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Model Summary

Phi-3.5-mini is a lightweight, state-of-the-art open model built upon datasets used for Phi-3 - synthetic data and filtered publicly available websites - with a focus on very high-quality, reasoning dense data. The model belongs to the Phi-3 model family and supports 128K token context length. The model underwent a rigorous enhancement process, incorporating both supervised fine-tuning, proximal policy optimization, and direct preference optimization to ensure precise instruction adherence and robust safety measures.

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Phi-3.5: [mini-instruct | onnx]; [MoE-instruct]; [vision-instruct]

Intended Uses

Primary Use Cases

The model is intended for commercial and research use in multiple languages. The model provides uses for general purpose AI systems and applications which require:

Memory/compute constrained environments
Latency bound scenarios
Strong reasoning (especially code, math and logic)

Our model is designed to accelerate research on language and multimodal models, for use as a building block for generative AI powered features.

Use Case Considerations

Our models are not specifically designed or evaluated for all downstream purposes. Developers should consider common limitations of language models as they select use cases, and evaluate and mitigate for accuracy, safety, and fariness before using within a specific downstream use case, particularly for high risk scenarios. Developers should be aware of and adhere to applicable laws or regulations (including privacy, trade compliance laws, etc.) that are relevant to their use case.

Nothing contained in this Model Card should be interpreted as or deemed a restriction or modification to the license the model is released under.

Release Notes

This is an update over the June 2024 instruction-tuned Phi-3 Mini release based on valuable user feedback. The model used additional post-training data leading to substantial gains on multilingual, multi-turn conversation quality, and reasoning capability. We believe most use cases will benefit from this release, but we encourage users to test in their particular AI applications. We appreciate the enthusiastic adoption of the Phi-3 model family, and continue to welcome all feedback from the community.

Multilingual

The table below highlights multilingual capability of the Phi-3.5 Mini on multilingual MMLU, MEGA, and multilingual MMLU-pro datasets. Overall, we observed that even with just 3.8B active parameters, the model is competitive on multilingual tasks in comparison to other models with a much bigger active parameters.

Benchmark	Phi-3.5 Mini-Ins	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3	Mistral-Nemo-12B-Ins-2407	Llama-3.1-8B-Ins	Gemma-2-9B-Ins	Gemini 1.5 Flash	GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat)
Multilingual MMLU	55.4	51.08	47.4	58.9	56.2	63.8	77.2	72.9
Multilingual MMLU-Pro	30.9	30.21	15.0	34.0	21.4	43.0	57.9	53.2
MGSM	47.9	41.56	31.8	63.3	56.7	75.1	75.8	81.7
MEGA MLQA	61.7	55.5	43.9	61.2	45.2	54.4	61.6	70.0
MEGA TyDi QA	62.2	55.9	54.0	63.7	54.5	65.6	63.6	81.8
MEGA UDPOS	46.5	48.1	57.2	58.2	54.1	56.6	62.4	66.0
MEGA XCOPA	63.1	62.4	58.8	10.8	21.1	31.2	95.0	90.3
MEGA XStoryCloze	73.5	73.6	75.5	92.3	71.0	87.0	20.7	96.6
Average	55.2	52.3	47.9	55.3	47.5	59.6	64.3	76.6

The table below shows Multilingual MMLU scores in some of the supported languages. For more multi-lingual benchmarks and details, see Appendix A.

Benchmark	Phi-3.5 Mini-Ins	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3	Mistral-Nemo-12B-Ins-2407	Llama-3.1-8B-Ins	Gemma-2-9B-Ins	Gemini 1.5 Flash	GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat)
Arabic	44.2	35.4	33.7	45.3	49.1	56.3	73.6	67.1
Chinese	52.6	46.9	45.9	58.2	54.4	62.7	66.7	70.8
Dutch	57.7	48.0	51.3	60.1	55.9	66.7	80.6	74.2
French	61.1	61.7	53.0	63.8	62.8	67.0	82.9	75.6
German	62.4	61.3	50.1	64.5	59.9	65.7	79.5	74.3
Italian	62.8	63.1	52.5	64.1	55.9	65.7	82.6	75.9
Russian	50.4	45.3	48.9	59.0	57.4	63.2	78.7	72.6
Spanish	62.6	61.3	53.9	64.3	62.6	66.0	80.0	75.5
Ukrainian	45.2	36.7	46.9	56.6	52.9	62.0	77.4	72.6

Long Context

Phi-3.5-mini supports 128K context length, therefore the model is capable of several long context tasks including long document/meeting summarization, long document QA, long document information retrieval. We see that Phi-3.5-mini is clearly better than Gemma-2 family which only supports 8K context length. Phi-3.5-mini is competitive with other much larger open-weight models such as Llama-3.1-8B-instruct, Mistral-7B-instruct-v0.3, and Mistral-Nemo-12B-instruct-2407.

