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Regional powers such as the two Koreas and Vietnam will acquiesce to Chinese demands and become more supportive of China rather than attempting to oppose it.

Huntington therefore believes that the rise of China poses one of the most significant problems and the most powerful long-term threat to the West, as Chinese cultural assertion clashes with the American desire for the lack of a regional hegemony in East Asia.

Huntington argues that the Islamic civilization has experienced a massive population explosion which is fueling instability both on the borders of Islam and in its interior, where fundamentalist movements are becoming increasingly popular.

Manifestations of what he terms the "Islamic Resurgence" include the 1979 Iranian revolution and the first Gulf War.

Perhaps the most controversial statement Huntington made in the Foreign Affairs article was that "Islam has bloody borders".

Huntington believes this to be a real consequence of several factors, including the previously mentioned Muslim youth bulge and population growth and Islamic proximity to many civilizations including Sinic, Orthodox, Western, and African.

Huntington sees Islamic civilization as a potential ally to China, both having more revisionist goals and sharing common conflicts with other civilizations, especially the West.

Specifically, he identifies common Chinese and Islamic interests in the areas of weapons proliferation, human rights, and democracy that conflict with those of the West, and feels that these are areas in which the two civilizations will cooperate.

Russia, Japan, and India are what Huntington terms 'swing civilizations' and may favor either side.

Russia, for example, clashes with the many Muslim ethnic groups on its southern border (such as Chechnya) but—according to Huntington—cooperates with Iran to avoid further Muslim-Orthodox violence in Southern Russia, and to help continue the flow of oil.

Huntington argues that a "Sino-Islamic connection" is emerging in which China will cooperate more closely with Iran, Pakistan, and other states to augment its international position.

Huntington also argues that civilizational conflicts are "particularly prevalent between Muslims and non-Muslims", identifying the "bloody borders" between Islamic and non-Islamic civilizations.

More recent factors contributing to a Western–Islamic clash, Huntington wrote, are the Islamic Resurgence and demographic explosion in Islam, coupled with the values of Western universalism—that is, the view that all civilizations should adopt Western values—that infuriate Islamic fundamentalists.

All these historical and modern factors combined, Huntington wrote briefly in his Foreign Affairs article and in much more detail in his 1996 book, would lead to a bloody clash between the Islamic and Western civilizations.

As a result, interactions across the world are increasing, which intensify "civilization consciousness" and the awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations.

Due to economic modernization and social change, people are separated from longstanding local identities.

Instead, religion has replaced this gap, which provides a basis for identity and commitment that transcends national boundaries and unites civilizations.

The growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West.

At the same time, a return-to-the-roots phenomenon is occurring among non-Western civilizations.

A West at the peak of its power confronts non-Western countries that increasingly have the desire, the will and the resources to shape the world in non-Western ways.

Successful economic regionalism will reinforce civilization-consciousness.

Economic regionalism may succeed only when it is rooted in a common civilization.

He offers three forms of general and fundamental actions that non-Western civilization can take in response to Western countries.

Non-Western countries can attempt to achieve isolation in order to preserve their own values and protect themselves from Western invasion.

However, Huntington argues that the costs of this action are high and only a few states can pursue it.

According to the theory of "band-wagoning" non-Western countries can join and accept Western values.

Non-Western countries can make an effort to balance Western power through modernization.

They can develop economic, military power and cooperate with other non-Western countries against the West while still preserving their own values and institutions.

Huntington believes that the increasing power of non-Western civilizations in international society will make the West begin to develop a better understanding of the cultural fundamentals underlying other civilizations.

Therefore, Western civilization will cease to be regarded as "universal" but different civilizations will learn to coexist and join to shape the future world.

Fault line conflicts are on a local level and occur between adjacent states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civilizations.

Core state conflicts are on a global level between the major states of different civilizations.

Some of these countries have clashed with the West and some have not.

Perhaps the ultimate example of non-Western modernization is Russia, the core state of the Orthodox civilization.

Huntington refers to countries that are seeking to affiliate with another civilization as "torn countries".

Turkey, whose political leadership has systematically tried to Westernize the country since the 1920s, is his chief example.

Mexico and Russia are also considered to be torn by Huntington.

He also gives the example of Australia as a country torn between its Western civilizational heritage and its growing economic engagement with Asia.

According to Huntington, a torn country must meet three requirements to redefine its civilizational identity.

