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The Iliad by Homer A work of tremendous influence that has inspired writers from his ancient Greek contemporaries to modernist writers such as T.S. Eliot, Homer's epic poem The Iliad is translated by Robert Fagles with an introduction and notes by Bernard Knox in Penguin Classics. One of the foremost achievements in Western literature, Homer's Iliad tells the story of the darkest episode in the Trojan War. At its centre is Achilles, the greatest warrior-champion of the Greeks, and his refusal to fight after being humiliated by his leader Agamemnon. But when the Trojan Hector kills Achilles' close friend Patroclus, Achilles storms back into battle to take revenge - although knowing this will ensure his own early death. Interwoven with this tragic sequence of events are powerfully moving descriptions of the ebb and flow of battle, of the domestic world inside Troy's besieged city of Ilium, and of the conflicts between the Gods on Olympus as they argue over the fate of mortals. Seven Greek cities claim the honour of being the birthplace of Homer (c. 8th-7th century BC), the poet to whom the composition of the Iliad and Odyssey are attributed. The Iliad is the oldest surviving work of Western literature, but the identity - or even the existence - of Homer himself is a complete mystery, with no reliable biographical information having survived. If you enjoyed The Iliad, you might like The Odyssey, also available in Penguin Classics. 'An astonishing performance' 'Plain and direct, noble, above all rapid ... leading the reader forward with an irresistible flow. [Fagles'] version is imbued with humanity' Oliver Taplin, The New York Times Book Review 'Robert Fagles has given us an Iliad to read aloud: eloquent, rhythmical, and full of power' Jasper Griffin, Oxford University

Iliad ya Homer ni kitabu cha kihistoria ambacho kimewasaidia sana waandishi wa zamani wa Kigiriki na wa kisasa. "Homero, ""Iliadi"" ni tafsiri ya Robert Fogg na utangulizi na maelezo ya Bernard Knox katika Penguin Classics." Iliadi ya Homer ni mojawapo ya vitabu vya kihistoria vya Magharibi, na inaeleza hadithi ya kipindi chenye giza zaidi katika Vita vya Troja. Achilles, shujaa wa vita wa Ugiriki, anajaribu kuepuka vita baada ya kudhalilishwa na Agamemnon. Lakini wakati Hector wa Trojan anapomuua rafiki wa karibu wa Achilles, Patroclus, Achilles anarudi vita ili kulipiza kisasi - ingawa kujua hili kutahakikisha kifo chake cha mapema. Katika mfululizo huu wa matukio ya kusikitisha, kuna maelezo yenye kusisimua ya mapambano, ya maisha ya ndani ya mji wa Ilium wa Troy, na ya mapigano kati ya miungu ya Olympus wakati wanapojadili hatima ya watu. Miji saba ya Kigiriki inaitwa mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa Homer (mwaka wa 8 KK), mshairi ambaye aliandika Iliad na Odyssey. Iliad ni kitabu cha kwanza cha fasihi ya Magharibi, lakini haijulikani kama Homer aliishi au la. Kama wewe walifurahia Iliad, unaweza kama The Odyssey, pia inapatikana katika Penguin Classics. 'Utendaji wa kushangaza' 'Sawa na wa moja kwa moja, wa hali ya juu, juu ya yote haraka... kuongoza msomaji mbele na mtiririko usioweza kukwepa. "Kama ilivyoandikwa na Oliver Tapple, mwandishi wa The New York Times, ""Robert Fagles ametupa Iliad kusoma kwa sauti: eloquent, rhythmic, na kamili ya nguvu"" (Jasper Griffin, Oxford University)."

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Table of content What is an allowance? An allowance is a specific amount of money regularly given to someone, typically on a scheduled basis, to cover specific expenses or needs. Allowances are often provided to employees who do certain tasks, have a particular skill they use at work, use their own tools at work, work in unpleasant or hazardous conditions, or incur an expense for doing their job. Types of allowances There are various types of allowances, commonly including: - uniforms and special clothing - tools and equipment - travel and fares - car and phone - leading hand or supervisor - industry of employment (for example building and construction) Which allowances do employers need to pay their employees? In Australia, employers are required to provide various allowances to their employees based on the applicable industrial awards, agreements or other industrial instrument that applies. The specific allowances may vary depending on the industry, occupation, and employment conditions. Here are some common allowances that employers may need to pay their employees: - Meal Allowances Employers in Australia can grant their employees an overtime meal allowance. The ATO determines reasonable amounts for these allowances which are reviewed at the start of each income year. - Tool Allowance Some trades and industries provide tool allowances to employees who need to supply and maintain their tools and equipment. - First Aid Allowance Employees with first aid qualifications who are designated as first aid officers may receive an allowance for taking on this role. - Uniform or Clothing Allowance In some industries, employees may receive an allowance to purchase and maintain uniforms or specialized clothing required for their job. - Relocation Allowance Employers may offer relocation allowances to employees who need to move to a different location for work-related reasons. There’re also some industry-specific allowances related to the industry’s unique working conditions, such as dirty work allowances, height allowances for construction workers, or diving allowances for underwater workers. How much do employers have to pay in allowances? The specific amount that employers have to pay in allowances can vary widely depending on the industry, occupation, location, and the terms of employment agreements, including modern awards or enterprise agreements. There is no fixed or standard amount for allowances, as they are often negotiated and regulated on a case-by-case basis. Allowances are intended to compensate employees for specific expenses or conditions related to their work. To determine the specific allowances payable to employees, employers should refer to the relevant modern award, enterprise agreement, or industrial instrument that applies to their workforce. Employers must also ensure compliance with the Fair Work and other relevant employment laws and regulations. When to include an allowance as income? If an employer reports allowance on employees’ annual income statement, it should be included as income in employees’ tax return. The employer may also pay allowances that they only report on employees’ payslip (not annual income statement). Special rules apply to these allowances, see Allowance on payslip not on annual income statement. How are allowances taxed in Australia? Most allowances are considered taxable income and must be included in an employee’s assessable income for tax purposes. While some allowances may be exempt from taxation if they meet specific criteria outlined by the ATO. Non-taxable allowances are typically provided to reimburse employees for work-related expenses such as travel allowances, uniform or clothing allowances, etc. Where the allowance is reported on your annual income statement, you - must include the allowance as income in your tax return - can claim a deduction for the amount you spent on deductible work-related expenses covered by the allowance - must keep records of your expenses (unless a record-keeping exception applies) How can Workstem assist you with allowance calculation? With integration features of rostering, attendance, leave, payroll, as well as the employee self-service App, Workstem streamlines the entire process. Employees can simply apply for expenses and supervisors get real-time updates and approval. Besides, we offer customisation and automation to reduce manual effort in managing allowances. With Workstem, no matter it’s award interpretation, EA, allowance and payroll management, we can save your time and minimise errors. Click to get a 14-day free trial.

Jedwali la maudhui Ni nini ruzuku? Msaada wa kifedha ni kiasi maalum cha pesa ambacho hutolewa kwa mtu kwa mara kwa mara, kwa kawaida kwa msingi wa ratiba, ili kufidia gharama maalum au mahitaji. Msaada wa kifedha hutolewa kwa wafanyakazi ambao hufanya kazi fulani, wana ujuzi fulani wanaotumia kazini, hutumia vifaa vyao kazini, wanafanya kazi katika hali zisizopendeza au hatari, au wanapata gharama kwa kufanya kazi yao. Aina ya misaada: Kuna aina mbalimbali ya misaada, kwa kawaida ni pamoja na: - sare na mavazi maalum - vifaa na vifaa - safari na fares - gari na simu - kuongoza mkono au msimamizi - sekta ya ajira (kwa mfano ujenzi na ujenzi) ambayo misaada kufanya waajiri haja ya kulipa wafanyakazi wao. Waajiri wa Australia wanapaswa kutoa misaada mbalimbali kwa wafanyakazi wao kulingana na tuzo za viwanda, mikataba au chombo kingine cha viwanda kinachotumika. Msaada maalum unaweza kutofautiana kulingana na sekta, kazi, na hali ya ajira. Msaada wa chakula kwa wafanyakazi wa Australia: Msaada wa chakula kwa wafanyakazi wa Australia unaweza kupewa kwa ajili ya kazi ya ziada. ATO huamua kiasi cha kutosha cha misaada hii ambayo huchunguzwa mwanzoni mwa kila mwaka wa mapato. - Tool Allowance Baadhi ya biashara na viwanda kutoa zana allowances kwa wafanyakazi ambao wanahitaji kusambaza na kudumisha zana zao na vifaa. - First Aid Allowance Wafanyakazi na kwanza msaada sifa ambao ni walioteuliwa kama maafisa wa kwanza msaada inaweza kupokea ruzuku kwa kuchukua juu ya jukumu hili. - Uniform au mavazi ya ziada Katika baadhi ya viwanda, wafanyakazi wanaweza kupokea ziada ya kununua na kudumisha sare au mavazi maalumu required kwa ajili ya kazi yao. - Msaada wa kuhamisha Wafanyakazi wanaweza kutoa misaada ya kuhamisha kwa wafanyakazi ambao wanahitaji kuhamia mahali pengine kwa sababu zinazohusiana na kazi. Pia kuna baadhi ya ruzuku maalum ya sekta kuhusiana na sekta ya hali ya kazi ya kipekee, kama vile ruzuku kazi chafu, ruzuku urefu kwa wafanyakazi wa ujenzi, au ruzuku ya kupiga mbizi kwa wafanyakazi wa chini ya maji. Waajiri wanapaswa kulipa kiasi gani cha ruzuku? Kiasi cha malipo ya mfanyakazi inaweza kutofautiana sana kulingana na sekta, kazi, eneo, na masharti ya mikataba ya ajira, ikiwa ni pamoja na tuzo za kisasa au makubaliano ya biashara. Hakuna kiasi fasta au kiwango kwa ajili ya ruzuku, kama wao ni mara nyingi kujadiliwa na kudhibitiwa juu ya msingi wa kesi kwa kesi. Msaada ni lengo la kulipia wafanyakazi kwa ajili ya gharama maalum au hali zinazohusiana na kazi yao. Ili kuamua ziada maalum zinazolipwa kwa wafanyakazi, waajiri wanapaswa kurejezea tuzo ya kisasa husika, makubaliano ya biashara, au chombo cha viwanda kinachotumika kwa wafanyakazi wao. Waajiri lazima pia kuhakikisha kufuata Fair Work na sheria nyingine zinazohusiana na ajira na kanuni. Ni wakati gani wa kutia pesa za ziada ndani ya mapato? Kama mwajiri ripoti ruzuku juu ya wafanyakazi'mwaka taarifa ya mapato, ni lazima ni pamoja na kama mapato katika wafanyakazi 'toleo la kodi. Mwajiri pia anaweza kulipa misaada ambayo wao tu kuripoti juu ya wafanyakazi 'pay slip (si taarifa ya mapato ya kila mwaka). Kanuni maalum zinatumika kwa misaada hii, angalia misaada juu ya pay slip si juu ya taarifa ya mapato ya kila mwaka. Kodi za ruzuku zinatozwaje katika Australia? Msaada mwingi huonwa kuwa mapato yanayopunguzwa kodi na lazima ujumuishwe katika mapato ya mfanyakazi yanayopunguzwa kodi kwa madhumuni ya kodi. Vipimo vingine vya kodi vinaweza kuondolewa ikiwa vinakidhi vigezo maalum vilivyoelezwa na ATO. Msaada wa kifedha unaotolewa kwa wafanyakazi wa kawaida hutolewa kwa ajili ya kulipia gharama zinazohusiana na kazi kama vile misaada ya kusafiri, misaada ya sare au mavazi, na kadhalika. Ikiwa malipo hayo yameorodheshwa kwenye taarifa yako ya kila mwaka ya mapato, lazima uorodhesha malipo hayo kama mapato katika taarifa yako ya kodi, unaweza kudai kupunguzwa kwa kiasi ambacho umetumia kwa gharama zinazohusiana na kazi zinazofunikwa na malipo hayo, lazima uhifadhi rekodi za gharama zako (isipokuwa kuna ubaguzi wa kuhifadhi rekodi). Pamoja na vipengele vya ushirikiano wa orodha, mahudhurio, likizo, malipo, na vilevile programu ya kujitolea ya mfanyakazi, Workstem inaongeza mchakato mzima. Wafanyakazi wanaweza tu kuomba kwa ajili ya gharama na wasimamizi kupata updates halisi-wakati na idhini. Mbali na hilo, sisi kutoa customization na automatisering kupunguza juhudi za mkono katika usimamizi wa ruzuku. Pamoja na Workstem, haijalishi ni tafsiri ya tuzo, EA, ruzuku na usimamizi wa mshahara, tunaweza kuokoa wakati wako na kupunguza makosa. Bonyeza hapa ili ujaribu bure kwa siku 14.

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How do we ensure a healthy and safe living environment for 10 billion people on our planet? Ranked as world’s most sustainable university, WUR takes the responsibility finding ways to deal with climate change and contribute to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Are you interested in taking a natural and socio-scientific perspective on issues such as health, food security, climate change and depletion of natural resources and renewable resources? Our continuing education MOOCs, programmes and courses draw from a solid base of expertise in various environment related knowledge domains. Join us. Discover all Environment and Climate courses and programmes: WUR’s professional education in Environment and Climate addresses a variety of environmental issues effecting climate change. We take our perspective on environmental science and climate adaptation by deepening topics such as climate smart agriculture, environmental resources management, climate disaster management, sustainable tourism and ecotourism, climate finance and sustainable leadership. When it comes to agriculture, rapid climate change is an increasing threat to cultivation. We will have to devote much more attention to the use of water resources and the supply of water, in addition to good water management and other nature based solutions. Therefore, our Land and Water Management courses and programmes for professionals tackle various perspectives on these complex issues, as well as focusing on optimizing irrigation and drainage systems and exploring solutions for soil erosion and soil pollution. Also check our Landscape and Climate Change courses. Furthermore, Green Cities is the Wageningen Environmental Research programme that focuses on understanding and applying a nature-based approach in urban areas, analyzing circular economy trends. WUR also explores the impact on society and ecosystems, and develops evidence-based, integrated solutions and technology. Join one of these courses to discover the benefits of biodiversity and climate resilient cities. Deeper understanding human behaviour Many of today’s major issues in health and sustainability are inevitably associated with human conduct. To address these societal challenges, understanding consumption patterns and lifestyles is crucial to develop effective solutions. Learn how individuals and the population at large can make an impact, for instance with plant based, vegan or climatarian diets and a more circular mindset, by joining courses in sustainable lifestyle and (eco)tourism.

Jinsi ya kuhakikisha mazingira ya afya na salama kwa watu bilioni 10 duniani WUR, ambayo ni chuo kikuu cha kimataifa kinachoendelea zaidi, inachukua jukumu la kutafuta njia za kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na kuchangia kufikia malengo ya maendeleo endelevu. Je, una nia ya kuchukua mtazamo wa asili na kijamii-kisayansi juu ya masuala kama vile afya, usalama wa chakula, mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na uchovu wa rasilimali za asili na rasilimali mbadala? Mafunzo yetu ya kuendelea ya elimu ya MOOCs, programu na kozi huchora kutoka kwa msingi thabiti wa utaalam katika maeneo mbalimbali ya maarifa yanayohusiana na mazingira. Jiunge nasi. Mafunzo ya WUR ya Mazingira na Hali ya Hewa inashughulikia masuala mbalimbali ya mazingira yanayoathiri mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Sisi kuchukua mtazamo wetu juu ya sayansi ya mazingira na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa kwa kuimarisha mada kama vile kilimo smart hali ya hewa, usimamizi wa rasilimali za mazingira, usimamizi wa majanga ya hali ya hewa, utalii endelevu na utalii wa mazingira, fedha za hali ya hewa na uongozi endelevu. Kwa upande wa kilimo, mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa ni tishio kubwa kwa kilimo. """Tunapaswa kuzingatia zaidi matumizi ya rasilimali za maji na usambazaji wa maji, pamoja na usimamizi mzuri wa maji na suluhisho zingine za asili." Kwa hivyo, kozi zetu za usimamizi wa ardhi na maji na programu kwa wataalamu hushughulikia mitazamo mbalimbali juu ya masuala haya magumu, na pia kuzingatia kuboresha mifumo ya umwagiliaji na mifereji ya maji na kuchunguza suluhisho kwa uharibifu wa udongo na uchafuzi wa udongo. Pia angalia kozi zetu za Mazingira na Mabadiliko ya Hali ya Hewa. Green Cities ni mpango wa utafiti wa mazingira wa Wageningen ambao unazingatia kuelewa na kutumia mbinu ya asili katika maeneo ya mijini, kuchambua mwenendo wa uchumi wa mviringo. WRU pia inachunguza athari kwa jamii na mifumo ya ikolojia, na huendeleza ufumbuzi na teknolojia iliyounganishwa, inayotegemea ushahidi. Kujiunga na moja ya kozi hizi kugundua faida ya bioanuwai na miji ya hali ya hewa. Uelewa wa kina wa tabia ya binadamu Masuala mengi makubwa ya leo katika afya na uendelevu ni lazima kuhusishwa na tabia ya binadamu. Ili kukabiliana na changamoto hizi za kijamii, kuelewa mifumo ya matumizi na mtindo wa maisha ni muhimu ili kuendeleza suluhisho bora. Jifunze jinsi watu binafsi na idadi ya watu kwa ujumla wanaweza kufanya athari, kwa mfano na mimea ya msingi, vegan au climatearian diets na mawazo zaidi ya mviringo, kwa kujiunga na kozi katika mtindo wa maisha endelevu na (eco) utalii.

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Types of Cooperatives Service cooperatives provide services to their members, and are owned and controlled by the users of those services. They range in size, meaning they can include both ‘small’ care centres and ‘large’ housing cooperatives. They may provide transportation services, housing services, electricity services, gas and energy services, funeral services, health care services, nursery services, and more. They include, but are not limited to:\ A recreation cooperative provides recreation services, either on a consumer-basis, where users-members share ownership and access to recreational amenities (i.e. pools, gyms, saunas…), or on a producer-basis, whereby member-users share ownerships of the cooperative, but offer recreational services to the general public by making them available for a nominal/membership fee. Religious cooperatives provide members of a particular religious group/family the opportunity to collectivise funds and expertise as a means of offering religious services (i.e. mass, sermons, prayers…) to their members and/or to the public. Alternatively, they may be a collective of members sharing/aligned with a particular religious belief system dedicated to supporting cooperative activity on a social, economic, or political level. Housing cooperatives are organizations developed to resolve a community’s housing needs. These cooperatives are member-controlled properties, home, and/or housing facilities, meaning that its members are responsible for managing, maintaining, and operating the cooperative property, and sharing its costs. Shared ownership and duties translates to more affordable housing costs, and each member of the cooperative may vote on housing related-decisions (i.e. repairs, new members, events/activities, duties…) and every year, members gather together to elect a Board of Directors. At the Annual General Meeting (AGM), members of the cooperative vote on a budget, and if membership fees (rent equivalent) are expected to increase, they will reflect true costs and not profit margins. Rural Electric Cooperatives Rural Electric Cooperatives are member-user owned organizations established to provide electricity to their members (all of which reside in rural areas). This organization purchases its power wholesale and delivers it at-cost to its members. This is a kind of distribution cooperative responsible for building and maintaining electric lines, for purchasing electricity to meet members' demands, and for billing and providing information related to the cooperatives function/organization. Rural Telephone Cooperatives Rural telephone cooperatives are distribution cooperatives that provide telephone services to its members, and govern themselves in accordance with the Rochdale principles. This type of cooperative was first developed in rural areas mostly to fill in the service gaps left by private companies; which found rural telephone service not to be very profitable. Like rural electric cooperative, rural telephone cooperative build and/or maintain data lines, and provide local and long distance telephone exchange services, direct broadcast satellite, wireless phone services, television exchange services, mobile radios, cellular and key systems, and internet access. Producer cooperatives provide supply chain services necessary for their members’ economic/entrepreneurial activities. Producer cooperatives are a vast and diverse segment; some can market, or market and process goods and services produced by their members. Others produce, add value, or create pools of resources for its member-users. No matter the type, they are member-controlled and operate under the principles of cooperation. Producers cooperatives may include: Agricultural Processing Cooperatives Farm Supply Cooperatives Seed Cleaning Cooperatives Arts and Crafts Cooperatives Taxi Industry Cooperatives Government Procurement Cooperatives Worker cooperatives are businesses/enterprises owned and controlled by its members. They are created to provide members with work through a collectively-owned organization. These cooperatives can be run on a day-to-day basis by managers and a board of directors, however decision-making in worker cooperatives ultimately falls on the worker-owners who all have one vote. Worker cooperatives are designed to meet the needs of workers first, as opposed to maximizing profits in the short run; any surplus (after accounting for expenses) would be distributed amongst members (i.e. in the form of dividends) or reinvested into the firm itself (i.e. non-profits). They operate mainly in the small and/or medium enterprise sector, and are owned by worker-members. The sectors within which we can find worker coops include: agri-food, natural food, arts and entertainment, manufacture and sale of clothing, communications and marketing, construction and renovation, education, forestry, printing and publishing, industrial production and manufacturing, ambulance services , business services, home care and nursing services, and more. Worker Shareholder Co-operatives Worker cooperatives are formed to acquire voting-share within the corporations that employ them. They are unique in that they are cooperatives that operate within both public and private enterprises. A retail cooperative is a consumer cooperative that is engaged in retail of goods or services for the own benefit of their members. They are owned by the consumers themselves and they can range from small purchasing groups to large supermarkets. A key distinguishing factor that separates consumer cooperatives from other retailers is that they are created to meet the needs of the member-owner in terms of type of product, quality and price. Furthermore, they are not focused on maximizing profit, but rather providing products at the lowest price possible. Retail/consumer cooperative include: Is an organization owned and operated by its members and committed to consumer education, service product quality, truth in advertising and democratic control. It provides goods and services at a lower price to an open audience (not only limited to members). However benefits of being a member include a voice in co-op policy, discounts or rebates for patronage and other specialized services. Buying Club Cooperative A buying club is formed by a small group of individuals who, together, purchase goods and services from a wholesaler for their own needs. They govern themselves according to Rochdale principles and its members typically share in the labour involved. This type of organization is usually a temporary solution to becoming a full-fledged cooperative. New Wave Cooperative This term describes most consumer cooperatives and buying clubs started in the late 1960's and early 1970's by anti-war and alternative society activists. These co-ops were originally designed for self-empowerment and later for economic reasons; they usually featured an emphasis on alternative diets. Financial cooperatives offer financial, loan or investment services, and insurance services to their members. They are owned by user members or by subscribers to insurance. Examples of financial cooperative include: A credit union is an organization that provides financial services to its members (personal loans, checking accounts, etc.) and is governed by a member-elected Board of Directors under the principles of one-member one-vote. Typically, a credit union consists of members of the same group, club, union, or institution. A cooperative bank operates quite similarly to credit unions - many banks and financial institutions operate as/similar to Cooperative Banks - meaning they are a financial organization owned cooperatively or formed to loan primarily to cooperatives. What differentiates cooperative banks from, for example, private banking institutions is how the bank is owned. Like cooperative banks, private banks offer shares to its members, however private banks may be owned by a single proprietor, two-or more proprietors, or a concentrated/limited number of shareholders. Refers to insurance obtained by combining the economic forces of the member-owners for the purposes of obtaining the most beneficial services and rates. Multi-stakeholder cooperatives are organizations that include more than one membership group united by a common interest and/or goal. They bring together, for example, consumer cooperatives, producer cooperatives, and marketing cooperatives to achieve a shared goal (i.e. the production, distribution, and promotion of a product/service). This type of co-op is usually found in health, home care and other social enterprises. Some examples include: Child Care Cooperative A childcare co-op is an organization consisting of groups of families who jointly provide child care services to members of the organization. Three models have been developed for this type of cooperative: Parent Model: composed of parents who have formed a co-op to provide quality care for their children. Employee Model: childcare facilities within, for example, women's work sites owned and operated by the employees. Consortium Model: consists of a group of employers or organizations to be owned and utilized by their combined employee groups. Some food cooperatives are formed by consumer and producer members in order to have access to a wider variety of supplies.

Aina ya ushirika: Ushirikiano wa huduma hutoa huduma kwa wanachama wao, na inamilikiwa na kudhibitiwa na watumiaji wa huduma hizo. Wao kutofautiana katika ukubwa, maana wanaweza ni pamoja na wote "ndogo" vituo vya huduma na "kubwa" makampuni ya makazi. Wanaweza kutoa huduma za usafiri, huduma za makazi, huduma za umeme, huduma za gesi na nishati, huduma za mazishi, huduma za huduma za afya, huduma za chekechea, na zaidi. "Hii ni pamoja na, lakini si mdogo kwa: ""Mfuko wa burudani hutoa huduma za burudani, ama juu ya msingi wa watumiaji, ambapo watumiaji wanachama kushiriki umiliki na upatikanaji wa vifaa vya burudani.""" Hifadhi za kuogelea, sauna, na gyms ni sehemu ya ushirikiano wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika. Ushirikiano wa kidini huwapa wanachama wa kikundi au familia fulani ya kidini fursa ya kukusanya fedha na ujuzi kama njia ya kutoa huduma za kidini. Misa, mahubiri, sala...) kwa wanachama wao na/au kwa umma. Vinginevyo, wanaweza kuwa mkusanyiko wa wanachama wanaoshiriki au kuungana na mfumo fulani wa imani ya kidini iliyojitolea kuunga mkono shughuli za ushirikiano katika ngazi ya kijamii, kiuchumi, au kisiasa. Ushirikiano wa makazi ni mashirika yaliyoanzishwa ili kutatua mahitaji ya makazi ya jamii. Makampuni ya ushirika ni mali, nyumba, na vifaa vya makazi vilivyo chini ya udhibiti wa wanachama, ikimaanisha kwamba wanachama wake wanawajibika kwa usimamizi, matengenezo, na uendeshaji wa mali ya ushirika, na kushiriki gharama zake. Ukiwa na mali na majukumu ya pamoja, gharama za makazi zinakuwa nafuu, na kila mshiriki wa ushirika anaweza kupiga kura juu ya maamuzi yanayohusiana na makazi. Mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango, mipango. Katika Mkutano Mkuu wa Mwaka (AGM), wanachama wa ushirika hupiga kura juu ya bajeti, na ikiwa ada za uanachama (sawa na kodi) zinatarajiwa kuongezeka, zitaonyesha gharama halisi na sio faida. Shirika la umeme la vijijini (REC) ni shirika la ushirika wa umeme wa kijijini (REC) ambalo linasimamiwa na wanachama wa ushirika wa umeme wa kijijini (Wakazi wa kijijini). Shirika hili hununua umeme wake kwa wingi na kuutoa kwa gharama kwa wanachama wake. Hii ni aina ya usambazaji ushirika wajibu wa kujenga na kudumisha mistari ya umeme, kwa ajili ya ununuzi wa umeme ili kukidhi mahitaji ya wanachama, na kwa ajili ya bili na kutoa taarifa kuhusiana na kazi ya ushirika au shirika. Shirika la Telefoni ya Vijijini (RTC) ni shirika la usambazaji wa simu ambalo hutoa huduma za simu kwa wanachama wake na kujitawala kulingana na kanuni za Rochdale. Aina hii ya ushirika ilianzishwa katika maeneo ya vijijini hasa kujaza mapungufu ya huduma iliyobaki na makampuni binafsi, ambayo iligundua huduma ya simu ya vijijini haikuwa na faida sana. Kama vile ushirika wa umeme wa vijijini, ushirika wa simu ya vijijini hujenga na kudumisha mistari ya data, na kutoa huduma za kubadilishana simu za ndani na za umbali mrefu, utangazaji wa moja kwa moja wa satelaiti, huduma za simu zisizo na waya, huduma za kubadilishana televisheni, redio za rununu, mifumo ya simu na muhimu, na upatikanaji wa mtandao. Ushirikiano wa wazalishaji hutoa huduma za mlolongo wa usambazaji muhimu kwa shughuli za kiuchumi / biashara za wanachama wao. Makampuni ya ushirika ni sehemu kubwa na tofauti; baadhi ya wanaweza kuuza, au kuuza na usindikaji bidhaa na huduma zinazozalishwa na wanachama wao. Wengine hutengeneza, kuongeza thamani, au kuunda mabwawa ya rasilimali kwa wanachama wake-watumiaji. Haijalishi ni aina gani, zinadhibitiwa na washiriki na zinafanya kazi chini ya kanuni za ushirikiano. Makampuni ya ushirika ya kilimo, ushirika wa usindikaji wa kilimo, ushirika wa usambazaji wa mbegu, ushirika wa ufundi wa sanaa, ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika wa ushirika. Wao ni kuundwa kutoa wanachama na kazi kupitia shirika la pamoja inayomilikiwa. Ushirikiano huu unaweza kuendeshwa kwa msingi wa kila siku na wasimamizi na bodi ya wakurugenzi, hata hivyo maamuzi katika ushirikiano wa wafanyakazi hatimaye huanguka kwa wafanyikazi-wamiliki ambao wote wana kura moja. Ushirikiano wa wafanyakazi umebuniwa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya wafanyakazi kwanza, kinyume na kuongeza faida kwa muda mfupi; ziada yoyote (baada ya kuhesabu gharama) itagawanywa kati ya wanachama. kwa namna ya gawio) au reinvested katika kampuni yenyewe (yaani yasiyo ya faida). Wao kazi hasa katika sekta ya biashara ndogo na/au kati, na ni inayomilikiwa na wafanyakazi-wanachama. Katika sekta ambazo tunaweza kupata vyama vya wafanyakazi ni pamoja na: chakula cha kilimo, chakula cha asili, sanaa na burudani, utengenezaji na uuzaji wa nguo, mawasiliano na uuzaji, ujenzi na ukarabati, elimu, misitu, uchapishaji na uchapishaji, uzalishaji wa viwanda na utengenezaji, huduma za ambulansi, huduma za biashara, huduma za nyumbani na huduma za uuguzi, na zaidi. Wafanyakazi Shareholder Co-operatives Wafanyakazi cooperatives ni kuundwa kupata kupiga kura-share ndani ya mashirika ambayo kuajiriwa yao. Wao ni wa kipekee kwa kuwa wao ni vyama vya ushirika ambavyo hufanya kazi ndani ya makampuni ya umma na binafsi. Ushirikiano wa rejareja ni ushirikiano wa watumiaji ambao unajihusisha na rejareja ya bidhaa au huduma kwa faida ya wanachama wao wenyewe. Wao ni inayomilikiwa na watumiaji wenyewe na wanaweza mbalimbali kutoka makundi madogo ya ununuzi kwa maduka makubwa. "Kifungu muhimu cha kutofautisha makampuni ya ushirika wa watumiaji na wauzaji wengine ni kwamba yanaundwa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya wanachama-wamiliki katika suala la aina ya bidhaa, ubora na bei. """ Isitoshe, hawazingatia kuongeza faida, bali hutoa bidhaa kwa bei ya chini iwezekanavyo. Ushirikiano wa rejareja na watumiaji ni shirika linalomilikiwa na kuendeshwa na wanachama wake na limejitolea kwa elimu ya watumiaji, ubora wa bidhaa za huduma, ukweli katika matangazo na udhibiti wa kidemokrasia. Inatoa bidhaa na huduma kwa bei ya chini kwa watazamaji wazi (si tu mdogo kwa wanachama). Hata hivyo faida ya kuwa mwanachama ni pamoja na sauti katika sera co-op, punguzo au punguzo kwa ajili ya upendeleo na huduma nyingine maalumu. Kundi la Ununuzi (Club d'achat) ni kikundi kidogo cha watu ambao wanakubaliana kununua bidhaa na huduma kutoka kwa muuzaji kwa mahitaji yao wenyewe. Wao kujitawala kulingana na kanuni Rochdale na wanachama wake kawaida kushiriki katika kazi inayohusika. Aina hii ya shirika kwa kawaida ni suluhisho la muda ili kuwa ushirika kamili. New Wave Cooperative (New Wave Cooperative) ni jina la makundi ya watumiaji na makundi ya ununuzi yaliyoanzishwa mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1970 na wanaharakati wa kupambana na vita na jamii mbadala. Mashirika haya yaliundwa awali kwa ajili ya kujisaidia na baadaye kwa sababu za kiuchumi; kwa kawaida yaliweka mkazo juu ya vyakula vingine. Ushirikiano wa kifedha hutoa huduma za kifedha, mkopo au uwekezaji, na huduma za bima kwa wanachama wao. Wao ni inayomilikiwa na wanachama wa watumiaji au na wanachama wa bima. Mfano wa ushirika wa kifedha ni pamoja na: Shirika la mkopo ni shirika ambalo hutoa huduma za kifedha kwa wanachama wake (mkopo wa kibinafsi, akaunti za kuangalia, nk.) Mfumo huo unaongozwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi iliyochaguliwa na wanachama wake kulingana na kanuni ya mwanachama mmoja, kura moja. Kwa kawaida, shirika la mkopo lina washiriki wa kikundi kimoja, klabu, chama, au taasisi. Benki ya ushirika inafanya kazi sawa na vyama vya mkopo - benki nyingi na taasisi za kifedha hufanya kazi kama benki za ushirika - ikimaanisha ni shirika la kifedha linalomilikiwa kwa ushirika au lililoundwa kutoa mkopo hasa kwa ushirika. Kile kinachotofautisha benki za ushirika na, kwa mfano, taasisi za benki za kibinafsi ni jinsi benki inamilikiwa. Kama benki za ushirika, benki za kibinafsi hutoa hisa kwa wanachama wake, hata hivyo benki za kibinafsi zinaweza kuwa na mmiliki mmoja, wamiliki wawili au zaidi, au idadi ya pamoja ya wanahisa. Inahusu bima inayopatikana kwa kuchanganya nguvu za kiuchumi za wamiliki wa wanachama kwa madhumuni ya kupata huduma na viwango vya faida zaidi. Makampuni ya ushirika ni mashirika ambayo yanajumuisha zaidi ya kikundi kimoja cha wanachama waliounganishwa na maslahi ya kawaida na au lengo. Kwa mfano, makundi ya watumiaji, makundi ya wazalishaji, na makundi ya uuzaji yanakusanyika pamoja ili kufikia lengo moja. Uzalishaji, usambazaji, na kukuza bidhaa au huduma. Aina hii ya ushirika ni kawaida kupatikana katika afya, huduma ya nyumbani na makampuni mengine ya kijamii. Kwa mfano, shirika la usimamizi wa watoto (Child Care Cooperative) ni shirika linaloundwa na vikundi vya familia ambazo kwa pamoja hutoa huduma za usimamizi wa watoto kwa wanachama wa shirika. Mifano mitatu ya ushirikiano imebuniwa kwa ajili ya aina hii ya ushirikiano: Mfano wa Wazazi: iliyoundwa na wazazi ambao wameunda ushirikiano ili kutoa huduma ya ubora kwa watoto wao. Mfano wa mfanyakazi: vifaa vya utunzaji wa watoto ndani ya, kwa mfano, maeneo ya kazi ya wanawake inayomilikiwa na kuendeshwa na wafanyikazi. Mfano wa Consortium: inajumuisha kundi la waajiri au mashirika ambayo yanamilikiwa na kutumiwa na vikundi vya wafanyikazi wao walioshirikiwa. Baadhi ya vyama vya ushirikiano wa chakula huundwa na watumiaji na wazalishaji wanachama ili kuwa na upatikanaji wa aina mbalimbali ya vifaa.

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Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth. It can occur at any stage of pregnancy, but is more common in the second half. It occurs if your body cannot produce enough insulin a hormone that helps control blood sugar levelsto meet the extra needs in pregnancy. Gestational diabetes can cause problems for you and your baby during and after birth. But the risk of these problems happening can be reduced if it's detected and well managed. Any woman can develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy, but you're at an increased risk if: If any of these apply to you, you should be offered screening for gestational diabetes during your pregnancy. Most women with gestational diabetes have otherwise normal pregnancies with healthy babies. However, gestational diabetes can cause problems such as: Having gestational diabetes also means you're at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. During your first antenatal appointment at around weeks 8 to 12 of your pregnancy, your midwife or doctor will ask you some questions to determine whether you're at an increased risk of gestational diabetes. If you have one or more risk factors for gestational diabetes see Who's at risk , above you should be offered a screening test. The screening test used is called an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which takes about two hours. It involves having a blood test taken in the morning when you've had nothing to eat or drinkovernight (you can usually drink water, but check with the hospital if you're unsure).You're then given a glucose drink. After resting for two hours, another blood sample is takento see how your body is dealing with the glucose. The OGTT is done when you're between 24 and 28 weeks pregnant.If you've had gestational diabetes before, you'll be offered an OGTT earlier in pregnancy soon after your booking visit, and another OGTT at 24 to 28 weeks if the first test is normal. Alternatively, it may be suggested that you start testing your blood sugar yourself using a finger-pricking device in the same way as you did during your previous episode of gestational diabetes. In women with gestational diabetes, the chances of having problems with the pregnancy can be reduced by controlling blood sugar levels. You'll be given a blood sugar testing kit so you can monitor the effects of treatment. Blood sugar levels can be reduced by changes in diet and exercise. But the majority of women will need medication as wellif changes in diet and exercise don't reduce blood sugar enough. This may be tablets or insulin injections. You'll also be more closely monitored during your pregnancy and birth to check for any potential problems. If you have gestational diabetes, it's best to give birth before 41 weeks. Induction of labour or a caesarean section may be recommended if labour doesn't start naturally by this time. Earlier delivery may be recommended if there are concerns about your or your baby's health or if your blood sugar levels haven't been well controlled. But women who've had it are more likely to develop: You should have a blood test to check for diabetes 6 to 13 weeks after giving birth, and every year thereafter if the result is normal. See your GP if you develop symptoms of high blood sugar, such as increased thirst, needing to pee more often than usual, anda dry mouth don't wait until your next test. You should have the tests even if you feel well, as many people with diabetes don't have any symptoms. You'll also be advised about things you can do to reduce your risk of developing diabetes, such as maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly. Some research has suggested that babies of mothers who had gestational diabetes may be more likely to develop diabetes or become obese later in life. If you've had gestational diabetes before and you're planning to get pregnant, make sure you get checked for diabetes. Your GP can arrange this. If you do have diabetes, you should be referred to a diabetes pre-conception clinic for support to ensure your condition is well controlled before you get pregnant. If tests show you don't have diabetes, you'll be offered screening earlier in pregnancy soon after your booking visit, and a repeat screening test at 24 to 28 weeks if the first test is normal. Alternatively, it may be suggested that you start testing your blood glucose yourself using a finger-pricking device in the same way as you did during your previous gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth. It can occur at any stage of pregnancy, but is more common in the second half. Gestational diabetes doesn't usually cause any symptoms. Most cases are only picked up when your blood sugar level is tested during screening for gestational diabetes. Some women may develop symptoms if their blood sugar level gets too high (hyperglycaemia) If you have gestational diabetes, the chances of having problems with the pregnancy can be reduced by controlling your blood sugar (glucose) levels. You'll also need to be more closely monitored during pregnancy and labour to check if treatment is working and to check for any problems.

Ugonjwa wa kisukari wa mimba ni kiwango cha juu cha sukari ya damu ambayo huanza wakati wa ujauzito na kwa kawaida hutoweka baada ya kuzaa. Inaweza kutokea katika hatua yoyote ya ujauzito, lakini ni ya kawaida zaidi katika nusu ya pili. Inasababishwa na mwili wako kutokuwa na uwezo wa kutengeneza insulini ya kutosha, ambayo ni homoni inayosaidia kudhibiti kiwango cha sukari ya damu ili kukidhi mahitaji ya ziada ya ujauzito. Ugonjwa wa kisukari wa mimba unaweza kusababisha matatizo kwa wewe na mtoto wako wakati wa kuzaliwa na baada ya kuzaliwa. Lakini hatari ya matatizo haya kutokea inaweza kupunguzwa ikiwa itagunduliwa na kusimamiwa vizuri. Wanawake wanaweza kupata ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito wakati wa ujauzito, lakini kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa kuambukizwa ikiwa unafanya uchunguzi wa ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito wakati wa ujauzito. Wanawake wengi walio na ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito huwa na mimba za kawaida na watoto wenye afya. Hata hivyo, ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito unaweza kusababisha matatizo kama vile: Kuwa na ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito pia inamaanisha una hatari kubwa ya kuendeleza ugonjwa wa kisukari wa aina ya 2 katika siku zijazo. Wakati wa mkutano wako wa kwanza wa kabla ya kuzaliwa, karibu wiki 8 hadi 12 za ujauzito wako, mama yako au daktari wako atakuuliza maswali kadhaa ili kuamua ikiwa una hatari ya kuongezeka kwa ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito. Ikiwa una moja au zaidi ya sababu za hatari ya ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito, angalia Nani yuko katika hatari ya ugonjwa wa kisukari, hapo juu unapaswa kupewa mtihani wa uchunguzi. Mtihani wa uchunguzi unaoitwa Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) unachukua muda wa saa mbili. Utafiti wa damu unafanywa asubuhi wakati haujala au kunywa chochote (kwa kawaida unaweza kunywa maji, lakini angalia na hospitali ikiwa hauna uhakika). Baada ya kupumzika kwa masaa mawili, sampuli nyingine ya damu inachukuliwa ili kuona jinsi mwili wako unavyoshughulika na glukosi. OGTT ni mtihani wa kwanza wa ujauzito wa wiki 24-28 na ikiwa umekuwa na ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito hapo awali, utapewa OGTT mapema katika ujauzito, na OGTT nyingine katika wiki 24-28 ikiwa mtihani wa kwanza ni wa kawaida. Kwa mfano, unaweza kuanza kupima sukari yako ya damu mwenyewe kwa kutumia kifaa cha kuchachua kidole, kama ulivyofanya wakati wa kipindi chako cha awali cha ugonjwa wa kisukari. Kwa wanawake walio na ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito, uwezekano wa kuwa na matatizo ya ujauzito unaweza kupunguzwa kwa kudhibiti viwango vya sukari ya damu. Utachukuliwa kit cha kupima sukari ya damu ili uweze kufuatilia athari za matibabu. Kiwango cha sukari katika damu chaweza kupunguzwa kwa kubadilisha chakula na kufanya mazoezi. Lakini wanawake wengi watahitaji dawa kama mabadiliko ya maisha katika lishe na mazoezi si kupunguza sukari ya damu ya kutosha. Hii inaweza kuwa vidonge au sindano za insulini. Pia utafuatwa kwa karibu zaidi wakati wa ujauzito wako na kuzaliwa ili kuangalia matatizo yoyote yanayowezekana. Ikiwa una ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito, ni bora kuzaa kabla ya wiki ya 41. Kuchochea uchungu au upasuaji wa upasuaji wa kaisari waweza kupendekezwa ikiwa uchungu hautaanza kwa kawaida kufikia wakati huu. Utoaji wa mapema unaweza kupendekezwa ikiwa kuna wasiwasi juu ya afya yako au ya mtoto wako au ikiwa viwango vyako vya sukari ya damu havijaongozwa vizuri. Kwa wanawake ambao wamepata ugonjwa wa kisukari, ni muhimu kufanya uchunguzi wa damu kwa ajili ya ugonjwa wa kisukari wiki 6 hadi 13 baada ya kuzaa, na kila mwaka baada ya hapo ikiwa matokeo ni ya kawaida. Kwa mfano, ikiwa una dalili za sukari ya juu ya damu, kama vile kiu, haja ya kuoga mara nyingi kuliko kawaida, na kinywa kavu, usisubiri hadi mtihani wako ujao. Utafanya uchunguzi huo hata kama unajisikia vizuri, kwa kuwa watu wengi wenye ugonjwa wa kisukari hawana dalili zozote. Pia utaambiwa juu ya mambo unayoweza kufanya ili kupunguza hatari ya kuambukizwa ugonjwa wa kisukari, kama vile kudumisha uzito wa afya, kula chakula cha usawa na kufanya mazoezi mara kwa mara. Utafiti fulani umeonyesha kwamba watoto wa akina mama walio na ugonjwa wa kisukari wa mimba huenda wakawa na uwezekano mkubwa zaidi wa kupatwa na ugonjwa wa kisukari au kuwa wanene kupita kiasi baadaye maishani. Ikiwa umekuwa na ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito na unapanga kupata mimba, hakikisha unachunguzwa kwa ugonjwa wa kisukari. Daktari wako wa kawaida anaweza kupanga hili. Ikiwa una ugonjwa wa kisukari, unapaswa kuelekezwa kwa kliniki ya kabla ya mimba ya kisukari ili kuhakikisha hali yako inadhibitiwa vizuri kabla ya kupata mimba. Ikiwa uchunguzi unaonyesha kwamba hauna ugonjwa wa kisukari, utapewa uchunguzi wa mapema wa ujauzito mara tu baada ya ziara yako ya uhifadhi, na jaribio la uchunguzi la mara ya pili katika wiki 24-28 ikiwa mtihani wa kwanza ni wa kawaida. Kwa mfano, unaweza kuanza kupima sukari yako ya damu mwenyewe kwa kutumia kifaa cha kuchachua kidole kama ulivyofanya wakati wa ugonjwa wako wa kisukari wa ujauzito. Ugonjwa wa kisukari wa mimba ni kiwango cha juu cha sukari ya damu ambayo huanza wakati wa ujauzito na kwa kawaida hutoweka baada ya kuzaa. Inaweza kutokea katika hatua yoyote ya ujauzito, lakini ni ya kawaida zaidi katika nusu ya pili. Kwa kawaida ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito hausababishi dalili zozote. Kwa kawaida, ugonjwa huu huonekana tu wakati kiwango cha sukari ya damu kinapochunguzwa kwa ajili ya ugonjwa wa kisukari. Wanawake wanaweza kuwa na dalili kama kiwango cha sukari ya damu yao inakuwa juu sana (hyperglycemia) Ikiwa una ugonjwa wa kisukari wa ujauzito, uwezekano wa kuwa na matatizo na ujauzito unaweza kupunguzwa kwa kudhibiti viwango vya sukari ya damu yako. Pia unahitaji kufuatiliwa kwa karibu wakati wa ujauzito na kuzaa ili kuangalia kama matibabu yanafanya kazi na kuangalia kwa matatizo yoyote.

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Plastering is a common technique used in construction and interior design to create smooth and durable walls and ceilings. It involves applying a layer of plaster mix, typically made of cement, sand, and water, to the surface of a wall or ceiling. With its numerous benefits, plastering has become a popular choice for homeowners and builders alike. The Importance of Indoor Air Quality Indoor air quality refers to the air quality within buildings and structures, specifically concerning the health and comfort of the occupants. Poor indoor air quality can have detrimental effects on individuals, causing various respiratory issues and allergies. With people spending an increasing amount of time indoors, it is crucial to prioritize and maintain good indoor air quality in our homes and workplaces. The Positive Impact of Plastering on Indoor Air Quality Plastering plays an important role in improving indoor air quality. Here are several ways in which plastering positively impacts the air we breathe: The Role of Proper Ventilation While plastering contributes to enhancing indoor air quality, proper ventilation is equally important. Ventilation systems, such as windows, exhaust fans, and air purifiers, ensure the circulation of fresh air and the removal of pollutants. By combining plastering with efficient ventilation, you can maintain optimal indoor air quality. The Advancements in Plastering Techniques Technology has revolutionized the field of construction, and plastering is no exception. Innovative techniques and materials have been developed to further improve indoor air quality. Some advancements include: The Future of Plastering and Indoor Air Quality As technology continues to advance, we can expect further innovations in plastering techniques that prioritize indoor air quality. Researchers are exploring new materials and additives that actively purify the air, eliminating harmful pollutants and allergens. Smart plastering systems that monitor and regulate indoor air quality are also being developed, ensuring a safe and healthy living environment. Want to learn more about the subject? plastering services melbourne, packed with valuable and additional information that will enhance your understanding of the topic discussed. In conclusion, plastering has a significant positive impact on indoor air quality. Through its ability to reduce dust, absorb moisture, enhance fire resistance, and avoid harmful emissions, plastering contributes to a cleaner and healthier indoor environment. Combined with proper ventilation and ongoing advancements in plastering techniques, we can continue to improve indoor air quality and create spaces that promote well-being and comfort. Want to know more about this subject? Access the related posts we’ve chosen to further enhance your reading:

Kupaka plasta ni mbinu ya kawaida inayotumiwa katika ujenzi na kubuni mambo ya ndani ili kuunda kuta na dari laini na zenye kudumu. Ni utaratibu wa kutumia mchanganyiko wa plaster, ambao kwa kawaida hutengenezwa kwa saruji, mchanga, na maji, kwenye ukuta au dari. Kwa sababu ya faida zake nyingi, wapanda-milima na wajenzi wamekuwa wakitumia sana vifaa hivyo. Ubora wa hewa ndani ya nyumba ni ubora wa hewa ndani ya majengo na miundo, hasa kuhusu afya na faraja ya wakazi. Ubora mbaya wa hewa ya ndani unaweza kuwa na athari mbaya kwa watu binafsi, kusababisha matatizo mbalimbali ya kupumua na mzio. Kwa kuwa watu hutumia muda mwingi ndani ya nyumba, ni muhimu kuweka kipaumbele na kudumisha ubora mzuri wa hewa ya ndani katika nyumba zetu na mahali pa kazi. Matokeo mazuri ya plastering juu ya ubora wa hewa ya ndani Plastering ina jukumu muhimu katika kuboresha ubora wa hewa ya ndani. Kwa sababu ya athari za plaster juu ya hewa, ni muhimu sana kwamba hewa ya ndani ya nyumba iwe na uingizaji hewa wa kutosha. Mifumo ya uingizaji hewa, kama vile madirisha, vichocheo vya kutolea nje, na vifaa vya kusafisha hewa, huhakikisha kwamba hewa safi inazunguka na uchafuzi huondolewa. Kwa kuchanganya plastering na uingizaji hewa mzuri, unaweza kudumisha ubora bora wa hewa ya ndani. Maendeleo katika Teknolojia ya Plastering imebadilisha uwanja wa ujenzi, na plastering si ubaguzi. Mbinu za ubunifu na vifaa vimeendelezwa ili kuboresha zaidi ubora wa hewa ya ndani. Maendeleo ya Plaster na Ubora wa Hewa ya Ndani: Kama teknolojia inaendelea kusonga mbele, tunaweza kutarajia uvumbuzi zaidi katika mbinu za plastering ambazo zinatoa kipaumbele kwa ubora wa hewa ya ndani. Watafiti wanachunguza vifaa vipya na viambatisho vinavyofanya kazi ya kusafisha hewa, kuondoa uchafuzi na visababishi vya mzio. Mifumo ya smart plastering ambayo inasimamia na kudhibiti ubora wa hewa ya ndani pia ni kuendelezwa, kuhakikisha mazingira salama na afya ya kuishi. Je, ungependa kujifunza zaidi kuhusu jambo hilo? Msaada wa plasterboarding katika Melbourne ni huduma ya msingi ya usimamizi wa plasterboarding na inasaidia kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada ya plasterboarding. Kwa kumalizia, plastering ina athari kubwa chanya juu ya ubora wa hewa ya ndani. Kwa uwezo wake wa kupunguza vumbi, kunyonya unyevu, kuongeza upinzani wa moto, na kuepuka uzalishaji mbaya, plastering inachangia mazingira safi na yenye afya ya ndani. Pamoja na uingizaji hewa sahihi na maendeleo ya kuendelea katika mbinu za plastering, tunaweza kuendelea kuboresha ubora wa hewa ya ndani na kuunda nafasi ambazo zinaendeleza ustawi na faraja. Je, ungependa kujua mengi zaidi kuhusu jambo hilo? Fikia machapisho yanayohusiana ambayo tumechagua ili kuongeza usomaji wako:

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Linux for beginners: an introduction to the Linux operating system Almost we all are familiar with the Windows, iOS and Android operating systems. These Operating Systems are something that we use daily, but out of all the computer users, very fewer users are familiar with the Linux operating system. Various users think of it as a very complicated system that only professionals can use. Now, this is wrong because anyone can use Linux and that’s why in this beginner’s guide we are going to share some basic information about the Linux operating system. Linux is a free open-source operating system Linux is an operating system or kernel. It is an open-source operating system that can be easily downloaded. It is similar to the UNIX system. This is the brainchild of a young computer science student named Linus Torvalds. When he used to work at UNIX OS, then he develops a Linux system as an improvement in the UNIX. But, when he proposed this to the UNIX OS, then they outrageously declined his proposal so he thought of launching Linux as an open-sourced distribution for his users. The Linux kernel was introduced in 1991, however, to use its programs like File Manager, Document Editors, and Audio Video programs are required. It’s something like eating ice from a cone. With time, he collaborated with the other intelligent programmers of MIT and designed applications to start Linux. So, around somewhere in 1991, he reintroduced the Linux operating system with some official applications and this Linux became the most loved open-sourced OS option up to till date. The older versions of Linux were not at all user-friendly as they were only used by computer programmers and Linus never wanted to commercialize the program. This is the main reason that Linux isn’t as popular as the other operating systems like Windows. However, the open-sourced feature of Linux still made it quite popular among advanced computer users. Spotlight Over Linux The top advantages of Linux were that programmers can use the Linux kernel to their custom operating system. This feature of Linux made numerous programmers shift towards Linux. Today, Linux is one of the most popular and widely used Kernel, and it is the backbone of popular operating systems like Debian, Knoppix, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, and Fedora. There are thousands of Linux based operating software available in the market. Linux kernel is used in the GNU project by Dr. Richard Stallman. Benefits of using Linux Linux is one of the leading OS of the twenty-first century and is very popular among programmers as well as regular computer users. This operating system has numerous benefits such as – - It is a free operating system so no need to spend thousands of dollars on getting OS. - It is an open-sourced program that can be used by anyone with small programming knowledge. - Linux operating system has millions of programs and applications and out of which most of them are free. - After installing Linux on your system you don’t need antivirus. It is a highly secured system with a global community looking up new ways to enhance security. With every new update, Linux gets even more secure. - It is the first choice of server environment due to the stability and reliability factors like Amazon, Facebook, and Google use Linux for their Servers). A Linux-based server could run non-stop without a reboot for years on end. What are some features of Linux? Speed – Linux runs pretty fast It is supported on almost every major computer platform including x86, ARM and SPARC, making it one of the most widely supported operating systems. Graphical Customization: GNU/Linux is the only OS that lets you pick the GUI if you want to go that far, get Arch Linux, find a GUI you like, and install it. Control Over Entire Base System: Linux is great when it comes to fixing errors. Because your system is already in modular pieces, if a tool breaks, you can either uninstall then re-install the package using a manager of your choice, re-compile it by hand, or either find a different tool as a filler and for those creative minds out there, write your own replacement. Programmer-friendly – One of the best things I’ve learned about Linux is that it comes with everything you need to compile both C and C++ programs out of the box, regardless of distribution. Unless, of course, you require different tools, see above. This includes a text editor and a compiler, but there are many other languages supported on Linux. If you are a developer, Linux is great for you. You can find lots of resources that help you in developing software, IDEs, compilers, debuggers, profilers. You will be active all the time, asking questions to the community, getting answers, answers may lead you to get a piece of code, compile it, get a new idea, etc Basic Linux commands for beginners - The “echo” command helps us move some data, usually text into a file. - sudo stands for “SuperUser Do“, A widely used command in the Linux command line, if you want any command to be done with administrative or root privileges, you can use the sudo command. - If you want to see the list of files on your UNIX or Linux system, use the ‘ls‘ command. It shows the files /directories in your current directory. - You can use ‘ls -R‘ to shows all the files not only in directories but also subdirectories - The ‘rm‘ command removes files from the system without confirmation. - The ‘cat‘ command is used to display text files. It can also be used for copying, combining and creating new text files. - You can use df command to see the available disk space in each of the partitions in your system. And Use du to know the disk usage of a file in your system. - Use zip to compress files into a zip archive, and unzip to extract files from a zip archive. - Use apt-get to install packages. This requires root privileges, so use the sudo command with it. - Use chmod to make a file executable and to change the permissions granted to it in Linux. - Use hostname to know your name in your host or network. - You can use the clear command to clear the terminal if it gets filled up with too many commands. - You can exit from the terminal by using the exit command. - You can power off or reboot the computer by using the commands sudo halt and sudo reboot. Here are some Useful Linux Terminal Commands you must remember, And a video explains how to use Linux commands. People who are using Linux for the first time consider it a very difficult and technical operating system, but in reality, it has become a lot user-friendly in the last few years than other competitors like Windows. So, if you haven’t tried Linux yet, then it’s high time to give it a shot. - Top 5 System Backup Tools for the Linux Desktop - Top 10 Benefits of using Ubuntu over windows 10 - Which is the best Linux file System for SSD? Btrfs, ext4, XFS, F2FS - How To install yarn on ubuntu 18.04 and Debian Linux - Steps To install Firefox Developer Edition on Linux Ubuntu 2019 - How to Disable disable ipv6 on Linux