Benchmark	Phi-3.5-mini-instruct	Llama-3.1-8B-instruct	Mistral-7B-instruct-v0.3	Mistral-Nemo-12B-instruct-2407	Gemini-1.5-Flash	GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat)
GovReport	25.9	25.1	26.0	25.6	27.8	24.8
QMSum	21.3	21.6	21.3	22.1	24.0	21.7
Qasper	41.9	37.2	31.4	30.7	43.5	39.8
SQuALITY	25.3	26.2	25.9	25.8	23.5	23.8
SummScreenFD	16.0	17.6	17.5	18.2	16.3	17.0
Average	26.1	25.5	24.4	24.5	27.0	25.4

RULER: a retrieval-based benchmark for long context understanding

Model	4K	8K	16K	32K	64K	128K	Average
Phi-3.5-mini-instruct	94.3	91.1	90.7	87.1	78.0	63.6	84.1
Llama-3.1-8B-instruct	95.5	93.8	91.6	87.4	84.7	77.0	88.3
Mistral-Nemo-12B-instruct-2407	87.8	87.2	87.7	69.0	46.8	19.0	66.2

RepoQA: a benchmark for long context code understanding

Model	Python	C++	Rust	Java	TypeScript	Average
Phi-3.5-mini-instruct	86	67	73	77	82	77
Llama-3.1-8B-instruct	80	65	73	76	63	71
Mistral-7B-instruct-v0.3	61	57	51	61	80	62

Usage

Requirements

Phi-3 family has been integrated in the 4.43.0 version of transformers. The current transformers version can be verified with: pip list | grep transformers.

Examples of required packages:

flash_attn==2.5.8
torch==2.3.1
accelerate==0.31.0
transformers==4.43.0

Phi-3.5-mini-instruct is also available in Azure AI Studio

Tokenizer

Phi-3.5-mini-Instruct supports a vocabulary size of up to 32064 tokens. The tokenizer files already provide placeholder tokens that can be used for downstream fine-tuning, but they can also be extended up to the model's vocabulary size.

Input Formats

Given the nature of the training data, the Phi-3.5-mini-instruct model is best suited for prompts using the chat format as follows:

<|system|>
You are a helpful assistant.<|end|>
<|user|>
How to explain Internet for a medieval knight?<|end|>
<|assistant|>

Loading the model locally

After obtaining the Phi-3.5-mini-instruct model checkpoint, users can use this sample code for inference.

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, pipeline

torch.random.manual_seed(0)

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "microsoft/Phi-3.5-mini-instruct", 
    device_map="cuda", 
    torch_dtype="auto", 
    trust_remote_code=True, 
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("microsoft/Phi-3.5-mini-instruct")

messages = [
    {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful AI assistant."},
    {"role": "user", "content": "Can you provide ways to eat combinations of bananas and dragonfruits?"},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": "Sure! Here are some ways to eat bananas and dragonfruits together: 1. Banana and dragonfruit smoothie: Blend bananas and dragonfruits together with some milk and honey. 2. Banana and dragonfruit salad: Mix sliced bananas and dragonfruits together with some lemon juice and honey."},
    {"role": "user", "content": "What about solving an 2x + 3 = 7 equation?"},
]

pipe = pipeline(
    "text-generation",
    model=model,
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
)

generation_args = {
    "max_new_tokens": 500,
    "return_full_text": False,
    "temperature": 0.0,
    "do_sample": False,
}

output = pipe(messages, **generation_args)
print(output[0]['generated_text'])

Notes: If you want to use flash attention, call AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained() with attn_implementation="flash_attention_2"