Its political and economic elite must support the move.

Second, the public must be willing to accept the redefinition.

Third, the elites of the civilization that the torn country is trying to join must accept the country.

In his 2003 book Terror and Liberalism, Paul Berman argues that distinct cultural boundaries do not exist in the present day.

He argues there is no "Islamic civilization" nor a "Western civilization", and that the evidence for a civilization clash is not convincing, especially when considering relationships such as that between the United States and Saudi Arabia.

In addition, he cites the fact that many Islamic extremists spent a significant amount of time living or studying in the Western world.

According to Berman, conflict arises because of philosophical beliefs various groups share (or do not share), regardless of cultural or religious identity.

Timothy Garton Ash objects to the 'extreme cultural determinism... crude to the point of parody' of Huntington's idea that Catholic and Protestant Europe is headed for democracy, but that Orthodox Christian and Islamic Europe must accept dictatorship.

Edward Said issued a response to Huntington's thesis in his 2001 article, "The Clash of Ignorance".

Said argues that Huntington's categorization of the world's fixed "civilizations" omits the dynamic interdependency and interaction of culture.

A longtime critic of the Huntingtonian paradigm, and an outspoken proponent of Arab issues, Said (2004) also argues that the clash of civilizations thesis is an example of "the purest invidious racism, a sort of parody of Hitlerian science directed today against Arabs and Muslims" (p. 293).

Noam Chomsky has criticized the concept of the clash of civilizations as just being a new justification for the United States "for any atrocities that they wanted to carry out", which was required after the Cold War as the Soviet Union was no longer a viable threat.

In 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, Yuval Noah Harari called the clash of civilizations a misleading thesis.

He wrote that Islamic fundamentalism is more of a threat to a global civilization, rather than a confrontation with the West.

He also argued that talking about civilizations using analogies from evolutionary biology is wrong.

The Intermediate Region, which spans the Adriatic Sea and the Indus River, is neither Western nor Eastern (at least, with respect to the Far East) but is considered distinct.

Concerning this region, Huntington departs from Kitsikis contending that a civilizational fault line exists between the two dominant yet differing religions (Eastern Orthodoxy and Sunni Islam), hence a dynamic of external conflict.

However, Kitsikis establishes an integrated civilization comprising these two peoples along with those belonging to the less dominant religions of Shia Islam, Alevism, and Judaism.

They have a set of mutual cultural, social, economic and political views and norms which radically differ from those in the West and the Far East.

In the Intermediate Region, therefore, one cannot speak of a civilizational clash or external conflict, but rather an internal conflict, not for cultural domination, but for political succession.

This has been successfully demonstrated by documenting the rise of Christianity from the Hellenized Roman Empire, the rise of the Islamic caliphates from the Christianized Roman Empire and the rise of Ottoman rule from the Islamic caliphates and the Christianized Roman Empire.

The concept was originally coined by Austrian philosopher Hans Köchler in an essay on cultural identity (1972).

In a letter to UNESCO, Köchler had earlier proposed that the cultural organization of the United Nations should take up the issue of a "dialogue between different civilizations" (dialogue entre les différentes civilisations).

In 2001, Iranian president Mohammad Khatami introduced the concept at the global level.

At his initiative, the United Nations proclaimed the year 2001 as the "United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations".

Huntington's Clash of Civilization: Twenty Years On E-International Relations, Bristol, 2013.

Nikolaos A. Denaxas, The clash of civilizations according to Samuel Huntington – Orthodox criticism, 2008.

Malabo ( , ; formerly Santa Isabel) is the capital of Equatorial Guinea and the province of Bioko Norte.

It is located on the north coast of the island of Bioko, (, and as Fernando Pó by the Europeans).

In 2018, the city had a population of approximately 297,000 inhabitants.

Spanish is the official language of the city and of the country as well, but Pichinglis is used as a language of wider communication across Bioko island, including Malabo.

Ciudad de la Paz is a planned community under construction in mainland Equatorial Guinea which was designed to replace Malabo as the capital.

The institutions of governance of Equatorial Guinea began the process of locating to Ciudad de la Paz in February 2017.

Later, the island was named after its discoverer, Fernando Pó.

At the beginning of the 16th century, specifically in 1507, the Portuguese Ramos de Esquivel made a first attempt at colonization on the island of Fernando Pó.

