research completed December 1987. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. - Ledgerwoord, Judy. "Cambodian Literature". Retrieved 29 June 2012. - Profile of Cambodian Cooking and Culture - Auguste Pavie, Contes populaires du Cambodge, du Laos et du Siam. Paris: Leroux, 1903. - Les Nuits d’Angkor - Documentation Center of Cambodia - Tum Teav: A Translation and Analysis of a Cambodian Literary Classic - Cambodia Cultural Profile (Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts/Visiting Arts) - Center For Khmer Studies - Khmer Renaissance - Culture Kampot pepper

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Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada Data Center Description The Canadian Forest Service (CFS) of Natural Resources Canada works to promote the sustainable development of Canada's forests and the competitiveness of the Canadian forest sector to ensure the continuity of the resource and the well-being of present and future generations of Canadians. The Laurentian Forestry (LFC) conducts scientific research on: -General forest health (acid rain, pollution, ice storms, insects and diseases) and forest biodiversity -The biological control of forest insect pests (spruce budworm, gypsy moth and hemlock looper) and diseases (annosus root rot, white pine blister rust and Scleroderris canker), using environmentally friendly controls such as Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) and other non-chemical methods -Understanding the effects of natural disturbances (forest fires, insect epidemics, windthrow and ice storms) to develop appropriate management strategies -Understanding the effects of current techniques for forestry activities (harvesting, forest roads and plantations) to improve forestry practices -Tree improvement to obtain better yields and preserve the forest (insect and disease resistance, increased forest biomass, wood quality, biotechnology and genetics) -Improvement of our knowledge of how a tree functions -Development of decision-making tools (remote sensing and geomatics) -Evaluation of the effects of climate change on forests.

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Mathematics Quiz 1 *1. Let’s start off with Pi itself! The 762nd decimal place of Pi is quite beautiful as the sequence of numbers that follow it is 9999998……, the first such instance of a string of 6 consecutive 9′s in the decimal representation of Pi. What is the unique name assigned to this point and why? *2. Connect the following pictures: 3. Which famous mathematics award did Endre Szemeredi win recently? 4. An easy one! Perhaps a one off appearance in a comic strip by Pi, just identify this comic strip. *5. Why is the symbol Z generally used to represent the set of integers? 6. Identify this world famous mathematical pilgrimage sight. 7. Her partial differential equations for the vibrations of a uniform curved elastic plate is of fundamental importance and is known after her name. A class of prime numbers is also known after her. She is perhaps the first woman mathematician to make a significant contribution towards proving the Fermat’s Last Theorem. Identify whom we are describing here. *8. The House Bill #246 of the Indiana State Assembly is infamous in mathematical history for what reason? 9. Connect the following pictures: *10. Why would Archimedes not understand Euler’s fabulous equation ? [Here the symbols e and i have their usual meaning.] 11. What did mathematician Paul Erdos and Marc Kac say in reply to Einstein’s famous remark, “God does not play dice.”? 12. Which product takes its name from the approximate value of the reciprocal of the number that first bothered Pythagoras while he constructed a unit square? *13. Connect the following pictures: 14. One of the foremost mathematician cum philosopher to ever live his ashes except his right hand now lie in the Pantheon, France. Just identify this great man whose most important discovery came to him in a dream. 15. What chair first held by Issac Barrow is now held by Stephen Hawking? *16. What did this man in the picture below do so that he was expelled from the university where he was teaching? 17. Connect the following people with something that they did: 18. Hollywood: Kevin Bacon:: Mathematics: _____________ Fill in the blanks! *19. “Cubum autem in duos cubos, antquadrato quadratum in duos quadrate quadratos, et generaliter nullam in infinitum, ultra quadratum potestatem in duos ejurdem nominis far est dividere; cujos rei demonstrationem mirabilem sane detexi. Hane marginis exiguitas non caperet.” Who and where did that person write this and why is it infamous? 20. What does the phrase: Ammopassent uthanampso mathematicsaco” mean? *21. What was made by Canadian sculptor Robert Tait McKenzie, which has on the observe a picture of Archimedes and a quote attributed to him which reads in Latin “Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri” which means ‘rise above your spirit and grasp the world’ and in the background there is the representation of Archimedes’ tomb with the craving of his theorem on the sphere and the cylinder and the winner’s name? 22. Q.E.D means “Quod Erat Demonstratum” usually written after a mathematical proof, but what was the basis of a play called ‘Q.E.D.’ that was staged at CalTech in the 1980s? *23. X was a brilliant mathematician who explained how the machines tackle problems in astronomy and mathematics, while married to William King, X fell in love with mathematician John Crosse. Due to a cervical cancer X’s last days were spent in agony as X’s mother withdrew all the medications which could have withdrawn X’s pain so that X’s soul is cleansed after X confessed X’s love for Crosse. Identify X. 24. Which innovative mathematician suffered from a series of nervous breakdown over a period of 30 years and died in a mental institution avidly exploring the infinite till his last days? 25. He became paranoid in his last days and believed that people were trying to poison him, so he stopped eating altogether. Identify this brilliant logician who literally starved himself to death in 1978. [The answers to this part will be published with the questions of the next part.] -Manjil P. Saikia More Articles:Tags: Mathematics, Quiz

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The Nebraska Economy: The Potential Consequences of Proposed Climate Change Regulation This report summarizes key economic issues surrounding climate change legislation and regulation and considers potential implications for Nebraska, a state with a large agricultural sector and a focused manufacturing industry. The key findings are listed below. manufacturing sectors that are expected to be hardest hit by increases in energy prices. Nebraska also has a large agricultural sector that could be just lightly affected if it is exempted from regulation and would benefit from the opportunity to sell carbon offsets. However, it is uncertain as to whether these conditions would prevail. - While economic theory supports the imposition of taxes or other costs on polluters, effective policy requires the choice of an appropriate tax. Choice of an appropriate tax can be difficult in the case of greenhouse gas emissions because there is uncertainty about the economic costs of these emissions. There are two sources of uncertainty. First, there is uncertainty about the magnitude of the manmade contribution to global warming. Second, there is uncertainty about the extent to which global warming will harm the economy. - The public may still choose to regulate and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce the risk of a severe economic outcome. However, when making such a decision, there is a need to understand the economic cost of climate change legislation or regulation. - For our analysis, we used the example of two recent climate change bills in the United States House of Representatives (Waxman-Markey) and in the United States Senate (Kerry-Lieberman). Our review of literature and analysis found that these examples of cap and trade legislation would be most likely to lead to an approximate 2% reduction in U.S. GDP by the year 2030 relative to a reference scenario without climate change legislation. Losses in U.S. GDP may be less severe in the decades leading up to 2030, but would remain severe after 2030. The magnitude of the GDP loss could be less if there is a rapid adoption of new nuclear or renewable power capacity. - Retail electric prices also are expected to rise by 30% to 70% by 2030 under climate change legislation. The manufacturing sector will be especially hard-hit, with a 5% to 7% decline in industrial output and manufacturing employment. - The economic consequences may be more muted in Nebraska given that the state is less dependent on the type of energy-intensive, internationally competitive

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President Obama's announcement that he now supports same-sex marriage has sparked a global discussion about the issue and what his statements mean for politics and the upcoming election, cultural views, the economy and public perception. There has been a running dialogue as politicians, public figures and others weigh in on the meaning of Obama's announcement. We'll bring you all of that throughout the day with the latest strands of this story. Let us know what you think about the announcement by having your voice heard on iReport, and leave us your comments below. We'll dig through them and pull out some of the best comments from you as well. [Updated at 11:58 a.m. ET] Over at Slate.com, an interesting piece by Linda Hirshman points out "Why Obama is able to endorse gay marriage in a way a white Democratic president couldn’t." The article takes a look at the long history of presidents and figures who have made claims about trying to help the gay community, but never got traction or were told to shy away from it. Hirshman also issues a reminder: It was Colin Powell who actually slammed then-President Bill Clinton's attempts to repeal the exclusion of gays in the military. At the time Powell said gays couldn't use racial bias as a reason to rise up against the expulsion. But these days, race and sexuality have been large parts of America's changing winds when it comes to equality. So what's changed? And why Obama? And does it really help or hurt if he's black? Hirshman says yes, history and racial issues led our first black president to a place where he was able to make this statement in a profound way. "A simple thought experiment reveals the issue: Try to imagine Don King in black churches exhorting congregations to vote against Barack Obama over gay marriage. Not going to happen," she writes. "In this way, the president was uniquely suited among Democratic politicians to advance the issue (just as Powell could have done in 1993). Until today, Obama’s mealy-mouthed and harmful public statements on gay marriage looked suspiciously Powell-esque. But as happens now and then to Barack Obama, history gave him an opportunity no one else could seize, and he did." Another source said the recent events gave renewed life to old jokes and flippant remarks like, "Hello? Does he know this is the Obama presidency not the Biden presidency?" None of these sources said they believed it would create a lasting rift between the West Wing and the vice president's office – because Biden has gone off script before and will do it again. [Updated at 11:39 a.m. ET] Some columnists and voters have said everyone needs to hold off on the congratulations for Obama. After all, they say, he merely made his viewpoint heard but isn't actually doing anything to change equality for members of the LGBT community. Many are pushing for him to go even further than just saying what he personally supports. Ben Adler, writing for Reuters, says that if Obama really wants to do something for the LGBT community he should push for passage of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act. ENDA would essentially ban discrimination in the workplace based on your sexual orientation. "If Obama gave a campaign speech in which he called on Congress to pass ENDA and demanded that Romney do the same, he would stick Romney between a rock and a hard place," he wrote. [Updated at 11:19 a.m. ET] The pundits have had plenty to say following Obama's announcement. And it spurred a slew of statements from politicians and conservative and liberal groups. But one of the biggest movements came in the social media world where everyday people around the world, politicians and celebrities let it rip in 140 characters about how they felt. It is perhaps a quick way to check the pulse of the public's view of Obama's announcement. Here are some of the best, funniest, most poignant or interest tweets we've seen. We stand w/Pres. Obama - love doesn't have a color, love doesn't care if you're gay or straight. Love doesn't discriminate #MarriageEquality— Antonio Villaraigosa (@villaraigosa) May 09, 2012 Joseph (@Joseph_MSU) May 10, 2012 Those against gay marriage: in 20 yrs you'll be the villains in an Oscar-nominated movie about the gay rights struggle. Just an FYI.— Devin Faraci (@devincf) May 10, 2012 Flip-flopping is when you change positions for clear and obvious political expediency. Like Obama on drilling or Romney on everything.— Marc Lamont Hill (@marclamonthill) May 10, 2012 Feels to me that today, Obama became the president America elected three years ago.— Othman Laraki (@othman) May 10, 2012 We would also be remiss if we didn't point out how quickly after Obama's announcement a new Tumblr popped up. Following on the success of several other blogs filled with gifs and photos such as TextFromHillary, right after Obama's statement that he supported same-sex marriage a new one came to fill the void left by the faux texts of Secretary Clinton: When Obama Endorsed Marriage Equality. [Updated at 11:10 a.m. ET] Will Obama's support for same-sex marriage swing the election towards social issues? It's hard to say. The election cycle has been mostly dominated by a frustration among Americans with the current state of the economy. With the number of unemployed people still at a rate deemed unacceptable and with homeowners still struggling to unload homes often worth markedly less than years ago, it is no doubt it's considered the number one issue in this race to the White House by most voters and our poll of readers. "Remember, Republicans characterized the war on women as a Democratic strategy to divert attention from the "real issue" of the economy," Granderson wrote. "Over the next couple of days we'll see if the GOP will be as dismissive with gay rights. Or will the fact that in 2004, George W. Bush successfully used discrimination against the gay-lesbian-bisexual-transgender (GLBT) community to motivate his base be too juicy a strategy for Romney and the gang to pass up?" Granderson argues that Obama's move separates him from Romney in the biggest way - his conviction - and moves him into the class of an Abraham Lincoln, FDR, John F. Kennedy or Lyndon Johnson in the realm of presidents: "Men who risked a great deal personally to move the country forward socially," Granderson wrote. "And given the fact that he can point to the 12 consecutive months of job losses before taking office and the 26 consecutive months (and counting) of job growth since 2010, there's no reason to believe the economy will cease to be his campaign's top focus. As it should be. We'll find out if the GOP agrees." [Updated at 10:45 a.m. ET] President Obama's election was in large part boosted by the youth vote as well as from African-Americans who went to the polls hoping to see the first black president elected. But when it comes to same-sex marriage, the African-American community is a divided one. And Time contributor Touré, author of "Who's Afraid of Post-Blackness? A Look At What It Means To Be Black Now," wonders whether this most recent announcement could damage Obama's allure in the South, in heavily religious states and with black Americans. "With blacks lagging behind the country on marriage equality but still a crucial bloc for Obama, the White House has made a courageous bet that black voters won’t punish him and that being on the right side of history will not eventually hurt him," Touré wrote. "Obama has seemed to want to overtly support marriage equality for a while — a year ago he said gays 'are our brothers, our sisters, our children, our cousins, our friends, our coworkers, and they’ve got to be treated like every other American. … I think we’re moving in a direction of greater equality and — and I think that’s a good thing.' ” Touré wonders whether Obama will be able to pull off the delicate balancing act of trying to be a president who follows his beliefs instead of doing things that ensure his re-election. "Does it mean Obama would rather stand on principle and lose than be a politician and win? Or perhaps he sees this as part of a victory strategy that rebrands himself as the courageous politician who will take hard stands and will stand up for the people," he wrote. [Updated at 10:25 a.m. ET] Many of our iReporters and commenters have had strong reactions to Obama's announcement. We posed the question to iReporters: What would you say to Obama about his remarks? John Richardson said he was thankful for Obama "coming out of the closet" for gay Americans. But he questioned Obama's statements that same-sex marriage is ultimately a states' rights issue over a civil rights one. He referenced North Carolina's recent vote to ban same-sex marriage and wondered what Obama's comments meant to a gay couple in North Carolina. "They didn't decide to be gay, and they definitely didn't decide to be born in North Carolina. In my opinion, leaving it to the states to decide forces the gay community to choose between the lesser of two evils: leaving your home or leaving your principles." Richardson said this could be the biggest move Obama makes if he does it correctly. "You have the opportunity here to take a historically profound stance," he said. "You could be the president that brought equality to all." Richardson brings up an interesting point about states' rights. Many have varying view points on same-sex marriage as well as civil unions. CNN's Tom Foreman breaks down what each state's laws are. [Updated at 9:56 a.m. ET] The reach of Obama's announcement has gone much farther than just the United States. The issue of same-sex marriage is one that reaches global proportions as well, and in some cases, Obama's words have led campaigners to push for marriage equality worldwide. Obama's decision to openly endorse same-sex marriage won plaudits from campaigners worldwide who have been pushing for more liberal laws since the first same-sex couples walked down the aisle in the Netherlands in 2001. [Updated at 9:36 a.m. ET] Frida Ghitis, a world affairs columnist for The Miami Herald and World Politics Review, wrote in a column for CNN that Obama's endorsement does not undo the fact that he has a mixed record on gay rights. It's a problem that has led the gay community has derided him for his "cowardice" on gay issues, she says. Ghitis, a former CNN producer and correspondent, and author of "The End of Revolution: A Changing World in the Age of Live Television," said that how Obama's move plays with the gay community may depend on whether he has the actions to back up his words. While Obama's team deserves credit for the political maneuver, she said, there's plenty of federal discrimination that has to end. "Obama's claims that he cares about equality for gays have not seemed sincere. Now that he has emphatically stated that same-sex marriage should be legal, he ought to make passage of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act a priority," Ghitis writes. "He should take a stand personally, not through press releases and spokesmen, against discrimination. He should support the bill that calls for the repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act. Now he should follow up his landmark statement with actions that will have practical, not just symbolic impact. "And while that will go a long way, this race is a marathon, not a sprint," she says. "The decision to at long last finish the evolution and come out in support of gay marriage is a major step. But, Mr. President, when it comes to fighting discrimination, there are principles to defend, promises to keep and miles to go before you sleep." [Updated at 9:26 a.m. ET] Benefits, benefits. benefits. One of the big issues at the heart of the same-sex marriage debate has often been the inequality not just to get married but to get the benefits to go along with it. Will any of that change after Obama's announcement? CNNMoney's Blake Ellis reports that advocates are hopeful that Obama's decision will bring gay couples one step closer to equal treatment on taxes, Social Security and other important financial matters. His decision, advocates said, could help spur support for the eventual repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act, a 1996 law that reserves marriage for a man and a woman. The law, known as DOMA, is at the root of differences in how gay couples are treated under federal law. "Just because the president comes out and stands on the right side of history doesn't mean Congress will move faster" to repeal DOMA, said Rea Carey, executive director of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. "But this will go far to raise the visibility of the economic inequities of same-sex couples." [Updated at 9:16 a.m. ET] Charles Kaiser, author of "The Gay Metropolis" and "1968 in America," wrote in a column for CNN that he believes giving support to same-sex marriage is Obama's most courageous move yet. Kaiser, a former reporter for The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, and a former press critic for Newsweek, said his stance on gay rights has an effect similar to Civil Rights Act. "Coming after his successful strategy to get Congress to repeal don't ask, don't tell so that gays and lesbians can serve openly in the military and the decision of his Justice Department to stop defending the Defense of Marriage Act in federal courts, he has now done nearly as much for gay people as Lyndon Johnson did for African-Americans with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965," he wrote. "People like me, who were among his most passionate supporters in 2008, felt a sense of gigantic relief. The man who seemed like such a courageous candidate four years ago finally sounded like a genuinely courageous president." [Updated at 9:03 a.m. ET] Obama’s endorsement of gay marriage on Wednesday outraged conservative Christian leaders, who vowed to use it as an organizing tool in the 2012 elections, but the move is also activating the liberal base, raising big questions about who gains and loses politically. “It cuts both ways: It activates both Democratic and Republican base voters,” said John Green, an expert on religion and politics at the University of Akron. “The most likely effect is that it makes an already close election even closer.” CNN's Belief Blog takes a look at how the move might galvanize conservatives and those who are against same-sex marriage to help Republican candidate Mitt Romney, but it could also help Obama gain critical support from those who see the cultural landscape changing and agree with his views. [Updated at 9:00 a.m. ET] Let's talk about the elephant in the room. It's an election year. Many pundits and members have questioning how much of Obama's statement was a political move to gain ground on Mitt Romney? And what does the likely GOP presidential nominee think about all of this? After Obama's announcement, Romney reaffirmed his belief that marriage is between a man and a woman. The presumptive GOP nominee said he believed states should have the ability to extend some rights to gay couples, short of marriage. [Updated at 8:57 a.m. ET] Much of the early focus has been on Obama's changing views on same-sex marriage. Have his views changed or "evolved"? Is he flip-flopping on the issue? When did he make the decision to make his viewpoint heard? How has he felt about the issue in the past? And why did he decide to say something now? To help put things in perspective, there's no better way than looking at the very words Obama has used over the past few years. [Updated at 8:52 a.m. ET] President Barack Obama's announcement that he now supports same-sex marriage came sooner than planned as a result of comments made by Vice President Joe Biden, he said in an interview broadcast Thursday. "I had already made a decision that we were going to probably take this position before the election and before the convention," Obama told ABC's "Good Morning America," referring to the Democratic National Convention in September. Biden "probably got out a little bit over his skis, but out of generosity of spirit," the president said. He added that he would have "preferred to have done this in my own way, on my own terms," but "all's well that ends well."

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"Chatter": Language and History in Kierkegaard Stanford University Press (1993) |Abstract||'Chatter' cannot always be taken lightly, for its insignificance and insubstantiality challenge the very notions of substance and significance through which rational discourses seek justification. This book shows that in 'chatter' Kierkegaard uncovered a specifically linguistic mode of negativity. The author examines in detail those writings of Kierkegaard in which he undertook complex negotiations with the threat - and also the promise - of 'chatter', which cuts across the distinctions in which the relation of language to reality - and above all, the reality of 'existence' - is stabilized, and it therefore releases historical understanding from its established conventions. Chatter situates as well as takes the measure of the seminal importance of Kierkegaard for many of today's unresolved debates about the relation of language and philosophy to history.| |Keywords||Language and languages Philosophy History Philosophy| |Buy the book||$13.00 used (48% off) $227.35 new Amazon page| |Call number||B4378.L35.F46 1993| |External links||This entry has no external links. Add one.| |Through your library||Configure| Similar books and articles Jon Stewart (2003). Kierkegaard's Relations to Hegel Reconsidered. Cambridge University Press. Johann Georg Hamann (2007). Writings on Philosophy and Language. Cambridge University Press. Angelo Mazzocco (1993). Linguistic Theories in Dante and the Humanists: Studies of Language and Intellectual History in Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Italy. E.J. Brill. Matthew Lauzon (2010). Signs of Light: French and British Theories of Linguistic Communication, 1648-1789. Cornell University Press. Michael Losonsky (2006). Linguistic Turns in Modern Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. David Emery Mercer (2001). Kierkegaard's Living-Room: The Relation Between Faith and History in Philosophical Fragments. Mcgill-Queen's University Press. Michael N. Forster (2011). German Philosophy of Language: From Schlegel to Hegel and Beyond. Oxford University Press. Antony Aumann (2011). The ‘Death of the Author’ in Hegel and Kierkegaard: On Berthold’s 'The Ethics of Authorship'. Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 32 (2):435-447. Sorry, there are not enough data points to plot this chart. Added to index2009-01-28 Recent downloads (6 months)0 How can I increase my downloads?

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable disease that is increasing in prevalence and will increase even more rapidly as the Baby Boom generation enters the age of highest risk. The available AD drugs are only partially effective in some patients. New strategies are urgently needed. In a new study, published in today’s Journal of Neuroscience, researchers in the laboratory of Lennart Mucke, MD, director of the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease (GIND), have determined in mouse models that modulating the activity of enkephalin peptides in the brain might reduce the cognitive deficits seen in Alzheimer’s disease. Enkephalins are part of the endogenous opioid system, which modulates learning and memory and other brain functions. They are produced by several different cell types in the brain, particularly in areas affected by AD. Enkephalins are derived by enzymatic cleavage from a precursor protein, preproenkephalin, and stored in vesicles. Upon stimulation, enkephalins are released with neurotransmitters, such as glutamate. “The enkephalin pathway is an intriguing candidate for us because it is involved in many functions that are affected by Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases,” said Dr. Mucke. “We were not sure, though, whether it contributed causally to the disease or acts as a compensatory mechanism.” To better understand the activities of the enkephalins in AD, the Mucke team examined their functions in a transgenic mouse model of AD. These mice express two proteins associated with AD—human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) and its cleavage product, A peptides—in neurons and exhibit several characteristics of AD. The team found increased levels of preproenkephalin mRNA and of enkephalin in brain regions important for memory that are affected in early stages of AD. When they genetically manipulated the mice to make them more or less susceptible to neuronal damage, the scientists found that the enkephalin levels were also affected. Furthermore, as levels of the enkephalins increased, the ability of mice to complete behavioral tests declined. Compounds that blocked opioid receptors, through which enkaphalins exert their effects, reduced cognitive deficits. AD patients also showed increased levels of enkephalins in brain regions affected by the disease. “Our results indicate that the high levels of enkephalins may contribute to cognitive impairments in hAPP mice and maybe also in AD patients,” said Dr. Mucke. “Although these are early results, they are encouraging and may lead the way to a new AD therapy based on limiting enkephalin production or signaling.” Source: Gladstone Institutes Explore further: Study reveals new mechanism for estrogen suppression of liver lipid synthesis

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The Santa Cruz Sandhills contain populations of several plant species which are located far from the species primary distribution. Several plant species in the Sandhills are more commonly found in the coastal beach and strand communities, which are 7-10 miles or more from Sandhills habitat. There is no doubt that their adaptations to sandy soil allow these species to inhabit the Sandhills. But what about the Sandhills populations of plants primarily found within the inland mountains of California, including the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges? Ponderosa pine and pussy paws are typically found well-inland and at elevations exceeding 3,000 feet, whereas Sandhills populations occur at elevations between 300 and 1500 feet within just a few miles of the ocean. Unique morphological characteristics of disjunct Sandhills populations suggest that some may be on separate evolutionary trajectories due to the unique environmental conditions of the Sandhills and their geographic isolation from other populations. Over long time periods, these disjunct populations may become new species endemic to the Sandhills.

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Dictionary Mode: easton:Gomorrah Gomorrah @ submersion, one of the five cities of the plain of Siddim (q.v.) which were destroyed by fire Genesis:10:19 Genesis:13:10 Genesis:19:24 ,28). These cities probably stood close together, and were near the northern extremity of what is now the Dead Sea. This city is always mentioned next after Sodom, both of which were types of impiety and wickedness Genesis:18:20; Romans:9:29). Their destruction is mentioned as an "ensample unto those that after should live ungodly" ( 2Peter:2:6; Jude:1:1:4-7). Their wickedness became proverbial Deuteronomy:32:32; Isaiah:1:9-10; Jeremiah:23:14). But that wickedness may be exceeded Matthew:10:15; Mark:6:11). (See DEAD SEA). The DICT Development Group 2012 - pBiblx2 Field Wise Bible System Version 2.0.9d - GPL3

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Find below a list of Side Events related to Health Systems that are taking place during this year World Health Assembly session. Starting from 20–28 May 2013, in Geneva. Universal health coverage is defined as ensuring that all people have access to needed promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that people do not suffer financial hardship when paying for these services. Universal health coverage has therefore become a major goal for health reform in many countries and a priority objective of WHO. - Improving quality for better treatment and greater access - Clinical pharmacology: in health care, teaching and research clinical pharmacology - WHO country assessment tool on the uses and sources for human resources for health (HRH) data - A practical handbook on the pharmacovigilance of medicines used in the treatment of tuberculosis - What is the impact of noncommunicable diseases on National Health Expenditures: A synthesis of available data [pdf 680kb] - The Interagency Emergency Health Kit 2011 - Guidelines for medicine donations - revised 2010

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|Blast injuries are not confined to soldiers in combat overseas. In April 1995, the Murrah federal building in Oklahoma City was nearly destroyed in the heart of the city after a massive bomb exploded. Photo credit: FEMA News photographer Each era is associated with a unique pattern of wartime injuries. In this century, a new and highly sophisticated pattern of missile warfare exposes soldiers and civilian survivors of terrorist attacks to explosions which cause strong air-pressure "blasts." Multi-level injury from blast exposure, referred to as "blast injury," may result in a constellation of impairments to body organs and systems. The multiorgan/ multisystem involvement, known as "polytrauma," adds significant complexity to the medical and rehabilitation profile for individuals who survive blast injury. Medical speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are well-prepared to provide services to patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI); aphasia; motor speech impairment; dysphagia; oral, facial, oral-pharyngeal, nasal-pharyngeal, and laryngeal trauma; and hearing loss. However, medical SLPs are now faced with providing services to an increasing number of patients who simultaneously may have some or all of these conditions. As a result, medical SLPs face challenges in treating this population, particularly in the area of clinical management considerations such as prioritization and sequencing of treatment focus and the impact of impairments in one treatment area on rehabilitation efforts in another. To promote seamless continuity of care from military to community settings for these individuals and quality care for civilian survivors, it will be necessary for medical SLPs to prepare themselves to provide clinical services and to serve as community re-entry advocates for survivors of blast injury. An understanding of blast injury basics provides clarity regarding the risk for polytrauma and the resulting communication and swallowing impairments that may be encountered by medical SLPs providing services to this population. Effects of Blast Exposure The term "blast injury" refers to injury from barotraumas caused by either an over-pressurization or under-pressurization of air over normal atmospheric pressure that affects the body's surface due to exposure to detonated devices or weapons. A phenomenon called "blast overpressure" forms from the compression of air in front of a blast wave which heats and accelerates the movement of air molecules. This overpressure phenomenon is considered to be the positive phase of the blast wave. The negative phase of the blast wave occurs later, as a result of sub-atmospheric pressure/under-pressurization. The amount of damage from the pressure wave depends on the peak pressure, duration, medium in which the explosion occurs (open air, confined space, or water), and distance from the explosion. Air- and fluid-filled organs are especially susceptible to the over-pressuriztion/underpressurization effects of blast waves-which cause the primary effects of blast exposure. Pulmonary barotraumas, tympanic membrane rupture and middle ear damage, abdominal hemorrhage, perforation of the globe of the eye, and concussion (TBI without physical sign of head injury) are some of the primary effects of blast exposure. The secondary effects of blast injury result from flying debris such as bomb fragments, and can result in eye penetration, open head brain injury, and a variety of other medical problems. The tertiary effects of blast injury result from the individual being thrown by the blast wind, and can cause fracture, traumatic amputation, closed and open brain injury, and a host of other medical problems. The quaternary (or miscellaneous) effects of blast injury refer to all explosion-related injuries, illnesses, or diseases not due to primary, secondary or tertiary mechanisms. These includes burns, crush injuries, closed and open head brain injury, angina, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and asthma and other breathing problems resulting from the inhalation of dust, smoke, or toxic fumes. The type of explosive will have an impact on the nature and severity of the resulting blast injury. Explosives are categorized as either "high-order" or "low-order." High-order explosives are chemicals which have a high rate of reaction-including nitroglycerin, dynamite, C-4, and a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. When a high-order explosive detonates, the chemicals are converted into gas at a very high temperature and pressure. High-order explosives have the potential to generate a large volume of initial pressure, and a blast wave that may expand outwards in all directions. Low-order explosives are designed to burn and gradually release energy at a relatively slow rate.This type of explosive (including pipe bombs, gunpowder, and "Molotov cocktails") are referred to as "propellants" because they propel an object such as a bullet through a barrel. Low-order explosives do not create the shock waves generated by high-order explosives. The "blast wind" of low-order explosives is a "pushing" rather than the "shattering" effect found in the "blast wave" of high-order explosives. Injuries resulting from low-order explosives are typically caused by fragments of the container, blast wind from expanding gases, and thermal injuries associated with the heat of the explosion. Additional factors that affect the nature and severity of blast-related injuries include the container in which the explosive is housed, the barriers between the explosive and the person, the distance from the explosion, and the space around the explosion (whether it occurred in an enclosed or an open space). Protective gear such as Kevlar also affects injury severity; worn by most soldiers in combat, it includes a helmet, neck gear, and protective vest that shields the abdomen and groin area. A Long Road Communication disorders resulting from blast injury can include cognitive communication impairments related to TBI, swallowing impairments, aphasia, motor speech impairment, oral and facial burns or other trauma, smoke inhalation and resulting laryngeal trauma, medical conditions requiring trach and vent, and hearing loss. Although the patient is at risk for communication disorders in all these areas, TBI poses the greatest risk because it may be caused by all four mechanisms (primary, secondary, tertiary and quandary) of blast injury. Patients with combat-related injuries receive initial immediate care by "Forward Surgical Teams" who remain directly behind the troops in preparedness for the provision of needed medical attention. Injured soldiers are then sent to the Combat Support Hospital and then are evacuated to a Level IV Hospital in one of the following locations: Kuwait; Rota, Spain (Naval Hospital); or Landstuhl, Germany (Army Hospital). If medical care requiring more than 30 days is needed, soldiers are transferred to a U.S. military hospital-Walter Reed Army Medical Center, National Naval Medical Center (WRAMC), or Brooke Army Medical Center, which specializes in burn treatment. Soldiers who will not return to combat and still require rehabilitation will next be seen at a VA Hospital and ultimately a civilian/community-based facility. Patients who survive blast injury may incur traditional open head brain injury (secondary effects), closed head brain injury (tertiary effects), and brain injury from the primary "blast over-pressurization" phenomenon (cerebral contusion). Indirect brain injury due to resulting air embolism (and stroke) may also result from blast over-pressurization (incidence unknown). Blast over-pressurization exposure adds significant complexity to the profile of blast cases with TBI, which may prove to be an important research area. Because of exposure to traumatic events, the loss of health and independence, and bodily disfigurement that blast cases may encounter, these cases are at risk for a host of psychiatric disorders, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Many PTSC symptoms overlap with symptoms of TBI, especially mild brain injury: headache, dizziness, irritability, decreased concentration, memory problems, fatigue, visual disturbances, sensitivity to light and noise, judgment problems, anxiety, and depression. Similarities in the behavioral characteristics of patients with TBI and/or PTSD can complicate the rehabilitation team's diagnostic assessment effort. The road to recovery for individuals who have incurred blast injuries is a long and complicated one. Medical SLPs must prepare to provide clinical services and to serve as community re-entry advocates for survivors of blast injury. Successful community reintegration will require the intervention of medical and rehabilitation professionals who are knowledgeable, committed, and caring.I challenge you to explore this emerging area further to determine the role that you can play in facilitating restoration and wholeness to returning soldiers and others who have survived the ravages of blast injury.