Responsible AI Considerations

Like other language models, the Phi family of models can potentially behave in ways that are unfair, unreliable, or offensive. Some of the limiting behaviors to be aware of include:

Quality of Service: The Phi models are trained primarily on English text and some additional multilingual text. Languages other than English will experience worse performance as well as performance disparities across non-English. English language varieties with less representation in the training data might experience worse performance than standard American English.
Multilingual performance and safety gaps: We believe it is important to make language models more widely available across different languages, but the Phi 3 models still exhibit challenges common across multilingual releases. As with any deployment of LLMs, developers will be better positioned to test for performance or safety gaps for their linguistic and cultural context and customize the model with additional fine-tuning and appropriate safeguards.
Representation of Harms & Perpetuation of Stereotypes: These models can over- or under-represent groups of people, erase representation of some groups, or reinforce demeaning or negative stereotypes. Despite safety post-training, these limitations may still be present due to differing levels of representation of different groups, cultural contexts, or prevalence of examples of negative stereotypes in training data that reflect real-world patterns and societal biases.
Inappropriate or Offensive Content: These models may produce other types of inappropriate or offensive content, which may make it inappropriate to deploy for sensitive contexts without additional mitigations that are specific to the case.
Information Reliability: Language models can generate nonsensical content or fabricate content that might sound reasonable but is inaccurate or outdated.
Limited Scope for Code: Majority of Phi-3 training data is based in Python and use common packages such as "typing, math, random, collections, datetime, itertools". If the model generates Python scripts that utilize other packages or scripts in other languages, we strongly recommend users manually verify all API uses.
Long Conversation: Phi-3 models, like other models, can in some cases generate responses that are repetitive, unhelpful, or inconsistent in very long chat sessions in both English and non-English languages. Developers are encouraged to place appropriate mitigations, like limiting conversation turns to account for the possible conversational drift

Developers should apply responsible AI best practices, including mapping, measuring, and mitigating risks associated with their specific use case and cultural, linguistic context. Phi-3 family of models are general purpose models. As developers plan to deploy these models for specific use cases, they are encouraged to fine-tune the models for their use case and leverage the models as part of broader AI systems with language-specific safeguards in place. Important areas for consideration include:

Allocation: Models may not be suitable for scenarios that could have consequential impact on legal status or the allocation of resources or life opportunities (ex: housing, employment, credit, etc.) without further assessments and additional debiasing techniques.
High-Risk Scenarios: Developers should assess the suitability of using models in high-risk scenarios where unfair, unreliable or offensive outputs might be extremely costly or lead to harm. This includes providing advice in sensitive or expert domains where accuracy and reliability are critical (ex: legal or health advice). Additional safeguards should be implemented at the application level according to the deployment context.
Misinformation: Models may produce inaccurate information. Developers should follow transparency best practices and inform end-users they are interacting with an AI system. At the application level, developers can build feedback mechanisms and pipelines to ground responses in use-case specific, contextual information, a technique known as Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG).
Generation of Harmful Content: Developers should assess outputs for their context and use available safety classifiers or custom solutions appropriate for their use case.
Misuse: Other forms of misuse such as fraud, spam, or malware production may be possible, and developers should ensure that their applications do not violate applicable laws and regulations.

Training

Model

Architecture: Phi-3.5-mini has 3.8B parameters and is a dense decoder-only Transformer model using the same tokenizer as Phi-3 Mini.
Inputs: Text. It is best suited for prompts using chat format.
Context length: 128K tokens
GPUs: 512 H100-80G
Training time: 10 days
Training data: 3.4T tokens
Outputs: Generated text in response to the input
Dates: Trained between June and August 2024
Status: This is a static model trained on an offline dataset with cutoff date October 2023 for publicly available data. Future versions of the tuned models may be released as we improve models.
Supported languages: Arabic, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian
Release date: August 2024

Training Datasets

Our training data includes a wide variety of sources, totaling 3.4 trillion tokens, and is a combination of

publicly available documents filtered rigorously for quality, selected high-quality educational data, and code;
newly created synthetic, “textbook-like” data for the purpose of teaching math, coding, common sense reasoning, general knowledge of the world (science, daily activities, theory of mind, etc.);
high quality chat format supervised data covering various topics to reflect human preferences on different aspects such as instruct-following, truthfulness, honesty and helpfulness.