The area stretched from the Niger Delta to the mouth of Ogooué River — in current Gabon — and included, besides the islands of Fernando Pó and Annobón, the islets of Corisco and Elobeyes.

Having failed its attempts to colonize these lands because they already had vast colonies in other parts of the world, Spain lost interest in Spanish Guinea in 1827 and authorized the British to use the island as a base for suppressing the slave trade.

He found it abandoned and founded the establishments of Melville Bay (now Riaba) and San Carlos (now Luba).

Some years later, another British captain, William Fitzwilliam Owen, decided to colonize the island and in the north of it — on the site of the present capital — erected a base for British ships hunting slave traders.

Thus, on 25 December 1827, Port Clarence was founded on the ruins of a previous Portuguese settlement.The name was chosen in honor of the Duke of Clarence, who later became King William IV.

The Bubis indigenous to the island called it Ripotó (place of the foreigners).

The population of the capital was increased by the arrival of slaves freed by the British.

These freedmen were settled in Port Clarence before the establishment of Sierra Leone as a colony for freed slaves.

The descendants of these freed slaves remained on the island.

They joined other migrants who arrived as free workers from Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Benin, Nigeria and Cameroon, and became the population group called Creole or fernandinos, whose language was Pichinglis, a Bantu-English Creole with some Spanish elements.

It took another decade to implement this direct control.

The capital already had more dynamic and Protestant religious missions which were very successful.

Both factors helped to change the attitude of Spain, in addition to internal reasons already alluded.

Spain again took control of the island in 1855 and the capital, Port Clarence, was renamed Santa Isabel, in honor of Queen Isabella II.The capital of the island of Fernando Pó became the capital of Equatorial Guinea.

Its present name was given to the town in 1973 as part of the campaign of President Francisco Macías Nguema to replace place names of European origin with African names, in this case honoring Malabo Löpèlo Mëlaka, the last Bubi king.

Malabo, the son of King Moka, surrendered to the Spaniards.

His uncle Sas Ebuera, head of the Bubi warriors, claimed to represent legitimate Bubi rule and continued resisting, confronting the Spanish openly in 1898.

After the Spanish killed Sas Ebuera, Malabo became the king unopposed, but with no authority.

In the last years of his mandate, almost a fifth of the population fled.

At that time (1968–1979), Equatorial Guinea received money from the Soviet Union in return for, inter alia, affording port facilities for Soviet naval craft, particularly submarines.

The infamous Black Beach prison, also known as Blay Beach prison (or Playa Negra prison), sits at the mouth of the Cónsul River, beside the black beach and behind the Governor's Palace and barracks.

Several people have been jailed there during the 35 years of dictatorship.

The south of Malabo is limited by the Cónsul River and just across the river, south-west, is the hospital.

West of the city, located about 9 km from the center of Malabo, is renewed Malabo International Airport.

In the coastal region north of the city are the bays and capes.

The elder is the punta de la Unidad Africana located just behind the Malabo Government Building and which occupies the entire eastern part of the Bay of Malabo.

The city has a pronounced, albeit short, sunnier (but still cloudy) dry season from December through February.

January is normally its driest month with of rain falling on average.

It also has a very long cloudy wet season that covers the remaining nine months from March to November.

On average, the months hit hardest by the wet season are September and October, which receive of rain and showers between them.

Daytime temperatures do not vary at all day to day, and only vary a few degrees throughout the entire year.

At night, the average low temperature is in every month of the year but January to April have a slightly higher diurnal range because it is clearer.

Headquartered in the Technical Cooperation Office in Malabo (created in 1984), carried out actions for the development of the culture, health, education and institutional strengthening.

Stressing the Cultural Center of Spain in Malabo (CCEM), founded in 2003, where young people are encouraged to feel a cultural space where they can unleash their creative freedom.

It also has three geographical axes, in order to capture the largest number of people in the region and contribute to its development.

Activities include the training, art, film, theater, music and games, with the two main festivals: Traveling Film Festival of Equatorial Guinea (FECIGE) and the International Festival of Hip Hop in Malabo.

The Museum of Modern Art Equatorial Guinea has traditional and contemporary art of the country and the continent.

The city also hosts the National Library, built in 1916.

Since the discovery of oil, numerous infrastructural developments have been made.

Since the first African meeting in the country, there has been a marked change in all aspects of tourism promotion.