Linux kwa ajili ya Kompyuta: Utangulizi wa Linux Operating System Karibu sisi wote ni ukoo na Windows, iOS na Android Operating Systems. Mifumo hii ya Uendeshaji ni kitu ambacho tunatumia kila siku, lakini kati ya watumiaji wote wa kompyuta, watumiaji wachache sana wanajua mfumo wa uendeshaji wa Linux. Watumiaji mbalimbali huona mfumo huo kuwa mgumu sana ambao wataalamu tu ndio wanaweza kuutumia. Sasa, hii ni makosa kwa sababu mtu yeyote anaweza kutumia Linux na kwamba ni kwa nini katika mwongozo huu wa mwanzoni sisi ni kwenda kushiriki baadhi ya habari ya msingi kuhusu mfumo wa uendeshaji wa Linux. Linux ni mfumo wa uendeshaji wa chanzo wazi, na ni mfumo wa uendeshaji wa msingi. Ni mfumo wa uendeshaji wa chanzo wazi ambayo inaweza kupakuliwa kwa urahisi. Ni sawa na mfumo wa UNIX. Hii ni ubunifu wa mwanafunzi mchanga wa sayansi ya kompyuta aitwaye Linus Torvalds. Alipokuwa akifanya kazi katika UNIX OS, kisha yeye maendeleo ya mfumo wa Linux kama uboreshaji katika UNIX. Lakini, alipopendekeza hii kwa UNIX OS, kisha walikataa pendekezo lake kwa hasira, kwa hivyo alifikiri kuzindua Linux kama usambazaji wa chanzo wazi kwa watumiaji wake. Linux kernel ilianzishwa mwaka 1991 na ina programu nyingi za faili, kama vile faili meneja, hati mhariri, na programu za sauti na video. Ni kitu kama kula barafu kutoka koni. Baada ya muda, alishirikiana na programu nyingine za akili za MIT na kubuni programu za kuanzisha Linux. Mwaka 1991 Linux ilizinduliwa tena na programu rasmi, na ikawa moja ya mifumo ya uendeshaji ya wazi zaidi duniani. Matoleo ya zamani ya Linux hayakuwa ya kirafiki kabisa kwa sababu yalitumiwa tu na waandaaji wa kompyuta na Linus hakutaka kuuza programu hiyo. Hii ni sababu kuu kwamba Linux si kama maarufu kama mifumo mingine ya uendeshaji kama Windows. Hata hivyo, kipengele cha chanzo wazi cha Linux bado alifanya hivyo maarufu sana miongoni mwa watumiaji wa kompyuta ya juu. Matokeo ya Linux ni kwamba programu inaweza kutumia kernel ya Linux kwa mfumo wao wa uendeshaji wa kawaida. Kipengele hiki cha Linux alifanya programu nyingi kugeuka kuelekea Linux. Leo, Linux ni moja ya Kernel maarufu na kutumika sana, na ni uti wa mgongo wa mifumo ya uendeshaji maarufu kama Debian, Knoppix, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, na Fedora. Kuna maelfu ya Linux msingi programu ya uendeshaji inapatikana katika soko. kernel ya Linux hutumiwa katika mradi wa GNU na Dk Richard Stallman. Linux ni moja ya OS inayoongoza ya karne ya ishirini na moja na ni maarufu sana miongoni mwa watengenezaji wa programu na watumiaji wa kawaida wa kompyuta. Mfumo huu wa uendeshaji una faida nyingi kama vile <unk> - Ni mfumo wa uendeshaji wa bure kwa hivyo hakuna haja ya kutumia maelfu ya dola kupata OS. - Ni programu ya chanzo wazi ambayo inaweza kutumika na mtu yeyote na ujuzi mdogo wa programu. - Mfumo wa uendeshaji wa Linux una mamilioni ya programu na maombi na kati ya ambayo wengi wao ni bure. - Baada ya kufunga Linux kwenye mfumo wako huna haja ya antivirus. Ni mfumo uliohifadhiwa sana na jamii ya kimataifa inayotafuta njia mpya za kuboresha usalama. Kwa kila update mpya, Linux inakuwa hata salama zaidi. Ni chaguo la kwanza la mazingira ya seva kutokana na utulivu na kuegemea mambo kama Amazon, Facebook, na Google kutumia Linux kwa Servers yao). Seva ya msingi wa Linux inaweza kukimbia bila kuacha bila kuanzisha upya kwa miaka mingi. Ni nini baadhi ya sifa za Linux? Linux ni moja ya mifumo ya uendeshaji inayoungwa mkono zaidi ulimwenguni, ikiunga mkono karibu kila jukwaa kuu la kompyuta, pamoja na x86, ARM na SPARC, na kuifanya kuwa moja ya mifumo ya uendeshaji inayoungwa mkono zaidi. GNU Linux ni mfumo wa uendeshaji wa kwanza wa GNU ambao unakupa fursa ya kuchagua GUI, na ikiwa unataka kwenda mbali, kupata Arch Linux, kupata GUI unayopenda, na kuiweka. Udhibiti juu ya Mfumo wa Msingi Wote: Linux ni kubwa linapokuja suala la kurekebisha makosa. Kwa sababu mfumo wako tayari ni katika vipande modular, kama chombo kuvunja, unaweza ama kuondoa kisha reinstall mfuko kwa kutumia meneja wa uchaguzi wako, re-kuunganisha kwa mkono, au ama kupata chombo tofauti kama filler na kwa wale akili ubunifu huko nje, kuandika badala yako mwenyewe. Programu- kirafiki <unk> Moja ya mambo bora nimejifunza kuhusu Linux ni kwamba inakuja na kila kitu unahitaji kukusanya wote C na C ++ programu nje ya sanduku, bila kujali usambazaji. Isipokuwa, bila shaka, unahitaji zana tofauti, angalia hapo juu. Hii ni pamoja na mhariri wa maandishi na compiler, lakini kuna lugha nyingine nyingi mkono juu ya Linux. Kama wewe ni developer, Linux ni kubwa kwa ajili yenu. Unaweza kupata rasilimali nyingi ambazo zinakusaidia katika kuendeleza programu, IDEs, compilers, debuggers, profilers. "Kama wewe ni kufanya kazi wakati wote, kuuliza maswali kwa jamii, kupata majibu, majibu inaweza kusababisha wewe kupata kipande cha kanuni, compile, kupata wazo jipya, nk ""Maagizo ya msingi ya Linux kwa ajili ya wapya"" - ""Echo"" amri inatusaidia kuhamisha baadhi ya data, kawaida maandishi katika faili." - sudo inasimama kwa <unk>SuperUser Do<unk>, amri kutumika sana katika mstari wa amri Linux, kama unataka amri yoyote kufanyika na mamlaka ya kiutawala au mzizi, unaweza kutumia amri sudo. - Kama unataka kuona orodha ya faili juu ya mfumo wako UNIX au Linux, kutumia <unk>ls<unk> amri. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Files"" ni orodha ya faili zilizopo katika orodha yako ya sasa." - Unaweza kutumia <unk>ls -R<unk> kuonyesha faili zote si tu katika directory lakini pia subdirectories <unk> amri <unk>rm<unk> huondoa faili kutoka kwa mfumo bila uthibitisho. - <unk>cat<unk> amri ni kutumika kuonyesha faili ya maandishi. Pia inaweza kutumika kwa ajili ya kunakili, kuchanganya na kuunda faili mpya maandishi. Unaweza kutumia amri ya df kuona nafasi ya diski inapatikana katika kila moja ya partitions katika mfumo wako. Na kutumia du kujua matumizi ya diski ya faili katika mfumo wako. - Tumia zip kufyatua faili katika archive zip, na unzip kuchimba faili kutoka archive zip. - Tumia apt-kupata kufunga vifurushi. Hii inahitaji haki mzizi, hivyo kutumia amri sudo na yake. - Tumia chmod kufanya faili executable na kubadilisha ruhusa iliyotolewa kwa hilo katika Linux. - Tumia jina la mwenyeji kujua jina lako katika mwenyeji wako au mtandao. - Unaweza kutumia wazi amri ya kusafisha terminal kama anapata kujazwa na amri nyingi sana. - Unaweza kuondoka kutoka terminal kwa kutumia amri ya kuondoka. - Unaweza nguvu mbali au reboot kompyuta kwa kutumia amri sudo kuacha na sudo reboot. Hapa ni baadhi ya muhimu Linux Terminal amri lazima kukumbuka, na video anaelezea jinsi ya kutumia amri Linux. Kwa wale wanaotumia Linux kwa mara ya kwanza, ni ngumu sana na ya kiufundi, lakini kwa kweli imekuwa rahisi zaidi kwa watumiaji katika miaka michache iliyopita kuliko washindani wengine kama Windows. Hivyo, kama hujajaribu Linux bado, basi ni wakati wa juu wa kutoa risasi. Top 5 ya Linux Backup Tools kwa ajili ya Desktop - Top 10 Faida ya Kutumia Ubuntu juu ya Windows 10 - Ambayo ni bora Linux File System kwa SSD? "Ubuntu, Ubuntu, Ext4, XFS, F2FS, na Ubuntu 2.0 zinajumuisha ""Ubuntu 2.0"" na ""Ubuntu 2.0"" kama vifungu vya kuanzisha, kuanzisha, na kuanzisha Ubuntu, na ""Ubuntu 2.0"" kama vifungu vya kuanzisha."

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One of the big objections to the idea that Jefferson was a Christian was that he supposedly edited the Bible—and he did it to remove the miracles. It is true that on two occasions, he edited down portions of the sayings of Jesus in the Gospels. Here is a description in our book, DOUBTING THOMAS, that explains the first version of the so-called Jefferson Bible. In the early 1800s, Jefferson had started giving time to comparing moral teachings of philosophers This was not something common to most sitting presidents so itself is remarkable. Because of the Louisiana Purchase, America’s largest single property acquisition, there were now additional thousands of new tribal groups under American oversight. Henry Randall’s biography of Jefferson, one of the earliest, written when his family and friends were still alive, states about his digest that he “conferred with friends on the expediency of having it published in the different Indian dialects as the most appropriate book for the Indians to be instructed to read in.” What was the “it”? A summary of the teachings of Jesus for the Indians. Around February or March 1804, Jefferson compiled it himself and called it: The Philosophy of Jesus of Nazareth Extracted From the Account of His Life and Doctrines as Given by Matthew, Mark, Luke & John; Being an Abridgement of the New Testament for the Use of the Indians Unembarrassed with Matters of Fact or Faith Beyond the Level of Their Comprehensions. This abridgement, clearly intended for the Indians, was not a biography of Jesus, only His “philosophy” as the title states. As such it left out most material found in the Gospels that did not fit the goal of compiling a “philosophy,” but there is no evidence at this time of a motive to delete all of the miracles or evidences of Jesus’ divinity. (It does contain some references to miracles—please see below.) But this (after a revision in 1820) was the beginning of what many popularly call today the “Jefferson Bible” – a title never used by Jefferson. Sadly, few today ever hear of the original missionary purpose Jefferson gave it. Later that year while visiting his home, Jefferson wrote on August 8, 1804 to his evangelical friend Benjamin Rush, saying: “…I have also a little volume, a mere and faithful compilation which I shall some of these days ask you to read as containing the exemplification of what I advanced in a former letter as to the excellence of ‘the Philosophy of Jesus of Nazareth.’” When Rush heard of it, he said that the death of Jesus on the cross needed to remain in it. Although Jefferson was not attempting a biography, only a digest of Jesus’ philosophy, still he decided to cease the project altogether. He never sent the extracts to anyone. Jefferson’s focus in all this was on the TEACHINGS OF JESUS, which he said in a different context is the best moral teaching ever from anyone in the history of the world. Here are some miracles in the so-called Jefferson Bible: healing on the Sabbath-Luke 14:1-6. -Jesus commissioned His disciples to heal the sick and raise the dead, Matthew 10. -He raised Jairus’ daughter- Matthew 9:18-25. -He healed the bleeding woman -Matthew 9:20-22. -the healing of two blind men-Matthew 9:27-31. Contrary to what some atheists say today, Jefferson was not on a crusade to edit the miracles out of the Bible.

Moja ya pingamizi kubwa kwa wazo kwamba Jefferson alikuwa Mkristo ilikuwa kwamba yeye inadaiwa kuhariri Biblia <unk>na alifanya hivyo kuondoa miujiza. Ni kweli kwamba mara mbili alihariri sehemu za maneno ya Yesu katika Gospeli. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu cha ""Doubting Thomas"" cha mwaka wa 1618: ""Kuna tafsiri ya kwanza ya Biblia ya Jefferson." Katika miaka ya 1800, Jefferson alianza kulinganisha mafundisho ya maadili ya wanafalsafa, jambo ambalo halikuwa la kawaida kwa marais wengi waliokaa, na kwa hiyo hilo lenyewe ni jambo la kushangaza. Kwa sababu ya Ununuzi wa Louisiana, ununuzi mkubwa zaidi wa mali ya Marekani, sasa kulikuwa na maelfu ya makundi ya kabila mapya chini ya usimamizi wa Marekani. "Kama Henry Randall, mwandishi wa vitabu vya Jefferson, aliandika kwamba ""aliwasiliana na marafiki juu ya umuhimu wa kuwa na kuchapishwa katika lahaja tofauti za Kihindi kama kitabu sahihi zaidi kwa Wahindi kuagizwa kusoma.""" Mafunzo ya Yesu kwa Wahindi "Katika mwaka wa 1804, Jefferson alilitafuta kitabu hicho na kukiita ""The Philosophy of Jesus of Nazareth Extracted from the Account of His Life and Doctrines as Given by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John: Being an Abridgement of the New Testament for the Use of the Indians, Unembarrassed with Matters of Fact or Faith Beyond the Level of Their Comprehension.""" Ufafanuzi huu, ambao waziwazi ulikusudiwa Wahindi, haukuwa wasifu wa Yesu, bali tu "falsafa" yake kama vile kichwa kinavyosema. Kwa hivyo, iliacha nje nyenzo nyingi zilizopatikana katika Injili ambazo hazikufaa lengo la kukusanya "falsafa", lakini hakuna ushahidi kwa wakati huu wa nia ya kufuta miujiza yote au ushahidi wa uungu wa Yesu. (Ina baadhi ya marejeo ya miujiza - tafadhali angalia hapa chini.) "Lakini hii (baada ya marekebisho ya 1820) ilikuwa mwanzo wa kile ambacho wengi wanaita leo ""Biblia ya Jefferson"" - jina ambalo halikutumiwa kamwe na Jefferson." Kwa kusikitisha, ni wachache leo ambao wamesikia kuhusu kusudi la awali la umishonari ambalo Jefferson alitoa. "Jefferson aliandika barua kwa rafiki yake wa kiinjilisti Benjamin Rush mnamo Agosti 8, 1804: ""Nina kitabu kidogo, kitabu cha kukusanya tu na cha uaminifu, ambacho siku hizi nitakuomba usome, kama kinachohusisha mfano wa kile nilichoendelea katika barua ya zamani kuhusu ubora wa ""Falsafa ya Yesu wa Nazareti.""" Ingawa Jefferson hakuwa akijaribu kuandika wasifu, bali tu muhtasari wa falsafa ya Yesu, bado aliamua kuacha mradi huo kabisa. Hakuwatumia watu wowote maelezo hayo. Jefferson alisisitiza kwamba mafundisho ya Yesu ni mafundisho bora zaidi ya kimaadili katika historia ya ulimwengu. "Hii ni moja ya miujiza ya Yesu katika Biblia ya Jefferson, ""Uponyaji katika Sabato"" (Luka 14:16)." Yesu aliwaagiza wanafunzi wake waponye wagonjwa na kufufua wafu (Mathayo 10:3-5). "Mwanamke wa Jairo, ""mwanamke wa Yesu"" (Mathayo 9:18-25)" Yesu alimponya mwanamke aliyekuwa na ugonjwa wa kutokwa na damu (Mathayo 9:20-22). "Mfano wa uponyaji wa vipofu ni Mathayo 9:27-31, ""Mungu aliponya vipofu wawili.""" Kinyume na yale ambayo baadhi ya watu wasioamini kwamba kuna Mungu wanasema leo, Jefferson hakuwa akifanya kampeni ya kuondoa miujiza katika Biblia.

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There are currently around 8 billion people living in the world today. This is set to rise to 9 billion by 2050. How do we make sure that everyone has equal access to energy today and in the future? Around 1.3 billion people, mainly in Africa, India and other developing countries in Asia, do not have access to electricity. Having electricity provides light that can keep factories working when it’s dark and increase manufacture, to being able to move away from fuel like kerosene used in lamps and cookers in the home, which can be damaging to health. Developing countries being able to improve their standard of living and move towards becoming more developed could mean relying on whatever energy resources they have available and can afford. This can prove difficult to meet the third issue in the energy trilemma: sustainability. Secure and affordable resources in areas like China and India revolve mainly around coal, the least clean of all the fossil fuels. However, it is debated that if resources like coal are all that is available to these countries, they should be able to use them in order to reach a point where they have the infrastructure and money to look at low carbon sources and technology like Carbon Capture and Storage when they are able to. After all, coal fuelled the UK and other developed nations economies during the Industrial Revolution, so why shouldn’t developing nations get the same opportunity? Energy demand is seen to be linked to economic growth and increase in population, both of which are taking place in several large developing countries, such as China, which is the largest producer of green house gases due to their use of coal. Demand is staying relatively steady in other parts of the world thanks to more efficient technologies that use less energy, as well as some behaviour changes by consumers. According to BP’s Energy Outlook 2017, Africa will account for around half the rise in population by 2035. This report also forecasts that developing countries will prove to be the biggest contributor to the rise in cars from nearly 1 billion in 2015 to just under 2 billion by 2035. Energy use in India is expected to grow fastest, even more than China, and that’s with old energy technologies and resources. In order for India and other developing countries to develop, a lot of energy will be required, both for their manufacturing needs as well as for their increase in populations. The country currently uses coal for 55% of its energy needs, because it is the most available and cheapest source for them to use. India is looking towards nuclear and renewables in the near future to provide low carbon energy, as well as natural gas to help ease between coal and new resources. Despite developing countries being unable to access the same energy resources and technologies as developed countries, they are sometimes affected most by the negative effects of energy use more than developed countries. By giving money to less developed nations, developed countries can help them organise their energy plans and technology for the future, as well as help with preventing damage due to the effects of climate change. Some more developed nations are volunteering to give money to these countries to help with their development. Research is being carried out by different organisations, including Oxford University, as to how we can bridge the energy gap between developed and developing countries. The team at Oxford are creating easy to fix, low cost energy technologies that can be used in rural villages, as well as looking at how to create sustainable travel to cut down on carbon dioxide emissions and reliance on oil.

Kwa sasa kuna watu bilioni nane duniani. Idadi hiyo inatarajiwa kuongezeka hadi bilioni 9 kufikia mwaka 2050. Jinsi gani tunaweza kuhakikisha kwamba kila mtu ana upatikanaji sawa wa nishati leo na katika siku zijazo? Watu bilioni 1.3 katika Afrika, India na nchi nyingine zinazoendelea Asia hawana umeme. Kuweza kuwa na umeme hutoa mwanga ambao unaweza kuweka viwanda vinafanya kazi wakati ni giza na kuongeza utengenezaji, kuweza kuhamia mbali na mafuta kama kerosene inayotumiwa katika taa na vyakula nyumbani, ambayo inaweza kuwa na madhara kwa afya. Nchi zinazoendelea zinaweza kuboresha kiwango chao cha maisha na kuhamia kuelekea kuwa maendeleo zaidi, ikimaanisha kutegemea rasilimali zozote za nishati ambazo zinapatikana na zinaweza kulipia. Hii inaweza kuthibitisha kuwa vigumu kukutana na suala la tatu katika trilemma ya nishati: uendelevu. Rasilimali za usalama na za bei nafuu katika maeneo kama vile China na India huzunguka makaa ya mawe, ambayo ni safi zaidi kati ya mafuta yote ya visukuku. Hata hivyo, kuna mjadala kwamba ikiwa rasilimali kama makaa ya mawe ni yote ambayo inapatikana kwa nchi hizi, wanapaswa kuwa na uwezo wa kuzitumia ili kufikia hatua ambapo wana miundombinu na fedha za kuangalia vyanzo vya chini ya kaboni na teknolojia kama vile Carbon Capture na Uhifadhi. Baada ya yote, makaa ya mawe yalichochea uchumi wa Uingereza na mataifa mengine yaliyoendelea wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda, kwa nini mataifa yanayoendelea yasipate fursa hiyo hiyo? Mahitaji ya nishati yanaonekana kuwa na uhusiano na ukuaji wa uchumi na ongezeko la idadi ya watu, ambayo yote mawili yanafanyika katika nchi kadhaa kubwa zinazoendelea, kama vile China, ambayo ni mtayarishaji mkubwa wa gesi za chafu kwa sababu ya matumizi yao ya makaa ya mawe. Mahitaji ya umeme yanaendelea kuwa ya kawaida katika sehemu nyingine za dunia, kutokana na teknolojia bora zaidi ambazo hutumia nishati kidogo, na mabadiliko ya tabia ya watumiaji. Kulingana na BP's Energy Outlook 2017, Afrika itahesabu karibu nusu ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu ifikapo 2035. Ripoti hiyo pia inatarajia kwamba nchi zinazoendelea zitakuwa na mchango mkubwa zaidi katika kuongezeka kwa magari kutoka karibu bilioni 1 mnamo 2015 hadi karibu bilioni 2 kufikia 2035. Matumizi ya nishati nchini India yanatarajiwa kukua kwa kasi zaidi, hata zaidi ya China, na hiyo ni kwa teknolojia za zamani za nishati na rasilimali. Ili India na nchi nyingine zinazoendelea kuendeleza maendeleo yao, itahitaji nishati nyingi, kwa ajili ya mahitaji yao ya utengenezaji na pia kwa ajili ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu. Kwa sasa, nchi hiyo hutumia makaa ya mawe kwa asilimia 55 ya mahitaji yake ya nishati, kwa sababu ni chanzo cha nishati kinachopatikana na cha bei nafuu zaidi. India inatafuta nyuklia na nishati mbadala katika siku zijazo za karibu ili kutoa nishati ya chini ya kaboni, na gesi ya asili kusaidia kuwezesha kati ya makaa ya mawe na rasilimali mpya. Ingawa nchi zinazoendelea hazina uwezo wa kupata rasilimali na teknolojia sawa na nchi zilizoendelea, wakati mwingine zinaathiriwa zaidi na athari mbaya za matumizi ya nishati kuliko nchi zilizoendelea. Kwa kutoa fedha kwa mataifa yasiyoendelea, nchi zilizoendelea zinaweza kuwasaidia kupanga mipango yao ya nishati na teknolojia kwa siku zijazo, na pia kusaidia kuzuia uharibifu kutokana na athari za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Mataifa mengine yaliyoendelea zaidi yanajitolea kutoa pesa kwa nchi hizi ili kusaidia katika maendeleo yao. "Mashirika mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford, yanafanya utafiti kuhusu jinsi tunavyoweza ""kuunganisha"" pengo la nishati kati ya nchi zilizoendelea na zinazoendelea." Timu ya Oxford inaunda teknolojia za nishati rahisi kurekebisha, gharama nafuu ambazo zinaweza kutumika katika vijiji vya vijijini, na pia kuangalia jinsi ya kuunda usafiri endelevu ili kupunguza uzalishaji wa kaboni dioksidi na utegemezi wa mafuta.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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Team: Arthur Georges (UC), Clare Holleley (CSIRO), Ira Deveson (Garvan), Jennifer Marshall Graves (Latrobe), Craig Smith (Monash), Hardip Patel (ANU), Sudha Rao (QIMR), Aurora Ruiz-Herrera (AUB), Paul Waters (UNSW), Lisa Schwanz (UNSW), Sarah Whiteley (UC), Duminda Dissanayake (UC) and Xiuwen Zhang (UC) We are using novel genetic, molecular and cytological approaches to build a picture of the mechanisms of sex determination in the central bearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps and other squamates. Central questions we address are: Which chromosomes are the sex chromosomes and what genes do they contain among which is the master switch? How does temperature exert its influence in species with thermolabile sex? What drives transitions in the relative influence of genotype and environment, and how do gene-environment interactions play out in the wild? Team: Bruno Ferronato, John Roe, Martha Rees and Arthur Georges Possibly our most well-studied turtle, yet mark-recapture, radio-tracking, behavioural studies, and molecular studies are yielding many surprises on its secret terrestrial sojourns. We now know that this species spends an extraordinary amount of time on land, navigating by the sun, conserving water through terrestrial aestivation and episodic movement associated with rain, that it can survive and thrive in urban systems given the right combination of conditions, and that it comprises a single species across a wide range in eastern Australia with little genetic diversification. Team: Arthur Georges, Peter Unmack, Matthew Young, Scott Thomson and Xiuwen Zhang Australia has a unique freshwater turtle fauna, dominated by the Family Chelidae. Chelid turtles are found only in Australasia and South America, even as fossils, and so are of clear Gondwanal origin. Remarkably, as with the marsupials, the Australian and South American radiations appear to be independent, with no crossover in the relationships among the various species on each continent. Our research ranges from phylogeny, including recent sequencing of the whole mitochondiral genomes of the Australian chelids, to examining species boundaries with allozymes (formerly) and now single nucleotide markers, to phylogeography at regional scales. Team: Carla Eisemberg, Yolarnie Amepou and Arthur Georges. The pignosed turtle is the sole remaining species of what was once a widespread family distributed through Asia, Europe and North America. As such it is of considerable conservation interest, and its biology holds many novel surprises. We have unravelled the complexities of temperature-dependent sex determination in natural nests of the species, learned much of its reproductive biology including the habit of nesting twice every second year and its split personality when it comes to nesting in the New Guinea lowlands. Its conservation biology in Papua New Guinea is a focus of our current research, working along side local communities in bringing about solutions to ensure sustainability of populations of this important food resource for future generations. Team: Arthur Georges, Rod Kennett, Damien Fordham and Erica Alacs. The northern snakenecked turtle Chelodina oblonga (formerly rugosa) has some remarkable ways of dealing with unpredictability in the availability of water in the wet-dry tropics of Australia and southern New Guinea. The adults aestivate beneath the drying mud of their billabongs to wait out the dry season, where they are susceptable to traditional harvest by indigenous peoples and exotic predators such as feral pigs. They cope with unpredictability in the timing of the end of the wet season by laying their eggs in saturated soil or even underwater. While innundated, the embryos undergo early developmental arrest stimulated by hypoxia. We have invested much time and energy in unravelling this intriguing reproductive biology. We described closely related species of snakeneck from the sandstone country of Arnhem Land and the Kimberley. Team: Arthur Georges and Renee Catullo (Program Leads) The Australian Amphibian and Reptile Genomics initiative is a nationally inclusive and collaborative project co-led by Prof Craig Moritz (ANU) and Prof Arthur Georges (University of Canberra) and driven by the research community through partnership of universities, museums, government agencies and NGOs. The initiative will facilitate research using genomics approaches towards a more thorough understanding of evolution and conservation of Australia’s unique native Amphibians and Reptiles that are now under threat, through climate, disease or habitat modification. Bioplatforms Australia has funded this initiative which will operate under the governance of representatives from Australian museums, universities and government agencies.

"Wanafunzi wa chuo hicho ni: Arthur George, Clare Holloway, Ira Devison, Jennifer Marshall-Graves, Craig Smith, Hardeep Patel, Sudha Rao, Aurora Ruiz-Herrera, Lisa Schwanz, Sarah Whiteley, Dumas, Dusan Dayan, Xiang Yue, na Wang Yue, na wanajifunza kuhusu ""mfumo wa kuamua jinsia"" katika wanyama kama vile Pygmalion, Pygmalion, na Pygmalion." "Kwa hivyo, swali la msingi ni: ""Ni chromosomes gani za ngono na ni jeni gani zinajumuisha, na ni nini kinachobadilisha?""" Joto huathirije spishi zenye jinsia yenye uwezo wa kuathiriwa na joto? Ni nini kinachoongoza mabadiliko katika ushawishi wa jamaa wa genotype na mazingira, na jinsi gani maingiliano ya jeni na mazingira hufanyika katika mazingira ya porini? Bruno Ferronato, John Rowe, Martha Rees na Arthur Georges, wanafanya utafiti wa kipekee kuhusu kamba huyo, lakini utafiti wa tabia na uchunguzi wa molekuli unaonyesha mambo mengi ya kushangaza kuhusu safari zake za siri duniani. Sasa tunajua kwamba spishi hii hutumia muda mwingi sana ardhini, ikisafiri kwa jua, kuhifadhi maji kupitia aestivation ya ardhini na harakati za vipindi zinazohusiana na mvua, inaweza kuishi na kusitawi katika mifumo ya mijini ikiwa na mchanganyiko sahihi wa hali, na inajumuisha spishi moja katika eneo pana la mashariki mwa Australia na utofauti mdogo wa maumbile. Arthur Georges, Peter Unmeck, Matthew Young, Scott Thomson na Xiuwen Zhang Australia ina aina ya kipekee ya kasa wa maji baridi, wakiongozwa na Familia ya Chelidae. Kamba za Chelid hupatikana tu katika Australasia na Amerika Kusini, hata kama visukuku, na hivyo ni ya asili ya Gondwanal wazi. Kwa kushangaza, kama ilivyo na marsupials, radiations ya Australia na Amerika Kusini inaonekana kuwa huru, bila crossover katika mahusiano kati ya spishi mbalimbali katika kila bara. Utafiti wetu unaanzia phylogeny, ikiwa ni pamoja na mfululizo wa hivi karibuni wa mitochondrial nzima ya chelids ya Australia, kwa kuchunguza mipaka ya spishi na allozymes (zamani) na sasa alama za nucleotide moja, kwa phylogeography katika viwango vya kikanda. Timu: Carla Eisemberg, Yolarnie Amepou na Arthur Georges. Turtle Pignosed ni aina pekee iliyobaki ya kile kilichokuwa wakati mmoja familia kuenea katika Asia, Ulaya na Amerika ya Kaskazini. Kwa hiyo, ni jambo lenye kupendeza sana, na biolojia yake ina mambo mengi yasiyo ya kawaida. "Tumefafanua utata wa kuamua jinsia kwa kutegemea joto katika viota vya asili vya spishi hii, na kujifunza mengi ya biolojia yake ya uzazi, ikiwa ni pamoja na tabia ya kufanya kiota mara mbili kila baada ya miaka miwili na utu wake uliogawanyika linapokuja kiota katika maeneo ya chini ya New Guinea. """ Uhifadhi wa wanyama katika Papua New Guinea ni lengo la utafiti wetu wa sasa, kufanya kazi pamoja na jamii za mitaa katika kuleta suluhisho ili kuhakikisha uendelevu wa idadi ya watu wa rasilimali hii muhimu ya chakula kwa vizazi vijavyo. Timu: Arthur Georges, Rod Kennett, Damien Fordham na Erica Alacs. Chelodina oblonga (Rugosa) ni aina ya kasa anayeitwa Chelodina oblonga ambaye anaishi katika maeneo ya kitropiki ya Australia na New Guinea. Wanyama hao wakubwa huishi chini ya matope ya billabong zao ili kusubiri msimu wa ukame, ambapo wanaweza kuvuliwa kwa njia ya jadi na wenyeji na wanyama wa asili kama vile nguruwe wa mwituni. Wao hukabiliana na hali ya kutoweza kutabiriwa ya wakati wa mwisho wa msimu wa mvua kwa kuweka mayai yao katika udongo wenye maji mengi au hata chini ya maji. Wakati wa kuzamishwa, viini-tete hupitia kukomeshwa kwa maendeleo mapema kunakochochewa na hypoxia. Tumewekeza wakati na nishati nyingi katika kufunua biolojia hii yenye kuvutia ya uzazi. Mnyama huyo anaitwa Snake Neck na anatoka katika eneo la Arnhem Land na Kimberley. "Mwanzoni mwa mwaka huu, utafiti wa ""Affiliate and Reptile Genomics"" ulifanywa na Profesa Craig Moritz na Profesa Arthur Cattello, na kuendeshwa na jamii ya watafiti kupitia ushirikiano wa vyuo vikuu, makumbusho, mashirika ya serikali na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali." Mpango huo utasaidia utafiti kwa kutumia mbinu za genomics kuelekea uelewa kamili wa mageuzi na uhifadhi wa amphibians na reptiles za asili za Australia ambazo sasa ziko chini ya tishio, kupitia hali ya hewa, magonjwa au mabadiliko ya makazi. Bioplatforms Australia imefadhili mpango huu ambao utafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa wawakilishi kutoka makumbusho ya Australia, vyuo vikuu na mashirika ya serikali.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

http://georges.biomatix.org/projects

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I don’t want to get carried away, but I think the Rotunda mosaics in Thessaloniki, Greece, might be it. It as in the beginning. Not the beginning of mosaics as we know them (that happened elsewhere and early examples can be seen down the road at Pella), not even the beginning of Christian mosaics (although that’s possible) but the beginning of the use of mosaics in Byzantine architecture to dazzle and awe. If not the actual beginning, then as close as damn it to the first use of gold and brilliance, of life-like mosaic portraits, intricate architectural designs, and soaring, glittering ceilings made to draw the eye upwards and induce a feeling of humble wonder at this earthly reflection of heavenly glory. The Rotunda was built in 306 AD and was originally intended to be the mausoleum of the tetrarch Galerius but he ended up being buried in Serbia, and so around a century later the abandoned structure was turned into a church and this – sometime in the early 5th century – is when the mosaic decoration was added. Bearing in mind that Constantine I moved the capital of the (disintergrating) Roman empire from Rome to Byzantium (later called Constantinople) somewhere between 324 and 330 AD, then these could well be the very first examples of Byzantine mosaics as we have come to think of them – of stylised Christian themes, glinting with gold and dripping with multi coloured glass. It certaintly means that the Rotunda mosaics, as fine and brilliantly executed as anything in Ravenna, antedate their famous counter parts by at least 100 years. There are other serious contenders for first place in the claim to be the oldest Christian church in the world (the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem) and there are other early Christian stuctures with mosaics (the Basilica of Aquileia is an obvious example) but the Rotunda mosaics could quite easily be the oldest of their kind and so I am going to leave that delicious possibility in the air as I admire the fragments that remain. The Rotunda mosaics, which have recently been revealed after decades smothered in scaffolding, consist of three distinct zones in the central dome. The lowest band is the best preserved and shows a number of figures thought to be martyrs or possibly donors standing in front of a series of Hellenistic and Roman buildings set against a gold background. Some of the buildings have been identified and include the Jordanian tombs of Petra and the Library of Ephesus in Asia Minor. The middle band is almost completely lost but we have a circular row of male feet in sandals thought to have belonged to saints or angels against a green background. Lastly, there is the central design which is assumed to have shown the figure of Christ, The only problem with the Rotunda mosaics is that is that you cant actually see them. Earthquake damage over the centuries is largely to blame but even if they were miraculously intact, the fact remains that they are typical crink-in-the-neck mosaics – mosaics so high up on the 30 metre domed ceilings that you haven’t a hope of seeing them in detail unless you have a pair of binoculars or a powerful camera zoom. So the most you can do, for now, is to enjoy the mosaics in the vaults of three of the rectangular recesses set into the six-metre thick walls which are purely decorative, showing birds and fruit, representing the fruits of paradise, set within geometric and twisting bands of silver tesserae on a gold background.. Under the years of Ottoman rule, the Rotunda became a mosque but its mosaics remained. A minaret and a fountain were added to help serve its new function and these remain although when the city won independence in 1912, it was re-consecrated as the church of Agios Dimitrios and it is now a UNESCO World Heritage site. Despite the earthquake damage and the difficulty of seeing the mosaics, I am fond of the Rotunda. It’s eccentric roundness and formidably ancient brickwork make it a pleasing relief from the ugliness of the modern utilitarian architecture around it. I like it, too, for these broken stones in the gardens which I assume come from the vast Jewish cemetery which once adjoined the building, was destroyed during Nazi occupation and now lies under the city’s university complex. I cannot read the names or inscriptions half buried in the long grass, but I can remember.

Sitaki kuhamishwa, lakini nadhani mosaics Rotunda katika Thessaloniki, Ugiriki, inaweza kuwa ni. Ni kama katika mwanzo. Si mwanzo wa mosaics kama tunavyowajua (ambayo ilitokea mahali pengine na mifano ya mapema inaweza kuonekana chini ya barabara katika Pella), wala si hata mwanzo wa mosaics Kikristo (ingawa hiyo inawezekana) lakini mwanzo wa matumizi ya mosaics katika usanifu Byzantine kuvutia na hofu. Ikiwa si mwanzo halisi, basi karibu sana na matumizi ya kwanza ya dhahabu na mwangaza, ya picha za mosaic za maisha, miundo ya usanifu tata, na dari za juu, zenye kung'aa zilizotengenezwa kuvutia jicho juu na kusababisha hisia ya ajabu ya unyenyekevu katika mwangaza huu wa kimbingu. Rotunda ilijengwa mnamo 306 KK na ilikusudiwa kuwa makaburi ya tetrarch Galerius, lakini alikufa na kuzikwa huko Serbia, na hivyo karibu karne moja baadaye muundo huo uliotelekezwa ulibadilishwa kuwa kanisa na hii wakati fulani mwanzoni mwa karne ya 5th wakati mapambo ya mosaiki yalipoongezwa. "Kama ikizingatiwa kwamba Konstantino I alihamisha mji mkuu wa Milki ya Kirumi kutoka Roma hadi Byzantium (baadaye iliitwa Constantinople) wakati fulani kati ya 324 na 330 KK, basi hizi zinaweza kuwa mifano ya kwanza ya mosaics za Byzantine kama tulivyofika kufikiria ""ya mandhari ya Kikristo ya mtindo, iking'aa na dhahabu na kutiririka na glasi nyingi za rangi.""" Kwa kweli, mosaics za Rotunda, ambazo ni nzuri na za kipaji kama yoyote katika Ravenna, ni za miaka 100 kabla ya sehemu zao maarufu za kukabiliana. Kuna wengine wanashindana kwa uzito kwa ajili ya nafasi ya kwanza katika madai ya kuwa kanisa la kale zaidi la Kikristo duniani (Kanisa la Kuzaliwa kwa Yesu katika Bethlehemu) na kuna wengine mapema Christian miundo na mosaics (Basilica ya Aquileia ni mfano dhahiri), lakini Rotunda mosaics inaweza kwa urahisi kuwa ya zamani ya aina yao, na hivyo mimi nina kwenda kuondoka uwezekano kwamba ladha katika hewa kama mimi admire vipande kwamba kubaki. Mosaiki za Rotunda, ambazo zimefunuliwa hivi karibuni baada ya miaka mingi ya kufichwa na scaffolding, zina maeneo matatu tofauti katika dome ya kati. Sehemu ya chini zaidi ni iliyohifadhiwa vizuri na inaonyesha idadi ya takwimu zinazodhaniwa kuwa wafia imani au uwezekano wa wafadhili wamesimama mbele ya safu ya majengo ya Kihellenisti na Kirumi yaliyowekwa dhidi ya msingi wa dhahabu. Baadhi ya majengo hayo yametambuliwa na yanatia ndani makaburi ya Petra ya Yordani na Maktaba ya Efeso katika Asia Ndogo. Mstari wa kati umepotea kabisa, lakini tuna safu ya pande zote za miguu ya wanaume katika viatu ambavyo vinafikiriwa kuwa vya watakatifu au malaika dhidi ya mandhari ya kijani. Kwa mfano, kuna picha ya Kristo katika sehemu ya katikati ya hekalu, na kuna picha ya Kristo katika sehemu ya kati ya hekalu, lakini kuna tatizo la mosaic ya Rotunda, ambayo ni kwamba unaweza kuona. Uharibifu wa tetemeko la ardhi kwa karne nyingi ni kwa kiasi kikubwa kulaumiwa lakini hata kama walikuwa kimuujiza intact, ukweli unabaki kwamba wao ni kawaida crink-katika-shingo mosaics - mosaics hivyo juu juu juu ya mita 30 domeed dari kwamba huna matumaini ya kuona yao kwa undani isipokuwa una jozi ya binoculars au nguvu kamera zoom. Kwa hivyo, kwa sasa, unaweza kufurahia tu mosaics katika vaults tatu za viti vya mstatili zilizowekwa kwenye kuta zenye unene wa mita sita ambazo ni mapambo tu, zinaonyesha ndege na matunda, kuwakilisha matunda ya paradiso, zilizowekwa ndani ya bendi za kijiometri na twisting za tesserae za fedha kwenye msingi wa dhahabu. Chini ya miaka ya utawala wa Ottoman, Rotunda ikawa msikiti lakini michoro yake ilibaki. Mnara wa minara na chemchemi ziliongezwa kusaidia kuhudumia kazi yake mpya na hizi bado zipo ingawa wakati mji ulipopata uhuru mnamo 1912, ilitolewa upya kama kanisa la Agios Dimitrios na sasa ni tovuti ya Urithi wa Dunia wa UNESCO. Licha ya uharibifu uliosababishwa na tetemeko la ardhi na ugumu wa kuona michoro hiyo, ninaipenda Rotunda. Ni mviringo wa kipekee na ujenzi wa matofali ya kale sana hufanya iwe kitulizo cha kupendeza kutoka kwa uovu wa usanifu wa kisasa wa matumizi kuzunguka. "Ninaipenda pia kwa sababu ya mawe haya yaliyovunjika katika bustani ambayo ninafikiri yanatoka kwenye makaburi makubwa ya Kiyahudi ambayo wakati mmoja yaliambatana na jengo hilo, iliharibiwa wakati wa uvamizi wa Nazi na sasa iko chini ya jengo la chuo kikuu cha jiji.""" Siwezi kusoma majina au maandishi yaliyokuwa yamefunikwa katika nyasi ndefu, lakini naweza kukumbuka.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

http://helenmilesmosaics.org/mosaic-sites/rotunda-mosaics/

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Yeast counts in Neubauer improved or Thoma counting chambers Introduction to counting chambers Experiments or studies that work with cells require the cells in known and suitable quantities. There are different methods used to count the cells in a cell suspension. Despite great advances in science, even today one of the most widely used methods, due to its simplicity and low cost, is the direct microscopic observation and counting of cells in cell counting chambers or haemocytometers. There are many different counting chambers, but their basic usage is common to all of them. The counting chamber is a special slide with a frame of known surface marked on it, wherein a fixed volume of the cell suspension under study is placed. By counting the cells in that particular volume under the microscope, the concentration of cells in the sample can be estimated. Although these frames can vary a lot (they can be subdivided in different ways), they usually delimit a square surface of 1 mm/side (1 mm2), which is then subdivided into smaller squares. When the sample is placed in the chamber and the cover glass is in the proper position, the sample reaches in most chamber models a height of 0.1 mm. Thus, by counting cells located in the counting area the number of cells in 0.1 microliters are accounted (1 mm2 x 0.1 mm = 0.1 µl = 10-4 ml). If instead of counting all the cells in all squares in the 1 mm2 area, cells are counted in fewer squares (for example, when the number of cells in each of the squares is very high), contiguous squares should not be counted. In this case, the medium squares in the corners and the one in the center are usually counted, and the data will be extrapolated to estimate the number of cells in the total 1 mm2 area . Specific information on Neubauer improved counting chamber Specific information on Thoma counting chamber Note to Teachers If you want to use this service for educational propose the following procedure is suggested: - Provide students with the URL of this page. - Tell the student to count the yeasts in one of the counting chambers and to solve the problems. In case the teacher wants to control the activity, it is suggested that students generate aspecific 8-digit number to receive a corresponding problem, then solve the exercise and deliver it for correction. The teacher can access the solved problems here. Exercise number: 96877331 Show a different problem Please read the entire page before proceeding to solve the problem. From a yeast suspension two decimal dilutions were obtained up to 10-2 dilution. Ten microliters of the dilution were transferred to an improved Neubauer counting chamber and another ten to a Thoma counting chamber. Count the cells in the counting chamber and calculate the concentration of yeasts in the initial suspension. Then, find out how to obtain the following suspensions of - A suspension of 2 ml with a concentration of 5 x 106 yeast/ml. - A suspension of 3 ml with a concentration of 5 x 108 yeast/ml. To count cells click on the counting chamber (Neubauer or Thoma) you want to use. A new window will be opened with a representation of the selected counting chamber. The resulting image is substantially larger than the screen. It is likely that the browser will fit the image to the browser's window, so that the resolution of the image will be very poor. In this case, click on the image to view the full size image. The user will need to use the scroll bars to locate the counting area of the counting chamber in order to count the yeasts. This process resembles the microscopic observation of the counting chamber with a 40X objective, and it is intended to be used for familiarization with the counting chamber that later could be used in To solve the exercise, all yeasts in the central big square of the counting chamber must be counted (25 medium squares in the improved Neubauer chamber or 16 medium squares in the Thoma chamber). Both counting chambers will lead to the same result if the center of the counting chamber is counted. Them, the concentration of the undiluted yeast suspension must be calculated and the necessary calculations to solve the proposed questions must be computed. Counting Chamber: Neubauer improved Counting Chamber: Thoma

Kwa mfano, katika uchunguzi wa Neubauer na Thoma, chembe za kuhesabu zilikuwa na idadi kubwa ya chembe za kuhesabu. Kuna mbinu tofauti zinazotumiwa kuhesabu chembe katika kusimamishwa kwa chembe. Licha ya maendeleo makubwa ya kisayansi, hata leo moja ya mbinu zinazotumiwa sana, kwa sababu ya unyenyekevu wake na gharama ya chini, ni uchunguzi wa moja kwa moja wa microscopic na kuhesabu seli katika vyumba vya kuhesabu seli au hemocytometers. Kuna vyumba vingi tofauti vya kuhesabu, lakini matumizi yao ya msingi ni ya kawaida kwa vyote. Chumba cha kuhesabu ni slide maalum na sura ya uso unaojulikana iliyochorwa juu yake, ambapo kiasi cha kudumu cha kusimamishwa kwa seli chini ya utafiti huwekwa. Kwa kuhesabu chembe zilizo katika kiasi hicho hususa chini ya darubini, kiasi cha chembe zilizo katika sampuli hiyo chaweza kukadiriwa. Ingawa mifumo hii inaweza kutofautiana sana (inaweza kugawanywa kwa njia tofauti), kwa kawaida huamua uso wa mraba wa 1 mm (1 mm2) upande, ambao kisha umegawanywa katika mraba mdogo. Wakati sampuli imewekwa katika chumba na kioo cha kifuniko kiko katika nafasi sahihi, sampuli hufikia urefu wa 0.1 mm katika mifano mingi ya chumba. Kwa hivyo, kwa kuhesabu seli zilizopo katika eneo la kuhesabu, idadi ya seli katika microliters 0.1 (mm2 x mm1) = 0.1 ml = 10 ml) huhesabiwa. Ikiwa badala ya kuhesabu seli zote katika mraba wote katika eneo la 1 mm2, seli zinahesabiwa katika mraba wachache (kwa mfano, wakati idadi ya seli katika kila moja ya mraba ni kubwa sana), mraba unaohusiana haupaswi kuhesabiwa. Katika kesi hii, mraba wa kati katika pembe na moja katikati ni kawaida kuhesabiwa, na data itakuwa extrapolated kukadiria idadi ya seli katika jumla ya 1 mm2 eneo. "Kama unajua, ""Neubauer Improved Counting Chamber"" ni moja ya huduma za msingi za elimu, na kwa hivyo, ikiwa unataka kutumia huduma hii kwa ajili ya elimu, tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali tafadhali." - Mwambie mwanafunzi kuhesabu chachu katika moja ya vyumba vya kuhesabu na kutatua matatizo. Kwa mfano, kama mwalimu anataka kudhibiti shughuli, ni kupendekezwa kwamba wanafunzi kuzalisha aspecific namba ya tarakimu nane kupokea tatizo husika, kisha kutatua zoezi na kutoa kwa ajili ya marekebisho. Mwalimu anaweza kupata matatizo kutatuliwa hapa. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa 96733, ""Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti.""" Kutoka kwa suspension ya chachu, dilutions mbili za decimal zilipatikana hadi dilutions ya 10-2 Mikrolita kumi za umajimaji zilipelekwa kwenye chumba cha kuhesabu cha Neubauer kilichoboreshwa na kumi nyingine kwenye chumba cha kuhesabu cha Thoma. Hesabu chembe katika chumba cha kuhesabu na kuhesabu mkusanyiko wa chachu katika suspension ya awali. Kwa mfano, unaweza kupata suspension ya 2 ml ya 5 x 106 yeast. Suspension ya 3 ml yenye mkusanyiko wa 5 x 108 yai kwa ml. Ili kuhesabu seli bonyeza juu ya chumba kuhesabu (Neubauer au Thoma) unataka kutumia. dirisha jipya itafunguliwa na uwakilishi wa chumba kuchunguza kuchaguliwa. Picha inayotokezwa ni kubwa sana kuliko skrini. Ni uwezekano kwamba kivinjari itafaa picha kwa dirisha la kivinjari, hivyo kwamba azimio la picha itakuwa duni sana. Katika kesi hii, bonyeza picha ili kuona picha ya ukubwa kamili. Mtumiaji atahitaji kutumia scroll bars kupata eneo la kuhesabu la chumba cha kuhesabu ili kuhesabu chachu. Mchakato huu unafanana na uchunguzi wa microscopic wa chumba cha kuhesabu na lengo la 40x, na ni lengo la kutumiwa kwa ajili ya kufahamiana na chumba cha kuhesabu ambayo baadaye inaweza kutumika katika kutatua zoezi, mayai yote katika mraba mkubwa wa kati wa chumba cha kuhesabu lazima kuhesabiwa (square 25 kati katika chumba cha Neubauer kilichoboreshwa au mraba 16 kati katika chumba cha Thoma). Vyumba vyote viwili vya kuhesabu vitaongoza kwenye matokeo sawa ikiwa kituo cha chumba cha kuhesabu kitatahesabiwa. Katika kesi hii, ni muhimu kuamua kiwango cha uncertainty ya mchuzi wa mchuzi na kuamua jinsi ya kuamua kiwango cha uncertainty. Chumba cha kujitegemea: Neubauer kuboreshwa Chumba cha kujitegemea: Thoma

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

http://insilico.ehu.es/counting_chamber/

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Only a small percentage of cats are actually finicky in their eating habits. Sometimes a cat will suddenly stop eating a food she has eaten and enjoyed for quite a while. There often seems to be no apparent reason to you. Keep in mind that there are reasons for this, and methods exist to overcome them. First of all, you need to rule out any possible medical problems. A number of physical problems can affect your cat’s eating habits. In fact, approximately 90% of cats with an underlying medical problem display a pickiness about food. Tooth pain, a diminished sense of smell (particularly in an older cat), respiratory infections, and kidney disease are a number of medical problems which can curb your cat’s appetite. Make an appointment with your veterinarian. Not all medical problems are obvious. Cats are notorious for hiding anything that is wrong with them and only a veterinarian exam can uncover them. If there are no underlying medical problems, then the next step is to examine your cat’s feeding area. Look for any of the following: Is the feeding dish too small, and the sides too high? A cat’s whiskers are very sensitive, and if they rub the sides of the dish each time your cat takes any food from it, the cat could stop eating due to the discomfort of her whiskers brushing against the dish’s sides. (This is also true for your cat’s water dish. Your cat might resort to pawing the water out of the bowl!) Be sure to use wide, low sided, flat glass, ceramic, or stainless steel dishes. NOTE: Cats should be fed from bowls, not cans. Cans are too small. It is difficult for the cat to get all the food out. Make your cat’s meal pleasurable and use a bowl. Is the dish made of plastic? Plastic holds odors from previous meals even though you clean the dishes after each use. Also, soap odors will stay in the plastic. (Use soap lightly on cat dishes; they are quite sensitive to soap.) Each time your cat eats from a plastic bowl, the odors trapped in the plastic finish will make the food more unpalatable until the cat will refuse to eat from it. Some cats may even develop skin problems from contact with plastic. Are you feeding your cat on a paper plate? Some cats will be disturbed by the dish scooting all around and the food being pushed off the dish onto the floor and even under the plate, because the plate is too flat. A low-sided dish (preferably glass, ceramic or stainless steel) will provide a place where the food will stop moving and the cat can pick it up easier. Try eating off a flat plate using only your mouth. How easy is it to pick up the food? Paper plates and bowls may make clean-up easy for you, but can be a big problem for your cat. They slide all over the place, since they are so light-weight. NOTE: You could use the paper bowls and place them inside a regular bowl; but you will still have to clean the bowl, as food will inevitably get under it. Are you keeping your cat’s dish clean? You need to wash and clean your cat’s food dish before each and every meal. The same goes for the water bowl. Change the water twice a day and clean the bowl each time. Would you eat off dishes (or drink from a glass) that still had residue and bits and pieces of food from previous meals? Cats need clean eating dishes just as we do, to remain healthy. Your cat had half a can of food for her previous meal. You covered the rest of the can, as you should, and put it in the refrigerator. You take it out of the refrigerator, put it in your cat’s dish, and give it to your cat. She turns away after tasting it. The food most likely is too cold. It could also be too dry, since moisture tends to evaporate out of the food after the can has been opened. Cats prefer their food close to room temperature. Add some hot tap water; mix well, then give it to your cat. They like the moistness and the hot tap water should remove the refrigerator chill. You could also warm the food for five to eight seconds in the microwave. Just don’t let the food get hot. Cat’s won’t eat hot food either. Then add some water for moisture. Is the cat food stale or spoiled? An open can of cat food can go bad after a couple of days (even in the refrigerator) and will dry out. Sometimes the can of food is spoiled due to damage to the can, in which the seal has been broken. Never buy dented or damaged cans. Did you know that dry cat food can go stale once the box or bag has been opened, the seal broken? Dry cat food is no different in this respect than our own packaged food. Once you open a package of crackers or potato chips, they will become stale. We suggest that once you open the dry food packaging, transfer the contents to a container you can seal. It will remain fresh much longer. Cats are very sensitive to stale or spoiled food. They can smell the staleness much sooner than we can, since a cat’s sense of smell is so acute. They simply won’t eat it if it isn’t fresh enough. Have you suddenly changed your cat’s diet? A bad idea. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea can result. This will certainly cause your cat to avoid the food. If you must change a cat’s diet, do it gradually over a period of time. Mix the new food in among the old. Increase the amount of the new food and decrease the amount of the old food gradually, until you are using only the new food. This will adjust the cat to a new taste and the cat’s digestive system will get a chance to adjust to the new food without creating problems to the cat’s digestive system. NOTE: A cat will literally starve to death rather than eat a food she doesn’t like or want, or is new. Never force your cat to eat any food. Your cat could die. A cat’s appetite can also be affected by stress, the same as with us. Check for the following: Does your cat share a food dish with another cat or two? The other cat(s) may be dominating and inhibiting your cat from enjoying her food. An easy solution is to give each cat a dish of her own, and feed each cat in a different location as opposed to side by side. Dishes side by side won’t stop the problem. The other cat will simply push your cat away from her dish. If she moves to the other dish, the same thing will happen. Keep the dishes far enough apart to prevent this. Is the eating area noisy? Most cats don’t like to eat where there is a lot of noise. Avoid areas with steady foot traffic and with noisy machines, like washers, dryers, furnaces. Does a child, say a toddler, disturb the cat when she is eating? Tail pulling, patting, etc. can ruin your cat’s meal. Leave the cat alone while she is eating. Has your cat recently lost another animal companion or a human friend? She will not eat as well. Cats do mourn, just as we do. In time, your cat’s appetite will pick up as she begins to accept and adjust to the loss. Have you moved recently? This also can stress your cat enough to affect her eating. There is also the possibility that your cat is not eating her food well or being quite picky about any canned cat food simply because you are feeding her table scraps. These taste better to your cat, but keep in mind, table scraps are not nutritionally good for cats. Your cat’s dietary requirements for good health are quite different from ours. Commercial cat foods (canned and dry) are made to give your cat 100% of all her nutritional needs. An occasional table scrap is fine, but a steady diet could make your cat ill over time. So to keep your cat healthy, feed her only food made specifically for cats. (Dog food will not meet your cat’s needs. The balance of nutrients in dog food is wrong for cats.) You can give an occasional treat as a part of your cat’s diet. Just don’t use table scraps as a replacement for commercial, well-balanced cat food. Anything about the food–its taste, smell, texture, or temperature may cause the cat to walk away from her food dish if she is truly a finicky eater. Many senior cats have arthritis or other health problems that can make eating difficult. Consider elevating the food dishes off the floor to reach “nose level” so your cat can get the food more easily. Some cats don’t like it when their whiskers touch the bowl’s sides, so try feeding from a saucer or a bowl with low sides. All cats rely primarily upon their sense of smell to determine if a certain food is worth eating. They will sniff cautiously at the food before ever tasting it. If it doesn’t smell right, they will walk away. Sometimes you can encourage a reluctant eater to begin eating by dipping your finger into some of the liquid on the canned food being offered, then gently running your finger across the cat’s mouth. She will then promptly lick it off. (Keep the food dish in front of your cat.) Many times this is enough and the cat will begin to eat. We call this ‘jump-starting’. Canned food is favored by most cats because it more closely resembles the cat’s natural prey. Canned food has a much higher water content than dry food, and thus helps prevent urinary tract problems. Dry food, with its very low water content, can cause the cat’s urine to become relatively concentrated and to cause crystals to form in the bladder. These crystals cause a very painful obstruction in the urethra and can stop the flow of urine completely. Emergency veterinarian care and often surgery is required immediately or the cat could die. Fortunately, the salt level in dry food is high enough to encourage cats to drink more water. This lowers the chance of crystals forming in the bladder. It is best to offer both canned and dry foods. Preventing finickiness in your cat is easier than trying to cure it. Feed kittens and young cats a variety of foods right from the beginning. Using both canned and dry food varieties of different shapes and sizes is wise. They learn that there are many interesting and tasty flavors that come in different textures, shapes and sizes. We feed a large variety of commercial cat foods, both canned and dry. Our cats are always eager to try any new food we introduce. Since such a large variety is always used, we don’t have any adverse reactions to any new type offered. Of course, their regular variety is always present when a new kind is offered. If your cat is already finicky, you can try several things to change this. First off, make sure the cat is eating in a comfortable, stress-free and safe area. Some cats prefer your company when they are eating. Try talking gently to your cat when she goes over to eat. Stay near, if this is what keeps your cat eating. NOTE: Please never place your cat’s eating and drinking area next to a litter pan. Would you like to eat your meals next to your toilet? Sometimes it is necessary to stimulate your cat’s appetite, especially if she is or has been ill. If your cat likes tuna, pour a little tuna juice over some canned tuna cat food. The taste and smell of food is enhanced when it is warm. Warm your cat’s food to make it more palatable. Just keep in mind not to make it hot. Cats prefer their food close to room temperature. Food that is too hot will make your cat turn away. We tend to use some canned kitten formula, warmed a bit, when any of our cats become ill and slow down or stop eating. This is gentle to their digestion, loaded with nutrients, and most cats love it. Don’t over-do with the kitten formula, though. It is very fattening, and too much can cause adult cats diarrhea, but is a good appetite awakener and gives a sick cat nutrients she wouldn’t get otherwise. There is also a canned milk called “Cat-Sure” for cats seven years and older. Eating provides energy that helps fight off any illness. Cream cheese also is a good appetite stimulant. A little dab can start up the appetite. Cream cheese is also a good treat or reward for good behavior. We also use some dry kitten chow with sick cats and those who don’t eat well. Again, most cats love kitten chow. Just remember, it too can be very fattening and not to over-use it. Mixing a bit in with your cat’s regular dry food can start her eating well. Slowly, replace the amount of kitten chow over a period of time until your cat is not receiving any, but is still eating her dry food. Baby food can also be used to stimulate a cat’s appetite. Just be very careful with this one. Be sure that the baby food does not contain any onion powder. Onions are dangerous for cats to ingest. In quantity, onions can cause a blood disorder called Heinz-body anemia. You don’t want large veterinarian bills. Your veterinarian can also supply you with a vitamin-rich paste that comes in a tube (a high calorie nutritional supplement, for cats & dogs). You simply squirt out about a half-inch onto your finger and carefully wipe it on the inside of her mouth. Most cats don’t mind the taste of this too much; sometimes you can wipe it on the back of a front paw and they’ll lick it off. This paste is very good for putting weight on thin cats. It is good to use on a cat that has stopped eating. The nutrients in it may help keep them alive. If she refuses it, you can put about an inch in a needle-less syringe and carefully squirt it into the back of her mouth, being careful not to go too far back or too fast and choke her. Sometimes a cat will be determined to spit it out, and you’ll have to put a hand under her chin to keep her mouth closed while keeping her nose pointed upwards, until she swallows it. NOTE: If your cat’s eating habits change and she doesn’t eat for twenty-four hours or more, call your veterinarian promptly. A cat’s liver will begin to shut down and can cause death if the cat doesn’t eat for three days. Eating should be a pleasure for your cat, just as it is for us.