We are focusing on the quality of data that could potentially improve the reasoning ability for the model, and we filter the publicly available documents to contain the correct level of knowledge. As an example, the result of a game in premier league in a particular day might be good training data for frontier models, but we need to remove such information to leave more model capacity for reasoning for the small size models. More details about data can be found in the Phi-3 Technical Report.

Fine-tuning

A basic example of multi-GPUs supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with TRL and Accelerate modules is provided here.

Benchmarks

We report the results under completion format for Phi-3.5-mini on standard open-source benchmarks measuring the model's reasoning ability (both common sense reasoning and logical reasoning). We compare to Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3, Mistral-Nemo-12B-Ins-2407, Llama-3.1-8B-Ins, Gemma-2-9B-Ins, Gemini 1.5 Flash, and GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat).

All the reported numbers are produced with the exact same pipeline to ensure that the numbers are comparable. These numbers might differ from other published numbers due to slightly different choices in the evaluation.

As is now standard, we use few-shot prompts to evaluate the models, at temperature 0. The prompts and number of shots are part of a Microsoft internal tool to evaluate language models, and in particular we did no optimization to the pipeline for Phi-3. More specifically, we do not change prompts, pick different few-shot examples, change prompt format, or do any other form of optimization for the model.

The number of k–shot examples is listed per-benchmark. At the high-level overview of the model quality on representative benchmarks:

Category	Benchmark	Phi-3.5 Mini-Ins	Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3	Mistral-Nemo-12B-Ins-2407	Llama-3.1-8B-Ins	Gemma-2-9B-Ins	Gemini 1.5 Flash	GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat)
Popular aggregated benchmark	Arena Hard	37	18.1	39.4	25.7	42	55.2	75
	BigBench Hard CoT (0-shot)	69	33.4	60.2	63.4	63.5	66.7	80.4
	MMLU (5-shot)	69	60.3	67.2	68.1	71.3	78.7	77.2
	MMLU-Pro (0-shot, CoT)	47.4	18	40.7	44	50.1	57.2	62.8
Reasoning	ARC Challenge (10-shot)	84.6	77.9	84.8	83.1	89.8	92.8	93.5
	BoolQ (2-shot)	78	80.5	82.5	82.8	85.7	85.8	88.7
	GPQA (0-shot, CoT)	30.4	15.6	28.6	26.3	29.2	37.5	41.1
	HellaSwag (5-shot)	69.4	71.6	76.7	73.5	80.9	67.5	87.1
	OpenBookQA (10-shot)	79.2	78	84.4	84.8	89.6	89	90
	PIQA (5-shot)	81	73.4	83.5	81.2	83.7	87.5	88.7
	Social IQA (5-shot)	74.7	73	75.3	71.8	74.7	77.8	82.9
	TruthfulQA (MC2) (10-shot)	64	64.7	68.1	69.2	76.6	76.6	78.2
	WinoGrande (5-shot)	68.5	58.1	70.4	64.7	74	74.7	76.9
Multilingual	Multilingual MMLU (5-shot)	55.4	47.4	58.9	56.2	63.8	77.2	72.9
	MGSM (0-shot CoT)	47.9	31.8	63.3	56.7	76.4	75.8	81.7
Math	GSM8K (8-shot, CoT)	86.2	54.4	84.2	82.4	84.9	82.4	91.3
	MATH (0-shot, CoT)	48.5	19	31.2	47.6	50.9	38	70.2
Long context	Qasper	41.9	31.4	30.7	37.2	13.9	43.5	39.8
	SQuALITY	24.3	25.9	25.8	26.2	0	23.5	23.8
Code Generation	HumanEval (0-shot)	62.8	35.4	63.4	66.5	61	74.4	86.6
	MBPP (3-shot)	69.6	50.4	68.1	69.4	69.3	77.5	84.1
Average		61.4	48.5	61.3	61.0	63.3	68.5	74.9

We take a closer look at different categories across public benchmark datasets at the table below:

Category	Phi-3.5 Mini-Ins	Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3	Mistral-Nemo-12B-Ins-2407	Llama-3.1-8B-Ins	Gemma-2-9B-Ins	Gemini 1.5 Flash	GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat)
Popular aggregated benchmark	55.6	32.5	51.9	50.3	56.7	64.5	73.9
Reasoning	70.1	65.2	72.2	70.5	75.4	77.7	80
Language understanding	62.6	62.8	67	62.9	72.8	66.6	76.8
Robustness	59.7	53.4	65.2	59.8	64.7	68.9	77.5
Long context	26.1	25.5	24.4	24.5	0	27	25.4
Math	67.4	36.7	57.7	65	67.9	60.2	80.8
Code generation	62	43.1	56.9	65.8	58.3	66.8	69.9
Multilingual	55.2	47.9	55.3	47.5	59.6	64.3	76.6

Overall, the model with only 3.8B-param achieves a similar level of multilingual language understanding and reasoning ability as much larger models. However, it is still fundamentally limited by its size for certain tasks. The model simply does not have the capacity to store too much factual knowledge, therefore, users may experience factual incorrectness. However, we believe such weakness can be resolved by augmenting Phi-3.5 with a search engine, particularly when using the model under RAG settings.

Safety Evaluation and Red-Teaming

We leveraged various evaluation techniques including red teaming, adversarial conversation simulations, and multilingual safety evaluation benchmark datasets to evaluate Phi-3.5 models' propensity to produce undesirable outputs across multiple languages and risk categories. Several approaches were used to compensate for the limitations of one approach alone. Findings across the various evaluation methods indicate that safety post-training that was done as detailed in the Phi-3 Safety Post-Training paper had a positive impact across multiple languages and risk categories as observed by refusal rates (refusal to output undesirable outputs) and robustness to jailbreak techniques. Note, however, while comprehensive red team evaluations were conducted across all models in the prior release of Phi models, red teaming was largely focused on Phi-3.5 MOE across multiple languages and risk categories for this release as it is the largest and more capable model of the three models. Details on prior red team evaluations across Phi models can be found in the Phi-3 Safety Post-Training paper. For this release, insights from red teaming indicate that the models may refuse to generate undesirable outputs in English, even when the request for undesirable output is in another language. Models may also be more susceptible to longer multi-turn jailbreak techniques across both English and non-English languages. These findings highlight the need for industry-wide investment in the development of high-quality safety evaluation datasets across multiple languages, including low resource languages, and risk areas that account for cultural nuances where those languages are spoken.

Software

Hardware

Note that by default, the Phi-3.5-mini-instruct model uses flash attention, which requires certain types of GPU hardware to run. We have tested on the following GPU types:

NVIDIA A100
NVIDIA A6000
NVIDIA H100

If you want to run the model on:

NVIDIA V100 or earlier generation GPUs: call AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained() with attn_implementation="eager"

License

The model is licensed under the MIT license.

Trademarks

This project may contain trademarks or logos for projects, products, or services. Authorized use of Microsoft trademarks or logos is subject to and must follow Microsoft’s Trademark & Brand Guidelines. Use of Microsoft trademarks or logos in modified versions of this project must not cause confusion or imply Microsoft sponsorship. Any use of third-party trademarks or logos are subject to those third-party’s policies.

Appendix A

MGSM

Languages	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3	Mistral-Nemo-12B-Ins-2407	Llama-3.1-8B-Ins	Gemma-2-9B-Ins	Gemini 1.5 Flash	GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat)
German	69.6	65.2	42.4	74.4	68.4	76.8	81.6	82.8
English	85.2	83.2	60.0	86.0	81.2	88.8	90.8	90.8
Spanish	79.2	77.6	46.4	75.6	66.4	82.4	84.8	86.8
French	71.6	72.8	47.2	70.4	66.8	74.4	77.2	81.6
Japanese	50.0	35.2	22.8	62.4	49.2	67.6	77.6	80.4
Russian	67.2	51.6	43.2	73.6	67.2	78.4	84.8	86.4
Thai	29.6	6.4	18.4	53.2	56.0	76.8	87.6	81.6
Chinese	60.0	52.8	42.4	66.4	68.0	72.8	82.0	82.0