One of them is the famous city of Sipopo which is designed to house business and remunerative tourism.

The city of Malabo is a focal point for tourism in Equatorial Guinea.

In addition, it stands out for its impressive virgin beaches and for its natural waterfalls where it is possible to bathe.

During the months of November to February, it is possible to observe the spawning of leatherback sea turtles during the night.

Ilachi or Iladyi Waterfalls: They are the largest waterfalls in the country with more than 250 meters of fall.

They are approximately a 45-minute walk from the city of Moka.

You have to access them by walking through the jungle crossing several rivers.

Pico Basilé: It is the highest mountain in Equatorial Guinea, it belongs to the volcanic shield next to Mount Cameroon and to the great caldera of Luba.

With more than 3000 meters high it is visible from all over the city of Malabo.

Its access is relatively simple because there are roads in very good condition.

At the top we will find the incredible church and the statue of Mother Bisila.

The sculpture was created by the Spanish sculptor Modesto Gené Roig in 1968.

Only about 4% of the population is more than 65 years old.

Most of the population lives in rural areas of the island.

Malabo's economy is based on the administration and other services.

Trade is also one of the most prominent and important economic activities, especially since the arrival of US companies which exploit oil wells close to the coast.

This trade also comes from the presence of other Americans, Mexicans, Nigerians, Cameroonians, Spanish and other Central Africans; The building that was originally built by the Banco Popular Español, but after independence became the seat of Banco de Guinea Ecuatorial.

The main industry in the city is fishing, while cacao and coffee are the main products of export.

Malabo has a high-tonnage port, connected mainly with the ports of Douala, (Cameroon) and Bata, and an air link via an international airport.

There are about 300 hotel beds, of which only 50 are of quality.

Other colonial buildings are also found downtown, although they are worn; for example the wooden 19th-century buildings on Nigeria and Rey Boncoro streets.

Notable buildings include the Cathedral of Santa Isabel, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malabo.

It is a church in the Gothic Revival style, built between 1897 and 1916.

Its architect was Luis Segarra Llairadó, paid by contributions from the government of Spain and the donations of the faithful.

In January 2020 a fire due to an electrical failure caused the calcination of part of its structure, currently there are work ongoing for an early restoration in November 2021.

Other points of interest are La Gaditana, known as Finca Amilivia prior to 1918, the casa Teodolita, built in 1902 and one of the oldest homes in the city, the City Hall building in Malabo, the Church of Elá Nguema, Independence Square, the Casa de España and the bay of the harbor.

The stadium is home to the Equatorial Guinea national football team and hosted matches during the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations.

Notably, the Spain national football team, at the time World Champions, played a friendly at this stadium.

The stadium also is home to the CD Elá Nguema, the main club of the country.

Also located in Malabo is the Estadio Internacional.

The Estadio Internacional has a 6,000 seat capacity.

The Equatorial Guinea national football team played here until the Nuevo Estadio was opened.

The 2012 Africa Cup of Nations was organized jointly by Gabon and Equatorial Guinea.

One of the four venues for the tournament was the Estadio de Malabo, the main stadium of the country, constructed in 2007.

It was the first visit of a European team in the country, and the match was criticized by several organizations, including the president of the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional, Javier Tebas, due to the political situation of the country and the government of Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo.

Some of the top clubs in the country, who have won several times the Equatoguinean Primera División are from the city of Malabo.

The club with the most league titles is the CD Elá Nguema with 14.

Other clubs from the city that have been proclaimed league champions are the Renacimiento FC, the Atlético Malabo or Cafe Bank Sportif.

Another club of the city is the Atlético Semu, once champion of Equatoguinean Cup.

Another important club from the city is the Malabo Kings of basketball, which was champion of the country, and in 2013 was proclaimed champion Central Zone of Africa Basketball Championship, winning in Kinshasa at Talia from Gabon.

The Malabo Kings had already finished second in 2011, Yaoundé (Cameroon).

In 2013 held in Malabo on I Campus of Basketball Ciudad de Malabo organized by the Equatorial Guinea Basketball Federation and Club de Baloncesto Conejero from Spain.

A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant light source and an observer, that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels toward the observer.

This effect is known as gravitational lensing, and the amount of bending is one of the predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.

Treating light as corpuscles travelling at the speed of light, Newtonian physics also predicts the bending of light, but only half of that predicted by general relativity.

