paligemma-3b-ft-rsvqa-hr-224 / README.md

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	---
	library_name: transformers
	license: gemma
	pipeline_tag: image-text-to-text
	extra_gated_heading: Access PaliGemma on Hugging Face
	extra_gated_prompt: To access PaliGemma on Hugging Face, you’re required to review
	and agree to Google’s usage license. To do this, please ensure you’re logged-in
	to Hugging Face and click below. Requests are processed immediately.
	extra_gated_button_content: Acknowledge license
	---
	# PaliGemma model card

	Model page: [PaliGemma](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/paligemma)

	Transformers PaliGemma 3B weights, fine-tuned with 224*224 input images on the <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/6344367">RSVQA-HR</a> dataset. The models are available in float32, bfloat16 and float16 format for research purposes only. The fine-tune config is available at <a href="https://github.com/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/paligemma/transfers/rsvqa_hr.py">big_vision</a>.

	Resources and technical documentation:

	* [Responsible Generative AI Toolkit](https://ai.google.dev/responsible)
	* [PaliGemma on Kaggle](https://www.kaggle.com/models/google/paligemma)
	* [PaliGemma on Vertex Model Garden](https://console.cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/publishers/google/model-garden/363)

	Terms of Use: [Terms](https://www.kaggle.com/models/google/paligemma-ft/license/consent/verify/huggingface?returnModelRepoId=google/paligemma-3b-ft-rsvqa-hr-224)

	Authors: Google

	## Model information

	### Model summary

	#### Description

	PaliGemma is a versatile and lightweight vision-language model (VLM) inspired by
	[PaLI-3](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.09199) and based on open components such as
	the [SigLIP vision model](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15343) and the [Gemma
	language model](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.08295). It takes both image and text
	as input and generates text as output, supporting multiple languages. It is designed for class-leading fine-tune performance on a wide range of vision-language tasks such as image and short video caption, visual question answering, text reading, object detection and object segmentation.

	#### Model architecture

	PaliGemma is the composition of a [Transformer
	decoder](https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762) and a [Vision Transformer image
	encoder](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929), with a total of 3 billion
	params. The text decoder is initialized from
	[Gemma-2B](https://www.kaggle.com/models/google/gemma). The image encoder is
	initialized from
	[SigLIP-So400m/14](https://colab.research.google.com/github/google-research/big_vision/blob/main/big_vision/configs/proj/image_text/SigLIP_demo.ipynb).
	PaliGemma is trained following the PaLI-3 recipes.

	#### Inputs and outputs

	* Input: Image and text string, such as a prompt to caption the image, or
	a question.
	* Output: Generated text in response to the input, such as a caption of
	the image, an answer to a question, a list of object bounding box
	coordinates, or segmentation codewords.

	### Model data

	#### Pre-train datasets

	PaliGemma is pre-trained on the following mixture of datasets:

	* WebLI: [WebLI (Web Language Image)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06794) is
	a web-scale multilingual image-text dataset built from the public web. A
	wide range of WebLI splits are used to acquire versatile model capabilities,
	such as visual semantic understanding, object localization,
	visually-situated text understanding, multilinguality, etc.
	* CC3M-35L: Curated English image-alt_text pairs from webpages ([Sharma et
	al., 2018](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1238/)). We used the [Google Cloud
	Translation API](https://cloud.google.com/translate) to translate into 34
	additional languages.
	* VQ²A-CC3M-35L/VQG-CC3M-35L: A subset of VQ2A-CC3M ([Changpinyo et al.,
	2022a](https://aclanthology.org/2022.naacl-main.142/)), translated into the
	same additional 34 languages as CC3M-35L, using the [Google Cloud
	Translation API](https://cloud.google.com/translate).
	* OpenImages: Detection and object-aware questions and answers
	([Piergiovanni et al. 2022](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.04372)) generated by
	handcrafted rules on the [OpenImages dataset].
	* WIT: Images and texts collected from Wikipedia ([Srinivasan et al.,
	2021](https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.01913)).