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May 24, 2012 NASA and the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) will distribute $26 million among 29 teams selected to investigate the range of health and performance issues confronting humans during long-duration spaceflight. Eight new studies will address the diagnosis and treatment of blurred vision problems recently reported by some astronauts returning from missions to the International Space Station. The 29 funded studies were selected from 104 proposals submitted by experts from academia, industry and government. The 1-3-year studies will address changes associated with long periods of weightlessness and seclusion in space to the cardiovascular, skeletal and musculature systems, as well as the blurred vision symptoms, which resemble those of idiopathic intercranial hypertension. Others will examine internal fluid shifts, radiation exposure, changes in psychosocial behavior, microbial virulence and changes to the nutritional value of stored foods, according to a May 22 award notice. A March study from the journal Radiology based on magnetic resonance imaging studies of 27 long-duration astronauts found some with symptoms similar to idiopathic intercranial hypertension, including swelling of the optic nerve and an outward pressure on the eyeballs. The study, whose subjects averaged 108 days in orbit, raised concerns for astronauts assigned to future deep-space missions that could require months to years away from gravity. NASA’s flight surgeons stepped up flight eye checks in response. The study teams chosen by NASA and the NSBRI come from 25 institutions in 11 states. They include Harvard Medical School, Johns Hopkins University, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Georgia Tech, and the universities of California, North Carolina, Michigan, Michigan State, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State and South Carolina; as well as NASA and the Universities Space Research Association.

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Wipe-Clean Bilingual Coil Books are a fun way for kids to practice essential learning skills in both English and French! Do the exercises in this book with wipe clean markers or crayons. Learn by practicing. It doesn't matter if it's not right the first time. Just keep practicing until it becomes easy! Wipe off the marker or crayon with a dry, clean cloth. To clean the page surface further, use rubbing alcohol or any alcohol-based marker remover. Repeat the exercises again and again until you master the subject! - 10.7cm x 26.2cm - 26 full colour pages

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Using the same pool of data, the researchers identified a significant drop in overall daily calorie consumption as people got older. The median energy intake among men age 81 and older was 1,733 calories a day, compared to 2,668 calories per day ingested by men in the age group 19 to 30. For women, median energy intake showed a 28 percent reduction from the youngest to the oldest age group, from 1,844 calories a day to 1,325 calories daily. Based on the results, the scientists concluded that “new approaches to increasing the frequency and level of calcium supplement use to enhance calcium density may be necessary to reduce osteoporosis risks among older Americans.” Jane E. Kerstetter, a professor of allied health sciences at UConn and a co-investigator on the study, says that calcium plays a fundamental role in promoting bone health and forestalling osteoporosis. In light of evidence that energy (food) intake declines with aging, calcium-dense foods and calcium supplements become vital factors in maintaining adequate calcium intake across the lifespan. In November 2010, the Institute of Medicine issued new guidelines for daily calcium intake. The current guidelines recommend that men and women ages 19 to 50 consume 1,000 mg of calcium a day; however, after age 51 men are recommended to continue to consume 1,000 mg daily, while women are recommended to increase consumption to 1,200 mg daily. Kerstetter adds that calcium intake from the diet should come first and foremost. Typically, one serving of dairy (1 cup of milk, 6 ounces of yogurt, or 1.5 ounces of cheese) provides 300 milligrams of calcium. If a person consumes three servings of dairy daily they will ingest 900 milligrams of calcium, which is often supplemented by an additional 300 milligrams from a variety of other non-dairy foods if the person is on a well-rounded diet. A total of 1,200 milligrams of daily calcium is sufficient to meet recommended guidelines for most people, says Kerstetter. Those who can’t tolerate dairy products should consider calcium-fortified foods, such as orange juice or over-the-counter nutrition supplements containing calcium, which are best absorbed during meals due to increased acid production in the stomach. Or, dietitians also suggest choosing low-fat or fat-free lactose-free milk and drinking smaller amounts of milk at a time as key strategies to obtain dairy nutrients. However, individuals should consult a medical professional before starting a new calcium supplementation regimen. The lead author for the study was Kelsey Mangano, a registered dietitian and UConn doctoral student in the Department of Nutritional Sciences in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Anne M. Kenny, a geriatrician at the University of Connecticut Health Center who studies osteoporosis, served as a co-investigator. Karl Insogna, a professor of internal medicine in the Department of Internal Medicine at Yale University and an endocrinologist specializing in bone diseases, also participated in the research.

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When you are using the Linux operating system, there are a variety of distributions. This means that there are different ways that people have chosen to package the system with a wide variety of different applications. What can you do if you do not like your distribution’s application base? For most distributions, it is easy to install software. Many have what are called repositories that you can search in to find and install software that you would like. If your distribution changes software on you to new applications that you aren’t too fond of, generally the old ones that you liked will still be in the repositories for you to use. Simply search, download, and install the ones that you like. If your distribution does not have repositories, typically it’s easy to find and install open source software from other locations. If this sounds too complicated, you might want to switch to a Debian based distribution like Ubuntu since all the compiling has been done for you. Sometimes you have completely different applications because you are using a different graphical user interface. Most use either Gnome or KDE. Each of these comes with their own applications like editors, calculators, file management systems, system tools, and administrative settings. If your new distribution doesn’t look anything like your old one, it might be because it’s using a different GUI. Change from Gnome to KDE or to another to get a different set of applications. You can always install KDE application in Gnome if you like those better but don’t want to use the KDE interface. Many times applications might be left out because there is no more room on the disk which is generally limited to 700 megabytes. You need to learn the skill of finding and installing Linux software as when you switch or upgrade old tools that you might have been used to might no longer be there because of the limited space.Tags: file management systems, graphical user interface, kde interface, linux operating system, open source software

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as Part of a Post Hurricane Response Programme Dr Fernando Martirena , firstname.lastname@example.org is an island located at the Caribbean Sea. The northern coast is systematically hit by tropical hurricanes in their way to northern regions. These hurricanes cause severe damages to the population living close to the shore, especially at the provinces located at the central-western part of the island. There are some urban settlements at the north of Santa Clara City, province Villa Clara where the accumulated damage has significantly affected the housing conditions of the inhabitants. The municipality Sagua la Grande is among one of the most vulnerable areas. Since 1997, CIDEM (Centro de Investigacion de Estructurasy Materiales) as part of the Latin American network ECOSUR, has been working on projects to mitigate the damage caused to the housings and other buildings by passing hurricanes such as "Lili" 1996 and "George" (1998). Various European foundations have funded these projects through Grupo Sofonias, the legal owner of ECOSUR network. Renovation as a target Many factors contributed to declare renovation as the means to improve housing. Among them: a) The budget available was very small and the number of potential beneficiaries was very high. b) The city and surrounding areas has severe land restraints that discourage new construction to the benefit of renovation. c) Renovation work is ideal for self-constructing strategies, other of the main goals of this project. d) As a general rule, the population in Cuba remains very stable with a marked trend to decrease in the forthcoming years due to aging. Thus the demand for new housing will likely decrease while renovation gets a higher priority. e) In ecological terms renovation is far less aggressive than new construction. Factors like energy consumption can be significantly cut down to a minimum. Current state of housing inventory and perspectives The hit of hurricane "Lili" during 1998 through the city Sagua la Grande brought about significant damages. 753 housings completely collapsed while 2259 lost the roof. Some of these damages were healed by emergency actions but still in 1999 there were 99 housings totally collapsed, 137 partially collapsed and yet 597 with severe damage in the roof.The passage of the hurricane has just disclosed the latent problem that exists in the municipality: many of the existing housings have not been properly renovated and their present condition is very poor thus making them quite vulnerable to natural disasters such as hurricanes and floods. The deep economic crisis the country had to undergo during these years cut down renovation activities, whose results could not change the existing situation. Some international funding agencies provided funds to tackle the existing situation. Several institutions that somehow had something in common with this came together in a synergistic approach, each with specific aims: CIDEM was interested in scaling up some technologies that had been developed by this institution in the recent years. These technologies were conceived for the manufacture of ecomaterials (Building materials economic and ecological) at a very small scale. The local government and the National Housing Institute perceived this as an opportunity to solve some of the community’s problems with resources external to the municipal budget without compromising ongoing programmes. They also provided significant amounts of funding to co-finance this programme. The Local Industries Enterprise (LIE), a local institution that gathers craftsmen, masons and various sorts of hand labor workers took the challenge of launching into the manufacture of building materials, an approach they did not have before. The introduction of LIE provided a breath of fresh air to the intricate bureaucratic net of procedures that provision of building materials at municipal level implies. The strategy of the project The project set very ambitious goals clearly oriented to "seek and experiment methods to improve habitat conditions at the northern region of Villa Clara province in a sustainable way by using appropriate technologies for the manufacture of building materials, also a well focused strategy for urban intervention as well as a deep process of popular participation". The backbone of the strategy was: 1. Setting up a solid infrastructure for the manufacture of ecomaterials in the region in a decentralized way. 2. The workshops were operated by LIE, a locally based enterprise having enough flexibility to cope with local market conditions. 3. To establish a clear policy and strategy for urban intervention in the project by defining different scenarios where the project should move depending of the size of the needed actions and the resources available. A network of ecomaterials workshops was organized, aiming at local manufacture of building materials without depending on external resources. Most of these workshops were operated by LIE in a very flexible and efficient way. The main building materials produced were: w Micro Concrete Roofing tiles (MCR) by using the Cuban brand TEVI2 . w Lime Pozzolana Binder CP-40, a technology developed at CIDEM for the manufacture and use of this binder3 w Hollow concrete blocks with high Portland cement replacement as the main destinations of the CP-40. This process started early in 1997 when the first workshop was set in the surroundings of Sagua city. The aim was to set up a state of the art workshop that could serve to demonstrate others the features of the CP-40 technology. The Spanish Agency for Foreign Cooperation basically funded this workshop. Further on there two other workshops set as part of a second project, know as "Hurricane Lili". The aim of this project was to mitigate the damage cause by this hurricane in the region. Some European Foundations contributed with funds that were channeled into the country by the NGO "Grupo Sofonias". The first workshop was located at LIE facilities in Sagua city while the other was located in the municipality Corralillo, 60 km east of Sagua. This had to be relocated two years later due to problems in operation. The last workshop was set into operation near to Remedios City, in an abandoned facility to manufacture lime. The condition of the lime kiln was improved and for the first time in many years lime was produced on the basis of firewood as fuel (most of the lime produced in Cuba is based on crude oil as fuel) As a result of the project, a large infrastructure for the local manufacture of materials was created. There is the potential to manufacture 16,000 m2 of MCR roofing, 48,000 m2 of walling, as well as a total production of CP-40 exceeding 400 tons per year. This infrastructure was built with external funds in the range of USD $100,000 in three years, with a similar local contribution. The strategy for urban intervention was another interesting result of the project. It consisted of shifting from the existing system for popular renovation of housings, based on centralized control and dependence on resources external to the municipality to a more flexible system where the beneficiary becomes the center of the intervention, since he/she is empowered to solve his/her problems on his/her own. Local manufacture of building materials allowed availability of affordable materials at the local level. The new players (LIE) started to compete with the well-established producers, mainly large enterprises operated at national level with government subsidies. The LIE faced the challenged by producing locally with advantageous conditions in term of transport, and availability of resources. The project established good working relations with one of the state banks operating in the region, and a mortgage scheme loan was establish for the benefit of the population affected by the disaster. This gave them the capacity to pay up-front for the purchasing of the building materials needed for the renovation of their housings. The same applied for the renovation tasks that were undertaken at neighborhood level, mainly by self-construction. The resources were distributed according to the priorities defined in the strategy for urban intervention. This allowed the project to benefit more than 350 families, who had the chance to renovate their housings, and nearly 80 of them applied for mortgage loans. Also, more than 40 new jobs were created as a result of the implementation of the 1. A sustainable popular renovation programme demands a solid and efficient infrastructure for the manufacture of building materials, which allows some degree of independence from external resources. 2. The manufacture of building materials must be undertaken by local enterprises having a flexible infrastructure and low fixed costs. 3. Provision of a loan scheme provides access to resources to a poorer sector of society. 4. A urban intervention focused on renovation must be preceded by devising a clear strategy for urban intervention, in order to establish priorities for the use of resources. 5. Ecomaterials represent a viable alternative to traditional building materials. 6. A proper management of the project resources allows extending the impact of the project to poorer sectors of society. This experience can be easily replicated in other areas, even in other countries, provided favourable conditions exist. The author is the Deputy Director of CIDEM, Cuba. International consultant on building materials and technologies 1 Acevedo Catá,J.: Technology for the manufacture of MCR roofing tiles for roofing in countries having a tropical humid climate. ISPJAE.Cuba, 1995 2 J. Martirena; B. Middendorf; M. Gehrke; H. Budelmann: Use of wastes of the sugar industry as pozzolana in lime pozzolana binders: study of the reaction Cement & Concrete Research Vol 28, No. 11 pp. 1525-1536. November 1998- USA

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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a condition in which a person feels depressed at a certain time each year. Most people experience SAD during the fall and winter months when days are shorter and there is less light. The cause of SAD is not clearly known. It may be related to changes in the amount and intensity of sunlight in the different seasons. Seasonal affective disorder is sometimes called "the winter blues." Treatment of SAD includes light therapy and, if necessary, medicines. eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Find out what women really need. Most Popular Topics Pill Identifier on RxList - quick, easy, Find a Local Pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies

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Read full version essay Whistleblowing WhistleblowingPrint version essay is available for you! You can search Free Term Papers and College Essay Examples written by students!. Join Essays24.com and get instant access to Whistleblowing and over 30,000 other Papers and Essays Category: Social Issues Autor: anton 11 March 2011 Words: 853 | Pages: 4 DISCUSS WHETHER A WHISTLE BLOWER HAS A PLACE IN SOCIETY. The origin of the term whistle blowing is uncertain. It may refer to English policemen blowing whistles to alert others to an illegal act or to sports referees stopping a game due to a rule infraction. The term began to be used in a way relevant to science, technology, and ethics in the 1960s and became part of the common vocabulary as a result of Ralph Nader's investigative activities during the 1970s. The American Heritage Dictionary defines a whistleblower as "one who reveals wrongdoing within an organization to the public or to those in positions of authority," but a more detailed analysis of the term is appropriate. Based on the above definition, it is possible to distinguish between internal and external whistle blowing. Internal whistle blowing occurs when the hierarchical chain of command within an organization is violated, so that one's immediate superiors are bypassed, perhaps because they have refused to act or are themselves involved in the wrongdoing. The whistle blowing is internal, however, because it stays within the organization. External whistle blowing refers to going outside the organization, possibly to a regulatory agency, the press, or directly to the public For example, Daniel Ellsberg is the most famous whistle blower in United States history because he was the one who leaked the Pentagon Papers setting in motion actions that would eventually topple the Nixon presidency and end the Vietnam War. These papers basically showed the American people had been deceived about Vietnam and that there was corruption in the government which shortened the Nixon presidency and help end the Vietnam War. If it hadn’t done that the war would have probably gone on a lot longer and would have caused the loss of many more lives for pointless reasons. This is a good example of why it is important to whistle blow because after Daniel Ellsberg whistle blew the public support of the war eroded causing the war to come to a pre mature end. (Wartergate/info.com) Whistle blowing is turning out to be very important in the world at large. This is because the amount of corruption in the world today. If people don’t whistle blow when there is a violation of the law or fraudulent act then there is little chance of the world as a whole moving forward and things getting better in places such as Africa. It will be hard to wipe out corruption in the world, but at least with whistle blowing we can minimise it and help bring it out to an all time low. By blowing the whistle on acts such as racism, and corruption people rights will be looked at and maintained. Sexual harassment on the part of women and money paid as bribe to get better job positions will be reduced through people blowing the whistle. The health and safety of employees will be enhanced through whistleblowers. An example is in the manufacturing industry, when a company’s secret becomes known to the general public. It will go a long way to take necessary precautions in producing the products and improve quality. Also because of the importance of whistle blowing today, there are legal laws that are put in place to protect whistle blowers. Without whistle blowing the reputation and staff morale are not enhanced. Most employees feel unsafe at work places because of the threat of being sacked if they reveal the acts of the members of an organisation that is seen as contrary to the aims and objectives of the organisation. In the United Kingdom, the public interest disclosure act 1998 provides legal protection for individuals who observe malpractices at their workplaces and decide to disclose the information of similar concern. For example this protects whistle blowers from victimisation and dismissal. These legal laws protecting whistle blowers has made a place in whistle blowers in the society. However there are negative aspects associated with whistle blowing. Whistle blowers could be looked over because the manager will rather pick someone that would not disclose their evil deeds. This gives way to bribery and corruption in their society. Also most people that lose their job especially if they whistle blow find it very difficult to get another job because their previous employee may be reluctant to provide reference and the current employer may be unwilling to provide the job for the fact that the new employer may disclose the organisations wrong doings to the general public. Also most employers who blow the whistle experience difficulties in getting help towards research. This goes a long way to affect the employees’ morale because his sense of belonging to the organisation is shunned by almost everybody. And because of that the employee may be forced to drop the allegation. To end this all, I will conclude by saying that whistle blowing has a place in society because, there are legal laws to protect individuals who witness the wrong doings in organisation the work and disclose it to the general public. Unless people are encouraged to blow the whistle, the fight against malpractice and corruption will just keep getting worse.

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Saturday, January 12, 2013 Today in History - Saturday, Jan. 12, 2013 Today is Saturday, Jan. 12, the 12th day of 2013. There are 353 days left in the year. Today's Highlight in History: On Jan. 12, 1948, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Sipuel v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma, ruled that state law schools could not discriminate against applicants on the basis of race. On this date: In 1519, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I died. In 1773, the first public museum in America was organized in Charleston, S.C. In 1828, the United States and Mexico signed a Treaty of Limits defining the boundary between the two countries to be the same as the one established by an 1819 treaty between the U.S. and Spain. In 1912, textile workers at the Everett Mill in Lawrence, Mass., (most of them immigrant women) walked off the job to protest wage cuts. In 1915, the House of Representatives rejected, 204-174, a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. In 1932, Hattie W. Caraway became the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate after initially being appointed to serve out the remainder of the term of her late husband, Thaddeus. In 1959, Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records (originally Tamla Records) in Detroit. In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson said in his State of the Union address that the U.S. should stay in South Vietnam until Communist aggression there was ended. In 1969, the New York Jets of the American Football League upset the Baltimore Colts of the National Football League 16-7 in Super Bowl III, played at the Orange Bowl in Miami. In 1971, the groundbreaking situation comedy "All in the Family" premiered on CBS television. In 1987, Anglican Church envoy Terry Waite arrived in Lebanon on his latest mission to win the release of Western hostages; however, Waite ended up being taken captive himself, and wasn't released until 1991. In 2010, Haiti was struck by a magnitude-7 earthquake, killing as many as 300,000 residents and leaving over 1.5 million people homeless. Ten years ago: Blamed by shareholders for AOL Time Warner's sharp fall in fortunes, Steve Case announced he was stepping down as chairman of the conglomerate he'd helped to create. Maurice Gibb, a member of the famed disco band the Bee Gees, died at a Miami Beach hospital at age 53. Former Argentine military ruler Leopoldo Galtieri died in Buenos Aires at age 76. Five years ago: President George W. Bush, visiting Bahrain, said he was cheered by news that Iraq's parliament had approved legislation reinstating thousands of former supporters of Saddam Hussein's dissolved Baath party to government jobs. One year ago: Pentagon leaders scrambled to contain damage from an Internet video purporting to show four Marines urinating on Taliban corpses. Former South Dakota Gov. Bill Janklow, a Republican who dominated the state's political landscape for more than 25 years, died in Sioux Falls at age 72. Today's Birthdays: Actress Luise Rainer (RY'-nuhr) is 103. Country singer Ray Price is 87. Singer Glenn Yarbrough is 83. The Amazing Kreskin is 78. Country singer William Lee Golden (The Oak Ridge Boys) is 74. Rock musician Cynthia Robinson (Sly and the Family Stone) is 69. Singer-musician George Duke is 67. Actor Anthony Andrews is 65. Movie director Wayne Wang is 64. Radio commentator Rush Limbaugh is 62. Actress Kirstie Alley is 62. Writer Walter Mosley is 61. Country singer Ricky Van Shelton is 61. Radio-TV personality Howard Stern is 59. Writer-producer-director John Lasseter is 56. Broadcast journalist Christiane Amanpour is 55. Rock musician Charlie Gillingham (Counting Crows) is 53. Actor Oliver Platt is 53. Basketball Hall of Famer Dominique Wilkins is 53. Entrepreneur Jeff Bezos is 49. Actor Olivier Martinez is 47. Rapper TBird (B-Rock and the Bizz) is 46. Model Vendela is 46. Actress Farrah Forke is 45. Actress Rachael Harris is 45. Rock singer Zack de la Rocha is 43. Rapper Raekwon (Wu Tang Clan) is 43. Singer Dan Haseltine (Jars of Clay) is 40. Rock musician Matt Wong (Reel Big Fish) is 40. Singer Melanie Chisholm (Spice Girls) is 39. Contemporary Christian singer Jeremy Camp is 35. Rhythm-and-blues singer Amerie is 33. Actress Naya Rivera is 26. Actor Will Rothhaar is 26. Actor Andrew Lawrence is 25. Rock singer Zayn Malik (One Direction) is 20. Thought for Today: "Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not his own facts." — Daniel Patrick Moynihan, U.S. politician and diplomat (1927-2003).

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Revisiting the Greed and Grievance Explanations for Violent Internal Conflict Author: Syed Mansoob Murshed, Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin Access full text: available online This Journal of International Development article assesses two recent explanations for the onset of internal conflict: greed and grievance. The former reflects elite competition over valuable natural resource rents. The latter argues that relative deprivation, and the grievance it produces, fuels conflict. However, this article argues that neither the presence of greed or grievance is sufficient for the outbreak of violent conflict. Violent conflict requires institutional breakdown, or the failure of the social contract. Pure versions of the greed hypothesis are, on their own, unsatisfactory explanations for the causes of conflict. In reality the competing greed versus grievance hypotheses may be complementary explanations for conflict. The greed explanation for conflict duration and secessionist wars works in cross-country studies, but has to make way for grievance-based arguments in quantitative country case studies. Grievances and horizontal inequalities may be better at explaining why conflicts begin, but not necessarily why they persist. Neither the presence of greed or grievance is sufficient for the outbreak of violent conflict, something which requires institutional breakdown, which we describe as the failure of the social contract. The breakdown of the social contract captures institutional malfunctioning and it is also crucial in transforming grievances into collective violence. A failing social contract may be the real signal of the risk of civil war. - In certain instances, where there are substantial quantities of natural resource wealth, greed may be the dominant factor prolonging conflict, but without group formation (for which some historical grievances are important), violent collective action cannot take place. - Some societies, despite having conditions pre-disposing them to civil war, such as horizontal inequality, polarisation and natural resource rents, do not descend into conflict. - For the forces behind either greed or grievance to take the form of large-scale violence there must be other factors at work, specifically a weakening of the ‘social contract’. This is similar to the weak state capacity, and by implication poor institutional quality. - Even if rents from capturable resources do constitute a sizeable prize, violent conflict is unlikely to take hold if a country has a framework of widely agreed rules. - Such a viable social contract can be sufficient to restrain, if not eliminate, opportunistic behaviour such as large-scale theft of resource rents, and the violent expression of grievance. The degradation of the social contract is more likely in the context of poverty and growth failure. - As yet, no empirical models at the level of cross-national analysis exist to properly test for the relative power of greed vis-a-vis horizontal inequality type grievances in explaining conflict onset. - Greed and grievance can and do co-exist; because one breeds the other a model of their simultaneous determination is required, along with the contribution of poverty (which is chiefly about the lack of growth) and institutional quality. - Furthermore, the existing econometric literature regarding the causes of conflict allows us to infer little about the true nature of the causal links between the phenomena examined. - The most robustly significant predictor of conflict risk and its duration is some indicator of economic prosperity. At a higher income people have more to lose from the destructiveness of conflict; and higher per-capita income implies a better functioning social contract, institutions and state capacity. Access full text: available online Murshed, S. M. and Tadjoeddin, M. Z., 2009, 'Revisiting the Greed and Grievance Explanations for Violent Internal Conflict', Journal of International Development, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 87-111 Syed Mansoob Murshed

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"It was just like something from Nasa," says Doreen Stopforth, pointing from the front window of her bungalow to the flat expanse of cabbages and the River Ribble beyond. One day last year, an enormous drilling rig materialised in the fields. It was not the visual blot on their landscape that bothered Stopforth and other residents in rural Lancashire: it was what was going on underground. Hesketh Bank was being prepared for fracking – mining shale gas by injecting water, sand and chemicals into rocks far below ground. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is the new bete noire of conservationists, who condemn it as a dirty and desperate attempt to grab the last fossil fuels from inaccessible rocks in unsuitable locations. In the US, where fracking began and has prospered, it was revealed this month that Matt Damon will star in an anti-fracking film, following on from the Oscar-nominated documentary Gasland, which exposed widespread pollution in fracking hotspots such as Pennsylvania. But North American horror stories of fracking polluting the aquifers that hold drinking water were dramatically trumped in the UK last spring when one of the first shale gas fracking operations on British soil was halted after it triggered two earthquakes close to Blackpool. The fracking at Preese Hall, a well the size of a football pitch by the Blackpool North railway line, caused tremors measuring 2.3 and 1.5 on the Richter scale. Despite calls for a moratorium on fracking and growing opposition, including Frack Off activists twice scaling a drilling rig in Lancashire, Britain will soon be open for fracking once again. The first official scientific inquiry into the practice in Britain this week recommended that fracking can continue if new safety measures are enforced, including a "traffic light" system in which fracking is halted if it triggers tremors of 0.5 or above. Fracking is likely to become a key part of a second "dash for gas" as the country searches for cheaper energy and a secure replacement for dwindling North Sea supplies. Supporters claim fracking will herald an age of cheaper gas – in the US, shale gas accounts for a quarter of the country's gas industry and fracking has helped cut gas prices by 25% in the four years to 2012 – and liken it to keyhole surgery, its operations virtually invisible above ground, unlike destructive mining and intrusive wind power. Dismissing fracking fears as comparable to scaremongering over GM crops, frackers are eyeing up all corners of Britain, including Kent, Hampshire, North Yorkshire, Scotland and the Bowland Basin in Lancashire, where the gas is found far below ground. The shale of the Bowland Basin lies beneath picturesque rolling fields and villages tucked between Preston and Blackpool in Lancashire. Cuadrilla, one of four companies with a permit to search for (and eventually frack) shale gas in Britain, has six sites here, including Preese Hall: three have been drilled in preparation for fracking, with consent in place to drill three more. If it finds good supplies, Cuadrilla could create 2,500 jobs and construct 80 well pads in the area, each stretching for miles underground. Lord Browne, the former chief executive of BP, believes Lancashire could become the fracking capital of Europe, with the industry creating 50,000 jobs. Fracking begins with the drilling of a well, often as deep as 3km. When shale deposits are reached, drilling turns horizontally through the shale. Once drilled, water, sand and a small quantity of chemical lubricants are pumped in at high pressure, fracturing the brittle shale and forcing the naturally occurring gas out of pores in the rock. The sand fills the pores and stops them collapsing; the gas is returned to the surface via the well, along with some water contaminated with fracking chemicals and naturally occurring pollutants, including low-level radiation. As the dash for fracked gas begins, many local residents in Lancashire are nervous. Doreen Stopforth has lived in her home with her husband John for 39 years. The dark, fertile soils around the Ribble estuary are called the salad bowl of England. "For us, personally, it's a nightmare," she says. "They go for miles underground breaking the shale and then we found out that the backflow – the chemicals and the water that comes out – is only 25% of what they put in. Where is it going? They say it won't leak into the aquifer – how do they know? I just don't trust them. What do they leave behind? We don't know if the land is going to be soured." Cuadrilla stresses that the tremors triggered by fracking at Preese Hall were minuscule. Gayzer Tarjanyi, who lives near Blackpool, is not so sure: he was painting his gutters the day before the second tremor. The next day, he noticed fresh cracks in his home's gable end. His internal doors no longer shut properly: "The property has been moved about a bit," he says. Cuadrilla emphatically denies a local rumour that frackers hope to trigger quakes because these open up more fractures in the rock. According to the British Geological Survey, fracking does routinely create tiny tremors but these would normally be undetectable to humans. Professor Peter Styles, one of the authors of the independent scientific report on the Cuadrilla earthquakes, says: "We do not think you can categorically rule out other earthquakes, but we can categorically say that they are unlikely to be big." A new study by the US Geological Survey says a six-fold increase in small earthquakes in mid-America may be linked to oil and gas production, including fracking, since the end of the last century. Fracking's champions claim that shale gas could meet Britain's gas needs for nearly a century. Predictably keen to talk up shale gas prospects, Cuadrilla estimates there are 200 trillion cubic feet of gas in Bowland shale alone. The British Geological Survey (BGS) estimates that just 5.3tn cubic feet of shale gas is recoverable, barely enough to meet current UK demand for two years. This is a vast disparity. Who is correct? Nigel Smith, petroleum geologist at the BGS, says its estimate was extrapolated from comparable shale areas in the US and actually Cuadrilla's figure may be more accurate because it is based on real UK data from its small number of drilled wells. The Bowland Basin is only a small part of Britain's shale; other shale basins in Scotland, the north and the south could yield more gas. But Smith cautions that much will not be recoverable because it will never be acceptable to frack in densely populated areas. Shale gas could be big business and in Lancashire there is already a strong sense of the little guy not being listened to. At one Cuadrilla site, Hesketh Bank, planning permission for the temporary drilling rig was granted by Lancashire county council and a notice was stuck on a private track far from the main road. "It was so sneaky the way they did it," says Stopforth. "We feel a lot of this has been done in the dark," says Christine Dickinson, a fifth-generation farmer who runs an organic farm and caravan site by the Hesketh Bank well. Cuadrilla knows it must redouble its efforts to placate sceptical local communities. In Sussex earlier this year, its representatives were trounced by furious locals at a heated public meeting. So it has cleverly replaced potentially hostile group meetings with drop-ins at village halls, where friendly staff collar locals one-by-one. Cuadrilla's open evening at Elswick village hall in Lancashire sees a very English non-confrontation. Cuadrilla employees mount their charm offensive inside; outside, members of Ribble Estuary Against Fracking (Reaf) and a new group, Resident Action on Fylde Fracking (Raff), proffer a petition. There was talk of a merger between the two local groups, "but we don't want to become Reaf-Raff," chuckles Ian Roberts of Raff. He is sceptical about Cuadrilla's information evenings. "It's just PR. It's 'we have consulted the local community', tick the box." Inside, Eric Vaughan, Cuadrilla's chief operating officer, chats to curious locals. Mining shale gas has been a cottage industry in the US since 1821 and a form of fracking was first used in 1947; Vaughan began fracking in Pennsylvania in 1981. But fracking only really took off with the accidental discovery that water opens up shale cracks more effectively than exotic foams. Some of the pollution from fracking in Pennsylvania was bad practice, says Vaughan – incorrectly dug wells not properly sealed off from the aquifer. Other so-called pollution incidents are actually due to naturally occurring methane found in many water wells in the region. This explains scary YouTube clips of flaming tap water. Lancashire's geology is "much, much easier" to mine safely, believes Vaughan, because the gas is not as close to the aquifer. Independent geologists agree, and say there is little risk of pollution from deep fracking leaking into the aquifer far above it. The problem, as Vaughan sees it, is the people. In the US, people are used to living near the country's 800,000 onshore gas and oil wells. In Britain, almost no one is familiar with a gas mine next door. And so hostility towards fracking is based on fear of the unknown, not science. "The science bit is easy. I can show you why it works, why it's safe, but it's all emotional and political," complains Vaughan, echoing the comments of Shell's chief executive, Peter Voser, who urged regulators not to take "emotional" decisions. Ian Roberts insists the well-heeled members of Reaf and Raff are not Nimbys emotionally opposed to fracking; they simply want a independent impact assessment before fracking begins in earnest. Roberts argues that decisions on where to frack cannot be left with local council planners. "I don't think they are big enough on their own to say 'no'," he says. There will be a review of the risks of shale gas extraction by the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineers this year but rather oddly the study group claims it will make no judgment about the suitability of the UK for fracking. Despite the polarised debate, it is unarguable that the scientific understanding of the risks of fracking in the UK is incomplete. A review of the science by Texas University said groundwater contamination was not unique to fracking and also occurred in conventional oil and gas operations due to flawed well construction. The Texan researchers ruled that "surface spills" of fracking fluids posed a greater risk to groundwater than fracking itself. In short, the report implies that fracking is no more hazardous than conventional oil and gas operations. This is far from an unequivocal defence of fracking, but critics question its "independent" billing. The academics were led by Chip Groat, a respected former director of the US Geological Survey who is also a paid director of PXP, an oil and gas company that is engaged in fracking; Groat received $493,598 (£310,000) in 2008 and $308,300 (£192,000) in 2009 for his services. Groat has acknowledged that a report by the US government's Environment Protection Agency (EPA) will negate his study's findings of no adverse environmental consequences unique to fracking – if the EPA's findings are confirmed by peer review. The EPA constructed two deep monitoring wells to sample aquifer water, which confirmed the presence of compounds from fracking and found that drinking water wells were "below established health and safety standards". Most of the concern has been over water pollution but a three-year study by the Colorado School of Public Health, published this year, found a number of potentially toxic petroleum hydrocarbons in the air near fracking sites in western Colorado. These included benzene (a known carcinogen), ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene. Effects, the study concluded, could include eye irritation, headaches, sore throats and difficulty breathing. "We also calculated higher cancer risks for residents living nearer to the wells as compared to those residing further [away]," the report said. Who monitors possible air pollution from fracking in Britain? Fracking is currently controlled by a regulatory patchwork: local authorities supposedly check air quality, the Health and Safety Executive inspects well construction and the Environment Agency (EA) assesses any impact on water supplies. The EA can also monitor air pollution and use existing regulation to halt fracking if there is a pollution risk. It also regulates the removal of the polluted fracking backwash, another source of anxiety for local people given that this radioactive water is removed by road tankers – past villages and schools – before being placed in storage. Is the current regulation inadequate for a fully fledged fracking industry? "Not necessarily," says Tony Grayling, head of climate change at the EA, who believes the regulatory system in the UK is "significantly more robust" than in the US. Grayling admits that the EA is still learning about fracking and doesn't yet possess "the information we need to give technical guidance to our staff to apply the powers we have in the right way". For instance, he says that EA staff do not yet know exactly what is the safe distance required between a fracking well and groundwater supplies. Is he satisfied British fracking has been safe so far? "What has happened so far has been well-managed from a risk perspective, but equally it's important we don't ignore the risks." After meeting the frackers at Elswick village hall, residents are fairly evenly split. "It's a big Easter egg for the Americans," says David Angel. Easter egg? Angel explains that US landowners are paid for mining activity, whereas in Britain whatever lies underground belongs to the crown. With no landowners to pay, US fracking companies could make big money in the UK. "I don't trust big companies and I don't trust government, but I also don't trust scaremongers," says another local to the petition-holding opponents. Others noticed that the antis are mostly the early retired; fracking is "of more benefit to working-age people," judges Paul Mercer. His wife Charity is writing her dissertation on fracking; she thinks the biggest hurdle for the nascent industry is that Britain is more densely populated than the US. Another problem may be philosophical: the advantage and great drawback of shale gas is that its operations are almost invisible – there is no heavy industry to offend us but we also can't see what is going on below our feet. So we must trust a mining company and its government regulators – and this kind of trust is in short supply. Nigel Smith at the BGS is sceptical about frackers' claims that shale will herald an era of cheaper gas. Any great shale finds will simply replace the rapidly disappearing North Sea gas. But he believes that companies would be "foolish" not to follow the success of fracking in the US and predicts that every shale basin in Britain will be tested for the gas. What about pollution concerns? Smith thinks US pollution is not relevant. "It's a bit like saying BP had a problem [with oil pollution] in the Gulf of Mexico but they haven't had any problems at Wytch Farm, which is a very sensitive area in southern England," he says. Ultimately, says Smith, it is about political choices. "We have just had 30 years of getting our gas from the North Sea, where it's not caused any problems to anyone. Well, those days are gone. If we still want to run gas central heating and run our cars we have to look to other sources." We could turn Britain into a landscape of hundreds of fracking wells or we could import it from the Middle East. What does Smith make of the green argument that this dash for gas simply postpones the day when we must invest in more expensive renewable energy? "I agree," he says drily. "In the end, we are going to run out of fossil fuels. I can't see there being another source of fossil fuels after this one." Given the scientific evidence, are the Stopforths reassured? "No, I'm not reassured," says Doreen. "We've already had an earthquake in Blackpool, just over the water. You tell me when they have an earthquake, what are we opening up? The fracking, how do they know what they will disturb? What about my little grandson? What about future generations? To leave behind a mess like this for the next generation just to go for the last little bit of fossil fuel energy is just wrong."