Although Einstein made unpublished calculations on the subject in 1912, Orest Khvolson (1924) and Frantisek Link (1936) are generally credited with being the first to discuss the effect in print.

However, this effect is more commonly associated with Einstein, who published an article on the subject in 1936.

Fritz Zwicky posited in 1937 that the effect could allow galaxy clusters to act as gravitational lenses.

Consequently, a gravitational lens has no single focal point, but a focal line.

The term "lens" in the context of gravitational light deflection was first used by O.J.

Lodge, who remarked that it is "not permissible to say that the solar gravitational field acts like a lens, for it has no focal length".

If the (light) source, the massive lensing object, and the observer lie in a straight line, the original light source will appear as a ring around the massive lensing object (provided the lens has circular symmetry).

If there is any misalignment, the observer will see an arc segment instead.

This phenomenon was first mentioned in 1924 by the St. Petersburg physicist Orest Khvolson, and quantified by Albert Einstein in 1936.

It is usually referred to in the literature as an Einstein ring, since Khvolson did not concern himself with the flux or radius of the ring image.

More commonly, where the lensing mass is complex (such as a galaxy group or cluster) and does not cause a spherical distortion of spacetime, the source will resemble partial arcs scattered around the lens.

Despite being considered "strong", the effect is in general relatively small, such that even a galaxy with a mass more than 100 billion times that of the Sun will produce multiple images separated by only a few arcseconds.

Galaxy clusters can produce separations of several arcminutes.

In both cases the galaxies and sources are quite distant, many hundreds of megaparsecs away from our Galaxy.

Weak lensing Where the distortions of background sources are much smaller and can only be detected by analyzing large numbers of sources in a statistical way to find coherent distortions of only a few percent.

The lensing shows up statistically as a preferred stretching of the background objects perpendicular to the direction to the centre of the lens.

By measuring the shapes and orientations of large numbers of distant galaxies, their orientations can be averaged to measure the shear of the lensing field in any region.

This, in turn, can be used to reconstruct the mass distribution in the area: in particular, the background distribution of dark matter can be reconstructed.

Since galaxies are intrinsically elliptical and the weak gravitational lensing signal is small, a very large number of galaxies must be used in these surveys.

The results of these surveys are important for cosmological parameter estimation, to better understand and improve upon the Lambda-CDM model, and to provide a consistency check on other cosmological observations.

They may also provide an important future constraint on dark energy.

Microlensing Where no distortion in shape can be seen but the amount of light received from a background object changes in time.

The lensing object may be stars in the Milky Way in one typical case, with the background source being stars in a remote galaxy, or, in another case, an even more distant quasar.

In extreme cases, a star in a distant galaxy can act as a microlens and magnify another star much farther away.

The first example of this was the star MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 (also known as Icarus), that is to date the farthest star ever observed, thanks to the boost in flux due to the microlensing effect.

Gravitational lenses act equally on all kinds of electromagnetic radiation, not just visible light, and also in non-electromagnetic radiation, like gravitational waves.

Weak lensing effects are being studied for the cosmic microwave background as well as galaxy surveys.

Strong lenses have been observed in radio and x-ray regimes as well.

If a strong lens produces multiple images, there will be a relative time delay between two paths: that is, in one image the lensed object will be observed before the other image.

The same value as Soldner's was calculated by Einstein in 1911 based on the equivalence principle alone.

However, Einstein noted in 1915, in the process of completing general relativity, that his (and thus Soldner's) 1911-result is only half of the correct value.

Einstein became the first to calculate the correct value for light bending.

The first observation of light deflection was performed by noting the change in position of stars as they passed near the Sun on the celestial sphere.

The observations were performed in 1919 by Arthur Eddington, Frank Watson Dyson, and their collaborators during the total solar eclipse on May 29.

The solar eclipse allowed the stars near the Sun to be observed.

Observations were made simultaneously in the cities of Sobral, Ceará, Brazil and in São Tomé and Príncipe on the west coast of Africa.

The observations demonstrated that the light from stars passing close to the Sun was slightly bent, so that stars appeared slightly out of position.

The result was considered spectacular news and made the front page of most major newspapers.

It made Einstein and his theory of general relativity world-famous.

In 1912, Einstein had speculated that an observer could see multiple images of a single light source, if the light were deflected around a mass.

This effect would make the mass act as a kind of gravitational lens.