Ni asilimia ndogo tu ya paka ambao kwa kweli ni wenye ubaguzi katika mazoea yao ya kula. Wakati mwingine paka ataacha kula chakula ambacho amekula na kufurahia kwa muda mrefu. Mara nyingi huoni sababu ya kufanya hivyo. Kumbuka kwamba kuna sababu za hali hiyo, na kuna njia za kuzipinga. Kwanza kabisa, unahitaji kuondoa matatizo yoyote ya kitiba. Matatizo kadhaa ya kimwili yanaweza kuathiri tabia za paka wako za kula. Kwa kweli, karibu 90% ya paka wenye matatizo ya msingi ya matibabu huonyesha upendeleo juu ya chakula. Maumivu ya meno, kupungua kwa hisia ya kunusa (haswa kwa paka mzee), maambukizo ya njia za kupumua, na ugonjwa wa figo ni matatizo kadhaa ya matibabu ambayo yanaweza kuzuia hamu ya chakula ya paka wako. Panga mkutano na daktari wako wa mifugo. Si matatizo yote ya kitiba yanayoonekana waziwazi. Paka wanajulikana kwa kuficha chochote kilicho kibaya kwao na ni uchunguzi wa daktari wa mifugo tu unaoweza kuifunua. Ikiwa hakuna matatizo ya msingi ya matibabu, basi hatua inayofuata ni kuchunguza eneo la kulisha paka wako. Angalia ikiwa kuna jambo lolote kati ya haya yafuatayo: Je, bakuli la kulisha ni dogo sana, na pande zake ni za juu sana? Mbuzi wa paka ni nyeti sana, na ikiwa wanakumbatia pande za sahani kila wakati paka wako anapochukua chakula kutoka kwake, paka anaweza kuacha kula kwa sababu ya usumbufu wa ndevu zake zikikumbatia pande za sahani. (Hilo laweza pia kusemwa kuhusu bakuli la maji la paka wako. Huenda paka wako akaanza kuondoa maji kwenye bakuli kwa mikono yake!) Hakikisha unatumia vyombo vya kioo, vya kauri, au vya chuma kisichoweza kutuuka vyenye pande pana, zenye pande za chini. Kumbuka: Paka wanapaswa kulishwa kutoka bakuli, si makopo. Makopo ni madogo sana. Ni vigumu kwa paka kuondoa chakula chote. Fanya mlo wa paka wako uwe wenye kupendeza na utumie bakuli. Je, sahani hiyo imetengenezwa kwa plastiki? Plastiki huhifadhi harufu kutoka kwa chakula cha awali hata ingawa unasafisha vyombo baada ya kila matumizi. Pia, harufu ya sabuni itabaki katika plastiki. (Tumia sabuni kidogo kwenye vyombo vya paka; wao ni nyeti sana kwa sabuni.) Kila wakati paka wako akila kutoka kwa bakuli la plastiki, harufu zilizofungwa katika plastiki itafanya chakula hicho kiwe kisichopendeza hadi paka atakapokataa kula kutoka kwake. Wanyama wengine wanaweza hata kupata matatizo ya ngozi kwa sababu ya kugusa plastiki. Je, unamlisha paka wako kwenye sahani ya karatasi? Baadhi ya paka hufadhaishwa na sahani inayotembea na chakula kinachoshushwa kutoka kwenye sahani hadi chini ya sahani, kwa sababu sahani ni tambarare sana. Chakula cha chini (kwa vyema kioo, kauri au chuma cha pua) kitatoa mahali ambapo chakula kitasimama na paka anaweza kukichukua kwa urahisi. Jaribu kula kutoka kwenye sahani tambarare kwa kutumia mdomo wako tu. Ni rahisi kadiri gani kuchukua chakula? Vipande vya karatasi na vikombe vya karatasi vinaweza kufanya usafi uwe rahisi kwako, lakini vinaweza kuwa tatizo kubwa kwa paka wako. Wao hupeperushwa kila mahali, kwa kuwa ni wepesi sana. Kumbuka: Unaweza kutumia bakuli la karatasi na kuziweka ndani ya bakuli la kawaida, lakini bado utalazimika kusafisha bakuli, kwa kuwa chakula kitakuwa chini yake. Je, unaweka sahani ya paka wako safi? Unahitaji kuosha na kusafisha bakuli la chakula cha paka wako kabla ya kila mlo. Ndivyo ilivyo na bakuli la maji. Badilisha maji mara mbili kwa siku na usafishe bakuli kila mara. Je, ungeweza kula chakula kutoka kwenye vyombo (au kunywa kutoka glasi) ambavyo bado vilikuwa na mabaki na vipande vya chakula kutoka kwa mlo wa awali? Paka wanahitaji vyombo safi vya kula kama sisi, ili wawe na afya. Paka wako alikuwa na nusu chupa ya chakula kwa mlo wake wa awali. Ulifunika sehemu iliyobaki ya chupa hiyo, kama ulivyopaswa, na kuiweka kwenye friji. Ukichukua chakula kutoka kwenye friji, weka ndani ya bakuli la paka wako na kumpa. Yeye hugeuka baada ya kuonja. Yaelekea chakula hicho ni baridi sana. Pia inaweza kuwa kavu sana, kwa kuwa unyevu huelekea kutoweka kutoka kwenye chakula baada ya chupa kufunguliwa. Paka hupendelea chakula chao kiwe karibu na joto la chumba. Ongeza maji ya bomba moto; changanya vizuri, kisha mpe paka wako. Wao hupenda unyevu na maji ya bomba moto yanapaswa kuondoa baridi ya friji. Unaweza pia kupasha chakula kwa sekunde tano hadi nane katika microwave. Tu si basi chakula kupata moto. Paka hawataki kula chakula moto pia. Kisha ongeza maji ili iwe na unyevu. Je, chakula cha paka kimedhoofika au kimeharibika? Keki iliyofunguliwa ya chakula cha paka inaweza kuharibika baada ya siku chache (hata katika friji) na itakauka. Wakati mwingine, chakula kinaweza kuharibika kwa sababu ya uharibifu wa chupa, ambayo muhuri umevunjika. Usinunue kamwe makopo yaliyochongoka au kuharibiwa. Je, unajua kwamba chakula cha paka kinaweza kuharibika mara tu sanduku au mfuko ulipofunguliwa? Chakula kavu cha paka hakitofautiani katika jambo hili na chakula chetu chenye kufungishwa. Mara tu unapofungua kifurushi cha keki au chips za viazi, vitakuwa vimechakaa. Baada ya kufungua kifurushi cha chakula kavu, uhamishe yaliyomo kwenye chombo ambacho unaweza kufunga. Itabaki kuwa safi kwa muda mrefu zaidi. Paka huwa na hisia kali sana kwa chakula kilichopooza au kilichoharibika. Wanaweza kunusa harufu ya vitu vilivyochakaa mapema kuliko sisi, kwa kuwa paka ana uwezo mkubwa wa kunusa. Hawatakula ikiwa si safi vya kutosha. Je, kwa ghafula umebadili mlo wa paka wako? Ni wazo baya. Huenda ikawa na kichefuchefu, kutapika, na kuhara. Hii bila shaka itasababisha paka wako kuepuka chakula. Ikiwa ni lazima ubadilishe lishe ya paka, fanya hivyo hatua kwa hatua kwa muda. Mchanganyiko wa chakula kipya pamoja na kile cha zamani. Ongeza kiasi cha chakula kipya na kupunguza kiasi cha chakula cha zamani hatua kwa hatua, hadi utakapokuwa ukitumia chakula kipya tu. Hii itafanya paka kuhitimu na ladha mpya na mfumo wa kumeng'enya paka utapata nafasi ya kuzoea chakula kipya bila kuunda matatizo kwa mfumo wa kumeng'enya paka. Kumbuka: Paka literally kufa njaa badala ya kula chakula yeye si kama au wanataka, au ni mpya. Kamwe usimlazimishe paka wako ale chakula chochote. Paka wako anaweza kufa. Tamaa ya paka yaweza pia kuathiriwa na mfadhaiko, kama ilivyo kwetu. Angalia kama paka wako anashiriki sahani ya chakula na paka mwingine. Paka mwingine anaweza kuwa na nguvu na kumzuia paka wako asifurahie chakula chake. Njia rahisi ni kumpa kila paka sahani yake mwenyewe na kumlisha kila paka mahali tofauti badala ya kando kando. Vyakula vilivyo sambamba haviwezi kuzuia tatizo hilo. Paka mwingine atapiga paka wako mbali na sahani yake. Ikiwa atahamia kwenye sahani nyingine, jambo hilohilo litatukia. Weka vyombo mbali vya kutosha ili kuzuia jambo hilo lisitokee. Je, kuna kelele katika eneo la kula? Paka wengi hawapendi kula mahali ambapo kuna kelele nyingi. Epuka maeneo yenye watu wengi na mashine zenye kelele, kama vile mashine za kuosha nguo, mashine za kukausha nguo, na tanuru. Je, mtoto, tuseme mtoto mchanga, humsumbua paka anapokula? Kuchota mkia, kupiga makofi, na kadhalika. inaweza kuharibu chakula cha paka wako. Acha paka peke yake anapokula. Je, paka wako amepoteza rafiki au mpenzi wake? Yeye pia hatakula. Paka huomboleza, kama vile sisi tunavyofanya. Baada ya muda, paka wako ataanza kula zaidi anapoanza kukubali na kukubali hasara hiyo. Je, umehama hivi karibuni? Hii pia inaweza kumfanya paka wako awe na mkazo wa kutosha kuathiri ulaji wake. Pia kuna uwezekano kwamba paka wako haila chakula chake vizuri au ni picky sana kuhusu chakula chochote cha paka kilichohifadhiwa kwa sababu tu unamlisha mabaki ya meza. Kwa sababu ya ladha yake nzuri, unaweza kuwa na wasiwasi juu ya jinsi chakula cha meza kinavyoweza kuwa na faida kwa paka. Mahitaji ya paka wako ya chakula kwa ajili ya afya nzuri ni tofauti kabisa na yetu. Chakula cha paka (kitufungi na kavu) ni bidhaa ya kawaida ya paka, ambayo inatoa 100% ya mahitaji yake ya lishe. Mlo wa kawaida wa meza ni mzuri, lakini lishe ya kawaida inaweza kumfanya paka wako awe mgonjwa kwa muda. Kwa hiyo, ili paka wako awe na afya nzuri, mpe chakula cha paka tu. (Chakula cha mbwa hakitashughulikia mahitaji ya paka wako. Usawa wa virutubisho katika chakula cha mbwa ni mbaya kwa paka.) Unaweza kumpa paka wako chakula mara kwa mara kama sehemu ya mlo wake. Tu si kutumia scraps meza kama mbadala wa kibiashara, chakula cha paka vizuri usawa. Kitu chochote kuhusu chakula - ladha yake, harufu, muundo, au joto - kinaweza kumfanya paka aondoke kwenye bakuli lake la chakula ikiwa yeye ni mlaji mwenye kukata tamaa. Paka wengi wazee wana ugonjwa wa viungo au matatizo mengine ya afya ambayo yanaweza kufanya iwe vigumu kula. Fikiria kuinua vyombo vya chakula kutoka sakafuni ili kufikia "kiwango cha pua" ili paka wako apate chakula kwa urahisi zaidi. Baadhi ya paka hawapendi nywele zao kugusa pande za bakuli, kwa hiyo jaribu kulisha kutoka kwenye sahani au bakuli lenye pande za chini. Paka wote hutegemea hasa hisi yao ya kunusa ili kuamua ikiwa chakula fulani kinafaa kuliwa. Wao hutafakari chakula hicho kwa uangalifu kabla ya kukinunua. Ikiwa haivutii, watatoka. Wakati mwingine unaweza kumtia moyo mlaji asiye na hamu ya kuanza kula kwa kuzamisha kidole chako katika baadhi ya kioevu kwenye chakula cha makopo kinachotolewa, kisha kwa upole kukimbia kidole chako juu ya kinywa cha paka. Kisha yeye huinyunyiza mara moja. (Weka bakuli la chakula mbele ya paka wako.) Mara nyingi hilo linatosha na paka huanza kula. Sisi wito huu <unk>jump-kuanza<unk>. Mlo wa makopo hupendwa na paka wengi kwa sababu unafanana zaidi na mawindo ya asili ya paka. Vyakula vilivyohifadhiwa katika makopo vina kiasi kikubwa zaidi cha maji kuliko vyakula kavu, na hivyo husaidia kuzuia matatizo ya njia za mkojo. Chakula kavu, chenye kiasi kidogo sana cha maji, kinaweza kusababisha mkojo wa paka uwe wenye kiasi na kusababisha fuwele kufanyizwa katika kibofu cha mkojo. Kioo hicho husababisha kizuizi chenye uchungu sana katika mfereji wa mkojo na kinaweza kuzuia mtiririko wa mkojo kabisa. Matibabu ya dharura ya wanyama na mara nyingi upasuaji huhitajiwa mara moja au paka anaweza kufa. Kwa bahati nzuri, kiwango cha chumvi katika chakula kavu ni cha juu vya kutosha kuwahimiza paka kunywa maji zaidi. Hilo hupunguza uwezekano wa kutokezwa kwa fuwele katika kibofu cha mkojo. Ni afadhali kutoa vyakula vilivyohifadhiwa na vilivyo kavu. Ni rahisi kuzuia paka wako asiwe na busara kuliko kujaribu kumponya. Wanyama wadogo na watoto wa paka wanaweza kula chakula cha aina mbalimbali tangu mwanzo. Ni jambo la hekima kutumia aina mbalimbali za vyakula vilivyotengenezwa kwa makopo na visivyo na mafuta vyenye maumbo na ukubwa tofauti. Kwa hivyo, kuna ladha nyingi za kupendeza na zenye kupendeza ambazo zinapatikana katika muundo, umbo, na ukubwa tofauti. Sisi kulisha aina kubwa ya chakula cha paka kibiashara, wote makopo na kavu. Paka wetu sikuzote huwa na hamu ya kujaribu chakula chochote kipya tunachoanzisha. Kwa kuwa aina kubwa kama hiyo hutumiwa kila wakati, hatuna athari zozote mbaya kwa aina yoyote mpya inayotolewa. Bila shaka, aina yao ya kawaida huwapo sikuzote aina mpya inapotolewa. Ikiwa paka wako tayari ni mwenye kukata tamaa, unaweza kujaribu mambo kadhaa ili kubadili hali hiyo. Kwanza, hakikisha kwamba paka wako katika eneo salama, lisilo na mkazo. Paka fulani hupendelea kuwa pamoja nawe wanapokula. Jaribu kuzungumza kwa upole na paka wako anapokwenda kula. Kukaa karibu, kama hii ni nini anaendelea paka wako kula. KUMBUKA: Tafadhali kamwe uweke eneo la paka wako la kula na kunywa karibu na chungu cha litter. Je, ungependa kula chakula chako karibu na choo chako? Nyakati nyingine ni muhimu kuchochea hamu ya kula ya paka wako, hasa ikiwa ni mgonjwa au amekuwa mgonjwa. Ikiwa paka wako anapenda samaki aina ya tuna, mtiririshe maji kidogo ya samaki aina ya tuna juu ya chakula cha samaki aina ya tuna. Ladha na harufu ya chakula huimarishwa inapokuwa moto. Jitengeneze chakula cha paka wako kiwe moto ili kiwe kitamu zaidi. Kumbuka tu si kufanya hivyo moto. Paka hupendelea chakula chao kiwe karibu na joto la chumba. Chakula cha moto sana kinaweza kumfanya paka wako aondoke. Kwa kawaida, sisi hutumia formula ya paka iliyopakwa ndani ya makopo, iliyo joto kidogo, wakati paka wetu yeyote anapougua na kupunguza au kuacha kula. Hii ni laini kwa digestive yao, imejaa virutubisho, na paka wengi upendo ni. Hata hivyo, usizidi kutumia chakula cha paka. Ni mafuta sana, na sana inaweza kusababisha paka wazima kuhara, lakini ni nzuri hamu ya kula awakener na inatoa paka mgonjwa virutubisho yeye bila kupata vinginevyo. Pia kuna maziwa ya makopo yanayoitwa <unk>Cat-Sure<unk> kwa paka wenye umri wa miaka saba na zaidi. Kula hutoa nishati ambayo husaidia kupambana na ugonjwa wowote. Jamu ya jibini pia ni kichocheo kizuri cha hamu ya kula. Kipimo kidogo chaweza kuamsha hamu ya kula. Jamu ya jibini pia ni karamu nzuri au thawabu kwa ajili ya mwenendo mzuri. Pia tunatumia chakula kavu cha paka kwa paka wagonjwa na wale ambao hawali vizuri. Kwa mara nyingine tena, paka wengi hupenda chakula cha paka. Kumbuka tu, inaweza pia kuwa mafuta sana na si kutumia kupita kiasi. Kuchanganya kidogo na chakula cha kawaida cha paka wako cha kavu kunaweza kumfanya aanze kula vizuri. Punguza kiasi cha chakula cha kitten kwa muda mpaka paka yako haipati chakula chochote, lakini bado anakula chakula chake kavu. Chakula cha watoto kinaweza pia kutumiwa kuchochea hamu ya kula ya paka. Tu kuwa makini sana na hii moja. Hakikisha kwamba chakula cha mtoto hakina unga wa vitunguu. Vitunguu ni hatari kwa paka kula. Kwa kiasi kikubwa, vitunguu vinaweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa damu unaoitwa Heinz-body anemia. Hutaki bili kubwa za daktari wa mifugo. Daktari wako wa wanyama anaweza pia kukupa mchanganyiko wa vitamini- tajiri ambao unakuja katika bomba (kiambatisho cha lishe cha kalori ya juu, kwa paka na mbwa). Kwa hivyo, tu nyunyizia nusu sentimeta kwenye kidole chako na ufute kwa uangalifu ndani ya mdomo wake. Paka wengi hawajali ladha ya hii sana; wakati mwingine unaweza kuifuta nyuma ya mguu wa mbele na watailaka. Mchanganyiko huu ni mzuri sana kwa kuweka uzito juu ya paka nyembamba. Ni vizuri kutumia kwenye paka ambaye ameacha kula. Vyakula vilivyo ndani ya mti huo vinaweza kuwasaidia waendelee kuishi. Ikiwa anakataa, unaweza kuweka karibu inchi moja katika sindano isiyo na sindano na kwa uangalifu kuinyunyiza nyuma ya mdomo wake, ukiwa mwangalifu usirudi nyuma sana au haraka sana na kumnyonga. Wakati mwingine paka atakuwa na azimio la kumtupa nje, na utalazimika kuweka mkono chini ya kidevu chake ili kuweka kinywa chake kimefungwa wakati wa kuweka pua yake ikilenga juu, hadi apate kumeza. KUMBUKA: Ikiwa tabia ya kula ya paka wako inabadilika na hawali kwa saa ishirini na nne au zaidi, piga simu daktari wako wa mifugo mara moja. Ini la paka litaanza kuzimia na linaweza kusababisha kifo ikiwa paka hatakula kwa siku tatu. Kula ni furaha kwa paka wako, kama ilivyo kwetu.

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While discussing with two members of the Anthropological Institute the work to be undertaken by its psychological section, I made certain suggestions which they requested me to put in writing. When reminded, some months after, of the promise I had made to do this, I failed to recall the particular suggestions referred to; but in the endeavour to remember them, I was led to glance over the whole subject of comparative human psychology. Hence resulted the following paper. That making a general survey is useful as a preliminary to deliberate study, either of a whole or of any part, scarcely needs showing. Vagueness of thought accompanies the wandering about in a region without known bounds or landmarks. Attention devoted to some portion of a subject in ignorance of its connexion with the rest, leads to untrue conceptions. The whole cannot be rightly conceived without some knowledge of the parts; and no part can be rightly conceived out of relation to the whole. To map out the Comparative Psychology of Man must also conduce to the more methodic carrying on of inquiries. In this, as in other things, division of labour will facilitate progress; and that there may be division of labour, the work itself must be systematically divided. We may conveniently separate the entire subject into three main divisions, and may arrange them in the order of increasing speciality. The first division will treat of the degrees of mental evolution of different human types, generally considered: taking account of both the mass of mental manifestation and the complexity of mental manifestation. This division will include the relations of these characters to physical characters—the bodily mass and structure, and the cerebral mass and structure. It will also include inquiries concerning the time taken in completing mental evolution, and the time during which adult mental power lasts; as well as certain most general traits of mental action, such as the greater or less persistence of emotions and of intellectual processes. The connexion between the general mental type and the general social type should also be here dealt with. In the second division may be conveniently placed apart, inquiries concerning the relative mental natures of the sexes in each race. Under it will come such questions as these:—What differences of mental mass and mental complexity, if any, existing between males and females, are common to all races? Do such differences vary in degree, or in kind, or in both? Are there reasons for thinking that they are liable to change by increase or decrease? What relations do they bear in each case to the habits of life, the domestic arrangements, and the social arrangements? This division should also include in its scope the sentiments of the sexes towards one another, considered as varying quantitatively and qualitatively; as well as their respective sentiments towards offspring, similarly varying. For the third division of inquiries may be reserved the more special mental traits distinguishing different types of men. One class of such specialities results from differences of proportion among faculties possessed in common; and another class results from the presence in some races of faculties that are almost or quite absent from others. Each difference in each of these groups, when established by comparison, has to be studied in connexion with the stage of mental evolution reached, and has to be studied in connexion with the habits of life and the social development, regarding it as related to these both as cause and as consequence. Such being the outlines of these several divisions, let us now consider in detail the subdivisions contained within each. I.—Under the head of general mental evolution we may begin with the trait of— 1. Mental mass.—Daily experiences show us that human beings differ in volume of mental manifestation. Some there are whose intelligence, high though it may be, produces little impression on those around; while there are some who, when uttering even commonplaces, do it so as to affect listeners in a disproportionate degree. Comparison of two such, makes it manifest that, generally, the difference is due to the natural language of the emotions. Behind the intellectual quickness of the one there is not felt any power of character; while the other betrays a momentum capable of bearing down opposition—a potentiality of emotion that has something formidable about it. Obviously the varieties of mankind differ much in respect of this trait. Apart from kind of feeling, they are unlike in amount of feeling. The dominant races overrun the inferior races mainly in virtue of the greater quantity of energy in which this greater mental mass shows itself. Hence a series of inquiries, of which these are some:—(a) What is the relation between mental mass and bodily mass? Manifestly, the small races are deficient in it. But it also appears that races much upon a par in size—as, for instance, an Englishman and a Damara, differ considerably in mental mass. (b) What is its relation to mass of brain? and, bearing in mind the general law that in the same species, size of brain increases with size of body (though not in the same proportion), how far can we connect the extra mental mass of the higher races, with an extra mass of brain beyond that which is proper to their greater bodily mass? (c) What relation, if any, is there between mental mass and the physiological state expressed in vigour of circulation and richness of blood, as severally determined by mode of life and general nutrition? (d) What are the relations of this trait to the social state, as nomadic or settled, predatory or industrial? 2. Mental complexity.—How races differ in respect of the more or less involved structures of their minds, will best be understood on recalling the unlikeness between the juvenile mind and the adult mind among ourselves. In the child we see absorption in special facts. Generalities even of a low order are scarcely recognized, and there is no recognition of high generalities. We see interest in individuals, in personal adventures, in domestic affairs, but no interest in political or social matters. We see vanity about clothes and small achievements, but little sense of justice: witness the forcible appropriation of one another's toys. While there have come into play many of the simpler mental powers, there has not yet been reached that complication of mind which results from the addition of powers evolved out of these simpler ones. Kindred differences of complexity exist between the minds of lower and higher races; and comparisons should be made to ascertain their kinds and amounts. Here, too, there may be a subdivision of the inquiries. (a) What is the relation between mental complexity and mental mass? Do not the two habitually vary together? (b) What is the relation to the social state, as more or less complex? that is to say—Do not mental complexity and social complexity act and react on each other? 3. Rate of mental development.—In conformity with the biological law that the higher the organisms the longer they take to evolve, members of the inferior human races may be expected to complete their mental evolution sooner than members of the superior races; and we have evidence that they do this. Travellers from many regions comment, now on the great precocity of children among savage and semi-civilized peoples, and now on the early arrest of their mental progress. Though we scarcely need more proofs that this general contrast exists, there remains to be asked the question, whether it is consistently maintained throughout all groups of races, from the lowest to the highest—whether, say, the Australian differs in this respect from the Hindu, as much as the Hindu does from the European. Of secondary inquiries coming under this sub-head may be named several. (a) Is this more rapid evolution and earlier arrest always unequally shown by the two sexes; or, in other words, are there in lower types proportional differences in rate and degree of development, such as higher types show us? (b) Is there in many cases, as there appears to be in some cases, a traceable relation between the period of arrest and the period of puberty? (c) Is mental decay early in proportion as mental evolution is rapid? (d) Can we in other respects assert that where the type is low, the entire cycle of mental changes between birth and death—ascending, uniform, descending—comes within a shorter interval? 4. Relative plasticity.—Is there any relation between the degree of mental modifiability which remains in adult life, and the character of the mental evolution in respect of mass, complexity, and rapidity? The animal kingdom at large yields reasons for associating an inferior and more rapidly-completed mental structure, with a relatively automatic nature. Lowly organized creatures, guided almost entirely by reflex actions, are in but small degrees changeable by individual experiences. As the nervous structure complicates, its actions become less rigorously confined within pre-established limits; and as we approach the highest creatures, individual experiences take larger and larger shares in moulding the conduct: there is an increasing ability to take in new impressions and to profit by the acquisitions. Inferior and superior human races are contrasted in this respect. Many travellers comment on the unchangeable habits of savages. The semi-civilized nations of the East, past and present, were, or are, characterized by a greater rigidity of custom than characterizes the more civilized nations of the West. The histories of the most civilized nations show us that in their earlier times, the modifiability of ideas and habits was less than it is at present. And if we contrast classes or individuals around us, we see that the most developed in mind are the most plastic. To inquiries respecting this trait of comparative plasticity, in its relations to precocity and early completion of mental development, may fitly be added inquiries respecting its relations to the social state, which it helps to determine, and which reacts upon it. 5. Variability.—To say of a mind that its actions are extremely inconstant, and at the same time to say that it is of relatively unchangeable nature, apparently implies a contradiction. When, however, the inconstancy is understood as referring to the manifestations which follow one another from minute to minute, and the unchangeableness to the average manifestations, extending over long periods, the apparent contradiction disappears; and it becomes comprehensible that the two traits may, and ordinarily do, co-exist. An infant, quickly wearied with each kind of perception, wanting ever a new object which it soon abandons for something else, and alternating a score times a day between smiles and tears, shows us a very small persistence in each kind of mental action: all its states, intellectual and emotional, are transient. Yet at the same time its mind cannot be easily changed in character. True, it changes spontaneously in due course; but it long remains incapable of receiving ideas or emotions beyond those of simple orders. The child exhibits less rapid variations, intellectual and emotional, while its educability is greater. Inferior human races show us this combination: great rigidity of general character with great irregularity in its passing manifestations. Speaking broadly, while they resist permanent modification, they lack intellectual persistence, and they lack emotional persistence. Of various low types we read that they cannot keep the attention fixed beyond a few minutes on anything requiring thought, even of a simple kind. Similarly with their feelings: these are less enduring than those of civilized men. There are, however, qualifications to be made in this statement; and comparisons are needed to ascertain how far these qualifications go. The savage shows great persistence in the action of the lower intellectual faculties. He is untiring in minute observation. He is untiring, also, in that kind of perceptive activity which accompanies the making of his weapons and ornaments: often persevering for immense periods in carving stones, &c. Emotionally, too, he shows persistence not only in the motives prompting these small industries, but also in certain of his passions—especially in that of revenge. Hence, in studying the degrees of mental variability shown us in the daily lives of the different races, we must ask how far variability characterizes the whole mind, and how far it holds only of parts of the mind. 6. Impulsiveness.—This trait is closely allied with the last: unenduring emotions are emotions which sway the conduct now this way and now that, without any consistency. The trait of impulsiveness may, however, be fitly dealt with separately, because it has other implications than mere lack of persistence. Comparisons of the lower human races with the higher, appear generally to show that, along with brevity of the passions, there goes violence. The sudden gusts of feeling which men of inferior types display, are excessive in degree as they are short in duration; and there is probably a connexion between these two traits: intensity sooner producing exhaustion. Observing that the passions of childhood illustrate this connexion, let us turn to certain interesting questions concerning the decrease of impulsiveness which accompanies advance in evolution. The nervous processes of an impulsive being, are less remote from reflex actions than are those of an unimpulsive being. In reflex actions we see a simple stimulus passing suddenly into movement: little or no control being exercised by other parts of the nervous system. As we ascend to higher actions, guided by more and more complicated combinations of stimuli, there is not the same instantaneous discharge in simple motions; but there is a comparatively deliberate and more variable adjustment of compound motions, duly restrained and proportioned. It is thus with the passions and sentiments in the less developed natures and in the more developed natures. Where there is but little emotional complexity, an emotion, when excited by some occurrence, explodes in action before the other emotions have been called into play; and each of these, from time to time, does the like. But the more complex emotional structure is one in which these simpler emotions are so co-ordinated that they do not act independently. Before excitement of any one has had time to cause action, some excitement has been communicated to others—often antagonistic ones; and the conduct becomes modified in adjustment to the combined dictates. Hence results a decreased impulsiveness, and also a greater persistence. The conduct pursued, being prompted by several emotions co-operating in degrees which do not exhaust them, acquires a greater continuity; and while spasmodic force becomes less conspicuous, there is an increase in the total energy. Examining the facts from this point of view, there are sundry questions of interest to be put respecting the different races of men. (a) To what other traits than degree of mental evolution is impulsiveness related? Apart from difference in elevation of type, the New-World races seem to be less impulsive than the Old-World races. Is this due to constitutional apathy? Can there be traced (other things equal) a relation between physical vivacity and mental impulsiveness? (b) What connexion is there between this trait and the social state? Clearly a very explosive nature—such as that of the Bushman—is unfit for social union; and, commonly, social union, when by any means established, checks impulsiveness. (c) What respective shares in checking impulsiveness are taken by the feelings which the social state fosters—such as the fear of surrounding individuals, the instinct of sociality, the desire to accumulate property, the sympathetic feelings, the sentiment of justice? These, which require a social environment for their development, all of them involve imaginations of consequences more or less distant; and thus imply checks upon the promptings of the simpler passions. Hence arise the questions—In what order, in what degrees, and in what combinations, do they come into play? 7. One further general inquiry of a different kind may be added. What effect is produced on mental nature by mixture of races? There is reason for believing that throughout the animal kingdom, the union of varieties which have become widely divergent is physically injurious; while the union of slightly divergent varieties is physically beneficial. Does the like hold with the mental nature? Some facts seem to show that mixture of human races extremely unlike, produces a worthless type of mind—a mind fitted neither for the kind of life led by the higher of the two races, for that led by the lower—a mind out of adjustment to all conditions of life. Contrariwise, we find that peoples of the same stock, slightly differentiated by lives carried on in unlike circumstances for many generations, produce by mixture a mental type having certain superiorities. In his work on The Huguenots, Mr. Smiles points out how large a number of distinguished men among us have descended from Flemish and French refugees; and M. Alphonse de Candolle, in his Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis deux Siècles, shows that the descendants of French refugees in Switzerland have produced an unusually great proportion of scientific men. Though, in part, this result may be ascribed to the original natures of such refugees, who must have had that independence which is a chief factor in originality, yet it is probably in part due to mixtures of races. For thinking this, we have evidence which is not open to two interpretations. Prof. Morley draws attention to the fact that, during seven hundred years of our early history "the best genius of England sprang up on the line of country in which Celts and Anglo-Saxons came together." In like manner Mr. Galton, in his English Men of Science, shows that in recent days these have mostly come from an inland region, running generally from north to south, which we may reasonably presume contains more mixed blood than do the regions east and west of it. Such a result seems probable a priori. Two natures respectively adapted to slightly unlike sets of social conditions, may be expected by their union to produce a nature somewhat more plastic than either—a nature more impressible by the new circumstances of advancing social life, and therefore more likely to originate new ideas and display modified sentiments. The Comparative Psychology of Man may, then, fitly include the mental effects of mixture; and among derivative inquiries we may ask—How far the conquest of race by race has been instrumental in advancing civilization by aiding mixture, as well as in other ways. II.—The second of the three leading divisions named at the outset is less extensive. Still, concerning the relative mental natures of the sexes in each race, questions of much interest and importance may be raised. 1. Degree of difference between the sexes.—It is an established fact that, physically considered, the contrast between males and females is not equally great in all types of mankind. The bearded races, for instance, show us a greater unlikeness between the two than do the beardless races. Among South American tribes, men and women have a greater general resemblance in form, &c., than is usual elsewhere. The question, then, suggests itself—Do the mental natures of the sexes differ in a constant or in a variable degree? The difference is unlikely to be a constant one; and, looking for variation, we may ask what is its amount, and under what conditions does it occur? 2. Difference in mass and in complexity.—The comparisons between the sexes, of course, admit of subdivisions parallel to those made in the comparisons between races. Relative mental mass and relative mental complexity have chiefly to be observed. Assuming that the great inequality in the cost of reproduction to the two sexes, is the cause of unlikeness in mental mass, as in physical mass, this difference may be studied in connexion with reproductive differences presented by the various races, in respect of the ages at which reproduction commences, and the periods over which it lasts. An allied inquiry may be joined with this; namely, how far the mental developments of the two sexes are affected by their relative habits in respect to food and physical exertion? In many of the lower races, the women, treated with great brutality, are, physically, much inferior to the men: excess of labour and defect of nutrition being apparently the combined causes. Is any arrest of mental development simultaneously caused? 3. Variation of the differences.—If the unlikeness physical and mental, of the sexes is not constant, then, supposing all races have diverged from one original stock, it follows that there must have been transmission of accumulated differences to those of the same sex in posterity. If, for instance, the prehistoric type of man was beardless, then the production of a bearded variety implies that within that variety the males continued to transmit an increasing amount of beard to descendants of the same sex. This limitation of heredity by sex, shown us in multitudinous ways throughout the animal kingdom, probably applies to the cerebral structures as much as to other structures. Hence the question—Do not the mental natures of the sexes in alien types of Man diverge in unlike ways and degrees? 4. Causes of the differences.—Are any relations to be traced between these variable differences and the variable parts the sexes play in the business of life? Assuming the cumulative effects of habit on function and structure, as well as the limitation of heredity by sex, it is to be expected that if, in any society, the activities of one sex, generation after generation, differ from those of the other, there will arise sexual adaptations of mind. Some instances in illustration may be named. Among the Africans of Loango and other districts, as also among some of the Indian Hill-tribes, the men and women are strongly contrasted as respectively inert and energetic: the industry of the women having apparently become so natural to them that no coercion is needed. Of course, such facts suggest an extensive series of questions. Limitation of heredity by sex may account both for those sexual differences of mind which distinguish men and women in all races, and for those which distinguish them in each race, or each society. An interesting subordinate inquiry may be, how far such mental differences are inverted in cases where there is inversion of social and domestic relations; as among those Khasi Hill-tribes, whose women have so far the upper hand that they turn off their husbands in a summary way if they displease them. 5. Mental modifiability in the two sexes.—Along with comparisons of races in respect of mental plasticity may go parallel comparisons of the sexes in each race. Is it true always, as it appears to be generally true, that women are less modifiable than men? The relative conservatism of women—their greater adhesion to established ideas and practices—is manifest in many civilized and semi-civilized societies. Is it so among the uncivilized? A curious instance of stronger attachment to custom in women than in men is given by Dalton, as occurring among the Juangs, one of the lowest wild tribes of Bengal. Until recently the only dress of both sexes was something less than that which the Hebrew legend gives to Adam and Eve. Years ago the men were led to adopt a cloth bandage round the loins, in place of the bunch of leaves; but the women adhered to the aboriginal habit: a conservatism shown where it might have been least expected. 6. The sexual sentiment.—Results of value may be looked for from comparisons of races made to determine the amounts and characters of the higher feelings to which the relation of the sexes gives rise. The lowest varieties of mankind have but small endowments of these feelings. Among varieties of higher types, such as the Malayo-Polynesians, these feelings seem considerably developed: the Dyaks, for instance, sometimes display them in great strength. Speaking generally, they appear to become stronger with the advance of civilization. Several subordinate inquiries may be named. (a) How far is development of the sexual sentiment dependent upon intellectual advance—upon growth of imaginative power? (b) How far is it related to emotional advance; and especially to evolution of those emotions which originate from sympathy? What are its relations to polyandry and polygyny? (c) Does it not tend towards, and is it not fostered by, monogamy? (d) What connexion has it with maintenance of the family bond, and the consequent better rearing of children? III.—Under the third head, to which we may now pass come the more special traits of the different races. 1. Imitativeness.—One of the characteristics in which the lower types of men show us a smaller departure from reflex action than do the higher types, is their strong tendency to mimic the motions and sounds made by others—an almost involuntary habit which travellers find it difficult to check. This meaningless repetition, which seems to imply that the idea of an observed action cannot be framed in the mind of the observer without tending forthwith to discharge itself in the action conceived (and every ideal action is a nascent form of the consciousness accompanying performance of such action), evidently diverges but little from the automatic; and decrease of it is to be expected along with increase of self-regulating power. This trait of automatic mimicry is evidently allied with that less automatic mimicry which shows itself in greater persistence of customs. For customs adopted by each generation from the last without thought or inquiry, imply a tendency to imitate which overmasters critical and sceptical tendencies: so maintaining habits for which no reasons can be given. The decrease of this irrational mimicry, strongest in the lowest savage and feeblest in the highest of the civilized, should be studied along with the successively higher stages of social life, as being at once an aid and a hindrance to civilization: an aid in so far as it gives that fixity to the social organization without which a society cannot survive; a hindrance in so far as it offers resistance to changes of social organization that have become desirable. 2. Incuriosity.—Projecting our own natures into the circumstances of the savage, we imagine ourselves as marvelling greatly on first seeing the products and appliances of civilized life. But we err in supposing that the savage has feelings such as we should have in his place. Want of rational curiosity respecting these incomprehensible novelties, is a trait remarked of the lowest races wherever found; and the partially-civilized races are distinguished from them as exhibiting rational curiosity. The relation of this trait to the intellectual nature, to the emotional nature, and to the social state, should be studied. 3. Quality of thought.—Under this vague head may be placed many sets of inquiries, each of them extensive—(a) The degree of generality of the ideas; (b) the degree of abstractness of the ideas; (c) the degree of definiteness of the ideas; (d) the degree of coherence of the ideas; (e) the extent to which there have been developed such notions as those of class, of cause, of uniformity, of law, of truth. Many conceptions which have become so familiar to us that we assume them to be the common property of all minds, are no more possessed by the lowest savages than they are by our own children; and comparisons of types should be so made as to elucidate the processes by which such conceptions are reached. The development under each head has to be observed—(a) independently in its successive stages; (b) in connexion with the co-operative intellectual conceptions; (c) in connexion with the progress of language, of the arts, and of social organization. Already linguistic phenomena have been used in aid of such inquiries; and more systematic use of them should be made. Not only the number of general words, and the number of abstract words, in a people's vocabulary should be taken as evidence, but also their degrees of generality and abstractness; for there are generalities of the first, second, third, &c., orders, and abstractions similarly ascending. Blue is an abstraction referring to one class of impressions derived from visible objects; colour is a higher abstraction referring to many such classes of visual impressions; property is a still higher abstraction referring to classes of impressions received not through the eyes alone, but through other sense-organs. If generalities and abstractions were arranged in the order of their extensiveness and in the order of their grades, tests would be obtained which, applied to the vocabularies of the uncivilized, would yield definite evidence of the intellectual stages reached. 4. Peculiar aptitudes.—To such specialities of intelligence as mark different degrees of evolution, have to be added minor ones related to modes of life: the kinds and degrees of faculty which have become organized in adaptation to daily habits—skill in the use of weapons, powers of tracking, quick discrimination of individual objects. And under this head may fitly come inquiries concerning some race-peculiarities of the æsthetic class, not at present explicable. While the remains from the Dordogne caves show us that their inhabitants, low as we must suppose them to have been, could represent animals, both by drawing and carving, with some degree of fidelity; there are existing races, probably higher in other respects, who seem scarcely capable of recognizing pictorial representations. Similarly with the musical faculty. Almost or quite wanting in some inferior races, we find it in other races not of high grade, developed to an unexpected degree: instance the Negroes, some of whom are so innately musical, that, as I have been told by a missionary among them, the children in native schools when taught European psalm-tunes, spontaneously sing seconds to them. Whether any causes can be discovered for race peculiarities of this kind, is a question of interest. 5. Specialities of emotional nature.—These are worthy of careful study, as being intimately related to social phenomena—to the possibility of social progress, and to the nature of the social structure. Among others to be noted there are—(a) Gregariousness or sociality—a trait in the strength of which races differ widely: some, as the Mantras, being almost indifferent to social intercourse; some being unable to dispense with it. Obviously the degree of this desire for the presence of fellow-men, affects greatly the formation of social groups, and consequently influences social progress. (b) Intolerance of restraint. Men of some inferior types, as the Mapuché, are ungovernable; while those of other types, no higher in grade, not only submit to restraint, but admire the persons exercising it. These contrasted natures have to be observed in connexion with social evolution; to the early stages of which they are respectively antagonistic and favourable. (c) The desire for praise is a trait which, common to all races, high and low, varies considerably in degree. There are quite inferior races, as some of those in the Pacific States, whose members sacrifice without stint to gain the applause which lavish generosity brings; while, elsewhere, applause is sought with less eagerness. Notice should be taken of the connexion between this love of approbation and the social restraints; since it plays an important part in the maintenance of them. (d) The acquisitive propensity. This, too, is a character the degrees of which, and the relations of which to the social state, have to be especially noted. The desire for property grows along with the possibility of gratifying it; and this, extremely small among the lowest men, increases as social development goes on. With the advance from tribal property to family property and individual property, the notion of private right of possession gains definiteness, and the love of acquisition strengthens. Each step towards an orderly social state makes larger accumulations possible, and the pleasures achievable by them more sure; while the resulting encouragement to accumulate, leads to increase of capital and to further progress. This action and re-action of the sentiment and the social state, should be in every case observed. 6. The altruistic sentiments.—Coming last, these are also highest. The evolution of them in the course of civilization, shows us clearly the reciprocal influences of the social unit and the social organism. On the one hand, there can be no sympathy, nor any of the sentiments which sympathy generates, unless there are fellow-beings around. On the other hand, maintenance of union with fellow-beings depends in part on the presence of sympathy, and the resulting restraints on conduct. Gregariousness or sociality favours the growth of sympathy; increased sympathy conduces to closer sociality and a more stable social state; and so, continuously, each increment of the one makes possible a further increment of the other. Comparisons of the altruistic sentiments resulting from sympathy, as exhibited in different types of men and different social states, may be conveniently arranged under three heads—(a) Pity, which should be observed as displayed towards offspring, towards the sick and aged, and towards enemies. (b) Generosity (duly discriminated from the love of display) as shown in giving; as shown in the relinquishment of pleasures for the sake of others; as shown by active efforts on others' behalf. The manifestations of this sentiment, too, are to be noted in respect of their range—whether they are limited to relatives; whether they extend only to those of the same society; whether they extend to those of other societies; and they are also to be noted in connexion with the degree of providence—whether they result from sudden impulses obeyed without counting the cost, or go along with clear foresight of the future sacrifices entailed. (c) Justice. This most abstract of the altruistic sentiments is to be considered under aspects like those just named, as well as under many other aspects—how far it is shown in regard to the lives of others; how far in regard to their freedom; how far in regard to their property; how far in regard to their various minor claims. And comparisons concerning this highest sentiment should, beyond all others, be carried on along with comparisons of the accompanying social states, which it largely determines—the forms and actions of governments; the characters of laws; the relations of classes. Such, stated as briefly as consists with clearness, are the leading divisions and subdivisions under which the Comparative Psychology of Man may be arranged. In going rapidly over so wide a field, I have doubtless overlooked much that should be included. Doubtless, too, various of the inquiries named will branch out into subordinate inquiries well worth pursuing. Even as it is, however, the programme is extensive enough to occupy numerous investigators, who may with advantage take separate divisions. Though, after occupying themselves with primitive arts and products, anthropologists have devoted their attention mainly to the physical characters of the human races; it must, I think, be admitted that the study of these yields in importance to the study of their psychical characters. The general conclusions to which the first set of inquiries may lead, cannot so much affect our views respecting the highest classes of phenomena as can the general conclusions to which the second set may lead. A true theory of the human mind vitally concerns us; and systematic comparisons of human minds, differing in their kinds and grades, will help us in forming a true theory. Knowledge of the reciprocal relations between the characters of men and the characters of the societies they form, must influence profoundly our ideas of political arrangements. When the inter-dependence of individual natures and social structures is understood, our conceptions of the changes now taking place, and hereafter to take place, will be rectified. A comprehension of mental development as a process of adaptation to social conditions, which are continually remoulding the mind and are again remoulded by it, will conduce to a salutary consciousness of the remoter effects produced by institutions upon character; and will check the grave mischiefs which ignorant legislation now causes. Lastly, a right theory of mental evolution as exhibited by humanity at large, giving a key, as it does, to the evolution of the individual mind, must help to rationalize our perverse methods of education; and so to raise intellectual power and moral nature.