	[OpenImages dataset]: https://storage.googleapis.com/openimages/web/factsfigures_v7.html

	#### Data responsibility filtering

	The following filters are applied to WebLI, with the goal of training PaliGemma
	on clean data:

	* Pornographic image filtering: This filter removes images deemed to be of
	pornographic nature.
	* Text safety filtering: We identify and filter out images that are paired
	with unsafe text. Unsafe text is any text deemed to contain or be about
	CSAI, pornography, vulgarities, or otherwise offensive.
	* Text toxicity filtering: We further use the [Perspective
	API](https://perspectiveapi.com/) to identify and filter out images that are
	paired with text deemed insulting, obscene, hateful or otherwise toxic.
	* Text personal information filtering: We filtered certain personal information and other sensitive data using [Cloud Data Loss Prevention (DLP)
	API](https://cloud.google.com/security/products/dlp) to protect the privacy
	of individuals. Identifiers such as social security numbers and [other sensitive information types] were removed.
	* Additional methods: Filtering based on content quality and safety in
	line with our policies and practices.

	[other sensitive information types]: https://cloud.google.com/sensitive-data-protection/docs/high-sensitivity-infotypes-reference?_gl=1jg604m_gaODk5MzA3ODQyLjE3MTAzMzQ3NTk._ga_WH2QY8WWF5*MTcxMDUxNTkxMS4yLjEuMTcxMDUxNjA2NC4wLjAuMA..&_ga=2.172110058.-899307842.1710334759



	## How to Use

	PaliGemma is a single-turn vision language model not meant for conversational use,
	and it works best when fine-tuning to a specific use case.

	You can configure which task the model will solve by conditioning it with task prefixes,
	such as “detect” or “segment”. The pretrained models were trained in this fashion to imbue
	them with a rich set of capabilities (question answering, captioning, segmentation, etc.).
	However, they are not designed to be used directly, but to be transferred (by fine-tuning)
	to specific tasks using a similar prompt structure. For interactive testing, you can use
	the "mix" family of models, which have been fine-tuned on a mixture of tasks.

	Please, refer to the [usage and limitations section](#usage-and-limitations) for intended
	use cases, or visit the [blog post](https://huggingface.co/blog/paligemma-google-vlm) for
	additional details and examples.

	## Use in Transformers

	The following snippets use model `google/paligemma-3b-mix-224` for reference purposes.
	The model in this repo you are now browsing may have been trained for other tasks, please
	make sure you use appropriate inputs for the task at hand.

	### Running the default precision (`float32`) on CPU

	```python
	from transformers import AutoProcessor, PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration
	from PIL import Image
	import requests
	import torch

	model_id = "google/paligemma-3b-mix-224"

	url = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/tasks/car.jpg?download=true"
	image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

	model = PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(model_id).eval()
	processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_id)

	# Instruct the model to create a caption in Spanish
	prompt = "caption es"
	model_inputs = processor(text=prompt, images=image, return_tensors="pt")
	input_len = model_inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]

	with torch.inference_mode():
	generation = model.generate(**model_inputs, max_new_tokens=100, do_sample=False)
	generation = generation[0][input_len:]
	decoded = processor.decode(generation, skip_special_tokens=True)
	print(decoded)
	```

	Output: `Un auto azul estacionado frente a un edificio.`

	### Running other precisions on CUDA

	For convenience, the repos contain revisions of the weights already converted to `bfloat16` and `float16`,
	so you can use them to reduce the download size and avoid casting on your local computer.

	This is how you'd run `bfloat16` on an nvidia CUDA card.

	```python
	from transformers import AutoProcessor, PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration
	from PIL import Image
	import requests
	import torch

	model_id = "google/paligemma-3b-mix-224"
	device = "cuda:0"
	dtype = torch.bfloat16

	url = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/tasks/car.jpg?download=true"
	image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

	model = PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(
	model_id,
	torch_dtype=dtype,
	device_map=device,
	revision="bfloat16",
	).eval()
	processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_id)

	# Instruct the model to create a caption in Spanish
	prompt = "caption es"
	model_inputs = processor(text=prompt, images=image, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
	input_len = model_inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]

	with torch.inference_mode():
	generation = model.generate(**model_inputs, max_new_tokens=100, do_sample=False)
	generation = generation[0][input_len:]
	decoded = processor.decode(generation, skip_special_tokens=True)
	print(decoded)
	```