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Become a fan of h2g2 We should remember that... of the 6,000 stars [that] the average human eye could see in the entire sky, probably not more than thirty – or one-half of one percent – are less luminous than the Sun; that probably, of the 700-odd stars nearer than ten parsecs, at least 96% are less luminous than the Sun. There is not even ONE real yellow giant – such as Capella, Pollux, or Arcturus – nearer than ten parsecs1 and only about four main sequence A stars. – Dutch astronomer Willem Jacob Luyten (1899 - 1994) The closest star to us is, of course, our own Sun. It's unusual because it's a solitary yellow dwarf, while most of the stars nearby are in binary or even multiple systems. What makes our star really special though, is that it provides the energy for the only life in the Universe that we know of. Less Than Ten Light Years The nearest star to the Sun is Proxima Centauri (also known as alpha Centauri C), which is a red dwarf, and is 4.2 light years2 distant. It has two stellar companions, the yellow dwarf Rigil Kentaurus (alpha Centauri A) and an orange dwarf, alpha Centauri B. They take up joint second place in our list, at 4.35 light years. Barnard's Star, a red dwarf, is just under six light years away. Next comes Wolf 359, another red dwarf. Yet another red dwarf, Lalande 21185, was thought to be the fourth-closest star when its co-ordinates were published by Joseph-Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande (1732 - 1807) in 1801. This was before Barnard's Star and Wolf 359 were discovered. Lalande 21185 cannot be seen by the naked eye because at 7th magnitude it is too dim; however, it counts as sixth-closest to the Sun at 8.3 light years. The seventh-closest is a star most denizens of Earth would recognise: Sirius (alpha Canis Majoris), with eighth place taken by its companion Sirius B, sometimes referred to as 'the Pup'. Sirius B is classified as a white dwarf, but it is one of the biggest known: in fact, its mass is comparable to that of our own Sun. Completing the top ten stellar neighbours are BL Ceti, a red dwarf flare star, and its binary partner UV Ceti3, which are 8.7 light years away from our Sun. Flare stars unleash bright flashes of light as well as streams of charged particles. Some of the stars studied have flares of such enormous intensity that they can increase the brightness of the star by up to 10%. The flares are only brief, like a camera flash, but would be detrimental to any nearby planets. Next in line is Ross 154, one of many discovered in 1925 by American astronomer Frank Elmore Ross (1874 - 1960). Ross 154 is a UV Ceti-type flare star 9.7 light years distant, and is the last of the stars within ten light years of our Solar System. |Star||Other Name or | |#1||Proxima Centauri||alpha Centauri C||Red dwarf||Centaurus||4.2| |#2||Rigil Kentaurus||alpha Centauri A||Yellow dwarf||Centaurus||4.35| |#2||alpha Centauri B||HD 128621||Orange dwarf||Centaurus||4.35| |#4||Barnard's Star||Proxima Ophiuchi||Red dwarf||Ophiuchus||5.98| |#5||Wolf 359||CN Leonis||Red dwarf||Leo||7.7| |#6||Lalande 21185||HD 95735||Red dwarf||Ursa Major||8.3| |#7||Sirius||alpha Canis Majoris||Blue-white| |#7||Sirius B||alpha Canis Majoris B||White dwarf||Canis Major||8.5| |#9||BL Ceti||Luyten 726-8 A||Red dwarf| |#9||UV Ceti||Luyten 726-8 B||Red dwarf| |#11||Ross 154||V1216 Sgr||Red dwarf| Between Ten and Twelve Light Years At 10.3 light years is another one on the Ross catalogue: Ross 248, a red dwarf flare star. Due to the wide variety of periods that this star flares (4.2 years, 120 days, and five other catalogued outbursts between 60 and 291 days apart), astronomers suspect that Ross 248 has an undetected companion which is causing the erratic flaring. Next on is Epsilon Eridani, which has a dust disc4 and a suspected extrasolar planet system, the closest detected up to the time of writing, 2012. The two candidate planets are not thought to be hospitable to life (as we know it) because their proposed orbits are so far from the star. If the planets do exist, they are likely to be frigid worlds like our outermost planet Neptune5. The French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (1713 - 62) went on a 1751-4 expedition to the Cape of Good Hope, effectively a blank canvas sky for him to map. Using the planet Mars as a point of reference, his observations were the foundations for working out the lunar and solar parallax. Finding himself somewhat of a celebrity upon his return to Paris, de Lacaille hid from public attention in Mazarin College, writing up his findings. Barely taking care of himself, de Lacaille suffered from gout and was prone to over-working to the point of exhaustion. Unfortunately his catalogue, Coelum Australe Stelliferum, which described 14 new constellations and 42 nebulous objects among almost 10,000 southern stars, wasn't published until after he died at the age of just 49 years. One of those stars, Lacaille 9352, ranks as the 14th-closest to our Sun at 10.7 light years distance. EZ Aquarii is a triple star system situated at 11.3 light years away. EZ Aquarii A, B and C are all red dwarfs, and they may all be flare stars; however, not much is known about the smallest component (B). They are so dim (magnitude +13) that specialist equipment is required to view them. The system was labelled Luyten 789-6 by Dutch astronomer Willem Jacob Luyten, whose interest in astronomy had been sparked by viewing the predicted return of Halley's Comet in 1910, as an 11-year old schoolboy. In 1925 Luyten lost an eye in an accident but this tragedy did not wreck his chosen career. He was already working at the Harvard College Observatory, having been offered a post by the new director Harlow Shapley, whose own profile had been raised due to his participation in the Shapley-Curtis Debate of 1920. Luyten 'observed and measured more stellar images than anyone else', according to his biography at the National Academy of Sciences. He took up teaching at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and when he retired in 1967 he was given the title of Astronomer Emeritus which he held until his death at the ripe old age of 95. Procyon is a binary system which registers at +0.3 magnitude. The system consists of a yellow-white main sequence subgiant star, Procyon A, and a white dwarf companion, Procyon B, which was detected by Arthur von Auwers in 1862. |Star||Other Name or | |#12||Ross 248||HH Andromedae||Red dwarf| |#13||Epsilon Eridani||Sadira||Orange dwarf||Eridanus||10.5| |#14||Lacaille 9352||HD 217987||Red dwarf||Piscis Austrinus||10.7| |#15||Ross 128||FI Virginis||Red dwarf| |#16||EZ Aquarii A||Luyten 789-6 A||Red dwarf| |#16||EZ Aquarii B||Luyten 789-6 B||Red dwarf||Aquarius||11.3| |#16||EZ Aquarii C||Luyten 789-6 C||Red dwarf| |#19||Procyon A||alpha Canis Minoris||Yellow-white| |#19||Procyon B||alpha2 Canis Minoris||White dwarf||Canis Minor||11.4| The binary system 61 Cygni has two orange dwarf components of 6th magnitude at 11.41 light years away. Its distance was the first to be measured of any star. These two stars claim joint 21st place in our list of close stellar neighbours. Another pair of red dwarf stars, Struve 2398 A and B, positioned at just 11.5 light years distant, are the next nearest. They were studied by Russian-German astronomer Prof Friedrich von Struve (1793 - 1864), director of the Dorpat Observatory (now the Tartu Observatory) in Estonia, who listed them in his Catalogus novus stellarum duplicium (Double Star Catalogue) of 1827. Groombridge 34 are twin variable red dwarfs. Newly-discovered variable stars are given upper case capital letters, so Groombridge 34 A and B are also known as GX Andromedae and GQ Andromedae respectively. The Epsilon Indi system is fascinating because it contains the closest-known brown dwarfs. Brown dwarfs are approximately the same size as Jupiter6, but their mass is at least ten times greater, possibly up to 50×. These bodies are neither star nor planet, but 'failed' stars. Other titles have been proposed, as it's hardly encouraging to keep referring to them as 'failed stars'. Suggestions so far include planetar (which sounds like something from the science fiction genre) and substar (that 'sub' prefix isn't much of an improvement). Since 2004, planets have been discovered orbiting brown dwarfs, (although not, as yet, in the Epsilon Indi system), so their profile has been raised. Hopefully they are in line for a better class in the future. DX Cancri is a solo red dwarf flare star which expands to five times its usual brightness during flare activity. It is thought by some astronomers that DX Cancri is a member of the Castor Moving Group which was suggested in 1990 by JP Anosova and VV Orlov at the Astronomical Observatory in Leningrad State University, Russia. A moving group is the term for a collection of stars which share the same origin. Although they are not gravitationally bound to each other they are on the same path on their journey through the galaxy, like an unravelled, stretched-out cluster. The Castor Moving Group is named after the luminary of Gemini, and includes the stars Alderamin (alpha Cephei), Fomalhaut, Vega, psi Velorum and Zubenelgenubi (alpha Librae). Tau Ceti is one of the few nearby stars which are visible to the naked eye, albeit in the dim constellation Cetus, the Whale. Tau Ceti shot to fame in 1960, when Frank Drake launched Project Ozma, aiming to detect non-natural signals from space. Drake chose two stars which were similar to our Sun, Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani, for his project, which evolved to become SETI, the Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence. In December 2012, it was announced that five planets had been discovered orbiting Tau Ceti, with one of them possibly residing in the system's habitable zone. Red dwarf GJ 1061 in the southern constellation Horologium is the last of the stars within 12 light years. GJ 1061 is really small, even on the dwarf star scale: it registers just over ten percent of the Sun's mass. It is so dim (+13 mag) that you'd need a decent-sized telescope to view it, but just in case you ever get the opportunity, its co-ordinates are 03h 36m RA, −44° 30' 46" Dec. |Star||Other Name or | |#21||61 Cygni A||V1803 Cyg A||Orange dwarf||Cygnus||11.41| |#21||61 Cygni B||V1803 Cyg B||Orange dwarf||Cygnus||11.41| |#23||Struve 2398 A||NSV 11288||Red dwarf||Draco||11.5| |#23||Struve 2398 B||Gliese 725 B||Red dwarf| |#25||Groombridge 34 A||GX Andromedae||Red dwarf||Andromeda||11.6| |#25||Groombridge 34 B||GQ Andromedae||Red dwarf||Andromeda||11.6| |#27||Epsilon Indi||HD 209100||Orange dwarf +| two Brown dwarfs |#28||DX Cancri||LHS 248||Red dwarf| |#29||Tau Ceti||HD 10700||Yellow dwarf||Cetus||11.88| |#30||GJ 1061||LHS 1565||Red dwarf||Horologium||11.99| Nearby Stars in Fantasy and Science Fiction Stars which are close to our own Solar System have inspired imaginative writers going back hundreds of years. Here is just a sample: Proxima Centauri: the 1990s TV series Babylon 5 featured the planet Proxima III, which hosts an Earth Alliance colony. Alpha Centauri A: prolific author Isaac Asimov wrote about the water world Alpha of the Alpha Centauri A system in the Foundation and Earth book of his Foundation series. Alpha Centauri B: Witburg is a rocky planet orbiting Alpha Centauri B in the 2002 online role-playing game Earth & Beyond. Barnard's Star: Timemaster, a 1992 novel by Robert L Forward, bases its plot in the Barnard's Star system. Wolf 359: Star Trek fans will recognise Wolf 359 as the system where Starfleet's armada was practically wiped out by the hive-minded Borg. Lalande 21185: in the 1951 novel Rogue Queen penned by L Sprague de Camp, the planet Ormazd which orbits Lalande 21185 is investigated by Earth's space authority. Sirius: Micromégas is one of the earliest known science fiction stories, it was written in 1752 by François-Marie Arouet (better known by his pen name Voltaire). The Micromégas of the story was an extremely tall7 alien visitor to Earth who hailed from one of the planets in the Sirius system. Sirius B: in Seed of Light, a 1959 novel by Edmund Cooper, the Sirius A star is barren but Sirius B has a hospitable planet, Sirius B III, out of its five attendant worlds. The plot revolves around the people sent there to save the human race after the Earth has been devastated. BL Ceti: Larry Niven wrote A Gift From Earth in 1968, a part of his Known Space collection of multiple works. The plot involves the twin red dwarf stars BL Ceti and UV Ceti, which are important signposts for the eventual destination. UV Ceti: a space station called Eldorado, part of the 'Great Circle' route, is based at UV Ceti in the 1981 story Downbelow Station by CJ Cherryh. Ross 154: the planet Tei Tenga in the Ross 154 system is where the United Aerospace Armed Forces (UAFF) had a couple of military research bases in the video game Doom. Ross 248: Diadem is an icy world in orbit around Ross 248 in Alastair Reynolds's story Glacial. Following a failed attempt at human colonisation, an investigation a century later reveals that the planet is sentient and it uses cold-blooded annelids, burrowing through its ice-mantle, to 'think'. Epsilon Eridani: Les Grognards d'Éridan (The Napoleons Of Eridanus), written by French author Claude Avice in 1970, features a detachment of soldiers from the Napoleonic era who are abducted by aliens and transported to the Epsilon Eridani system to fight their battles for them. Also, Epsilon Eridani was the parent star of the planet Reach in the extremely successful Xbox game Halo: Reach. Lacaille 9352: in the fictional universe of the Hyperion Cantos dreamed up by Dan Simmons, the inhospitable planet Sibiatu's Bitterness orbits the star Lacaille 9352. Ross 128: Across the Sea of Suns, written in 1984 by Gregory Benford, features a race of alien aquatic creatures which live under the ice-mantle of the frozen world Pocks, a member of the Ross 128 system. EZ Aquarii A, B and C: the character Sheldon in The Big Bang Theory regularly lists 'the closest stars to me' when ascending and descending stairs. Once, in disguise, he spoke the words 'EZ Aquarii B, EZ Aquarii C,' while passing Amy on the stairs, and was dismayed that she recognised him. Procyon A/B: His Master's Voice was written by Polish author Stanislaw Lem in 1968. This book focuses on the attempts by highly intelligent Earthlings to understand a message from the Procyon system. 61 Cygni: The region surrounding 61 Cygni is known as the 'Darkling Zone' in the popular TV series Blake's 7. Groombridge 34: The Groombridge 34 system features in the Halo series of Xbox games. Epsilon Indi: New New York on Epsilon Indi III has a portal to the Earth, via a created wormhole, in the 1996 Starplex book by Robert J Sawyer. Tau Ceti: Time for the Stars, written in 1956 by Robert A Heinlein, explores the telepathic bond between twins over the vastness of space. Tau Ceti III, in the Star Trek universe, is a hospitable M-class planet. One of the bountiful fruits which grows there is the Kaferian apple. While they can be eaten raw, they are much more tasty stewed with Talaxian spices and served in a pie, as recommended in the vegetarian options at Quark's Bar on the space station Deep Space Nine.

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Fascinating languages such as the Hebrew, Ladino and Yiddish are written with the help of free Hebrew fonts. The Hebrew language has rich history and is used as font for writing the Aramaic language which is extinct. The Hebrew font is different and written from right to left. The letters of the Hebrew is represented as the consonants. Three or more letters such as the YOD, VAV and ALEF, are used for representing long vowels. But the short vowels are never marked but they are allowed to be marked by using the small didactic marks known as the points. ‘Cantillation marks’ which is more small diacritic marks are used for liturgical Hebrew texts in order to indicate musical motif and stress. It is not necessary to pay more than hundred dollars to buy a Hebrew word processor because the world’s best processor may exist already in your computer! Want to download free Hebrew Fonts? Here are the installation instructions for fonts: - Download the Hebrew font file to your PC. - Unzip the compressed font ZIP file with your preferred zip utility. - Go to the “Start” button, choose “Settings -> Control Panel”. - Click the “Fonts” icon. Drag the font that you unzipped into the Fonts folder on your computer. If necessary, restart your computer. That’s it your font is ready to use! Here are some Free Hebrew Fonts for download: BibleWorks Fonts by BibleWorks LLC (download) Ezra SIL by SIL International (download) Baznat by David Kerkhoff (download) HABBAKUK by Dry Heaves (download) Lost City by Dry Heaves (download)

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Field, Michael, pseud. used by two English authors, Katherine Harris Bradley, 1846–1914, and her niece Edith Emma Cooper, 1862–1913, who collaborated on numerous literary works, including lyrics and poetic tragedies. Although their work was praised by such contemporaries as Robert Browning and George Moore, it is almost forgotten today. See selected poems (1923); Works and Days (1933), a selection from their journal. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: English Literature, 19th cent.: Biographies

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Ethicists have considered and written about the most ethical way in which to conduct war. Just war theory is the branch of philosophy that studies how to most ethically commit deeds that seem to be, at their core, unethical. The protection of civilian life is the guiding principle of just war theory. These ethical codes of acceptable wartime conduct require that all attempts be made by military personnel to protect civilians from damage and death in times of war. The two philosophical principles governing this requirement are the principle of distinction and the doctrine of double effect. The principle of distinction requires the users of force to distinguish between the combatant and the noncombatant. The doctrine of double effect (DDE) permits an action with a primary positive end, despite certain harmful side effects.[i] When applied to wartime, the DDE allows for the death of civilians in the natural, violent course of war if it is in the process of targeting and “taking out” enemy forces. In modern warfare, however, these two moral guidelines and their interplay are challenging for the scholar to understand and agonizingly difficult for the soldier to apply. The concern for the protection of civilian life can also be found in the Jewish tradition. The Bible describes how to treat civilians in wartime, and Maimonides codifies military laws of conduct.[ii] Ranging from the eshet yefat to’ar (female captive taken in war)[iii] to the protection of fruit trees,[iv] the Halakhah records wartime legislation. Interestingly, though, a religious doctrine that is often hailed as moral seems to have no analogs to the principle of distinction and the DDE; this disconcerting quietude of biblical, rabbinic, and medieval sources must be considered, especially in view of biblical accounts of the slaughter of civilians.[v] This textual reticence is difficult to understand philosophically, and creates a near-impossibility of determining how to act in a way that is based upon the Judaic tradition and yet also moral by a modern standard. There is a gap between the Judaic and Classical war ethics that deserves examination. Generally, it is difficult to compare Classical and biblical views of war ethics because of the gap of literature: While the Classical view has a healthy, developed history, the Judaic tradition has been stunted by the 2,000-year exile. This gap requires modern halakhists and ethicists to infer a Judaic just war ethic, and this inference is often shaky and inadequate. However, sieges are an excellent point of comparison between the Classical and Judaic war ethics, because they are one of the few war strategies that were used both in antiquity, as in Jericho according to the Bible,[vi] the siege of Masada, and today, as in the Taliban’s sieges of US outposts in Afghanistan.[vii] Because of its history, there is a large amount of literature and thought on the topic, including questions concerning its morality. Classical Ethics of Sieges A siege is a very simple maneuver: When the enemy protects itself in a stronghold, the attacking army surrounds the enemy, thereby starving out the pent-up population. The siege will last until one side gives up or the fortifications are overcome. While modern weaponry, e.g., aerial bombing, has diminished the value of sieges as a military strategy from both the defensive and offensive perspectives, sieges are still used today. Despite the tactical simplicity of laying a siege, this strategy is fraught with considerable moral ambiguity. More often than not, civilians are entrapped in the besieged city or stronghold, and because sieges often result in shortages and assaults upon the city, civilians are usually inadvertently killed in the process of attacking combatants. This situation violates the principle of distinction, which mandates that civilians not be harmed alongside combatants. The question of the morality of sieges and the treatment of civilians, therefore, is troubling to many ethicists. Michael Walzer, in his seminal book Just and Unjust Wars, describes sieges as “the oldest form of total war.”[viii] Total war is “military conflict in which the contenders are willing to make any sacrifice in lives and other resources to obtain a complete victory.”[ix] These sacrifices often include civilian lives and property which, in a non-total war situation, are considered to be innocent and illegitimate targets. Sieges are a form of total war, because, as Walzer writes, the ultimate purpose of the siege is not to starve the enemy into submission, but rather to starve the civilians, who in turn force the hand of the enemy government. Sieges are a form of total war because they intentionally target civilians. The notion of Total War is old, but its denunciation is rather modern. For much of human history, total war was the only mode of warfare. Yet as ethics developed, total war has shifted from being seen as a given, to a tool requiring justification, to an outlawed practice. Total warfare has been banned by international law to protect civilians from the ravages of war, because, as noncombatants, they are deserving of protection. Basing his ideas off of the principle of distinction, Walzer equates sieges to total war, and denounces them. He argues that ethical conduct in war demands that the besieging army to open a path for civilian flight. However, there are two flaws in Walzer’s analysis. First, a siege can be used not only as a means to put pressure on the army via civilian deaths, but also as a means of putting pressure directly upon the army. Although rare, if a besieged city has no civilian population, but is a fortress composed entirely of combatants, then a siege would not be a tool of total war. For instance, if the Taliban were to besiege an American outpost in the Helmand region, there would be no ethical violation on the Taliban’s part, as there are no American civilians in that area. The second flaw in Walzer’s argument is his assumption that the death of civilians is the true intent of the besiegers. If, however, a fortress or city is strategically located, the intent of the attackers is not to destroy the opposing army, but rather to replace the opposing army with their own forces. The death of combatants and noncombatants alike is an unintended, though welcome, byproduct. Walzer’s depiction of a siege is reminiscent of those sieges that resulted in bloody massacres, such as Masada, Troy, etc. Walzer, however, fails to acknowledge the possibility of a besieging army being justified by the DDE. The DDE states that “it is sometimes permissible to bring about a harm as a merely foreseen side effect of an action aimed at some good end, even though it may have been impermissible to bring about the same harms as a means to that end.”[x] It is a philosophical principle that governs the ethics of medicine, business, and war. The DDE has its roots in medieval Christian theology, and is still used today. When applying the DDE to war ethics, four preconditions must be fulfilled in order to justify the death of noncombatants: 1) The act is good in itself or at least indifferent, which means, for our purposes, that it is a legitimate act of war. 2) The direct effect is morally acceptable – the destruction of military supplies, for example, or the killing of enemy soldiers. 3) The intention of the actor is good, that is, he aims only at the acceptable effect; the evil effect is not one of his ends, nor is it a means to his ends. 4) The good effect is sufficiently good to compensate for allowing the evil effect…[xi] Walzer argues that besieging areas that contain large civilian populations is forbidden, as it fails, at a minimum, to satisfy the third condition, and, more often, the fourth condition. While he succeeds in proving this assumption in specific cases (the British blockade of Germany, for example[xii]), he fails to prove it in general. There can be an instance, though it may be rare, when besieging a city that contains both combatants and noncombatants can be ethical by virtue of the DDE. Thus, despite the questionable morality of besieging a city, and the possibility of it being an aspect of the abhorred total war, sieges are not outlawed by classical jus in bello ethics, because sieges can, in fact, fulfill the DDE and the principles of just war. Nonetheless, such a justification for sieges is generally not used. Walzer observes that, far more often, leaders justify sieges by claiming that the noncombatants had consented to the defense of the city by combatants, and so brought the siege upon themselves. Walzer rejects this notion: “The siege itself is an act of coercion, a violation of the status quo, and I cannot see how the commanders of the besieging army can escape responsibility for its effects. [The commander] has no right to wage total war, even if civilians and soldiers within the city are politically united in refusing surrender.”[xiii] As such, writes Walzer, the besieger has the moral obligation to allow noncombatants to escape the city. Although Walzer is considered an expert on just war theory, his opinion on sieges is not universally accepted. Richard A. Gabriel thinks that sieges actually place the onus of noncombatant deaths upon the defenders of the city. While normal conditions of war protect civilians, sieges are abnormal, and the treatment of civilians therefore changes. He notes that sieges inevitably involve the citizens, from the perspectives of both the besieger and the besieged. He writes, “Civilians are involved not only in the tactics of the besieger but in the tactics of the defender, who, if he is to be successful, must marshal every available civilian to keep the city running and defensible.”[xiv] When combatants insert themselves into civilian areas, the defenders of the city “change such areas, which then become fair game; the civilian population with them also become subject to military action.”[xv] Gabriel asserts that the protection of civilians is incumbent upon the defensive force, not the offensive. In any event, it is clear that the Classical view of sieges is wholly dependent upon the principle of distinction, which requires a differentiation between combatants and noncombatants, and the DDE, which requires that the death of noncombatants be justified. It is the interpretation and application of these principles that cause the different conclusions. Yet the Judaic view of sieges is entirely different, not only because of the reticence in Judaic texts on such philosophical principles, but also because the Judaic tradition has entirely different principles governing sieges. Sieges in Judaic Sources While the Classical just war ethic is rich in sources and nuance, the Judaic just war ethic has been stunted by virtue of the Diaspora and the army-less situation of the Jewish People. To construct a Jewish just war theory, many modern scholars attempt to extrapolate preconceived Classical just war ethics from the ethos of Halakhah and biblical stories. While there is no direct mention of a principle similar to the distinction doctrine in biblical or talmudic sources, R. J. David Bleich indirectly derives it from the principle of rodef [pursuer with an intent to kill]. In a case where an individual is being pursued by a potential murderer, and the only way to halt the murderer is to indirectly kill an innocent bystander, no action may be taken, for, Bleich explains, “Since the law of pursuit is designed to preserve the life of the innocent victim, it is only logical that it is forbidden to cause the death of a bystander in the process since to do so would only entail the loss of another innocent life.”[xvi] As such, writes Bleich, the lives of civilians must be protected in wartime.[xvii] Yet this theory is derived, so the link between the biblical and halakhic sources and the principle of distinction remains weak. Bleich also attempts to find a source for the DDE, though in less protracted form. According to Ha’amek Davar to Genesis 9:5, homicide is not punishable during wartime, regardless of the victim’s status as a civilian or military actor. Though this would seem to allow for the intentional targeting of civilians, Bleich re-interprets and limits the Ha’amek Davar. It is “logical to assume that military action leading to civilian casualties may be regarded as legitimate… only [emphasis added] when the loss of civilian life is incidental to military purposes, but not when wantonly undertaken as an end in itself.”[xviii] Thus, there is the preexisting, though stretched, notion of the DDE in the Judaic tradition. While these inferred ethics are less nuanced than the Classical versions, that is to be expected, as they are only inferences. These modern ideas, such as the principle of distinction and the DDE, came into existence long after the Judaic war ethic stopped developing. Yet it is not these philosophical principles that truly govern the Judaic approach to sieges. By virtue of their ancient use, sieges and their morality are mentioned explicitly in the Judaic tradition. Numbers 31:7 records, “And they warred against Midian, as the LORD commanded Moses; and they slew every male.”[xix] Sifrei derives from this verse that the Israelite army “gave them a fourth side to enable them to flee:” “And they went to war on Midian, and surrounded [the city] from four sides. R. Natan says, ‘he gave them a fourth side to enable them to flee.’”[xx] In line with the biblical text that notes that the Israelites killed every male, Sifrei makes no distinction between combatant and noncombatant. Sifrei’s qualification here, though, is odd, as the Bible records the Israelites’ treatment of the Midianites; they killed all the males and leaders, took the women and children captive, claimed the property, and burnt the cities.[xxi] Why, then, does Sifrei record the gesture of leaving an escape route, similar to Walzer’s advice, when the treatment of the Midianites is more akin to total warfare? Based on Sifrei, Maimonides establishes siege law. Maimonides records in Mishneh Torah that when besieging a city, one side must be left open to allow people to flee. He writes, “When a siege is placed around a city to conquer it, it should not be surrounded on all four sides, only on three. A place should be left for the inhabitants to flee and for all those who desire, to escape with their lives, as it is written (Numbers 31:7): ‘And they besieged Midian as God commanded Moses.’”[xxii] This law, however, applies only to a milhemet reshut, or sanctioned optional war, not to a milhemet mitsvah, or mandatory war. What is interesting is that Maimonides does not differentiate between combatants and noncombatants; his law applies to both, with no principle of distinction determining who is permitted to flee. When discussing milhemet reshut, Maimonides records that it is forbidden to kill women and children: “If they do not make peace, or if they make peace, but refuse to accept the seven mitsvot, war should be waged against them. All males [past majority] should be killed. Their money and their children should be taken as spoil, but neither women nor children should be killed, as is stated (Deuteronomy 20:14): ‘But the women and the children…take as spoil.’” “The children” refer to males below the age of majority.”[xxiii] Yet for a milhemet mitsvah, defined by Maimonides here as a defensive war or a war against the seven Canaanite nations or Amalek,[xxiv] one is obligated to leave no one alive. Thus, milhemet mitsvah follows the rules of total war, for which all weapons, tactics, and objectives are fair game, including the intentional targeting of civilians, while milhemet reshut is similar to limited war, for which the weapons, tactics, and objectives are limited, including the intentional targeting of civilians. Therefore, according to Maimonides, the principle of distinction depends upon the type of war: While the law is merciless for a milhemet mitsvah, it is merciful above and beyond the Classical tradition’s formulation in a time of milhemet reshut. This reading of Maimonides and the presumed mercy of Halakhah falls apart when other texts and the interpretation of Maimonides are examined. While Maimonides codifies in Mishneh Torah that one must leave open a side when sieging a city, he does not include this precept in his Sefer ha-Mitsvot. Based on this, Meshekh Hokhmah explains that the assertion of Maimonides is only advice, a military tactic that can be discarded by a military leader at will. The rationale for this advice, writes Meshekh Hokhmah, is that the swiftest way to conquer a city is to let the combatants flee, allowing the besiegers to take the city. R. Yitzchak Blau explains the rationale of the Meshekh Hokhmah: “If the enemy feels that it has no escape route, it will redouble its fighting efforts. If it has an escape route, soldiers will run and the rest will lose fighting spirit. As this merely reflects a wartime strategy rather than a religious ideal, it does not merit being counted as a separate mitsva.”[xxv] Thus, this interpretation of Maimonides transforms a moral, humanitarian halakhah into tactical military advice. If a general thinks that allowing combatants to flee will undermine military objectives, there is then no need to allow for flight. Women and children, the medieval equivalent of noncombatants, are still protected, but on an equal level to the principle of distinction. Overall, then, the Maimonidean perspective on sieges during milhemet reshut is similar to the Classical tradition. Sifrei to Numbers 31:7, the source from which Maimonides derives his military tactic, is, however, explained in more than one manner. Naḥmanides and Sefer ha-Hinnukh also contemplate the Sifrei, and arrive at different conclusions from Maimonides’. Naḥmanides writes that, in every milhemet reshut, the besieging army must leave one side of the city open for all people within the city, fighter and civilian, to flee. The rationale is both to inculcate the Jewish army with the attribute of mercy and, as a war tactic, in order to prevent the enemy from fighting back.[xxvi] Sefer ha-Hinnukh similarly limits the commandment explicitly to a context of milhemet reshut.[xxvii] In contrast to Maimonides who applies Sifrei only to a case of milhemet mitsvah, these medieval halakhists believe that Sifrei is only speaking of a milhemet reshut, a sanctioned war. This alternate interpretation fits with Maimonides’ idea of equating milhemet mitsvah to total war and milkhemet reshut to limited war. The proposed escape path is open to all individuals, not limited to noncombatants. The reason that individuals are allowed to flee in a sanctioned war is out of humanitarian concern for the people in the city; the Jewish besiegers are commanded to have compassion for their enemy. The tactical advantage that the Israelites may gain in this strategy is a welcome byproduct, but not the goal of the exercise. Even if the tactical advantage would cease to exist, writes Naḥmanides, the Jews are still required to leave open a side to allow for combatants and noncombatants to flee. The Naḥmanidean perspective is far more humane than the Classical one. The ambiguity of the Halakhah’s and the Bible’s views of morality is also discussed in modern times. The 1982 Israeli siege of Beirut prompted a slew of writings and debates upon the halakhic propriety of this military action. Two Traditions in Action: Classical War Ethic Versus Judaic War Ethic In the 1982 Lebanon War, the IDF besieged Beirut in order to capture PLO terrorists. For thirty-three days, the IDF closed the city and controlled access to food, water, and fuel.[xxviii] Between 4,000 and 5,000 civilians died from military action during the siege. Yet the IDF did not wholly surround the city. Similar to Walzer’s formulation that the besiegers must allow for civilian flight, “[t]hroughout the siege, the IDF kept open two major escape routes from the city to Syrian positions. Of the 500,000 people trapped in West Beirut, about 100,000 took advantage of the Israeli escape routes and did leave.”[xxix] Only civilians were allowed to flee. This method adheres to the jus in bello principles propounded by Walzer and goes far beyond Gabriel’s more lax formulation, but disregards Maimonides’ and Naḥmanides’ requirement to allow combatants to flee as well. Interestingly, Walzer labels Maimonides’ formulation of the war strategy as hopelessly naive. How is it possible to “surround” a city on three sides? Such a sentence, it might be said, could only appear in the literature of a people who had neither a state nor an army of their own. It is an argument offered not from any military perspective, but from a refugee perspective.[xxx] Walzer views Maimonides’ war law as antiquated and irrelevant. The IDF did not follow Maimonides’ (or Naḥmanides’) demand that combatants be permitted to flee the besieged city; they did not allow PLO combatants to flee. Only noncombatants were permitted to use the two escape routes.[xxxi] Despite the prompting of many religious figures to act in a more halakhic manner, the IDF continued to act in accordance with jus in bello rules. The IDF’s actions were more akin to Classical than Judaic ethics.[xxxii] Although the Judaic war ethic has a gap of 2,000 years in its development, its growth has been healthy. The IDF and Israeli ethicists have an abundance of material and literature from which to derive a war ethic. The sources of the Judaic ethic developed prior to the Classical tradition, and the early interpretation of these sources occurred simultaneously with the development of the Classical tradition. Yet no matter the interpretation of Sifrei (the original source for the Judaic ethic of sieges), the Judaic tradition is in direct contrast to the Classical. Neither Walzer nor Gabriel is bothered by the death of combatants in a besieged city; it is the death of noncombatants that bothers them, though they lay the responsibility for these deaths at the feet of different actors. The Judaic tradition, on the other hand, does not adhere to the principle of distinction in the case of sieges, and instead holds that both combatants and noncombatants have the right to flee. It is interesting that the verses following Numbers 31:7 and the war with Midian record the slaughter and enslavement of noncombatants, as well as the pillaging and burning of cities, which would be considered war crimes in modern times; still, the Naḥmanidean interpretation of the verse shows more concern for human life than any Classical ethic. The Maimonidean formulation, at least the standard interpretation of it, is a war strategy, not a systematic, logical ethic like the just war ethic. Meanwhile, the Naḥmanidean ethic is based upon the law’s desire to keep the soldiers merciful. Both perspectives are not based upon a strict, rational ethic in the way that jus in bello’s rationales are based on the philosophical principles of distinction and the DDE. This is not to say that one tradition is less valuable or ethical than the other, but merely that one is more emotional and the other more rational. Yet the IDF and military ethicists have shown an unambiguous preference for the Classical war ethic. There are many possible explanations of this choice, but the tradition the IDF has chosen is clearly the secular one. Such a choice is only possible to discover via examining a war strategy that was employed both in ancient and modern times, such as sieges. Ariella Gottesman is a senior at SCW majoring in Political Scienc [i] Allison McIntyre, “Doing Away with the Double Effect,” Ethics 111.2 (2001): 219-255, at p. 219. [ii] For example, Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Melakhim, 6. [iii] Deuteronomy 21:10. [iv] Deuteronomy 20:19-20. [v] For examples, see Numbers 31:1-12 and I Sam 15:7. [vi] Joshua 6:1-27. [viii] Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1977), 160. [x] McIntyre 219. [xi] Walzer 153. [xii] Walzer 172- 175. [xiii] Walzer 168. [xiv] Richard A. Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee: The Israeli-PLO War in Lebanon (New York: Hill and Wang, 1984), 134. [xv] Ibid. 135. [xvi] J. David Bleich, “Preemptive War in Jewish Law,” Tradition 21.1 (1983): 3-41, at p. 19. [xvii] Bleich limits this only to a defensive war. He chooses to include a defensive war among the milhemot mitsvah. In the majority of these types of wars, the killing of civilians is not only sanctioned, but required. [xviii] Bleich 28. [xix] Mechon-Mamre’s translation. [xx] Author’s translation. [xxi] Numbers 31: 9-11. [xxii] Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Melakhim 6:7. Touger translation. [xxiii] Ibid. 6:4. Translation adapted from Touger. [xxiv] For an understanding of the differences between defensive and preemptive wars in the Judaic tradition, see Bleich. [xxv] Yitzchak Blau, “Biblical Narratives and the Status of Enemy Civilians in Wartime,” Tradition 39.4 (2006): 8-28, at p. 17-18. [xxvi] Ramban‘s Emendations to Sefer ha-Mitsvot, Shikehat ha-Asin (“forgotten” positive commands). [xxvii] Mitsvah # 527. [xxviii] “FM 3-06, Appendix A, Siege of Beirut.” Available at: www.globalsecurity.org. [xxix] Gabriel 137. [xxx] Walzer 168. [xxxi] This assumes, of course, that the 1982 Lebanon war is a milhemet reshut. For more information, see: Gil Student, “The Siege of Beirut,” Hirhurim. Available at: hirhurim.blogspot.com. [xxxii] The Siege of Beirut prompted a slew of halakhic discussion on whether the siege was halakhically permissible. While the disagreement between Chief Rabbi of Israel R. Shlomo Goren and R. Shaul Yisraeli is interesting, their argument hinges primarily on whether the Lebanon War was a milhemet mitsvah or a milhemet reshut, which is irrelevant to this discussion. For more information, see Student.