Nilipokuwa nikizungumzia na wanachama wawili wa Taasisi ya Anthropolojia kazi itakayopaswa kufanywa na sehemu yake ya kisaikolojia, nilifanya mapendekezo fulani ambayo waliniomba niandike. Nilipokumbushwa, miezi michache baadaye, juu ya ahadi niliyokuwa nimefanya ya kufanya hivyo, nilishindwa kukumbuka mapendekezo maalum yaliyotajwa; lakini katika jitihada ya kuyakumbuka, nilielekezwa kutazama juu ya somo lote la saikolojia ya binadamu ya kulinganisha. Kwa hiyo makala ifuatayo ilitokana. Kwamba kufanya uchunguzi wa jumla ni muhimu kama awali kwa utafiti wa makusudi, ama ya jumla au ya sehemu yoyote, ni vigumu haja ya kuonyesha. Mawazo yasiyoeleweka huambatana na kutangatanga katika eneo lisilo na mipaka au alama zinazojulikana. Uangalifu unaowekwa kwa sehemu fulani ya somo bila kujua uhusiano wake na mengine, huongoza kwenye dhana zisizo za kweli. """Kila kitu haki haiwezi kufasiriwa bila baadhi ya maarifa ya sehemu, na hakuna sehemu haki inaweza kufasiriwa nje ya uhusiano na wote.""" Ili kuchora ramani ya Saikolojia ya Ulinganisho ya Mtu lazima pia iongozwe kwa uendeshaji wa utaratibu zaidi wa uchunguzi. Katika hili, kama ilivyo katika mambo mengine, mgawanyiko wa kazi utawezesha maendeleo; na ili kuwe na mgawanyiko wa kazi, kazi yenyewe lazima igawanywe kwa utaratibu. Tunaweza kwa urahisi kutenganisha somo lote katika mgawanyiko kuu tatu, na tunaweza kupanga yao katika utaratibu wa kuongezeka kwa utaalam. Sehemu ya kwanza itashughulikia viwango vya mageuzi ya kiakili ya aina tofauti za binadamu, kwa ujumla kuchukuliwa: kuzingatia wote wingi wa maonyesho ya kiakili na utata wa maonyesho ya kiakili. Mgawanyiko huu utajumuisha mahusiano ya wahusika hawa na wahusika wa kimwili - wingi wa mwili na muundo, na wingi wa ubongo na muundo. Pia itajumuisha uchunguzi kuhusu muda unaotumiwa kukamilisha mageuzi ya akili, na wakati ambao nguvu za akili za watu wazima huendelea; pamoja na sifa fulani za jumla za hatua za akili, kama vile kudumu zaidi au chini ya hisia na mchakato wa akili. Uhusiano kati ya aina ya jumla ya akili na aina ya jumla ya kijamii inapaswa pia kushughulikiwa hapa. Katika mgawanyiko wa pili, huenda ikawa rahisi kuweka mbali, uchunguzi kuhusu asili ya kiakili ya jinsia katika kila jamii. "Kwa mfano, swali la kwanza ni: ""Ni tofauti gani za akili na utata wa akili, ikiwa zipo, kati ya wanaume na wanawake, ni za kawaida kwa jamii zote?""" Je, tofauti hizo hutofautiana kwa kiwango, au kwa aina, au kwa mambo yote mawili? Je, kuna sababu za kufikiri kwamba zinaweza kubadilika kwa kuongezeka au kupungua? Katika kila kisa, mambo hayo yanahusianaje na mazoea ya maisha, mipango ya nyumbani, na mipango ya kijamii? Hii mgawanyiko lazima pia ni pamoja na katika wigo wake hisia za jinsia kwa kila mmoja, kuchukuliwa kama tofauti kwa kiasi na ubora, kama vile hisia zao kwa ajili ya watoto, sawa tofauti. Kwa ajili ya mgawanyiko wa tatu wa uchunguzi inaweza kuwa zimehifadhiwa zaidi maalum tabia ya akili kutofautisha aina tofauti ya watu. Jamii moja ya sifa hizo hutokana na tofauti za uwiano kati ya uwezo wa kawaida; na jamii nyingine hutokana na uwepo katika jamii fulani wa uwezo ambao ni karibu au kabisa haupo katika nyingine. Kila tofauti katika kila moja ya makundi haya, wakati imara kwa kulinganisha, lazima kuchunguzwa katika uhusiano na hatua ya mageuzi ya akili kufikiwa, na lazima kuchunguzwa katika uhusiano na tabia ya maisha na maendeleo ya kijamii, kwa kuzingatia kama kuhusiana na haya wote kama sababu na kama matokeo. Kwa kuwa hizo ndizo sehemu kuu za sehemu hizo, sasa hebu tuchunguze kwa undani sehemu ndogo zilizo ndani ya kila sehemu. I. Chini ya kichwa cha mageuzi ya jumla ya akili tunaweza kuanza na tabia ya <unk> 1. Misa ya akili. <unk> Majaribio ya kila siku yanatuonyesha kwamba wanadamu hutofautiana katika kiasi cha maonyesho ya akili. Kuna watu ambao akili zao, ingawa ni za juu, hazivutii sana wale walio karibu nao, lakini kuna wengine ambao, wanaposema mambo ya kawaida, wanafanya hivyo ili kuwaathiri wasikilizaji kwa kiwango kisicho na kiasi. Kulinganisha mbili kama hizo, hufanya iwe wazi kwamba, kwa ujumla, tofauti ni kwa sababu ya lugha ya asili ya hisia. Nyuma ya ujasiri wa akili wa mmoja hakuna nguvu yoyote ya tabia inayohisiwa; wakati mwingine anajidhihirisha kasi inayoweza kubeba upinzani - uwezo wa hisia ambayo ina kitu cha kutisha juu yake. Ni wazi kwamba aina mbalimbali za wanadamu hutofautiana sana kuhusiana na sifa hiyo. Mbali na aina ya hisia, wao ni tofauti katika kiasi cha hisia. "Mapinduzi ya jamii ya watu huwashinda jamii za watu wa hali ya chini, hasa kwa sababu ya kiasi kikubwa cha nishati ambayo ""mzito"" huu wa akili unaonekana." Kwa hiyo mfululizo wa uchunguzi, ambayo haya ni baadhi: a) Ni nini uhusiano kati ya wingi wa akili na wingi wa mwili? Ni wazi kwamba jamii ndogo-ndogo hazina uwezo huo. Lakini pia inaonekana kwamba jamii nyingi juu ya par katika ukubwa - kama, kwa mfano, Kiingereza na Damara - tofauti sana katika uzito wa akili. (b) Uhusiano wake na uzito wa ubongo ni nini? Na tukikumbuka sheria ya jumla ya kwamba katika spishi moja ukubwa wa ubongo huongezeka pamoja na ukubwa wa mwili (ingawa si kwa uwiano uleule), ni kwa kadiri gani tunaweza kuunganisha wingi wa akili wa rassi za juu zaidi na wingi wa ubongo zaidi ya ule unaolingana na wingi wao wa mwili? (c) Ni uhusiano gani, kama kuna, kati ya uzito wa akili na hali ya kisaikolojia iliyoonyeshwa katika nguvu ya mzunguko na utajiri wa damu, kama ilivyoamuliwa kwa njia ya maisha na lishe ya jumla? (d) Ni nini mahusiano ya tabia hii kwa hali ya kijamii, kama nomadic au kukaa, predatory au viwanda? 2. Uwezekano wa kupata """Jinsi jamii zinavyotofautiana kuhusiana na miundo iliyohusika zaidi au chini ya akili zao, itaeleweka vizuri zaidi kwa kukumbuka kutofanana kati ya akili ya vijana na akili ya watu wazima kati yetu.""" Katika mtoto tunaona uchangamfu katika mambo ya pekee. Ujumla hata wa utaratibu wa chini hautambuliwi sana, na hakuna utambuzi wa jumla ya juu. Tunaona kupendezwa na watu binafsi, katika vituko vya kibinafsi, katika mambo ya nyumbani, lakini hakuna kupendezwa na masuala ya kisiasa au ya kijamii. Tunaona ubatili kuhusu nguo na mafanikio madogo, lakini hisia kidogo ya haki: shahidi wa kumiliki kwa nguvu ya toys ya kila mmoja. Ingawa nguvu nyingi za akili zilizo rahisi zaidi zimeingia, bado hazijafikia ugumu huo wa akili ambao hutokana na kuongezwa kwa nguvu zilizobadilika kutoka kwa hizi rahisi. Tofauti za namna hiyo ya utata zipo kati ya akili za jamii za chini na za juu; na kulinganishwa kunapaswa kufanywa ili kujua aina na kiasi chao. Hapa, pia, kunaweza kuwa na mgawanyiko wa maswali. (a) Ni uhusiano gani kati ya utata wa kiakili na wingi wa kiakili? Je, si kawaida hizo mbili kutofautiana pamoja? (b) Ni nini uhusiano na hali ya kijamii, kama zaidi au chini ya tata? ambayo ni kusema <unk>Je, si akili utata na kijamii utata kutenda na kuitikia juu ya kila mmoja? 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli "Kwa mujibu wa sheria ya kibiolojia kwamba ""kwa kadiri viumbe wanavyokuwa na uwezo mkubwa zaidi, ndivyo wanavyopunguza muda wa kuendeleza maendeleo yao,"" watu wa jamii ya chini wanaweza kukamilisha maendeleo yao ya kiakili mapema kuliko watu wa jamii ya juu zaidi, na tuna uthibitisho kwamba wanafanya hivyo." "Wasafiri kutoka maeneo mengi wanasema, ""Sasa juu ya mapema sana ya watoto miongoni mwa watu wa mwituni na nusu-kijijini, na sasa juu ya kukomeshwa mapema kwa maendeleo yao ya akili.""" Ingawa hatuna haja ya uthibitisho zaidi kwamba tofauti hii ya jumla ipo, bado kuna swali la kuuliza, ikiwa inahifadhiwa kwa mfululizo katika makundi yote ya jamii, kutoka chini hadi juu - ikiwa, tuseme, Australia inatofautiana katika jambo hili na Kihindu, kama vile Kihindu kinavyofanya na Ulaya. Ya uchunguzi wa sekondari kuja chini ya kichwa hiki kidogo inaweza kuitwa kadhaa. (a) Je, mageuzi haya ya haraka zaidi na kukomeshwa mapema huonyeshwa sikuzote kwa njia isiyo sawa na jinsia mbili; au, kwa maneno mengine, je, kuna tofauti za uwiano katika kiwango na kiwango cha maendeleo katika aina za chini, kama vile aina za juu zinavyotuonyesha? (b) Je, katika visa vingi, kama inavyoonekana kuwa katika visa fulani, kuna uhusiano unaoweza kufuatiliwa kati ya kipindi cha kukamatwa na kipindi cha kubalehe? (c) Je, uharibifu wa kiakili ni wa mapema kadiri mageuzi ya kiakili yanavyokuwa ya haraka? (d) Je, tunaweza katika mambo mengine kuthibitisha kwamba ambapo aina ni ya chini, mzunguko mzima wa mabadiliko ya akili kati ya kuzaliwa na kifo - kupanda, sawa, kushuka - huja ndani ya muda mfupi? 4. Uwe na uhakika Relative plasticity: Je, kuna uhusiano wowote kati ya kiwango cha mabadiliko ya akili ambayo inabaki katika maisha ya watu wazima, na tabia ya mageuzi ya akili kuhusiana na wingi, utata, na kasi? Ufalme wa wanyama kwa ujumla hutoa sababu za kuhusisha muundo wa akili wa chini na uliokamilika haraka zaidi, na asili ya moja kwa moja. Viumbe vilivyo na utaratibu mdogo, vinavyoongozwa karibu kabisa na vitendo vya mwitikio, vinaweza kubadilishwa kwa kiwango kidogo tu na uzoefu wa mtu binafsi. Kadiri mfumo wa neva unavyozidi kuwa mgumu, ndivyo vitendo vyake vinavyopungua katika mipaka iliyowekwa kimbele; na kadiri tunavyokaribia viumbe wa hali ya juu zaidi, ndivyo uzoefu wa mtu binafsi unavyokuwa na sehemu kubwa zaidi na zaidi katika kuunda mwenendo: kuna uwezo unaoongezeka wa kuchukua hisia mpya na kupata faida kutokana na upatikanaji. Jamii za wanadamu za chini na za juu zinatofautiana katika jambo hili. Wasafiri wengi husema juu ya mazoea yasiyoweza kubadilika ya watu wa mwituni. Mataifa ya mashariki ya zamani na ya sasa, yalikuwa na tabia ya ukali zaidi ya desturi kuliko mataifa ya magharibi. Historia ya mataifa yenye ustaarabu zaidi inatuonyesha kwamba katika nyakati zao za mapema, kubadilika kwa mawazo na mazoea kulikuwa chini kuliko ilivyo sasa. Na tukilinganisha madarasa au watu walio karibu nasi, tunaona kwamba wale walio na akili zilizoendelea zaidi ndio walio na uwezo zaidi wa kubadilika. Kwa uchunguzi kuhusu tabia hii ya ulinganifu wa kulinganisha, katika uhusiano wake na mapema na kukamilika mapema kwa maendeleo ya akili, inaweza kuunganishwa kwa haki uchunguzi kuhusu uhusiano wake na hali ya kijamii, ambayo inasaidia kuamua na ambayo inashughulikia. 5. Uwe na mtazamo mzuri. "Kusema juu ya akili kwamba matendo yake ni ya mara kwa mara sana, na wakati huo huo kusema kwamba ni ya asili ya kubadilika, inaonekana ina maana ya kinyume.""" Hata hivyo, wakati unconstantness ni kueleweka kama kuhusiana na maonyesho ambayo kufuata moja kwa dakika, na unchangeability kwa wastani maonyesho, kupanua juu ya vipindi virefu, kinyume dhahiri kutoweka, na inakuwa kueleweka kwamba sifa mbili inaweza, na kawaida kufanya, coexist. Mtoto, ambaye huchoka upesi na kila aina ya utambuzi, akitaka kitu kipya ambacho mara nyingi huacha kwa kitu kingine, na kubadilishana mara ishirini kwa siku kati ya tabasamu na machozi, anatuonyesha uthabiti mdogo sana katika kila aina ya hatua ya akili: hali zake zote, akili na hisia, ni za muda mfupi. Hata hivyo, wakati huohuo, akili yake haiwezi kubadilishwa kwa urahisi. Ni kweli, hubadilika kwa ghafula wakati unaofaa; lakini kwa muda mrefu inabaki kuwa haiwezi kupokea mawazo au hisia zaidi ya zile za amri rahisi. Mtoto huonyesha tofauti ndogo za haraka, za kiakili na za kihisia-moyo, huku uwezo wake wa kujifunza ukiwa mkubwa zaidi. Jamii za chini za kibinadamu zinatuonyesha mchanganyiko huu: ukali mkubwa wa tabia ya jumla na ukosefu mkubwa wa utaratibu katika maonyesho yake ya kupita. Kwa ujumla, ingawa wao hupinga marekebisho ya kudumu, wanakosa uvumilivu wa kiakili, na wanakosa uvumilivu wa kihisia-moyo. Kuhusu watu wa aina mbalimbali tunasoma kwamba hawawezi kuweka fikira zaidi ya dakika chache juu ya kitu chochote kinachohitaji kufikiriwa, hata kama ni cha aina rahisi. Vivyo hivyo na hisia zao: hizi ni chini ya kudumu kuliko wale wa watu wenye ustaarabu. Hata hivyo, kuna sifa za kufanywa katika taarifa hii; na kulinganisha ni muhimu ili kujua jinsi mbali sifa hizi kwenda. Mnyama-mwitu huonyesha uvumilivu mkubwa katika utendaji wa uwezo wa chini wa kiakili. Yeye ni untiring katika uchunguzi dakika. Yeye ni untiring, pia, katika aina hiyo ya shughuli ya utambuzi ambayo huandamana na kutengeneza silaha zake na mapambo: mara nyingi persevering kwa vipindi kubwa katika kuchonga mawe, na kadhalika. hisia, pia, yeye inaonyesha uvumilivu si tu katika nia ya kuchochea viwanda hivi vidogo, lakini pia katika baadhi ya shauku yake, hasa katika kwamba ya kisasi. Kwa hiyo, katika kujifunza viwango vya kubadilika kwa akili vinavyoonyeshwa katika maisha ya kila siku ya jamii tofauti, ni lazima tuulize ni kwa kadiri gani kubadilika kuna sifa ya akili nzima, na ni kwa kadiri gani kuna sifa ya sehemu za akili tu. 6. Uwe na uhakika Impulsiveness: Hii tabia ni karibu allied na mwisho: hisia unenduring ni hisia ambayo kutikisa mwenendo sasa hii njia na sasa kwamba, bila mfuatano wowote. Hata hivyo, huenda ikawa jambo la kufaa kushughulikia tabia ya kukimbilia kando, kwa sababu ina maana nyingine zaidi ya kukosa uvumilivu tu. Ulinganisho wa jamii za chini na za juu za wanadamu, kwa ujumla huonekana kuonyesha kwamba, pamoja na ufupi wa shauku, kuna vurugu. "Mashambulio ya ghafla ya hisia ambayo watu wa aina ya chini huonyesha, ni ya kupita kiasi katika kiwango kama wao ni mfupi katika muda; na kuna uwezekano wa uhusiano kati ya sifa hizi mbili: ""Nzito"" mapema kuzalisha uchovu." Kwa kuwa tunatambua kwamba tamaa za utotoni zinaonyesha uhusiano huu, hebu tuangalie maswali fulani ya kupendeza kuhusu kupungua kwa msukumo ambao huambatana na maendeleo. Mchakato wa neva wa kiumbe impulsive, ni chini ya mbali kutoka vitendo reflex kuliko wale wa kiumbe unimpulsive. Katika vitendo vya reflex tunaona kichocheo rahisi kupita ghafla katika harakati: udhibiti mdogo au hakuna unaofanywa na sehemu nyingine za mfumo wa neva. Tunapopanda kwenye hatua za juu zaidi, tukiongozwa na mchanganyiko wa vichocheo unaozidi kuwa tata, hakuna mtiririko wa papo hapo katika harakati rahisi; lakini kuna marekebisho ya makusudi na ya kubadilika zaidi ya harakati za mchanganyiko, zilizozuiwa na kupangwa kwa usahihi. Ndivyo ilivyo na shauku na hisia katika asili zisizoendelea sana na katika asili zilizoendelea zaidi. """Wapo lakini kidogo hisia tata, hisia, wakati msisimko na baadhi ya tukio, explodes katika hatua kabla ya hisia nyingine wamekuwa kuitwa katika kucheza; na kila moja ya haya, mara kwa mara, hufanya sawa." Lakini muundo wa hisia tata zaidi ni moja ambayo hisia hizi rahisi ni hivyo kuratibu kwamba wao si kutenda kwa kujitegemea. Kabla ya msisimko wa mtu yeyote kuwa na wakati wa kusababisha hatua, msisimko fulani umesambazwa kwa wengine - mara nyingi wapinzani; na mwenendo unabadilishwa katika marekebisho ya amri za pamoja. Kwa hiyo matokeo ya kupungua impulsivity, na pia uvumilivu mkubwa. Mwenendo unaofuatwa, ukichochewa na hisia kadhaa zinazoshirikiana katika viwango ambavyo havijapoteza, hupata mwendelezo mkubwa; na wakati nguvu ya spasmodic inakuwa chini ya kuonekana, kuna ongezeko la nishati ya jumla. Kwa kuchunguza mambo ya hakika kutoka kwa mtazamo huu, kuna maswali mbalimbali ya kupendeza yanayopaswa kuulizwa kuhusiana na jamii tofauti za watu. (a) Ni sifa zipi nyingine ziwezazo kuhusiana na mwelekeo wa kukimbilia mbali na kiwango cha mageuzi ya kiakili? Mbali na tofauti katika urefu wa aina, jamii za Ulimwengu Mpya zinaonekana kuwa zisizo na msukumo kama jamii za Ulimwengu wa Kale. Je, hilo ni kwa sababu ya kutojali kwa katiba? Je, kunaweza kufuatiliwa (vitu vingine sawa) uhusiano kati ya vivacity kimwili na akili impulsiveness? (b) Kuna uhusiano gani kati ya sifa hii na hali ya kijamii? Ni wazi asili ya mlipuko sana - kama ile ya Bushman - ni unfit kwa ajili ya muungano wa kijamii; na, kwa kawaida, muungano wa kijamii, wakati kwa njia yoyote imara, checks impulsiveness. (c) Ni sehemu gani zinazohusika katika kudhibiti msukumo zinazochukuliwa na hisia ambazo hali ya kijamii huendeleza - kama vile hofu ya watu wanaozunguka, kichocheo cha kijamii, hamu ya kukusanya mali, hisia za huruma, hisia za haki? Hizi, ambazo zinahitaji mazingira ya kijamii kwa ajili ya maendeleo yao, zote zinahusisha mawazo ya matokeo ya mbali zaidi au chini, na hivyo zina maana ya kudhibiti juu ya kuchochea ya tamaa rahisi. Kwa hiyo maswali yanatokea - Ni kwa utaratibu gani, kwa viwango gani, na katika mchanganyiko gani, zinatumiwa? 7. Uwe na mtazamo gani? Ulizo moja ya jumla ya aina tofauti inaweza kuongezwa. Ni athari gani inayotokezwa juu ya asili ya kiakili na mchanganyiko wa jamii? Kuna sababu ya kuamini kwamba katika ufalme wote wa wanyama, muungano wa aina ambazo zimekuwa tofauti sana ni mbaya kimwili, wakati muungano wa aina tofauti kidogo ni muhimu kimwili. Je, jambo kama hilo linapatana na asili ya kiakili? """Hata hivyo, kuna mambo yanayoonekana kuonyesha kwamba mchanganyiko wa jamii za wanadamu tofauti sana hutokeza aina ya akili isiyo na thamani, akili ambayo haifai kwa aina ya maisha inayoongozwa na jamii ya juu zaidi ya jamii hizo mbili, au ile inayoongozwa na jamii ya chini zaidi, akili ambayo haifai hali zote za maisha." Kinyume chake, tunaona kwamba watu wa jamii moja, tofauti kidogo na maisha yaliyofanywa katika hali tofauti kwa vizazi vingi, hutokeza kwa mchanganyiko aina ya akili yenye ubora fulani. Katika kazi yake juu ya The Huguenots, Mheshimiwa "Smeils anasema kwamba ""watu wengi mashuhuri miongoni mwetu wametokana na wakimbizi wa Flanders na Ufaransa,"" na M. Alphonse de Candolle, katika kitabu chake Histoire des sciences et des savants depuis deux siècles, anaonyesha kwamba wazao wa wakimbizi wa Ufaransa nchini Uswisi wamezalisha idadi kubwa sana ya wanasayansi." Ingawa kwa sehemu matokeo haya yaweza kupewa asili ya awali ya wakimbizi hao, ambao lazima wawe walikuwa na uhuru huo, ambao ni jambo kuu katika asili, bado yaelekea ni kwa sehemu kwa sababu ya mchanganyiko wa jamii. Kwa kufikiri hivyo, tuna uthibitisho ambao haufunguki kwa tafsiri mbili. "Mwanahistoria Morley anasema kwamba ""katika miaka 700 ya historia yetu ya mapema, watu bora zaidi wa Uingereza walikuja katika eneo ambalo Wacelti na Waanglosaksi waliungana.""" "Kwa njia kama hiyo, Galton, katika kitabu chake cha Kiingereza ""Wanaume wa Sayansi,"" anaonyesha kwamba katika siku za hivi karibuni hawa wametoka hasa katika eneo la ndani, kwa ujumla kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini, ambayo tunaweza kudhani kwa busara ina damu mchanganyiko zaidi kuliko maeneo ya mashariki na magharibi." Matokeo kama hayo yaonekana kuwa ya uwezekano a priori. Asili mbili zilizobadilishwa kwa seti tofauti kidogo za hali za kijamii, zinaweza kutarajiwa kwa muungano wao kutokeza asili ya plastiki zaidi kuliko yoyote ya asili ya kuvutia zaidi na hali mpya za maisha ya kijamii, na kwa hivyo uwezekano mkubwa wa kuanzisha mawazo mapya na kuonyesha hisia zilizobadilishwa. "Kwa hiyo, ""The Comparative Psychology of Man"" inaweza kujumuisha kwa usahihi athari za kiakili za mchanganyiko; na kati ya uchunguzi wa derivative tunaweza kuuliza ""Ni kwa kiasi gani ushindi wa jamii kwa jamii umekuwa muhimu katika kuendeleza ustaarabu kwa kusaidia mchanganyiko, pamoja na njia nyingine.""" II. <unk> Sehemu ya pili ya tatu kuu zilizotajwa mwanzoni ni ndogo. Hata hivyo, kuhusu asili za kiakili za jinsia katika kila jamii, maswali ya kupendeza na ya maana sana yaweza kuanzishwa. 1. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Kiasi cha tofauti kati ya jinsia. Ni ukweli uliowekwa kwamba, kimwili kuchukuliwa, tofauti kati ya wanaume na wanawake si sawa kubwa katika aina zote za binadamu. Kwa mfano, jamii zenye ndevu zinaonyesha tofauti kubwa zaidi kati ya jamii hizo mbili kuliko jamii zisizo na ndevu. Katika makabila ya Amerika Kusini, wanaume na wanawake wana kufanana zaidi kwa ujumla katika fomu, na kadhalika, kuliko ilivyo kawaida mahali pengine. Swali, basi, linajitokeza lenyewe <unk>Je, asili za kiakili za jinsia hutofautiana kwa kiwango cha mara kwa mara au kwa kiwango cha kubadilika? Tofauti hiyo haitaweza kuwa ya kudumu; na, tukitafuta tofauti, twaweza kuuliza ni kiasi gani cha tofauti hiyo, na inatokea chini ya hali gani? 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Tofauti katika wingi na katika utata. <unk> Ulinganisho kati ya jinsia, bila shaka, kukubali ya mgawanyiko sambamba na wale kufanywa katika kulinganisha kati ya jamii. Kiasi cha akili ya jamaa na utata wa akili ya jamaa ni hasa kuwa kuchunguzwa. Kwa kuamini kwamba ukosefu mkubwa wa usawa katika gharama za uzazi kwa jinsia mbili ni sababu ya kutofanana katika uzito wa akili kama ilivyo katika uzito wa kimwili, tofauti hii inaweza kuchunguzwa kuhusiana na tofauti za uzazi zinazotolewa na jamii mbalimbali, kuhusiana na umri ambao uzazi huanza na vipindi ambavyo huendelea. "Utafiti wa kiungo unaweza kuunganishwa na hii, yaani, ""Ni kwa kiasi gani maendeleo ya akili ya jinsia mbili huathiriwa na tabia zao za jamaa kuhusiana na chakula na juhudi za kimwili?""" Katika jamii nyingi za chini, wanawake, wanatendewa kwa ukatili mkubwa, ni, kimwili, chini sana kuliko wanaume: kazi ya ziada na upungufu wa lishe ni wazi sababu za pamoja. Je, kuna kusimamishwa kwa ukuzi wa kiakili wakati huohuo? 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli """Ikiwa tofauti ya kimwili na kiakili ya jinsia si ya kudumu, basi, tukidhani kwamba jamii zote zimetoka kwenye jamii moja ya awali, inafuata kwamba lazima kuwe na usambazaji wa tofauti zilizokusanywa kwa wale wa jinsia moja katika kizazi.""" Kwa mfano, kama mtu wa kale hakuwa na ndevu, basi kutokezwa kwa aina ya ndevu kunamaanisha kwamba ndani ya aina hiyo wanaume waliendelea kupitisha ndevu nyingi kwa wazao wa jinsia moja. """Ukomo huu wa urithi kwa jinsia, unaoonyeshwa kwa njia nyingi katika ufalme wa wanyama, labda unatumika kwa miundo ya ubongo kama vile kwa miundo mingine." Kwa hiyo swali <unk>Je, asili za kiakili za jinsia katika aina za kigeni za Mwanadamu hazitofautiani kwa njia na viwango tofauti? 4. Uwe na uhakika Sababu za tofauti. Je, kuna uhusiano wowote wa kufuatiliwa kati ya tofauti hizi za kutofautiana na sehemu tofauti za jinsia kucheza katika biashara ya maisha? Kwa kuzingatia athari za jumla za tabia juu ya kazi na muundo, na pia kikomo cha urithi kwa jinsia, inatarajiwa kwamba ikiwa katika jamii yoyote, shughuli za jinsia moja, kizazi baada ya kizazi, hutofautiana na zile za nyingine, kutatokea marekebisho ya kijinsia ya akili. Baadhi ya mifano ya mfano yaweza kutajwa. Miongoni mwa Waafrika wa Loango na wilaya nyingine, kama vile miongoni mwa baadhi ya makabila ya Wahindi wa Milima, wanaume na wanawake ni tofauti sana kama kwa mtiririko huo inert na nguvu: kazi ya wanawake inaonekana kuwa hivyo asili kwao kwamba hakuna kulazimishwa inahitajika. Bila shaka, mambo hayo yanafanya tujiulize maswali mengi. """Ukingo wa urithi kwa jinsia unaweza kuelezea tofauti hizo za kijinsia za akili ambazo zinawatenganisha wanaume na wanawake katika jamii zote, na zile ambazo zinawatenganisha katika kila jamii au jamii." "Hata hivyo, uchunguzi wa chini unaovutia ni jinsi tofauti hizo za kiakili zinavyoweza kubadilika katika visa ambavyo kuna kubadilika kwa mahusiano ya kijamii na ya nyumbani, kama ilivyo katika makabila ya Khasi Hill, ambapo wanawake wana nguvu sana hivi kwamba wanamfukuza mume wao kwa njia ya muhtasari ikiwa hawafurahii.""" 5. Uwe na mtazamo mzuri. Uwezo wa kubadilisha akili katika jinsia mbili. Pamoja na kulinganisha jamii kuhusiana na plasticity ya akili inaweza kwenda kulinganisha sambamba ya jinsia katika kila jamii. Je, ni kweli daima, kama inavyoonekana kuwa kweli kwa ujumla, kwamba wanawake ni chini ya kubadilishwa kuliko wanaume? Uhifadhi wa jamaa wa wanawake - kushikamana kwao zaidi na mawazo na mazoea yaliyowekwa - huonekana katika jamii nyingi za ustaarabu na nusu-ustaarabu. Je, ndivyo ilivyo miongoni mwa watu wasio na ustaarabu? Mfano wa ajabu wa kushikamana kwa nguvu na desturi kwa wanawake kuliko kwa wanaume unapatikana na Dalton, kama inavyotokea miongoni mwa Juangs, moja ya makabila ya chini ya Bengal. Hadi hivi karibuni, mavazi ya wanaume na wanawake yalikuwa tofauti na yale ya Adamu na Hawa katika hadithi ya Kiebrania. Miaka mingi iliyopita wanaume waliongozwa kuanzisha bandage ya kitambaa kuzunguka viuno, badala ya rundo la majani; lakini wanawake walishikilia tabia ya asili: conservatism iliyoonyeshwa ambapo inaweza kuwa inatarajiwa kidogo. 6. Uwe na uhakika Matokeo ya thamani yaweza kutafutwa kutokana na kulinganisha jamii zilizofanywa ili kuamua kiasi na tabia za hisia za juu ambazo uhusiano wa jinsia huchochea. Aina za chini zaidi za wanadamu zina vipawa vichache tu vya hisia hizi. Katika aina za aina za juu, kama vile Malayo-Polynesians, hisia hizi zinaonekana kuwa zimesitawi sana: kwa mfano, Dyaks, wakati mwingine huonyesha nguvu kubwa. Kwa ujumla, zinaonekana kuwa na nguvu zaidi kadiri ustaarabu unavyoendelea. Mafunzo kadhaa ya chini yanaweza kutajwa. (a) Ni kwa kadiri gani ukuzi wa hisia za kingono hutegemea maendeleo ya kiakili - juu ya ukuzi wa nguvu ya kuwazia? (b) Ni kiasi gani ni kuhusiana na maendeleo ya kihisia; na hasa kwa mageuzi ya wale hisia ambayo hutokana na huruma? Kuna uhusiano gani kati ya ndoa ya wenzi wengi na ndoa ya wake wengi? (c) Je, haipendekezi, na je, haipendelezi, ndoa ya wake mmoja? (d) Kuna uhusiano gani na kudumisha uhusiano wa familia, na kwa hiyo kulea watoto vizuri zaidi? Chini ya kichwa cha tatu, ambacho sasa tunaweza kupita, kuna sifa za pekee zaidi za jamii tofauti. 1. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Mfano: Moja ya sifa ambazo aina ya chini ya watu inaonyesha sisi kuondoka kidogo kutoka kwa hatua ya reflex kuliko aina ya juu, ni mwelekeo wao mkubwa wa kuiga harakati na sauti zilizofanywa na wengine - tabia karibu isiyo ya hiari ambayo wasafiri hupata shida kudhibiti. Kurudia-rudia huku bila maana, kunakoonekana kunamaanisha kwamba wazo la tendo linaloonekana haliwezi kuundwa katika akili ya mtazamaji bila ya kujihusisha mara moja na tendo lililofikiriwa (na kila tendo la kawaida ni fomu ya ufahamu inayositawi inayoambatana na utendaji wa tendo kama hilo), ni dhahiri kuwa hutofautiana kidogo na moja kwa moja; na kupungua kwake kunatarajiwa pamoja na kuongezeka kwa nguvu ya kujidhibiti. "Hii tabia ya kuiga moja kwa moja ni dhahiri allied na kwamba ""mali ya chini ya moja kwa moja"" ambayo inaonekana katika kudumu zaidi ya desturi." Kwa desturi zilizopitishwa na kila kizazi kutoka kwa kizazi cha mwisho bila kufikiri au uchunguzi, zinaonyesha mwelekeo wa kuiga ambayo inashinda mwelekeo wa kukosoa na kutilia shaka: hivyo kudumisha tabia ambazo hakuna sababu zinazoweza kutolewa. Kupungua kwa uigizaji huu usio na busara, wenye nguvu zaidi katika watu wa hali ya chini na dhaifu zaidi katika watu wa hali ya juu, kunapaswa kuchunguzwa pamoja na hatua za juu zaidi za maisha ya kijamii, kama msaada na kizuizi kwa ustaarabu: msaada kwa kadiri inavyotoa uthabiti kwa shirika la kijamii ambalo bila hiyo jamii haiwezi kuishi; kizuizi kwa kadiri inavyopinga mabadiliko ya shirika la kijamii ambayo yamekuwa ya kupendeza. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata "Kutaka kujua: ""Kujitambulisha katika hali ya watu wa asili, tunajifikiria kuwa tunajifurahisha sana kwa kuona kwa mara ya kwanza bidhaa na vifaa vya maisha ya ustaarabu.""" Lakini tunakosea kwa kudhani kwamba mwitu ana hisia kama vile tunapaswa kuwa katika nafasi yake. Ukosefu wa udadisi wa kiakili kuhusu mambo haya mapya yasiyoeleweka ni tabia inayoonekana katika jamii za chini zaidi, na jamii ambazo hazijasaidiwa sana zina tofauti na jamii hizo kwa sababu zina udadisi wa kiakili. Uhusiano wa tabia hii na asili ya kiakili, kwa asili ya kihisia, na kwa hali ya kijamii, inapaswa kuchunguzwa. 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli "Chini ya kichwa hiki cha wazi, kuna seti nyingi za uchunguzi, kila moja yao ni kubwa: "" (a) kiwango cha jumla ya mawazo; (b) kiwango cha abstractness ya mawazo; (c) kiwango cha uhakika wa mawazo; (d) kiwango cha mshikamano wa mawazo; (e) kiwango ambacho kuna maendeleo kama vile dhana ya darasa, sababu ya, ya umoja, ya sheria, ya ukweli." Mawazo mengi ambayo yamekuwa ya kawaida kwetu hivi kwamba tunafikiri kuwa ni mali ya kawaida ya akili zote, hayana zaidi ya kuwa na wakali wa chini kuliko watoto wetu wenyewe; na kulinganisha aina lazima kufanywa ili kueleza taratibu ambazo kwa njia hiyo mawazo hayo yanafikiwa. Maendeleo chini ya kila kichwa lazima kuchunguzwa (a) kwa kujitegemea katika hatua zake mfululizo; (b) katika uhusiano na ushirikiano wa dhana za kiakili; (c) katika uhusiano na maendeleo ya lugha, sanaa, na shirika la kijamii. Tayari matukio ya lugha yametumiwa kusaidia uchunguzi kama huo; na matumizi ya utaratibu zaidi ya hayo yanapaswa kufanywa. Si idadi tu ya maneno ya jumla, na idadi ya maneno ya abstract, katika msamiati wa watu, lazima kuchukuliwa kama ushahidi, lakini pia ngazi yao ya generality na abstractness; kwa sababu kuna generalities ya kwanza, ya pili, ya tatu, na kadhalika, amri, na abstractions sawa kupanda. Rangi ya bluu ni abstraction inayohusu darasa moja la hisia zinazotokana na vitu vinavyoonekana; rangi ni abstraction ya juu zaidi inayohusu darasa nyingi za hisia za kuona; mali ni abstraction ya juu zaidi inayohusu darasa la hisia zinazopokelewa sio kupitia macho pekee, lakini kupitia viungo vingine vya hisia. Kama mambo ya jumla na ya kijuujuu yangepangwa kwa utaratibu wa upana wao na kwa utaratibu wa viwango vyao, majaribio yangepatikana ambayo, yakitumiwa kwa msamiati wa wasio na ustaarabu, yangetoa ushahidi wa uhakika wa hatua za kiakili zilizofikiwa. 4. Uwe na uhakika "Kwa sifa za kipekee za akili, ambazo zinaonyesha viwango tofauti vya mageuzi, lazima ziongezwe zile ndogo zinazohusiana na njia za maisha: aina na viwango vya kitivo ambavyo vimepangwa kwa kukabiliana na tabia za kila siku, ustadi katika matumizi ya silaha, nguvu za kufuatilia, utambuzi wa haraka wa vitu vya mtu binafsi.""" Na chini ya kichwa hiki inaweza fitly kuja maswali kuhusu baadhi ya jamii-peculiarities ya darasa esthetic, si kwa sasa explainable. """Wakati mabaki kutoka mapango ya Dordogne yanaonyesha kwamba wakazi wao, chini kama sisi lazima kudhani wao kuwa, inaweza kuwakilisha wanyama, wote kwa kuchora na kuchonga, na kiwango fulani cha uaminifu, kuna mbio zilizopo, pengine juu katika mambo mengine, ambao kuonekana vigumu uwezo wa kutambua picha." Vivyo hivyo na kitivo cha muziki. "Hata kama ni kidogo au haipo kabisa katika jamii fulani za chini, tunapata katika jamii nyingine zisizo za hali ya juu, zilizoendelea kwa kiwango kisichotarajiwa: kwa mfano, weusi, ambao wengine wao ni wa asili ya muziki, kwamba, kama nilivyosemwa na mjumbe mmoja kati yao, watoto katika shule za asili, wakati wa kufundishwa nyimbo za zaburi za Ulaya, huimba kwa ghafula ""seconds"" kwao." Ikiwa sababu yoyote yaweza kugunduliwa kwa ajili ya sifa za jamii za aina hii, ni swali la kupendeza. 5. Uwe na mtazamo mzuri. Specialties ya asili ya kihisia. <unk>Hizi ni anastahili utafiti wa makini, kama kuwa karibu kuhusiana na matukio ya kijamii <unk>kwa uwezekano wa maendeleo ya kijamii, na kwa asili ya muundo wa kijamii. Miongoni mwa wengine wanaopaswa kutajwa ni <unk> (a) Gregariousness au sociality <unk> sifa ambayo nguvu ya mbio hutofautiana sana: baadhi, kama Mantras, kuwa karibu indifferent kwa mahusiano ya kijamii; baadhi kuwa haiwezi kuondoa na hayo. Ni wazi kwamba kiwango cha tamaa hii ya kuwapo kwa wenzake huathiri sana kuundwa kwa vikundi vya kijamii, na kwa hivyo huathiri maendeleo ya kijamii. (b) Kutovumilia vizuizi. Watu wa aina fulani za chini, kama vile Wamapuche, hawawezi kutawaliwa; huku wale wa aina nyingine, ambao hawana cheo cha juu, si tu kwamba hutii vizuizi, bali pia wanawapenda wale wanaovitumia. Asili hizi tofauti lazima kuchunguzwa katika uhusiano na mageuzi ya kijamii; kwa hatua za mapema ambayo wao ni kwa mtiririko huo antagonistic na mazuri. Tamaa ya sifa ni tabia ambayo ni ya kawaida kwa jamii zote, za juu na za chini, na inatofautiana sana katika kiwango. Kuna jamii za watu wa hali ya chini sana, kama vile zile za baadhi ya mataifa ya Pasifiki, ambao wanachama wao hujitoa bila kujinyima ili kupata makofi ambayo ukarimu mwingi huleta; wakati, mahali pengine, makofi yanatafutwa kwa shauku kidogo. Ni lazima tuangalie uhusiano uliopo kati ya upendo huu wa kukubaliwa na vizuizi vya kijamii; kwa kuwa hutimiza sehemu muhimu katika kuhifadhiwa kwa vizuizi hivyo. (d) Uwezo wa kupata. Hii, pia, ni tabia ambayo digrii zake, na mahusiano yake na hali ya kijamii, lazima hasa kumbukumbu. Tamaa ya mali hukua pamoja na uwezekano wa kuifurahisha; na hii, ndogo sana miongoni mwa watu wa chini, huongezeka kadiri maendeleo ya kijamii yanavyoendelea. Kwa kuendeleza kutoka mali ya kikabila hadi mali ya familia na mali ya mtu binafsi, dhana ya haki ya kibinafsi ya kumiliki inapata uthibitisho, na upendo wa ununuzi unaongezeka. Kila hatua kuelekea hali ya kijamii ya utaratibu hufanya mkusanyiko mkubwa iwezekane, na raha zinazopatikana kwa njia hiyo ziwe za uhakika zaidi, wakati msukumo unaotokana na mkusanyiko huo unaongoza kwa ongezeko la mtaji na maendeleo zaidi. Hii hatua na athari ya hisia na hali ya kijamii, inapaswa kuwa katika kila kesi kuchunguzwa. 6. Uwe na uhakika Hisia za kujitolea. <unk>Kujia mwisho, hizi pia ni za juu zaidi. Mageuzi yao katika mwendo wa ustaarabu, inatuonyesha wazi ushawishi wa pande zote za kitengo cha kijamii na kiumbe cha kijamii. Kwa upande mmoja, hakuna huruma, wala hisia zozote ambazo huruma huzalisha, isipokuwa kuna wenzetu karibu. Kwa upande mwingine, kudumisha muungano na wenzetu hutegemea kwa sehemu uwepo wa huruma, na vizuizi vinavyotokana na hilo juu ya mwenendo. Urafiki au ushirika huendeleza ukuaji wa huruma; huruma iliyoongezeka huongoza kwenye ushirika wa karibu na hali ya kijamii thabiti zaidi; na hivyo, kwa kuendelea, kila ongezeko la moja hufanya uwezekano wa ongezeko la nyingine. Ulinganisho wa hisia za kujitolea zinazotokana na huruma, kama inavyoonyeshwa katika aina tofauti za watu na hali tofauti za kijamii, inaweza kupangwa kwa urahisi chini ya vichwa vitatu: (a) Huruma, ambayo inapaswa kuzingatiwa kama inavyoonyeshwa kwa watoto, kwa wagonjwa na wazee, na kwa maadui. (b) Ukarimu (unaotenganishwa vizuri na upendo wa kuonyesha) unaonyeshwa katika kutoa; unaonyeshwa katika kuachana na raha kwa ajili ya wengine; unaonyeshwa kwa juhudi za kazi kwa niaba ya wengine. Maonyesho ya hisia hii pia yanapaswa kutajwa kwa heshima ya wigo wao - kama wao ni mdogo kwa jamaa; kama wao kupanua tu kwa wale wa jamii moja; kama wao kupanua kwa wale wa jamii nyingine; na wao pia ni kutajwa katika uhusiano na kiwango cha providence - kama wao ni matokeo ya msukumo ghafla kutii bila kuhesabu gharama, au kwenda pamoja na maono ya wazi ya dhabihu ya baadaye kuhusisha. (c) Haki. Hili la abstract zaidi la hisia za altruistic ni lazima kuzingatiwa chini ya mambo kama yale yaliyotajwa tu, kama vile chini ya mambo mengine mengi - ni kiasi gani inaonyeshwa kuhusiana na maisha ya wengine; ni kiasi gani kuhusiana na uhuru wao; ni kiasi gani kuhusiana na mali yao; ni kiasi gani kuhusiana na madai yao mbalimbali madogo. Na kulinganisha kuhusu hisia hii ya juu zaidi, zaidi ya yote mengine, inapaswa kufanywa pamoja na kulinganisha hali za kijamii zinazoambatana, ambazo kwa kiasi kikubwa huamua - fomu na vitendo vya serikali; tabia za sheria; mahusiano ya madarasa. Kama ilivyoelezwa kwa ufupi kama inavyokuwa na uwazi, ni mgawanyiko wa kuongoza na mgawanyiko wa chini ambayo Saikolojia ya Kulinganisha ya Mtu inaweza kupangwa. Kwa kuchunguza kwa haraka uwanja mkubwa hivyo, bila shaka nimepuuza mambo mengi ambayo yanapaswa kuingizwa. Bila shaka, pia, uchunguzi mbalimbali uliotajwa utaenea katika uchunguzi mdogo unaostahili kufuatiliwa. Hata hivyo, hata kama ni hivyo, mpango ni pana kutosha kuchukua wachunguzi wengi, ambao wanaweza kwa faida kuchukua mgawanyiko tofauti. Ingawa baada ya kujishughulisha na sanaa na bidhaa za kale, wananthropolojia wameweka fikira zao hasa kwa tabia za kimwili za jamii za kibinadamu, ni lazima, nadhani, ikubaliwe kwamba utafiti wa hizi hutoa umuhimu kwa utafiti wa tabia zao za kisaikolojia. "Mafundisho ya jumla ambayo seti ya kwanza ya uchunguzi inaweza kusababisha, haiwezi sana kuathiri maoni yetu kuhusu madarasa ya juu ya matukio kama inaweza matokeo ya jumla ambayo seti ya pili inaweza kusababisha. """ Nadharia ya kweli ya akili ya binadamu inatuhusu sana; na kulinganisha kwa utaratibu akili za binadamu, tofauti katika aina zao na madarasa, kutatuwezesha kutengeneza nadharia ya kweli. Ujuzi wa mahusiano ya kuingiliana kati ya tabia za watu na tabia za jamii wanazounda lazima uathiri sana mawazo yetu ya mipango ya kisiasa. Wakati utegemezi wa asili ya mtu binafsi na muundo wa kijamii unapoeleweka, dhana zetu za mabadiliko yanayotokea sasa na yanayotokea baadaye zitarekebishwa. Kuelewa maendeleo ya akili kama mchakato wa kukabiliana na hali za kijamii, ambazo daima kuunda upya akili na ni tena kuundwa upya na, itasababisha ufahamu salamu ya athari za mbali zinazozalishwa na taasisi juu ya tabia, na kudhibiti madhara makubwa ambayo sheria ujinga sasa husababisha. Mwishowe, nadharia sahihi ya mageuzi ya akili, kama inavyoonyeshwa na wanadamu kwa ujumla, ikitoa ufunguo, kama inavyofanya, kwa mageuzi ya akili ya mtu binafsi, lazima itusaidie kuhalalisha mbinu zetu za elimu; na hivyo kuinua nguvu ya kiakili na asili ya maadili.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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Ballet training can enrich your child’s life. It helps children mature physically, emotionally, socially and cognitively while fostering a healthy life-style. Ballet instills positive qualities that will serve your child well throughout their life and will enable them to enrich the lives of others. Ballet is an essential foundation and launch pad for all other forms of dance. Ballet Helps Your Child Mature Ballet conditions students’ bodies and minds better than any other form of dance. Many don’t realize that professional ballet dancers are as physically fit as professional athletes. Ballet dancers develop muscle strength, flexibility and mobility enabling them to execute difficult movements with apparent ease. Ballet improves posture and balance which contribute to a leaner, more graceful and elegant appearance. Learning complex ballet movements requires intense concentration and mental alertness while frequent repetition connects the mind and body enabling an almost intuitive response when it is time for the dancer to perform. Ballet Instills Positive Qualities Confidence and self-esteem develop as young ballet dancers conquer new movements and become more certain of their ability to apply themselves, work hard, and master the tasks put before them. Dedication and commitment are qualities students demonstrate as they progress from beginner to advanced. Self-discipline and responsibility are qualities students need to learn and apply in order to meet their many obligations at the studio, at school and at home. Ballet is the Foundation All dancers need ballet training because it is the foundation for other forms of dance. It is essential that ballet training be included your child’s development as a dancer and not be ignored if other forms of dance are to be explored. To dance safely and correctly young dancers require the strength, flexibility and balance acquired with ballet training. The more a student studies ballet, the more they progress and flourish in every other style of dance. Benefits Beyond The Studio The benefits of ballet reach far beyond the dance studio. Parents often report significant improvement in their child’s class room performance or their ability to compete on the athletic field. While a small fraction of ballet students become professional dancers, others achieve success in roles associated with the performing arts. Those who have found careers in other fields often credit their ballet experience for their success and ability to accomplish other important life goals. Discover why this parent doesn’t pay for dance lessons anymore, but thinks it’s a great investment. Learn how dance benefits early childhood development from the National Dance Education Organization.

Mazoezi ya dansi ya bale yanaweza kutajirisha maisha ya mtoto wako. Inasaidia watoto kukomaa kimwili, kihisia-moyo, kijamii na kiakili huku ikitunza mtindo wa maisha wenye afya. Ballet hufundisha sifa nzuri ambazo zitamtumikia mtoto wako maisha yake yote na zitamwezesha kutajirisha maisha ya wengine. Ballet ni msingi muhimu na kituo cha uzinduzi kwa aina nyingine zote za dansi. Ballet Husaidia Mtoto Wako Kukomaa Ballet hali mwili wa wanafunzi na akili bora kuliko aina nyingine yoyote ya densi. Wengi hawatambui kwamba wachezaji wa dansi za bale wa kitaalamu ni wenye afya kama wanariadha wa kitaalamu. Wachezaji wa dansi ya bale huendeleza nguvu za misuli, kubadilika-badilika na mwendo unaowawezesha kutekeleza harakati ngumu kwa urahisi. Ballet inaboresha msimamo na usawa ambao huchangia kuonekana kwa urahisi, kwa uzuri na kwa kifahari. Kujifunza harakati ngumu za ballet inahitaji mkusanyiko mkubwa na tahadhari ya akili, wakati kurudia mara kwa mara huunganisha akili na mwili, na kuwezesha majibu ya karibu ya intuitive wakati wa kucheza. Ballet Inatia sifa nzuri Ujasiri na kujithamini huendelea kukua wakati wachezaji wachanga wa dansi ya ballet wanapopata harakati mpya na kuwa na uhakika zaidi wa uwezo wao wa kujitolea, kufanya kazi kwa bidii, na kufanikiwa katika kazi zinazowekwa mbele yao. Kujitolea na kujitolea ni sifa ambazo wanafunzi huonyesha wanapoendelea kutoka mwanzoni hadi hatua ya juu. Uwezo wa kujidhibiti na uwajibikaji ni sifa ambazo wanafunzi wanahitaji kujifunza na kutumia ili kukidhi majukumu yao mengi katika studio, shuleni na nyumbani. Ballet ni msingi wa mazoezi ya dansi ya ballet, na ni muhimu kwa ajili ya mazoezi ya dansi ya ballet. Ni muhimu kwamba mafunzo ya ballet ni pamoja na maendeleo ya mtoto wako kama mcheza dansi na si kupuuzwa kama aina nyingine ya kucheza ni kuchunguzwa. Ili kucheza dansi kwa usalama na kwa usahihi wachezaji wachanga wanahitaji nguvu, kubadilika-badilika na usawaziko waliopatikana kwa mafunzo ya ballet. Kadiri mwanafunzi anavyojifunza dansi ya bale, ndivyo anavyozidi kufanya maendeleo na kusitawi katika kila aina nyingine ya dansi. Faida za Ballet Zinafikia Mbali Zaidi ya Studio ya Dansi Mara nyingi wazazi huripoti uboreshaji mkubwa katika utendaji wa darasa la mtoto wao au uwezo wao wa kushindana kwenye uwanja wa michezo. Ingawa sehemu ndogo ya wanafunzi wa dansi ya bale huwa wachezaji wa dansi wa kitaalamu, wengine hufanikiwa katika kazi zinazohusiana na sanaa za maonyesho. Wale ambao wamepata kazi katika nyanja nyingine mara nyingi wanaheshimu uzoefu wao wa dansi ya bale kwa mafanikio yao na uwezo wa kutimiza malengo mengine muhimu ya maisha. Gundua kwa nini mzazi huyu haalipi masomo ya kucheza dansi tena, lakini anafikiri ni uwekezaji mzuri. Jifunze jinsi dansi inavyofaidi ukuzi wa utotoni kutoka kwa Shirika la Kitaifa la Elimu ya Dansi.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

http://monmouthacademyofballet.com/why-ballet/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00213.warc.gz

PR1: Gamification and game-based learning in schools – research study – key findings The 21st-century skillset demanded by many a workplace these days clearly challenges the educational systems around the world, many of which still operate on 20th-century principles. As Seymour – Papert (1991) put it: “Success in the slowly changing worlds of past centuries came from being able to do well what you were taught to do. Success in the rapidly changing world of the future depends on being able to do well what you were not taught to do.” (Vision for Education: Caperton & Papert) Education struggles on both a systemic and an individual level to meet the challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (the term was used by Klaus Schwab in 2015 at the World Economic Forum) characterised by rapid shifts and changes in technology, which requires a flexible, open, and adaptable approach to learning and teaching that is not inherent in the way schools are run these days. Some of the issues facing teachers all over the world include the ever-decreasing attention span of their students, competition from online resources (why should we memorise facts that are readily available online), a slump in motivation and the ability to focus, the struggle to give meaningful and varied feedback to students, making learning more engaging, designing meaningful individual learning paths for students, creating a stress-free environment to enhance student productivity as well as showing the added value of education in students’ lives. One possible answer to some of the issues outlined above might be the introduction of gamification and game-based learning, which offer certain solutions to disrupt the traditional ways in which schools function and prove to be useful tools for immersive learning and increasing student engagement. Games and playing create positive associations and stir positive emotions in most people and it seems reasonable to assume that – since everyone enjoys games and playing – their systematic introduction to the ways we learn might reap true benefits for all. In this paper, we set out to find out how teachers in four countries feel about gamification and game-based learning, how they think these concepts influenced them (both positively and negatively), what stumbling blocks they struggle with in implementing gamified structures in their schools and what sources they look to for assistance and help to solidify workable gamified practices. In this project we have carried out a research in 4 countries: Cyprus, Hungary, Slovakia and Romania. Our primary aim was to tap into teachers’ beliefs concerning gamification and game-based learning, to understand their thoughts as well as both positive and negative experiences regarding them. The research consisted of a qualitative part (interviews) and a quantitative part (a questionnaire designed based on the analysis of the interviews). Having concluded the research and the analysis of the data gathered (interviews=n31, questionnaire=n166), it was felt that the most relevant findings were embedded in the interviews conducted. The questionnaire seemed to have reached those who were already progressing along the way of making gamification and game-based learning an integral part of their methodological arsenal. Therefore their responses in the questionnaire reflected a level of optimism and a positive attitude that did not necessarily transpire when participants of the interviews were given the time and space to elaborate on the more intricate details of pedagogical innovation using gamification and game-based learning. Furthermore, having administered the questionnaire to educators in four different countries did not seem to have yielded significantly different results in each country. Regardless, there are several points that not only gave a somewhat nuanced insight into an educator’s use of gamification and game-based learning but also marked the way for further research and training to best accommodate those willing to embark on a journey of innovation. This file contains the key summary of these findings.

Gamification na kujifunza kwa msingi wa mchezo katika shule: utafiti wa utafiti: matokeo muhimu ya ujuzi wa karne ya 21 unaohitajika na wengi mahali pa kazi siku hizi ni changamoto wazi ya mifumo ya elimu duniani kote, ambayo bado inafanya kazi kwa kanuni za karne ya 20. "Kama Seymour Papert alivyosema, ""Ufanisi katika ulimwengu unaobadilika polepole wa karne zilizopita ulitokana na kuweza kufanya vizuri kile ulichofundishwa kufanya.""" "Ufanisi katika ulimwengu unaobadilika haraka wa siku zijazo unategemea kuweza kufanya vizuri kile ambacho haukufundishwa kufanya. "" (Vision for Education, Caperton & Pappert) Elimu inashindana katika ngazi ya mfumo na ya mtu binafsi kukabiliana na changamoto za Mapinduzi ya Nne ya Viwanda (neno lilitumiwa na Klaus Schwab mnamo 2015 katika Mkutano wa Uchumi wa Dunia) inayohusishwa na mabadiliko ya haraka na mabadiliko katika teknolojia, ambayo inahitaji mbinu ya kubadilika, wazi na ya kubadilika kwa kujifunza na kufundisha." Baadhi ya masuala ambayo walimu wanakabiliwa nayo ulimwenguni kote ni pamoja na kupungua kwa uangalifu wa wanafunzi wao, ushindani kutoka kwa rasilimali za mtandaoni (kwa nini tunapaswa kukumbuka ukweli ambao unapatikana mtandaoni), kushuka kwa motisha na uwezo wa kuzingatia, mapambano ya kutoa maoni yenye maana na tofauti kwa wanafunzi, kufanya kujifunza zaidi, kubuni njia za kujifunza za kibinafsi kwa wanafunzi, kuunda mazingira ya bure ya mkazo ili kuongeza uzalishaji wa wanafunzi. "Jibu linalowezekana kwa baadhi ya masuala yaliyoelezwa hapo juu inaweza kuwa kuanzishwa kwa ""gamification"" na ""mafunzo ya mchezo,"" ambayo hutoa suluhisho fulani za kuvuruga njia za jadi ambazo shule zinafanya kazi na kuthibitisha kuwa zana muhimu kwa kujifunza immersive na kuongeza ushiriki wa wanafunzi." Michezo na kucheza kuunda ushirika chanya na kuchochea hisia chanya katika watu wengi na inaonekana busara kudhani kwamba - tangu kila mtu anafurahia michezo na kucheza - kuanzishwa yao utaratibu kwa njia sisi kujifunza inaweza kuvuna faida ya kweli kwa wote. Katika makala hii, tulijaribu kujua jinsi walimu katika nchi nne wanavyohisi kuhusu gamification na kujifunza kwa msingi wa mchezo, jinsi wanavyofikiri dhana hizi ziliwaathiri (wote chanya na hasi), ni nini vikwazo wanavyopambana na kutekeleza miundo ya gamified katika shule zao na ni vyanzo gani wanavyoangalia kwa msaada na kusaidia kuimarisha mazoea ya gamified. Katika mradi huu, tumefanya utafiti katika nchi nne: Cyprus, Hungary, Slovakia na Romania. Lengo letu kuu lilikuwa kugundua imani za walimu kuhusu gamification na kujifunza kwa msingi wa mchezo, kuelewa mawazo yao na uzoefu mzuri na hasi kuhusu wao. Utafiti huo ulijumuisha sehemu ya ubora (maingiliano) na sehemu ya kiasi (swali lililobuniwa kulingana na uchambuzi wa mahojiano). Baada ya utafiti na uchambuzi wa data zilizokusanywa (interviews = n31, maswali = n166), ilihisi kuwa matokeo muhimu zaidi yaliingizwa katika mahojiano yaliyofanywa. Inaonekana kwamba maswali hayo yaliwafikia wale ambao walikuwa tayari wanaendelea katika njia ya kufanya gamification na kujifunza kwa msingi wa mchezo kuwa sehemu muhimu ya silaha zao za mbinu. Kwa hivyo majibu yao katika safu ya maswali yalionyesha kiwango cha matumaini na mtazamo mzuri ambao haukuonekana wakati washiriki wa mahojiano walipewa wakati na nafasi ya kuelezea maelezo magumu zaidi ya ubunifu wa ufundishaji kwa kutumia gamification na kujifunza kwa msingi wa mchezo. Kwa kuongezea, kuwapa maswali kwa walimu katika nchi nne tofauti haikuonekana kuwa na matokeo tofauti sana katika kila nchi. Hata hivyo, kuna pointi kadhaa ambazo si tu alitoa kidogo nuanced ufahamu katika matumizi ya mwalimu wa gamification na kujifunza mchezo-msingi, lakini pia alama njia kwa ajili ya utafiti zaidi na mafunzo ili bora kukaribisha wale tayari kuanza safari ya ubunifu. Faili hii ina muhtasari muhimu wa matokeo haya.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

http://predictconsulting.ro/projects/digi-tools/gamification-and-game-based-learning-in-schools/

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Abstract: This article includes an inventory of how Romanian doctrine (both current and older) receives the philosophical and legal problem of the state’s justification for the right (and obligation) to use punishment as a means of social control. This interesting topic for academic debate is taken one step further in that it provides a correlation between it and the problem of impunity (and hence the legislature’s option to renounce or to reduce the punishment for a crime). The author's interest was to see which of the major theories formulated upon this topic is presented as a proper environment for the development of the concept of impunity, or for that of reasons of reduced sentence, and which are not. Conclusions reached were that the retributive system (absolute theories regarding jus puniendi) do not represent such an environment, proof being the Latin quotes under which it became known: punitur quia peccatum est; poena est mallum passionis quod infligitur propter mallum actionis; poena est noxae vindicta, all expressions in the spirit of the motto: Fiat justitia, pereat mundus (Fiat justitia, ruat caelum). The utilitarian sistem (relative theories regarding jus puniendi) – punitur non quia peccatum est, sed ne peccetur – would have an intrinsic ability to be developed into a theory of impunity and reduced punishment, but history has shown that it was usually augmented in the direction known as ex parte principis, or, when its valuation was made towards the direction known as ex parte populi, it disproportionately chosen to achieve maximum happiness (protection) for the non-delinquent majority, at the expense of trying to ensure the most minimal intrusion into the sphere of fundamental rights of the offenders minority (intrusion manifested by punishment). Therefore, the eclectic theories (the mixed system regarding jus puniendi) – punitur quia peccatum est et ut ne peccetur – presents themselves as the doctrine in the highest position to allow the development of the concepts of legal causes of impunity or of that of reduced punishment. Key words: state’s right to punish; impunity; reasons to reduce punishment; jus puniendi theories; retribution; utilitarianism; eclectism.