	### Loading in 4-bit / 8-bit

	You need to install `bitsandbytes` to automatically run inference using 8-bit or 4-bit precision:

	```
	pip install bitsandbytes accelerate
	```

	```
	from transformers import AutoProcessor, PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration
	from PIL import Image
	import requests
	import torch

	model_id = "google/paligemma-3b-mix-224"
	device = "cuda:0"
	dtype = torch.bfloat16

	url = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/tasks/car.jpg?download=true"
	image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

	quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_8bit=True)

	model = PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(
	model_id, quantization_config=quantization_config
	).eval()
	processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_id)

	# Instruct the model to create a caption in Spanish
	prompt = "caption es"
	model_inputs = processor(text=prompt, images=image, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
	input_len = model_inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]

	with torch.inference_mode():
	generation = model.generate(**model_inputs, max_new_tokens=100, do_sample=False)
	generation = generation[0][input_len:]
	decoded = processor.decode(generation, skip_special_tokens=True)
	print(decoded)
	```

	## Implementation information

	### Hardware

	PaliGemma was trained using the latest generation of Tensor Processing Unit
	(TPU) hardware (TPUv5e).

	### Software

	Training was done using [JAX](https://github.com/google/jax),
	[Flax](https://github.com/google/flax),
	[TFDS](https://github.com/tensorflow/datasets) and
	[`big_vision`](https://github.com/google-research/big_vision).

	JAX allows researchers to take advantage of the latest generation of hardware,
	including TPUs, for faster and more efficient training of large models.

	TFDS is used to access datasets and Flax is used for model architecture. The
	PaliGemma fine-tune code and inference code are released in the `big_vision`
	GitHub repository.

	## Evaluation information

	### Benchmark results

	In order to verify the transferability of PaliGemma to a wide variety of
	academic tasks, we fine-tune the pretrained models on each task. Additionally we
	train the mix model with a mixture of the transfer tasks. We report results on
	different resolutions to provide an impression of which tasks benefit from
	increased resolution. Importantly, none of these tasks or datasets are part of
	the pretraining data mixture, and their images are explicitly removed from the
	web-scale pre-training data.

	#### Mix model (fine-tune on mixture of transfer tasks)

	<table>
	<tbody><tr>
	<th>Benchmark</th>
	<th>Metric (split)</th>
	<th>mix-224</th>
	<th>mix-448</th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.06209">MMVP</a></td>
	<td>Paired Accuracy</td>
	<td>46.00</td>
	<td>45.33</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.10355">POPE</a></td>
	<td>Accuracy<br>(random/popular/adversarial)</td>
	<td>
	88.00<br>
	86.63<br>
	85.67
	</td>
	<td>
	89.37<br>
	88.40<br>
	87.47
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td><a href="https://cs.stanford.edu/people/dorarad/gqa/about.html">GQA</a></td>
	<td>Accuracy (test)</td>
	<td>65.20</td>
	<td>65.47</td>
	</tr>
	</tbody></table>