Multilingual MMLU-pro

Languages	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3	Mistral-Nemo-12B-Ins-2407	Llama-3.1-8B-Ins	Gemma-2-9B-Ins	Gemini 1.5 Flash	GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat)
Czech	24.9	26.3	14.6	30.6	23.0	40.5	59.0	40.9
English	47.7	46.2	17.7	39.8	43.1	49.0	66.1	62.7
Finnish	22.3	20.5	11.5	30.4	9.7	37.5	54.5	50.1
Norwegian	29.9	27.8	14.4	33.2	22.2	44.4	60.7	59.1
Polish	25.7	26.4	16.3	33.6	9.2	41.7	53.9	42.8
Portuguese	38.7	37.6	15.3	36.0	29.3	43.5	54.0	56.9
Swedish	30.7	28.1	15.5	34.3	16.9	42.6	57.7	55.5

MEGA

MLQA

Languages	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3	Mistral-Nemo-12B-Ins-2407	Llama-3.1-8B-Ins	Gemma-2-9B-Ins	Gemini 1.5 Flash	GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat)
Arabic	54.3	32.7	23.5	31.4	31.5	57.4	63.8	64.0
Chinese	36.1	31.8	22.4	27.4	18.6	45.4	38.1	38.9
English	80.3	78.9	68.2	75.5	67.2	82.9	69.5	82.2
German	61.8	59.1	49.0	57.8	38.9	63.8	55.9	64.1
Spanish	68.8	67.0	50.3	63.6	52.7	72.8	59.6	70.1

TyDi QA

Languages	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3	Mistral-Nemo-12B-Ins-2407	Llama-3.1-8B-Ins	Gemma-2-9B-Ins	Gemini 1.5 Flash	GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat)
Arabic	69.7	54.4	52.5	49.8	33.7	81.1	78.8	84.9
English	82.0	82.0	60.5	77.3	65.1	82.4	60.9	81.8
Finnish	70.3	64.3	68.6	57.1	74.4	85.7	73.5	84.8
Japanese	65.4	56.7	45.3	54.8	34.1	74.6	59.7	73.3
Korean	74.0	60.4	54.5	54.2	54.9	83.8	60.7	82.3
Russian	63.5	62.7	52.3	55.7	27.4	69.8	60.1	72.5
Thai	64.4	49.0	51.8	43.5	48.5	81.4	71.6	78.2

XCOPA

Languages	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3	Mistral-Nemo-12B-Ins-2407	Llama-3.1-8B-Ins	Gemma-2-9B-Ins	Gemini 1.5 Flash	GPT-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (Chat)
English	94.6	94.6	85.6	94.4	37.6	63.8	92.0	98.2
Italian	86.8	84.8	76.8	83.2	16.2	37.2	85.6	97.6
Turkish	58.6	57.2	61.6	56.6	38.4	60.2	91.4	94.6

Appendix B: Korean benchmarks

The prompt is the same as the CLIcK paper prompt. The experimental results below were given with max_tokens=512 (zero-shot), max_tokens=1024 (5-shot), temperature=0.01. No system prompt used.

GPT-4o: 2024-05-13 version
GPT-4o-mini: 2024-07-18 version
GPT-4-turbo: 2024-04-09 version
GPT-3.5-turbo: 2023-06-13 version

The overall Korean benchmarks show that the Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct with only 3.8B params outperforms Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct.

Benchmarks	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct	GPT-4o	GPT-4o-mini	GPT-4-turbo	GPT-3.5-turbo
CLIcK	42.99	29.12	47.82	80.46	68.5	72.82	50.98
HAERAE 1.0	44.21	36.41	53.9	85.7	76.4	77.76	52.67
KMMLU (0-shot, CoT)	35.87	30.82	38.54	64.26	52.63	58.75	40.3
KMMLU (5-shot)	37.35	29.98	20.21	64.28	51.62	59.29	42.28
KMMLU-HARD (0-shot, CoT)	24	25.68	24.03	39.62	24.56	30.56	20.97
KMMLU-HARD (5-shot)	24.76	25.73	15.81	40.94	24.63	31.12	21.19
Average	35.62	29.99	29.29	62.54	50.08	56.74	39.61

CLIcK (Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Korean)

Accuracy by supercategory

supercategory	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct	GPT-4o	GPT-4o-mini	GPT-4-turbo	GPT-3.5-turbo
Culture	43.77	29.74	51.15	81.89	70.95	73.61	53.38
Language	41.38	27.85	40.92	77.54	63.54	71.23	46
Overall	42.99	29.12	47.82	80.46	68.5	72.82	50.98