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Some people love them and some people hate them, but whatever your tastes you should probably know a little about the vignette effect in photography. A vignette photo has edges that fade to either white or black, typically gradually, although it can be an effect that is used dramatically as well. This effect can be created in camera with certain lenses that are known to produce it, sometimes undesirably. Vignettes can also be created in the darkroom during the printing process. However, in this day and age the most common way to create a vignette is during the post-processing phase in a photo editing program such as Photoshop. Generally in spite of our very wide field of view, our eyes don’t see with perfect focus at all points in a scene. We see the center of a scene with ideal light sensitivity and perfect focus and then focus and brightness will fall off increasingly toward the periphery. Therefore, a vignette more or less mimics the way our eyes actually see a scene. Although a photograph with precise focus and exposure throughout may be desirable in some scenarios, it can also seem very boring, artificial and even too contrived in others. Vignetting can act as a way to frame the intended subject in a photo in either a subtle or dramatic way and really make it stand out to great creative effect. By causing the periphery to gradually fade away, not only will the photo be more like actual vision, it can immediately draw the eye to the main subject and away from unimportant elements in the background or periphery. It can also be used as a finishing touch on a photo once the exposure and composition are perfect. Typically a vignette, as previously mentioned, is used in a gradual or subtle way since our eyes don’t actually make the borders of our vision very dark and fuzzy. When used in this way, a vignette will generally not be consciously detectable by the untrained eye. However, there are times when a more dramatic vignette is a useful effect, such as in a black and white landscape to add a touch of drama or in an intense portrait to create a darker mood. Older cheaper cameras such as Holgas often had poor optics, so many old photos have vignetting that was created in-camera unintentionally. This vintage look, which was previously not desirable, is now often intentionally recreated during post-processing with software like Photoshop. How to Create a Vignette in Photoshop There are a few ways to create a vignette in Photoshop but there are a few bits of information that are important to know first. A vignette should always be the very last step in the editing process. Deciding to crop the image post-vignette, for example, can cause the end result to be not desirable since a vignette is used to highlight the subject. If you are not completely sure that you are absolutely done editing your photo in other ways, you can choose to duplicate the original image layer so that you can go back to it if needed. The easiest way to create a vignette in Photoshop is to first create a new layer and select the elliptical marquee tool. Create a circle or oval shape in the desired area on your photo. Next you will need to choose to feather your selection anywhere from 50 to 80 pixels by going to Select>Modify>Feather. You can also choose the square marquee or even use the lasso tool to create a custom and creative shape. At this point you will go to Select>Inverse and fill the center of the selection with black or white depending on the look you ultimately want to achieve. If it is too dark at this point then you can easily lighten it by lowering the layer opacity. Another easy and quick way to add vignetting to your photos in Photoshop involves the use of the Lens Correction filter. First you need to open your photo and as previously mentioned, be sure to finish all photo edits prior to adding the vignetting. Open the Lens Correction filter via the following path Filters>Distort>Lens Correction. You will see various options within the Lens Correction menu but we are going to focus on the Vignette sliders. The Amount slider will make the vignette darker or lighter and the Midpoint slider will adjust the mid-point of the vignette. The first method of vignetting in Photoshop is definitely preferable if you want to place the vignetting in a custom place on the photo for creative effect, meaning not oval and dead center. However, the second method is great for a very precision vignette much like what would be created naturally with a lens. A Quick Note About Opinions on Vignettes One thing to be aware of is that there are photographers that “object” to the use of vignetting. Many see it as a form of cheating and as a way to make a bad photograph better. They argue that the composition itself should be what creates all of the emphasis on the subject and not a post-processing technique. However, the viewer of the photo, unless they possess a critical and trained eye, really doesn’t care about why they like a photo. They just do. Ultimately photography is indeed an art form and artists are as varied art itself. The most important thing is to produce the images that you want to produce. Rachael Towne is a photographer, digital artist and creator of photoluminary.com

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The nom de plume of an ancient, learned, and pious writer whose identity remained unknown for some centuries. The name need not be understood in the ordinary sense as now used. According to the original Greek, idiota means private, simple, or peculiar, and it is probable that the writer in question employed it in this sense to signify that he was a person of no consequence. The works of this author soon became widely known although he himself remained unknown. They have all been printed several times in the "Bibliotheca Patrum", and his "Contemplationes de amore divino" are often found in small manuals bound up with the meditations of St. Augustine, St. Bernard, and St. Anselm. In the "Magna Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum" published in 1618, his works are given among the writers of the tenth century and, according to Cardinal Bellarmine, Idiota flourished about the year 902. Father Theophilus Raynaud, S.J., was the first to discover that Raymundus Jordanus was the author of the works found in the library of the Fathers under the name Idiota. In his preface to one of the works of Idiota, the "Oculus Mysticus", which he published in 1641, he accounts for this discovery by the testimony of contemporary writers, and by the fact that some of the original Manuscripts had been signed by Raymundus. Biographical writers have, in general, accepted Raynaud's theory since the year 1654, when, under his editorship, a complete edition of the works of Idiota was published in Paris under the name of Raymundus Jordanus. It is known for certain that this Raymundus was a Frenchman, a Canon Regular of St. Augustine, prior of the house of his order at Uzès, in France, and afterwards Abbot of Selles-sur-Cher, France where he lived and died. Selles, it appears, was not then a Cistercian monastery. Raymundus wrote about the year 1381. In an account of a transaction between the Canons Regular and the Bishop of Uzès which occurred in the year 1377, Raymundus is styled licentiate, and it is stated that he was elected by the chapter of his order to present and conduct its cause before an ecclesiastical tribunal presided over by Cardinal Sabinensi, which he did with ability and success. Whether Raynaud is right in his theory that Raymundus Jordanus is Idiota, or whether Idiota is to remain unknown like the Auctor operis imperfecti, so often quoted by spiritual writers, may still be regarded by many as an open question. There is however no question as to the works themselves. They were all written in Latin and none of them has been translated into any other language. In the edition of his works published in Paris in the year 1654 we have the following collection: — six books of "Meditations"; a "Treatise on the Blessed Virgin"; a "Treatise on the Religious Life"; and the "Spiritual or Mystical Eye". He wrote also a "Commentary on Psalm xv". His book of "Meditations" contains the following chapters: These meditations were published in Paris in 1519, and the volume is said to have been the work of a pious and holy man who gave no other name than Idiota. All his works are written in a simple, clear, and pure style; and they are replete with Christian wisdom. They well deserve to be classed with the works of the early Fathers of the Church, and to be made known in the vernacular for the benefit and edification of pious readers. BELLARMINE-LABBE, Scriptores ecclesiastici, 467, 501; FABRICIUS, Bio. med. æt. IV, 519: VI, 112-113; RAYNAUD, Opera Omnia, XI, 37-66; ESSER in Kirchenlex. APA citation. (1910). Idiota. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07635a.htm MLA citation. "Idiota." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07635a.htm>. Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. June 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.

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|FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE| ([Your city, Your state]) Drivers who routinely speed, dart among traffic lanes, fail to signal intent, and improperly pass may soon be penalized severely for their behavior behind the wheel. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is partnering with local law enforcement agencies and community organizations to increase public awareness of the dangers and the penalties of aggressive driving. In [name of county or municipality], drivers who ignore basic traffic safety laws could be subject to substantial fines, points against their licenses and mandatory traffic school attendance. "Similarities exist between aggressive driving today and the impaired driving issue of twenty-five years ago. It is no longer socially acceptable to drive impaired by alcohol or drugs and attitudes about aggressive driving must change and also be unacceptable in society." Says [name of official], [title]. Aggressive driving encompasses a number of unlawful and dangerous actions, including exceeding posted speed limits or driving too fast for road conditions, changing lanes without signaling or yielding to other drivers, and passing in emergency lanes or on road shoulders. The more highly publicized "road rage" is a criminal offense that goes beyond carelessness to willful disregard for the safety of others. Aggressive driving, NHTSA points out, can escalate into road rage, sometimes with tragic consequences. A recent survey sponsored by NHTSA indicates that the majority of U.S. drivers consider unsafe driving practices a major threat to their personal safety and that of their families. According to NHTSA, drivers who tailgate, exceed speed limits, run red lights and switch lanes without warning are likely contributors to the more than 6 million crashes that occur in the United States each year. Several states have already adopted aggressive driving statutes that carry severe penalties, and more may follow suit. "We want to take steps now to restore safety and civility to our roadways," said [local official]. "By consistently enforcing traffic laws, increasing fines and other penalties against offenders, and impressing upon citizens the importance of their own safe driving habits, we can drive home the message that this dangerous behavior simply wont be tolerated." For more information on aggressive driving, visit www.nhtsa.dot.gov. * National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Datos sobre seguridad de tránsito 1998, Departamento de Transporte de los Estados Unidos, Octubre 1999.

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Editorial: Facing the Challenge New testing methods are astoundingly quick and accurate. Cellular tests can assess the acute toxicity of chemicals and drugs much more accurately than tests on rats or mice ever could. In-vitro tests can check whether a chemical will cause genetic damage–leading to birth defects or cancer–at a fraction of the cost of animal tests. They can show whether a compound will irritate the skin or damage the eye, all without using a single animal. And yet many chemical and drug companies still use old, patently cruel, and grossly inaccurate animal tests. Why? Some favor testing methods that government regulators are familiar with, and that usually means older tests. Others prefer animal tests precisely because they are slow and difficult to interpret. Because when government programs call for testing or retesting a possibly toxic chemical, the last thing a manufacturer wants is a quick and accurate test that could get a suspect chemical pulled from the market. The fact is, many animal tests are slow and yield ambiguous results, which can delay new regulations for years. What is the answer? It is essential that government regulators understand the power of newer test methods and that manufacturers be pushed to use them. PCRM’s toxicology and campaign staff does exactly that. When it comes to the causes of illness, Americans have access to more information than ever before about how nutrition affects their health. Thousands of books and Web sites make the latest dietary guidance instantly available. But despite endless warnings about fat and cholesterol, North Americans continue to eat no fewer than one million animals per hour, and, collectively, we are more out of shape than ever. Our children have higher rates of obesity than any previous generation. Why are so many people reluctant to change? Because they stick to foods that are familiar, because they imagine illness won’t happen to them, and because the cruelty to animals and damage to the environment caused by livestock operations are out of sight and out of mind. So PCRM’s team of physicians, dietitians, and nutritionists put healthier diets to the test, publishing the results in peer-reviewed medical journals. They speak at medical conferences, work with governmental bodies, and design programs that reach the public to the broadest possible extent. These challenges are enormous. Happily, we have a large and effective team, from the physicians and scientists who are our allies for a new kind of medical and scientific practice, to our many supporters teaching in schools, working for governmental reform, writing letters to the editor or to legislators, or supporting our work with contributions large or small. We begin a new year with a strong resolve to tackle the problems we face together and gratitude for our supporters who keep our work moving forward. Neal D. Barnard, M.D. President of PCRM

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American Quarter Horse The American Quarter is a race horse, pleasure horse, and cow horse (or a horse that is able to round up cattle) all wrapped into one. Once thought of as an exclusive short-distance racer, it has proven itself through the years as both multitalented and dependable. The American Quarter Horse has a muscular neck, deep chest, sloping shoulders, and a relatively small head with wide eyes and pointed ears (which are always alert). Its legs are muscular and firm; however, the horse's feet have been described as too small for the animal's size. Because of this, the Quarter Horse -- standing between 14.3 and 16 hands high -- is said to look rather chunky. (A hand is a common unit of measurement for horses that is equal to four inches.) The most common color for the Quarter Horse is sorrel (or chestnut). And although the Appaloosa and Pinto markings are not acceptable for the breed standard, it is quite normal to see white markings on the Quarter Horse's face or legs. History and Background The American Quarter Horse breed is among America’s most popular and oldest breeds. In the 1600s, American colonials began to cross English Thoroughbred horses with "native" horses such as the Chickasaw, a breed developed and propagated by the Chickasaw Indians. One of the most famous examples of crossbreeding involved Janus, a Thoroughbred and grandson to Godolphin Arabian, one of the founding stallions of the modern Thoroughbred bloodstock. Janus was brought to Virginia in 1752 and his breeding resulted in a smaller, more robust and agile American Quarter Horse. (Interestingly, Thoroughbreds are still used today to improve Quarter Horse's stock and running ability.) The American Quarter Horse would later become very popular in races, especially as it beat pure Thoroughbreds in short races, such as the quarter mile. Its predominance in quarter-mile races is actually the reason why it is called the Quarter Horse. However, the breed would reach a low point in the early 1800s. While its ability to win short-distance races remained undisputed, the American Quarter horse lost favor due to its inferior stamina, which made it unsuitable for long-distance racing. As the Thoroughbred regained its place as the American racehorse, Quarter Horse owners would learn an undiscovered talent for the breed -- its ability as a cow horse. Not only was it able to work with cattle and pull wagons, but it was able to carry people over long distances. This resurrected its usefulness, especially for pioneers looking to head West. The American Quarter Horse is best known today as a show horse, rodeo horse, and race horse, but is still considered a great all-around breed -- just as likely to round up your cattle as it is to win you a large purse in a quarter-mile race. Less important, below, toward the bottom or back Share this page The AraAppaloosa is primarily a riding horse and that is used for leisure activities.... When people think of the Wild West, they often conjure up ideas of cowboys, Indians,... 60% (114 votes) 14% (27 votes) 8% (15 votes) 6% (12 votes) N/A (I do not use tick preventives) 12% (23 votes) Total votes: 191

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Childhood obesity is on the rise as 1 in 4 children in Canada is overweight and 1 in 13 is obese. Despite these alarming numbers, a U of A researcher shared some encouraging results from a school program that is showing improvements in children's diets and physical activity levels. Paul Veugelers, professor in the School of Public Health and internationally renowned expert in the study of nutrition and physical activity among children, recently gave a lecture entitled Canada's Childhood Obesity Epidemic: Where Do We Go From Here? The event was held at the U of A Calgary Centre. The lecture centred on Veugelers' work with APPLE (Alberta Project Promoting active Living and healthy Eating) Schools and how comprehensive school health programs such as this can result in positive health outcomes and behaviours. "Eighty per cent of obese children become obese adults, 1 in 3 children will develop type 2 diabetes, and today's generation of children will not get as old as their parents," said Veugelers. "To reverse this trend, children need to eat healthy food and be more physically active. One of the ways this can be done is by changing a child's environment so that making the healthy choice becomes the easy choice." Sharing results on previous work conducted in Nova Scotia, Veugelers said that comprehensive program components such as healthy lunches, a no junk food policy, parental engagement and daily physical activities resulted in better diets, increased physical activity and marked reductions in the number of overweight (59 per cent less) and obese (72 per cent less) children. APPLE Schools are piloting similar components. |Audience members take part in an APPLE Schools student exercise | Veugelers was joined by Marg Schwartz, manager of the APPLE Schools program, and two program facilitators for the lecture. The facilitators worked the capacity crowd of 120 alumni, as well as those in the health and education communities, through interactive exercises done to stimulate the mind-body connection. To sustain the work being done in pilot schools, Schwartz pointed out that school programs should be complemented by efforts in the home and the community. However, a solid foundation for health can be established by beginning with children early and promoting health in an environment where they spend considerable time—at school. "Our data show that 94 per cent of parents surveyed want to limit the availability of unhealthy foods in schools while 68.5 per cent of children surveyed care about being healthy," said Schwartz. "These wishes are complementary and if a commitment is made to maintaining the healthy habits practiced in the schools, positive results can be achieved." For more information on APPLE Schools, please refer to the link at the bottom of this page. This lecture was the fourth in the Calgary Centre Speaker Series. The next talk features Professor David Percy, holder of the Borden Ladner Gervais LLP (BLG) Chair in Energy Law & Policy. Professor Percy's lecture is entitled "Water Allocation in Alberta: Issues, Challenges, Solutions."

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River & Physical Modeling Experience - David L. Derrick For 19 years Mr. Derrick was the principle investigator on many physical movable-bed model studies involving some of the most hydraulically complex reaches of the Mississippi River. These research projects have involved the application of various river training structures to solve a number of environmental, navigation, and dredging He was instrumental in the development and implementation of the Bendway Weir methodology for navigable rivers, non-navigable rivers, streams, and very small streams. A Bendway Weir is an upstream-angled underwater sill. Water flowing over the weir is redirected at an angle perpendicular to the weir. When the weirs are angled upstream water is directed away from the outer bank and toward the inner part of the bend. The river’s secondary currents in the bend are broken up. Weirs are typically built in sets (4 to 14 weirs per bend) and are designed to act as a system to capture, control, and redirect current directions and velocities through the bend and well into the downstream crossing. Both model (since 1988) and prototype (1989) results indicate that construction of a series of Bendway Weirs in the navigation channel of a bend results in the following improvements: the navigation channel through the bend and immediate downstream crossing is widened and better aligned, deposition occurs at the toe of the revetment on the outside of the bend (increasing bank stability), surface water velocities are more uniform across any specific cross-section, flow patterns in the bends are generally parallel with the banks (not concentrated on the outer bank of the bend), and the thalweg of the channel is moved from the toe of the outer bank revetment to the stream ends of the weirs. Using a physical movable-bed model, Mr. Derrick first explored and analyzed the multiple benefits of Bendway Weirs on two bends of the middle Mississippi River. Prototype Bendway Weir plans (and construction sequences) for these bends (Price’s Landing and Dogtooth) were developed using this model. Since 1989 over 190 weirs have been built in 22 bends of the Mississippi River. Prototype improvements have exceeded the results obtained from the model study. Andy Cannava of American Commercial Barge Line said “This is best thing to happen on the river in a hundred years”. of the 5 oldest weir installations show that from 1990-95 dredging was reduced by 80%, saving $3,000,000. In addition, towboat accidents were reduced, tow delay times at bends were reduced, sediment and ice management were improved, Least Tern (an endangered species) nesting areas were undisturbed, aquatic habitat area was increased, and fish size and density in the weir fields dramatically increased. This model study and associated prototype projects have revolutionized river training structure conceptualization and thinking to such an extent that St. Louis District present and future river plans almost exclusively involve Bendway Weirs. The weirs represent a unique and innovative solution to a perplexing set of problems in a number of bends where traditional solutions were not applicable. Mr. Derrick has served as the principal investigator or designed all weir plans on the following Mississippi River physical movable-bed model studies that involved testing of Bendway Weirs: Greenville Bridge (improvement of current sets through a highway bridge navigation span), Memphis Harbor (shallow-draft navigation improvement), Old River (sediment diversion and navigation improvement), Redeye Crossing (deep-draft navigation improvement and protection of docking facilities) and St. Louis Harbor (improvement of navigation current sets through a series of six highway bridges). Mr. Derrick also tested weirs on the Montgomery Point reach of the White River (improvement of navigation approach channel to a lock and dam) and a small sand-bed stream model involving one unrevetted bend. In addition he assisted with the following movable-bed model studies: New Madrid, Old River (Fixed and Movable-bed), Kate Aubrey, Groins and Dikes Research, Lock and Dam 26, Redeye Crossing, Loosahatchie-Memphis Harbor, White River, and Buck Island. Mr. Derrick designed a computer controlled automated sediment feeder to introduce coal into movable-bed models and assisted with the Redeye Crossing numerical and Greenville Bridge navigation modeling efforts. Mr. Derrick conducted a four year Navigation Hydraulics research work unit, “Hydraulic Design of Bendway Weirs”, expanding the envelope of knowledge of weir design in navigable rivers. Mr. Derrick was the principle investigator in a four year REMR (Repair Evaluation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation) research work unit which inventoried all currently maintained Corps river training structures located in shallow-draft non-tidal influenced waterways (over 10,000 structures). This work documented all past dike repair work, recorded all current dike repair methods, evaluated all new technology related to the field of dike repair, and formulated guidelines for structure inspection, record keeping, evaluation, and repair. Results from this research unit were recorded in three REMR technical reports. During 1997-2000 Mr. Derrick headed a team tasked with designing a 10 mile long innovative, cost-effective, bank stabilization project on a section of the laterally unrestrained Red River between Denison Dam and Index, AR (TX-OK border). Construction costs were estimated at 4-8 million dollars, less than one-half the cost of conventional bank protection. Mr. Derrick designed a 5-year monitoring program to assess the performance of this proposed project.

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Frequently Asked Questions about H1N1 Flu - Students What is SIUE doing about H1N1? - Departments have been identified that are essential to the continuing operations of the university during a crisis. These departments have been required to prepare continuity of operation plans to ensure that they can provide vital services in a pandemic crisis. - A Pandemic Planning Committee has been established and is now meeting on a weekly basis to stay current on H1N1 issues, to educate the campus community and to develop procedures to respond to a possible pandemic situation. - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) sheet and related university procedures have been prepared regarding H1N1. - A web site devoted to pandemic flu issues has been established. http://www.siue.edu/misc/h1n1.shtml - The Emergency Management and Safety Department and University Health Services remain in close contact with local, state and federal agencies to receive their recommendations regarding H1N1. - SIUE has an all hazard emergency plan that is up-to-date and includes a pandemic annex. - SIUE conducts emergency exercises on an annual basis to prepare for disaster situations. - The University has an emergency team that will operate in an emergency operations center in the event of a crisis situation. This team is compliant with the National Incident Management System (NIMS). What is H1N1 (Swine) Flu? H1N1 (commonly referred to as “swine flu”) is a new influenza virus causing illness in humans. This new virus was first detected in the United States in April 2009. It is spreading from person-to-person worldwide, in much the same way that regular seasonal influenza viruses spreads. How does H1N1 (Swine) Flu spread? Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing. You may become infected by touching a flu-infected surface and then touching your mouth or nose. Once infected you may be contagious to others beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and for 7 or more days after becoming ill. What are symptoms of H1N1 (Swine) Flu? Symptoms for H1N1 flu may include fever (usually 100° or higher), headache, upper respiratory tract symptoms (cough, sore throat, runny nose), muscle aches and pains, fatigue, vomiting, and/or diarrhea. Illness among these infected with H1N1 flu virus has typically been treated at home, but some cases have required hospitalization and deaths have been reported. What surfaces are most likely to be sources of contamination? - Germs can be spread when a person touches a contaminated surface and then touches their eyes, nose, or mouth. - Droplets from the cough or sneeze of an infected person move through the air. What can I do to protect myself from getting the flu (seasonal or H1N1)? Take these everyday steps to protect your health: - Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it. - Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners* are also effective. - Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth as germs are frequently spread in this way. - Avoid close contact with infected people. - If you are sick with flu-like illness, CDC recommends that you stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone, except to get medical care or for other necessities (your fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.) Maintain distance from others as much as possible to avoid spreading infection. Will I be protected against H1N1 Flu if I receive the seasonal flu vaccine? The seasonal flu vaccine is helpful in protecting you from the seasonal flu. It is not expected to also help protect you from the H1N1 flu virus. What do I do if I have influenza like illness (ILI) symptoms? - You don’t need to go to the emergency room unless you have severe symptoms, such as breathing problems. - If you are sick, you may be ill for a week or longer. Stay in your room/home (or make plans to go home). Avoid close contact with others as much as possible, including travel, work and school, for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone except to get medical care or for other necessities (your fever should be gone without the use of fever-reducing medicine.) - For sneezes and coughs, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue. Immediately throw away used tissue, and clean hands after each sneeze or cough. - Avoid close contact with others. - Get plenty of rest. Drink clear fluids to avoid dehydration. - If you experience the following symptoms, seek medical attention immediately: - Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath - Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen - Sudden dizziness - Severe persistent vomiting - Flu-like symptoms improve then return with fever and worsened cough Do I need prescription medicine if I have influenza like illness (ILI) symptoms? No, most people recover without prescription meds. If you are at high risk* for complications from the flu, you may need to discuss medications with your physician (high risk* includes pregnant women, people with asthma, diabetes or other conditions affecting the heart, lungs, blood, liver or kidneys, and people with weak immune systems). Fevers and aches can be treated with acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or ibuprofen (Advil®, Motrin®, Nuprin®) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Examples of these kinds of medications include: Ibuprofen- Motrin, Advil, Nuprin - Over-the-counter cold and flu medications used according to the package instructions may help lessen some symptoms such as cough and congestion. These medications do not however reduce contagion. - Check the ingredients on the package label to see if the medication already contains acetaminophen or ibuprofen before taking additional doses of these medications—don’t double dose! Patients with kidney disease or stomach problems should check with their health care provider before taking any NSAIDS. For more information on products for treating flu symptoms, see the FDA website. - http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2005/105_buy.html Will I be notified if someone at SIUE has a confirmed case of H1N1 flu? If yes, then how? Yes, you will be notified if a confirmed case of H1N1 occurs at SIUE. Surveillance of H1N1 is a matter of Public Health and therefore case information will be released in generic format (no individual names will be released). Information will be posted on the Health Service and Madison County Health Department websites.