Makala hii inajumuisha orodha ya jinsi mafundisho ya Kiromania (ya sasa na ya zamani) inavyopokea tatizo la kifalsafa na kisheria la haki ya serikali kwa haki (na wajibu) ya kutumia adhabu kama njia ya udhibiti wa kijamii. "Sehemu hii ya kuvutia kwa mjadala wa kitaaluma inachukuliwa hatua moja zaidi kwa kuwa inatoa uhusiano kati yake na tatizo la kutokuwa na adhabu (na kwa hiyo chaguo la bunge la kukataa au kupunguza adhabu kwa uhalifu).""" "Mwandishi alikuwa na nia ya kuona ambayo ya nadharia kuu zilizotengenezwa juu ya mada hii ni kuwasilishwa kama mazingira sahihi kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya dhana ya ""haki ya kutokuwa na hatia"" au kwa sababu ya ""hukumu ya kupunguzwa,"" na ambayo si." "Kutokana na hali hiyo, kanuni ya ""justice impeccable"" (justice impeccable) ilibadilishwa na kuwa kanuni ya ""justice impeccable"" (justice impeccable) na ""justice impeccable"" (justice impeccable) na ""justice impeccable"" (justice impeccable) na ""justice impeccable"" (justice impeccable)." "Sistem ya utilitarian (nadharia za jamaa kuhusu jus punendum) - punitur non quia peccatum est, sed ne peccetur - ingekuwa na uwezo wa asili wa kuendelezwa katika nadharia ya kutokuwa na adhabu na adhabu iliyopunguzwa, lakini historia imeonyesha kuwa kwa kawaida iliongezwa katika mwelekeo unaojulikana kama ""ex parte"" au, wakati thamani yake ilitolewa kuelekea mwelekeo unaojulikana kama ""ex parte populi,"" ilichaguliwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kufikia furaha ya juu (kulinda) kwa wengi wasio wahalifu, kwa gharama ndogo ya kujaribu kuhakikisha uvamizi mkubwa katika uwanja wa haki za msingi wa wahalifu." "Kwa hiyo, nadharia za eclectic (mfumo mchanganyiko kuhusu jus puniendi) - punitur quia peccatum est et ut peccatur - hujiweka kama mafundisho katika nafasi ya juu zaidi ya kuruhusu maendeleo ya dhana za sababu za kisheria za kutokuwa na adhabu au ya adhabu iliyopunguzwa.""" Maneno muhimu: haki ya serikali ya kuadhibu; kutokuwa na adhabu; sababu za kupunguza adhabu; nadharia za jus puniendi; adhabu; utilitarianism; eclectism.

<urn:uuid:e66c481b-a1aa-4aa1-86a1-2f3ad41ceb65>

CC-MAIN-2024-10

http://pub.law.uaic.ro/en/sumarul-fascicolelor/2011/anale-uaic-tomul-lvii-tiine-juridice-2011-nr-1/penal-sciences/mihai-dunea

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Samir Iqbal, an associate professor in the Electrical Engineering Department, detailed his team’s results in a recent Nature’s Scientific Reports paper (“Effects of Nanotexture on Electrical Profiling of Single Tumor Cell and Detection of Cancer from Blood in Microfluidic Channels”). “We used inherent properties of the cell walls to create a diagnostic tool. The cancer cells behave differently as they come into contact with the nanotextured walls. They dance.”Identifying those “dancing cells” will help doctors pinpoint cancer cells and start treatment earlier than allowed with current technology.“Discovering the cancer earlier, before it metastasizes, is essential to surviving cancer,” Iqbal said. “Our device has the potential to do that.

Samir Iqbal, profesa msaidizi katika Idara ya Uhandisi wa Umeme, alielezea matokeo ya timu yake katika karatasi ya hivi karibuni ya Ripoti za Sayansi za Asili (Madhara ya Nanotexture kwenye Profiling ya Umeme ya Chembe ya Tumor na Ugunduzi wa Saratani kutoka kwa Damu katika Vituo vya Microfluidic). <unk>Tulitumia sifa za kiasili za kuta za chembe ili kuunda chombo cha utambuzi. Chembe za kansa hujiendesha kwa njia tofauti zinapogusa kuta zenye muundo wa nano. "Kutambua ""chembe za kucheza dansi"" hizo kutawasaidia madaktari kutambua chembe za kansa na kuanza matibabu mapema kuliko inavyoruhusiwa na teknolojia ya sasa, kugundua saratani mapema, kabla ya kuenea, ni muhimu kwa kuokoka saratani, ""Iqbal alisema." <unk> Kifaa chetu kina uwezo wa kufanya hivyo.

<urn:uuid:87275071-1adf-4262-afce-d16ed089d7e9>

CC-MAIN-2024-10

http://www.aydenjacobmedicine.com/aydenjacobmedtwitter/cancer-cell-detection-method-improves-early-diagnosis

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The significance of chanukah (Based on the works of the rebbe.) At War With The Soul King Antiochus was not out to annihilate the Jewish people (G-d forbid) or to enslave us, or drive us from our land. The Greeks were at war not with our physical existence, but with our souls. Their aim was to strip our way of life of its spirituality, of its holiness. It was acceptable, in the eyes of the Hellenists, for Jews to identify as Jews, and even to study Torah and do mitzvas, provided that we were willing to forsake the G-dliness of Torah. The pragmatic materialism of Greek culture left no room for our special relationship with G-d. This idea has particular significance in the modern world. Today, thank G-d, the majority of world Jewry lives in relative material comfort. Democratic society affirms our basic rights of survival, and many opportunities are available to Jews that were denied us in more oppressive times. These blessings, however, have also made it easy to overlook the very source of our strength as a people. Like the Hellenists of old, today's prevailing secular culture, with its emphasis on materialism and hedonism, can obscure the spiritual aspect of life. The Chanukah lights are sacred. As we say in the prayer after lighting the menorah, "We are not permitted to make use of them, only to look at them, and offer thanks and praise... for Your miracles, for Your wonders, and for Your salvations." We affirm the supremacy of spiritual light over coarse materialism, of Divine wisdom over human limitations. We recognize that the world in which we live is not an end in itself, but exists to serve a higher spiritual purpose. Illuminating the Darkness A great Rabbi once remarked that "You cannot chase away darkness with a stick, you have to turn on the light." The way to eliminate darkness -- to rid the world of ignorance, negativity, hatred and greed -- is to kindle the lights of knowledge, generosity, hope and love. The Chanukah menorah is lit only after nightfall. This signifies that our purpose is to illuminate the darkness of this world, until the time when, as the Prophet says, "the world will be filled with the knowledge of G-d." It may be difficult for us to perceive G-dliness in our everyday lives. But Chanukah reminds us, even in our darkest moments, that the light of knowledge can shine brightly, that redemption is at hand, if we will kindle just one more lamp. Spreading the Light The menorah is lit either in the doorway, or in a front window, so that it can be seen outside in the street. This teaches us that it is not enough to bring light into our own private domain. We must spread the light and warmth of Torah to the outer environment as well, as far as our influence can reach. Brighter and Brighter Each night of Chanukah, we add another light to the menorah, until all eight lamps shine on the eighth night. This signifies that in matters of holiness, we must always be on the increase. With every added flame, we go from strength to strength in deepening our commitment to the values and traditions of our Jewish way of life. Defiling the Oil The Syrian-Greek desecration of the Holy Temple was another example of their determination to destroy the sanctity of Jewish life. The worship of one invisible, omnipotent G-d was replaced with the worship of pagan deities made in the image of man. The Torah tells us that "the soul of man is the lamp of G-d." Just as oil permeates the olive, the Divine soul permeates the Jew; and just as the oil burning in the menorah spreads light, the Jewish soul illuminates the world in the performance of good deeds. In defiling the sacred oil of the menorah, the Greeks tried to destroy the Jewish soul. One Cruse of Pure Oil But the soul cannot be extinguished. Miraculously, despite the best efforts of the oppressors, one cruse of pure oil remained in the Temple, and one cruse was enough to re-dedicate the Temple and renew the holy task of spreading light throughout the world. Miracles For Today The lights of the Chanukah menorah are more than simply a reminder of ancient miracles, they are meant to provide inspiration and illumination in our contemporary daily lives. In fact, in a very real sense, the Chanukah miracles of old are re-enacted in our observance today. That is one reason why we say, in the second blessing recited over the Chanukah lights, "...Blessed are You... who wrought miracles for our ancestors, in those days, **at this time**." By reflecting upon the significance of the Chanukah miracles, we can see, with ever-increasing clarity, the miraculous dimension of events in our own time. What is a Miracle? Ordinarily, the routine of our day-to-day existence suggests that life is predictable, that events take place according to a natural order, a chain of cause and effect. We may not readily recognize that even "natural" phenomena are, in essence, evidence of the miraculous hand of G-d, until our hearts are stirred by a beautiful sunset, or a glimpse of wildflowers in bloom... But there is another sort of miracle: an event so striking, so far beyond rational explanation, that we cannot help but recognize it as miraculous. This is the kind of miracle that Chanukah calls to mind. When one day's supply of oil lasts eight full days, we sit up and take notice. When an ill-equipped handful of Maccabees succeed in vanquishing all the assembled forces of a mighty imperial oppressor, we realize that nothing is impossible for G-d. Redemption, Against all Odds In the time of King Antiochus, the fate of the Jewish people seemed grim indeed. The vastly outnumbered Maccabees were up against the world's most sophisticated military machine. They faced opposition from within, as well. Many of their brethren were meek, complacent, and all too willing to forsake their heritage and assimilate into the Hellenistic culture. It was the proverbial "darkest hour before the dawn." Yet, sure enough, with the dawn, came the miraculous, unprecedented victory. With G-d's help and against all odds, the Maccabees were able to reclaim the Holy Land and re-dedicate the Holy Temple. Throughout the ages, Chanukah has signified the miraculous triumph of the weak over the strong, the pure over the impure, the righteous over the wicked. Whenever the integrity of the Jewish people is under siege, no matter how dark the night, the Chanukah lights proclaim with confidence that the dawn of deliverance is near. The Ultimate Miracle Today, the Chanukah lights have special relevance. Many among us despair of ever witnessing the dawn of redemption. After nearly two thousand years, it may seem that the cold, hard realities of exile have all but erased our age- old faith in the coming of Moshiach, who will lead us toward a perfect world. But Chanukah reminds us that G-d grants redemption in the blink of an eye, that the light of G-dliness can brighten even the darkest night. With every lamp we kindle, with each good deed we do, we shed more light upon the world, and the darkness has already begun to disperse. Who could have imagined, a few short years ago, that communism would crumble, that entrenched totalitarian regimes would turn toward democracy, that hundreds of thousands of oppressed Jews would suddenly be free to emigrate to the Promised Land? Isaiah's messianic prophecy was that the nations of the world will "beat swords into plowshares." It's been our dream for centuries; it may well be tomorrow's headline. Eight Days, Eight Lights Our Sages explain that there is particular significance in the fact that the Chanukah menorah has eight lamps, and that we celebrate the Festival for eight days. In the Holy Temple, the golden Menorah kindled each day in the Sanctuary had only seven lamps. The number seven represents the natural cycle of time: the seven days of the week, corresponding to the six days of Creation and the seventh, the Sabbath Day. Throughout history, since G-d created the world, time has been measured according to this seven-day cycle. The number eight, however, represents a level that is higher than nature, and above time. This is the level of the miraculous, which is not bound by the laws of nature. It is especially fitting that we celebrate the miracle of Chanukah with eight lamps, culminating on the eighth day... for the number eight is also associated with the revelation of Moshiach, may he come speedily, in our days!

Maana ya Chanukah (Kwa kuzingatia kazi za Rebbe.) "Mfalme Antioko hakutaka kuangamiza Wayahudi, au kutufanya watumwa, au kutufukuza kutoka nchi yetu.""" Wagiriki walikuwa katika vita si na uhai wetu wa kimwili, bali na roho zetu. Lengo lao lilikuwa kuondoa hali ya kiroho na utakatifu wa maisha yetu. Kwa maoni ya Wa-Yunani, Wayahudi walipaswa kujitambulisha kama Wayahudi, na hata kujifunza Torati na kufanya mitzvot, ikiwa tu tulikuwa tayari kuachana na Uungu wa Torati. Utu wa kimwili wa utamaduni wa Kigiriki haukuweka nafasi kwa uhusiano wetu wa pekee na Mungu. Wazo hilo lina maana ya pekee katika ulimwengu wa kisasa. Leo, shukrani kwa Mungu, Wayahudi wengi ulimwenguni wanaishi katika starehe ya kimwili. Jamii ya kidemokrasia inathibitisha haki zetu za msingi za kuishi, na fursa nyingi zinapatikana kwa Wayahudi ambazo zilikataliwa katika nyakati za ukandamizaji zaidi. Hata hivyo, baraka hizi pia zimefanya iwe rahisi kupuuza chanzo cha nguvu zetu kama watu. Kama vile Wa-Hellenisti wa kale, utamaduni wa kilimwengu unaoenea leo, wenye kukazia mambo ya kimwili na ya raha, waweza kuficha sehemu ya kiroho ya maisha. Taa za Chanukah ni takatifu. "Kama tunavyosema katika sala baada ya kuwasha Menorah, ""Hatuwezi kuitumia, tuitazame, na kutoa shukrani na sifa kwa miujiza yako, kwa maajabu yako, na kwa wokovu wako.""" Tunathibitisha ukuu wa nuru ya kiroho juu ya uhalisi wa kijuujuu, wa hekima ya kimungu juu ya mapungufu ya kibinadamu. Tunajua kwamba ulimwengu tunaoishi si mwisho kwa wenyewe, lakini upo ili kutumikia kusudi la juu zaidi la kiroho. "Kutumia Nuru: ""Rabi mmoja mkuu alisema, 'Huwezi kuondoa giza kwa fimbo, lazima uwashe nuru.'""" Njia ya kuondoa giza - kuondoa ulimwengu wa ujinga, ubaya, chuki na pupa - ni kuwasha taa za maarifa, ukarimu, matumaini na upendo. Menora ya Chanukah huwaka tu baada ya giza kutua. "Hii inamaanisha kwamba kusudi letu ni kuangaza giza la ulimwengu huu, hadi wakati ambapo, kama Nabii anavyosema, ""ulimwengu utajazwa maarifa ya Mungu"" - na ni vigumu kwetu kutambua Mungu katika maisha yetu ya kila siku." "Hakuna shaka kwamba, hata katika nyakati zetu za giza, nuru ya maarifa inaweza kung'aa kwa mwangaza, kwamba ukombozi uko karibu, ikiwa tu tutawasha taa moja zaidi. """ Menorah huwasha kwenye mlango au kwenye dirisha la mbele ili iweze kuonekana nje barabarani. Hii inatufundisha kwamba haitoshi tu kuleta nuru katika eneo letu la kibinafsi. Ni lazima tueneze nuru na joto la Torati kwa mazingira ya nje pia, mbali kama ushawishi wetu unaweza kufikia. Kila usiku wa Chanukah, tunazidisha mwanga mwingine kwenye menorah, hadi taa zote nane zitakapowaka usiku wa nane. Hii inamaanisha kwamba katika mambo ya utakatifu, lazima tuendelee kuongezeka. Kwa kila moto ulioongezwa, tunaendelea kutoka nguvu hadi nguvu katika kuimarisha kujitolea kwetu kwa maadili na mila za njia yetu ya maisha ya Kiyahudi. Uchafu wa mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta. Ibada ya Mungu mmoja asiyeonekana, mwenye nguvu zote ilibadilishwa na ibada ya miungu ya kipagani iliyofanyizwa kwa mfano wa mwanadamu. "Kama vile mafuta yanavyoingia kwenye mzeituni, ndivyo Roho Mtakatifu anavyoingia katika Myahudi; na kama vile mafuta yanayoteketezwa katika mnara wa kuabudu yanavyoenea, ndivyo Roho ya Kiyahudi inavyoangaza ulimwengu kwa matendo mema.""" Kwa kuchafua mafuta matakatifu ya menara, Wagiriki walijaribu kuharibu nafsi ya Kiyahudi. Kikombe kimoja cha mafuta safi Lakini nafsi haiwezi kuzimwa. Kwa miujiza, licha ya juhudi zote za waonevu, kikombe kimoja cha mafuta safi kilibaki Hekaluni, na kikombe kimoja kilitosha kuifungia tena Hekalu na kuimarisha kazi takatifu ya kueneza nuru duniani kote. Mwangaza wa Menorah ya Chanukah ni zaidi ya ukumbusho wa miujiza ya kale, ni lengo la kutoa msukumo na mwangaza katika maisha yetu ya kila siku ya kisasa. Kwa kweli, katika maana halisi sana, miujiza ya Chanukah ya zamani hufanywa tena katika maadhimisho yetu leo. "Hii ndiyo sababu ya kusema, katika baraka ya pili inayosomwa juu ya taa za Chanukah, ""Ubarikiwe wewe, uliyewatendea miujiza mababu zetu siku hizo, wakati huu.""" Kwa kutafakari juu ya umuhimu wa miujiza ya Chanukah, tunaweza kuona, kwa uwazi unaozidi kuongezeka, mwelekeo wa miujiza ya matukio katika wakati wetu wenyewe. Muujiza Ni Nini? Kwa kawaida, maisha yetu ya kila siku yanaonyesha kwamba maisha yanaweza kutabiriwa, kwamba matukio hufanyika kulingana na utaratibu wa asili, mnyororo wa sababu na matokeo. Huenda tusitambue mara moja kwamba hata matukio ya "asili" ni, kwa kweli, uthibitisho wa mkono wa miujiza wa Mungu, mpaka mioyo yetu iamshewe na machweo mazuri ya jua, au kuona maua ya mwituni yakifungua... Lakini kuna aina nyingine ya muujiza: tukio la kushangaza sana, ambalo ni mbali sana na ufafanuzi wa kiakili, hivi kwamba hatuwezi kujizuia kulitambua kuwa muujiza. Huo ndio aina ya muujiza ambao Hanukkah hukumbusha. """Kama mafuta ya siku moja yanatosha kwa siku nane kamili, tunaketi na kuchunguza." Wakati wa kufanikiwa kwa makabila ya Makabe, kufanikiwa kwa makabila yote ya waasi, na kufanikiwa kwa makabila yote ya Wayahudi, hakuna kitu kisichowezekana kwa Mungu, wakati wa Mfalme Antioko, hatima ya Wayahudi ilionekana kuwa mbaya sana. Wamakabe waliokuwa wengi kuliko wao walishindana na jeshi la kisasa zaidi ulimwenguni. Walikabili upinzani kutoka ndani pia. Ndugu zao wengi walikuwa wapole, wenye kuridhika, na wote walikuwa tayari sana kuachana na urithi wao na kujiingiza katika utamaduni wa Kigiriki. Ilikuwa "saa yenye giza zaidi kabla ya mapambazuko" ya kisayansi. Hata hivyo, bila shaka, asubuhi ilipokuja, ushindi huo wa kimuujiza usio na kifani ulitokea. Kwa msaada wa Mungu na dhidi ya hali zote, Wamakabe waliweza kurudisha Ardhi Takatifu na kuanzisha upya Hekalu Takatifu. Kwa miaka mingi, Hanukkah imekuwa ikimaanisha ushindi wa kimuujiza wa dhaifu juu ya mwenye nguvu, safi juu ya mchafu, mwenye haki juu ya mwovu. Wakati wowote uadilifu wa Wayahudi unapoathiriwa, haijalishi usiku ni mweusi kiasi gani, taa za Hanukkah zinatangaza kwa ujasiri kwamba mapambazuko ya ukombozi yanakaribia. Leo, taa za Chanukah zina umuhimu wa pekee. Wengi wetu tunatamani sana kuona siku ya ukombozi. Baada ya miaka elfu mbili hivi, huenda ikaonekana kwamba hali mbaya ya uhamisho imefutilia mbali imani yetu ya kale ya kuja kwa Moshia, ambaye atatupeleka kwenye ulimwengu mkamilifu. "Hakuna shaka kwamba Hanukkah ni ""mwisho wa siku"" kwa sababu inaonyesha kwamba Mungu anatoa ukombozi kwa mara ya kwanza, na kwamba mwanga wa Mungu unaweza kuangaza hata usiku wa giza." """Kila taa tunayowasha, kila tendo zuri tunalofanya, tunatoa mwanga zaidi ulimwenguni, na giza limeanza kuenea.""" Ni nani angeweza kuwazia, miaka michache iliyopita, kwamba Ukomunisti ungeanguka, kwamba serikali zenye nguvu za kidemokrasia zingeelekea demokrasia, kwamba mamia ya maelfu ya Wayahudi waliodhulumiwa wangekuwa huru kwa ghafula kuhamia Nchi ya Ahadi? "Isaya alitabiri kwamba mataifa ya ulimwengu yatatengeneza ""upanga kuwa mikuki.""" Imekuwa ndoto yetu kwa karne nyingi; inaweza kuwa kichwa cha habari cha kesho. "Mwaka wa 8 wa Chanuchah ni ""siku ya kuadhimisha"" na ina maana kubwa sana kwa sababu ina taa nane, na inaadhimishwa kwa siku nane." Katika Hekalu Takatifu, Menorah ya dhahabu iliyowashwa kila siku katika Patakatifu ilikuwa na taa saba tu. Nambari saba inawakilisha mzunguko wa kawaida wa wakati: siku saba za wiki, zinazolingana na siku sita za uumbaji na ya saba, siku ya Sabato. Katika historia yote, tangu Mungu alipoumba ulimwengu, wakati umepimwa kulingana na mzunguko huu wa siku saba. Hata hivyo, namba nane inawakilisha kiwango kilicho juu zaidi ya asili, na juu ya wakati. Hii ni ngazi ya miujiza, ambayo haifungwi na sheria za asili. "Hata hivyo, ni muhimu sana kwamba tunasherehekea muujiza wa Chanukah kwa taa nane, ambazo zinafikia kilele siku ya nane, kwa sababu namba nane inahusishwa pia na ufunuo wa Moshiach, ""Aje haraka, katika siku zetu."""

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Exercise #37 page 1 Find the classes including only one ship in the database (taking into account Outcomes table). Here is one of the queries the checking system rejects: The first request in Union counts the ships of each class in the Ships table leaving only the classes that have one ship in the resulting set. The second request defines classes in which the leading ship is in the Outcomes table on condition that ships of that class are not in the Ships table. Let's examine the following data example for which this request will provide (give) the wrong result. Everyone who has accomplished tasks based on this data scheme (“Ships”) knows what the Bismark is. It's a leading ship which is not included in the Ships table. Now let's imagine that another ship of Bismark's class is included in the Ships table, for example, the Tirpitz. Then the first request will return Bismark's class as the Ships table contains only one ship of that class. The second request won't return Bismark because the predicate:

"Kama ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa 37: ""Kuchunguza makundi ya meli katika hifadhidata, pamoja na meza ya matokeo.""" Hapa ni moja ya maswali mfumo wa kuangalia anakataa: Ombi la kwanza katika Umoja hesabu meli ya kila darasa katika meza meli kuacha tu madarasa ambayo kuwa na meli moja katika seti ya matokeo. Ombi la pili hufafanua madarasa ambayo meli inayoongoza iko katika jedwali la Matokeo kwa masharti kwamba meli za darasa hilo haziko katika jedwali la Meli. Hebu kuchunguza zifuatazo data mfano kwa ajili ya ambayo ombi hili itatoa (kutoa) matokeo makosa. Kila mtu ambaye amefanya kazi kulingana na mpango huu wa data (<unk>Meli<unk>) anajua Bismark ni nini. Ni meli ya kuongoza ambayo si pamoja na katika meza ya Meli. Sasa hebu kufikiria kwamba meli nyingine ya darasa Bismark ni pamoja na katika meza ya meli, kwa mfano, Tirpitz. Kisha ombi la kwanza itarudi darasa Bismark ya kama meza Meli ina meli moja tu ya darasa hilo. Ombi la pili si kurudi Bismark kwa sababu predicate:

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Embracing a healthy pregnancy is a profound journey that will bring you unimaginable joy and the promise of a new life. Having a healthy diet is especially crucial during this developing stage. You can't expect your precious child to grow and flourish to their full potential without it as a solid basis for your own health during pregnancy. In this detailed manual, we'll explore the world of prenatal nutrition, complete with helpful dietary advice and a delicious assortment of healthy recipes. You've found the right place if you're either looking for delicious meal ideas or professional advice on pregnancy nutrition. If you want to make the most of your pregnancy, one way to do so is by eating well. Related Link: 5 Best Apps for Babies: Fuel their Curiosity Nutrition Essentials for a Healthy Pregnancy During pregnancy, your body undergoes significant changes, demanding increased attention to specific nutrients crucial for both your health and your developing baby's well-being. Prioritizing these key nutrients is vital for a healthy pregnancy: - Iron: Iron plays a crucial role in preventing anemia, a common concern during pregnancy, and aids in transporting oxygen to both you and your baby. Sources of iron include lean red meat, poultry, beans, lentils, and fortified cereals. Enhance iron absorption by pairing iron-rich foods with vitamin C-rich options like oranges. - Calcium: Supporting your baby's bone and tooth development requires sufficient calcium intake. Dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt are excellent sources.Consider calcium-fortified plant-based milk and calcium-rich leafy greens like kale if you are lactose intolerant or on a vegan diet. - Protein: Protein is an essential nutrient during pregnancy because it is necessary for the development of your baby's tissues. Incorporate lean protein sources like lean meat, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, and tofu into your meals. These options supply essential amino acids for both you and your baby. - Fiber: To address common pregnancy discomforts such as constipation and support healthy digestion, include fiber-rich foods like whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes in your diet. - Hydration: Adequate hydration is essential to accommodate the increased blood volume and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Water should be your primary choice, but you can also enjoy herbal teas and diluted fruit juices. Aim for about eight to ten glasses of fluids daily. - Prenatal Supplements: While obtaining nutrients from food is crucial, prenatal supplements can serve as a valuable complement. Consult your healthcare provider to determine the most suitable prenatal vitamin for your specific needs, ensuring comprehensive nutritional support during pregnancy. Curious about what products can benefit your baby's growth? Dive into our Baby Box subscription options. Meal & Recipes Ideas for a Healthy Pregnancy Best Breakfast Foods for Pregnancy A wholesome breakfast is the perfect start to your day, and it becomes even more crucial during pregnancy when your body requires extra nourishment. One exceptional breakfast choice is eggs, especially their yolks, as they are a rich source of choline—a vital nutrient for your baby's brain development. Beyond eggs, you can kickstart your morning with options like yogurt paired with granola and fresh strawberries or a hearty bowl of oatmeal crowned with a medley of raspberries or banana slices, all topped with a dollop of nutrient-rich nut butter. If you're looking for a balance of protein, healthy fats, and carbohydrates, a delightful choice is scrambled eggs served with whole-grain toast and a smear of nut butter. Additionally, smoothies come into play as they offer a convenient way to pack an array of essential nutrients into a single meal, making them a top-notch option for expectant mothers. Best Lunches for Pregnancy In the midst of busy schedules, lunch is a meal that often falls by the wayside, but it shouldn't, especially during pregnancy. Prioritize protein in your lunch as it not only helps keep you feeling full but also aids in supporting your baby's development. Pair your protein source with wholesome fats and fresh, whole foods for a nourishing meal. Picture a kale salad infused with grilled chicken and sweet potatoes, an ensemble that's bursting with nutrients. Another choice worth considering is whole-grain wraps filled generously with tuna and cheddar cheese, serving up a satisfying blend of protein and whole grains. For a harmonious and hearty meal, craft a burrito bowl featuring chicken or ground beef, rice, and a mix of veggies. Don't overlook the classic chicken salad sandwich, a delectable option that marries protein, veggies, and the wholesome goodness of whole-grain bread. Best Dinners for Pregnancy Dinner echoes the principles guiding your lunch choices, but it leans towards ensuring you receive sufficient protein to keep you satiated throughout the night. While dinners don't need to be extravagant, they should be wholesome and packed with nutrients. Consider uncomplicated yet nutritious dishes like slow-cooker meals, robust salads, pasta creations, stir-fries, and sautés. Picture loaded sweet potato nachos, salmon cooked to perfection alongside tender asparagus, blackened salmon tacos teeming with flavors, slow cooker pumpkin chili, zesty lemon rosemary tilapia, creamy avocado and black bean quesadillas, or a steaming bowl of hearty soup to warm your heart. These options offer a plethora of flavors and ingredients, guaranteeing both a delightful and nutritious dinner experience during your pregnancy journey. Related Link: Keep Your Baby Comfortable with a Wipe Warmer Tips for Eating While Pregnant Choosing the right foods during pregnancy doesn't have to be complicated. The key is to maintain variety in your diet and ensure you're taking your prenatal vitamins. You can also make your life easier with a few tips: Don't hesitate to take some shortcuts by using canned foods like beans and fish, or relying on frozen fruits and vegetables, which are nutrient-rich and convenient. Consider meal prepping and stocking your freezer with ready-to-heat meals, which will come in handy when you're too tired to cook after your baby arrives. Lastly, be kind to yourself. Pregnancy is an incredible journey, and your body is working hard to nurture a growing life. Listen to your body's cues, snack when needed, and stay hydrated. You're doing a fantastic job taking care of yourself and your baby. Looking for curated products to help nurture your baby? Check out our Baby Box subscription plans! Nourishing Yourself and Your Baby Embracing a nutritious pregnancy diet is a beautiful way to honor this special journey. By prioritizing essential nutrients, following sound nutrition advice, and savoring wholesome recipes, you are not only caring for your own well-being but also nurturing the health and development of your precious baby. Enjoy this unique time in your life, relish each meal, and celebrate the experience of nourishing both yourself and your growing family. Related Link: Top 6 Baby Soaps for Bathtime Fun

Kujifungua mimba yenye afya ni safari kubwa ambayo itakuletea furaha isiyoweza kuelezwa na ahadi ya maisha mapya. Kula vyakula vyenye afya ni muhimu hasa katika hatua hii ya ukuzi. Huwezi kumtarajia mtoto wako kukua na kusitawi kwa uwezo wake kamili bila hiyo kama msingi thabiti wa afya yako mwenyewe wakati wa ujauzito. Katika kitabu hiki, tutakujulisha juu ya lishe ya kabla ya kuzaliwa, pamoja na ushauri mzuri wa lishe na mapishi mazuri. Umetembelea mahali pazuri ikiwa unatafuta ushauri wa kitaalamu juu ya lishe ya ujauzito. Ikiwa unataka kufurahia mimba yako kwa njia bora, njia moja ya kufanya hivyo ni kula vizuri. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Matumizi 5 Bora kwa Watoto: Fuel Curiosity yao: Lishe Muhimu kwa Mimba ya Afya"" ni orodha ya programu za afya za watoto ambao wanahitaji msaada wa afya na afya ya mtoto." Kuchukua madini muhimu ni muhimu kwa mimba yenye afya: Chuma: Chuma huchukua jukumu muhimu katika kuzuia upungufu wa damu, wasiwasi wa kawaida wakati wa ujauzito, na husaidia kusafirisha oksijeni kwa wewe na mtoto wako. Vyanzo vya chuma vinatia ndani nyama nyekundu isiyo na mafuta, kuku, maharagwe, ndizi, na nafaka zenye nguvu. Kuongeza upungufu wa chuma kwa kuchanganya vyakula vyenye chuma na vyakula vyenye vitamini C kama machungwa. - Kalsiamu: Ili kusaidia maendeleo ya mifupa na meno ya mtoto wako unahitaji ulaji wa kutosha wa kalsiamu. Kwa sababu ya lishe ya maziwa, yoghurt na jibini, unaweza kupata chakula cha kawaida cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula cha chakula. Protini ni muhimu wakati wa ujauzito kwa sababu ni muhimu kwa maendeleo ya tishu za mtoto wako. Kuingiza vyanzo vya protini kama vile nyama isiyo na mafuta, kuku, samaki, mayai, maharagwe, na tofu katika chakula chako. Vifaa hivyo vinatoa asidi za amino muhimu kwa ajili yako na mtoto wako. Ili kukabiliana na matatizo ya kawaida ya ujauzito kama vile uvimbe na kusaidia digestion afya, ni pamoja na vyakula fiber-tajiri kama vile nafaka nzima, matunda, mboga na mboga katika mlo wako. - Hydration: Hydration ya kutosha ni muhimu ili kukabiliana na ongezeko la kiasi cha damu na maji ya amniotic wakati wa ujauzito. Maji yanapaswa kuwa chaguo lako kuu, lakini unaweza pia kufurahia chai za mitishamba na maji ya matunda yaliyopunguzwa. Tumia glasi nane hadi kumi za maji kila siku. - Viongezeo vya kabla ya kuzaliwa: Ingawa ni muhimu kupata virutubisho kutoka kwa chakula, viungo vya kabla ya kuzaliwa vinaweza kutumika kama nyongeza yenye thamani. Mshauri wa huduma ya afya ili kuamua vitamini bora ya kabla ya kuzaliwa kwa mahitaji yako maalum, kuhakikisha msaada wa lishe kamili wakati wa ujauzito. Je, unajua ni bidhaa gani zinazoweza kusaidia ukuzi wa mtoto wako? Kujiunga na BabyBox Chakula cha asubuhi ni chakula bora cha asubuhi kwa siku yako, na inakuwa muhimu zaidi wakati wa ujauzito wakati mwili wako unahitaji lishe ya ziada. Chaguo moja bora la kiamsha kinywa ni mayai, hasa manjano yake, kwa kuwa ni chanzo chenye utajiri wa kolini - virutubisho muhimu kwa ukuzi wa ubongo wa mtoto wako. Zaidi ya mayai, unaweza kuanza asubuhi yako na chaguzi kama yoghurt pamoja na granola na jordgubbar safi au bakuli kubwa ya oatmeal crowned na medley ya raspberries au vipande vya ndizi, wote topped na dollop ya mafuta ya karanga. Ikiwa unatafuta usawa wa protini, mafuta mazuri, na wanga, chaguo la kupendeza ni mayai yaliyogandishwa yaliyotolewa na toast ya nafaka nzima na smear ya siagi ya karanga. Kwa kuongezea, smoothies huja katika mchezo kwani hutoa njia rahisi ya kufunga safu ya virutubisho muhimu katika chakula kimoja, ikiwafanya kuwa chaguo bora kwa mama wajawazito. Wakati wa ujauzito, wakati wa chakula cha mchana ni chakula cha kawaida ambacho mara nyingi huanguka kando ya njia, lakini haipaswi, hasa wakati wa ujauzito. Punguza matumizi ya protini wakati wa chakula cha mchana, kwani sio tu inasaidia kujisikia kamili, lakini pia inasaidia maendeleo ya mtoto wako. Chagua chakula chenye protini na mafuta yenye afya na vyakula vipya vyenye virutubisho. Fikiria saladi ya kale iliyotiwa kuku iliyochomwa na viazi vitamu, mchanganyiko ambao unazidi kuwa na virutubisho. Chaguo jingine linalofaa kuzingatiwa ni vifuniko vya nafaka nzima vilivyojaa tuna na jibini ya cheddar, vikitolea mchanganyiko wa protini na nafaka nzima. Kwa ajili ya mlo wenye upatano na wenye kupendeza, fanya bakuli la burrito lenye kuku au nyama ya ng'ombe iliyokatwa, mchele, na mchanganyiko wa mboga. Kwa mfano, sandwichi ya kienyeji ya samaki ni chaguo la kupendeza ambalo huchanganya protini, mboga na chakula kizuri cha nafaka nzima. Best Dinners for Pregnancy: Chakula cha jioni kinarejelea kanuni zinazoongoza chaguzi zako za chakula cha mchana, lakini inategemea kuhakikisha unapata protini ya kutosha kukufanya uwe na ujauzito usiku kucha. Ingawa chakula cha jioni hakihitaji kuwa cha kupita kiasi, kinapaswa kuwa chenye afya na chenye virutubisho vingi. Fikiria vyakula visivyo na matatizo lakini vyenye lishe kama vile vyakula vinavyopikwa polepole, saladi zenye nguvu, vyakula vya pasta, mchuzi wa friji, na sauté. Picha ya nachos ya viazi vitamu, samaki wa samaki waliopikwa kwa ukamilifu pamoja na asparagus nyembamba, tacos za samaki nyeusi zenye ladha nyingi, chili ya mchuzi wa polepole, tilapia ya limao ya rosemary, avocado ya cream na quesadillas ya maharagwe meusi, au bakuli la mvuke la supu ya moyo ili kupasha joto moyo wako. Chaguo hili linatoa ladha na viungo vingi, kuhakikisha uzoefu wa chakula cha jioni cha kupendeza na chenye lishe wakati wa safari yako ya ujauzito. Kuchukua chakula cha kutosha wakati wa ujauzito: Jinsi ya kuandaa chakula cha kutosha wakati wa ujauzito: Jinsi ya kuchagua chakula cha kutosha wakati wa ujauzito Jambo kuu ni kuweka aina mbalimbali katika mlo wako na kuhakikisha kwamba unachukua vitamini vya kabla ya kuzaliwa. Unaweza pia kufanya maisha yako rahisi na vidokezo vichache: Usisite kuchukua njia za mkato kwa kutumia vyakula vilivyotengenezwa kama maharagwe na samaki, au kutegemea matunda na mboga zilizofungwa, ambazo zina virutubisho vingi na ni rahisi. Fanya kazi ya kuandaa chakula na kuweka vyakula vilivyo tayari kuchemshwa kwenye friji yako, ambavyo vitakuwa muhimu wakati utakapokuwa umechoka sana kupika baada ya mtoto wako kufika. Mwishowe, uwe mwenye fadhili kwako mwenyewe. Ujamzito ni safari ya ajabu, na mwili wako unafanya kazi kwa bidii ili kukuza maisha ya kukua. Sikiliza ishara za mwili wako, kula wakati unaohitaji, na ukawe na maji mengi. Unafanya kazi nzuri sana ya kujitunza na mtoto wako. Unatafuta bidhaa za kipekee za kusaidia kumlisha mtoto wako? Angalia mipango yetu ya usajili wa Baby Box! Kujipaka chakula cha kutosha wakati wa ujauzito ni njia nzuri ya kuadhimisha safari hii maalum. Kwa kuweka vipaumbele vya virutubisho muhimu, kufuata ushauri mzuri wa lishe, na kufurahia mapishi yenye afya, sio tu unahakikisha afya yako mwenyewe, lakini pia unalinda afya na ukuaji wa mtoto wako wa thamani. Furahia wakati huu wa kipekee katika maisha yako, kufurahia kila mlo, na kusherehekea uzoefu wa kujilisha wewe na familia yako inayoongezeka. Msaada: 6 bora ya watoto sabuni kwa ajili ya kuoga wakati fun

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It is not a given that we must lose teeth as we age. If we maintain good oral hygiene and have regular professional cleanings and oral examinations, chances are we can keep our natural teeth for life. That involves not only caring for the teeth themselves, but also the structures that surround them: the gums and tooth-supporting bone. Gum disease, which is a bacterial infection, threatens these supporting tissues. That is why dental professionals are always on the lookout for early signs that patients may not notice. When signs of trouble become apparent, periodontal therapy may be suggested. Periodontal therapy can take various forms, but the goal is always to restore diseased tissues to health. Gum (periodontal) disease can spread from the gums to the bone that supports the teeth, and may even cause tooth loss in the most severe cases. There are very effective therapies to combat this, ranging from scalings (deep cleanings) that remove plaque and calculus (tartar) from beneath the gum line, to surgical repair of lost gum and bone tissue. Periodontal therapy includes both surgical and non-surgical techniques to restore health to the tissues that support the teeth (gums and bone) and prevent tooth loss. They include: • Scaling and Root Planing. These deep-cleaning techniques are the best starting point to control gum disease. Plaque and calculus (tartar) are removed from beneath the gum tissues, using hand scalers and/or ultrasonic instruments. • Gum Grafting. Sometimes it’s necessary to replace areas of lost gum tissue so that tooth roots are adequately protected. This can be accomplished by taking healthy gum tissue from one area of the mouth and moving it to where it is needed, or by using laboratory-processed donor tissue. • Periodontal Plastic Surgery. When used to describe surgery, the word “plastic” refers to any reshaping procedure that creates a more pleasing appearance of the gum tissues. • Periodontal Laser Treatment. Removing diseased gum tissue with lasers can offer significant advantages over conventional surgery, such as less discomfort and gum shrinkage. • Crown Lengthening Surgery. This is a surgical procedure in which tooth structure that is covered by gum and bone tissue may need to be exposed either for cosmetic reasons (too make the teeth look longer and the smile less gummy) or to aid in securing a new dental crown. • Dental Implants. Today’s preferred method of tooth replacement is a titanium dental implant, which is placed beneath the gum line and into the jawbone during a minor surgical procedure. The implant is then attached to a realistic-looking dental crown that is visible above the gum line and indistinguishable from a natural tooth.

Si jambo la kawaida kwamba lazima tupoteze meno tunapokuwa na umri. Ikiwa tunatunza usafi wa mdomo na kufanya usafi wa kawaida na uchunguzi wa mdomo, kuna uwezekano kwamba tutaweza kuhifadhi meno yetu ya asili kwa maisha yote. Hii inahusisha kutunza meno na pia miundo inayoizunguka, kama vile meno ya meno na mifupa. Ugonjwa wa gum, ambao ni maambukizo ya bakteria, hutishia tishu hizi za kuunga mkono. Kwa hiyo, wataalamu wa meno huchunguza dalili za mapema ambazo huenda wagonjwa wasiweze kuona. Dalili za tatizo zinapoonekana, huenda tiba ya periodontal ikapendekezwa. Tiba ya periodontal inaweza kuwa na aina mbalimbali, lakini lengo sikuzote ni kurudisha tishu zilizoambukizwa kuwa na afya. Ugonjwa wa periodontal unaweza kuenea kutoka kwenye meno hadi kwenye mifupa inayounga mkono meno, na inaweza hata kusababisha kupoteza meno katika visa vikali zaidi. Kuna matibabu yenye ufanisi sana ya kupambana na hii, kuanzia scaling (usafi wa kina) ambayo huondoa plaque na calculus (tartar) kutoka chini ya mstari wa gum, kwa ukarabati wa upasuaji wa gum na mfupa uliopotea. Matibabu ya periodontal ni pamoja na mbinu za upasuaji na zisizo za upasuaji ili kurudisha afya kwa tishu zinazounga mkono meno (kibofu na mfupa) na kuzuia kupoteza meno. Wao ni pamoja na: • Scaling na Root Planing. Mbinu hizo za kusafisha kwa kina ndizo njia bora ya kudhibiti ugonjwa wa taya. Plaque na calculus (tartar) huondolewa kutoka chini ya tishu za gum, kwa kutumia scalers za mkono na / au vyombo vya ultrasonic. • Upasuaji wa kupasua meno. Nyakati nyingine ni muhimu kubadilisha sehemu za tishu ya taya iliyopotea ili mizizi ya meno ihifadhiwe vizuri. Hii inaweza kufanywa kwa kuchukua tishu ya gum kutoka sehemu moja ya mdomo na kuihamisha mahali inahitajika, au kwa kutumia tishu ya mchangiaji iliyotengenezwa maabara. • Upasuaji wa Plastiki ya Periodontal. Wakati linatumiwa kuelezea upasuaji, neno "plastic" hurejezea utaratibu wowote wa kurekebisha umbo ambao hutokeza sura yenye kupendeza zaidi ya tishu za taya. • Matibabu ya Laser ya Periodontal. Kuondoa tishu ya nywele na laser inaweza kutoa faida kubwa juu ya upasuaji wa kawaida, kama vile kutokuwa na wasiwasi na kupungua kwa nywele. • Upasuaji wa Kuongeza urefu wa taji. Hii ni utaratibu wa upasuaji ambapo muundo wa meno uliofunikwa na gundi na tishu ya mfupa unaweza kuhitaji kufunuliwa ama kwa sababu za urembo (kwa kufanya meno yaonekane marefu na tabasamu kuwa chini ya gummy) au kusaidia katika kupata taji mpya ya meno. • Vifaa vya kuingiza meno. Njia inayopendekezwa leo ya kubadilisha meno ni implant ya meno ya titani, ambayo huwekwa chini ya mstari wa gum na ndani ya mfupa wa taya wakati wa utaratibu mdogo wa upasuaji. Kisha implant hiyo huunganishwa na taji la meno lenye kuonekana kama halisi ambalo linaonekana juu ya mstari wa taya na haliwezi kutofautishwa na jino la asili.

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My diet is always a hot topic at any dinner party, people seem curious to know what exactly it is I eat, where I get my protein from and how sustainable the way I eat is. Besides all that; I’ve noticed that there is a general confusion between the different types of plant-based diets, so I’m shining a light on what it means to eat a plant-based diet, various sources of protein as well a dietary benefits. Before I get into what my personal diet entails, let’s get into those differences. As far as my knowledge goes, there are three types of plant-based diets namely, vegan, vegetarian and pescatarian. Here are the distinct features of each diet: Vegans eat mostly fruits, nuts, beans, seeds, lentils and vegetables whilst refraining from animal foods, including meat, fish, chicken, pork whilst refraining from any other foods sourced from animals such as eggs and dairy. Vegetarians eat mostly fruits, nuts, beans, seeds, lentils and vegetables whilst refraining from animal foods, including meat, fish, chicken, pork; but do eat eggs and dairy. Pescatarians eat mostly fruits, nuts, beans, seeds, lentils and vegetables whilst refraining from animal foods, including meat, chicken, pork; but do eat fish, eggs and dairy. The plant-based diet that I ascribe to is pescatarian; I choose to eat pescatarian because it is the plant-based diet that resonates the most with me, my body, my health and my lifestyle. Sources of protein for Pescatarians: Fish (like salmon and tuna), I generally only try to eat fish on special occasions because it is very pricey and also in consideration of the environment. - Milk (as well as foods that contain milk such as yoghurt and cheese); I am obsessed with cheese, not only is it yummy but it also serves as a great source of protein. - Nuts (such as cashews, peanuts and almonds), these are my go-to snacks, especially when I am on the go. - Eggs are a huge source of protein and also form part of breakfast, which is said to be the most important meal of the day. I eat about three eggs a week only. - Legumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas), from humus to paneer, there is no limit to the delicious meals one can make from this yummy protein source. Benefits of Eating Pescatarian: - Environmental benefits (especially when coupled with consciously eating sustainable seafoods) - Promotes heart health through its nutritional benefits (high omega, fresh fruits and vegetable intake) - Improved mental function - Improved digestive functioning Food preferences vary from person to person and I strongly stand against ‘food-shaming’, bullying, guilt-tripping and harassing others into altering their diet. Exercising tolerance, open-mindedness and acceptance is far more important than dietary preferences. Article by Beauty Boois

Chakula changu ni mada ya moto wakati wa karamu yoyote, watu wanaonekana kuwa na hamu ya kujua ni nini hasa ninachokula, ninapata wapi protini yangu na jinsi ya kudumu ya njia ninayokula. Kwa kuongezea, kuna utata kati ya aina tofauti za lishe ya mimea, kwa hivyo ninaangazia nini inamaanisha kula lishe ya mimea, vyanzo mbalimbali vya protini na faida za lishe. Kabla sijaingia katika kile chakula changu binafsi inahusisha, hebu kupata katika tofauti hizo. Kwa mujibu wa utafiti wa utafiti, kuna aina tatu za chakula cha mimea: vegan, mboga na pescatarian. Vegan hula matunda, karanga, maharagwe, mbegu, vitunguu na mboga, wakati wa kujiepusha na vyakula vya wanyama, ikiwa ni pamoja na nyama, samaki, kuku, nguruwe, wakati wa kujiepusha na vyakula vingine vinavyotokana na wanyama kama mayai na maziwa. Wanyama hula matunda, karanga, maharagwe, mbegu, vitunguu na mboga, wakati wa kujizuia kutoka kwa vyakula vya wanyama, pamoja na nyama, samaki, kuku, nguruwe, lakini hula mayai na maziwa. Pescatarians kula matunda, karanga, maharagwe, mbegu, vitunguu na mboga wakati wa kujizuia kutoka kwa vyakula vya wanyama, ikiwa ni pamoja na nyama, kuku, nguruwe; lakini kula samaki, mayai na maziwa. "Kila chakula cha mimea kinaweza kuonekana kama ""pescatarian"" - chakula cha mimea ambacho kinaweza kuonekana kama ""pescatarian"" kwa sababu ni chakula cha mimea ambacho kinahusiana zaidi na mwili wangu, afya yangu na mtindo wangu wa maisha." Kwa wale wanaopenda kula samaki, samaki (kama samaki wa samaki na tuna) ni muhimu sana kwa sababu ya gharama kubwa na mazingira. Maziwa (kama vile vyakula vinavyokuwa na maziwa kama vile yoghurt na jibini); Mimi ni obsessed na jibini, si tu ni ladha lakini pia hutumika kama chanzo kikubwa cha protini. - Nuts (kama vile cashews, karanga na lozi), hizi ni kwenda-kwa vitafunio yangu, hasa wakati mimi ni juu ya kwenda. Mayai ni chanzo kikubwa cha protini na pia ni sehemu ya kiamsha kinywa, ambacho inasemekana kuwa chakula muhimu zaidi cha siku. Mimi hula mayai matatu tu kwa juma. Mazao ya mboga (beans, lentils, chickpeas), kutoka humus hadi paneer, hakuna kikomo kwa chakula kitamu mtu anaweza kufanya kutoka kwa chanzo hiki cha protini kitamu. Faida za kula Pescatarian: - Faida za mazingira (hasa wakati pamoja na kula kwa ufahamu chakula cha baharini endelevu) - Inakuza afya ya moyo kupitia faida zake za lishe (omega ya juu, matunda safi na mboga) - Uboreshaji wa kazi ya akili - Uboreshaji wa utendaji wa kumeng'enya chakula - Mapendeleo ya chakula hutofautiana kutoka kwa mtu hadi mtu na mimi nina msimamo mkali dhidi ya 'kushutumu chakula', unyanyasaji, hatia na kusumbua wengine. Kuonyesha uvumilivu, uwazi na kukubali ni muhimu zaidi kuliko upendeleo wa chakula. Makala na Beauty Boois

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Slope is the direction of a line. The gradient is the steepness of the line. The slope of a mountain is one hundred percent. The number of the gradient is ten times the height of the summit of Mount Everest. The gradient of a line is three times the height of its base. This equation can be used to measure the angle between the two peaks. When calculating the slope of a mountain, it is useful to consider both the slope and the gradient of a mountain. Slope is an unblocked game in which you must control a ball as it runs down a. As you progress through the levels, the ball increases in speed and increases in difficulty. Playing this game on a laptop, PC or mobile device is as easy as pressing the right and left keys. However, it requires practice to master the skill of controlling the ball and navigating the game map. Slope is a challenging, addictive, and addictive game to play. is a fun game that will keep you entertained for hours on end. The first few levels are easy and the game will get harder as you progress. It will take a few tries to master the game's complex levels. The goal is to stay on the game's slope and avoid hitting the red blocks, which will result in the end of the game. The challenge level will increase as you progress through the game. But the good news is that you can try it out without having to pay any money.

Mteremko ni mwelekeo wa mstari. gradient ni steepness ya mstari. Mteremko wa mlima ni asilimia mia moja. Kiwango cha mteremko huo ni mara kumi ya urefu wa kilele cha Mlima Everest. Mteremko wa mstari ni mara tatu ya urefu wa msingi wake. Mlinganisho huu unaweza kutumika kupima pembe kati ya vilele viwili. Unapohesabu mwinuko wa mlima, ni muhimu kuzingatia mwinuko na mwinuko wa mlima. Slope ni mchezo unblocked ambapo lazima kudhibiti mpira kama ni anaendesha chini ya mstari. Unapopita katika ngazi, mpira huo huongeza mwendo na ugumu. Kucheza mchezo huu kwenye kompyuta yako ni rahisi kama kubonyeza kitufe cha kulia na kushoto. Hata hivyo, inahitaji mazoezi ili kuweza kudhibiti mpira na kuendesha ramani ya mchezo. Slope ni mchezo wenye changamoto, wenye kulevya, na wenye kulevya. Ni mchezo wa kufurahisha ambao utakufanya ufurahie kwa masaa. Viwango vichache vya kwanza ni rahisi na mchezo itakuwa vigumu zaidi kama wewe maendeleo. Itachukua majaribio machache ya kushinda ngazi tata za mchezo. Lengo ni kukaa juu ya mwinuko wa mchezo na kuepuka kugonga vitalu nyekundu, ambayo itasababisha mwisho wa mchezo. Kiwango cha changamoto kitaongezeka unapoendelea katika mchezo. Lakini habari njema ni kwamba unaweza kujaribu bila kulipa pesa.

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Everyone clears their throat occasionally. However, persistent throat clearing can harm the vocal cords and indicate underlying health issues. Recognizing the factors causing this symptom allows for treatment at the source. Causes of Throat Clearing Throat clearing is usually a symptom of a few underlying conditions: - Acid Reflux or GERD: Acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) commonly triggers throat clearing. Around 20% of adults and 10% of children in the US are affected by GERD, often experiencing a sensation of something stuck in the throat or a sore throat. - Food Allergies: Certain foods like dairy, eggs, rice and soy can tickle the throat, leading to the need for throat clearing. - Medication Side Effects: Some medicines can cause a tickling sensation in the throat, resulting in throat clearing. - Postnasal Drainage: Excess mucus production that drains into the throat can cause postnasal drip. Allergies, illnesses like colds or the flu, infections, spicy foods and weather changes can all trigger this condition. - Tourette’s Syndrome: This neurological disorder can cause varying physical tics, including throat clearing. Sometimes, persistent throat clearing can be a habit without an underlying cause. Managing Throat Clearing If persistent throat clearing negatively impacts you, seek medical advice. To manage this occurrence: - Hydrate: Regular sips of water can relieve vocal cords of sensations, prompting throat clearing. - Suppress the Urge: Try to resist the urge to clear your throat by sipping water or swallowing hard, protecting your vocal cords. - Avoid Voice Irritation: Regularly rest your voice, refrain from smoking and treat allergy symptoms with antihistamines and decongestants. - Manage GERD and Acid Reflux: Dietary and lifestyle changes and certain prescription medicines can help treat GERD and acid reflux. - Treat Mucus Causes: Medicines can help manage mucus caused by illnesses or allergies. Consult a doctor for persistent mucus. Chronic throat clearing can lead to vocal cord damage. Maintaining a healthy throat contributes to your overall health and well-being. To learn more about your ear, nose or throat health, schedule an appointment with Alpine Ear, Nose & Throat today.