	#### Single task (fine-tune on single task)

	<table>
	<tbody><tr>
	<th>Benchmark<br>(train split)</th>
	<th>Metric<br>(split)</th>
	<th>pt-224</th>
	<th>pt-448</th>
	<th>pt-896</th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<th>Captioning</th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://cocodataset.org/#home">COCO captions</a><br>(train+restval)
	</td>
	<td>CIDEr (val)</td>
	<td>141.92</td>
	<td>144.60</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://nocaps.org/">NoCaps</a><br>(Eval of COCO<br>captions transfer)
	</td>
	<td>CIDEr (val)</td>
	<td>121.72</td>
	<td>123.58</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.12522">COCO-35L</a><br>(train)
	</td>
	<td>CIDEr dev<br>(en/avg-34/avg)</td>
	<td>
	139.2<br>
	115.8<br>
	116.4
	</td>
	<td>
	141.2<br>
	118.0<br>
	118.6
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.12522">XM3600</a><br>(Eval of COCO-35L transfer)
	</td>
	<td>CIDEr dev<br>(en/avg-34/avg)</td>
	<td>
	78.1<br>
	41.3<br>
	42.4
	</td>
	<td>
	80.0<br>
	41.9<br>
	42.9
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://textvqa.org/textcaps/">TextCaps</a><br>(train)
	</td>
	<td>CIDEr (val)</td>
	<td>127.48</td>
	<td>153.94</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.11624">SciCap</a><br>(first sentence, no subfigure)<br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>CIDEr/BLEU-4<br>(test)</td>
	<td>
	162.25<br>
	0.192<br>
	</td>
	<td>
	181.49<br>
	0.211<br>
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.03353">Screen2words</a><br>(train+dev)
	</td>
	<td>CIDEr (test)</td>
	<td>117.57</td>
	<td>119.59</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.04295">Widget Captioning</a><br>(train+dev)
	</td>
	<td>CIDEr (test)</td>
	<td>136.07</td>
	<td>148.36</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<th>Question answering</th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://visualqa.org/index.html">VQAv2</a><br>(train+validation)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy<br>(Test server - std)</td>
	<td>83.19</td>
	<td>85.64</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.06209">MMVP</a><br>(Eval of VQAv2 transfer)
	</td>
	<td>Paired Accuracy</td>
	<td>47.33</td>
	<td>45.33</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.10355">POPE</a><br>(Eval of VQAv2 transfer)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy<br>(random/popular/<br>adversarial)</td>
	<td>
	87.80<br>
	85.87<br>
	84.27
	</td>
	<td>
	88.23<br>
	86.77<br>
	85.90
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://okvqa.allenai.org/">OKVQA</a><br>(train)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy (val)</td>
	<td>63.54</td>
	<td>63.15</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://allenai.org/project/a-okvqa/home">A-OKVQA</a> (MC)<br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy<br>(Test server)</td>
	<td>76.37</td>
	<td>76.90</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://allenai.org/project/a-okvqa/home">A-OKVQA</a> (DA)<br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy<br>(Test server)</td>
	<td>61.85</td>
	<td>63.22</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://cs.stanford.edu/people/dorarad/gqa/about.html">GQA</a><br>(train_balanced+<br>val_balanced)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy<br>(testdev balanced)</td>
	<td>65.61</td>
	<td>67.03</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.findings-acl.196/">xGQA</a><br>(Eval of GQA transfer)
	</td>
	<td>Mean Accuracy<br>(bn, de, en, id,<br>ko, pt, ru, zh)</td>
	<td>58.37</td>
	<td>59.07</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://lil.nlp.cornell.edu/nlvr/">NLVR2</a><br>(train+dev)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy (test)</td>
	<td>90.02</td>
	<td>88.93</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://marvl-challenge.github.io/">MaRVL</a><br>(Eval of NLVR2 transfer)
	</td>
	<td>Mean Accuracy<br>(test)<br>(id, sw, ta, tr, zh)</td>
	<td>80.57</td>
	<td>76.78</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://allenai.org/data/diagrams">AI2D</a><br>(train)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy (test)</td>
	<td>72.12</td>
	<td>73.28</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://scienceqa.github.io/">ScienceQA</a><br>(Img subset, no CoT)<br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy (test)</td>
	<td>95.39</td>
	<td>95.93</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://zenodo.org/records/6344334">RSVQA-LR</a> (Non numeric)<br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>Mean Accuracy<br>(test)</td>
	<td>92.65</td>
	<td>93.11</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://zenodo.org/records/6344367">RSVQA-HR</a> (Non numeric)<br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>Mean Accuracy<br>(test/test2)</td>
	<td>
	92.61<br>
	90.58
	</td>
	<td>
	92.79<br>
	90.54
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.10244">ChartQA</a><br>(human+aug)x(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>Mean Relaxed<br>Accuracy<br>(test_human,<br>test_aug)</td>
	<td>57.08</td>
	<td>71.36</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://vizwiz.org/tasks-and-datasets/vqa/">VizWiz VQA</a><br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy<br>(Test server - std)</td>
	<td>
	73.7
	</td>
	<td>
	75.52
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.12440">TallyQA</a><br>(train)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy<br>(test_simple/<br>test_complex)</td>
	<td>
	81.72<br>
	69.56
	</td>
	<td>
	84.86<br>
	72.27
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://ocr-vqa.github.io/">OCR-VQA</a><br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy (test)</td>
	<td>72.32</td>
	<td>74.61</td>
	<td>74.93</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://textvqa.org/">TextVQA</a><br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>Accuracy<br>(Test server - std)</td>
	<td>55.47</td>
	<td>73.15</td>
	<td>76.48</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://www.docvqa.org/">DocVQA</a><br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>ANLS (Test server)</td>
	<td>43.74</td>
	<td>78.02</td>
	<td>84.77</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/WACV2022/papers/Mathew_InfographicVQA_WACV_2022_paper.pdf">Infographic VQA</a><br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>ANLS (Test server)</td>
	<td>28.46</td>
	<td>40.47</td>
	<td>47.75</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.13648">SceneText VQA</a><br>(train+val)
	</td>
	<td>ANLS (Test server)</td>
	<td>63.29</td>
	<td>81.82</td>
	<td>84.40</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<th>Segmentation</th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>
	<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.00272">RefCOCO</a><br>(combined refcoco, refcoco+,<br>refcocog excluding val<br>and test images)
	</td>
	<td>MIoU<br>(validation)<br>refcoco/refcoco+/<br>refcocog</td>
	<td>
	73.40<br>
	68.32<br>
	67.65
	</td>
	<td>
	75.57<br>
	69.76<br>
	70.17
	</td>
	<td>
	76.94<br>
	72.18<br>
	72.22
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<th>Video tasks (Caption/QA)</th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>MSR-VTT (Captioning)</td>
	<td>CIDEr (test)</td>
	<td>70.54</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>MSR-VTT (QA)</td>
	<td>Accuracy (test)</td>
	<td>50.09</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>ActivityNet (Captioning)</td>
	<td>CIDEr (test)</td>
	<td>34.62</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>ActivityNet (QA)</td>
	<td>Accuracy (test)</td>
	<td>50.78</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>VATEX (Captioning)</td>
	<td>CIDEr (test)</td>
	<td>79.73</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>MSVD (QA)</td>
	<td>Accuracy (test)</td>
	<td>60.22</td>
	</tr>
	</tbody></table>