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|Navigate: Home >> Faculty and Staff >> Smith, Monica >> Current Research >> Sisupalgarh Project| The Sisupalgarh Project is a multiseason archaeological research project at the ancient city of Sisupalgarh in eastern India. Occupied from approximately the 3rd century B.C. to 4th century A.D., this urban area was surrounded by dramatic walls early in its occupation. A fortified site of impressive proportions, the 130-hectare city of Sisupalgarh had local, regional and long-distance ties with sites throughout the Indian subcontinent as documented archaeologically through the widespread distribution of ceramics, metal, and stone objects. Through a two-year program of systematic surface-survey, the distribution of these artifacts was correlated with evidence for manufacturing activities to assess the city's economic organization. The site is located on the SE edge of modern Bhubaneswar in eastern India. The site was excavated in 1948 and again in 1950 by the Archaeological Survey of India. These excavations provided stratigraphic information about the construction of the walls, and the layout of a small portion of residential habitation. Building from these initial investigations, this project assesses the city from a whole-site perspective to evaluate whether there were different zones of activity, where the inhabitants of the city may have come from, and the relationships that they had with each other. Monica L. Smith The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology 304 Haines & A351 Fowler Office: (310) 794-9179 South Asian Lab: (310) 825-8271

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Obsession with cleanliness ‘could be making people depressed’April 20th, 2011 - 2:55 pm ICT by ANI London, April 19 (ANI): Scientists have claimed that a growing obsession with cleanliness could be making people depressed. They believe that eliminating bacteria and viruses has actually made our immune systems weaker, and this in turn has affected the functioning of our brains. Scientists have long blamed our overly sterile environments for increases in asthma and allergies. They say some bacteria are necessary for bolstering our immune systems, and without them our bodies over-react to dust and pollen, resulting in an allergy. But now researchers believe that this over-reaction may also impair the brain’s ability to produce certain chemicals that make us happy - such as serotonin - and this leads to depression. Researchers in Atlanta, Georgia, have studied how this over-reaction, or inflammation, affects the brain by recruiting a group of 27 patients taking drugs to treat hepatitis C - which causes similar reactions. They believe certain reactions may affect the brain’s ability to produce certain chemicals including serotonin, known as the “happy hormone”. “We believe the immune system is causing depression,” the Daily Mail quoted Dr Andrew Miller, one of the scientists, as saying. “As people develop and grow up, their immune system develops. If they are exposed to more bacteria and parasites, they are able to better control the inflammation. “Nowadays people’s environment is much cleaner and hygienic so our immune system never really learns how to deal with infectious agents. We are overactive because our immune system has not been trained,” added Miller. The study has been published in the journal Molecular Pyschiatry. (ANI) - Cleaning obsession could be making us more depressed - Apr 19, 2011 - Source of happiness may lie in your gut - Jun 13, 2012 - Biological changes in depressed patients - Nov 30, 2010 - Over cleanliness could wreck immune system! - Mar 23, 2012 - Catching flu early can protect you from asthma later - Dec 15, 2010 - Is depression byproduct of our ability to fight infection? - Mar 02, 2012 - Cell component that triggers cat allergy identified - Mar 10, 2011 - Inflammation drug promising in depression - Sep 04, 2012 - Rogue DNA could trip the heart - Apr 26, 2012 - 'Allergies linked to lower risk of brain tumours' - Aug 06, 2012 - Mice study finds link between depression and inflammatory response - Dec 21, 2010 - Encounter with bugs gears infants against allergies - Nov 03, 2011 - Poor brain connectivity behind many faces of depression - Feb 28, 2012 - Blood test to tell whether anti-depressants work - Dec 16, 2011 - Why some people are apple-shaped and others pear-shaped - Mar 10, 2011 Tags: allergy, andrew miller, atlanta georgia, bacteria, brains, cleanliness, daily mail, dr andrew, hepatitis, hepatitis c, immune system, immune systems, infectious agents, inflammation, obsession, parasites, pollen, serotonin, sterile environments, taking drugs

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Drag queening for the birds say Spanish boffins Priscilla, Queen of the Raptors Fetch out the sequins: Spanish biologists working in western France have explained a curious characteristic of a bird called the marsh harrier: some males “dress” as females in their permanent plumage to win chicks and territory. The boffins, led by Audrey Sternalski of the Instituto de Investigacion en Recursos Cingeticos in Ciudad Real, say that the female-coloured male harriers are able to avoid copping the aggression that’s typical of males defending their territory. The researchers set up decoy birds with three plumage styles: the grey of the male, the brown-and-white of the female, and the imperfect mimicked plumage of the “she-male”. They found that aggressive males focused on attacking decoys that were typically male, making less effort to try and drive the other two off their territory. This, they argue in a paper published in the Royal Society’s Biology Letters, gives the males-in-female-plumage a chance to cozy up to females without being driven away by jealous males. It also means they can seek out new feeding territories with less chance of having to do battle with the incumbent. They also found that the “drag queen” marsh harriers would take their act to extremes, even attacking the female decoys rather than the males. AFP says only one other bird has a similar “transvestite” trick up its sleeve – the wader Philomachus pugnax. ®

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IX. The Present Need for Genuine Liberal Education Though the relevance of liberal education for human nature is profound, few men appear to be aware of its importance, and those who are aware seem only to be imperfectly conscious of it. Yet despite our overwhelming preoccupation with practical matters, the desire to know does not altogether escape any of us. Hence Aristotle can say, at the beginning of the Metaphysics, that “men are by nature philosophers, lovers of wisdom.” It is true, further, that men cannot remain ignorant of the need to educate themselves about philosophical matters without consequences. To remain in such a state is to live in a way that is less than human. Socrates had this in mind when he judged that “the unexamined life is not worth living.” To deny philosophy on the other hand is impossible. “You say,” writes Aristotle in a celebrated dilemma, “one must philosophize. Then you must philosophize. You say one should not philosophize. Then (to prove your contention) you must philosophize. In any case you must philosophize.” The questions pursued by liberal education are inescapable. So long as man exists these questions will emerge, and if they are not answerable truthfully, then man lives enslaved in darkness or in error. And when a doctrine such as that of academic freedom rules over all efforts to pursue these questions, as is the case in our times, we become like those silly women of whom the Apostle says that they are “always learning, and never able to come to a knowledge of the truth.” (II Tim. 3:7) We remain slaves. Click here for a full, printable version (PDF). “I am most grateful for Thomas Aquinas College’s resolute fidelity to the Church and her teachings. The young people whom you serve certainly are being formed to think with the Church and to defend the Faith with courage and charity.” – The Most Rev. William E. Lori Archbishop of Baltimore Chair of the USCCB's Ad Hoc Committee on Religious Liberty

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A LITTLE PHILOSOPHY RABBI S.R. HIRSCH: WHY SACRIFICE? Besides being hugely important to the development of European Orthodoxy in the Nineteenth Century, Rabbi Samson Rafael Hirsch also seemed to possess a dazzling mastery of the full breadth of Judaism's Oral Law. His brilliance is especially evident in his systematic and comprehensive approach to the temple literature. What follows, is a brief summary of some of Rabbi Hirsch's better known observations. They shall build for Me a sanctuary, then I will dwell in their midst (Ex. 25:8) It's not just about architectural design. According to Rabbi Hirsch, the Temple will not have achieved its purpose until its influence has been felt on every plane of Jewish national and personal life. That God allowed its repeated destruction proves that the Temple's mere construction and sacrificial service couldn't possibly have been its ultimate goal. And the word of God was to Solomon. The house which you are building, if you follow My laws and do My justice and keep all of My commandments to go in them, then I will keep My promise to you that I made to David your father. And I will dwell in the midst of the children of Israel and I will not abandon My people Israel. (I Kings 6:11-13) So the Temple's continued existence is conditional. This is expressed by the two Hebrew words that describe it: mikdash (sanctuary) and mishkan (tabernacle). When - and only when - the Jews use the Temple to consecrate (mikdash) and carefully define their lives, God promises to provide His "protecting and blessing-giving presence...in our midst, manifesting itself in the happiness of our private and national lives" - i.e., mishkan, which is related to "shochen," proximity (Hirsch to Ex. 25:8). Our task? To absorb the moral and religious lessons suggested by the Temple's structure and context, and apply them to our practical life decisions. One could then say that while our innermost aspirations are tree-like rooted in the Temple's fertile soil, their "fruits" find expression wherever in the world we tread. Or, in the words of King David: They are planted in the house of God, but they blossom in the courtyards of the Lord. (Psalms 92:14 - see Hirsch there and to Psalms 27:4) Now just what is this curriculum of Temple-symbols? Rabbi Hirsch sees elements of it in even the smallest details and his thoughts fill hundreds of pages of this writings. The main altar is a particularly useful example. An altar of earth you shall make for me and slaughter upon it your elevating offerings and your peace offerings; your flocks and your cattle. In any place where My Name should be remembered I will come to you and bless you. (Ex. 20:21) The altar's very physical structure clearly defines both its meaning and that of the activities that surround it. The altar, made from processed materials, rests directly on the ground and rises heavenward. It is as though we have taken the world's resources and, by fashioning them for our benefit, have harnessed the sophistication of human civilization to help us climb towards God (and emphatically not as some kind of invocation "forcing" God down to earth). While God can certainly be found in isolated contemplation of unspoiled nature, He is most productively met at the very crest of human endeavor. It is this upward-striving feeling our altar evokes that defines the slaughter and processing of various offerings. Rather than acts of destruction, when performed in the shadow of such a powerful symbol of yearning for God, they are to "...have the positive active object of being given over to that which the altar represents i.e., the elevation of everything earthly, material, up to the spiritual, to God." So closely intertwined are they, that an offering's slaughter is entirely invalid if it coincided with some imperfection of the altar. Or, in other words, the thoughts accompanying the slaughter must be imbued with only the most complete feelings of holy human aspiration. The "furniture" of the heichal was not only significant in and of itself, but was yet more instructive due to its placement. The ark lay furthest west behind a separating curtain. Just to the east, against the south and north walls, the menorah and table of show breads were positioned. Further east, beyond the heichal doors, was the main altar. (See Ex. 26:34-35) Thus, orientated along its east-west axis, the Temple invites the Jewish people to visualize themselves entering the Temple precinct from the east, and looking westward, past the menorah to the south and the table of show breads to the north and ultimately towards the Holy of Holies containing the Torah. But for what purpose? In Rabbi Hirsch's system, the ark, containing the Tablets of the Evidence (I Kings 8:9) and the master scroll of the Law (Deut. 31:16), represents God's revealed will and Israel's responsibility to remain loyal to it. The menorah carefully sets the foundations for Jewish intellectual life. And the table, with its twelve breads, demonstrated the way an ideal Jewish community relates to its sustenance. All of which teaches that the God-given Law of the ark, lying eternal and unchanging behind its protective curtain, actively shapes Jews' intellectual and creative lives (the menorah) and their enjoyment of life's pleasures (the table). Hirsch insisted that, while a sensitive examination of the Torah will reveal that everything in the temple loudly declared its own symbolic meaning, the symbols were never of God Himself, but rather, of the ideal state sought by the Jewish people (see Ex. 20:21). After all, Judaism itself does not seek to teach us to see God, but to see the world through God's eyes. For example, when considering the Cherubim which stood over the ark (see Ex. 25:17-20), we must not seek some insight into God or His heavens, but instead, our attention turns to the kind of burning, protective love and ever-growing loyalty that every Jew should have for God's Torah. Reflecting the cries of the prophet Isaiah (1:11-13), Hirsch forcefully observed that temple offerings on their own were of little value. The real profit is in their lasting affect on our moral existence. From mankind's earliest dawn, clear and absolute distinctions were made between sacrificial offerings and the people who brought them: success sprang not from an offering's particular quality or cost, but from a human being's emotional engagement (see Gen. 4:7). Rabbi Boruch Clinton teaches at the Ottawa Torah Institute yeshiva high school and Machon Sarah high school for girls (both in Ottawa, Canada). You may reach him here with comments and questions The complete "Mikdash - A Tour of Jerusalem's Second Temple" can be purchased here. Rabbi Clinton's essays on a wide range of Torah-related subjects can be found at marbitz.com. Copyright © 2013 by Rabbi Boruch Clinton and Project Genesis, Inc.

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Citizen Cyberscience helps assess damage in Typhoon stricken Philippines 6 December 2012 - Tropical storm Bopha (Pablo locally) cut through the Philippines on 5 December causing death and destruction so intense that it is difficult to assess them with traditional methods. During the passage of the storm, thousands of people in the affected region have exchanged images, footage and comments regarding its impact. However the data is not always geo-tagged and the sheer amount of messages makes it impossible for one entity to sort information. The digital volunteer community worldwide has been mobilised in an attempt to help. In one example, the Digital Humanitarian Network has undertaken to collect tweets from the affected region and then asked Crowdcrafting to help find the geo-location of the messages. Crowdcrafting is one of the brainchildren of the CCC, the Citizen Cyberscience Centre created by UNITAR, CERN and the University of Geneva to put cyberscience to the benefit of the international agenda. The system used to geo-locate the messages originating from the Philippines during the disaster is supported by PyBossa, a free and open source application used by UNOSAT and scores of other communities worldwide for its ability to support collabroative computing. The system is the second generation of open source sofware for crowdsourcing. A first generation was rolled out by UNOSAT and partners in 2011 and was used also to geo-locate damage in Libya during the conflict, under the Geotag Libya initiative, part of the family os applications called Cybermappr, that is now being upgratded to PyBossa by experts from the Citizen Cyberscience Centre. In 2011 UNOSAT presented this technology advancement to a mapping community conference in Geneva. The idea had immediate success with the digital volunteers’ community and was later tested by the Standby Task Force, a group of volunteers dedicated to supporting humanitarian response with digital help. The Cybermappr family recently expanded with ForestWatchers, a successful experiment using volunteers to help systematize and compile information on deforestation using satellite imagery that is pre-processed by the crowd and then analysed by a group of experts. On the front of satellite mapping, UNOSAT is already engaged together with the International Charter Space and Major Disasters to support OCHA and UNICEF relief to the affected populations. 2013 is the fourth year in a row in which UNOSAT rapid mapping has been activated over the Philiipnes. Top image: storm Bopha (Pablo) seen from space (courtesy NASA). Bottom: detail of UNOSAT satellite analysis over Cagayan de Oro, Mindanao, in January 2012. 04 Mar 2013 21 Aug 2012 30 May 2012 - 1 of 3

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The Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act |PDF (Unknown Size)| A Letter from the President President Barack Obama Every child in America deserves a world-class education. Today, more than ever, a world-class education is a prerequisite for success. America was once the best educated nation in the world. A generation ago, we led all nations in college completion, but today, 10 countries have passed us. It is not that their students are smarter than ours. It is that these countries are being smarter about how to educate their students. And the countries that out-educate us today will out-compete us tomorrow. We must do better. Together, we must achieve a new goal, that by 2020, the United States will once again lead the world in college completion. We must raise the expectations for our students, for our schools, and for ourselvesthis must be a national priority. We must ensure that every student graduates from high school well prepared for college and a career. A world-class education is also a moral imperativethe key to securing a more equal, fair, and just society. We will not remain true to our highest ideals unless we do a far better job of educating each one of our sons and daughters. We will not be able to keep the American promise of equal opportunity if we fail to provide a world-class education to every child. This effort will require the skills and talents of many, but especially our nation's teachers, principals, and other school leaders. Our goal must be to have a great teacher in every classroom and a great principal in every school. We know that from the moment students enter a school, the most important factor in their success is not the color of their skin or the income of their parentsit is the teacher standing at the front of the classroom. To ensure the success of our children, we must do better to recruit, develop, support, retain, and reward outstanding teachers in America's classrooms. Reforming our schools to deliver a world-class education is a shared responsibilitythe task cannot be shouldered by our nation's teachers and principals alone. We must foster school environments where teachers have the time to collaborate, the opportunities to lead, and the respect that all professionals deserve. We must recognize the importance of communities and families in supporting their children's education, because a parent is a child's first teacher. We must support families, communities, and schools working in partnership to deliver services and supports that address the full range of student needs. This effort will also require our best thinking and resourcesto support innovative approaches to teaching and learning; to bring lasting change to our lowest-performing schools; and to investigate and evaluate what works and what can work better in America's schools. Instead of labeling failures, we will reward success. Instead of a single snapshot, we will recognize progress and growth. And instead of investing in the status quo, we must reform our schools to accelerate student achievement, close achievement gaps, inspire our children to excel, and turn around those schools that for too many young Americans aren't providing them with the education they need to succeed in college and a career. My Administration's blueprint for reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act is not only a plan to renovate a flawed law, but also an outline for a reenvisioned federal role in education. This is a framework to guide our deliberations and shared workwith parents, students, educators, business and community leaders, elected officials, and other partnersto strengthen America's public education system. I look forward to working with the Congress to reauthorize the Elementary and Secondary Education Act so that it will help to provide America's students with the worldclass education they need and deserve.

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April 4, 2011 In 1925, John Scopes, a high school biology teacher, was put on trial in Tennessee for having the audacity to teach evolution to his students. In the 21st century, teachers don’t have to worry about being arrested for teaching this fundamental topic in science, and the Supreme Court declared teaching creationism unconstitutional in 1987, but that hasn’t stopped state legislators around the country from trying to enact laws that encourage the teaching of alternative theories or protect teachers who do so. The latest attempt, in Tennessee, looks like it might actually become law. But here are five reasons why it shouldn’t: 1 ) Evolution is the basis for all biology. Without it, much of biology and modern medicine just doesn’t make sense. There’s general agreement that good science education is needed to produce a populace capable of handling our increasingly technological future. Evolution has to be part of that, but sadly, it rarely is. A recent poll of high school biology teachers found that only 28 percent consistently teach evolution. 2 ) Teaching unscientific “alternatives” only confuses students. “There is virtually no scientific controversy among the overwhelming majority of researchers on the core facts of…evolution,” Alan Leshner, executive publisher of Science, wrote recently to two Tennessee legislators. “Asserting that there are significant scientific controversies about the overall nature of [this concept] when there are none will only confuse students, not enlighten them.” 3 ) Science-based industries might conclude the state is anti-science. Florida is considering its own law to require “critical analysis” of evolution, which could open the door to unscientific theories being presented in the classroom. In response to the measure, the Florida Academy of Sciences issued a statement noting that the measure would “undermine the reputation of our state and adversely affect our economic future as we try to attract new high tech and biomedical jobs to Florida.” 4 ) Anti-evolution theories aren’t science and don’t belong in a science classroom. Whether you call it creationism, creation science or intelligent design, it isn’t science and shouldn’t be taught alongside scientific theories. I could see the story of creation being taught in a history class, while studying the creation mythologies of various world cultures, but anything else is promoting religion and is unconstitutional in a public school. 5 ) If it goes to court, the anti-evolution side will lose, potentially costing a school district or state a lot of money. Case in point: Dover, Pennsylvania. The Dover Area School District was sued by parents after it mandated the teaching of intelligent design. The district lost, spectacularly (pdf), and paid more than $1 million in legal fees. Defending the teaching of anti-evolution theories now could potentially cost millions more. Sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the best stories from Smithsonian.com each week.

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Conditions of Use Elastic force and gravity Elastic force is a force made from streching somthing As far as it can go. Like pulling a rubber band as far as it can go.Gravity is what keeps us on theground without it we would float everywere and would not touch the ground ever unles gravity came then we would. Article posted April 25, 2012 at 02:50 PM • comment (1) • Reads 986 Return to Blog List Add a Comment yep, there are multiple forces, you shouldve listed more. Comment Posted on May 14, 2012 at 02:13 PM by About the Blogger

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I guess we should have anticipated such a move on this sesquicentennial of John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry. It’s an indication that Brown’s reputation has taken a significant turn since the end of the 1960s and that even Virginia may have a different outlook (at least northern Virginia) on this crucial moment on the eve of the the Civil War. While I don’t know much about David Reynolds, I am surprised to find his name attached to this project. As many of you know, Reynolds teaches at CUNY and is the author of John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights, which is one of the best of the recent crop of Brown biographies. Reynolds has not issued a formal statement, but you can read his thoughts in the following news article. Let’s remember that many Americans we honor had as many or more flaws in their character and behavior: Washington and Jefferson owned slaves, Columbus has been understandably accused of genocide, and Lincoln shared the racial prejudice of his time and long wanted to deport blacks once they were freed. I have no interest in signing this petition, but it is available here. Interestingly, the Online poll has supporters of a pardon far ahead. I’ve never had an interest in demonizing or celebrating John Brown. That said, I’ve always found those studies that emphasized some kind of psychological imbalance to be completely off the mark. It’s nice to see historians such as Reynolds finally work to place Brown’s plan in its proper context by analyzing the extent to which his plan and actions were influenced by slave rebellions in the Caribbean and elsewhere. That we’ve spent so much time arguing that he was “crazy” tells us much more about the difficulty subsequent generations have had coming to terms with Brown.

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Controlling Invasive Exotic Plants in North Florida Forests (SSFOR19/FR133) Invasive non-native organisms are one of the greatest threats to the natural ecosystems of the United States. Invasive plants reduce biodiversity, encroach on endangered and threatened species, and rob native species of habitat. This 8-page fact sheet describes many of the current methods used to manage some of the more common and troublesome invasive exotic plants in north Florida forests, such as tallow trees, privet, climbing fern, kudzu and cogongrass. Written by Chris Demers, Alan Long and Rick Williams, and published by the UF Department of School of Forest Resources and Conservation, and revised January 2012.

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Scientists at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute report the discovery of a new genetic process that they say might one day provide a novel target for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disability and autism. The research study, which appears in the December issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics, was led by Carl Ernst, Ph.D., a Douglas Institute researcher and an assistant professor in McGill University’s department of psychiatry. He and his colleagues found that genetic mutations that negatively affect brain development can occur in a gene family of previously unknown function in the human genome. According to the World Health Organization, neurodevelopmental disorders affect one in six children in industrialized countries. Impairing the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system, neurodevelopmental disorders encompass a broad range of conditions, including developmental delay, autism spectrum disorders, and cerebral palsy. People with neurodevelopmental disorders can experience difficulties with language, speech, learning, behavior, motor skills, and memory. Mutations in genes are thought to underlie many neurodevelopmental disorders, but all genes important for brain development found to date are in a single pathway. Prior to the current study, all genetic mutations important for neurodevelopmental disorders occurred in genes that make protein. The work of the Ernst team identified an important shortcut in the process of making functional molecules for brain development. By sequencing the genomes of 200 people with neurodevelopmental disorders and chromosomal abnormalities, and comparing the results to more than 15,000 control samples, the researchers made a surprising discovery: some individuals had mutations in a gene that did not make protein. "Our discovery tells us that mutations in genes that code only for RNA and do not make protein can have a functional impact and lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities," says Dr. Ernst. "In previous studies of brain development, RNA was just considered a middle player, one that only served as a template for the production of proteins." By opening up a new area of study involving RNA, the Ernst group aims to advance understanding of the underlying causes of neurodevelopmental disorders. "We hope to shine a new light on how the brain develops," he says.

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YOUR GUIDE TO THE TWIN CITIES , week of Nov. 07, 2011 November 11 is Veterans Day. Veterans are people who have served in the U.S. armed forces. Look in the newspaper to learn about issues that U.S. veterans are facing. As a class, discuss the role the armed forces play in U.S. society. Then research and write a short essay on the role the U.S. armed forces play in the world. Core/National Standards: Engaging effectively in a range of collaborative discussions, building on ideas of other students and expressing their own clearly; engaging peers in constructive conversation about matters of public concern by clarifying issues, considering opposing views, applying democratic values, anticipating consequences and working toward making decisions. 2. Let There Be Lights! Solar storms on the Earth’s sun can cause amazing light shows in the sky that are called the Northern Lights. They usually can be seen best in the northern regions of the Earth, but an unusual storm in October could be seen as far south as the southern United States. The red and green lights, which are caused by magnetic solar wind hitting the Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field, were seen as far south as Georgia and Alabama. After giving skywatchers on Earth a thrill, the solar winds battered the planet Mars, which is next out from Earth in the solar system. As a class, find a story in the newspaper about space or an unusual event in nature. Read the story and discuss what scientists know about the situation and what they would like to know. Draw an illustration that would help explain or demonstrate the situation. Core/National Standards: Engaging effectively in a range of collaborative discussions, building on ideas of other students and expressing their own clearly; adding drawings or other visual displays when appropriate to clarify ideas, thoughts and feelings. 3. Unexpected Weather Late October in the northeastern United States is usually the time when the region starts to get a little chilly. But this year, the days before Halloween looked more like mid-winter than the first part of fall. A huge and record-breaking snowstorm blanketed the Northeast, and more than 1 million people lost power. Use your newspaper to learn more about what type of weather you’ll be experiencing this week. Then answer the questions below. Core/National Standards: Reading closely to determine what a text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; citing specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from a text. A. What will the weather be like tomorrow? B. How warm will it get? C. How cold will it get? D. If you were planning to camp out tomorrow, what type of clothing would you need to keep you comfortable in the weather? E. What if you were planning to camp out for a week? What types of clothes would you make sure you had? 4. His or Her Majesty Unlike the United States, Europe’s United Kingdom has a monarch, as well as an elected government. This month, the U.K. changed its laws of succession for kings and queens to straightforward primogeniture without consideration of gender. Starting with descendants of Charles, the current Prince of Wales, the throne will pass to the eldest child of the monarch. In the past, the throne went to the eldest son, or the eldest daughter if there were no sons. England’s Queen Elizabeth II, whose father was king, would not be queen now if she had had a brother, even if he were a younger brother. With the new law, if Prince William and his new wife Catherine have a daughter first, she would eventually be queen, even if she had little brothers. If they have son first, he will be king. Read about another change in a law in the news. Write a paragraph in your own words describing how things will work under the new law, compared to how things were in the past. Be sure your writing is clear, so that someone who hasn’t read the original article would still understand what you are talking about. Core/National Standard: Determining the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative and technical meanings. 5. Jesús García On November 7, 1907, Mexican hero Jesús García died while trying to keep a trainload of dynamite from exploding in the town of Nacozari. García, the railroad engineer of the train, noticed that hay on top of a car carrying dynamite had caught fire from sparks in the smokestack that had been blown by the wind. He ordered the crew to jump for their lives, and managed to drive the train about 6 kilometers away before it exploded. (He couldn’t abandon the train because it was going uphill and would have rolled back toward the town with no driver.) He was killed instantly, as were some people who lived nearby, but without his quick thinking, many more people would have died. The town is now called Nacozari de García to honor the engineer hero. In the newspaper find a place mentioned in the news that has been named after someone. Then, do some research and write a short biography of the namesake person, citing at least three sources. Core/National Standard: Conducting short as well as more sustained research projects based on focused questions, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.