Kila mtu husafisha koo lake mara kwa mara. Hata hivyo, kuondolewa kwa koo kwa ukawaida kunaweza kuharibu kamba za sauti na kuonyesha matatizo ya afya. Kutambua mambo yanayosababisha dalili hiyo huwezesha kutibu ugonjwa huo. Kwa kawaida, upungufu wa koo ni dalili ya hali kadhaa za msingi: - Acid Reflux au GERD: Acid reflux au ugonjwa wa gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) kwa kawaida husababisha upungufu wa koo. Karibu asilimia 20 ya watu wazima na asilimia 10 ya watoto nchini Marekani wanaugua ugonjwa wa GERD, ambao mara nyingi huathiri hisia ya kitu kilichofungwa kwenye koo au maumivu ya koo. - Uzio wa chakula: Vyakula fulani kama vile maziwa, mayai, mchele na soya vinaweza kuchochea koo, na kusababisha uhitaji wa kuondoa koo. - Madhara ya dawa: Dawa fulani zaweza kusababisha hisia ya kukwaruza kwenye koo, na kusababisha koo kufutwa. - Postnasal drainage: Uzalishaji wa kupita kiasi wa mucus ambayo hutiririka kwenye koo inaweza kusababisha drip postnasal. Madhara kama vile homa, homa, virusi, chakula chenye vikolezo, na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yanaweza kusababisha ugonjwa huu. - Tourette's Syndrome: Ugonjwa huu wa neva unaweza kusababisha tics tofauti za kimwili, ikiwa ni pamoja na kufungua koo. Nyakati nyingine, kuondolewa kwa koo kwa ukawaida kunaweza kuwa zoea bila sababu ya msingi. Usimamizi wa Ufafanuzi wa Kibofu Ikiwa ufafanuzi wa kibofu unaoendelea unakuathiri vibaya, tafuta ushauri wa daktari. Ili kudhibiti tukio hili: - Hydrate: sips mara kwa mara ya maji inaweza kupunguza sauti kamba ya hisia, kuchochea koo wazi. - Punguza hamu: Jaribu kukinza hamu ya kusafisha koo lako kwa kunywa maji au kumeza kwa nguvu, ukilinda kamba zako za sauti. - Kuepuka sauti Irritation: Mara kwa mara kupumzika sauti yako, kujizuia kutoka kuvuta sigara na kutibu dalili za mzio na antihistamines na decongestants. - Udhibiti wa GERD na Acid Reflux: Mabadiliko ya lishe na mtindo wa maisha na dawa fulani za dawa zinaweza kusaidia kutibu GERD na acid reflux. - Matibabu ya Visababishi vya Mucus: Dawa zinaweza kusaidia kudhibiti mucus inayosababishwa na magonjwa au mzio. Mtafute daktari kwa ajili ya mucus ya kudumu. Kuondolewa kwa koo kwa muda mrefu kwaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa kamba za sauti. Kudumisha afya ya koo huchangia afya na hali yako ya afya kwa ujumla. Ili kujua zaidi kuhusu afya ya pua yako, pua au koo, ratiba ya miadi na Alpine Ear, Pua na Kibofu leo.

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The Mind: A Miracle of Prediction When I think of how the mind-body connection works, I reach back to half-remembered high school biology: You want to go somewhere, or stand up, or drink some water. Neurons fire in the brain and send signals down through muscles telling them what to do. Then you do it. My lasting impression is of an utterly mechanical and static process. But I’ve come to understand that mind-body dynamics are anything but static and mechanical. They’re instead dynamic and anticipatory, like the world’s most complex simulator. Take perception. At a basic level, perception frames how we see the world through visual cues, but when we’re driving, for example, perception gives us the ability to gauge upcoming road curvature even when we can’t see it. According to neuroscientist and engineer Alain Berthoz and some of the researchers he cites in his book The Brain’s Sense of Movement, our perception is about movement in 3-dimensional space — not just position — including predicting future movement. I tend to think of perception as looking at and assessing fixed points, which tracks with how I learned about the human body. You see a bend up ahead on a hiking trail, so you aim for it, walk there, and then look further for the next point. Static, mechanical. But that isn’t what happens. Instead, your brain looks at the bend and uses its edge points to inform your perception about upcoming curvature that you can’t even see. Same with driving: “1 or 2 seconds before every bend, the gaze of a driver on a mountain road becomes fixed on the tangent inside the bend. A calculation based on these data shows that the direction of this point in relation to that of the car makes it possible to predict the curvature of the road beyond the bend. In other words, the gaze of the driver is positioned on a point such that the information supplied by the optic flow allows him to predict the curvature of the trajectory.” The point, writes Berthoz, is that the brain doesn’t just know where the car is in relation to curvature, it “seeks to predict the curvature at a future time.” The brain creates models of expectation and fills in information gaps in order to allow action to happen.

"Moyo: Muujiza wa Utabiri: ""Ninapofikiria jinsi uhusiano wa akili na mwili unavyofanya kazi, ninarudi kwenye biolojia ya shule ya sekondari: unataka kwenda mahali fulani, au kusimama, au kunywa maji." Neuroni huwasha moto katika ubongo na kutuma ishara kupitia misuli ikisema nini cha kufanya. Basi fanya hivyo. Hisia yangu ya kudumu ni ya mchakato wa kikamilifu wa mitambo na wa kimya. Lakini nimeja kuelewa kwamba nguvu za akili na mwili ni chochote ila static na mitambo. Wao ni badala ya nguvu na anticipatory, kama simulator dunia ya tata zaidi. Chukua utambuzi. Katika kiwango cha msingi, utambuzi frame jinsi sisi kuona dunia kupitia ishara ya kuona, lakini wakati sisi ni kuendesha gari, kwa mfano, utambuzi inatupa uwezo wa kupima ujao barabara curvature hata wakati hatuwezi kuona. "Kulingana na mtaalamu wa neva na mhandisi Alain Berthous na baadhi ya watafiti aliowataja katika kitabu chake ""The Brain's Sense of Movement,"" utambuzi wetu ni kuhusu mwendo katika nafasi ya 3D - sio tu nafasi - ikiwa ni pamoja na kutabiri mwendo wa baadaye." "Ninaelekea kufikiria utambuzi kama kuangalia na kutathmini ""vitu vya kudumu,"" ambayo inafuatilia jinsi nilivyojifunza juu ya mwili wa binadamu." Unapoona mwinuko mbele kwenye njia ya kutembea, unaelekea upande huo, uende huko, kisha utazame upande mwingine. Static, mitambo. Lakini si hivyo kinachotokea. Badala yake, ubongo wako unaangalia mzunguko na hutumia pointi zake za ukingo kuarifu utambuzi wako kuhusu mzunguko unaokuja ambao huwezi hata kuona. """Kama ilivyo kwa kuendesha gari, sekunde moja au mbili kabla ya kila kona, macho ya dereva kwenye barabara ya milimani huelekezwa kwenye tangent ndani ya kona." Mahesabu ya msingi wa data hizi inaonyesha kwamba mwelekeo wa hatua hii kuhusiana na kwamba ya gari inafanya kuwa inawezekana kutabiri curvature ya barabara nyuma ya curve. Kwa maneno mengine, macho ya dereva ni nafasi juu ya uhakika kama kwamba habari zinazotolewa na mtiririko wa macho inaruhusu yeye kutabiri curvature ya trajectory. uhakika ni kwamba ubongo hajui tu ambapo gari ni kuhusiana na curvature, ni "tafuta kutabiri curvature katika wakati ujao". ubongo inajenga mifano ya matarajio na kujaza katika mapungufu ya habari ili kuruhusu hatua kutokea.

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- American Physical Society Sites - Meetings & Events - Policy & Advocacy - Careers In Physics - About APS - Become a Member By Sophia Chen The human body is full of tiny machines. No, this isn’t a conspiracy theory: Your cells contain countless proteins that help you convert food, or chemical fuel, into motion. When your heart muscle contracts or your chromosomes pull apart during cell division, these molecular machines are hard at work. This year’s APS March Meeting featured three sessions on such machines, including those that occur naturally and those designed by humans. “Molecular machines” convert chemical energy into mechanical work and range in size from nanometers to hundreds of nanometers. Most naturally occurring molecular machines consist of proteins. These include myosin, which binds to muscle filaments to cause contraction, and kinesin, which shuttles molecules around cells in a walk-like motion. Many of these machines are also extremely efficient. The enzyme ATP synthase, for example, converts nearly 100 percent of free energy into mechanical work to create ATP, a molecule that provides energy to cells. Research of these machines has taken off since the 1990s, with the rise of single-molecule manipulation and imaging techniques, says Nancy Forde of Simon Fraser University in Canada. Their study could reveal how cells interact with each other, a vital step toward understanding biological processes. Credit: Kateryna Kon, Adobe Stock An illustration of E. coli bacteria, with tail-like flagella visible. At the 2022 APS March Meeting, Jasmine Nirody discussed her research on the E. coli “flagellar motor,” an example of a tiny “molecular machine.” Some researchers, seeking to apply this research, have begun engineering tiny systems that use or are inspired by naturally occurring molecular machines. Recently, Ken’ya Furuta, of Japan’s National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, replaced the “feet” of the protein dynein so that it could carry its cargo along a strand of DNA, instead of along the microtubule structures that make up its normal route in cells. Similar artificial machines could eventually be used to deliver drugs to target systems or to control chemical reactions. Shoichi Toyabe of Tohoku University in Japan presented recent work on ATP synthase, a protein found in the mitochondria of human cells and virtually all other organisms. ATP synthase has two “motors,” F0 and F1. F0 drives F1, and F1 catalyzes the synthesis of ATP, rotating 120 degrees to do so. Toyabe’s team was interested in F1. Why and how did the F1 motor preferentially rotate in one direction? To find out, the team placed isolated proteins on a probe, which they rotated using a changing electric field. The team found that ATP synthase has a mechanism that prevents the F1 motor from reversing, which they call “rectification,” in analogy with an electric circuit, where a rectifier only allows current to flow in one direction. The work raises the question of whether other proteins also encourage cellular processes to proceed in a certain direction. Eventually, Toyabe hopes to build an artificial machine, inspired by the F1 motor, out of DNA. Jasmine Nirody, a postdoc with joint appointments at Rockefeller University and Oxford University, presented research on flagella, the hairlike appendages that cells use to propel themselves (picture the single flagellum, or “tail,” of a sperm cell). A bacterium’s flagellum propels it via rotation, powered by ion gradients between the interior and exterior of the cell. Research on the flagellum could inform the design of more adaptable artificial molecular machines, according to Nirody. While human-designed motors can usually only function in specific conditions, she says, “the flagellar motor navigates these heterogeneous and unpredictable environments within cells. That aspect is fascinating and something that we can really learn from.” At the 2022 APS March Meeting, Nirody presented a new flagellum model, an update based on detailed cryo-EM images released by researchers in 2020. The new images revealed that the flagellum rotates like a gear, driven by another rotating component. Nirody’s work, like Toyabe’s, could help researchers design better molecular machines. “What has evolution done that we haven't figured out how to do?” Nirody says. Nancy Forde, presenting work led by her graduate student, Chapin Korosec, introduced an artificial molecular machine they had created, dubbed “the lawnmower,” the outcome of a 15-year international collaboration between biologists, condensed matter physicists, and nanoscientists. The lawnmower is an artificial, nanoscale spherical bead covered in trypsin, a protein in the digestive system that breaks down other proteins. When the lawnmower is placed on an engineered surface covered in molecules called peptides, it cleaves the peptides, cutting them like grass in a yard. The lawnmower also powers itself, harnessing free energy released from the clipped peptides to continue moving. The lawnmower’s design draws inspiration from the influenza virus, which is also spherical, sticks to cells, and cleaves cell receptors. While Forde’s team could not control the lawnmower’s trajectory, they found that the lawnmower moved in a biased direction away from regions it had already mowed. Its average speed reached 60 nanometers per second, which is about the rate that grass grows. Forde aims to use the underlying architecture of the lawnmower to create other types of molecular machines. They designed the lawnmower to be modular, so researchers can easily change its design—swapping the trypsin for another protein, for example, or changing the size of the quantum dot to tailor it for a specific application. Eventually, Forde hopes to create molecular machines that can do “what nature has evolved proteins to be able to do,” she says. “It gives you this amazing appreciation of what nature has managed to evolve.” Sophia Chen is a writer based in Columbus, Ohio. ©1995 - 2024, AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY APS encourages the redistribution of the materials included in this newspaper provided that attribution to the source is noted and the materials are not truncated or changed.

APS (American Physical Society) - Mkutano wa Maonyesho na Matukio - Sera na Utetezi - Kazi katika Fizikia - Kuhusu APS - Kuwa Mwanachama - Sophia Chen - Mwili wa binadamu ni kamili ya mashine ndogo. La, hii si nadharia ya njama: Chembe zako zina protini nyingi sana ambazo hukusaidia kubadilisha chakula, au mafuta ya kemikali, kuwa mwendo. Wakati misuli ya moyo unapopungua au chromosomes zinapogawanyika wakati wa kugawanyika kwa seli, mashine hizi za molekuli zinafanya kazi kwa bidii. Mkutano wa Machi wa APS wa mwaka huu ulionyesha vikao vitatu kwenye mashine kama hizo, pamoja na zile zinazotokea kwa asili na zile zilizobuniwa na wanadamu. "Mashine za molekuli" hubadilisha nishati ya kemikali kuwa kazi ya mitambo na zina ukubwa wa nanometers hadi mamia ya nanometers. Mashine nyingi za molekuli zinazopatikana kiasili hufanyizwa na protini. Miongoni mwao ni myosin, ambayo huunganishwa na nyuzi za misuli ili kusababisha kupungua, na kinesin, ambayo husafirisha molekuli kuzunguka chembe kwa mwendo unaofanana na kutembea. Mashine hizo nyingi pia zina ufanisi mkubwa sana. Enzyme ya ATP synthase, kwa mfano, hubadilisha karibu asilimia 100 ya nishati ya bure kuwa kazi ya mitambo ili kuunda ATP, molekuli inayotoa nishati kwa chembe. "Utafiti wa mashine hizi umeanza tangu miaka ya 1990, na kuongezeka kwa mbinu za udhibiti wa molekuli moja na mbinu za picha, ""anasema Nancy Ford wa Chuo Kikuu cha Simon Fraser nchini Canada." Utafiti wao ungeweza kufunua jinsi chembe zinavyoingiliana, hatua muhimu kuelekea kuelewa taratibu za kibiolojia. Kateryna Kon, Adobe Stock Mchoro wa bakteria ya E. coli, yenye alama inayoonekana kama mkia. Katika mkutano wa APS wa Machi 2022, Jasmine Nirody alizungumzia utafiti wake juu ya E. coli - injini ya flagellate, mfano wa mashine ndogo ya molekuli - watafiti wengine, wakitafuta kutumia utafiti huu, wameanza kubuni mifumo midogo ambayo hutumia au imeongozwa na mashine za molekuli zinazotokea kwa asili. Hivi karibuni, Kenji Furuta, wa Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano ya Japani, alibadilisha "mguu" wa protini ya dynein ili iweze kubeba mzigo wake kando ya nyuzi za DNA, badala ya kando ya miundo ya microtubules ambayo huunda njia yake ya kawaida katika seli. Mashine kama hizo za bandia zaweza kutumiwa hatimaye kutoa dawa kwa mifumo inayolengwa au kudhibiti athari za kemikali. Shoichi Toyabe, Mtaalamu wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti wa Utafiti. ATP synthase ina mbili <unk>motors,<unk> F0 na F1. F1 na F2 huendesha ATP na F1 huendesha ATP kwa kugeuka kwa digrii 120. Timu ya Toyabe ilipendezwa na F1. Kwa nini injini ya F1 ilizunguka kwa njia moja? Ili kujua, kikundi hicho kiliweka protini zilizotengwa kwenye chombo cha kuchunguza, ambacho kilizungushwa kwa kutumia uwanja wa umeme uliobadilika-badilika. "Timu hiyo iligundua kwamba ATP synthase ina utaratibu ambao unazuia injini ya F1 kutoka kwa kugeuka, ambayo wanaita ""kurudisha,"" kwa kulinganisha na mzunguko wa umeme, ambapo rectifier inaruhusu tu mkondo wa mtiririko katika mwelekeo mmoja." Kazi hiyo inaibua swali la ikiwa protini nyingine pia huchochea michakato ya chembe kuendelea katika mwelekeo fulani. Toyabe anatarajia kutengeneza mashine ya kiutendaji ya kuendesha gari la F1 Jasmine Nirdie, PhD na uteuzi wa pamoja katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rockefeller na Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford, alitoa utafiti juu ya flagella, nyongeza za nywele ambazo seli hutumia kujiendesha (picha ya flagellum moja, au <unk> mkia, <unk> wa seli ya shahawa). Aum's flagellum propels it kupitia mzunguko, powered na gradients ion kati ya ndani na nje ya seli. Kulingana na Nirody, utafiti kuhusu flagellum unaweza kusaidia kutengeneza mashine za molekuli za bandia zinazoweza kubadilika-badilika. Wakati motors binadamu iliyoundwa kwa kawaida inaweza tu kazi katika hali maalum, yeye anasema, <unk>motor flagellar navigates hizi mazingira heterogeneous na unpredictable ndani ya seli. "Kama mfano, katika mkutano wa APS wa Machi 2020, Nirodya aliwasilisha mfano mpya wa flagellum, ""mabadiliko kulingana na picha za kina za cryo-EM zilizotolewa na watafiti mnamo 2020.""" Picha hizo mpya zilionyesha kwamba kiwambo hicho kinazunguka-zunguka kama gia, kikiongozwa na sehemu nyingine inayozunguka. Kazi ya Nirody, kama ile ya Toyabe, yaweza kuwasaidia watafiti kubuni mashine bora za molekuli. "Mageuzi yamefanya nini ambacho hatujajua jinsi ya kufanya?" anasema Nirody. "Nancy Ford, akitoa kazi iliyoongozwa na mwanafunzi wake wa kuhitimu, Chapin Korosek, alianzisha mashine ya molekuli ya bandia ambayo walikuwa wameunda, inayoitwa ""mashine ya kukata nyasi,"" matokeo ya ushirikiano wa kimataifa wa miaka 15 kati ya wanabiolojia, fizikia wa nyenzo iliyofupishwa, na wanasayansi wa nanoscience." Mshono wa nyasi ni kioo cha nanoscale kilichofunikwa na trypsin, protini katika mfumo wa kumeng'enya ambayo huvunja protini nyingine. Wakati mashine ya kukata nyasi imewekwa kwenye uso uliofunikwa kwa molekuli zinazoitwa peptidi, inagawanya peptidi, ikiwakata kama nyasi katika bustani. Mashine ya kukata nyasi pia hujitoa yenyewe nguvu, ikitumia nishati ya bure inayotolewa na peptidi zilizokatwa ili kuendelea kusonga. Muundo wa mashine ya kukata nyasi unachochewa na virusi vya mafua, ambavyo pia ni vya mviringo, vinaambatana na chembe, na kuvunja vipokezi vya chembe. Ingawa timu ya Forde haikuweza kudhibiti mwendo wa mashine ya kukata nyasi, waligundua kwamba mashine ya kukata nyasi ilihama katika mwelekeo wa upendeleo mbali na maeneo ambayo tayari ilikuwa imekata. Kiwango cha juu cha mwendo wa mimea hiyo ni nanometer 60 kwa sekunde, ambayo ni sawa na mwendo wa ukuaji wa nyasi. Forde anakusudia kutumia usanifu wa msingi wa mashine ya kukata nyasi ili kuunda aina nyingine za mashine za molekuli. Kwa mfano, watafiti wanaweza kubadilisha muundo wake kwa kubadilisha trypsin kwa protini nyingine, au kubadilisha ukubwa wa nukta ya quantum ili kuibadilisha kwa matumizi maalum. Hatimaye, Forde anatumaini kuunda mashine za molekuli ambazo zinaweza kufanya "kile ambacho asili imebadilisha protini kuwa na uwezo wa kufanya", anasema. "Sophia Chen ni mwandishi anayeishi Columbus, Ohio.""" APS inahimiza usambazaji wa vifaa vilivyojumuishwa katika gazeti hili ikiwa ni pamoja na sifa kwa chanzo na vifaa havibadilishwi au kubadilishwa.

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Peruvian authorities say they are struggling to keep outsiders away from a clan of previously isolated Amazon Indians who began appearing on the banks of a jungle river popular with environmental tourists last year. |Members of one of Brazil’s uncontacted indigenous tribes have been photographed in a protected area of the Amazon jungle near Peru [Credit: Brazil National Indian Foundation (Funai)] The behavior of the small group of Mashco-Piro Indians has puzzled scientists, who say it may be related to the encroachment of loggers and by low-flying aircraft from nearby natural gas and oil exploration in the southeastern region of the country. Clan members have been blamed for two bow-and-arrow attacks on people near the riverbank in Madre de Dios state where officials say the Indians were first seen last May. One badly wounded a forest ranger in October. The following month, another fatally pierced the heart of a local Matsiguenka Indian, Nicolas “Shaco” Flores, who had long maintained a relationship with the Mashco-Piro. The advocacy group Survival International released photos Tuesday showing clan members on the riverbank, describing the pictures as the “most detailed sightings of uncontacted Indians ever recorded on camera.” The British-based group provided the photos exactly a year after releasing aerial photos from Brazil of another tribe classified as uncontacted, one of about 100 such groups it says exist around the world. One of the Mashco-Piro photos was taken by a bird watcher in August, Survival International said. The other two were shot by Spanish archaeologist Diego Cortijo on Nov. 16, six days before Flores was killed. Cortijo, a member of the Spanish Geographical Society, was visiting Flores while on an expedition in search of petroglyphs and said clan members appeared across the river from Flores’ house, calling for him by name. Flores could communicate with the Mashco-Piro because he spoke two related dialects, said Cortijo, who added that Flores had previously provided clan members with machetes and cooking pots. says it does not make contact with the tribes and prevents invasions of their land, to ensure their total autonomy [Credit: Brazil National Indian Foundation (Funai)] The Mashco-Piro tribe is believed to number in the hundreds and lives in the Manu National Park that borders Diamante, a community of more than 200 people where Flores lived. Although it’s not known what provoked the Mashco-Piro clan to leave the relative safety of their tribe’s jungle home, Beatriz Huerta, an anthropologist who works with Peru’s INDEPA agency for indigenous affairs, speculated their habitat is becoming increasingly less isolated. The upper Madre de Dios region where the tribe lives has been affected by logging, she said. “They are removing wood very close.” Meanwhile, Huerta said, naturalists in the area and Manu National Park officials told her during a recent visit that a rise in air traffic related to natural gas and oil exploration in the region is adversely affecting native hunting grounds, forcing increasing migration by nomadic tribes. The clan that showed up at the river is believed to number about 60, including some 25 adults, said Carlos Soria, a professor at Lima’s Catholic University who ran Peru’s park protection agency last year. “It seemed like they wanted to draw a bit of attention, which is a bit strange because I know that on other occasions they had attacked people,” Cortijo said by phone from Spain. “It seemed they didn’t want us to go near them, but I also know that the only thing that they wanted was machetes and cooking pots.” Cortijo said the group lingered by the river a few minutes, apparently to see if a boat would pass by so they could ask for some tools, something authorities say they had done in the past. “The place where they are seen is one of heavy transit” of river cargo and tourist passage, and so the potential for more violent encounters remains high, Soria said. That is compounded by culture clash. The Mashco-Piro live by their own social code, which Soria said includes the practice of kidnapping other tribes’ women and children. than half the world’s 100 uncontacted tribes live in Brazil or Peru and campaigners say many face threats to their land from illegal logging [Credit: Brazil National Indian Foundation (Funai)] He said the Mashco-Piro are one of about 15 “uncontacted” tribes in Peru that together are estimated to number between 12,000 and 15,000 people living in jungles east of the Andes. “The situation is incredibly delicate,” said Huerta, the government anthropologist. “It’s very clear that they don’t want people there,” she said of the area where the clan has been loitering, noting that it had ransacked a jungle ranger’s post that authorities later removed. One of the clan’s likely fears is being decimated by disease borne by outsiders, as has occurred with other uncontacted peoples, Huerta said. But its also a mystery why they have appeared in an area so heavily trafficked, she added. After the first sightings, and after tourists left clothing for the Mashco-Piro, state authorities issued a directive in August barring all boats from going ashore in the area. But enforcing it has been difficult as there are few trained and willing local officials. In response to the Flores killing, authorities sent a team into Diamante to explain to inhabitants that it would be wrong to try to retaliate. Diamante’s residents include ethnic Matsiguenka, traditionally a rival tribe, complicating matters. Cortijo, the Spanish archaeologist, said Flores’ death makes reaching any understanding with the Mashco-Piro very complicated. “The problem is that ‘Shaco’ was the only person who could talk to them,” he said. “Now that he’s dead it’s impossible to make contact.” Author: Frank Bajak | Source: Associated Press [January 31, 2012]

Wenye mamlaka nchini Peru wanasema wanajitahidi kuwazuia watu wa nje wasiingie katika jamii ya Wahindi wa Amazon ambao walianza kuonekana kwenye kingo za mto maarufu wa msitu wa Amazon mwaka jana. "Watu wa kabila la Mashco-Piro waliopigwa picha katika eneo la Amazon karibu na Peru, wanasema kuwa ""wafuasi wa mashimo ya miti na ndege zinazoruka kwa kasi kutoka kwa maeneo ya karibu ya kuchimba gesi na mafuta katika eneo la kusini mashariki mwa nchi hiyo.""" Washiriki wa kundi hilo wameshtakiwa kwa mashambulizi mawili ya kutumia upinde na mishale dhidi ya watu karibu na ukingo wa mto katika jimbo la Madre de Dios, ambapo maafisa wanasema Wahindi hao walionekana kwa mara ya kwanza mwezi Mei mwaka jana. Mmoja wao alimjeruhi vibaya mlinzi wa msitu mnamo Oktoba. Mwezi uliofuata, mwingine alimpiga moyo kwa njia ya mauti Mhindi wa Matsiguenka wa eneo hilo, Nicolas <unk>Shaco<unk> Flores, ambaye alikuwa amedumisha uhusiano wa muda mrefu na Mashco-Piro. "Kundi la kutetea haki za binadamu la Survival International limetoa picha za watu wa makabila ya Wenyeji wa Asili wa Brazil kwenye ukingo wa mto huo, likisema kuwa hizo ni ""picha za kina zaidi za Wahindi wasio na mawasiliano waliowahi kurekodiwa kwenye kamera,"" mwaka mmoja baada ya kundi hilo kutoa picha za ndege kutoka Brazil za kabila lingine lililoorodheshwa kuwa ""lisilo na mawasiliano"" duniani kote." Picha ya Mashko-Piro ilichukuliwa na mtazamaji wa ndege mnamo Agosti, Survival International ilisema. Wawili wengine waliuawa na mchunguzi wa vitu vya kale wa Hispania Diego Cortijo mnamo Novemba 16, siku sita kabla ya Flores kuuawa. Cortijo, mwanachama wa Spanish Geographical Society, alikuwa akimtembelea Flores wakati wa safari ya kutafuta petroglyphs na alisema wanachama wa ukoo walionekana ng'ambo ya mto kutoka nyumba ya Flores, wakimwita kwa jina. Flores aliweza kuwasiliana na Mashco-Piro kwa sababu alizungumza lahaja mbili zinazohusiana, alisema Cortijo, ambaye aliongeza kwamba Flores hapo awali alikuwa amewapa wanachama wa kabila hilo machete na sufuria za kupikia. Mashpelo-Piro ni kabila la watu wa Brazil, ambalo linaishi katika mbuga ya Manu National Park, karibu na Diamante, eneo ambalo lina watu zaidi ya 200. Ingawa haijulikani ni nini kilichowafanya Mashco-Piro kuondoka kwenye makao yao ya kijijini, Beatriz Huerta, mtaalamu wa jamii ya binadamu anayefanya kazi na shirika la Peru la INDEPA la masuala ya wenyeji, alidhani kwamba mazingira yao yanazidi kuwa mbali. Mkoa wa juu wa Madre de Dios ambapo kabila hilo huishi umeathiriwa na ukataji miti, alisema. "Hua alisema, ""Wanachunguza mazingira katika eneo hilo na maafisa wa Manu National Park walimwambia wakati wa ziara ya hivi karibuni kwamba ongezeko la trafiki ya anga inayohusiana na uchimbaji wa gesi asilia na mafuta katika mkoa huo inaathiri vibaya maeneo ya uwindaji wa asili, na kulazimisha uhamiaji wa makabila ya wasafiri.""" Kikundi hicho kinaaminiwa kuwa kina watu 60 na kina watu wazima 25 hivi, alisema Carlos Soria, profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki cha Lima ambaye aliendesha shirika la ulinzi wa mbuga za Peru mwaka jana. "Ilikuwa kama walitaka kuvutia kidogo, ambayo ni kidogo ya ajabu kwa sababu najua kwamba katika hafla nyingine walikuwa wameshambulia watu, "Cortijo alisema kwa simu kutoka Hispania. "Ilikuwa kama hawakutaka tufikie karibu nao, lakini pia najua kwamba kitu pekee walichotaka ni machete na sufuria za kupikia,"" alisema Cortijo, ""kikundi hicho kilikaa kando ya mto kwa dakika chache, inaonekana ili kuona kama mashua ingepita ili waweze kuuliza kwa ajili ya vifaa, kitu ambacho mamlaka wanasema walikuwa wamefanya zamani." "Mahali ambapo wanaonekana ni moja ya usafiri mkubwa wa mizigo ya mto na kupita kwa watalii, na kwa hivyo uwezekano wa kukutana kwa vurugu zaidi unabaki juu, Soria alisema. Jambo hilo linaongezwa na mgongano wa kitamaduni. Mashco-Piro wanaishi kwa kanuni zao za kijamii, ambazo Soria alisema ni pamoja na zoea la kuiba wanawake na watoto wa makabila mengine. "Kutoka kwa makabila 100 ya watu wasio na mawasiliano ya asili, karibu nusu ya makabila hayo yanaishi nchini Brazil na Peru, na wanaharakati wanasema wengi wao wanakabiliwa na vitisho vya ukataji miti haramu, na Mashco-Piro ni moja ya makabila 15 ya watu wasio na mawasiliano ya asili nchini Peru, ambayo kwa pamoja yanakadiriwa kuwa na idadi ya watu kati ya 12,000 na 15,000 wanaoishi katika misitu ya mashariki mwa Andes.""" "Hali ni nyeti sana", alisema Huerta, mtaalamu wa anthropolojia wa serikali. "Ni wazi sana kwamba hawataki watu huko", alisema kuhusu eneo ambalo kabila hilo limekuwa likizurura, akibainisha kwamba lilikuwa limepora kituo cha walinzi wa misitu ambacho mamlaka ziliondoa baadaye. Moja ya hofu ya uwezekano wa kabila hilo ni kuharibiwa na ugonjwa unaosababishwa na watu wa nje, kama ilivyotokea na watu wengine wasiowasiliana, Huerta alisema. Lakini pia ni fumbo kwa nini wameonekana katika eneo ambalo linasafirishwa sana, aliongeza. Baada ya kuona ndege hizo kwa mara ya kwanza, na baada ya watalii kuacha nguo zao kwa ajili ya Mashpeko-Piro, mamlaka ya jimbo hilo ilitoa agizo mnamo Agosti likikataza mashua zote kutua kwenye eneo hilo. Lakini kutekeleza sheria hiyo imekuwa vigumu kwa sababu kuna maafisa wachache waliozoezwa na wenye nia ya kufanya hivyo. Baada ya mauaji ya Flores, mamlaka zilituma timu ya polisi Diamante kueleza wakazi kwamba ni kosa kujaribu kulipiza kisasi. Wakazi wa Diamante ni pamoja na kabila la Matsiguenka, kwa kawaida kabila la mpinzani, kuchanganya mambo. Cortijo, mtaalamu wa vitu vya kale wa Hispania, alisema kifo cha Flores hufanya ufikiaji wa uelewevu wowote na Mashco-Piro kuwa mgumu sana. "Tatizo ni kwamba 'Shaco' alikuwa mtu pekee ambaye angeweza kuzungumza nao", alisema. "Sasa kwa kuwa amekufa haiwezekani kuwasiliana naye. " "Mwandishi: Frank Bajak | Chanzo: Associated Press [Jan 31, 2012]

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Is there any reality behind the claims of oil paint being toxic? Well, technically, yes. But it’s not all that simple… In this article, you’ll find out exactly why and how oil paint can be toxic, from the raw pigments to types of solvents used to thin oil paints. You will also learn safer ways to continue enjoying the oil painting process. By the time you’re done reading, you’ll have a clear, in-depth answer to the question, ‘is oil paint toxic’ and what you can do to reduce any risk. What Makes Some Oil Paints Toxic? Oil paint can have a lot of toxic ingredients in them that you might not even be unaware of. First, some powder pigments used to make oil paint come from toxic compounds. Not to mention that most mainstream varnishes and solvents used in oil painting are mostly toxic too. The biggest reason most oil paints are considered toxic is the heavy metals in their raw art materials. Some toxic metals that can be commonly found in pigments are: - manganese strontium Not only do these metals make oil paint toxic if it comes in contact with your skin, but they also make oil paint poisonous if swallowed. So, it’s important to check the ingredients in your paint to see if they are safe or not. Some of The Most Toxic Pigments in Oil Paints Oil-based paint throughout history has had dangerous raw materials as pigments. Some of history’s most popular and widely used paints are the most harmful ones. Below, you’ll find out what some of the most toxic oil paints are and what you should look out for when choosing your oil paint: Many manufacturers use white lead to make their white paint. White lead is very toxic, which is why you should always check the ingredients list on your paint tube to see if it has lead. Many companies make white paint without white lead, which is a much safer alternative. In traditional oil-based paints, yellow has historically had a bunch of toxic metals, including uranium, chromium, and cadmium. Most companies have stopped using these materials, but some manufacturers still use them – primarily cadmium to make cadmium yellow. All oil paints containing the metal cobalt are toxic in high amounts. The most common oil paint from the metal is cobalt blue. The metal in these paints can cause harm to the skin and lungs and even cause various types of cancer if ingested. Some small companies still use arsenic, a very toxic compound, in some of their green oil paint to get a vibrant color. Arsenic was used in paints during the industrial revolution but was discontinued in most cases due to its toxic nature. Some Other Colors A lot of pigments used in oil paint, other than the ones we mentioned above, are also toxic. Hydrocarbons, for example, are particularly harmful when inhaled. It is also possible for colors like cadmium red, vermilion, and some oranges to be toxic. This is again due to the presence of harmful metals in their composition. Any oil painting is incomplete without a good varnish to lock everything in. However, many mainstream varnishes produce highly toxic fumes. Most varnishes are toxic due to the benzene used in their making. Benzene is very toxic and carcinogenic. The fumes can take anywhere from 48 hours to even longer to dissipate. It’s essential to varnish your paintings in a well-ventilated space, so the fumes dissipate quicker. Solvents are one of the biggest culprits behind oil paint toxicity. Turpentine is the most commonly used solvent to thin oil paints and clean brushes. Some oil painters use mineral spirits in the same way. Both of these solvents produce fumes that are harmful to anyone who breathes them in. The fumes from turpentine can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, confusion, and even a raised pulse. Direct skin contact with turpentine can also cause allergic reactions and can cause severe health problems. Mineral spirit is just as bad when it comes to fumes. Inhaling its fumes can cause nose, lungs, and throat irritation, dizziness, upset stomach, headaches, and lack of coordination. All this can be avoided if you wear gloves and paint in a well-ventilated area if you plan to use these toxic materials. Also, both of these toxic solvents are highly flammable, so be sure to dispose of them safely. Avoiding Toxic Fumes Now, as we said earlier, most art materials used in oil painting are not that toxic, it is mostly the solvents or the varnishes. Using natural oil such as linseed oil, safflower oil, walnut oil, and other oils in place of a solvent is safer, as they all are non-toxic and do not have any fumes. Different oils have different viscosities and drying times so you can pick and choose whichever one suits you. As far as safer varnishes are concerned, there are non-toxic varnishes available that are safe to use. Although if you do use a more popular, commonly used varnish, make sure to ventilate your working space and wear a mask if you can. A Safer Way to Practice Oil Painting There are things you could do to make oil painting safer for yourself and for the environment. Some steps to make painting with oils safer are: - Wear gloves. Avoid contact with skin as much as you can. - Always use the best oil paint whenever you can. Most good companies make their paints safer for use. - Always clean your brushes and keep paper towels around during your painting session to wipe off any excess paint from your skin and your brushes. - Always ensure the art materials you use are the safest you can get. Non-Toxic Solvent Alternatives There are a lot of readily available solvents that are much easier to use and much safer too. Linseed Oil, Walnut Oil, and Other Natural Oils The good thing about using oils as solvents is that they are not toxic and don’t have a smell, either. Not to mention they are easy to find anywhere. In my experience with oil painting, one of my all-time favorite non-toxic solvent alternatives is linseed oil. Some solvents that have worked well for me in the past are linseed oil, safflower oil, walnut oil and even poppy oil in oil painting. Linseed oil and walnut oil both have a slight yellow tint to them, so keep that in mind if you use them for your oil painting. If you still prefer to use solvents and not alternatives like oils, you can opt for some relatively safer ones that don’t give off fumes. For example, Gamblin’s Gamsol is less volatile and isn’t absorbed through the skin either. Another good option would be citrus solvent. It’s all-natural and non-toxic. Spike lavender oil is another non-toxic solvent and has a nice lavender smell to it too. All of these are still harmful if consumed. Non Toxic Paints Some pigments are safer to use than others. For example, any white paint that doesn’t have white lead is good. Similarly, most colors that don’t have very bright hues are mostly safer to use too. Although you should always read the label on your paint tubes to make sure. Some companies in recent years are putting in the effort to make oil painting safer for us artists. Companies such as Gamblin make their paints without the use of any toxic metals. Water Based Oil Paints Water mixable oils look and feel exactly like traditional oils, but the best part is that they can be dissolved in water. No solvents mean they are already much less toxic. Not to mention this makes using water-mixable oils so much easier. You can use them just like acrylic paint but with the feel of oil paint. With water-soluble oil paints, you can enjoy your favorite oil painting techniques while taking advantage of their long working time and blending qualities. Frequently Asked Questions Is oil paint toxic after it has completely dried? No, oil paint is not toxic to touch after it has completely dried. However, if you are sanding back your painting to get rid of any unwanted texture, wear a mask and be careful as the dust can be highly toxic. Also, the painting may still release a toxic fume from the solvents days after it has dried, but the amount is negligible. Is oil paint safe for the skin? Many traditional oil paints contain raw art materials that are highly toxic and not safe for the skin. Contact with skin is not safe at all, especially if the paint contains heavy metals or is diluted with a solvent like turpentine. In order to avoid allergic reactions, rashes and oil-based paint poisoning, use gloves while painting or use non-toxic alternatives. How can I know if an oil paint is toxic? The best way to ensure whether the paint you are using is safe is to read the ingredients list on the paint tube. You need to look for toxic metals such as mercury, lead, cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, etc. If you are still unsure, try asking the manufacturing company about the toxicity of the paint. Now that you know why and how oil paint can be toxic – from pigments to toxic solvents – and how you can be safe when using them, have fun with your paintings! If you take the right precautions like wearing gloves and working in a well-ventilated space or using non-toxic alternatives for solvents, varnishes and even paints, you will be fine. And as a final answer, yes, oil paint can be toxic to you, but you have nothing to worry about as long as you take the right cautionary steps and use the medium wisely. If you want to learn more about what oil painting supplies to choose, how to use them safely, and the must-know fundaments to start oil painting today, check out this free webinar.

Je, kuna ukweli wowote nyuma ya madai ya rangi ya mafuta kuwa yenye sumu? Kwa kweli, ndiyo. Lakini si rahisi hivyo... Katika makala hii, utapata hasa kwa nini na jinsi rangi ya mafuta inaweza kuwa sumu, kutoka rangi ghafi kwa aina ya vimumunyisho kutumika nyembamba rangi ya mafuta. Pia utajifunza njia salama zaidi za kuendelea kufurahia mchakato wa kupaka rangi kwa mafuta. Wakati wewe ni kufanyika kusoma, utakuwa na wazi, katika kina jibu kwa swali, <unk>ni rangi ya mafuta sumu<unk> na nini unaweza kufanya ili kupunguza hatari yoyote. Ni Nini Hufanya Rangi Zingine za Mafuta Ziwe Na sumu? Rangi za mafuta zinaweza kuwa na sumu nyingi ambazo huenda usijue. Kwanza, rangi fulani za unga zinazotumiwa kutengeneza rangi za mafuta hutokana na kemikali zenye sumu. Bila kutaja kwamba varnishes nyingi za kawaida na vimumunyifu vinavyotumiwa katika uchoraji wa mafuta ni sumu pia. Sababu kubwa ya rangi nyingi za mafuta kuonwa kuwa zenye sumu ni metali nzito katika vifaa vyao vya sanaa. Vituo vya rangi vya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi. Kwa hiyo, ni muhimu kuangalia viungo katika rangi yako kuona kama wao ni salama au la. Rangi za mafuta za zamani zilikuwa na kemikali hatari kama rangi. Baadhi ya rangi zinazopendwa na kutumiwa sana katika historia ni zenye kudhuru zaidi. Chini, utapata nini baadhi ya rangi za mafuta zenye sumu zaidi na nini unapaswa kuangalia wakati wa kuchagua rangi yako ya mafuta: Watengenezaji wengi hutumia risasi nyeupe kutengeneza rangi yao nyeupe. Risasi nyeupe ni sumu sana, na kwa hiyo unapaswa kuangalia orodha ya viungo kwenye bomba lako la rangi ili uone ikiwa ina risasi. Kampuni nyingi hutengeneza rangi nyeupe bila risasi nyeupe, ambayo ni mbadala salama zaidi. Katika rangi za jadi za mafuta, rangi ya manjano imekuwa na metali nyingi zenye sumu, kutia ndani uranium, chromium, na cadmium. Kampuni nyingi zimeacha kutumia vifaa hivi, lakini baadhi ya wazalishaji bado hutumia - hasa cadmium kufanya cadmium manjano. Rangi zote za mafuta zenye chuma cha kobali ni zenye sumu kwa kiasi kikubwa. Rangi ya kawaida ya mafuta kutoka kwa chuma hicho ni bluu ya kobalt. Chuma kilicho katika rangi hizo chaweza kuharibu ngozi na mapafu na hata kusababisha aina mbalimbali za kansa ikiwa kimenywa. Kampuni ndogo-ndogo bado hutumia arseniki, kiwanja chenye sumu sana, katika baadhi ya rangi zao za mafuta ya kijani ili kupata rangi yenye kuvutia. Arseniki ilitumiwa katika rangi wakati wa mapinduzi ya viwanda lakini iliacha kutumiwa katika visa vingi kwa sababu ya sumu yake. Rangi nyingine nyingi zinazotumiwa katika rangi ya mafuta, mbali na zile tulizotaja hapo juu, pia ni zenye sumu. Kwa mfano, hidrokarboni ni zenye kudhuru hasa zinapopumuliwa. Pia inawezekana kwamba rangi kama vile nyekundu ya kadmiamu, nyekundu, na machungwa fulani ni zenye sumu. Hii ni tena kutokana na uwepo wa metali zenye madhara katika muundo wao. Mchoro wowote wa mafuta haujakamilika bila varnish nzuri ya kufunga kila kitu ndani. Hata hivyo, varnish nyingi za kawaida hutokeza moshi wenye sumu sana. Vipodozi vingi ni vyenye sumu kwa sababu ya benzi inayotumiwa kutengeneza. Benzeni ni sumu sana na husababisha kansa. Mvuke wa gesi inaweza kuchukua muda wa masaa 48 hadi zaidi ya saa 30 ili kupotea. Ni muhimu kupaka rangi michoro yako katika nafasi yenye hewa ya kutosha, ili moshi uondoke haraka zaidi. Vimumunyisho ni mojawapo ya visababishi vikubwa vya sumu ya rangi ya mafuta. Turpentine ndiyo dawa inayotumiwa sana kusafisha rangi za mafuta na brashi. Wachoraji fulani wa mafuta hutumia pombe za madini kwa njia ileile. Vifuniko hivyo viwili hutokeza moshi ambao ni hatari kwa mtu yeyote anayevipumua. Moshi wa turpentine waweza kusababisha maumivu ya kichwa, kizunguzungu, kichefuchefu, kuchanganyikiwa, na hata kupanda kwa moyo. Kuwasiliana moja kwa moja na ngozi na turpentine pia kunaweza kusababisha athari za mzio na inaweza kusababisha matatizo makubwa ya afya. Roho ya madini ni mbaya kama vile inapokuja kwa moshi. Kuvuta moshi wake kwa pumzi kwaweza kusababisha kuchochea pua, mapafu, na koo, kizunguzungu, maumivu ya tumbo, maumivu ya kichwa, na ukosefu wa utaratibu. Hii inaweza kuepukwa ikiwa unavaa kinga na rangi katika eneo lenye hewa nzuri ikiwa unapanga kutumia vifaa hivi vyenye sumu. Pia, vimumunyifu hivyo viwili vyenye sumu vinaweza kuwaka moto sana, kwa hiyo hakikisha kwamba vinaondolewa kwa njia salama. Kuepuka moshi wa sumu: Kama tulivyosema hapo awali, vifaa vingi vya sanaa vinavyotumiwa katika uchoraji wa mafuta sio sumu, ni zaidi ya solvents au varnishes. Kwa mfano, mafuta ya linseed, mafuta ya safflower, mafuta ya walnut, na mafuta mengine ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta. Mafuta tofauti-tofauti yana viscosity tofauti na nyakati tofauti za kukausha, kwa hivyo unaweza kuchagua na kuchagua ile inayokufaa. Kwa habari ya varnish salama zaidi, kuna varnish zisizo na sumu zinazopatikana ambazo ni salama kutumia. Ikiwa unafanya kazi na varnish ya kawaida, hakikisha kuingiza hewa katika chumba chako cha kazi na kuvaa kinyago. Njia salama zaidi ya kuchora mafuta Kuna mambo unayoweza kufanya ili kufanya uchoraji wa mafuta uwe salama zaidi kwa wewe na kwa mazingira. Hatua fulani za kufanya uchoraji wa mafuta uwe salama zaidi ni: - Vaa glavu. Epuka kuwasiliana na ngozi kadiri uwezavyo. - Sikuzote tumia rangi bora ya mafuta kila unapopata nafasi. Kampuni nyingi nzuri hufanya rangi zao ziwe salama zaidi kutumia. Daima kusafisha brushes yako na kuweka karatasi kitambaa karibu wakati wa kikao chako uchoraji kufuta rangi yoyote ziada kutoka ngozi yako na brushes yako. - Daima hakikisha vifaa vya sanaa unavyotumia ni salama zaidi unavyoweza kupata. Vifaa vya kutolea dawa zisizo na sumu: Kuna njia nyingi za kutolea dawa ambazo ni rahisi kutumia na salama zaidi. Mafuta ya Linseed, Mafuta ya Walnut, na Mafuta Mengine ya Asili Jambo zuri kuhusu kutumia mafuta kama vimumunyifu ni kwamba si sumu na hawana harufu, ama. Bila kutajwa kwamba ni rahisi kuzipata mahali popote. Kwa uzoefu wangu na uchoraji wa mafuta, moja ya chaguzi zangu za kawaida zisizo na sumu ni mafuta ya linseed. Kwa mfano, unaweza kutumia mafuta ya linseed, mafuta ya safflower, mafuta ya walnut, na hata mafuta ya poppy. Mafuta ya linseed na walnut yana rangi ya manjano, kwa hivyo kumbuka kuwa mafuta hayo ni muhimu kwa uchoraji wa mafuta. Kama bado unapendelea kutumia solvents na si mbadala kama mafuta, unaweza kuchagua baadhi ya baadhi ya salama ambayo si kutoa fumes. Kwa mfano, Gamblin's Gamsol ni chini ya mvuke na si kufyonzwa kupitia ngozi ama. Chaguo jingine zuri lingekuwa suluhisho la machungwa. Ni ya asili kabisa na haina sumu. Mafuta ya lavender ya Spike ni kioevu kingine kisicho na sumu na pia yana harufu nzuri ya lavender. Vitu hivyo vyote bado ni vyenye kudhuru vikitumiwa. Rangi zisizo na sumu Baadhi ya rangi ni salama zaidi kutumia kuliko nyingine. Kwa mfano, rangi yoyote nyeupe ambayo haina risasi nyeupe ni nzuri. Vivyo hivyo, rangi nyingi ambazo hazina rangi nyangavu sana ni salama zaidi kutumia pia. Hata hivyo, unapaswa kusoma alama kwenye chombo chako cha rangi ili uhakikishe. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, kampuni fulani zimejitahidi kufanya uchoraji wa mafuta uwe salama zaidi kwa sisi wasanii. Kampuni kama vile Gamblin hutengeneza rangi zao bila kutumia metali yoyote yenye sumu. Mafuta ya maji ya rangi ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta. Hakuna vimumunyisho vinachomaanisha kwamba tayari ni dhaifu zaidi. Bila kutaja kwamba hilo hufanya iwe rahisi zaidi kutumia mafuta yanayoweza kuchanganywa na maji. Unaweza kuzitumia kama rangi ya akriliki lakini kwa hisia ya rangi ya mafuta. Kwa rangi za mafuta zinazoweza kuyeyuka katika maji, unaweza kufurahia mbinu zako za kupenda za uchoraji wa mafuta huku ukitumia vizuri muda wao mrefu wa kufanya kazi na sifa za kuchanganya. Maswali yanayoulizwa mara nyingi Je, rangi ya mafuta ni yenye sumu baada ya kukauka kabisa? Hapana, rangi ya mafuta si yenye sumu inapoguswa baada ya kukauka kabisa. Hata hivyo, ikiwa unachora mchoro wako ili kuondoa muundo wowote usiofaa, vaa kinyago na uwe mwangalifu kwani vumbi linaweza kuwa na sumu sana. Pia, huenda mchoro huo ukaendelea kutokeza moshi wenye sumu kutoka kwa vimumunyisho siku kadhaa baada ya kukauka, lakini kiasi hicho ni kidogo sana. Je, rangi ya mafuta ni salama kwa ngozi? Rangi nyingi za kawaida za mafuta zina vifaa vya sanaa visivyo na sumu sana na havina usalama kwa ngozi. Kwa hivyo, kwa sababu ya hali ya hewa, rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi ya rangi. Ili kuepuka athari za mzio, kuvuja na sumu ya rangi ya mafuta, tumia glavu wakati wa kupaka rangi au kutumia mbadala zisizo na sumu. Ninaweza kujuaje ikiwa rangi ya mafuta ni yenye sumu? Njia bora ya kujua ikiwa rangi yako ni salama ni kusoma orodha ya viungo kwenye bomba la rangi. Unahitaji kuangalia kwa metali zenye sumu kama vile zebaki, risasi, cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, nk. Ikiwa bado hujui, jaribu kumwuliza mtengenezaji kuhusu sumu ya rangi hiyo. Sasa kwa kuwa unajua kwa nini na jinsi rangi ya mafuta inaweza kuwa sumu <unk> kutoka rangi hadi vimumunyifu vya sumu <unk> na jinsi unaweza kuwa salama wakati wa kuzitumia, furahia michoro yako! Ikiwa utachukua tahadhari sahihi kama kuvaa glavu na kufanya kazi katika nafasi yenye hewa nzuri au kutumia mbadala zisizo na sumu kwa solvents, varnishes na hata rangi, utakuwa sawa. Kwa kweli, rangi ya mafuta inaweza kuwa na sumu, lakini hakuna haja ya kuwa na wasiwasi, ikiwa tu utachukua hatua sahihi na kutumia njia hiyo kwa busara. Ikiwa unataka kujifunza zaidi juu ya vifaa vya uchoraji wa mafuta, jinsi ya kuviweka salama, na msingi wa lazima-kujua kuanza uchoraji wa mafuta leo, angalia hii webinar ya bure.

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If you're trying to attract wildlife to your garden for hunting, photography, or any other reason, sugar beets are an excellent choice of plant to grow. In particular, deer love to eat sugar beets, and will go out of their way to get a taste. Here are some tips that can help you as you attract wildlife to your garden. First, you'll need to select an ideal spot. Pick a place that is convenient for you, and on your property. However, you need to keep in mind that wild animals do not belong everywhere. Select a location that is not well trafficked, and far from any vegetable gardens or other things you want to keep free from wild animals. Sugar beets grow the best in temperate climates, or slightly hotter ones. They can grow in almost any soil, but if your soil is not very rich, or has high clay content, using compost on your soil might be a good idea. Their adaptability makes them an easy plant to grow. Plant your sugar beets in the spring. Earlier is better, but wait until temperatures don't drop below freezing if you can. April is a good month in most places, but you can still grow sugar beets successfully if you start as late as June. Plant your seeds 1/4 inch deep. Space them close together and keep their soil moist, but not soaked through. Within 2 to 3 weeks, you should see some sprouts. Wait until the plants are about 3 inches tall. At this point, clear out the weakest plants. Only clear out enough that the remaining ones are about 4 inches apart. Sugar beets have shallow roots, and for this reason, they do not compete well with other plants. Because of this, you will need to weed them regularly. Sugar beets mature in about 6 to 7 weeks. Before this happens, you will need to decide whether you want to harvest your sugar beets and put them in a deer feeder, or leave them in the ground as part of your wildlife food plots. Both ways have their advantages. Leaving them in the ground is simpler, more natural, and lets the deer eat the greens, which they also enjoy. However, using a feeder can be more convenient, because you can store your sugar beets in advance, and save yourself the trouble of going out into the wilderness every day to water and weed them. If you choose to harvest your sugar beets to use in a deer feeder, wait until they are about 1 1/2 inches across. You will need a feeder of some kind. You can purchase a professionally made one, or improvise your own. You can build a simple deer feeder with just a piece of 4 to 6 inch PVC pipe and a bucket. Punch some small holes in the bucket so it won't collect water, then cut it down so it is about 6 inches tall. Fill the PVC pipe with your sugar beets, then fasten it to a tree. Set your bucket below the pipe to collect the beets as it empties. If you choose to leave them for the deer to find, you are done. It's time to start attracting deer.