Accuracy by category

supercategory	category	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct	GPT-4o	GPT-4o-mini	GPT-4-turbo	GPT-3.5-turbo
Culture	Economy	61.02	28.81	66.1	94.92	83.05	89.83	64.41
Culture	Geography	45.8	29.01	54.2	80.15	77.86	82.44	53.44
Culture	History	26.15	30	29.64	66.92	48.4	46.4	31.79
Culture	Law	32.42	22.83	44.29	70.78	57.53	61.19	41.55
Culture	Politics	54.76	33.33	59.52	88.1	83.33	89.29	65.48
Culture	Pop Culture	60.98	34.15	60.98	97.56	85.37	92.68	75.61
Culture	Society	54.37	31.72	65.05	92.88	85.44	86.73	71.2
Culture	Tradition	47.75	31.98	54.95	87.39	74.77	79.28	55.86
Language	Functional	37.6	24	32.8	84.8	64.8	80	40
Language	Grammar	27.5	23.33	22.92	57.08	42.5	47.5	30
Language	Textual	54.74	33.33	59.65	91.58	80.7	87.37	62.11

HAERAE

category	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct	GPT-4o	GPT-4o-mini	GPT-4-turbo	GPT-3.5-turbo
General Knowledge	31.25	28.41	34.66	77.27	53.41	66.48	40.91
History	32.45	22.34	44.15	92.02	84.57	78.72	30.32
Loan Words	47.93	35.5	63.31	79.88	76.33	78.11	59.17
Rare Words	55.06	42.96	63.21	87.9	81.98	79.01	61.23
Reading Comprehension	42.95	41.16	51.9	85.46	77.18	80.09	56.15
Standard Nomenclature	44.44	32.68	58.82	88.89	75.82	79.08	53.59
Overall	44.21	36.41	53.9	85.7	76.4	77.76	52.67

KMMLU (0-shot, CoT)

supercategory	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct	GPT-4o	GPT-4o-mini	GPT-4-turbo	GPT-3.5-turbo
Applied Science	35.8	31.68	37.03	61.52	49.29	55.98	38.47
HUMSS	31.56	26.47	37.29	69.45	56.59	63	40.9
Other	35.45	31.01	39.15	63.79	52.35	57.53	40.19
STEM	38.54	31.9	40.42	65.16	54.74	60.84	42.24
Overall	35.87	30.82	38.54	64.26	52.63	58.75	40.3

KMMLU (5-shot)

supercategory	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct	GPT-4o	GPT-4o-mini	GPT-4-turbo	GPT-3.5-turbo
Applied Science	37.42	29.98	19.24	61.47	48.66	56.85	40.22
HUMSS	34.72	27.27	22.5	68.79	55.95	63.68	43.35
Other	37.04	30.76	20.95	64.21	51.1	57.85	41.92
STEM	38.9	30.73	19.55	65.28	53.29	61.08	44.43
Overall	37.35	29.98	20.21	64.28	51.62	59.29	42.28

KMMLU-HARD (0-shot, CoT)

supercategory	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct	GPT-4o	GPT-4o-mini	GPT-4-turbo	GPT-3.5-turbo
Applied Science	27.08	26.17	26.25	37.12	22.25	29.17	21.07
HUMSS	20.21	24.38	20.21	41.97	23.31	31.51	19.44
Other	23.05	24.82	23.88	40.39	26.48	29.59	22.22
STEM	24.36	26.91	24.64	39.82	26.36	32.18	20.91
Overall	24	25.68	24.03	39.62	24.56	30.56	20.97

KMMLU-HARD (5-shot)

supercategory	Phi-3.5-Mini-Instruct	Phi-3.0-Mini-128k-Instruct (June2024)	Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct	GPT-4o	GPT-4o-mini	GPT-4-turbo	GPT-3.5-turbo
Applied Science	25	29	12	31	21	25	20
HUMSS	21.89	19.92	14	43.98	23.47	33.53	19.53
Other	23.26	27.27	12.83	39.84	28.34	29.68	23.22
STEM	20.5	25.25	12.75	40.25	23.25	27.25	19.75
Overall	24.76	25.73	15.81	40.94	24.63	31.12	21.19