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For more than three decades, the wages of American workers have been close to flat while economic insecurity has risen massively. Although the productivity of the U.S. economy has doubled in a generation, most of those gains have not been captured by workers. And in the decade that began in 2001, inflation-adjusted wages have fallen for all but the most affluent 3 percent of the population. This pattern of deepening inequality was well entrenched before the financial collapse -- which only made things worse. In 2006, economists at Goldman Sachs, sounding almost Marxian, reported that "the most important contributor to higher profit margins over the past five years has been a decline in labor's share of national income." By 2006, wages as a percentage of gross domestic product were already at their lowest share -- 45 percent -- since government began keeping statistics in 1947. In the past three years, the decline in worker earnings has only intensified, as worker bargaining power has been undermined by very high unemployment. As the economy has stumbled toward a feeble recovery, corporate profits and executive bonuses have rebounded smartly, but salaries and wages have not. In the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, wages and productivity moved upward in lockstep. Beginning in the 1970s, as government regulation of labor conditions faltered, trade with nations that exploited their own workers increased, and corporations declared open war on unions, the lines diverged. Productivity kept increasing, while median wages were nearly flat. What can government do about these trends? Some would say not much -- this is supposedly the verdict of the free market. With globalization, more than a billion workers in Asia are willing to perform jobs once done by Americans, at far lower wages. Yet this shift is better understood as globalization undermining the power of wage and salary workers, worldwide, to capture a fair share of what they produce. One fashionable storyline holds that the main cure is education. It's true that well-educated U.S. workers have been better defended against these trends. On the other hand, economists report that tens of millions of Americans with college degrees are already performing jobs that don't require a college education. It is neither feasible nor necessary for every American to get an advanced degree as a defense against faltering earnings. Indeed, the economy's output was far more equally distributed in the 1940s and 1950s, back when most Americans did not attend college. The difference was a set of equalizing institutions and policies -- stronger unions, a higher minimum wage, more reliable unemployment compensation, and better enforcement of labor standards. A tacit social compact also existed between labor and management that workers were not to be treated as expendable factors of production. That compact, in turn, was embedded in both public policies and in the power of organized labor to set standards in its contracts that in turn influenced other employment patterns. This special report by The American Prospect reveals that government could be doing a great deal more to give today's workers something closer to their historic share of national output, and much of this strategy would not require legislation. For starters, government could be doing more to produce an economic recovery, using direct public employment to soak up unemployment and create jobs that pay decent wages. Going forward, government could also rededicate itself to a policy of full employment. But as the three-decade trend suggests, reducing unemployment is necessary but not sufficient. For even during periods of near full employment, the deeper pattern persisted. Several laws on the books already prohibit theft of wages and phony classification of permanent workers as temps or contract hires and guarantee the right to organize or join a union and to be paid a minimum wage. None of these statutes is adequate, but under George W. Bush, the executive branch did its best not to enforce them. Under President Barack Obama, prodded by the Task Force on Middle Class Working Families chaired by Vice President Joe Biden, the government has made some tentative steps toward better enforcement of labor laws. The Labor Department received an additional $25 million in its 2011 appropriation for enforcement of wage and hour standards, and plans are moving forward to revive other areas of enforcement that were deliberately sabotaged for nearly a decade. As Deputy Labor Secretary Seth Harris recently testified, "Workers are not the only ones harmed by misclassification -- honest employers are as well." The other source of leverage, potentially much more effective, is government's power as a contractor. The U.S. government spends half a trillion dollars a year to buy goods and services from the private sector. Federal procurement, directly or indirectly, influences about one job in four in the entire economy. And most large national companies do business with the government. That goes for service companies such as FedEx; big corporations providing security guards; manufacturing companies that make everything from airplane parts to uniforms; and food-processing companies that provide school lunches. A whole other set of corporations, such as nursing-home chains, are indirect recipients of federal grants under Medicaid. In the past, government has taken seriously its power as purchaser to improve labor conditions. In the Kennedy and Johnson eras, before Congress passed the landmark civil-rights laws, executive orders beginning in 1961 required companies bidding on government contracts to take "affirmative action" to overturn legacies of racial discrimination and exclusion in hiring and promotion. Affirmative-action plans were required not just on the contract in question but company-wide. Companies that refused to cooperate were barred from doing business with the government. During World War II, the Roosevelt administration required companies engaged in war production to pay prevailing wages and not to interfere with the right of their workers to organize unions. The Change to Win Federation, the Center for American Progress, and the National Employment Law Project have all proposed variants on the idea that government should reward contractors with good labor practices and avoid doing business with corporations that are labor scofflaws. In March 2009, the Obama administration embraced this idea in principle. The president issued three executive orders making it a little more difficult for government contactors to mistreat their employees, but with no meaningful enforcement mechanisms. A new proposed presidential order setting up an embryonic system for giving modest preference to "high road" companies, after more than a year of internal debate, is still working its way through the bureaucracy of the Office of Management and Budget. Reportedly, the president has signed off on the concept, but the practical details are being challenged at each stage of review. Even so, this initiative represents progress in principle. The challenge is to get on with it -- and make it more than a token gesture. As a matter of internal politics and external enforcement, the vice president's task force, with just a skeleton senior staff, is far too weak to be more than a source of symbolic support. What has not yet happened is a concerted, government-wide effort to target systematic violators of labor law and decent standards, or a personal commitment by the president of the United States to make higher wages a national priority. Bureaucratically, the Labor Department and the vice president's task force have too few troops and too little interagency clout to influence what other Cabinet departments do. Among the senior economic advisers, Labor Secretary Hilda Solis is regarded as a good friend to labor but not a power player. With the personal support of the president and a higher -- profile, government-wide initiative, the Labor Department could target major national employers and notorious industries with well-documented patterns of abuse. These industries, such as trucking, warehousing, and food -- processing, are ones where the needless spread of contingent (part-time, temp, and independent contracting) workers is pervasive -- not because they are economically required but as a strategy of battering down wages. Elsewhere in the government, we need a consistent strategy of using the power of procurement to complement enforcement initiatives so that companies with abusive labor practices do not get the taxpayer subsidy of federal contracts until they clean up their acts. There are still high-road companies in these industries. They should be rewarded and their low-road competitors shunned, before the low road becomes the norm. The proposed Employee Free Choice Act, which would restore rights to organize or join unions that have existed on paper since the 1935 Wagner Act, has been blocked by the threat of a Republican -- led filibuster. But a lot is possible without EFCA. The enforcement and contracting initiatives described in this collection of articles would help energize collective bargaining by rewarding companies that have good labor relations. Unless this is done, low-road companies will have an unfair cost advantage, and companies that pay decently and that don't bust unions will either lose market share, go out of business, or join the low road. Reversing that trend could increase labor's influence to fight for decent wages and working conditions, and not incidentally, reverse the decline in a core progressive institution. This special report by The American Prospect is a tour of several sectors of the economy and their labor practices, coupled with concrete policy ideas that could be implemented -- this year -- without congressional action. This broad strategy would be sensible policy -- and smart politics for President Obama because it would identify his administration with the frustrations and aspirations of working Americans who have seen their dreams and livelihoods go up in smoke. You need to be logged in to comment. (If there's one thing we know about comment trolls, it's that they're lazy)

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Study finds the bulk of shoes’ carbon footprint comes from manufacturing processes. Residents of Italy's capital will glimpse the future of urban mapmaking next month with the launch of "Wiki City Rome," a project developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology that uses data from cellphones and other wireless technology to illustrate the city's pulse in real time. The project will debut Sept. 8 during Rome's "Notte Bianca" or white night, an all-night festival of events across the capital city. During that night, anyone with an Internet connection will be able to see a unique map of the Italian capital that shows the movements of crowds, event locations, the whereabouts of well-known Roman personalities, and the real-time position of city buses and trains. The map will also be broadcast on a big-screen display in one of Rome's main squares in the city center, giving Romans real-time feedback on the human dynamics in their immediate surroundings. Wiki City Rome stems from MIT's SENSEable City Laboratory, an initiative directed by Carlo Ratti that studies the impact of new technologies on cities. The project builds on the work of "Real Time Rome," presented during the 2006 Venice Architecture Biennale, the prestigious biannual exhibition of contemporary art. Organizers say Wiki City Rome raises the intriguing prospect of a map drawn on the basis of dynamic elements of which the map itself is an active part. According to researcher Francesco Calabrese of SENSEable City Lab, a person could consult the map to find the most crowded place in Rome to drink an aperitivo - and then identify the least congested route by which to reach it. "Rome's Notte Bianca is all about the city, the people and the events, and Wiki City Rome will give Romans a new awareness of how they move within their city in response to this exceptional pulse of activities," said researcher Kristian Kloeckl, a SENSEable City Lab member who is also working on the project. "How do people react towards this new perspective on their own city while they are determining the city's very own dynamic? How does having access to real-time data in the context of possible action alter the process of decision-making in how to go about different activities?" Kloeckl asked. "These are among the questions we may be able to answer." By looking at a city using a "real-time control system" as a working analogy, the Wiki City project studies tools that enable people to become prime actors themselves in improving the efficiency of urban systems. In coming years, the Wiki City project will develop as an open platform where anybody can download and upload data that are location and time sensitive. "By deploying developments of the 'Web 2.0' and the 'Semantic Web,' Wiki City can be a significant leap forward towards a pervasive 'internet of things' to support human action and interaction," said Carlo Ratti. Ratti's team obtains its data anonymously from cell phones, GPS devices on buses and taxis, and other wireless mobile devices. Data are made anonymous and aggregated from the beginning, so there are no implications for individual privacy. Partnering with the SENSEable City Lab on Wiki City Rome are SEAT Pagine Gialle, Telecom Italia, Telespazio, the Rome public transportation authority ATAC, La Repubblica, and Trenitalia. In addition to Kloeckl, Calabrese and Ratti, members of the Wiki City Rome team include Assaf Biderman, Bernd Resch, and Fabien Girardin.

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This is the second dimension of color and is possibly the simplest to understand. It is, according to Albert Munsell's definition, "The quality by which we distinguish a light color from a dark one." We noted that the first dimension did not tell us whether a color was light or dark. It told us that the color was green and not red, but we know that there may be light green and dark green. The function of Value is to tell us how light or how dark a given color is. For this purpose we shall need a scale of Value, which we may conceive as a vertical pole, or axis, to our circle of Hues. Black is at the lower end, representing total absence of light. White is at the top, representing pure light. Between these are a number of divisions of gray, regularly graded between black and white. This gradation could also be infinite. Since pure black is unattainable, we will call that 0 and begin our scale with the darkest gray as 1, numbering the steps up to 9, which is the lightest gray. Pure white, which is also unattainable, we will call 10. In the practical use of the scale of Value, therefore, we shall have but 9 steps and the middle one of these will be 5 - what is referred to as Middle Value. These steps of Value, have been scientifically measured and registered by means of an instrument called a Photometer.* In writing a color formula we express this dimension of Value by a numeral, which denotes at what step upon the scale of Value this color falls. This numeral is written above a line, as B 6/ for example, by which we mean that this particular blue, regardless of its other qualities, is as light or as dark as the 6th step upon the scale of Value. A color such as is commonly called "maroon" is an example of a red which is low in Value, because it is dark. What is called "pink" is a red which is high in Value because it is light. Now having familiarized ourselves with these two dimensions and understanding what qualities of a color they express, we may proceed to consider the third dimension. Without this third dimension our description of any given color is incomplete. *This instrument is described in Albert Munsell's book, "A Color Notation." Munsell Color Co., Boston, 1919, p. 38.

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The Nagual was a being that protected sacred spaces among Mesoamerican cultures. To present this concept has been distorted to the point of being associated with curses. To study and rescue the original concept and cultural value of these and other Prehispanic mythological beings, the Primer Congreso Internacional de Folklore y Tradicion Oral en Arqueologia, (1st Congress on Folklore and Oral Tradition in Archaeology) takes place from August 18th to 20th 2010 at the National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH), with the participation of nearly 50 experts from Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. The expert in oral tradition Francisco Rivas Castro, from the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), mentioned that parting from representations of Naguals in Prehispanic codices and 16th century Colonial canvases, it has been achieved to deepen into the symbolism behind these characters. Anthropologist Rivas Castro commented that the image of Naguals is present in Borbonic, Laud, Fejérváry-Mayer and Bodley codices, as well as the Ihuatlan Canvas, documents that allow knowing the conception of Mesoamerican cultures, mainly Mexica and Mixteca. The objective of the congress is to rescue the original meaning of the concept, since the protective connotation has been lost. In the ancient times the Nagual took care of fields and sacred spaces, keeping everything in order and punishing people who transgressed religious regulations. The ability to transform into animals was a gift that gave them the strength and skills of certain animals such as birds, jaguars and coyotes to fulfill their duties, declared Rivas. During Colonial times, this perception began to change. Prehispanic syncretism integrated European elements such as curses and witchcraft. This oral tradition is deeply-rooted in Indigenous imaginary, so it is important to study it and see how it has modified through time. During his participation at the congress, in August 19th 2010, Francisco Rivas Castro will talk about the presence of Naguals in Mixteca culture by analyzing Ihuatlan Canvas. This cloth was painted by Indigenous artists, the Tlacuilos, and has a Nagual, half man, half beast, represented in the upper right corner, protecting the fields, mentioned the doctor in Anthropology. The congress takes place from August 18th to 20th 2010 in the National School of Anthropology and History, Periferico Sur at Zapote St., colonia Isidro Fabela, Mexico City. The entrance is free and conferences are in Spanish.

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WASHINGTON (AFP).- A long catastrophic drought led to the collapse of Maya culture, a new study said Thursday, confirming a controversial hypothesis linking its demise to climate change. The study, published in Friday's issue of the journal "Science," involved an international team of researchers. "The rise and fall of Mayan civilization is an example of a sophisticated civilization failing to adapt successfully to climate change," said James Baldini of Britain's Durham University. "Periods of high rainfall increased the productivity of Maya agricultural systems and led to a population boom and resource overexploitation." The progressively drier climate that followed led to the depletion of resources, which in turn sparked political destabilization and war, he noted in a statement. Then, "after years of hardship, a nearly century-long drought from 1020 sealed the fate of the Classic Maya," Baldini added. The researchers came to their conclusion after reconstructing a record of weather in the Maya region -- which includes parts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala and Honduras -- over the past two thousand years. They did so by using chemical and mineral analyses of stalagmite layers found in Belize's Yok Balum cave situated about a mile (1.5 kilometers) from the Classic Period Maya site of Uxbenka and near other major Maya centers that were impacted by the same climate conditions. Stalagmites are formed in caves by the continuous dripping of calcareous water, which allows for the measurement of precipitation over time. Considering the Maya kept a meticulous record of political events by inscribing them on stone monuments, the authors of the study were able to "chart how increases in war and unrest were associated with periods of drought," according to the statement. The statement also said the role of climate change in the fall of the Maya civilization had previously been suggested but considered controversial "due to dating uncertainties in previous climate records." © 1994-2012 Agence France-Presse

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Having received clear and inspiring directives for implementing change in the way we teach undergraduates science, we can now focus on mechanisms to initiate that change in instruction at an earlier stage in the education process. For the purpose of this article, we consider the science-education process as having two critical phases: an initial phase of inquiry-based learning (K–12 science) and a maturation phase of inquiry-based learning (undergraduate science education and beyond). As you would suspect, it is much more difficult to initiate inquiry-based learning at the maturation phase than at the initiation phase. The question, then, is what we can do to induce inquiry-based instruction at the initial phase so that students enter undergraduate courses in the questioning mode rather than the passive-recipient-of-information mode. Having students who enter college in the questioning mode will allow college science instructors to implement immediately the exciting changes a national conference organized by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and supported by the National Science Foundation recommended for improving undergraduate science education. So how can the K – 12 science teacher initiate the inquiry-based learning phase when there is little classroom time left to teach science and no resources to purchase science teaching materials? One answer is that students don't need lots of classroom time or resources to ask questions that reflect an innate need to know or natural curiosity. Later, in college, they can learn how to formulate scientific questions and utilize scientific tools. Nature already has performed many of the experiments that can be used in K – 12. In addition, nearby research institutions can help train K – 12 teachers using faculty-based research. Thus, the teacher needs only to learn how to use nature's experiments to get the students to ask questions – questions such as, "How do we know?" Once students understand that scientific information is based on evidence and that they have the right to ask for that evidence, then they are ready to understand the scientific process. Here's hoping that resource or time limits inspire numerous creative ways for K – 12 teachers to initiate inquiry-based learning so that students enter undergraduate science courses in the questioning mode.

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|Recognized since antiquity and depicted on the shield of Achilles according to Homer, stars of the form the head of the constellation Taurus the Bull. Their general V-shape is anchored by the eye of the Bull and by far the constellation's brightest star. Yellowish in appearance, red giant Aldebaran is not a Hyades cluster Modern astronomy puts Hyades cluster 151 light-years away making it the nearest established open star cluster, while Aldebaran lies at less than half that distance, along the same with colorful Hyades stars, this stellar holiday portrait locates Aldebaran just below center, as well as another star cluster in Taurus, NGC 1647 at the left, some 2,000 light-years or more in the background. Just slide your cursor over the image to identify the stars. The central Hyades stars are spread out over about 15 light-years. Formed some 800 million years ago, the Hyades star cluster may share a common origin (Praesepe), a naked-eye open star cluster in Cancer, based on M44's motion through space and remarkably similar age. (Catching the Light)

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David Barboza and John Markoff explain why China's booming economy and growing technological infrastructure may thrust it to the forefront of the next generation of computing. BEIJING — In an otherwise nondescript conference room, Wu Jianping stands before a giant wall of frosted glass. He toggles a switch and the glass becomes transparent, looking down on an imposing network operations center full of large computer displays. They show maps of China and the world, pinpointing China's IPv6 links, the next generation of the Internet. China already has almost twice the number of Internet users as in the United States, and Dr. Wu, a computer scientist and director of the Chinese Educational and Research Network, points out that his nation is moving more quickly than any other in the world to deploy the new protocol. IPv6 — Internet Protocol version 6 — offers advanced security and privacy options, but more important, many more I.P. addresses, whose supply on the present Internet (IPv4) is almost exhausted.

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Robert Cotto, M.Ed. A free, equal public education is the right of every child. A quality public education system should provide a well-rounded, balanced curriculum and help prepare children for their adult lives. While Connecticut has a strong public education system, we need better ways to assess our children’s learning and the work that schools perform. This brief for electoral candidates makes several recommendations to improve and broaden educational opportunities: - Public education should support a broad set of goals for children’s development and well-being. The state’s educational system should continue to provide a broad educational program that serves all children’s learning and developmental needs including academic skills, critical thinking, the arts and literature, preparation for skilled work, social skills, citizenship, and emotional health. - Use a variety of methods and indicators, in addition to standardized tests, to assess whether children receive a quality education. - Require schools to adopt initiatives that promote a positive school climate and to regularly report on their suspension, truancy and attrition rates. - The ECS funding must keep pace with students’ need in the coming years. - Issue Area:

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When news happens, text SDE and your photos or videos to 80360. Or contact us by email and phone. 'Revolutionary' new hip replacement procedure IT is a risky operation that can take months to recover from. But researchers in Southampton say they have discovered a “revolutionary” method that could prevent many from having to undergo painful hip replacements. Surgeons based at hospitals in the city have developed a stem cell treatment that could treat the common bone disease, osteonecrosis. The illness can cause significant bone damage in the hip, when poor blood supply causes bone tissue to die. At the moment, the main treatment for the condition is a total hip replacement – but city scientists say their new procedure could dispense with the need for that operation. The method has been developed by Doug Dunlop, a consultant orthopaedic surgeon at Southampton General Hospital, and Professor Richard Oreffo, a specialist in musculoskeletal science at the University of Southampton. The treatment involves extracting stem cells from the bone marrow of the patient and mixing it with other cleaned, crushed bone. Dead and damaged tissue is then removed from the hip joint by surgeons, and the resulting hole is filled with the bone marrow mixture. Mr Dunlop says initial test results are encouraging. He said: “Although this work is still ongoing, several patients who have had the procedure have reacted very well and, if we get the results we are hoping for, these patients won’t need to have their hip joints replaced – they should be fixed completely.” Professor Oreffo added: “By using stem cells to send out chemical signals to blood vessels, we hope the body will continue to create new vessels in the hip which supply enough nutrients to maintain bone strength.” Mr Dunlop will be joined by other medical experts at the University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust’s orthopaedic open evening on Thursday, at the Lyndhurst Park Hotel in Lyndhurst. Anyone interested in attending the event, which takes place between 7pm and 9pm, should call 023 8079 4853 or email firstname.lastname@example.org.

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she has conceived for its people. The kindly word about the Egyptians is spoken by such people as Lady Duff Gordon, and, in the present day, by Mr. Talbot Kelly, the artist, who have lived familiarly for long periods amongst them. Going farther, towards Central Africa, it is such travellers as Miss Mary Kingsley, Lady Lugard, A Resident's Wife in Nigeria (Mrs. Constance Lary- more), Mr. E. D. Morel, the unbiased students of humanity, who find excellent, and even lovable qualities in the people, and who are able to see that, although so different from those of the West, moral qualities and pious inclinations may be commendable in them. No one could have been present at the meetings of the Universal Races Congress held in London recently, and have heard the growl of dissent which always met any reference to the missionary version of the distant races, or the cheers which always responded to the kindly word spoken by such travellers as I have men- tioned ; or could have seen the warm encouragement which the Congress extended to the race representatives themselves, when they appealed for our help and our recognition of the good after which they were striving, without being convinced that the English and American position as missionary nations demands serious reflec- 396 VEILED MYSTERIES OF EGYPT tion, and possibly a deep-reaching reformation, in both its spirit and its methods, if public opinion is not to rise as a flood against it. It may well be seriously pondered (especially in view of the failure, almost universally confessed, to really conquer the regions to which spiritual siege has been laid) if the history of missions in Islamic lands may not, when the long tale of hopeful years is told, have written against them by the inexorable hand of time, the words with which Herodotus closed his account of the hopeless venture of Cambyses into Ethopia : " Thus ended the expedition." Mighty Christian Churches have fallen away from this continent in the past, leaving not a vestige of their existence behind, and Christian colonies, started with highest hopes by brave men, have vanished like clouds, before the insistency of human type, and its natural predilections, to which the pioneers of a differing civilisation and faith could not fit their message. Just as I believe the Christian gospel to be the highest message to mankind, so I believe there is a way by which it can be commended to every people. When I contemplate the methods of many of the modern missionaries at work in Moslem lands, I always feel inclined to turn away from their adverse writings on Islam, to consider the example of that greatest Missionary to mankind the gentle Teacher who avoided contro- versy, and " went about doing good." How often has His doctrine been commended to the minds of men by just following His divine example ? It is this that can break down opposition, otherwise invulnerable ; the benevolent human contact teaches lessons before which the barriers of creed fall away, and men, in getting nearer to God, see each other as fellow-creatures of His, THE GREAT QUESTIONS OF ISLAM 397 standing apart from the artificial limitations they have created for themselves, and which have caused (them to ignore the eternal verities. Faith, Hope, Charity abideth and the greatest is charity. When Lady Duff Gordon attended with her own hands to the needs of her poor Moslem guest at Luxor, who died with his hand in hers, she did more to remove the barriers which separate the creeds than any sort of controversy about them can ever do. It was she, a Christian woman, who turned the dying man's face towards Mecca, and nodded to the Moslems present to chant his last profession of Faith in the One God ; and she closed his eyes. She followed the body to the burial-place, with the women, who " Wailed for a brother who had died far from his place." No one thought to object to her presence in the mosque, and her " Prankish hat " in the midst of the veiled and wailing women caused no comment. And after the burial " the Imam, Sheikh Abd-el-Waris, came and kissed me on the shoulders, and the Sherif, a man of eighty, laid his hands on my shoulders and said, ' Fear not, my daughter, neither all the days of thy life, nor at the hour of death, for God is with thee ! ' I kissed the old man's hand and turned to go, but numberless men came and said, ' A thousand thanks, O our sister, for what thou hast done for one among us,' and a great deal more." Here is a true way for missions. Intellectually we shall, I feel sure, lose nothing by exercising care to do the Arab people historical justice. We must be wanting in frankness if we do not admit that the religion of Islam brought a great advance to the idolatrous and warring people who first received it ; the debt we owe to the Islamic East for maintaining 398 VEILED MYSTERIES OF EGYPT the light of knowledge while Christendom was in its " dark ages " is incontestable. Religion we may admit to have its basis in the truth of things, and that all great religions have proved blessings to the peoples among whom they have origin- ated, marking a stage in their history. Each has a calendar crowded with the names of saints and martyrs. They are identified in the affections of their votaries with venerated names, an insult to whom is as unpardon- able as an insult to the Hebrew prophets or apostles, or even the Founder of the Christian faith, would be to Christians. And these religions have proved themselves enduring and so suited to the spiritual needs of men on a great scale that they should compel respect. If we can add to respect, impartial justice and courtesy, and a love of mankind enough to eliminate all traces of contempt or of pharisaical judgment, then we may hope to advance if genuine advance, rather than mere proselytism, is our aim. There is no need for discouragement because mis- sionary proselytism seems to fail. The Pharisees had that kind of zeal, and what Jesus thought of them and their zeal we learn from His words, " Ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is become so, ye make him twofold more a son of hell than your- selves." Dr. Grant has truly said, " Proselytism detaches individuals, who as a rule are worth little, but it arrests internal development. It is Prophetism that gains in- dividuals, who become centres of force, and it thus initiates movements which may be delayed or defeated, but cannot be destroyed " (Note 23). It was God Himself who " made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth " (Acts xvii. 26). THE GREAT QUESTIONS OF ISLAM 399 The Christian message, and all the moral splendour which has come from its advance, does not need, as a preparation for its conquest, anything of abuse or unfair depreciation towards Mohammed or his religion, or in- deed towards any religion. These things occupy our time unprofitably and impede our progress. Our work is to be Christians, in the simple way of Christ, and then to say to men of other beliefs Here is Jesus, what think ye of Him ? " The most earnest men will gradually draw nearer and nearer to Christianity, and the end will come gradually and almost imperceptibly, the dark- ness fading into twilight, and the twilight vanishing in the full glory of the dawn of the Sun of Righteous- 1 Religion of the Crescent, p. 230. For once I am glad to be able to quote with consent the words of the writer with whom I have shown so THERE is NOTHING GOOD IN ISLAM. Note i (p. 260). " It is asserted that, according to the philosophers of old, the first thing to be done in searching for a knowledge of God was to learn to know oneself. Such an idea would have seemed impious to Mohammed, if it had occurred to him." " However, it is said that Ali asserted, ' Whoever knows himself knows his Lord.' But this is contrary to ' orthodox ' Islam, and is explained away. . . ." The Religion of the Crescent, St. Clair-Tisdall, p. 57. WAS THE VISION OF THE PROPHET A DREAM ? Note 2 (p. 262). With regard to this vision, out of which adverse critics have made much capital, a great Oriental scholar has said: "Mohammed is not to be made responsible for some of his enthusiastic admirers when they transformed this vision a vision as grand as any in the whole Divine Comedy, which indeed has unconsciously borrowed some of its richest plumage from it, but which Mohammed, until he was sick of it, insisted on calling a Dream into insipidity and drivel." " Islam," Quarterly Review, October 1869. MISSIONARY ANTAGONISM. Note 3 (p. 269). Religion of the Crescent (p. 217). May I inquire how it is that such books as this, and Islam : a Challenge to Faith, are written, not in Moslem lands, but the one from Bedford and the other from New York. Such a spirit of prejudice and antagonism is, I believe, absent almost always from the writings of missionaries whose life-work is actually all accomplished amongst the people. It seems to me that it is the missionary who, for reasons a layman cannot understand, leaves the social work of the mis- sionary to labour at his desk, and to constantly appear on the Western platform, who usually writes without sympathy and understanding of the THE KORAN AS A CONFIRMATION OF PREVIOUS SCRIPTURES. Note 4 (p. 270). The Reproach of Islam (p. 312). The Moslems do not claim that the Koran came to replace the Bible, but to supplement it. The exact words of the Koran itself are, it " connrmeth what was revealed before it, and is an explanation of the Scriptures." Sura x. 38. (Repeated again and again. Sura xxxv. 28 ; Sura xii. 3.) To every nation a Book has been sent, was in effect the theory of the Prophet, and this my nation has not been left without a witness. He had deep respect for the Book of the Jews and Christians, and even told his followers to seek instruction therein if they were in doubt about matters of their own faith. FICTION ON EGYPT. Note 5 (p. 276). Mr. Marmaduke Pickthall has written a great deal of fiction about the people of Egypt (Children of the Nile, Said the Fisherman] which has had a wide acceptance in the West ; and Mr. Cutcliffe Hyne has also written a number of vivid sketches of Arab character. And Sir Gilbert Parker has written fiction about Egypt which betrays in every page a want of knowledge of all things Islamic he even builds on the commonest of errors, that the Prophet's tomb is at Mecca. There is a cruel and relentless note in these authors which I have never found in any work by a responsible writer not concerned to produce thrilling fiction, but to describe the life of the people as he has actually experienced it : to record facts rather than to draw pictures. At random I instance Village Life, giving a simple account of the fellaheen, sixty years ago, and Adventures in the Libyan Desert, by Bayle St. John, Miss Kingsley's works, Lady Lugard's, Lady Duff Gordon's simple letters from Luxor to her family, and recently Mr. Talbot Kelly's notes to his beautiful pictures, chiefly of country life in Egypt, and Mr. E. D. Morel's work on Nigeria. Mr. Morel only a year or two since did great service to humanity in leading to the suppression of the Congo atrocities, for which he was enthusiastically commended by the Christian public. A kindly word for the Moslem, however, in his later work, and the editor of East and West, the S.P.G. journal, dismisses him as a man who has " considerably shaken " his con- fidence in the accuracy of his information ! AN AGENT'S REPORT ON EGYPT. Note 6 (p. 294). The Arab Conquest of Egypt (p. 434). It is worthy of note that one passage in a report of Amr of his work as Governor of Egypt reads strangely, as coming from a representative of " that scourge of God " as it became the Christian fashion to call the Moslems: "The land-tax is not demanded before its due season ; a third of the revenue is spent on bridges and sluice-gates. If the governors continue to act thus, the revenue will be doubled, and God will reconcile the different religions and the variety of worldly interests." Written by Amr in Egypt, to the Caliph Omar, in Arabia. These words might almost have come from the pen of a modern British agent. AN ERROR OF THE BISHOP OF LONDON. Note 7 (p. 295). That the old historical fallacies are slow to die, is shown by the fact that the present Bishop of London could declare before he had visited Moslem lands that Islam turns out the name of Christ as evil. The Crusaders were urged on their quest by being told that the Moslems " defiled the Holy Sepulchre." The name of our Lord Jesus is as sacred to all Moslems as is the name of Mohammed, and is used with exactly the same terms of reverence. Their veneration for the tombs of saints is profound ; how then do they regard the tomb of this great prophet Christ ? It is to Jerusalem, Islam believes, that He will come again a second time. It is in Jerusalem that one of the three most sacred of all the Moslem mosques is found, to which many pilgrims journey after visiting the Prophet's tomb in Medina. THE CRUSADERS WADING IN MOSLEM BLOOD. Note 8 (p. 295). When Jerusalem was retaken by the Crusaders in July 1099, there followed most revolting scenes of fanatical cruelty, resulting in the indis- criminate slaughter of countless thousands of Moslem men and women. So great indeed was the massacre, that in a public letter to the Pope the leader of the Christian forces boasted that in the Mosque of Omar they rode up to the horses' knees in the blood of the Saracens. The Crusaders led out of the town Moslem hostages to the number of five thousand, and slaughtered them in cold blood. It is indeed true that the history of the Crusades was written in letters of blood. Saladin took reprisals at Tiberias, and in the murder of the members of the Order of Jerusalem, two hundred and thirty in number. MOSLEMS CHARGED WITH TOLERATION AS AN OFFENCE. Note 9 (p. 297). Renan, Averroes et averroism. As Arnold has pointed out, "this very spirit of toleration was made one of the main articles in an account of the Apostasies and Treasons of the Moriscoes, drawn up by the Arch- bishop of Valencia in 1602, when recommending their expulsion to Philip in., as follows ; " That they commended nothing so much as that liberty of conscience, in all matters of religion, which the Turks and all other Mohammedans suffer their subjects to enjoy." The Preaching of Islam, pp. 123-24. CHRISTIAN FANATICISM. Note 10 (p. 298). More enlightened days have, unfortunately, not been without the most appalling instances of Christian fanaticism. During forty or fifty years of the seventeenth century the Catholic Poles inflicted the most fearful atrocities on the Russians of the Orthodox Eastern Church. They killed 70,000 to 80,000 souls. Well might Macarius, Patriarch of Antioch, exclaim, " God perpetuate the empire of the Turks for ever and ever ! For they take their impost, and enter into no account of religion, be their subjects Christian or Nazarene, Jew or Samaritan." During the Reformation period the Protestants of Hungary and other places pre- ferred the rule of the Turks to that of the Catholics, and cases occurred of Protestants who fled into Turkish territory to find under Islamic laws the freedom of religious worship and opinions, which were denied them in Christian Europe. In judging of the persecutions and atrocities in Turkey during the last century, such facts as these should be kept in mind ; and the religion of Islam should not be made responsible for the crimes of its followers who have fallen away from its teaching. One of the latest Christian persecutions was that of King John of Abyssinia, who in 1878 ordained that men should all be of one religion throughout the whole of his kingdom ; even Christians were forbidden to belong to any other sect than the Jacobite. By 1880 he is said to have compelled 50,000 Moslems, amongst others, to be baptised. A GENUINE DISLIKE OF USURY. Note n (p. 299). It is interesting to note that when, in March 1901, the Post Office Savings Bank was established in Egypt, the Moslems very generally indicated that they regretted they could not put their money into it because they were offered interest. After a time, however, the con- venience of such a safe place of deposit so appealed to them, that many of them placed their money in the Post Office, but steadfastly refused the interest, no less than 3195 persons doing this in two years. The authorities now consulted the Grand Mufti, and other officials of Islam, and as these men recognised that such interest was earned by the money and had no connection with " usury," the extortionate use of money which the Prophet intended to forbid, a law was framed making it possible for Moslems to use the Bank without breaking a religious law. In the very next year nearly 30,000 Moslem depositors were using the Bank, including ninety-four of the ulema and sheikh class. I do not think that Mr. Gairdner should suggest that such men are not much troubled by questions of " trade and morality." Reproach of Islam, p. 200. FIRST AND SECOND-CLASS FUNERAL PALLS. Note 12 (p. 333). Religion of the Crescent (p. 206). I cannot refrain from noting, that as I was writing these words I looked from my window in Siena and saw passing a misericordia funeral ; the deceased was evidently poor and obscure, for the pall allowed by this charitable Christian brotherhood was that of the second class ; the one for the rich and distinguished of the first class is embroidered in gold. The two covers may be seen thus labelled in a room of St. Catherine's House. THE DEPRAVITY OF ARABIA AS THE PROPHET FOUND IT. Note 13 (p. 344). This terrible picture seems to accord with Professor Palmer's state- ment of the degradation of the religion of the time. " At the time of Mohammed's appearance the national religion of the Arabs had so far degenerated as to have scarcely any believers. The primeval Sabaeanism was all but lost, and even the worship of the powers of nature had become little more than a gross fetishism ; as one of Mohammed's contemporaries said, when they found a fine stone they adored it, or failing that, milked a camel over a heap of sand and worshipped that." Sacred Books of the East, edited by Max Muller, vol. vi. p. 15. MR. ZWEMER'S QUOTATION. Note 14 (p. 345). Islam : a Challenge to Faith (pp. 6-7). It is difficult to know what to say of a writer's views who will quote such stuff from the seventeenth century as, " Now consider this Moamed, or Machumed, whom Godfgave up to a blind mind . . . falling sickness and being tormented by the Devil," etc. etc., with the comment " not altogether bad for a seventeenth- century synopsis " (p. 40). MOHAMMED AND DIVORCE. Note 15 (p. 351). The Religion of the Crescent (p. 195). Over and over again Mr. St. Clair-Tisdall dismisses the traditional sayings which are creditable to Mohammed ; " he is said to have disapproved of divorce," and over and over again he accepts without question any tradition on this subject which brings a discredit. What the Prophet is said to have said or done then MOSLEM WOMEN AND THE PRAYERS. Note 16 (p. 358). " Women are bound to perform the prescribed prayers as well as the men," says the Rev. F. A. Klein in The Religion of Islam. This author's object is not to state his version of the religion, but to go to the Moslem authorities. He finds that women's prayer was so much taken for granted that it is an instruction for the worshippers in the mosque : " When prayer is ended the men remain standing in their places for a short time to allow the women who may have been sitting behind to retire first " MOSLEM WOMEN NOT RESTRAINED OF NECESSITY. Note 17 (p. 370). It is interesting as showing that the restraints put upon women are not due altogether to Islam, to find Palgrave constantly stating that in primitive Arabia the women have considerable freedom. I myself saw something in North Africa of a great Moslem brotherhood, which has its centre at Bou Saada, and only a few years ago was governed very ably by a woman, who inherited her position from the Marabout (sheikh) as his Do THE FRENCH UNDERSTAND THE MOSLEMS BETTER THAN THE ENGLISH ? Note 1 8 (p. 372). It is generally thought that the French people (in Egypt, at any rate) , have and do always come nearer to a sympathetic understanding of the Moslem people here than those of any other nation. It was, I think, only a Christian Frenchman who could have written these words of the Moslems : " We wait also the return of the Messiah, though we do not know when or how He will appear. Nevertheless, the Spirit of Jesus, who is light and love, can spread itself abroad in the hearts of men with a power and a new purity to accomplish between brothers, too long enemies, a reconciliation which is altogether beyond their own efforts. Be then Christians of Islam and Moslems of the Gospel." Hyacinthe Loyson, in VICTOR HUGO'S ABUSE. Note 19 (p. 381). A writer in the Quarterly Review, October 1869. Victor Hugo, how- ever, speaks of Mohammed as " the brother of vultures." No MOSLEM TRANSLATION OF THE KORAN. Note 20 (p. 382). The Koran itself is always at a disadvantage with Western students, as it has never been translated by a Moslem. In the discussion of vital passages with learned ulemas I have often found how wide of the meaning put upon it by Moslems is the most careful English translation. At present it is almost useless to hope that any great Arabic scholar, who is both an Arab and a Moslem, will undertake the work of translating the Koran into English. For one thing, every pious Moslem is afraid to risk the loss of the true meaning by translation ; and they do not believe that the West cares to know the truth about their religion and their " book." OLD BOOKS OF TRAVEL OR NEW ? Note 21 (p. 383). "It is curious that all old books of travel I have read mention the natives of strange countries in a far more natural tone, and with far more attempt to discriminate character, than modern ones. Have we grown so very civilised since a hundred years, that outlandish people seem like mere puppets, and not like real human beings ? " Letters from Egypt, Lady MOHAMMED OPPOSED TO SUPERSTITIOUS RITES. Note 22 (p. 388). Among the last words Mohammed spoke was a strong protest to those members of his despairing family who had resorted to superstitious rites and formulas to find a cure for his disease. A SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT. Note 23 (p. 390). Religions of the World, G. M. Grant, D.D. I am indebted to this little work, unique in its spirit, as it is forcible and clear in its style, for several thoughts in this chapter. CHIEF BOOKS REFERRED TO AMEER ALI, SYED, M.A., The Spirit of Islam. ARNOLD, T. W., B.A., The Preaching of Islam : A History of the Pro- pagation of the Moslem Faith. BADR, MOHAMMED, F.R.S., The Truth about Islam. BOER, Dr. T, J., The History of Philosophy in Islam. BUTLER, ALFRED J., D.Litt., The Arab Conquest of Egypt. BLYDEN, ED. W., LL.D., Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race. CROMER, the Earl of, Modern Egypt. FIELD, CLAUD, Mystics and Saints of Islam. FORSTER, the Rev. CHARLES, B.D., Mohammedanism Unveiled. GAIRDNER, the Rev. W. H. T., The Reproach of Islam. GORDON, Lady DUFF, Letters from Egypt. JOHNSTONE, DE LACY, M.A., Mohammed and his Power. KLEIN, the Rev. F. A., The Religion of Islam. LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM, Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians ; Translation of The Arabian Nights Entertainments. LANE-POOLE, STANLEY, Cairo : Sketches of its History, Monuments, and Social Life ; Studies in a Mosque ; Speeches and Table Talk of the MARGOLIOUTH, Professor D. S., Mohammed and the Rise of Islam; PALGRAVE, WILLIAM GIFFORD, A Year's Journey through Central and PALMER, Professor E. H., Translation of The Koran. ROBINSON, the Rev. CHARLES H., M.A., Mohammedanism, has it any RODWELL, the Rev. J. M., M.A., Translation of The Koran. 406 BOOKS REFERRED TO AND QUOTED SALB, GEORGE, Translation of the Koran (with Notes and Introduction of SMITH, R. BOSWORTH, M.A., Mohammed and Mohammedanism. STANLEY, Dean, Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church. ST. JOHN, BAYLE, Village Life in Egypt. ST. CLAIR-TISDALL, M.A., D.D., The Religion of the Crescent, WATSON, CHARLES R., Egypt and the Christian Crusade.