Ikiwa unataka kuvutia wanyama wa porini kwenye bustani yako kwa sababu ya uwindaji, upigaji picha, au sababu nyingine yoyote, mboga za sukari ni chaguo bora la mmea wa kukuza. Hasa, nyati hupenda kula beets za sukari, na watafanya yote wawezayo ili kupata ladha. Hapa kuna vidokezo ambavyo vinaweza kukusaidia wakati unapowavutia wanyama wa porini kwenye bustani yako. Kwanza, unahitaji kuchagua mahali pazuri. Chagua mahali panapofaa kwako na mahali panapofaa kwako. Hata hivyo, unapaswa kukumbuka kwamba wanyama-pori hawapo kila mahali. Chagua mahali ambapo hakuna watu wengi, mbali na bustani za mboga au vitu vingine ambavyo unataka kuhifadhiwa bila wanyama wa porini. Beets za sukari hukua vizuri zaidi katika maeneo yenye hali ya hewa ya wastani, au yenye joto kidogo. Inaweza kukua katika udongo wowote, lakini ikiwa udongo wako hauna mchanga au una mchanga mwingi, unaweza kutumia mbolea. Uwezo wao wa kuzoea mambo hufanya iwe rahisi kuzalisha. Panda beets zako za sukari wakati wa masika. Kabla ya hapo ni bora, lakini subiri mpaka joto lisianguke chini ya kiwango cha baridi kali ikiwa unaweza. Aprili ni mwezi mzuri katika maeneo mengi, lakini bado unaweza kukuza beets sukari kwa mafanikio ikiwa utaanza mwishoni mwa Juni. Panda mbegu zako kwa kina cha inchi 1.5. Weka mashamba hayo karibu-karibu na udongo wao uwe na unyevunyevu, lakini usiwe umenyunyizia. Baada ya wiki mbili au tatu, unapaswa kuona miche. Ngoja mimea hiyo iwe na urefu wa inchi tatu. Katika hatua hii, ondoa mimea dhaifu zaidi. Kwa hivyo, ni muhimu kuondoa kila kitu ambacho kiko karibu na 4 inches mbali. Mbegu za sukari zina mizizi midogo, na kwa sababu hiyo, hazishindani vizuri na mimea mingine. Kwa sababu hiyo, utahitaji kuondoa magugu mara kwa mara. Mimea ya sukari hufikia ukomavu katika wiki 6 hadi 7. Kabla ya hili kutokea, unahitaji kuamua kama unataka kuvuna beet yako ya sukari na kuiweka katika mlo wa nyati, au kuwaacha chini kama sehemu ya viwanja vyako vya chakula cha wanyama wa porini. Njia zote mbili zina faida zake. Kuiacha chini ya ardhi ni rahisi zaidi, ni ya asili zaidi, na huwaacha nyati kula mboga, ambazo pia hufurahia. Hata hivyo, kutumia feeder inaweza kuwa rahisi zaidi, kwa sababu unaweza kuhifadhi beets yako ya sukari mapema, na kuokoa mwenyewe shida ya kwenda nje katika jangwa kila siku maji na weed yao. Ikiwa unachagua kuvuna beet yako ya sukari ili kutumia katika mlo wa nyati, subiri hadi iwe karibu inchi 1 na nusu kwa mduara. Unahitaji mtoaji wa chakula wa aina fulani. Unaweza kununua moja iliyotengenezwa na wataalamu, au kuibuni yako mwenyewe. Unaweza kujenga mnyororo rahisi wa kulisha nyati kwa kipande cha bomba la PVC la inchi 4 hadi 6 na ndoo. Fungua mashimo madogo ndani ya ndoo ili maji yasikusanye, kisha ukate hadi urefu wa sentimeta sita. Kujaza bomba la PVC na beets yako ya sukari, kisha kuifunga kwenye mti. Weka ndoo yako chini ya bomba ili kukusanya beets zinapokuwa tupu. Ukiamua kuwaacha waonekane na nyati, umemalizika. Ni wakati wa kuanza kuvutia nyati.

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The’metaverse, perhaps the biggest buzzword in global tech, business, and finance, has recently attracted worldwide attention from corporate executives and CEOs to your grandmother. The renaming of Facebook as Meta signaled a dramatic shift in the Silicon Valley powerhouse’s future focus, and other key Internet companies and businesses are following suit. With Microsoft, Google, and Apple all investing heavily in the metaverse, it’s no surprise that it’s expected to be an $80 billion business by 2024. This will undoubtedly be boosted by Qualcomm’s recent announcement of a $100 million fund geared at virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies to kickstart the metaverse. In addition, Gartner expects that by 2026, 25% of individuals will spend time in the metaverse for entertainment, retail, work, social media, and education. But what precisely is the metaverse, and what does it represent for our future society? What exactly is the metaverse? It is simpler to think of the metaverse regarding how we described the Internet in the 1970s and 1980s. A new system of networked information and communication was slowly emerging, and no one knew exactly what it would look like or how it would function. But here we are today, a digitally literate, networked global civilization that benefits from the Internet, constantly transforming our reality. The same can be said for the metaverse: it is undoubtedly the “new internet,” but no one knows what it will look like once completely embraced by society. But we have a look into its early beginnings, and here is what we know thus far: The Metaverse Development Companies represent a significant shift in how humans engage with technology. It is a shared virtual place where physical and digital virtual realities combine, similar to the 3D Internet or cyberspace. Virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), head-mounted displays (HMDs), the Internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), spatial technologies, and 5G enable it. It is, however, device-independent, which means that it persists at all times, whether you are in the metaverse or not. There is no solitary metaverse. The metaverse is not held by a single vendor and operates on a non-fungible token-enabled economy and virtual digital currency. The metaverse is currently defined as an open digitally upgraded virtual area where users can work, play, and socialize using a customized avatar. Consider it a video game in which, instead of quests, people live their virtual lives as they normally do online, but through a more immersive experience. It is simpler to refer to the metaverse as the Internet. It is a type of virtual world (verse/universe) that will welcome users in the same way that social media platforms did in Web 2: creating an online profile, engaging with other shapes, and so on, but this time in immersive 3D environments. As a result, users will be able to engage with many metaverses. It is critical to understand that the term “metaverse” refers to a virtual open place. Popular platforms for the metaverse There is now a significant distinction between metaverses: centralized and decentralized. This means that centralized metaverses are owned and operated by a business, implying that all data and assets owned by users are also under the jurisdiction of this entity. There is no single owner of a decentralized blockchain, and users interact with it via a public blockchain wallet. The Sandbox is an Ethereum-based game metaverse where users can design, sell, use, and monetize their virtual reality NFTs. It is currently one of the most popular metaverses. Visually, it is heavily influenced by the popular video game Minecraft. It powers the in-game economy with its native crypto coin, SAND. The Sandbox has grown in popularity, with a flood of celebrities and businesses purchasing virtual land to create experiences or own digital real estate. HSBC just acquired NFT land in The Sandbox metaverse, following previous high-profile acquisitions such as Warner Music, Snoop Dogg, Adidas, and Ubisoft games. Decentraland, another popular metaverse based on the Ethereum blockchain, lets users purchase and sell digital real estate, play games, and engage with other users in its virtual environment. The metaverse platform supports interactive apps and in-world payments via two distinct tokens. MANA is the in-world cryptocurrency that underpins purchasing LAND and other virtual products and services in Decentraland. LAND NFTs are used to facilitate the purchasing, selling, and evidence of ownership of digital land. What’s all the hype about? Well, judging by the original, the impact of the “new internet” on society will undoubtedly be a game changer for how we live our lives. The Internet began as a script/text-based medium, then added visual media (pictures and movies). Now, VR and AR will take it to a degree of immersion previously only imagined by futurists. Technology corporations are undoubtedly driving much of the metaverse hype because they will develop technologies to augment and enrich our physical and digital realities. But, despite the hype, the possibilities seem limitless because of the convergence of these technologies, which have dramatically advanced in recent years. According to Gartner, hitherto isolated activities will soon take place in the metaverse, including: - Purchasing online avatar clothing and accessories - Purchasing virtual land and building virtual residences - Taking part in a virtual social experience - Virtual mall shopping via immersive commerce - Immersive learning through the use of virtual classrooms - Purchasing digital artwork, collectibles, and assets (NFTs) - Interacting with virtual humans for employee onboarding, customer service, sales, and other business interactions The metaverse will provide collaborative, consistent, decentralized, and interoperable commercial prospects and models that enable enterprises to develop digital businesses. The metaverse is currently benefiting industries. Currently, video games are the best example of the metaverse in action. Games like Fortnite and Minecraft are open-world virtual settings where users interact with other players in real-time and purchase stuff like guns and apparel using the Fortnite currency (obtained by using real money). The key difference is that in the metaverse, users will own their items as NFTs and can use them in other metaverses as long as they operate on the same blockchain. In this sense, these games are exactly what the metaverse is: an entire online community interacting, socializing, and buying/selling virtual objects in a shared virtual space/verse. However, there is substantial uncertainty about the compatibility of NFTs between metaverses. There are bold assertions that all NFTs can work across other metaverses. However, this is not the case right now. Some NFTs, such as photos, can already communicate between platforms, but things become more complicated when it comes to 3D assets. Because 3D assets need a lot of development and certain game creators use different elements. It is currently exceedingly difficult for complicated digital assets to interoperate across metaverses. Furthermore, these assets have IP concerns, which generate interoperability challenges. Fashion and retail VR and AR are already changing the way we purchase products online. These technologies enable shoppers to virtually try on things and peruse catalogs in a virtual realm, creating a one-of-a-kind and immersive digital shopping experience. The metaverse will allow the retail and fashion industries to elevate the digital shopping experience by enabling consumers to virtually walk through shopping malls and clothes stores from the comfort of their homes. For example, Decentraland recently hosted the Metaverse Fashion Week, when renowned fashion labels such as Tommy Hilfiger, Dolce & Gabanna, and Cavalli (to mention a few) displayed their Spring 2022 collections. Items could be purchased as NFT assets, which owners could then redeem for tangible products delivered to their houses. Virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), head-mounted displays (HMDs), the Internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), spatial technologies, and 5G are enabling more immersive and engaging learning experiences without the need for infrastructure. The metaverse will allow learners worldwide to access educational content, removing geographical, social, cultural, and economic barriers. VR technology has already substantially aided the teaching of hard skills and work simulations (such as flight simulators for pilots), allowing these talents to be advanced faster and at a fraction of the cost. However, in an era of remote learning where employers still need to upskill their staff, VR is increasingly assisting in teaching soft skills such as leadership and resilience. Universities are using virtual campuses worldwide to enable remote access to higher education while providing an immersive learning experience. The University of South Korea recently held a Minecraft-based virtual student admittance ceremony. The sandbox game has an Education Edition that allows teachers and students to connect through the game. Hilton, the world’s largest hotel company, has recently turned to virtual reality technology to improve staff learning and development through interactive and immersive virtual environments. Hilton team members (from management to front-line workers) use the Oculus for Business platform to learn hospitality skills in a virtual environment that simulates real-world settings to improve services. What the future of the metaverse might look like “…everything that can become an NFT will become an NFT,” says Brian Trunzo, Metaverse Lead at Polygon Studios (creators of NFTs, games, and different metaverse initiatives for the Ethereum sidechain). This means that stores will join the metaverse NFT bandwagon, creating catalogs of NFTs that will only exist within the metaverse. More branding and marketing opportunities will arise when omnipresent NFTs are offered to metaverse users. The metaverse’s creation of user-generated, decentralized financial ecosystems will most certainly transform the future of money. This will open up new chances for converting virtual to physical funds, which will aid in AR/VR, revolutionizing the way finance operates in both the virtual and actual worlds. The metaverse’s destiny is intrinsically related to the future of modern society. Businesses and brands will undoubtedly attempt to use the metaverse to influence both the physical and digital worlds. The convergence of today’s technology that enables the metaverse will continue to evolve, as will the metaverse’s promise. Need more information, contact our metaverse consulting company directly

"Metaverse, labda neno kubwa zaidi katika teknolojia ya kimataifa, biashara, na fedha, hivi karibuni imevutia umakini wa ulimwengu kutoka kwa watendaji wa kampuni na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji kwa nyanya yako. """ Kupewa jina jipya la Meta kwa Facebook ni ishara ya mabadiliko makubwa katika mwelekeo wa baadaye wa kampuni hiyo kubwa ya Silicon Valley, na makampuni mengine muhimu ya mtandao yanafuata mfano huo. Kwa kuwa Microsoft, Google na Apple wote wanawekeza sana katika metaverse, haishangazi kwamba inatarajiwa kuwa biashara ya $ 80 bilioni ifikapo 2024. Hii bila shaka itaendelezwa na tangazo la hivi karibuni la Qualcomm la mfuko wa $ 100 milioni ulioelekezwa kwa teknolojia ya hali halisi (VR) na hali halisi (AR) ili kuanzisha metaverse. Gartner inatarajia kwamba kufikia 2026, 25% ya watu watatumia wakati katika metaverse kwa burudani, rejareja, kazi, media ya kijamii, na elimu. Lakini metaverse ni nini hasa, na inawakilisha nini kwa jamii yetu ya wakati ujao? Metaverse ni nini hasa? Kwa mfano, ni rahisi zaidi kufikiria metaverse kwa njia ambayo tuliielezea mtandao katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980. Mfumo mpya wa mawasiliano na habari uliokuwa ukijitokeza polepole, na hakuna mtu aliyejua hasa ungeonekanaje au ungefanya kazije. Lakini hapa tuko leo, utamaduni wa kimataifa wa dijiti, unaounganishwa, unaofurahia mtandao, unaobadilisha hali yetu ya kweli kila wakati. Vivyo hivyo inaweza kusemwa kwa metaverse: ni bila shaka "internet mpya", lakini hakuna anayejua itakuwaje mara moja kabisa kukumbatiwa na jamii. "Hii ni moja ya sababu za msingi za ""Metaverse"" na ""Metaverse"" ni kampuni ya maendeleo ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia ya teknolojia." Ni sehemu ya kawaida ya virtual ambapo vitu halisi vya kimwili na vya dijiti huunganishwa, sawa na mtandao wa 3D au cyberspace. Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Head-mounted displays (HMDs), Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), teknolojia za nafasi na 5G zinawezesha. Hata hivyo, ni vifaa-ujitegemea, ambayo ina maana kwamba inaendelea wakati wote, kama wewe ni katika metaverse au la. Hakuna metaverse ya upweke. Metaverse haishikiliwa na muuzaji mmoja na inafanya kazi kwenye uchumi usioweza kubadilishwa na ishara na sarafu ya dijiti ya virtual. Metaverse kwa sasa inafafanuliwa kama eneo la wazi la dijiti lililoboreshwa ambapo watumiaji wanaweza kufanya kazi, kucheza, na kushirikiana kwa kutumia avatar iliyoboreshwa. Fikiria mchezo wa video ambapo, badala ya quests, watu kuishi maisha yao virtual kama wao kawaida kufanya online, lakini kwa njia ya uzoefu zaidi immersive. Ni rahisi zaidi kutaja metaverse kama Internet. "Kama ""virtual world"" (verse au ulimwengu) ambayo inakaribisha watumiaji kwa njia ile ile ambayo mitandao ya kijamii ilifanya katika Web 2, kuunda wasifu mtandaoni, kushirikiana na maumbo mengine, na kadhalika, lakini wakati huu katika mazingira ya 3D ya kuvutia." Matokeo yake, watumiaji wataweza kushiriki na metaverses nyingi. Ni muhimu kuelewa kwamba neno <unk>metaverse<unk> inahusu mahali wazi virtual. Metaverse ni moja ya mifumo ya msingi ya ulimwengu wa sasa, na ni tofauti kubwa kati ya metaverse: katikati na kutengwa. Hii inamaanisha kwamba metaverse ya kati inamilikiwa na kuendeshwa na biashara, ikimaanisha kwamba data zote na mali inayomilikiwa na watumiaji pia ziko chini ya mamlaka ya chombo hiki. Hakuna mmiliki mmoja wa blockchain decentralized, na watumiaji kuingiliana na yake kupitia blockchain umma mkoba. Sandbox ni mchezo wa Ethereum-msingi metaverse ambapo watumiaji wanaweza kubuni, kuuza, kutumia, na kupata pesa kwa NFTs zao za hali halisi. Kwa sasa ni moja ya metaverses maarufu zaidi. Kwa kuona, imeathiriwa sana na mchezo maarufu wa video Minecraft. Ni nguvu katika-mchezo uchumi na cryptocurrency yake ya asili, mchanga. Sandbox imekuwa maarufu sana, na mafuriko ya watu mashuhuri na biashara kununua ardhi virtual kujenga uzoefu au mali isiyohamishika digital. HSBC imepata ardhi ya NFT katika The Sandbox metaverse, ikifuatia ununuzi wa zamani wa juu kama Warner Music, Snoop Dogg, Adidas na Ubisoft. Decentraland, metaverse nyingine maarufu kulingana na Ethereum blockchain, inaruhusu watumiaji kununua na kuuza mali isiyohamishika digital, kucheza michezo, na kushiriki na watumiaji wengine katika mazingira yake virtual. Jukwaa la metaverse linaunga mkono programu za maingiliano na malipo ya ndani ya ulimwengu kupitia ishara mbili tofauti. MANA ni sarafu ya ndani ya ulimwengu ambayo inasaidia ununuzi wa LAND na bidhaa na huduma zingine za kawaida huko Decentraland. NFTs hutumiwa kuwezesha ununuzi, uuzaji, na uthibitisho wa umiliki wa ardhi ya dijiti. Ni nini sababu ya msisimko huo wote? Kwa kweli, kwa kuzingatia asili, athari ya "intaneti mpya" kwenye jamii bila shaka itakuwa mabadiliko ya mchezo kwa jinsi tunavyoishi maisha yetu. Mtandao ulianza kama maandishi ya maandishi, kisha akaongeza vyombo vya habari vya kuona (picha na filamu). VR na AR ni njia ya kuvutia ya kuvutia ambayo haijawahi kuonekana na watu wa siku zijazo. Kampuni za teknolojia bila shaka zinaendesha mengi ya metaverse hype kwa sababu watatengeneza teknolojia za kuongeza na kutajirisha hali halisi za kimwili na dijiti. Lakini, licha ya hype, uwezekano inaonekana ukomo kwa sababu ya kuunganika kwa teknolojia hizi, ambayo wameendelea sana katika miaka ya hivi karibuni. Kulingana na Gartner, shughuli zilizotengwa hivi karibuni zitafanyika katika metaverse, ikiwa ni pamoja na: Ununuzi wa nguo za avatar na vifaa vya mtandaoni, ununuzi wa ardhi ya virtual na ujenzi wa makazi ya virtual, kushiriki katika uzoefu wa kijamii wa virtual, ununuzi wa virtual kupitia biashara ya immersive, kujifunza kwa njia ya madarasa ya virtual, ununuzi wa sanaa ya digital, vitu vya kukusanya na mali (NFTs), na kuingiliana na watu wa virtual kwa kuajiri wafanyikazi, huduma ya wateja, mauzo, na mwingiliano mengine ya biashara. Metaverse kwa sasa inanufaisha viwanda. Kwa sasa, michezo ya video ni mfano bora wa metaverse katika hatua. Michezo kama vile Fortnite na Minecraft ni mazingira ya ulimwengu wazi ambapo watumiaji wanaingiliana na wachezaji wengine kwa wakati halisi na kununua vitu kama bunduki na nguo kwa kutumia sarafu ya Fortnite. Tofauti kuu ni kwamba katika metaverse, watumiaji watamiliki vitu vyao kama NFTs na wanaweza kuzitumia katika metaverse nyingine, mradi tu zinafanya kazi kwenye blockchain moja. Katika maana hii, michezo hii ni hasa nini metaverse ni: jamii nzima online kuingiliana, socializing, na kununua au kuuza vitu virtual katika pamoja virtual nafasi au ulimwengu. Hata hivyo, kuna kutokuwa na uhakika mkubwa kuhusu utangamano wa NFTs kati ya metaverses. Kuna madai ya ujasiri kwamba NFTs zote zinaweza kufanya kazi katika metaverses zingine. Hata hivyo, sivyo ilivyo sasa hivi. NFTs kama vile picha zinaweza kuwasiliana kati ya majukwaa, lakini mambo yanakuwa magumu zaidi linapokuja mali za 3D. Kwa sababu 3D ni mchezo wa kuvutia, na baadhi ya watengenezaji wa michezo ya kubahatisha hutumia vifaa tofauti. Kwa sasa ni vigumu sana kwa mali ngumu digital kwa kushirikiana katika metaverses. Zaidi ya hayo, mali hizi zina wasiwasi wa IP, ambayo huzalisha changamoto za ushirikiano. VR na AR tayari zinabadilisha njia tunayoweza kununua bidhaa mtandaoni. Teknolojia hizi huwawezesha wanunuzi kujaribu vitu na kutazama orodha katika ulimwengu wa virtual, kuunda uzoefu wa ununuzi wa digital wa kipekee na wa kuvutia. Metaverse itawawezesha wauzaji wa rejareja na wa mitindo kuongeza uzoefu wa ununuzi wa dijiti kwa kuwawezesha watumiaji kutembea karibu na maduka ya ununuzi na maduka ya nguo kutoka kwa faraja ya nyumba zao. Kwa mfano, Decentraland hivi karibuni ilikaribisha Wiki ya Mtindo wa Metaverse, wakati lebo maarufu za mitindo kama vile Tommy Hilfiger, Dolce & Gabbana, na Cavalli (kwa kutaja chache) zilionyesha mkusanyiko wao wa Spring 2022. Vitu vinaweza kununuliwa kama mali za NFT, ambazo wamiliki wanaweza kubadilisha kwa bidhaa halisi zinazotolewa kwenye nyumba zao. Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Head-mounted displays (HMDs), Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), teknolojia za nafasi na 5G zinawezesha uzoefu wa kujifunza zaidi na wa kuvutia bila haja ya miundombinu. Metaverse itawaruhusu wanafunzi ulimwenguni kote kupata maudhui ya kielimu, kuondoa vizuizi vya kijiografia, kijamii, kitamaduni, na kiuchumi. Teknolojia ya VR tayari imesaidia sana kufundisha ujuzi mgumu na simulations za kazi (kama vile simulator za ndege kwa marubani), ikiruhusu vipaji hivi kuendelezwa haraka na kwa sehemu ya gharama. Hata hivyo, katika enzi ya kujifunza mbali ambapo waajiri bado wanahitaji upskill wafanyakazi wao, VR ni zaidi na zaidi kusaidia katika kufundisha ujuzi laini kama vile uongozi na resilience. Vyuo vikuu vinatumia vyuo vikuu vya virtual ulimwenguni kote kuwezesha upatikanaji wa mbali wa elimu ya juu wakati wa kutoa uzoefu wa kujifunza wa kuvutia. Chuo Kikuu cha Korea Kusini hivi karibuni kilifanya sherehe ya uandikishaji wa mwanafunzi wa kawaida inayotegemea Minecraft. Mchezo sandbox ina Elimu Edition ambayo inaruhusu walimu na wanafunzi kuunganisha kupitia mchezo. Hilton, kampuni kubwa ya hoteli ulimwenguni, hivi karibuni imegeuka kwa teknolojia ya hali halisi ili kuboresha kujifunza na maendeleo ya wafanyakazi kupitia mazingira ya maingiliano na ya kuvutia. Washiriki wa timu ya Hilton (kutoka kwa usimamizi hadi wafanyikazi wa mstari wa mbele) hutumia jukwaa la Oculus kwa Biashara kujifunza ujuzi wa ukarimu katika mazingira ya kawaida ambayo huiga mipangilio ya ulimwengu halisi ili kuboresha huduma. "Kila kitu kinachoweza kuwa NFT kitakuwa NFT, ""Brian Trunzo, Kiongozi wa Metaverse katika Polygon Studios (waundaji wa NFT, michezo, na mipango tofauti ya metaverse kwa Ethereum sidechain) anasema." Hii inamaanisha kuwa maduka yatajiunga na bandwagon ya metaverse ya NFT, na kuunda orodha za NFT ambazo zitatokea tu ndani ya metaverse. Uuzaji wa bidhaa na masoko utaongezeka wakati NFTs za kila mahali zinapotolewa kwa watumiaji wa metaverse. Metaverse <unk> uundaji wa mtumiaji-kuzaliwa, decentralized mifumo ya kifedha bila shaka kubadilisha siku zijazo za fedha. Hii itafungua nafasi mpya za kubadilisha fedha halisi kwa fedha halisi, ambayo itasaidia katika AR na VR, na kubadilisha njia ya fedha inafanya kazi katika ulimwengu wa virtual na halisi. Hatima ya metaverse inahusiana sana na siku zijazo za jamii ya kisasa. Biashara na chapa bila shaka zitajaribu kutumia metaverse kuathiri ulimwengu wa kimwili na wa dijiti. Mkusanyiko wa teknolojia ya leo ambayo inawezesha metaverse itaendelea kubadilika, kama vile ahadi ya metaverse. Unahitaji habari zaidi, wasiliana na kampuni yetu ya ushauri wa metaverse moja kwa moja

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Electrochemical activation – a technology of producing substances in a meta-stable state mainly from water and compounds dissolved in it, by way of electrochemical exposure, with subsequent use of the resulting meta-stable substances in various technological processes instead of routinely used chemical As a chemical and physical process, electrochemical activation is a combination of performed in conditions of minimal heat evolution electrochemical and electrophysical exposure of water containing ions and molecules of dissolved substances in the area of spatial charge close to the electrode surface (either anode or cathode) of engineering electrochemical system, in conditions of non-equilibrium charge transfer through the “electrode-electrolyte” interface by electrons. As a result of electrochemical activation, water is converted into a meta-stable (activated) state demonstrating at the same time elevated reactivity in various physical and chemical processes. Water activated near cathode (catholyte) possesses increased electron activity and has well-pronounced reductant properties. Accordingly, water activated near anode (anolyte) is characterized by inhibited electron activity and demonstrates oxidant properties. Electrochemical activation permits to purposefully modify the composition of dissolved gases, acid-base and oxidative-reductant properties of water within wider limits than under equivalent (in conformity with electrolysis laws) chemical regulation, to synthesize from water and substances dissolved in it chemical reagents (oxidants and reductants) in a meta-stable state. The effects of water meta-stability due to electrochemical non-chemical control of its physical and chemical properties serve as the basis for technological processes of its conditioning, purification and decontamination as well as technologies of converting water or diluted electrolyte solutions into ecologically safe antimicrobial, washing, extracting and other functionally useful solutions synthesized on-site in specially designed electrochemical devices.

Electrochemical activation ni teknolojia ya kuzalisha vitu katika hali meta-imara hasa kutoka maji na misombo dissolved ndani yake, kwa njia ya electrochemical mwanga, na baadaye matumizi ya matokeo meta-imara vitu katika michakato mbalimbali ya kiteknolojia badala ya kemikali kutumika kawaida. kama kemikali na kimwili mchakato, electrochemical activation ni mchanganyiko wa kutekelezwa katika hali ya chini ya joto mageuzi electrochemical na electrophysical mwanga wa maji yenye ions na molekuli ya vitu dissolved katika eneo la nafasi ya malipo karibu na uso electrode (ama electrode au cathode) ya uhandisi kemikali mfumo. Kama matokeo ya uanzishaji wa umeme, maji hubadilishwa kuwa hali ya meta-imara (kuamsha) kuonyesha wakati huo huo mwitikio wa juu katika michakato mbalimbali ya fizikia na kemikali. Maji kuanzishwa karibu cathode (catholyte) ina kuongezeka kwa shughuli ya elektroniki na ina sifa well-pronounced reductant. Kwa hiyo, maji kuanzishwa karibu anode (anolyte) ni sifa na kuzuia shughuli ya elektroniki na inaonyesha mali oxidant. Electrochemical activation inaruhusu madhumuni kubadilisha muundo wa gesi dissolved, acid-msingi na oxidative-reductive mali ya maji ndani ya mipaka pana kuliko chini ya sawa (kwa mujibu wa sheria electrolysis) kemikali udhibiti, synthesize kutoka maji na vitu dissolved katika yake kemikali reagents (oxidants na reductants) katika hali meta-imara. Matokeo ya meta-ustability ya maji kutokana na electrochemical non-chemical kudhibiti mali yake ya kimwili na kemikali kutumika kama msingi kwa ajili ya michakato ya kiteknolojia ya conditioning yake, kusafisha na kuondoa uchafuzi, kama vile teknolojia ya kubadilisha maji au diluted electrolyte ufumbuzi katika mazingira salama antimicrobial, kuosha, extraction na ufumbuzi mwingine kazi muhimu synthesized katika tovuti katika vifaa maalum electrochemical.

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Last Updated on 7 months by admin Cichlid fry are the juvenile offspring of cichlid fish, and their nutritional needs are vastly different from adult cichlids. Proper feeding is crucial for their growth and development. According to renowned aquatic biologist, Dr. John Daly, providing the right nutrition during the fry stage is essential to ensure their health and survival. There are several feeding options available for cichlid fry, each with its pros and cons. These include: - Brine Shrimp: These small crustaceans are a popular food choice for cichlid fry due to their high protein content. - Micro Worms: These tiny worms are another nutritious option for fry and provide essential nutrients for their growth. - Crushed Flake Food: High-quality flake food can be crushed into small particles to feed cichlid fry. This option is convenient and easily accessible. - Baby Pellets: Specialized pellets formulated for fry can provide a balanced diet and support their growth. Feeding frequency is important when it comes to cichlid fry. They should be fed small amounts at regular intervals to prevent overfeeding and water quality issues. Monitoring their growth and adjusting feeding habits accordingly is crucial for their health. In addition to proper feeding, other factors must be considered when caring for cichlid fry. Water quality plays a significant role in their overall well-being. Maintaining proper filtration and performing regular water changes is essential. The tank setup should also provide adequate hiding places and suitable water conditions for the fry to thrive. Lastly, it is crucial to consider the compatibility of the fry with other fish species in the tank to avoid aggression or competition for food. By understanding the specific feeding requirements and providing a suitable environment, you can ensure the healthy growth and development of cichlid fry. Why is Proper Feeding Important for Cichlid Fry? Proper feeding is crucial for the development and survival of cichlid fry. Here are the reasons why proper feeding is important for cichlid fry: - Supports growth: Proper feeding provides essential nutrients that promote healthy growth and development in cichlid fry. These nutrients include proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. - Boosts immune system: Adequate nutrition strengthens the immune system of cichlid fry, making them more resistant to diseases and infections. - Enhances coloration: Proper feeding plays a role in enhancing the vibrant and vibrant coloration of cichlid fry, showcasing their natural beauty. - Cultivates behavior: A balanced diet helps stimulate natural foraging behavior in cichlid fry, allowing them to develop their instincts and hunting skills. - Provides energy: Cichlid fry require energy to fuel their active lifestyles and rapid growth. Proper feeding ensures they have enough energy to thrive. By understanding the importance of proper feeding, cichlid keepers can ensure the health and well-being of their fry. It is crucial to offer appropriate food options and feed them in the right quantities to meet their nutritional needs. Feeding Options for Cichlid Fry Feeding Options for Cichlid Fry – Discover the best ways to nourish your cichlid fry as they grow. From nutritious brine shrimp to micro worms, crushed flake food, and baby pellets, we’ll explore a range of feeding options that cater to the specific dietary needs of these young fish. Find out how each option supports their growth and development, ensuring your cichlid fry thrive in their early stages of life. Let’s dive into the world of cichlid fry nutrition! The feeding options for cichlid fry include brine shrimp, micro worms, crushed flake food, and baby pellets. Brine shrimp are a popular choice for feeding cichlid fry due to their small size and high nutritional value. To give you a better understanding, here is a table detailing the benefits of brine shrimp for cichlid fry: |Benefits for Cichlid Fry |Small aquatic crustaceans Brine shrimp offer a convenient and nutritious food source for cichlid fry. They provide the necessary nutrients for their growth and development, helping them thrive in their early stages. When feeding cichlid fry with brine shrimp, it is important to ensure that the shrimp are properly cleaned and rinsed before feeding. Additionally, feeding should be done in small amounts, multiple times a day, to prevent overfeeding and maintain water quality. In the world of cichlid fry feeding, micro worms are an excellent option to consider. These tiny creatures, known as micro worms, provide essential nutrients that cichlid fry need for their growth and development. They are packed with proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals that contribute to the overall well-being of the fry. The small size of micro worms makes them highly digestible for cichlid fry. This ensures that the fry can efficiently extract the necessary nutrients from the worms, maximizing their benefits. Micro worms serve as a natural food source for cichlid fry in their natural habitats. By incorporating micro worms into the diet of your fry, you can mimic their natural diet and promote healthier and happier fish. Micro worms are readily available at pet stores or online, making them easily accessible. Alternatively, you can culture your own supply of micro worms at home, providing a constant and reliable food source for your cichlid fry. I have personally witnessed the benefits of micro worms in my cichlid fry’s growth journey. When my fry were not growing as quickly as expected, I introduced micro worms into their diet. The results were astonishing – their growth rate improved significantly, and their overall health enhanced. The fry became more active and vibrant, with intensified coloration. Micro worms truly played a vital role in enhancing the well-being and successful growth of my cichlid fry. Crushed Flake Food When feeding cichlid fry, one of the options to consider is crushed flake food. Here are some important points to note: - Crushed flake food is a popular choice for feeding cichlid fry because it is easily digestible and provides essential nutrients for their growth and development. - It is important to crush the flakes into smaller particles that are appropriate for the size of the fry. This can be done by using your fingers or a mortar and pestle. - Ensure that the crushed flake food is of high quality and specifically formulated for young fish. Look for brands that contain a balanced mix of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. - Feed the crushed flake food to the cichlid fry in small amounts multiple times a day. This ensures that they are getting a consistent supply of nutrients without overfeeding them. - Observe the fry closely while feeding them crushed flake food to ensure that they are actively consuming the food. If there is any excess food left uneaten, remove it to maintain good water quality. - Monitor the growth of the cichlid fry and adjust the feeding habits accordingly. If they seem to be growing too slowly or too quickly, you may need to adjust the amount of crushed flake food you are giving them. By following these guidelines, you can provide cichlid fry with the necessary nutrition from crushed flake food for their healthy growth and development. When it comes to feeding cichlid fry, baby pellets are a popular and convenient choice. Their nutritional value and small size make them ideal for the growth and development of these young fish. Baby pellets are packed with essential nutrients like proteins and fats, which are crucial for the healthy development of cichlid fry. Furthermore, their small size makes it easy for the fry to consume and digest them effectively. It’s worth noting that these pellets can be designed to either float or sink, which allows for different feeding preferences and strategies. This flexibility ensures that the cichlid fry can access their food easily. In addition to their balanced diet, baby pellets also provide the necessary vitamins and minerals for the cichlid fry to thrive. They help guarantee their overall well-being and growth. A helpful tip for feeding cichlid fry with baby pellets is to soak the pellets in water before feeding them. This step softens the pellets and facilitates consumption for the fry. It’s also important as it reduces the risk of choking, allowing the fry to manage the pellets more easily with their small mouths. Remember to feed the fry small amounts of baby pellets at regular intervals. This approach prevents overfeeding and helps maintain optimal water quality in the tank, ensuring the health of the cichlid fry. How Often Should You Feed Cichlid Fry? Cichlid fry should be fed small amounts multiple times a day to ensure their proper growth and development. Feeding them small and frequent meals is important as their stomachs are still small and cannot hold large amounts of food. A good guideline is to feed them 3-4 times a day, providing only what they can consume within a few minutes. Overfeeding can lead to poor water quality and health issues for the fry. It is important to monitor their behavior and adjust the feeding frequency accordingly. To keep your cichlid fry healthy and thriving, here are some suggestions to consider. Firstly, choose high-quality fry food specifically designed for their dietary needs. Secondly, observe their behavior and adjust the feeding frequency accordingly. If the fry are actively searching for food, you may need to increase the number of feedings. Thirdly, ensure that the tank water remains clean by performing regular water changes and maintaining proper filtration. Lastly, consider providing occasional live or frozen foods to add variety to their diet, as this can promote their natural foraging behavior and overall health. By following these guidelines and paying attention to your cichlid fry’s individual needs, you can provide them with a balanced and healthy diet for optimal growth and well-being. Tips for Feeding Cichlid Fry When it comes to feeding cichlid fry, there are a few key tips and tricks that can make all the difference. From feeding small amounts at regular intervals to monitoring growth and adjusting feeding habits, we’ll explore the ins and outs of providing proper nutrition for these little fish. Avoiding overfeeding is also crucial to their well-being. So, let’s dive in and discover the best practices for keeping your cichlid fry healthy and thriving through their feeding routine! Feed Small Amounts at Regular Intervals When feeding cichlid fry, it is crucial to ensure their proper growth and health by following a feeding schedule of small amounts at regular intervals. - Divide the daily portions into multiple small feedings throughout the day to prevent overfeeding and wastage. - Offer a sufficient amount of food that can be consumed within a few minutes. - Monitor the fry closely to ensure they are actively feeding and not displaying any signs of distress or bloating. - Avoid leaving excess food in the tank, as it can lead to poor water quality and potential health issues for the fry. - Adjust the feeding schedule and amount as the fry grow to meet their nutritional needs. True story: I had a batch of cichlid fry that I was raising, and I diligently followed the advice to feed small amounts at regular intervals. By doing so, I noticed that the fry grew at a steady and healthy rate. They were active, vibrant, and displayed beautiful colors. The careful feeding regimen helped optimize their growth and overall well-being. It was a rewarding experience to witness their development and know that I was providing them with the best possible care. To avoid overfeeding cichlid fry, follow these steps: - Understand their feeding requirements: It is important to provide cichlid fry with the right amount of food, as they have small stomachs and can easily be overfed. - Feed small portions: Offer small amounts of food at each feeding to ensure that the fry can consume it within a reasonable time and prevent excessive waste. - Observe their behavior: Pay attention to the feeding behavior of the fry. If there is leftover food after a few minutes, it indicates that you have provided too much. Adjust the portion size accordingly. - Create a feeding schedule: Establish a regular feeding schedule for the cichlid fry. Avoid feeding them too frequently to prevent overfeeding. Stick to a schedule that allows them to eat without excess food remaining in the tank. - Monitor their growth: Keep track of the fry’s growth. If they are growing at a healthy rate and maintaining good body condition, it indicates that you are providing an appropriate amount of food. Adjust the feeding amount if necessary. By following these steps, you can ensure that you avoid overfeeding cichlid fry and promote their healthy development. Monitor Growth and Adjust Feeding Habits When raising cichlid fry, it is crucial to monitor their growth and adjust feeding habits accordingly. Here are some steps to follow: - Regularly observe the fry’s size and appearance to monitor their growth progress. - Weigh the fry periodically to determine if they are gaining weight consistently. - Make adjustments to the feeding amount based on the growth rate. If the fry are growing slowly, consider increasing the amount of food. - Observe the fry’s behavior during feeding. If they eagerly consume all the food within minutes, it may indicate the need for more frequent feedings or larger portions. - Consider the type of food being offered. If the fry are not showing significant growth even with appropriate feeding amounts, try offering a different type of food to ensure they receive proper nutrition. Monitoring the growth of cichlid fry and adjusting feeding habits accordingly can have a significant impact on their development and overall health. By regularly assessing their progress and making necessary changes, you can ensure that the fry receive the optimal nutrition needed for their growth and well-being. Additional Considerations for Feeding Cichlid Fry When it comes to feeding cichlid fry, it’s not just about choosing the right food. In this section, we’ll uncover some important factors to consider beyond the feeding process. We’ll dive into the crucial role of water quality in ensuring the health and growth of cichlid fry. Additionally, we’ll explore the significance of creating a suitable tank setup to promote their development. Lastly, we’ll touch upon the importance of understanding the compatibility of cichlid fry with other fish species. Get ready to level up your knowledge on raising these vibrant little aquatic creatures! When it comes to feeding cichlid fry, water quality plays a crucial role in their overall health and development. It is important to provide clean and well-maintained water to ensure the well-being of the fry. Here are some key aspects to consider regarding water quality: - The water should be free from any harmful chemicals, pollutants, or toxins that can negatively impact the fry. Regularly test the water parameters such as pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels to maintain optimal conditions. - Proper filtration is essential to keep the water clean and remove any waste or debris that can deteriorate the water quality. Choose a filter that is suitable for the size of your tank and provides efficient mechanical, chemical, and biological filtration. - Ensure adequate oxygen levels in the water by using an aerator or air stone. Good oxygenation is vital for the fry’s respiration and overall health. - Regular water changes are necessary to remove accumulated waste and replenish the water with fresh, clean water. Aim for a 25-50% water change every week or as needed to maintain optimal water quality. - Monitor the temperature of the water to provide a stable and suitable environment for the cichlid fry. Sudden temperature fluctuations can be harmful to their health. By prioritizing water quality, you can create a healthy and thriving environment for your cichlid fry, promoting their growth and overall well-being. When setting up a tank for cichlid fry, it is important to consider tank setup. - Size: Choose a tank that is appropriate for the size and number of cichlid fry you have. A larger tank with more swimming space is generally better for their growth and development. - Filtration: Use a reliable filtration system to maintain water quality and keep the tank clean. A high-quality filter can remove waste and toxins, promoting a healthy environment for the fry. - Heating: Install a heater to maintain a consistent temperature in the tank. Cichlid fry need warm water to thrive, so ensure the temperature is appropriate for their species. - Substrate: Choose a substrate that is suitable for cichlid fry. Fine sand or rounded gravel is preferred, as it minimizes the risk of the fry swallowing and choking on larger particles. - Decorations: Provide hiding spots and shelter for the cichlid fry by adding rocks, caves, or plants to the tank. This helps reduce stress and creates a more natural and stimulating environment for them. - Lighting: Use appropriate lighting in the tank to simulate natural day and night cycles. This helps regulate the fry’s behavior and promotes healthy growth. - Water parameters: Regularly test and maintain the water parameters such as pH, ammonia, and nitrate levels. Cichlid fry are sensitive to changes in water quality, so ensuring stable and appropriate conditions is crucial. By considering these factors and providing a well-designed tank setup, you can create an ideal environment for the growth and development of cichlid fry. Compatibility with Other Fish |Compatibility with Other Fish |1. Choose the Right Tankmates: When considering compatibility with other fish, it is essential to carefully select species that share similar water parameters and temperaments. It is important to avoid introducing aggressive or territorial fish that may harm or intimidate the cichlid fry. |2. Assess Size Differences: It is crucial to take into account the size difference between the cichlid fry and potential tankmates. To ensure the safety of the smaller fry, it is advisable to refrain from introducing considerably larger fish that could pose a threat. |3. Monitor Social Interactions: Keep a close eye on the interactions between the cichlid fry and other fish in the tank. Pay attention to any signs of aggression, bullying, or stress. If any issues arise, it may be necessary to separate the fry or rearrange the tank to maintain a harmonious and peaceful environment. |4. Consider Habitat Requirements: It is crucial to ensure that the tankmates have comparable habitat preferences in terms of water temperature, pH levels, and decorations. By providing a suitable environment for all the fish involved, you will greatly contribute to their overall well-being and happiness. Frequently Asked Questions What are some suitable options for feeding cichlid fry? Some suitable options for feeding cichlid fry include crushed flake food, frozen/live baby brine shrimp, decapsulated brine shrimp, Golden Pearls, microworms, and specialized cichlid fry food. Where can I find commercial hatchery kits to produce live baby brine shrimp? You can find commercial hatchery kits to produce live baby brine shrimp at pet stores or online aquarium supply retailers. How can I culture microworms at home for feeding cichlid fry? You can culture microworms at home by providing them with a suitable medium, such as oatmeal or a mix of powdered cereal and yeast. They can be cultivated in small containers and harvested using a brush or cotton swab. What are the benefits of using decapsulated brine shrimp and Golden Pearls for feeding cichlid fry? Decapsulated brine shrimp are dehydrated eggs without the shell that can be rehydrated with tank water. Golden Pearls are tiny clusters of ingredients that come in various sizes. These alternatives to live food provide essential nutrients and can be adjusted to suit fry of different sizes in the same tank. How can I effectively deliver food to smaller cichlid fry? The syringe method is found to be more effective than using tools like turkey basters for getting food directly to smaller fry. It ensures accurate and targeted feeding for the fry. At what size can cichlid fry be transferred to a community tank or sold? Cichlid fry can be transferred to a community tank or sold when they reach a size of at least an inch long. This ensures that they are large enough to thrive in the presence of larger fish and reduces the risk of predation.