	## Ethics and safety

	### Evaluation approach

	Our evaluation methods include structured evaluations and internal red-teaming
	testing of relevant content policies. Red-teaming was conducted by a number of
	different teams, each with different goals and human evaluation metrics. These
	models were evaluated against a number of different categories relevant to
	ethics and safety, including:

	* Human evaluation on prompts covering child safety, content safety and
	representational harms. See the [Gemma model
	card](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/model_card#evaluation_approach) for
	more details on evaluation approach, but with image captioning and visual
	question answering setups.
	* Image-to-Text benchmark evaluation: Benchmark against relevant academic
	datasets such as FairFace Dataset ([Karkkainen et al.,
	2021](https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04913)).

	### Evaluation results

	* The human evaluation results of ethics and safety evaluations are within
	acceptable thresholds for meeting [internal
	policies](https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-uniblog-publish-prod/documents/2023_Google_AI_Principles_Progress_Update.pdf#page=11)
	for categories such as child safety, content safety and representational
	harms.
	* On top of robust internal evaluations, we also use the Perspective API
	(threshold of 0.8) to measure toxicity, profanity, and other potential
	issues in the generated captions for images sourced from the FairFace
	dataset. We report the maximum and median values observed across subgroups
	for each of the perceived gender, ethnicity, and age attributes.