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Everyone in the electrical industry, including the electrical apprentice, the journeyman, the master electrician, electrical contractor, electrical engineer, designer, the electrical inspector, et al., seem to use the phrase “neutral conductor.” However, until the 2008 National Electrical Code (NEC), we did not actually have a definition of a neutral. In the process of determining the definition of a neutral for the 2008 NEC, the NEC Technical Committee Task Group on the Definition of “Neutral Conductor” realized two definitions were required to adequately define this seemingly elusive component of the electrical system. The definition of a neutral conductor, as developed by the task group, was derived from the International Electrotechnical Commission definition of neutral conductor with some minor text changes to adapt to the NEC style. This definition read, “Neutral Conductor—The conductor connected to the neutral point of a system that is intended to carry current under normal conditions.” The definition establishes that any conductor connected to a neutral point of an electrical system is intended to carry current under normal conditions. Any electricians who find themselves connected to a neutral conductor carrying the imbalanced current of the circuit will certainly verify that the neutral is a current-carrying conductor. Most electricians, myself included, also will admit that it is very difficult to “get off” the neutral conductor once connected to it since the current is on the load side of the circuit. Most people either fall away, breaking the connection if on ground or floor level, or fall off the ladder when not working at grade level. We all count ourselves very lucky to have survived the neutral “connection.” Whenever possible, work on the circuit in an electrically safe work condition. In other words, ensure the circuit has been locked off, and verify that the circuit is de-energized. Upon analyzing the newly developed definition of a “neutral,” the task group then decided that a second definition was necessary to further explain the “neutral point.” The definition of neutral point was found in the IEEE Standard C57.12.80-2002 and read, “The common point on a wye-connection in a polyphase system or midpoint on a single-phase, 3-wire system, or midpoint of a single-phase portion of a 3-phase delta system, or a midpoint of a 3-wire, direct-current system.” Again, with some minor text changes to fit the NEC format, this text was adopted into the 2008 NEC. To make the two definitions as technically correct as possible, a Fine Print Note was added to explain that the neutral point of the system is “the vectorial sum of the nominal voltages from all other phases within the system that utilize the neutral, with respect to the neutral point, is zero potential.” With the combination of the two definitions and the Fine Print Note, we finally have defined a neutral conductor. Once the two definitions and the Fine Print Note were developed and fine tuned, the task group proceeded to comb the entire NEC for any reference to a grounded conductor where that conductor was not simply grounded but could or did act as a neutral conductor. This was a huge task since proposals then were written for each change that must occur within the NEC, and each individual NEC panel analyzed these proposed changes to ensure they agreed with the change from “grounded conductor” to “neutral conductor.” It was a job very well done. The neutral conductor is the common point in the system where the three- phase conductors of a wye system are connected to the grounding-electrode conductor and the grounding electrode. It still is the common point in a 120/240-volt, single-phase, three-wire system grounded to the grounding electrode system at the midpoint between the two transformers or the midpoint of one of the transformers of a three-phase 120/240-volt delta high leg system. It also is the midpoint connection of a three-wire direct current system. All of us can verify that these midpoint connections ultimately will be the current-carrying point back for all of those “neutral conductors” that we know so well as the white or gray conductor current path of an unbalanced circuit. What do not fit the definitions are installations with one hot conductor and a return conductor, such as may be found in a 120-volt single phase, two-wire system. Sections 250.20(B)(1) and 250.26(1) still require the grounding-electrode connection, and 200.6 still requires the conductor to be white or gray “neutral” conductor. However, it is not a neutral conductor, even though many people still refer to it as a neutral. This is a grounded conductor, but be careful. It is just as lethal, if not more so than our “neutral” conductor. ODE is a staff engineering associate at Underwriters Laboratories Inc., in Research Triangle Park, N.C. He can be reached at 919.549.1726 or at email@example.com.

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In December 1992, Toutatis made a close approach to Earth. At the time, it was an average of about 4 million kilometers (2.5 million miles) from Earth. Images of Toutatis were acquired using radar carried out at the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in California's Mojave desert. For most of the work, a 400,000-watt coded radio transmission was beamed at Toutatis from the Goldstone main 70-meter (230-foot) antenna. The echoes, which took as little as 24 seconds to travel to Toutatis and back, were received by the new 34-meter (112-foot) antenna and relayed back to the 70-meter (230-foot) station, where they were decoded and processed into images. The images of Toutatis reveal two irregularly shaped, cratered objects about 4 and 2.5 kilometers (2.5 and 1.6 miles) in average diameter which are probably in contact with each other. These "contact binaries" may be fairly common since another one, 4769 Castalia, was observed in 1989 when it passed near the Earth. Numerous surface features on Toutatis, including a pair of half-mile-wide craters, side by side, and a series of three prominent ridges -- a type of asteroid mountain range -- are presumed to result from a complex history of impacts. Toutatis is one of the strangest objects in the solar system, with a highly irregular shape and an extraordinarily complex "tumbling" rotation. Both its shape and rotation are thought to be the outcome of a history of violent collisions. "The vast majority of asteroids, and all the planets, spin about a single axis, like a football thrown in a perfect spiral, but Toutatis tumbles like a flubbed pass," said Dr. Scott Hudson of Washington State University. One consequence of this strange rotation is that Toutatis does not have a fixed north pole like the Earth. Instead, its north pole wanders along a curve on the asteroid about every 5.4 days. "The stars viewed from Toutatis wouldn't repeatedly follow circular paths, but would crisscross the sky, never following the same path twice," Hudson said. "The motion of the Sun during a Toutatis year, which is about four Earth years, would be even more complex," he continued. "In fact, Toutatis doesn't have anything you could call a 'day.' Its rotation is the result of two different types of motion with periods of 5.4 and 7.3 Earth days, that combine in such a way that Toutatis's orientation with respect to the solar system never repeats." The rotations of hundreds of asteroids have been studied with optical telescopes. The vast majority of them appear to be in simple rotation with a fixed pole and periods typically between one hour and one day, the scientists said, even though the violent collisions these objects are thought to have experienced would mean that every one of them, at some time in the past, should have been tumbling like Toutatis. Internal friction has caused asteroids to change into simple rotational patterns in relatively brief amounts of time. However, Toutatis rotates so slowly that this "dampening" process would take much longer than the age of the solar system. This means that the rotation of Toutatis is a remarkable, well-preserved relic of the collision-related evolution of an asteroid. On September 29, 2004, Toutatis will pass by Earth at a range of four times the distance between the Earth and the Moon, the closest approach of any known asteroid or comet between now and 2060. One consequence of the asteroid's frequent close approaches to Earth is that its trajectory more than several centuries from now cannot be predicted accurately. In fact, of all the Earth-crossing asteroids, the orbit of Toutatis is thought to be one of the most chaotic. High Resolution Goldstone Images These are 8 of the "high resolution" Goldstone images that are being used to produce a higher-resolution 3D model of Toutatis. (From Ostro et al., Science 270:80-83, 1995--© Copyright 1995 by the AAAS) High Resolution Image This is a close up of one of the high-resolution images of Toutatis. (From Ostro et al., Science 270:80-83, 1995--© Copyright 1995 by the AAAS) Topographic Map of Toutatis This is a topographic map of Toutatis. It is based upon the shape model of Phil Stooke which he produced using rendered images of the shape model by R.S. Hudson and S.J. Ostro and modified by him to fit the radar images. As with all maps, it is the cartographer's interpretation; not all features are necessarily certain given the limited data available. This interpretation stretches the data as far as possible. (Courtesy A. Tayfun Oner) Shaded Relief Map of Asteroid 4179 Toutatis This is a shaded relief map of asteroid 4179 Toutatis. As with all maps, it is the cartographer's interpretation and not all features are necessarily certain given the limited data available. This interpretation stretches the data as far as is feasible. (Courtesy Phil Stooke, NSSDC, and NASA) 4 Views of Toutatis This image shows four frames of asteroid Toutatis that were obtained on December 8-10 and 13, 1992. On each day, the asteroid was in a different orientation with respect to Earth. One large crater can be seen in the December 9 image (upper right) that measures about 700 meters (2,300 feet) in diameter. (Courtesy JPL/NASA) Computer Model of Toutatis These images show a computer model of the Earth-orbit-crossing asteroid Toutatis. These views of the asteroid show shallow craters, linear ridges, and a deep topographic "neck" whose geologic origin is not known. It may have been sculpted by impacts into a single, coherent body, or Toutatis might actually consist of two separate objects that came together in a gentle collision. (Courtesy Scott Hudson, Washington State University) Spin State of Toutatis This image shows the shape and non-principal-axis spin state of asteroid 4179 Toutatis rendered at a particular instant. The red, green, and blue axes are the principal axes of inertia; the magenta axis is the angular momentum vector; the yellow axis is the spin vector. If a flashlamp was attached to the short axis of inertia (the red axis) and flashed it every 15 minutes for a month, it would trace out the intricate path indicated by the small spheres stacked end-to-end. If this process was continued forever the path would never repeat. Toutatis's spin state differs radically from those of the vast majority of solar system bodies that have been studied. (© Copyright 1995 by the AAAS) Spin State of Toutatis on Nine Successive Days This image shows the non-principal-axis spin state of asteroid 4179 Toutatis at one-day intervals (from left to right, top to bottom). The red, green, and blue axes are the principal axes of inertia; the magenta axis is the angular momentum vector; the yellow axis is the spin vector. Toutatis does not spin about a single axis. Instead, its spin vector traces a curve around the asteroid's surface once every 5.41 days. During this time the object rotates once about its long axis, and every 7.35 days, on average, the long axis precesses about the angular momentum vector. The combination of these two motions with different periods give Toutatis its bizarre "tumbling" rotation. (Courtesy Scott Hudson, Washington State University)

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This threat must be manually installed on the computer. It may also be distributed by other means, such as Web Exploit Toolkits. When the Trojan is executed, it drops the following configuration file, which is a password-protected ZIP archive: It also drops the following file, which contains a hard-coded password to decrypt the above configuration file: Next, the Trojan creates the following registry entry so that it executes whenever Windows starts: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\"cleansweep.exe" = "%SystemDrive%\cleansweep.exe\cleansweep.exe" The Trojan then injects code into any currently running system processes so that it can then perform the following functions: - Capture network traffic - Send and receive network packets in order to bypass application firewalls It also provides certain rootkit capabilities, for example it can: - Hide its own process on injected processes - Hide and prevent access to its own binary code - Hide and prevent access to its startup registry entry The Trojan then steals information from the following Internet browsers: - Internet Explorer It sends the stolen information back to a control server, which is specified in the configuration file. A remote attacker may also perform the following actions from the control server: - Download and execute files - Log and report keystrokes - Perform certain hidden tasks on the Trojan

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Summary: An engaging introduction to statistics, the text provides readers with a tool for learning about behaviour without requiring a strong background in research methods. This comprehensive, yet conversational, text includes making sense sections to help relate and explain material that is often difficult for students to comprehend. The book provides instructions for using SPSS statistical software in each chapter with helpful examples and over 100 screen shots. ...show moreGregory Privitera takes a user-friendly approach while balancing statistical theory, computation, and application with the technical instruction needed for students to succeed in the modern era of data collection, analysis, and statistical interpretation. Key Features - SMaking Sense sections break down the most difficult concepts in statistics for students, review important material, and basically Smake sense of the most challenging material. These sections are aimed at easing student stress, and making statistics more approachable. - SResearch in Focus sections in Chapters 1 through 7 provide context by reviewing pertinent, current research that makes sense of or illustrates important statistical concepts discussed in the chapter. This feature prepares students to read research articles by providing examples on how a particular statistical method is reported. - SSPSS in Focus sections provide step-by-step, classroom-tested instruction using practical research examples for how the concepts taught in each chapter can be applied using SPSS. Students are supported with screen shot figures and explanations for how to read SPSS output. - Numerous opportunities for practice are found in the 32-38 problems at the ends of each chapter. These are divided into different kinds of problems (factual problems, concept and application problems, and problems in research) categorized for easier identification and flexibility of assessment by instructors. ...show lessEdition/Copyright: 12 More prices and sellers below.

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Sir Edmund ANDERSON, Knight Born: 1540, Flixborough / Broughton, Lincolnshire, England Died: 1 Aug 1605 Buried: All Saints Church, Eyeworth, Bedfordshire, England Father: Edward ANDERSON Married: Magdalen SMYTHE ABT 1566, Eyworth, Bedford, England 1. Catherine ANDERSON (b. ABT 1568 - bur. 26 Feb 1638/39) (m. William Booth) 2. Margaret ANDERSON (b. ABT 1570 - d. 3 Aug 1630) (m.1 Thomas Monson - m.2 Adam Felton) 3. Griseld ANDERSON (m. John Sheffield of Mulgrave) 4. Elizabeth ANDERSON (m. Sir Hatton Fermor of Easton Neston) 5. Edward ANDERSON 6. Francis Anderson of Eyworth (Sir) (d. 22 Dec 1616) (m.1 Judith Soame - m.2 Audrey Butler) 7. William ANDERSON of Lea (m. Joan Essex) An English jurist, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1582-1605. He was a bitter opponent of the Puritans. In the south wall of the chancel of the church of All Saints there is a richly ornamented monument, to Sir Edmund Anderson kt. Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (ob. 1 Aug 1605) and Magdalen Smythe, his wife, consisting of a fine altar tomb-of marble upon which are two recumbent effigies, one representing Sir Edmund in his judicial robes with collar of SS. and the other his wife in the nearest dress of the period: the canopy is semi-circular, the projecting portion being upheld by two pillars 7ft. in height: the whole is surmounted by the armorial bearings of the family: there are also two other monuments of lesser dimensions tp members of this family. Anderson's wife sisters married Sir John Fortescue and George Rotheram, knight for Bedfordshire in five Parliaments. |to Bios Page|

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Types of Mental Illness There are many different conditions that are recognized as mental illnesses. The more common types include: - Anxiety disorders: People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and dread, as well as with physical signs of anxiety or nervousness, such as a rapid heartbeat and sweating. An anxiety disorder is diagnosed if the person's response is not appropriate for the situation, if the person cannot control the response, or if the anxiety interferes with normal functioning. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias. - Mood disorders: These disorders, also called affective disorders, involve persistent feelings of sadness or periods of feeling overly happy, or fluctuations from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. The most common mood disorders are depression, mania, and bipolar disorder. - Psychotic disorders: Psychotic disorders involve distorted awareness and thinking. Two of the most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations -- the experience of images or sounds that are not real, such as hearing voices -- and delusions, which are false beliefs that the ill person accepts as true, despite evidence to the contrary. Schizophrenia is an example of a psychotic disorder. - Eating disorders: Eating disorders involve extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors involving weight and food. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder are the most common eating disorders. - Impulse control and addiction disorders: People with impulse control disorders are unable to resist urges, or impulses, to perform acts that could be harmful to themselves or others. Pyromania (starting fires), kleptomania (stealing), and compulsive gambling are examples of impulse control disorders. Alcohol and drugs are common objects of addictions. Often, people with these disorders become so involved with the objects of their addiction that they begin to ignore responsibilities and relationships. - Personality disorders: People with personality disorders have extreme and inflexible personality traits that are distressing to the person and/or cause problems in work, school, or social relationships. In addition, the person's patterns of thinking and behavior significantly differ from the expectations of society and are so rigid that they interfere with the person's normal functioning. Examples include antisocial personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and paranoid personality disorder.

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An elevator from Earth to space may look something like this. Click on image for full size Courtesy of NASA Elevator to Space! News story originally written on October 15, 2000 Would you like to take an elevator to space? Scientists are working on one! A really long cable will stretch from Earth to space. But don't get too excited. It won't be built for at least 50 years! Scientists say a large asteroid will be tied to the end of the cable to keep it straight. A 20 mile high tower will be on Earth to hold the cable. Maybe some day we'll take this elevator to space! Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store! Our online store includes issues of NESTA's quarterly journal, The Earth Scientist , full of classroom activities on different topics in Earth and space science, as well as books on science education! You might also be interested in: It was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. It seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. Either way, NASA led the way to a great century of discovery. Unfortunately,...more The Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off from Kennedy Space Center on October 29th at 2:19 p.m. EST. The sky was clear and the weather was great. This was the America's 123rd manned space mission. A huge...more Scientists found a satellite orbiting the asteroid, Eugenia. This is the second one ever! A special telescope allows scientists to look through Earth's atmosphere. The first satellite found was Dactyl....more The United States wants Russia to put the service module in orbit! The module is part of the International Space Station. It was supposed to be in space over 2 years ago. Russia just sent supplies to the...more A coronal mass ejection (CME) happened on the Sun last month. The material that was thrown out from this explosion passed the ACE spacecraft. ACE measured some exciting things as the CME material passed...more Trees and plants are a very important part of this Earth. Trees and plants are nature's air conditioning because they help keep our Earth cool. On a summer day, walking bare-foot on the sidewalk burns,...more There is something special happening in the night sky. Through mid-May, you will be able to see five planets at the same time! This doesn't happen very often, so you won't want to miss this. Use the links...more

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The Coming of the Coal-Free Campus When you think about the typical college campus, a towering coal plant belching pollutants like mercury and fly ash is probably not the first thing that comes to mind. At more than 60 colleges and universities across the country, though, that’s just what you’ll find. Virginia Tech’s coal plant burns more than 43,000 tons of coal each year, for example, and students often wake to find ash coating their windows. But college students across the United States are asking their schools to clean up their act. More than 30 campuses have teamed up with the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign to move their schools toward 100 percent clean energy solutions. Already, 16 student groups have gotten commitments from their schools to become coal-free. According to coal campaign coordinator Kim Teplitzky, several more campuses look poised to join the ranks when the academic year begins in the fall. Five-plus years of student organizing paid off in 2010, when Cornell University announced plans to become coal-free as early as this year. The school has already reduced coal usage by 80 percent. At Ball State University in Indiana, a switch from coal to geothermal power will soon completely eliminate the school’s reliance on coal, cutting its carbon footprint in half and saving $2 million in the process. Other schools have been more resistant to pressure from student activist groups. University of Iowa students have been working for the better part of a decade to move the school off coal. Graham Jordison, who now works for the Sierra Club as Iowa’s campus organizer, got involved as a student when he realized the school’s on-campus plant was dumping coal ash near the banks of the Des Moines River. Though Jordison cites small victories—such as getting schools to purchase renewable energy credits and increase energy efficiency—the fight is far from over. “It’s not an easy path,” he admits, “but on each campus we’ve made progress.” Jen Horton wrote this article for New Livelihoods, the Fall 2011 issue of YES! Magazine. MORE SIGNS OF LIFE That means, we rely on support from our readers. Independent. Nonprofit. Subscriber-supported.

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What Do Harper and Flaherty Mean By “Sustainable”? In his “Speech to the World” in Davos on January 26, 2012, Prime Minister Harper proclaimed that steps would be taken to ensure the “sustainability of our social programs and fiscal position over the next generation”. What does this mean? Since coming into office in 2006, the Prime Minister and his Minister of Finance have denied the emergence of a structural deficit due to the aging of the population. Reports issued by the Parliamentary Budget Officer and others were dismissed out of hand. Now with a majority government, the aging of the population and its long-term impact on federal government programs and the resulting fiscal position have become the number one budget priority. The first indication of this was the Government’s unilateral decision, in December 2011, to restrain the growth in the Canada Health Transfer (CHT) to a three-year moving average in nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP), beginning in 2017-18. Funding is to be guaranteed to increase by at least 3 per cent per year. Up to 2016-17, the CHT will grow by 6 per cent per year. Thereafter, however, the annual rate of growth will be in the 3.5 to 4 per cent range. Is this what the Prime Minister and Minister of Finance mean by “sustainable”? Do they mean that any federal program that grows by more than the rate of growth in GDP is not sustainable and must be cut? If they do, then they are wrong. What government programs are growing faster than GDP? Excluding automatic stabilizer and self-financing programs, only one major program is currently expected to grow faster than GDP and that is elderly benefits (OAS). In previous budgets, steps were taken to ensure that other federal programs were not increasing by more than the growth in GDP. In the March 2010 Budget, the rate of growth in international assistance was reduced from 8 per cent per year to zero. Between 2005-06 and 2010-11, defence spending averaged 7.2 per cent. However, in the March 2010 Budget, defence spending was reduced by $525 million in 2012-13 and $1 billion annually beginning in 2013-14. The chart contained in the 2010 Budget shows defence spending growing less than GDP in the future. Transfers under the Equalization program are capped at the growth of nominal GDP. With the ending of most of the stimulus measures in 2011-12 and the restraint measures put in place in the March 2010 Budget, coupled with the upcoming savings under the Targeted Strategic and Operating Reviews, only OAS benefits will be increasing faster than the rate of growth in nominal GDP over the long term. This is the program that the Prime Minister targeted in his Davos speech. According to the Chief Actuary, Office of Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada, OAS benefits are expected to increase from $36.5 billion in 2010 to $107.9 billion in 2030 and to $200.1 billion in 2055. Apparently, the government considers these “large” increases to be unsustainable. But are they? As a percentage of the economy, they increase from 2.25% in 2010 to 3.14% in 2030 before falling back to 2.6% in 2050. These ratios are much lower than in other advanced countries. Therefore, as a percentage of GDP, the increases are not large at all. Between 2010 and 2030 the increase amounts to only 0.89% of GDP. As noted above, all other components of program expenses are expected to grow at the same rate as GDP growth or well below it. On balance, excluding OAS, total program expenses, as a percentage of GDP, will likely decline continuously over the next twenty years. In addition, with a progressive tax system, budgetary revenues as a percentage of GDP will likely increase over time. These two factors alone would more than fund the projected small increase in OAS benefits as a share of GDP over the next twenty years. Public debt charges and interest rates remain the wild card. The sensitivity on the budgetary balance of changes in interest rates has increased significantly since 2008 due to the accumulation in the stock of federal debt ($183 billion from 2007-08 to 2015-16) due to the recession and the impact of the stimulus measures introduced as part of the Economic Action Plan. From a fiscal or budget perspective, a sustainable fiscal structure is one in which the government debt is not growing faster than the economy. In other words, the government’s debt burden (the ratio of debt to GDP is either stable or falling. Following the Second World War, the federal debt-to-GDP ratio fell to about 18.5% in 1973-74. Thereafter, it rose steadily – to about 30% by 1980-81, to just over 50% by 1990-91, before peaking at 68.4% in 1995-96. Clearly, during most of this period, the federal fiscal position was “unsustainable”. However, over the 1995-96 to 2008-09 period, the federal debt-to-GDP ratio declined dramatically from a peak of 68.4% in 1995-96, to 28.9% in 2008-09. The recession and the impact of the stimulus measures have resulted in an only a slight increase in the debt-to-GDP ratio. According to the June 2011 Budget, it is expected to reach 35% in 2012-13, before resuming its downward path reaching 30.3% in 2016-17. Based on these projections, the federal position is still sustainable. In fact, the Prime Minister and his Minister of Finance take great pleasure in announcing to the world that Canada’s debt-to-GDP ratio is the lowest among the G-7. If the Prime Minister and the Minister of Finance are worried about fiscal sustainability, they must have in their possession research that shows that over the next twenty years, that the federal debt to GDP ratio is rising steadily, and therefore the government’s fiscal position is not sustainable. If this is case, this analysis should be released in the budget.. The Minister of Finance has up until now rejected studies by the Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) and others (www.3dpolicy.ca) that the federal government has a long-term structural deficit. Originally, the PBO concluded that the federal fiscal position was not sustainable over the long term. However, by restraining the growth in federal transfers to the provinces under the CHT, PBO recently concluded that the federal fiscal position is now sustainable. However, the PBO also concluded that the federal government had just transferred its structural deficit to the provinces and that fiscal position of Canada “Incorporated” is not sustainable. As stated by the PBO, “responsible fiscal planning needs to take account of challenges, not only the next few years, but also those anticipated over the long term”. Most OECD countries produce long-term fiscal sustainability reports. According to the OECD, such reports “offer invaluable signposts to help current governments to respond to known fiscal pressures and risks in a gradual manner, earlier rather than later, and help future governments avoid being forced to adopt sudden policy changes”. It is time that the Prime Minister be clear on what he means by “sustainability” and why he now believes it is should be of great concern to Canadians. The public is sorely in need of credible information and analyzes, which can be studied by others and debated. This would involve “Fiscal Sustainability Report 2011”page I; Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer September 2011. OECD (2009) “The Benefits of Long-term Fiscal Projections” OECD Policy Brief.

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See more from this Session: Organic Management Systems Community: I Tuesday, October 18, 2011: 2:05 PM Henry Gonzalez Convention Center, Room 207B, Concourse Level Crop performance benefits result when conservation-tillage practices are incorporated into conventional farming systems. Our objective was to determine if similar benefits resulted when an Organic Zero-till (OZ) system was adopted for the production of grain and seed crops. Buckwheat, corn, and pinto bean were grown following hairy vetch, winter rye, winter wheat, and cereal-legume cover crop combinations that were killed using a roller blade in an OZ system, a tandem disk in a clean-till system, and a wide sweep in a reduced-till system during a 3-yr period in southwestern North Dakota, USA. Cereal cover crops produced more above-ground dry matter than hairy vetch cover crop (P < 0.05), and weeds were suppressed by the rolled cereal, cover crop mulch in OZ plots. However, the need to delay rolling cover crops until advanced growth stages so killing was effective resulted in late seeding of subsequent grain crops. As a result, little if any grain was harvested in OZ plots. These results demonstrate that weeds can be suppressed in an OZ system in the northern Great Plains, but the proportion of growing season left after cover crops are rolled prevents production of grain and seed crops.

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Magnetic Strips, typically found on a Magnetic Stripe Card is capable of storing data by modifying the magnetism of small iron-based magnetic particles on a strip of magnetic material. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called swipe card is read by physical contact and swiping past a magnetic reading head. A number of International Organization define the standards, for example, ISO/IEC 7810, ISO/IEC 7811, ISO/IEC 7812, ISO/IEC 7813, ISO 8583, and ISO/IEC 4909. These standards define the physical properties of the card, including size, flexibility and location of the magnetic strip, its magnetic characteristics, and data formats. They also provide the standards for bank cards, including the allocation of card number ranges to different card issuing institutions. Typical AIDC usages are; Access Badge or for Access Control used to gain entry to an area having automated access control entry points. Entry points may be doors, turnstiles, parking gates or other barriers ID Card which contain user Identification data Key Card used to operate locks and stores a physical or digital signature which the door mechanism accepts before opening the lock, sometimes also containing an RFID proximity tag.

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Is modern medicine actually "scientific"? The gold standard for modern medicine is the double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. But there are serious problems with these studies, unknown to most, but widely acknowledged by researchers. Scientists can easily set up a study that shows a drug is effective for a very limited period of time. Most studies of drugs for psychiatric conditions last only six weeks. What happens after that? Do they still work? Do they start to cause terrible side effects? The studies will not tell you. Dana Ullman, author of 10 books on homeopathic medicine, writing in the Huffington Post, argues: “Sadly and strangely, many physicians do not see that there is something fundamentally wrong with the present medical model ... for the large majority of people facing day-to-day chronic illnesses, it provides short-term results, serious side-effects, and stratospherically high costs.”

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When the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands, a small British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic, go to the polls this weekend to determine their future relationship with the United Kingdom, their voices will fall on deaf ears in Washington, D.C. Instead of backing British sovereignty over the Falklands and the right of the islanders to determine their own future, the United States has sided with Argentina by supporting its repeated calls for a negotiated settlement over the islands. To make matters worse, the U.S. State Department has refused to say that it will recognize the outcome of the upcoming referendum. This policy plays right into the hands of Argentina and makes a mockery of the Anglo–American Special Relationship. As Heritage Foundation research has pointed out: As the Falkland Islands referendum approaches, the United States should strongly support the right of the Falkland Islanders to self-determination and should condemn Argentina’s aggressions. Washington should also make it clear that it stands firmly with America’s closest friend and ally. When the Falkland Islanders go to the polls, it will be a historic opportunity to express, in a clear and democratic way, their right to self-determination—a principle on which America was founded and in which most Americans believe. It is shocking to think that President Obama, the leader of the free world, would not back the freedom of the Falkland Islanders.