	<table>
	<tbody><tr>
	</tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Metric</th>
	<th>Perceived<br>gender</th>
	<th></th>
	<th>Ethnicity</th>
	<th></th>
	<th>Age group</th>
	<th></th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<th></th>
	<th>Maximum</th>
	<th>Median</th>
	<th>Maximum</th>
	<th>Median</th>
	<th>Maximum</th>
	<th>Median</th>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Toxicity</td>
	<td>0.04%</td>
	<td>0.03%</td>
	<td>0.08%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.09%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Identity Attack</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Insult</td>
	<td>0.06%</td>
	<td>0.04%</td>
	<td>0.09%</td>
	<td>0.07%</td>
	<td>0.16%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Threat</td>
	<td>0.06%</td>
	<td>0.05%</td>
	<td>0.14%</td>
	<td>0.05%</td>
	<td>0.17%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>Profanity</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	<td>0.00%</td>
	</tr>
	</tbody></table>

	## Usage and limitations

	### Intended usage

	Open Vision Language Models (VLMs) have a wide range of applications across
	various industries and domains. The following list of potential uses is not
	comprehensive. The purpose of this list is to provide contextual information
	about the possible use-cases that the model creators considered as part of model
	training and development.

	Fine-tune on specific vision-language task:

	* The pre-trained models can be fine-tuned on a wide range of vision-language
	tasks such as: image captioning, short video caption, visual question
	answering, text reading, object detection and object segmentation.
	* The pre-trained models can be fine-tuned for specific domains such as remote
	sensing question answering, visual questions from people who are blind,
	science question answering, describe UI element functionalities.
	* The pre-trained models can be fine-tuned for tasks with non-textual outputs
	such as bounding boxes or segmentation masks.

	Vision-language research:

	* The pre-trained models and fine-tuned models can serve as a foundation for researchers to experiment with VLM
	techniques, develop algorithms, and contribute to the advancement of the
	field.

	### Ethical considerations and risks

	The development of vision-language models (VLMs) raises several ethical concerns. In creating an open model, we have carefully considered the following:

	* Bias and Fairness
	* VLMs trained on large-scale, real-world image-text data can reflect socio-cultural biases embedded in the training material. These models underwent careful scrutiny, input data pre-processing described and posterior evaluations reported in this card.
	* Misinformation and Misuse
	* VLMs can be misused to generate text that is false, misleading, or harmful.
	* Guidelines are provided for responsible use with the model, see the [Responsible Generative AI Toolkit](https://ai.google.dev/responsible).
	* Transparency and Accountability
	* This model card summarizes details on the models' architecture, capabilities, limitations, and evaluation processes.
	* A responsibly developed open model offers the opportunity to share innovation by making VLM technology accessible to developers and researchers across the AI ecosystem.


	Risks identified and mitigations:

	* Perpetuation of biases: It's encouraged to perform continuous monitoring
	(using evaluation metrics, human review) and the exploration of de-biasing
	techniques during model training, fine-tuning, and other use cases.
	* Generation of harmful content: Mechanisms and guidelines for content
	safety are essential. Developers are encouraged to exercise caution and
	implement appropriate content safety safeguards based on their specific
	product policies and application use cases.
	* Misuse for malicious purposes: Technical limitations and developer and
	end-user education can help mitigate against malicious applications of LLMs.
	Educational resources and reporting mechanisms for users to flag misuse are
	provided. Prohibited uses of Gemma models are outlined in the [Gemma
	Prohibited Use Policy](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/prohibited_use_policy).
	* Privacy violations: Models were trained on data filtered to remove certain personal information and sensitive data. Developers are encouraged to adhere to privacy regulations with privacy-preserving techniques.

	### Limitations

	* Most limitations inherited from the underlying Gemma model still apply:
	* VLMs are better at tasks that can be framed with clear prompts and
	instructions. Open-ended or highly complex tasks might be challenging.
	* Natural language is inherently complex. VLMs might struggle to grasp
	subtle nuances, sarcasm, or figurative language.
	* VLMs generate responses based on information they learned from their
	training datasets, but they are not knowledge bases. They may generate
	incorrect or outdated factual statements.
	* VLMs rely on statistical patterns in language and images. They might
	lack the ability to apply common sense reasoning in certain situations.
	* PaliGemma was designed first and foremost to serve as a general pre-trained
	model for transfer to specialized tasks. Hence, its "out of the box" or
	"zero-shot" performance might lag behind models designed specifically for
	that.
	* PaliGemma is not a multi-turn chatbot. It is designed for a single round of
	image and text input.