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His name is Ghyslain Raza, but you may know of him as “Star Wars Kid”, a portly 15-year-old student at a Quebec private high school who had filmed himself wielding a mock light saber, pretending to be a Star Wars character in combat. The two-minute video was supposed to be private, but he left it lying around at his school where three students, who did not know the teenager, came across the video, posted it on the Internet on April 14, 2003, adding a message inviting people to make insulting remarks about the clip. Unfortunately for him, it wasn’t just his friends who found the footage so amusing. The video went ‘viral’. One Web log that posted the video was allegedly downloaded 1.1 million times, and by October 2004 one Internet site dedicated to the video had recorded 76 million visits. According to UK marketing firm The Viral Factory, it became the most downloaded video of 2006. So mortified was the teenager that he dropped out of school and finished the semester at a psychiatric ward. According to the student, “It was simply unbearable, totally. It was impossible to attend class.” More than 35 other revised versions of the video clip, created by other people, have found their way to the Internet, with additional sound and visual effects. This is an extreme but far from unique example of the devastation wrought by cyber-bullying, the term given to internet conduct in which students harass other students by e-mail and on the internet. Given the potentially devastating consequences of cyberbullying, should schools have the power to discipline their students engaging in this form of harmful conduct? A major issue confronting school boards is that cyberbullying usually does not take place at school, although its effects can later reverberate among students during school hours. Students may post offensive material from home, or other times outside of school hours, but the targets are fellow classmates. Is it appropriate for a school board to discipline a student for posting such material simply because the postings are being accessed by other students at school or target other students? At the same time, with power comes responsibility – if school boards have the power to discipline students for their behavior outside of school, are schools then to be mandated with the responsibility to essentially monitor and censor the world-wide web? Just how far should a school board’s jurisdiction extend regarding inappropriate off-school student e-conduct? Read the rest of this entry

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|Skip Navigation Links| |Exit Print View| |Creating and Administering Oracle Solaris 11 Boot Environments Oracle Solaris 11 Information Library| A boot environment is a bootable instance of the Oracle Solaris operating system image plus any other application software packages installed into that image. System administrators can maintain multiple boot environments on their systems, and each boot environment can have different software versions installed. Upon the initial installation of the Oracle Solaris release onto a system, a boot environment is created. You can use the beadm(1M) utility to create and administer additional boot environments on your system. Note - In addition, the Package Manager GUI provides some options for managing boot environments. Note the following distinctions relevant to boot environment administration: A boot environment is a bootable Oracle Solaris environment consisting of a root dataset and, optionally, other datasets mounted underneath it. Exactly one boot environment can be active at a time. A dataset is a generic name for ZFS entities such as clones, file systems, or snapshots. In the context of boot environment administration, the dataset more specifically refers to the file system specifications for a particular boot environment or snapshot. A snapshot is a read-only image of a dataset or boot environment at a given point in time. A snapshot is not bootable. A clone of a boot environment is created by copying another boot environment. A clone is bootable. Shared datasets are user-defined directories, such as /export, that contain the same mount point in both the active and inactive boot environments. Shared datasets are located outside the root dataset area of each boot environment. Note - A clone of the boot environment includes everything hierarchically under the main root dataset of the original boot environment. Shared datasets are not under the root dataset and are not cloned. Instead, the boot environment accesses the original, shared dataset. A boot environment's critical datasets are included within the root dataset area for that environment.

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||This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ||This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (July 2012) ||This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2012) ||An editor has expressed a concern that this article lends undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, controversies or matters relative to the article subject as a whole. (July 2012) Culinary arts is the art of preparing and cooking foods. The word "culinary" is defined as something related to, or connected with, cooking. A culinarian is a person working in the culinary arts. A culinarian working in restaurants is commonly known as a cook or a chef. Culinary artists are responsible for skilfully preparing meals that are as pleasing to the palate as to the eye. They are required to have a knowledge of the science of food and an understanding of diet and nutrition. They work primarily in restaurants, delicatessens, hospitals and other institutions. Kitchen conditions vary depending on the type of business, restaurant, nursing home, etc. The Table arts or the art of having food can also be called as "Culinary arts". Careers in culinary arts Related careers Below is a list of the wide variety of culinary arts occupations. - Consulting and Design Specialists – Work with restaurant owners in developing menus, the layout and design of dining rooms, and service protocols. - Dining Room Service – Manage a restaurant, cafeterias, clubs, etc. Diplomas and degree programs are offered in restaurant management by colleges around the world. - Food and Beverage Controller – Purchase and source ingredients in large hotels as well as manage the stores and stock control. - Entrepreneurship – Deepen and invest in businesses, such as bakeries, restaurants, or specialty foods (such as chocolates, cheese, etc.). - Food and Beverage Managers – Manage all food and beverage outlets in hotels and other large establishments. - Food Stylists and Photographers – Work with magazines, books, catalogs and other media to make food visually appealing. - Food Writers and Food Critics – Communicate with the public on food trends, chefs and restaurants though newspapers, magazines, blogs, and books. Notables in this field include Julia Child, Craig Claiborne and James Beard. - Research and Development Kitchens – Develop new products for commercial manufacturers and may also work in test kitchens for publications, restaurant chains, grocery chains, or others. - Sales – Introduce chefs and business owners to new products and equipment relevant to food production and service. - Instructors – Teach aspects of culinary arts in high school, vocational schools, colleges, recreational programs, and for specialty businesses (for example, the professional and recreational courses in baking at King Arthur Flour). Occupational outlook The occupation outlook for chefs, restaurant managers, dietitians, and nutritionists is fairly good, with "as fast as the average" growth. Increasingly a college education with formal qualifications is required for success in this field. The culinary industry continues to be male-dominated, with the latest statistics showing only 19% of all 'chefs and head cooks' being female. Notable culinary colleges around the world - JaganNath Institute of Management Sciences, Rohini, Delhi, India - College of Tourism & Hotel Management, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan - Culinary Academy of India, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India - Culinary Academy of India, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India - ITM School of Culinary Arts, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India - Welcomgroup Graduate School of Hotel Administration, Manipal, Karnataka, India - Institute of Technical Education (College West) – School of Hospitality, Singapore - ITM (Institute of Technology and Management) – Institute of Hotel Management, Bangalore, Karnataka, India - Apicius International School of Hospitality, Florence, Italy - Le Cordon Bleu, Paris, France - École des trois gourmandes, Paris, France - HRC Culinary Academy, Bulgaria - Institut Paul Bocuse, Ecully, France - Mutfak Sanatlari Akademisi, Istanbul, Turkey - School of Culinary Arts and Food Technology, DIT, Dublin, Ireland - Scuola di Arte Culinaria Cordon Bleu, Florence, Italy - Westminster Kingsway College (London) - University of West London (London) - School of Restaurant and Culinary Arts, Umeå University (Sweden) - Camosun College (Victoria, BC) - Canadore College (North Bay, ON) - The Culinary Institute of Canada (Charlottetown, PE) - Georgian College (Owen Sound, ON) - George Brown College (Toronto, ON) - Humber College (Toronto, ON) - Institut de tourisme et d'hôtellerie du Québec (Montreal, QC) - Niagara Culinary Institute (Niagara College, Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON) - Northwest Culinary Academy of Vancouver (Vancouver, BC) - Nova Scotia Community College (Nova Scotia) - Pacific Institute of Culinary Arts (Vancouver, BC) - Vancouver Community College (Vancouver, BC) - Culinary Institute of Vancouver Island (Nanaimo, BC) - Sault College (Sault Ste. Marie, ON) - Baltimore International College, Baltimore, Maryland - California Culinary Academy, San Francisco, California - California School of Culinary Arts, Pasadena, California - California State, Pomona, California - California State University Hospitality Management Education Initiative - Chattahoochee Technical College in Marietta, Georgia - Cooking and Hospitality Institute of Chicago - Coosa Valley Technical College, Rome, Georgia - Culinard, the Culinary Institute of Virginia College - Cypress Community College Hotel, Restaurant Management, & Culinary Arts Program in Anaheim - Classic Cooking Academy, Scottsdale, Arizona - Center for Kosher Culinary Arts, Brooklyn, New York - Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York - Culinary Institute of America at Greystone in St. Helena, California - The Culinary Institute of Charleston, South Carolina - L'Ecole Culinaire in Saint Louis, Missouri and Memphis, Tennessee - Glendale Community College (California) - International Culinary Centers in NY and CA which include: - Institute for the Culinary Arts at Metropolitan Community College, Omaha, Nebraska - Johnson & Wales University, College of Culinary Arts - Kendall College in Chicago, Illinois - Lincoln College of Technology - Manchester Community College in Connecticut - New England Culinary Institute in Vermont - Orlando Culinary Academy - Pennsylvania Culinary Institute - The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, - Scottsdale Culinary Institute - Secchia Institute for Culinary Education: Grand Rapids Community College, Grand Rapids, MI - The Southeast Culinary and Hospitality College in Bristol, Virginia - Sullivan University Louisville, Kentucky - Los Angeles Trade–Technical College - Texas Culinary Academy - Central New Mexico Community College, Albuquerque, NM - AUT University (Auckland University of Technology) - MIT (Manukau Institute of Technology) - Wintec, Waikato Institute of Technology See also - McBride, Kate, ed. The Professional Chef/ the Culinary Institute of America, 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, INC, 2006. Further reading - Beal, Eileen. Choosing a career in the restaurant industry. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1997. - Institute for Research. Careers and jobs in the restaurant business: jobs, management, ownership. Chicago: The Institute, 1977. External links

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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2007)| A legend (Latin, legenda, "things to be read") is a narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within human history and to possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. Legend, for its active and passive participants includes no happenings that are outside the realm of "possibility", defined by a highly flexible set of parameters, which may include miracles that are perceived as actually having happened, within the specific tradition of indoctrination where the legend arises, and within which it may be transformed over time, in order to keep it fresh and vital, and realistic. A majority of legends operate within the realm of uncertainty, never being entirely believed by the participants, but also never being resolutely doubted. Legend, typically, is a short (mono-) episodic, traditional, highly ecotypified historicized narrative performed in a conversational mode, reflecting on a psychological level a symbolic representation of folk belief and collective experiences and serving as a reaffirmation of commonly held values of the group to whose tradition it belongs." Etymology and origin The word "legend" appeared in the English language circa 1340, transmitted from mediaeval Latin language through French. Its blurred (and essentially Protestant) sense of a non-historical narrative or myth was first recorded in 1613. By emphasizing the unrealistic character of "legends" of the saints, English-speaking Protestants were able to introduce a note of contrast to the "real" saints and martyrs of the Reformation, whose authentic narratives, they were sure, could be found in Foxe's Book of Martyrs. Thus "legend" gained its modern connotations of "undocumented" and "spurious". Before the invention of the printing press, stories were passed on via oral tradition. Storytellers learned their stock in trade: their stories, typically received from an older storyteller, who might, though more likely not, have claimed to have actually known a witness, rendered the narrative as "history". Legend is distinguished from the genre of chronicle by the fact that legends apply structures that reveal a moral definition to events, providing meaning that lifts them above the repetitions and constraints of average human lives and giving them a universality that makes them worth repeating through many generations. In German-speaking and northern European countries, "legend", which involves Christian origins, is distinguished from "Saga", being from any other (usually, but not necessarily older) origin. The modern characterization of what may be termed a "legend" may be said to begin 1866 with Jacob Grimm's observation, "The fairy tale is poetic, legend, historic." Early scholars such as Karl Wehrhan (de) Friedrich Ranke (de) and Will-Erich Peukert followed Grimm's example in focussing solely on the literary narrative, an approach that was enriched particularly after the 1960s, by addressing questions of performance and the anthropological and psychological insights provided in considering legends' social context. Questions of categorising legends, in hopes of compiling a content-based series of categories on the line of the Aarne-Thompson folktale index, provoked a search for a broader new synthesis. In an early attempt at defining some basic questions operative in examining folk tales, Friedrich Ranke (de) in 1925 characterised the folk legend as "a popular narrative with an objectively untrue imaginary content" a dismissive position that was subsequently largely abandoned. Compared to the highly-structured folktale, legend is comparatively amorphous, Helmut de Boor noted in 1928. The narrative content of legend is in realistic mode, rather than the wry irony of folktale; Wilhelm Heiske remarked on the similarity of motifs in legend and folktale and concluded that, in spite of its realistic mode, legend is not more historical than folktale. Legend is often considered in connection with rumour, also believable and concentrating on a single episode. Ernst Bernheim suggested that legend is simply the survival of rumour. Gordon Allport credited the staying-power of certain rumours to the persistent cultural state-of-mind that they embody and capsulise; thus "Urban legends" are a feature of rumour. When Willian Jansen suggested that legends that disappear quickly were "short-term legends" and the persistent ones be termed "long-term legends", the distinction between legend and rumour was effectively obliterated, Tangherlini concluded. Christian legenda In the narrow Christian sense, legenda ("things to be read [on a certain day, in church]") were hagiographical accounts, often collected in a legendary (legendarium). Because saints' lives are often included many miracle stories, "legend" in a wider sense came to refer to any story that is set in a historical context but that contains supernatural or fantastic elements. Related concepts Legends are tales that, because of the tie to a historical event or location, are believable, though not necessarily believed. For the purpose of the study of legends, in the academic discipline of folkloristics, the truth value of legends is irrelevant because, whether the story told is true or not, the fact that the story is being told at all allows scholars to use it as commentary upon the cultures that produce or circulate the legends. Hippolyte Delehaye, (in his Preface to The Legends of the Saints: An Introduction to Hagiography, 1907) distinguished legend from myth: "The legend, on the other hand, has, of necessity, some historical or topographical connection. It refers imaginary events to some real personage, or it localizes romantic stories in some definite spot." From the moment a legend is retold as fiction its authentic legendary qualities begin to fade and recede: in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Washington Irving transformed a local Hudson River Valley legend into a literary anecdote with "Gothic" overtones, which actually tended to diminish its character as genuine legend. Stories that exceed the boundaries of "realism" are called "fables". For example, the talking animal formula of Aesop identifies his brief stories as fables, not legends. The parable of the Prodigal Son would be a legend if it were told as having actually happened to a specific son of a historical father. If it included an ass that gave sage advice to the Prodigal Son it would be a fable. Legend may be transmitted orally, passed on person-to-person, or, in the original sense, through written text. Jacob de Voragine's Legenda Aurea or "The Golden Legend" comprises a series of vitae or instructive biographical narratives, tied to the liturgical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. They are presented as lives of the saints, but the profusion of miraculous happenings and above all their uncritical context are characteristics of hagiography. The Legenda was intended to inspire extemporized homilies and sermons appropriate to the saint of the day. Legends in Folklore Legends are used as a source of folklore, providing historical information regarding the culture and views of a specific legend's native civilization. "The Vanishing Hitchhiker" is the most popular and well known American legend. The traditional tale type involves a young girl in a white dress picked up alongside of the road by a passerby. The unknown girl in white remains silent for the duration of her ride, thanks the driver, and quietly gets out at her destination. When the driver turns to look back, the girl has vanished. Often there a third character is included at the destination to add further suspicion to the girl's existence by informing the driver that they haven't seen anyone all night. "The Vanishing Hitchhiker" and stories like it, display the fears and anxieties that a particular social group has. For example, the hitchhiking tale speaks to America's fascination with the road and also the anxieties that are inherent to travel. Examples of famous legends - The founding of Tenochtitlan, Aztec Capital - Big Foot - Cenodoxus, or the Damnation of the Good Doctor of Paris, told as an event justifying the sanctification of St Bruno - Celtic Legends - El Dorado - Fountain of Youth - Helen of Troy and the Trojan War - King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table - Legends of Africa - Loch Ness Monster - Philosopher's stone - Robin Hood - Romulus and Remus and the founding of Rome - Táin Bó Flidhais - Vlad the Impaler; stories of his cruelty have attained legendary status, most likely spread after his death by his enemies. - William Tell See also - Robert Georges and Michael Owens (1995). Folkloristics. United States of America: Indiana University Press. pp. p.7. ISBN 0-253-32934-5. - Norbert Krapf, Beneath the Cherry Sapling: Legends from Franconia (New York: Fordham University Press) 1988, devotes his opening section to distinguishing the genre of legend from other narrative forms, such as fairy tale; he "reiterates the Grimms' definition of legend as a folktale historically grounded", according to Hans Sebald's review in German Studies Review 13.2 (May 1990), p 312. - Tangherlini, "'It Happened Not Too Far from Here...': A Survey of Legend Theory and Characterization" Western Folklore 49.4 (October 1990:371-390) p. 85. - That is to say, specifically located in place and time. - OED, s.v. "Legend" - Patrick Collinson. Elizabethans, "Truth and Legend: The Veracity of John Foxe's Book of Martyrs" 2003:151-77, balances the authentic records and rhetorical presentation of Foxe's Acts and Monuments, itself a mighty force of Protestant legend-making. Sherry L. Reames, The Legenda Aurea: a reexamination of its paradoxical history, 1985, examines the "Renaissance verdict" on the Legenda, and its wider influence in skeptical approaches to Catholic hagiography in general. - "Das Märchen ist poetischer, die Sage, historischer"; quoted at the commencement of Tangherlini's survey of legend scholarship (Tangherlini 1990:371), which is in large part the basis of this section. - Wehrhan Die Sage (Leipzig) 1908. - Ranke, "Grundfragen der Volkssagen Forshung", in Leander Petzoldt (ed.), Vergleichende Sagenforschung 1971:1-20, noted by Tangherlini 1990.) - Peukert , Sagen (Munich: E Schmidt) 1965. - Stimulated in part, Tangherlini suggests, by the 1962 congress of the International Society for Folk Narrative Research. - Ranke, "Grundfragen der Volkssagenforschung", Niederdeutsche Zeitschrift fur Volkskunde 3 (1925, reprinted 1969) - Charles L. Perdue Jt., reviewing Linda Dégh and Andrew Vászony's essay "The crack on the red goblet or truth and the modern legend" in Richard M. Dorson, ed. Folklore in the Modern World, (The Hague: Mouton)1978, in The Journal of American Folklore 93 No. 369 (July–September 1980:367), remarked on Ranke's definition, criticised in the essay, as a "dead issue". A more recent examination of the balance between oral performance and literal truth at work in legends forms Gillian Bennett's chaprer "Legend: Performance and Truth" in Gillian Bennett and Paul Smith, eds. Contemporary Legend (Garland) 1996:17-40. - de Boor, "Märchenforschung", Zeitschrift für Deutschkunde 42 1928:563-81. - Lutz Röhrich, Märchen und Wirklichkeit: Eine volkskundliche Untersuchung (Wiesbaden: Steiner Verlag) 1956:9-26. - Heiske, "Das Märchen ist poetischer, die Sage, historischer: Versuch einer Kritik", Deutschunterricht14 1962:69-75.. - Bernheim, Einleitung in der Geschichtswissenschaft(Berlin: de Gruyter) 1928. - Allport, The Psychology of Rumor (New York: Holt, Rinehart) 1947:164. - Bengt af Klintberg, "Folksägner i dag" Fataburen 1976:269-96. - Jansen, "Legend: oral tradition in the modern experience", Folklore Today, A Festschrift for William Dorson (Bloomington: Indiana University Press) 1972:265-72, noted in Tangherlini 1990:375. - Georges, Jones, Robert, Michael (1995). Folkloristics. Indiana University Press. - Hippolyte Delehaye, The Legends of the Saints: An Introduction to Hagiography (1907), Chapter I: Preliminary Definitions, et passim - Karl Kerenyi, The Heroes of the Greeks (1959) - Catholic Encyclopedia article Literary or Profane Legends - Timothy R. Tangherlini, "'It Happened Not Too Far from Here...': A Survey of Legend Theory and Characterization" Western Folklore 49.4 (October 1990:371-390). A condensed survey with extensive bibliography.

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• A model is used to mathematically capture some aspect of the real world so that it may be manipulated, studied, tested, etc. • To computerize a design we will capture a very explicit model of a part in a computer program. • Geometry is by far, the most important part of any design. It is used as a reference for tolerances, processes, functions, materials, assemblies, etc. • Three major functions in geometric modelling, • The Geometric Representation determines what a system can do. • There are a number of methods of representing geometry, 1D, 2D, 2.5D, 3D 2D - All in one dimension, such as a side view of a part 2.5D - Points have an x, y coordinate, and height. This is a special case which can describe raised surfaces like buildings. 3D - Full spatial dimensions • 2D models are quickly becoming obsolete, 2.5D models were an early compromise, but 3D models are quickly becoming the standard.

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Grazing: Early weaning can help good pasture management. Weaning, by definition, creates two different flocks with wildly different nutritional needs: dry ewes and weaned lambs. Dry ewes need only maintenance levels of nutrition; growing lambs need high levels of protein and energy. We can choose to manage these groups as two separate units or as a single mob. If we don't wean, then we are really choosing to manage them as a single mob. Keeping them together means that we will often underfeed and overfeed at the same time. As pastures mature, we will underfeed the lambs, who need more energy and protein for growth, but we will still allow too much feed for the ewes, who will simply gain weight. A mob of dry ewes, however, gives us all sorts of good options: The second item hits the checkbook even more directly. How much does it cost to worm a flock? What if we can save over 50% of that cost without compromising the health of the lambs? As every shepherd knows, sheep on green pasture usually become infested with intestinal parasites (primarily roundworms, also called "nematodes"). Adult ewes generally resist the effects of these worms because they have developed some immunity, but lambs can be devastated - they don't develop immunity until they are older. Periodic doses of deworming medicine reduce that worm load. Veterinarians in most areas of the country currently recommend treating every three weeks (which is the length of the life cycle of some of the major nematode species), particularly in early season when the lambs are younger and the fresh pasture growth is ripe for worm larvae. A basic principle of parasite control is to dose all the animals at the same time; we can't just treat the "wormy-looking" ones. This means that we must worm the lambs and the ewes in an unweaned flock. Otherwise, the ewes would just continue to release millions of viable worm eggs back onto the pasture. And here's the rub: worming medicine is given by weight. Heavier animals receive larger doses than lighter animals. Worm medicine is not free. Ewes cost more to dose than lambs. For example, let's say that we are pasturing 100 ewes with their 150 unweaned lambs (= 150% lamb crop before dogs). The ewes weigh 160 pounds and the lambs average 50 pounds. Our flock, therefore, consists of 16,000 pound of ewes (= 100 x 160) and 7,500 pounds of lambs (= 150 x 50), giving a total flock weight of 23,500 pounds - 68% ewe weight and 32% lamb weight. In an unweaned flock, therefore, 68% of our worm medicine goes to the ewes, which is an overhead expense. Let's speak in dollars: I recently purchased a 960 ml bottle of Ivomec® (Ivermectin) for $55.00, which means that 1 ml of Ivomec® costs $0.057 (5.7¢). The label instructions are explicit: orally drench 3.0 ml of Ivermectin for each 26 pounds of sheep (= 0.115 ml of wormer per pound). Therefore, the dose for a 160-pound ewe would be 19 ml, costing $1.05 (= 160 x 0.115 x $0.057). This adds up to $105.00 for all our ewes. In contrast, a 50-pound lamb would receive 6 ml, costing $0.33 (= 50 x 0.115 x $0.057), which adds up to $49.50 for 150 lambs. Each worming of this unweaned flock costs us a total of $154.50 for drugs, which includes over $100 just for overhead. But dry ewes really don't need worming medicine until late autumn or winter (local veterinarians can help with the details). In general, dry ewes won't pick up many parasites if they are grazed on parking lots or other poor-quality pastures. For our sample flock, we can save $100 direct costs at worming by simply moving the ewes away from the lambs - i.e. weaning. And these calculations don't include any time savings due to having fewer animals for handling and drenching. Good businesses try to find ways to cut overhead without hurting their products. Early weaning can be a business strategy for reducing that overhead. Woody Lane is a nutritionist in Roseburg, Oregon. He teaches Nutrition, Sheep, and Forage courses at Umpqua Community College, and operates an independent consulting business "Lane Livestock Services." His email address is email@example.com

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Consider this article on why white rice would actually be better for you than brown. One of the USRDA "My Plate" and food pyramid biggest fallacies is the over-reliance on grain. However, if you are going to have grain, have a grain that isn't going to hurt you as bad. As far as eating for health, look at your macro-nutrients first. - Protein: Unless you have renal problems, protein should be one of the higher proportions of food in your diet. Minimum is 1g per kg of lean weight if you do no exercise. If you do exercise, you will be better served by 1g per pound of lean weight or more. NOTE: 4 Calories per gram of protein. - Fat: There are several fat soluble vitamins you need--not the least of which is Vitamin D. If you stay with monounsaturated and saturated fats you will do well. You just want to make sure you balance of Omega-3 to Omega-6 fats are favorable. NOTE: 9 Calories per gram of fat. - Carbohydrates: Way to over-emphasized in modern diets, but still very necessary. These usually contain the water-soluble vitamins we need. NOTE: 4 Calories per gram of carbohydrates. A diet that consists of an even split 33% of Calories from each macronutrient is actually a pretty well balanced diet. Another good split is 30/30/40 (protein/fat/carbs). As far as carbohydrates go, the more you de-emphasize grains and emphasize green vegetables the better your diet will be. Meat is not bad. Fish is probably one of the best choices, usually anti-inflammatory (which reduces blood cholesterol), but prefer a filet over fish balls. Fruits are also good in moderation. Eggs are also good. To put things in perspective, most sources of meat include about 20g of protein per 4oz (closed fist portion) of meat. As far as meat selection goes, if you favor grass-fed (or natural diet) sources of meat, the fats will have a more favorable balance of Omega-3 to Omega-6 fats. This will improve your health overall. The biggest thing I see in your diet, is it seems to emphasize carb sources over protein sources, and possibly not enough fat. As to your exercise, you will need to do something more than just upper body if your goal is to lose fat and gain muscle. You want to stimulate your whole body. You can do that with body-weight exercises. Burpees, squat-stands, etc. engage your lower half, and can help improve on the work you are doing with the upper half.

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Results 1 to 1 of 1 Thread: Fire Protection 08-27-2010, 07:38 AM #1New Guest - Join Date - Aug 2010 I would like to share with you about Fire Protection. Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of fires. The risk of fire is one of the greatest threats to health and safety, property and the delivery of essential services. Industry, government, and indeed everyone, share in the responsibility of protecting Canadians from the consequences of fire. Fire Protection Services promotes a proactive approach to fire safety and prevention and provides a range of services to clients occupying federal buildings. These services are aimed at minimizing risks to life and property, and preserving essential government services offered to all. The Fire Protection program is designed to provide students with a career ladder educational opportunity beginning with certificates and culminating with a bachelor of science concentration in fire science. The educational process begins with certificates in fire suppression, company officer, hazardous materials, and fire inspection/investigation. These certificates prepare students to perform basic job functions in fire protection. It involves the study of the behaviour, compartmentalization, suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well as the research and development, production, testing and application of mitigating systems. In structures, be they land-based, offshore or even ships, the owners and operators are responsible to maintain their facilities in accordance with a design-basis that is rooted in laws, including the local building code and fire code, which are enforced by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Buildings must be constructed in accordance with the version of the building code that is in effect when an application for a building permit is made. Quizzes - All quizzes must be passed with a 100% to proceed forward to the next lesson. Final Exam- Final Exam must be passed with a 70% to pass the course. The final exam can be taken three times if necessary.

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Cotton is a thirsty plant and parts of India drought-prone. But the intensive farming process for cotton leaches the soil and requires high pesticide and fertiliser use that pollutes further downstream. Now in the southeastern district of Warangal, dotted with statues to the independence leader in his trademark cotton dhoti, a project to grow the fibre in a way that causes less harm to the land is taking root. An initiative of green group WWF, the project in an area covering 103 villages seeks to help struggling farmers reduce input costs, improve yields, and lessen their environmental footprint by cutting the use of chemicals and water. “It works better,” 63-year-old Karra Adireddy, a cotton farmer for two decades who has been in the project from the start, told AFP at the village of Nurjahanpally in Andhra Pradesh state. In the fields around him, men and women are performing the backbreaking work of hand-picking thousands of fluffy, white balls in a green expanse also dotted with red and white flowers yet to mature. They pick with dexterity and care, the women heaping the white balls into folds in their colourful saris. The India Sustainable Cotton Initiative started in the region in 2006 with just 16 hectares and 37 farmers, and now covers more than 21,000 hectares and nearly 12,000 farmers. Some estimates say the project has brought a three percent increase in yield and a 25 percent reduction in costs. Local NGO Mari (Modern Architects for Rural India), which runs the initiative alongside the WWF, said farmers involved in the project used 61 percent and 51 percent less water than normal in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Last year, they used 93 percent less pesticides and 25 percent less chemical fertiliser than farmers who had not adopted the better management practices. Project farmers now use drip irrigation and dig watering funnels near the roots of their plants rather than sucking dry boreholes and losing scarce water to evaporation through sprinkling. Indian labourers pluck cotton from bushes in the fields of Warangal District. The India Sustainable Cotton Initiative started in the region in 2006 with just 16 hectares and 37 farmers, and now covers more than 21,000 hectares and nearly 12,000 farmers. Instead of chemical fertiliser, many use plant and garlic extracts as pest repellents. And the farmers sign a code of conduct, undertaking not to use pregnant women and children as cotton-pickers—a common practice in a labour-intensive industry. Adireddy said he used to pay 1,200 rupees ($22) for a 50 kilogram bag of chemical fertiliser, but now uses a fermented mixture of cow dung and urine, palm sugar and ghee, a clarified butter made from the milk of his own cows, to nourish his six-acre (2.4 hectare) field. Why has he not always used this cheaper, less damaging method? “We didn’t know!” he said. Since forming a loose cooperative with the WWF’s help, they no longer have to spend money on getting their product to the market—the buyers come to them, farmers told AFP. Also, they no longer need to pay commission to a middle-man, and command higher market prices with a better quality cotton. “I’ve bought two new bulls and a buffalo for ploughing” from the windfall, said Adireddy. Cotton has been grown in India, the world’s second-biggest producer, for thousands of years and has played a big part in its history. It became a symbol of oppression under British colonialism—the empire forcing Indians to supply only raw fibres and buy British-manufactured textiles in return. Gandhi led a peaceful uprising against this injustice, encouraging Indians to wear locally-produced, self-spun cotton cloth. The farmers now provide cotton branded “sustainable” to ever-more environmentally conscious consumers—feeding some big names including Britain’s Marks Spencer. “Governments can try and regulate, tax this and introduce incentives there… it is when the markets kick in and buy (sustainable products)—this is what really drives change,” said British Environment Minister Richard Benyon on a visit to the project. According to the WWF, about seven percent of farmers in developing countries, or 90 million people, rely on cotton for their livelihoods. Farmer Sanjiva Reddy, 61, tenderly touches the leaves of a cotton plant as he describes an improvement in the cotton: “It is smoother.” His face sun beaten by many years in the fields, Reddy was one of the first to join the project, whose results he summarised through an interpreter as “less investment, less pests, more profit”. “We used to pay (a middle-man) a three-percent commission,” he said, dressed in the traditional lungi loincloth worn by many of the men in the field. He told how he recently added two acres to his land, bringing the total to 10 acres. But even the best-laid plans cannot influence the weather. “I am happy (with the changes), but this year we had untimely rains,” Reddy frowns, lifting his hand head-high as he explained that the plants which reach up to his weathered knees “should be this high”. (c) 2012 AFP Article source: http://phys.org/news269840529.html

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This is a book report Rachel wrote for Ms Moore’s 3rd grade class this year. Marie Curie changed the world through science. Marie and her husband discovered two new elements, polonium and radium. Marie and two other scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics. In 1910, she isolated radium in the form of a metal. Marie won a second Nobel Prize, this time in chemistry. Some of her main struggles were that her husband was killed in an accident right after they won the prize. Marie’s main struggle was that people treated her differently because she was a woman. Her accomplishments inspire me to work harder in science. She proves that women can be as good as men in science. One of my favorite quotes of hers is: “You cannot hope to build a better world without improving and, at the same time, share a general responsibility for all humanity, our particular duty being to aid those to whom we think can be most useful.” -Marie Curie Her research into radiation helped others discover the structure of the atom. Even though radiation is very dangerous, it helps save lives even today through X rays, cancer treatments, and creating electricity.

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