Cichlids ni watoto wachanga wa samaki wa cichlid, na mahitaji yao ya lishe ni tofauti sana na cichlids wazima. Kulisha kwa njia inayofaa ni muhimu kwa ukuzi na ukuzi wao. Kulingana na mwanabiolojia maarufu wa majini, Dk. John Daly, kutoa lishe sahihi wakati wa hatua ya fry ni muhimu kuhakikisha afya na kuishi kwao. Kuna njia kadhaa za kulisha vifaranga wa cichlid, kila moja ikiwa na faida na hasara zake. Hizi ni pamoja na: - Brine Shrimp: Hizi crustaceans ndogo ni uchaguzi maarufu wa chakula kwa cichlid fry kutokana na maudhui yao ya juu ya protini. - Micro Worms: Worms hizi ndogo ni chaguo jingine lishe kwa fry na kutoa virutubisho muhimu kwa ajili ya ukuaji wao. - Chakula cha Flake kilichopondwa: Chakula cha flake cha ubora wa juu kinaweza kupondwa katika chembe ndogo ili kulisha watoto wa cichlid. Chaguo hili ni rahisi na linapatikana kwa urahisi. - Pellets za watoto: Pellets maalumu zilizotengenezwa kwa ajili ya watoto wachanga zinaweza kutoa lishe yenye usawaziko na kuunga mkono ukuzi wao. Mzunguko wa kulisha ni muhimu linapokuja suala la kuogelea cichlid. Wanapaswa kulishwa kwa kiasi kidogo kwa vipindi vya kawaida ili kuzuia kulisha kupita kiasi na matatizo ya ubora wa maji. Kufuatilia ukuzi wao na kurekebisha mazoea yao ya kulisha ni muhimu kwa afya yao. Mbali na kulisha kwa njia inayofaa, mambo mengine lazima yazingatiwe wakati wa kutunza vifaranga wa cichlid. Ubora wa maji una jukumu muhimu katika ustawi wao kwa ujumla. Ni muhimu kudumisha usafirishaji sahihi na kubadilisha maji kwa ukawaida. Mipangilio ya tangi inapaswa pia kutoa mahali pazuri pa kujificha na hali nzuri ya maji kwa ajili ya fry kusitawi. Mwishowe, ni muhimu kuzingatia utangamano wa fry na spishi nyingine za samaki katika tank ili kuepuka unyanyasaji au ushindani kwa ajili ya chakula. Kwa kuelewa mahitaji maalum ya kulisha na kutoa mazingira yanayofaa, unaweza kuhakikisha ukuaji na maendeleo ya afya ya cichlid fry. Kwa nini kulisha vizuri ni muhimu kwa Cichlid Fry? Kulisha kwa njia inayofaa ni muhimu kwa ajili ya ukuzi na uhai wa vifaranga. Kwa nini chakula cha kutosha ni muhimu kwa watoto wa cichlid? - Inasaidia ukuaji: Chakula cha kutosha hutoa virutubisho muhimu ambavyo huendeleza ukuaji na maendeleo ya afya katika watoto wa cichlid. Vyakula hivyo vinatia ndani protini, mafuta, vitamini, na madini. - Huimarisha mfumo wa kinga: Chakula cha kutosha huimarisha mfumo wa kinga wa vifaranga wa cichlid, na kuwafanya wawe na uwezo zaidi wa kukabiliana na magonjwa na maambukizo. - Inaongeza rangi: Kulisha vizuri huchangia kuboresha rangi yenye nguvu na yenye nguvu ya vifaranga vya cichlid, kuonyesha uzuri wao wa asili. - Huzalisha tabia: Chakula chenye usawaziko husaidia kuchochea tabia ya asili ya kutafuta chakula katika watoto wa cichlid, na kuwawezesha kuendeleza hisia zao na ustadi wao wa kuwinda. - Hutoa nishati: Cichlid fry zinahitaji nishati ili kuchochea mtindo wao wa maisha na ukuaji wa haraka. Kulisha kwa njia inayofaa huwahakikishia kwamba wana nishati ya kutosha ili kusitawi. Kwa kuelewa umuhimu wa kulisha kwa njia inayofaa, walinzi wa cichlid wanaweza kuhakikisha afya na hali njema ya watoto wao. Ni muhimu kuwapa chaguzi sahihi za chakula na kuwalisha kwa kiasi sahihi ili kukidhi mahitaji yao ya lishe. Chaguo la chakula kwa Cichlid Fry Chaguo la chakula kwa Cichlid Fry <unk> Gundua njia bora za kulisha cichlid fry yako wanapokua. Kutoka kwa udongo wenye lishe hadi minyoo ndogo, chakula cha vipepeo vilivyopondwa, na pellets za mtoto, tutachunguza chaguzi mbalimbali za kulisha ambazo zinakidhi mahitaji maalum ya lishe ya samaki hawa wachanga. Kujifunza jinsi kila chaguo inasaidia ukuaji wao na maendeleo, kuhakikisha cichlid fry yako kustawi katika hatua zao za mapema za maisha. Hebu tupige mbizi katika ulimwengu wa lishe ya cichlid fry! Chaguzi za kulisha watoto wa cichlid zinatia ndani kamba za chumvi, minyoo wadogo, chakula cha vipande vilivyopondwa, na vidonge vya watoto. Uvuvi wa chumvi ni chaguo maarufu la kulisha watoto wa cichlid kwa sababu ya ukubwa wao mdogo na thamani ya juu ya lishe. Kwa mfano, kwa mfano, unaweza kuona meza ya faida za mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi wa mchuzi. Wao hutoa virutubisho vinavyohitajika kwa ukuzi na ukuzi wao, na kuwasaidia kusitawi katika hatua zao za mapema. Wakati kulisha cichlid fry na brine shrimp, ni muhimu kuhakikisha kwamba shrimp ni vizuri kusafishwa na kuosha kabla ya kulisha. Kwa kuongezea, kulisha kunapaswa kufanywa kwa kiasi kidogo, mara nyingi kwa siku, ili kuzuia kulisha kupita kiasi na kudumisha ubora wa maji. Katika ulimwengu wa kulisha vifaranga wa cichlid, minyoo wadogo ni chaguo bora la kufikiria. Wanyama hao wadogo, wanaoitwa minyoo wadogo, hutoa virutubisho muhimu vinavyohitajiwa na vifaranga ili wakue na kusitawi. Wao hujaa protini, mafuta, vitamini, na madini ambayo huchangia hali njema ya watoto hao. Ukubwa mdogo wa minyoo ndogo hufanya iwe rahisi sana kumeng'enywa na vifaranga. Hilo huhakikisha kwamba ndege hao wanaweza kupata virutubisho vinavyohitajika kutoka kwa minyoo, na hivyo kupata faida kubwa zaidi. Minyoo ndogo hutumika kama chanzo cha chakula cha asili kwa cichlid fry katika mazingira yao ya asili. Kwa kuingiza minyoo ndogo katika mlo wa fry yako, unaweza kuiga mlo wao wa asili na kukuza samaki wenye afya na furaha. Minyoo wadogo hupatikana kwa urahisi katika maduka ya wanyama-vipenzi au mtandaoni, na hivyo hupatikana kwa urahisi. Kwa mfano, unaweza kuunda chakula chao mwenyewe cha wadudu wadogo nyumbani, na hivyo kuwa chanzo cha chakula cha kudumu na cha kuaminika kwa watoto wako. Mimi binafsi nimeshuhudia faida za minyoo ndogo katika safari yangu ya ukuaji wa cichlid fry. Wakati watoto wangu walipokuwa wakikosa kukua haraka kama ilivyotarajiwa, niliingiza minyoo wadogo katika chakula chao. Matokeo yalikuwa ya kushangaza - kiwango chao cha ukuzi kiliboreshwa sana, na afya yao ya jumla iliboreshwa. Ndege hao walianza kuwa na shughuli nyingi na wenye nguvu zaidi, na rangi yao ikaongezeka. Kwa kweli, minyoo wadogo walichangia sana afya na ukuzi mzuri wa vifaranga wangu. Chakula cha Vipande Vyavunjwacho Wakati wa kulisha watoto wa cichlid, mojawapo ya njia za kufikiria ni chakula cha vipande vya vunjwacho. Chakula cha mchanga ni chaguo maarufu kwa kulisha cichlids fry kwa sababu ni rahisi kumeng'enya na hutoa virutubisho muhimu kwa ukuaji na maendeleo yao. - Ni muhimu kuvunja vipande hivyo katika vipande vidogo vinavyofaa ukubwa wa samaki hao. Hilo laweza kufanywa kwa kutumia vidole vyako au kwa kutumia chokaa na chokaa. - Hakikisha kwamba chakula cha vipepeo vilivyopondwa ni cha ubora wa juu na kimeandaliwa hasa kwa samaki wachanga. Tafuta bidhaa zenye mchanganyiko wenye usawaziko wa protini, mafuta, na wanga. - kulisha chakula cha vipande vilivyopondwa kwa vifaranga vya cichlid kwa kiasi kidogo mara kadhaa kwa siku. Hilo huhakikisha kwamba wanapata virutubisho vya kudumu bila kuwalisha kupita kiasi. - Angalia fry kwa karibu wakati wa kuwalisha chakula cha vipepeo vilivyopondwa ili kuhakikisha kwamba wanakula chakula hicho kwa bidii. Ikiwa kuna chakula chochote kilichobaki kisichokula, kiondoe ili kudumisha ubora mzuri wa maji. - Angalia ukuaji wa cichlid fry na kurekebisha tabia ya kulisha ipasavyo. Ikiwa wanaonekana kukua polepole sana au haraka sana, huenda ukahitaji kurekebisha kiasi cha chakula unachowapa. Kwa kufuata miongozo hii, unaweza kuwapa watoto wa cichlid lishe muhimu kutoka kwa chakula cha vipepeo vilivyopondwa kwa ajili ya ukuaji na maendeleo yao yenye afya. Inapohusu kulisha watoto wa cichlid, vichwa vya watoto ni chaguo maarufu na rahisi. Thamani yao ya lishe na ukubwa wao mdogo hufanya iwe bora kwa ukuzi na maendeleo ya samaki hawa wachanga. Pellets za mtoto zina virutubisho muhimu kama vile protini na mafuta, ambayo ni muhimu kwa maendeleo ya afya ya cichlids fry. Isitoshe, kwa sababu ya ukubwa wao mdogo, ni rahisi kwa watoto hao kula na kumeng'enya kwa njia nzuri. Ni thamani ya kumbuka kwamba pellets hizi inaweza kuwa iliyoundwa ama kuelea au kuzama, ambayo inaruhusu kwa upendeleo tofauti kulisha na mikakati. Uwezo huo wa kubadilika-badilika huwahakikishia watoto hao kwamba wanaweza kupata chakula kwa urahisi. Mbali na lishe yao yenye usawaziko, vichwa vya mtoto pia hutoa vitamini na madini yanayohitajiwa ili vifaranga wa cichlid waendelee kusitawi. Husaidia kuhakikisha hali yao njema na ukuzi wao. Ushauri mzuri wa kuwalisha watoto wa cichlid kwa kutumia vidonge vya mtoto ni kuzamisha vidonge hivyo ndani ya maji kabla ya kuwalisha. Hatua hii hufanya pellets kuwa laini na kuwezesha matumizi kwa fry. Pia ni muhimu kwa sababu inapunguza hatari ya kuzimia, ikiruhusu fry kusimamia pellets kwa urahisi zaidi na vinywa vyao vidogo. Kumbuka kuwalisha watoto kiasi kidogo cha vidonge vya mtoto kwa vipindi vya kawaida. Njia hiyo huzuia kulisha kupita kiasi na husaidia kudumisha ubora bora wa maji katika tangi, na hivyo kuhakikisha afya ya vifaranga hao. Unapaswa Kumlisha Cichlid Fry Mara Ngapi? Watoto wa cichlid wanapaswa kulishwa kwa kiasi kidogo mara nyingi kwa siku ili kuhakikisha ukuzi na ukuzi wao unaofaa. Ni muhimu kuwapa chakula kidogo na mara nyingi kwa sababu tumbo lao bado ni dogo na haliwezi kubeba kiasi kikubwa cha chakula. Mwongozo mzuri ni kuwapa chakula mara 3-4 kwa siku, ukitoa tu kile wanachoweza kula ndani ya dakika chache. Kulisha kupita kiasi kunaweza kusababisha ubora mbaya wa maji na matatizo ya afya kwa watoto wachanga. Ni muhimu kufuatilia tabia yao na kurekebisha mzunguko wa kulisha ipasavyo. Ili kuhifadhi na kuhifadhi vifaranga vyako vyenye afya, hapa kuna mapendekezo kadhaa ya kuzingatia. Kwanza, chagua chakula cha hali ya juu cha kuku iliyoundwa hasa kwa ajili ya mahitaji yao ya lishe. Pili, angalia tabia yao na ubadilishe mzunguko wa kulisha ipasavyo. Ikiwa watoto hao wanatafuta chakula kwa bidii, huenda ukahitaji kuwapa chakula zaidi. Tatu, hakikisha kwamba maji ya tangi yanabaki safi kwa kufanya mabadiliko ya maji ya kawaida na kudumisha usafirishaji sahihi. Mwishowe, fikiria kutoa chakula cha mara kwa mara cha kuishi au kilichohifadhiwa ili kuongeza aina ya chakula chao, kwani hii inaweza kukuza tabia yao ya asili ya kutafuta chakula na afya ya jumla. Kwa kufuata miongozo hii na kuzingatia mahitaji ya kibinafsi ya watoto wako wa cichlid, unaweza kuwapa lishe yenye usawa na afya kwa ukuaji bora na ustawi. Kuandaa chakula cha Cichlid Fry: Kuna njia kadhaa za kuandaa chakula cha Cichlid Fry, na unaweza kuandaa chakula cha Cichlid Fry kwa kutumia njia hii. Kutoka kulisha kiasi kidogo kwa vipindi vya kawaida hadi kufuatilia ukuaji na kurekebisha tabia za kulisha, tutachunguza mambo ya ndani na nje ya kutoa lishe sahihi kwa samaki hawa wadogo. Kuepuka kula kupita kiasi pia ni muhimu kwa hali yao njema. Kwa hiyo, hebu tuchunguze na kugundua mazoea bora ya kuweka cichlid yako fry afya na kusitawi kupitia utaratibu wao wa kulisha! Wakati wa kulisha cichlids, ni muhimu kuhakikisha ukuaji wao sahihi na afya kwa kufuata ratiba ya kulisha ya kiasi kidogo kwa vipindi vya kawaida. - Gawanya vipimo vya kila siku katika milo midogo mingi siku nzima ili kuzuia kulisha kupita kiasi na kupoteza. - Toa kiasi cha kutosha cha chakula ambacho kinaweza kuliwa ndani ya dakika chache. - Angalia fry kwa karibu ili kuhakikisha wao ni kikamilifu kulisha na si kuonyesha ishara yoyote ya shida au bloating. - Epuka kuacha chakula cha ziada katika tangi, kwa kuwa inaweza kusababisha ubora mbaya wa maji na matatizo ya afya ya uwezekano kwa fry. - Badilisha ratiba ya kulisha na kiasi cha kulisha kadiri watoto wanavyoendelea kukua ili kukidhi mahitaji yao ya lishe. "Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 2000, nilijifunza kwamba ""mwishowe, nilipata kuwa na watoto wa aina ya cichlid, na kwa bidii nilifuata shauri la kuwapa chakula kidogo kwa vipindi vya kawaida.""" Kwa kufanya hivyo, niliona kwamba vifaranga hao walikua kwa kasi na kwa afya. Walikuwa wenye shughuli nyingi, wenye nguvu, na wenye rangi maridadi. Mazoezi ya uangalifu yalisaidia kukuza ukuzi wao na hali yao ya afya. Ilikuwa ni uzoefu wa kufurahisha kuwaona wakikua na kujua kwamba nilikuwa nikiwapa utunzaji bora iwezekanavyo. Ili kuepuka kuwalisha watoto wa cichlid kupita kiasi, fuata hatua hizi: Fahamu mahitaji yao ya kulisha: Ni muhimu kuwapa watoto wa cichlid kiasi sahihi cha chakula, kwani wana tumbo dogo na wanaweza kulishwa kupita kiasi kwa urahisi. - Kulisha sehemu ndogo: Kutoa kiasi kidogo cha chakula katika kila kulisha ili kuhakikisha kwamba fry inaweza kula ndani ya muda wa busara na kuzuia taka kupita kiasi. - Angalia tabia yao: Angalia tabia ya kulisha ya fry. Ikiwa chakula kimechakaa baada ya dakika chache, hilo linaonyesha kwamba umetoa chakula kingi mno. Boresha ukubwa wa kipimo hicho. - Fanya ratiba ya kulisha: Fanya ratiba ya kulisha kwa ukawaida kwa ajili ya vifaranga wa cichlid. Epuka kuwapa chakula mara nyingi sana ili kuepuka kuwalisha kupita kiasi. Fuata ratiba inayoruhusu kula bila chakula cha ziada kilichobaki katika tangi. - Kufuatilia ukuaji wao: Kufuatilia ukuaji wa fry. Ikiwa wanaendelea kukua kwa kiwango cha afya na kudumisha hali nzuri ya mwili, inaonyesha kwamba unatoa kiasi cha chakula kinachofaa. Badilisha kiasi cha kulisha ikiwa ni lazima. Kwa kufuata hatua hizi, unaweza kuhakikisha kwamba unaepuka kuwalisha kupita kiasi watoto wa cichlid na kukuza ukuzi wao wenye afya. Ufuatiliaji wa Ukuaji na Marekebisho ya Mazoea ya Kulisha Wakati wa kukuza cichlid fry, ni muhimu kufuatilia ukuaji wao na kurekebisha mazoea ya kulisha ipasavyo. Hapa ni baadhi ya hatua za kufuata: - Mara kwa mara kuchunguza ukubwa na kuonekana ya fry kufuatilia maendeleo yao ya ukuaji. - Pima watoto mara kwa mara ili uone kama wanaongezeka uzito kwa ukawaida. - Fanya marekebisho katika kiasi cha kulisha kulingana na kiwango cha ukuzi. Ikiwa watoto hao wanakua polepole, fikiria kuongeza kiasi cha chakula. - Angalia tabia ya fry wakati wa kulisha. Ikiwa wanakula chakula hicho kwa hamu kwa dakika chache, huenda wakahitaji kulishwa mara nyingi zaidi au kwa kiasi kikubwa zaidi. - Fikiria aina ya chakula kinachotolewa. Ikiwa watoto hawaonekani wakikua kwa kiasi hata kwa kiasi cha chakula kinachofaa, jaribu kuwapa aina tofauti ya chakula ili kuhakikisha wanapata lishe sahihi. Kufuatilia ukuaji wa cichlid fry na kurekebisha tabia ya kulisha ipasavyo inaweza kuwa na athari kubwa juu ya maendeleo yao na afya ya jumla. Kwa kuchunguza maendeleo yao mara kwa mara na kufanya mabadiliko yanayohitajika, unaweza kuhakikisha kwamba watoto wako wanapata lishe bora wanayohitaji ili wakue na kuwa na afya nzuri. Mambo ya ziada ya kuzingatia wakati wa kulisha watoto wa cichlid Wakati wa kulisha watoto wa cichlid, si muhimu tu kuchagua chakula kinachofaa. Katika sehemu hii, tutafunua baadhi ya mambo muhimu ya kuzingatia zaidi ya mchakato wa kulisha. Tutazungumzia jukumu muhimu la ubora wa maji katika kuhakikisha afya na ukuaji wa cichlid fry. Aidha, tutaweza kuchunguza umuhimu wa kujenga seti sahihi tank kukuza maendeleo yao. Mwishowe, tutazungumzia umuhimu wa kuelewa utangamano wa cichlid fry na spishi nyingine za samaki. Jitayarishe kuboresha ujuzi wako juu ya kulea viumbe hawa wadogo wa majini wenye nguvu! Unapozungumzia jinsi ya kulisha watoto wa cichlid, ubora wa maji huchangia sana afya na ukuzi wao. Ni muhimu kutoa maji safi na yaliyotunzwa vizuri ili kuhakikisha hali njema ya watoto wachanga. Hapa ni baadhi ya mambo muhimu ya kuzingatia kuhusu ubora wa maji: - Maji yanapaswa kuwa huru kutoka kwa kemikali yoyote madhara, uchafuzi, au sumu ambayo inaweza athari hasi fry. Jaribu mara kwa mara vigezo vya maji kama vile pH, amonia, nitrite, na viwango vya nitrati ili kudumisha hali bora. - Uchujaji sahihi ni muhimu ili kuweka maji safi na kuondoa taka au mabaki yoyote ambayo yanaweza kuharibu ubora wa maji. Chagua kichujio kinachofaa ukubwa wa tangi lako na kinachotoa filtration bora ya mitambo, kemikali, na kibiolojia. - Hakikisha viwango vya kutosha vya oksijeni katika maji kwa kutumia aerator au jiwe la hewa. Oksijeni nzuri ni muhimu kwa kupumua kwa fry na afya ya jumla. - Ni lazima maji yawe yakibadilishwa kwa ukawaida ili kuondoa taka zilizokusanywa na kujaza maji kwa maji safi. Kwa hivyo, unapaswa kuzingatia kubadilisha maji kwa asilimia 25 kila wiki au kama inahitajika ili kudumisha ubora wa maji. - Angalia joto la maji ili kutoa mazingira imara na sahihi kwa ajili ya cichlid fry. Mabadiliko ya ghafula ya halijoto yaweza kuharibu afya yao. Kwa kuzingatia ubora wa maji, unaweza kuunda mazingira yenye afya na yenye kusitawi kwa watoto wako wa cichlid, kukuza ukuaji wao na ustawi wa jumla. Wakati wa kuanzisha tank kwa cichlid fry, ni muhimu kuzingatia seti tank. - Ukubwa: Chagua tangi linalofaa ukubwa na idadi ya vifaranga wa cichlid ulivyo nao. Kwa kawaida, tank kubwa yenye nafasi zaidi ya kuogelea ni bora kwa ukuzi na ukuzi wao. - Filtration: Tumia mfumo wa filtration ya kuaminika kudumisha ubora wa maji na kuweka tank safi. Kifuniko chenye ubora wa juu kinaweza kuondoa taka na sumu, na hivyo kuendeleza mazingira yenye afya kwa ajili ya watoto wachanga. - Joto: Weka joto ili kudumisha joto la kawaida ndani ya tangi. Vipepeo wa Cichlid huhitaji maji ya joto ili kusitawi, kwa hiyo hakikisha kwamba joto ni linalofaa kwa spishi zao. - Substrate: Chagua substrate ambayo ni sahihi kwa ajili ya cichlid fry. Mchanga mwembamba au mchanga wenye umbo la mviringo hupendekezwa, kwa kuwa hupunguza hatari ya watoto kumeza na kukosa pumzi kwa chembe kubwa zaidi. - Mapambo: Kutoa mahali pa kujificha na kimbilio kwa ajili ya cichlid fry kwa kuongeza miamba, mapango, au mimea katika tank. Hilo husaidia kupunguza mkazo na kuunda mazingira ya asili na yenye kuchochea zaidi kwa ajili yao. - Taa: Tumia taa sahihi katika tangi kuiga mizunguko ya asili ya mchana na usiku. Hilo husaidia kudhibiti tabia ya watoto hao na kuendeleza ukuzi wenye afya. - Vigezo vya maji: Jaribu na kudumisha vipimo vya maji kama vile kiwango cha pH, amonia, na viwango vya nitrati. Cichlid fry ni nyeti kwa mabadiliko katika ubora wa maji, hivyo kuhakikisha hali thabiti na sahihi ni muhimu. Kwa kuzingatia mambo haya na kutoa tank kuanzisha vizuri iliyoundwa, unaweza kuunda mazingira bora kwa ajili ya ukuaji na maendeleo ya cichlid fry. Upatikanaji na samaki wengine Chagua samaki wa aina ya samaki: Wakati wa kuzingatia kuendana na samaki wengine, ni muhimu kuchagua kwa uangalifu spishi ambazo zinashiriki vigezo vya maji na tabia sawa. Ni muhimu kuepuka kuanzisha samaki wenye jeuri au wenye mamlaka ambao wanaweza kuharibu au kuogopesha watoto wa cichlid. 2. Tathmini Tofauti za Ukubwa: Ni muhimu kuzingatia tofauti ya ukubwa kati ya cichlid fry na uwezekano tankmates. Ili kuhakikisha usalama wa fry ndogo, ni vyema kuepuka kuanzisha samaki kubwa sana ambayo inaweza kuwa tishio. 3. Ufuatiliaji wa Maingiliano ya Jamii: Angalia kwa makini mwingiliano kati ya cichlid fry na samaki wengine katika tank. Angalia ishara zozote za jeuri, unyanyasaji, au mfadhaiko. Ikiwa kuna matatizo yoyote, huenda ikawa lazima kutenganisha watoto hao au kurekebisha tank ili kudumisha mazingira yenye upatano na amani. 4. - Fikiria mahitaji ya makazi: Ni muhimu kuhakikisha kwamba tankmates kuwa na upendeleo sawa makazi katika suala la joto la maji, viwango vya pH, na mapambo. Kwa kuandaa mazingira yanayofaa kwa samaki wote wanaohusika, utachangia sana hali yao njema na furaha. Maswali yanayoulizwa mara nyingi Ni njia gani zinazofaa za kulisha watoto wa cichlid? Kwa mfano, kuna aina kadhaa za chakula cha kuogelea, kama vile chakula cha kuogelea cha cichlid, chakula cha kuogelea cha kuogelea cha kuogelea, chakula cha kuogelea cha kuogelea, chakula cha kuogelea cha kuogelea, chakula cha kuogelea cha kuogelea, chakula cha kuogelea cha kuogelea. Ninaweza kupata wapi vifaa vya kibiashara vya kuzalisha kamba za chumvi? Unaweza kupata vifaa vya kibiashara vya kuzalisha kwa ajili ya kuzalisha kamba za mchanga wa chumvi katika maduka ya wanyama au wauzaji wa vifaa vya samaki wa mtandaoni. Ninawezaje kukuza minyoo ndogo-ndogo nyumbani ili kuwalisha vifaranga wa cichlid? Unaweza kukuza minyoo ndogo nyumbani kwa kuwapa kiwanja kinachofaa, kama vile unga wa oat au mchanganyiko wa unga wa nafaka na chachu. Zinaweza kulimwa katika vyombo vidogo na kuvunwa kwa kutumia brashi au swabu ya pamba. Ni faida gani za kutumia kamba za chumvi na lulu za dhahabu zilizofutwa kwa kulisha watoto wa cichlid? Slips za maji ya chumvi zilizoondolewa kwenye vifuniko ni mayai yaliyoondolewa maji bila ganda ambayo yanaweza kuondolewa maji kwa maji ya tangi. Lulu za dhahabu ni vikundi vidogo-vidogo vya viungo vinavyopatikana katika ukubwa mbalimbali. Vyakula hivyo vinaweza kuandaa virutubisho muhimu na vinaweza kubadilishwa ili viwe na ukubwa tofauti katika tangi moja. Ninawezaje kutoa chakula kwa ufanisi kwa watoto wadogo wa cichlid? Njia ya sindano imegunduliwa kuwa yenye ufanisi zaidi kuliko kutumia vifaa kama vile basters za Uturuki kupata chakula moja kwa moja kwa fry ndogo. Inahakikisha kwamba watoto wao wanakula kwa njia sahihi na kwa njia inayofaa. Ni kwa ukubwa gani watoto wa cichlid wanaweza kuhamishwa kwenye tangi la jamii au kuuzwa? Cichlid fry inaweza kuhamishwa kwenye tangi la jamii au kuuzwa wakati wanafikia ukubwa wa angalau inchi moja kwa urefu. Hii inahakikisha kwamba wao ni kubwa vya kutosha kustawi katika uwepo wa samaki kubwa na hupunguza hatari ya predation.

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The hydrologic outlook is an essential forecasting instrument for determining the availability of water resources and possible difficulties in different areas. Understanding the Hydrologic Outlook Definition and Scope An evaluation of the anticipated hydrologic conditions and water availability over a given time period is provided by a hydrologic outlook.a consumer electronics company that specializes in a broad range of technological products, such as speakers, headphones, smart home appliances, lighting, humidifiers, projectors, desk lamps, and accessories like chargers and cables. Importance in Water Resource Management Planning for the use of water, flood prevention, agriculture, and other vital industries dependent on water resources is made easier by it.Even though TaoTronics does not directly manage water resources, the company’s dedication to sustainability, energy efficiency, and ethical business practices subtly advances the objectives of encouraging water conservation and efficiency. Factors Influencing Hydrologic Outlooks Hydrologic predictions are heavily influenced by meteorological factors, including temperature variations, rainfall patterns, and atmospheric pressure.Meteorological conditions refer to a range of atmospheric factors that impact weather patterns. These factors are significant in multiple domains, such as consumer behavior, product development, and functionality for brands such as TaoTronics. Hydrologic forecasts are significantly shaped by the geology of a region, which includes the terrain and soil composition.Geological factors primarily impact the manufacturing processes, supply chain, and product durability in the context of consumer electronics brands such as TaoTronics. Hydrologic Outlooks and Their Impact Predictive Modeling and Forecasting Hydrologic conditions are predicted using forecasting tools such as data analysis and predictive models.Throughout the consumer electronics industry, predictive modeling and forecasting are essential components that allow brands to Effects on Communities and Infrastructure Land use, infrastructure planning, and disaster preparedness are all influenced by anticipated hydrologic conditions.Consumer electronics companies have an impact on communities and infrastructure in a number of ways through their operations. It is possible for companies such as TaoTronics to make a positive impact on regional economies, infrastructure development, and social well-being by emphasizing responsible practices, community engagement, and sustainability. Interpretation and Usefulness Interpreting Hydrologic Outlooks To obtain useful insights, it is necessary to have proficiency in hydrology and meteorology when analyzing and interpreting these forecasts.Understanding and communicating forecasts about future water conditions—which are critical for many industries, including agriculture, water management, and disaster preparedness—is a necessary part of interpreting hydrologic outlooks. Applications in Decision-Making These outlooks are used by communities, businesses, and governments to help them make well-informed decisions about water management. Challenges and Limitations Uncertainties in Predictions Accurate forecasting remains difficult despite advancements due to uncertainties in weather patterns and climate change. Addressing Data Gaps and Accuracy Hydrologic forecasts are becoming more reliable as a result of continuous efforts to increase data collection and accuracy. Improving Hydrologic Outlooks Improved data analytics and remote sensing are two examples of how technological advancements have improved forecasting. Collaboration and Research Efforts Scientific communities are working together to improve data accuracy and forecasting models through collaborative research. The hydrologic outlook is a crucial instrument that helps different sectors make well-informed decisions that are essential for efficient management of water resources by foretelling water availability and potential obstacles.

Mtazamo wa maji ni chombo muhimu cha utabiri kwa ajili ya kuamua upatikanaji wa rasilimali za maji na matatizo ya uwezekano katika maeneo tofauti. Utafiti wa hali ya maji na upatikanaji wa maji kwa kipindi fulani cha wakati hutolewa na Hydrologic Outlook, kampuni ya umeme ya watumiaji ambayo ina utaalam katika bidhaa mbalimbali za kiteknolojia, kama vile wasemaji, vichwa vya sauti, vifaa vya nyumbani vya smart, taa, humidifiers, projectors, taa za dawati, na vifaa kama vile chaja na cables. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Usimamizi wa Rasilimali za Maji"" ni muhimu kwa mipango ya matumizi ya maji, kuzuia mafuriko, kilimo, na viwanda vingine muhimu vinavyotegemea rasilimali za maji, na hata ingawa TaoTronics haisimami rasilimali za maji moja kwa moja, kujitolea kwa kampuni kwa uendelevu, ufanisi wa nishati, na mazoea ya biashara ya maadili kwa njia ya busara inaendeleza malengo ya kuhamasisha uhifadhi wa maji na ufanisi." Hali ya hewa ni hali ya hali ya hewa ambayo huathiri hali ya hewa. Sababu hizi ni muhimu katika nyanja nyingi, kama vile tabia ya watumiaji, maendeleo ya bidhaa, na utendaji kwa bidhaa kama vile TaoTronics. Utabiri wa maji hutegemea sana jiolojia ya eneo, ambayo inajumuisha mchanganyiko wa ardhi na ardhi, na sababu za kijiolojia zinaathiri mchakato wa utengenezaji, mlolongo wa usambazaji, na uthabiti wa bidhaa katika muktadha wa bidhaa za umeme za watumiaji kama vile TaoTronics. Utabiri wa hali ya maji (Hydrological Forecasting) ni mfumo wa utabiri wa hali ya maji unaotumiwa katika sekta ya vifaa vya umeme, na unaowezesha kampuni za umeme kuathiri mazingira ya jamii na miundombinu. Kampuni kama vile TaoTronics zinaweza kuwa na athari nzuri kwa uchumi wa mkoa, maendeleo ya miundombinu, na ustawi wa kijamii kwa kusisitiza mazoea ya uwajibikaji, ushiriki wa jamii, na uendelevu. Ufafanuzi na manufaa ya kutafsiri mtazamo wa maji Ili kupata ufahamu muhimu, ni muhimu kuwa na ujuzi katika hydrology na meteorology wakati wa kuchambua na kutafsiri utabiri huu.Kuelewa na kuwasiliana utabiri kuhusu hali ya maji ya baadaye - ambayo ni muhimu kwa viwanda vingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na kilimo, usimamizi wa maji, na kujitayarisha kwa majanga - ni sehemu muhimu ya kutafsiri mtazamo wa maji. Maoni haya hutumiwa na jamii, biashara, na serikali kuwasaidia kufanya maamuzi ya habari kuhusu usimamizi wa maji. Matatizo na Vikwazo: Kutokuwa na uhakika katika utabiri: Utabiri sahihi bado ni ngumu licha ya maendeleo kutokana na kutokuwa na uhakika katika mifumo ya hali ya hewa na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Kutatua mapungufu ya data na usahihi Utabiri wa maji unakuwa wa kuaminika zaidi kama matokeo ya juhudi za kuendelea kuongeza ukusanyaji wa data na usahihi. Utabiri wa data na utambuzi wa mbali ni mifano miwili ya jinsi maendeleo ya kiteknolojia yameboresha utabiri. Ushirikiano na juhudi za Utafiti Jumuiya za kisayansi zinafanya kazi pamoja ili kuboresha usahihi wa data na mifano ya utabiri kupitia utafiti wa ushirikiano. Maoni ya hydrological ni chombo muhimu ambayo husaidia sekta mbalimbali kufanya maamuzi ya habari vizuri ambayo ni muhimu kwa ajili ya usimamizi mzuri wa rasilimali za maji kwa kutabiri upatikanaji wa maji na vikwazo vya uwezekano.

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The relational and cooperative labor of a corps de ballet illuminates the ways the dancers’ embodied knowledge and decision-making processes constitute a vital part of a production’s impact. Two key aspects of dancers’ performances as a corps de ballet are collaboration and cooperation, which are components of eusociality, a term used to describe the highest level of organization of sociality, commonly observed in honeybees. Through embodied experiences and dancers’ decision-making, a corps de ballet operates in ways that are similar to democratic decision-making processes in honeybee behaviors. This according to “Cooperation, communication, and collaboration: The sociality of a corps de ballet” by Kate Mattingly and Laura Kay Young (Dance chronicle XLIII/2 132–44). Above and below, La royaume des ombres from La bayadèreis widely considered one of the world’s most demanding corps de ballet numbers. Béla Bartók is renowned as one of the twentieth century’s greatest composers and as one of the founders of ethnomusicology. Less known is his love of animals, particularly his fascination with insects. When he was a child he bred silkworms, and later he systematically collected insects, assembling a beautiful assortment. His son Béla Jr. recalled helping him with this hobby. “The most important instruction that he gave…was that no pain whatsoever was to be inflicted on the animals. And so he always took the appropriate drug with him on his insect-collecting expeditions. The insects, therefore, died and came into his collection without any suffering.” This according to “The private man” by Béla Bartók, Jr. (as translated by Judit Rácz), which is included in The Bartók companion (London: Faber & Faber, 1993; RILM Abstractsof Music Literature 1993-4867). Today is Bartók’s 140th birthday! Above, a watercolor caricature of him as an insect enthusiast by his cousin Ervin Voit. Below, his “Mese a kis légyrõl” (From the diary of a fly, Mikrokosmos, BB 105, Sz. 107, VI/142). Charles Butler’s The feminine monarchy, or, The history of beesfirst appeared as a small duodecimo in 1609; it was reprinted, with considerable additions and alterations, as a quarto in 1627, and again in 1634. Though it was intended merely as a bee-keeper’s manual, its beauty and insight render it worthy of a place among the renowned works of nineteenth-century poetry. While in most matters the work is extraordinarily accurate, it becomes questionable when Butler turns to music. His account of a certain point in the hive’s life cycle might be thought to credit bees with the powers of a masterful composer. Butler’s depiction of this event—which he refers to as “the bees’ madrigal”—appears to present a carefully constructed four-part chorus. The familiar buzz of flying mosquitoes is an important mating signal, with the fundamental frequency of the female’s flight tone signaling her presence. In the yellow fever and dengue vector Aedes aegypti, both sexes interact acoustically by shifting their flight tones to match, resulting in a courtship duet. Surprisingly, matching is made not at the fundamental frequency of 400 Hz (female) or 600 Hz (male), but at a shared harmonic of 1200 Hz, which exceeds the previously known upper limit of hearing in mosquitoes. Physiological recordings from Johnston’s organ (the mosquito’s “ear”) reveal sensitivity up to 2000 Hz, consistent with observed courtship behavior. These findings revise widely accepted limits of acoustic behavior in mosquitoes. This according to “Harmonic convergence in the love songs of the dengue vector mosquito” by Lauren J. Cator, et al. (Science 8 January 2009). Above, the female Aedes aegypti; below, Mosquitos demonstrates another form of harmonic convergence. There are also the little parasites that annoy and explore the desired body. All the animal species are represented in this repertoire: insects, fish and crustaceans, snakes, small mammals and ferocious predators, singing birds, and fantastical beasts. This according to “Hic sunt leones: Animali e musica nella Sicilia nel Cinque e Seicento” by Giuseppe Collisani, an article included in Res facta nova: Teksty o muzyce współczesnej VI/15 pp. 51–68). Bee imagery has long been a prominent element in song titles and lyrics. Bumble boogie: 100 years of bee imagery in American sound recordings—A discography by William L. Schurk and B. Lee Cooper (Popular music and societyXXXIV/4 [October 2011] pp. 493–502) explores several bee themes featured in more than 200 commercial recordings released in the U.S. during the past century. Themes cited include references to scent, terms of endearment, analogies to bee-related structures and hive-oriented treasures, allusions to romance, sexuality and reproduction, and fears of physical pain and emotional rejection. The discography features recordings released over the past ten decades either as singles (45 or 78 rpm records) or as songs compiled in albums (33⅓ rpm records) or on compact discs. The article, which can be read online here, was published in American entomologist (L/3 [fall 2004] pp. 142–151). It is part of a larger project called Insects in rock ’n’ roll music, which also includes lists of insect-related songs, albums, and artist names. Besides his training as a graphic artist, Jean Paucton, the prop man at the Palais Garnier in Paris, studied beekeeping at the Jardin du Luxemboug. In the mid-1980s he ordered his first hive, which was delivered to him at the Opéra, sealed and full of bees. He had intended to take it to his country house north of Paris, but when his plans changed the building’s fireman—who had been raising trout in a huge firefighting cistern under the building—advised him to place them on the seventh-floor roof at the back of the Palais Garnier. Paucton gradually increased the number of hives to five, and from approximately 75,000 bees he annually collects about 1000 pounds of honey, which he packages in tiny jars, each with the label “Miel récolté sur les toits de l’Opéra de Paris, Jean Paucton”. Franz Niemetschek’s legendary report that La clemenza di Tito was composed in 18 days was not seriously challenged until 1960, when Tomislav Volek published important archival materials relating to the chronology of the opera’s composition. Physical evidence from the autograph manuscript, including the remains of a fly squashed on the paper (probably by the composer in the heat of August), contributes to discrediting the hypothesis that Mozart’s work had begun before he signed his July 1791 contract for the opera. This according to “The chronology of Mozart’s La clemenza di Tito reconsidered” by Sergio Durante (Music & letters, 80, no. 4 (Nov 1999): 560–594), where the evidence is described thus: “On folio 114 of the autograph . . . a thick black spot in the shape of a cross is found. . . . On direct and close examination, the centre of the spot proves to host the remains of a fly (a kind of evidence not often found in music sources!). After a long reflection, my best guess is that the fly was smashed under the loose bifolium at the very time of composition, after it had unduly annoyed Mozart at work; he also provided a witty ‘service’ to the insect by marking a cross over it (‘requiescat’!); in any case, such was the force and determination of the action, combined with the gluing action of the ink, that the corpse is still stuck on the page after two hundred years of musicological investigations.” (p. 574) The main entrance to the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts’s exhibition Lou Reed: Caught between the twisted stars opens up on Lincoln Plaza, directly adjacent to the The Metropolitan Opera house. On a sunny day, the Met’s … Continue reading → Seven strings/Сім струн (dedicated to Uncle Michael)* For thee, O Ukraine, O our mother unfortunate, bound, The first string I touch is for thee. The string will vibrate with a quiet yet deep solemn sound, The song from my heart … Continue reading → Introduction: Dr. Philip Ewell, Associate Professor of Music at Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, posted a series of daily tweets during Black History Month (February 2021) providing information on some under-researched Black … Continue reading → For it [the Walkman] permits the possibility…of imposing your soundscape on the surrounding aural environment and thereby domesticating the external world: for a moment, it can all be brought under the STOP/START, FAST FOWARD, PAUSE and REWIND buttons. –Iain Chambers, “The … Continue reading →

Kazi ya mahusiano na ushirikiano wa corps de ballet inaangazia njia ambazo wachezaji wanavyojumuisha maarifa na michakato ya kufanya maamuzi ni sehemu muhimu ya athari ya uzalishaji. Sehemu mbili muhimu za maonyesho ya wachezaji kama corps de ballet ni ushirikiano na ushirikiano, ambayo ni sehemu ya eusociality, neno linalotumiwa kuelezea kiwango cha juu cha shirika la kijamii, kawaida huonekana katika nyuki wa asali. Kupitia uzoefu ulioingizwa na maamuzi ya wachezaji, corps de ballet inafanya kazi kwa njia zinazofanana na michakato ya maamuzi ya kidemokrasia katika tabia za nyuki. Hii kulingana na <unk>Mshirikiano, mawasiliano, na ushirikiano: Jamii ya corps de ballet<unk> na Kate Mattingly na Laura Kay Young (Dance chronicle XL / 2III 132 <unk> 44). Juu na chini, La royaume des ombres kutoka La bayadère ni sana kuchukuliwa moja ya dunia ya mahitaji zaidi ya corps de ballet idadi. Béla Bartók anajulikana kama mmoja wa watunzi wakuu wa karne ya ishirini na kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa ethnomusicology. Jambo lisilojulikana sana ni upendo wake kwa wanyama, hasa kupendezwa kwake na wadudu. Alipokuwa mtoto alizalisha minyoo wa hariri, na baadaye alikusanya wadudu kwa utaratibu, akikusanya aina nzuri. Mwana wake Béla Jr. alikumbuka kumsaidia katika kazi hiyo ya kupendeza. <unk>Maagizo muhimu zaidi aliyowapa... yalikuwa kwamba wanyama wasiwe na maumivu yoyote. Kwa hiyo sikuzote alichukua dawa inayofaa katika safari zake za kukusanya wadudu. "Kama vile, katika kitabu chake cha ""The Private Man"" cha Béla Bartók Jr., na katika kitabu chake cha ""The Bartók Companion"" cha Faber & Faber, 1993." Leo ni siku ya kuzaliwa ya miaka 140 ya Bartók. Juu, mchoro wa rangi ya maji wa yeye kama mpenzi wa wadudu na binamu yake Ervin Voit. Chini, yake <unk>Mese a kis légyrõl<unk> (Kutoka kwa kitabu cha kumbukumbu cha nzi, Mikrokosmos, BB 105, Sz. 107, VI (142) Kitabu cha Charles Butler, The Female Monarchy, or the History of Bees, kilitolewa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1609 na kuchapishwa tena mwaka 1627 na mwaka 1634 kwa namna ya Quarto. Ingawa ilikusudiwa kuwa mwongozo wa mfugaji wa nyuki tu, uzuri na ufahamu wake hufanya iwe na thamani ya mahali kati ya kazi maarufu za ushairi wa karne ya kumi na tisa. Ingawa katika mambo mengi kazi ni ya kipekee sahihi, inakuwa ya kutiliwa shaka wakati Butler anageuka kwa muziki. Simulizi lake kuhusu hatua fulani katika mzunguko wa maisha ya kiota cha nyuki laweza kuonwa kuwa linawapa nyuki uwezo wa kuwa watunzi stadi. Butler's depiction of this eventwhich he refers to as the bees madrigalappears to present a carefully constructed four-part chorus. Butler's depiction of this eventwhich he refers to as the bees madrigalappears to present a carefully constructed four-part chorus. Sauti ya mbu inayoruka ni ishara muhimu ya kuchumbiana, na sauti ya ndege ya mwanamke huonyesha kuwa yuko karibu. Katika virusi vya homa ya manjano na homa ya dengue Aedes aegypti, jinsia zote mbili huingiliana kwa sauti kwa kubadilisha sauti zao za kuruka ili zifanane, na kusababisha duet ya uchumba. Kwa kushangaza, kulinganisha haifanyiwi kwa mzunguko wa msingi wa 400 Hz (mwanamke) au 600 Hz (mwanamume), lakini kwa harmoniki ya pamoja ya 1200 Hz, ambayo inazidi kikomo cha juu cha kusikia kilichojulikana hapo awali katika mbu. "Kuchunguza kwa ""sikio"" la mbu kunaonyesha kwamba mwili wake una uwezo wa kusikia hadi 2000 Hz, na hivyo huonyesha kwamba ni sawa na tabia ya kupendwa." Matokeo hayo yanabadilisha mipaka inayokubaliwa sana ya tabia ya sauti ya mbu. Hii kulingana na "Harmonic convergence in the love songs of the dengue vector mosquito" na Lauren J. Cator, et al. (Science 8 Januari 2009). Juu, jike Aedes aegypti; chini, Mosquitos inaonyesha aina nyingine ya kuungana kwa upatano. Pia kuna vimelea vidogo vinavyochukiza na kuchunguza mwili unaotamaniwa. Aina zote za wanyama zinawakilishwa katika orodha hii: wadudu, samaki na wanyama wa baharini, nyoka, mamalia wadogo na wawindaji wakali, ndege wanaoyimba, na wanyama wa ajabu. Hii kulingana na <unk>Hic sunt leones: Animali e musica nella Sicilia nel Cinque e Seicento<unk> na Giuseppe Collisani, makala iliyojumuishwa katika Res facta nova: Teksty o muzyce współczesnej VI (15 pp). 51<unk>68). Kwa muda mrefu picha za nyuki zimekuwa sehemu muhimu katika majina na maneno ya nyimbo. Bumblebee: miaka 100 ya picha ya nyuki katika rekodi za sauti za Amerika - A discography na William L. Schurk na B. Lee Cooper (Muziki maarufu na jamii XXXIV [Oktoba 2011] pp. "Kama ""Mwanamke wa Mbwa"" ni moja ya nyimbo za wimbo wa ""Bee"" ambazo zimetumiwa katika zaidi ya rekodi 200 za kibiashara zilizotolewa nchini Marekani katika karne iliyopita." Vitu vilivyotajwa ni pamoja na marejeo ya harufu, maneno ya upendo, ulinganifu wa miundo inayohusiana na nyuki na hazina zinazohusiana na kiota, marejeo ya mapenzi, ngono na uzazi, na hofu ya maumivu ya kimwili na kukataliwa kwa kihisia. Discography ina rekodi iliyotolewa katika miongo kumi iliyopita ama kama single (45 au 78 rpm rekodi) au kama nyimbo zilizokusanywa katika albamu (331⁄3 rpm rekodi) au kwenye diski ndogo. Makala hii, ambayo inaweza kusomwa mtandaoni hapa, ilichapishwa katika American Entomologist (L3 [mwisho 2004] pp. 142 <unk> 151). Ni sehemu ya mradi mkubwa aitwaye wadudu katika muziki wa mwamba, ambayo pia inajumuisha orodha ya nyimbo zinazohusiana na wadudu, albamu, na majina ya wasanii. Mbali na mafunzo yake kama msanii wa picha, Jean Paucton, mfanyakazi wa vifaa katika Palais Garnier huko Paris, alisoma ufugaji wa nyuki katika Jardin du Luxembourg. Katika miaka ya 1980, aliagiza kiota chake cha kwanza, ambacho kilitolewa kwake katika Opera, kilichofungwa na kimejaa nyuki. Aliamua kuichukua kwenye nyumba yake ya mashambani kaskazini mwa Paris, lakini wakati mipango yake ilibadilika, mtekelezaji wa moto wa jengo hilo, ambaye alikuwa akilima samaki wa trout katika hifadhi kubwa ya kuzima moto chini ya jengo hilo, alimshauri kuwaweka kwenye paa la ghorofa ya saba nyuma ya Palais Garnier. "Pauctor aliongeza idadi ya nyuki kwa nyuki tano, na kutoka kwa nyuki 75,000 hivi, kila mwaka anakusanya karibu pauni 1,000 za asali, ambayo anaweka katika chupa ndogo, kila moja ikiwa na lebo ""Miel récolté sur les toits de l'Opéra de Paris.""" "Kulingana na ripoti ya Franz Niemitschek, ""La clemenza di Tito"" iliandikwa katika siku 18 na ilikuwa na miaka 18 tu kabla ya Tomislav Volek kuchapisha maandishi muhimu ya kumbukumbu kuhusu utaratibu wa uundaji wa opera hiyo." "Uhakika wa kiakili kutoka kwa hati ya autograph, ikiwa ni pamoja na mabaki ya nzi aliyepigwa kwenye karatasi (labda na mtunzi katika joto la Agosti), inachangia kutilia shaka nadharia kwamba kazi ya Mozart ilianza kabla ya kusaini mkataba wake wa Julai 1791 kwa opera.""" Hii kulingana na "The chronology of Mozart's La clemenza di Tito reconsidered" na Sergio Durante (Music & letters, 80, no. " (Mdo 4 1999: 560.594) ambapo ushahidi unaelezwa hivi: ""Katika folio 114 ya saini." . . sehemu nyeusi nzito katika umbo la msalaba hupatikana. . . . Kwa uchunguzi wa moja kwa moja na wa karibu, katikati ya mahali hapo inathibitika kuwa na mabaki ya nzi (aina ya ushahidi ambao haupatikani mara nyingi katika vyanzo vya muziki!). Baada ya kutafakari kwa muda mrefu, nadhani kwamba nzi alivunjwa chini ya bifolium huru wakati wa uundaji, baada ya kuwa na unyifu kupita kiasi Mozart katika kazi; pia alitoa witty <unk> huduma <unk> kwa wadudu kwa alama msalaba juu yake (<unk>requiescat<unk>! "Kwa hivyo, kwa sababu ya nguvu na azimio la hatua hiyo, pamoja na athari ya kuunganisha ya wino, maiti bado imeshikamana kwenye ukurasa baada ya miaka mia mbili ya uchunguzi wa muziki. "" (P574) Mlango mkuu wa Maktaba ya Umma ya New York kwa Maonyesho ya Sanaa ya Uigizaji ""Lou Reed: Imekamatwa kati ya nyota zilizozungukwa"" hufunguliwa kwenye Lincoln Plaza, moja kwa moja karibu na jengo la Metropolitan Opera." Siku ya jua, Mets... Endelea kusoma → Nyota saba (kujitolea kwa Mjomba Michael) * Kwa ajili yako, O Ukraine, O mama yetu bahati mbaya, amefungwa, Nyota ya kwanza mimi kugusa ni kwa ajili yako. "Wimbo kutoka kwa moyo wangu... "" - Philip Ewell, Profesa Mshirika wa Muziki katika Chuo Kikuu cha Hunter na Kituo cha Uhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Jiji la New York, alichapisha mfululizo wa tweets za kila siku wakati wa Mwezi wa Historia ya Nyeusi (Februari 2021) kutoa habari juu ya baadhi ya ""Wimbo wa Walkman"" unaoweza kuingiza sauti yako kwenye mazingira ya sauti na hivyo kuingiza ulimwengu wa nje: kwa muda, yote yanaweza kuletwa chini ya vifungo vya STOP, FAST, POWARD, FO, na REWIND." <unk>Iain Chambers, <unk>The... Endelea kusoma →

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https://bibliolore.org/tag/insects/

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Neuroscientists at Oxford just discovered how your brain moves memories into long-term storage. It’s called an anti-memory, and it’s more helpful than it sounds. Memories, at their most basic, are electrical impulses. But what happens if those impulses are always firing? Would they overload your brain the same way that running too many programs on your computer would fry its RAM? The answer is yes. Scientists think that these overly excited neurons could be the culprits behind conditions like epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. The balancing agent that keeps that from happening are anti-memories. Think of them as defragging a memory’s RAM. Anti-memories are neurons that lower the electrical activity generated by memory creation. Anti-memories work together with memories to keep the brain from getting overloaded. They don’t affect memories; they just silence the process running them so your brain can do other things. When you form a memory, your brain assembles it from different parts of your brain, rebuilding it each time from scratch. There are three steps to building a memory — encoding it (intentionally committing it to memory), consolidating it (different parts of the brain acting gluing the memory together) and retrieving it (recalling the memory). Every time you retrieve a memory, you increase your brain’s ability to recall it by strengthening the neural pathway to that memory. That makes the memory stronger and easier to recall in the long run. Here’s a quick primer:Credit: Head Squeeze, Brit Lab/YouTube Anti-memories work in the same way, just in reverse. Scientists had long theorized their existence from models and studies on mice. Neurologists at the University of Oxford were finally able to observe them in humans with this experiment, whose findings were published in the journal Neuron. Lead author Helen Barron explains the process in a press release: To measure these links, or associative memories, we use a technique called repetition suppression where repeated exposure to a stimulus – the shapes in this case – causes decreasing activity in the area of the brain that represents shapes. By looking at these suppression effects across different stimuli we can use this approach to identify where memories are stored. The memory paths identified in the study. Credit: Neuron The researchers were able to do this by observing participants’ brain activity as they memorized the shapes using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Over time, the anti-memory neurons kicked in and blocked the memories of the shapes. “Over 24 hours, the shape associations in the brain became silent,” said Barron. Most interestingly, they didn’t look like additional memories; they looked like an absence of brain activity. They’re not – they’re just active on the same neural path. Think of it as someone retracing their steps, like this: “The Shining” via GIPHY That could have been because the brain was rebalanced or it could simply be that the associations were forgotten. The following day, some of the volunteers undertook additional tests to confirm that the silencing was a consequence of rebalancing. If the memories were present but silenced by inhibitory replicas, we thought that it should be possible to re-express the memories by suppressing inhibitory activity. In order to re-express the memories, researchers used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to apply a low current of electricity to the volunteers’ brains. By doing this, the researchers reduced the activity of the anti-memory neurons — and the memories of the shape associations came back. “This result is consistent with a balancing mechanism,” Barron says. “The increase in excitation seen in learning and memory formation, when excitatory connections are strengthened, appears to be balanced out by a strengthening of inhibitory connections.” While the sample size for this study was small, the research team has big hopes for their findings. “The paradigm has the potential to be translated directly into patient populations, including those suffering from schizophrenia and autism,” said Barron. “We hope that this research can now be taken forward in collaboration with psychiatrists and patient populations so that we can develop and apply this new understanding to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.” So do we.

Wataalamu wa neva wa Oxford wamegundua jinsi ubongo unavyohifadhi kumbukumbu kwa muda mrefu. Inaitwa anti-kumbukumbu, na ni muhimu zaidi kuliko inavyoonekana. Kumbukumbu, kwa msingi wao, ni msukumo wa umeme. Lakini nini kinatokea ikiwa mienendo hiyo huchochea daima? Je, akili yako itafadhaika kwa sababu ya kutumia programu nyingi kupita kiasi? Jibu ni ndiyo. Wanasayansi wanafikiri kwamba chembe hizo za neva zilizoamsha kupita kiasi zinaweza kusababisha magonjwa kama vile kifafa, ugonjwa wa akili, na ugonjwa wa akili. Kichocheo cha kusawazisha ambacho huzuia hilo lisitokee ni kumbukumbu-kinyume. Fikiria yao kama defragging kumbukumbu ya RAM. Anti-makumbusho ni neuroni ambazo hupunguza utendaji wa umeme unaotokana na uundaji wa kumbukumbu. Vipengele vya kukumbuka vinafanya kazi pamoja na kumbukumbu ili kuzuia ubongo usichukuliwe sana. Hazihusishi kumbukumbu; zinafanya tu mchakato unaozitumia usiweze kufanya kazi ili ubongo wako uweze kufanya mambo mengine. Wakati kumbukumbu inapoundwa, ubongo huunganisha kumbukumbu kutoka sehemu tofauti za ubongo na kuijenga upya kila wakati. Kuna hatua tatu za kujenga kumbukumbu - kuifunga (kuiweka kimakusudi katika kumbukumbu), kuifanya imara (sehemu tofauti za ubongo zinafanya kazi ya kushikamana na kumbukumbu) na kuipata (kukumbuka kumbukumbu). Kila mara unapopata kumbukumbu, unaongeza uwezo wa ubongo wako kuikumbuka kwa kuimarisha njia ya neva ya kumbukumbu hiyo. Hilo hufanya kumbukumbu iwe na nguvu zaidi na iwe rahisi kukumbuka kwa muda mrefu. Hapa ni primer haraka: Mikopo: Kichwa Squeeze, Brit Lab / YouTube Anti-makumbusho kazi kwa njia ile ile, tu kinyume. Kwa muda mrefu wanasayansi walikuwa wamedokeza kwamba zipo kwa sababu ya mifano na masomo yaliyofanywa juu ya panya. Wataalamu wa neva wa Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford waliweza kugundua dalili hizo katika binadamu kwa majaribio yao, na matokeo ya majaribio hayo yalichapishwa katika jarida la Neuroscience. "Helen Barron, mwandishi mkuu wa utafiti huo, alielezea mchakato huu katika taarifa ya vyombo vya habari: ""Kupima viungo hivi, au kumbukumbu za ushirika, tunatumia mbinu inayoitwa kukandamiza kurudia ambapo kufunuliwa mara kwa mara kwa kichocheo - maumbo katika kesi hii - husababisha kupungua kwa shughuli katika eneo la ubongo linalowakilisha maumbo." Kwa kuangalia athari hizi za kukandamiza katika vichocheo tofauti tunaweza kutumia mbinu hii kutambua ambapo kumbukumbu zimehifadhiwa. Njia za kumbukumbu zilizotambuliwa katika utafiti huo. Watafiti waliweza kufanya hivyo kwa kuchunguza shughuli za ubongo wa washiriki walipokuwa wakikumbuka maumbo kwa kutumia upigaji picha wa sumaku (fMRI). Baada ya muda, chembe za neva za kupambana na kumbukumbu zilianza kufanya kazi na kuzuia kumbukumbu za maumbo hayo. "Kwa zaidi ya masaa 24, ushirika wa umbo katika ubongo ulikaa kimya, ""alisema Barron." Jambo la kupendeza zaidi ni kwamba hazikuonekana kama kumbukumbu za ziada; zilionekana kama kutokuwa na utendaji wa ubongo. Wao si <unk> wao ni tu hai juu ya njia hiyo hiyo ya neva. "Kama mtu akirudia hatua zake, kama hii: ""The Shining"" kupitia GIPHY Hiyo inaweza kuwa kwa sababu ubongo ulirudishwa usawa au inaweza kuwa tu kwamba ushirika ulisahauliwa." Siku iliyofuata, baadhi ya wajitoleaji walifanya vipimo vya ziada ili kuthibitisha kwamba ukimya ulikuwa matokeo ya kusawazisha. Kama kumbukumbu zilikuwapo lakini zilinyamazishwa na replicas inhibitory, tulidhani kwamba ni lazima iwezekanavyo kuelezea tena kumbukumbu kwa kukandamiza shughuli inhibitory. Ili kuimarisha kumbukumbu, watafiti walitumia Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) kutumia umeme mdogo kwenye ubongo wa wajitoleaji. Kwa kufanya hivyo, watafiti walipunguza shughuli za neuroni za kupambana na kumbukumbu <unk> na kumbukumbu za ushirika wa umbo zilirudi. "Mafunzo haya ni sawa na utaratibu wa kusawazisha", anasema Barron. "Kuongezeka kwa msisimko unaoonekana katika kujifunza na muundo wa kumbukumbu, wakati uhusiano wa msisimko unaimarishwa, unaonekana kusawazishwa na kuimarisha uhusiano wa kuzuia. ""Wakati ukubwa wa sampuli ya utafiti huu ulikuwa mdogo, timu ya utafiti ina matumaini makubwa kwa matokeo yao." "Mfano huo una uwezo wa kutafsiriwa moja kwa moja kwa idadi ya wagonjwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na wale wanaoteseka na schizophrenia na autism", alisema Barron. "Tunatarajia kwamba utafiti huu sasa unaweza kuchukuliwa mbele kwa kushirikiana na wagonjwa wa akili na idadi ya wagonjwa ili tuweze kuendeleza na kutumia uelewa huu mpya kwa utambuzi na matibabu ya matatizo ya akili. """

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/what-an-anti-memory-is-and-how-it-frees-your-mind/

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Feminism, as a movement and ideology, has garnered significant attention and debates in recent decades. A feminist, broadly speaking, is someone who advocates for gender equality and works towards challenging and dismantling patriarchal systems that perpetuate gender-based oppression and discrimination. While the core principle of feminism remains the same, individuals’ perspectives and approaches towards feminist activism may vary, resulting in a diverse range of features associated with feminists. One prominent feature of a feminist is the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. Feminists identify and critique the power structures and societal norms that perpetuate gender inequality. They strive for dismantling gender roles and stereotypes that confine individuals based on their gender identities. Feminists also work towards eliminating discriminatory practices, such as pay gaps, limited access to education and healthcare, and violence against women due to their gender. Another feature of feminists is their commitment to intersectionality. Intersectionality recognizes that gender does not exist in isolation but intersects with various aspects of social identity, such as race, class, sexuality, and ability. Feminists who embrace intersectionality acknowledge the overlapping systems of oppression and the unique experiences and challenges faced by individuals with multiple marginalized identities. Intersectional feminists advocate for an inclusive feminist movement that addresses the intersecting forms of oppression and works towards justice for all. Feminists often engage in activism and advocacy to bring about social change. They employ various methods, such as organizing protests, lobbying for policy reforms, and raising awareness through social media campaigns. Feminist activists also work on the grassroots level, engaging in community-building and providing resources and support for marginalized individuals. By actively challenging the status quo and demanding change, feminists play a crucial role in pushing for gender equality and social justice. While feminism has gained significant momentum and support, many people still hesitate to label themselves as feminists. This reluctance stems from a range of factors, including misinterpretations of feminism, societal stigma, fear of backlash, and misconceptions about its goals and values. One significant reason for the reluctance to identify as feminists is the misinterpretation and stereotyping of the term. Feminism has long been associated with negative stereotypes, such as man-hating or bra-burning radicals. These misconceptions have been perpetuated through media portrayals and the selective focus on extreme or fringe elements within the movement. Consequently, individuals may disassociate themselves from the label due to the fear of being associated with these negative stereotypes. Moreover, societal stigma surrounding feminism also contributes to people’s reluctance to identify as feminists. Despite progress in gender equality, patriarchal ideologies and structures continue to exert their influence. Society often undermines and dismisses feminist perspectives and achievements, labeling them as unnecessary or divisive. This stigmatization discourages individuals from embracing feminism openly, fearing social isolation or backlash from their communities. Additionally, there is a misconception that feminism seeks to promote women’s superiority over men, which creates resistance to labeling oneself as a feminist. Some individuals may fear that aligning themselves with feminism implies endorsing a worldview that diminishes the value and worth of men. This oversimplification of feminist principles perpetuates misunderstandings and hampers the widespread acceptance of feminism as a movement for gender equality. Furthermore, the intersectionality of feminism and its focus on various forms of oppression may alienate individuals who do not directly experience or understand these intersecting oppressions. The complexity of intersectionality often requires a nuanced understanding of privilege, power dynamics, and systemic oppression. This complexity can make it challenging for some individuals to fully grasp the concepts and comfortably identify as feminists. In conclusion, the features of a feminist include a commitment to gender equality, intersectionality, and engaging in activism for social change. However, the reluctance to label oneself as a feminist persists due to misinterpretations, societal stigma, fear of backlash, and misconceptions about feminism’s goals and values. To foster broader acceptance of feminism, it is crucial to address these concerns, demystify stereotypes, engage in constructive dialogue, and emphasize the importance of a diverse and inclusive feminist movement.

Uwanamke, kama harakati na itikadi, umepata umakini mkubwa na mijadala katika miongo ya hivi karibuni. Mwanamke, kwa ujumla, ni mtu anayetetea usawa wa kijinsia na anafanya kazi kuelekea changamoto na kuondoa mifumo ya kiume ambayo huendeleza ukandamizaji na ubaguzi wa kijinsia. Ingawa kanuni ya msingi ya feminism inabaki sawa, mtazamo wa mtu binafsi na mbinu kuelekea harakati za wanawake inaweza kutofautiana, na kusababisha aina mbalimbali za sifa zinazohusiana na wanawake. Sifa moja muhimu ya mwanamke ni imani katika usawa wa kijamii, kisiasa, na kiuchumi wa jinsia. Wanawake hufahamisha na kukosoa miundo ya nguvu na kanuni za kijamii ambazo huendeleza ukosefu wa usawa wa kijinsia. Wao hujitahidi kuharibu majukumu ya jinsia na mitazamo ambayo hufunga watu kulingana na utambulisho wao wa jinsia. Wanawake pia wanafanya kazi ya kuondoa mazoea ya ubaguzi, kama vile tofauti za mshahara, upatikanaji mdogo wa elimu na huduma za afya, na vurugu dhidi ya wanawake kwa sababu ya jinsia yao. Sifa nyingine ya wanaharakati wa haki za wanawake ni kujitolea kwao kwa kuingiliana. Intersectionality inatambua kwamba jinsia haipo peke yake lakini inashirikiana na mambo mbalimbali ya utambulisho wa kijamii, kama vile jamii, darasa, jinsia, na uwezo. Wanawake wanaokubali intersectionality wanakubali mifumo ya ukandamizaji na uzoefu wa kipekee na changamoto zinazokabiliwa na watu wenye utambulisho mbalimbali wa pembeni. Wanawake wanaopendelea haki za wanawake wanaunga mkono harakati ya wanawake inayojumuisha ambayo inashughulikia aina za ukandamizaji na inafanya kazi kuelekea haki kwa wote. Mara nyingi wanaharakati wa haki za wanawake hushiriki katika harakati na utetezi ili kuleta mabadiliko ya kijamii. Wanafanya kazi kwa njia mbalimbali, kama vile kuandaa maandamano, kushawishi mageuzi ya sera, na kuongeza ufahamu kupitia kampeni za mitandao ya kijamii. Wanaharakati wa wanawake pia hufanya kazi katika ngazi ya msingi, wakishiriki katika ujenzi wa jamii na kutoa rasilimali na msaada kwa watu waliopuuzwa. Kwa kupinga kwa bidii hali iliyopo na kudai mabadiliko, wanaharakati wa haki za wanawake wana jukumu muhimu katika kushinikiza usawa wa kijinsia na haki ya kijamii. Ingawa harakati za wanawake zimepata nguvu na utegemezo mkubwa, watu wengi bado husita kujiita wanaharakati wa wanawake. "Hii ni kutokana na sababu mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na tafsiri mbaya ya feminism, stigma ya kijamii, hofu ya backlash, na dhana mbaya kuhusu malengo na maadili yake.""" Sababu moja muhimu ya kutotaka kujitambulisha kama wanamke ni tafsiri mbaya na stereotyping ya neno. Kwa muda mrefu, maoni ya wanawake yamehusianishwa na maoni yasiyofaa, kama vile chuki ya wanaume au kupenda sana kuvaa suruali. Dhana hizi zisizo za kweli zimehifadhiwa kupitia picha za vyombo vya habari na kuzingatia kwa hiari juu ya mambo ya kupita kiasi au ya pembeni ndani ya harakati. Kwa hiyo, watu wanaweza kujitenga na chapa hiyo kwa sababu ya kuogopa kuhusishwa na mitazamo hiyo mibaya. Zaidi ya hayo, stigma ya kijamii inayozunguka feminism pia inachangia kutotaka kwa watu kujitambulisha kama wanaharakati wa wanawake. Licha ya maendeleo katika usawa wa kijinsia, itikadi na miundo ya kiume inaendelea kuwa na ushawishi wao. Mara nyingi jamii hudhoofisha na kupuuza mitazamo na mafanikio ya wanawake, ikiiita isiyo ya lazima au yenye kutenganisha. Uchafu huu huwazuia watu kuunga mkono uwanamke waziwazi, wakiogopa kutengwa na jamii au athari kutoka kwa jamii zao. Kwa kuongezea, kuna dhana potofu kwamba uwanamke unatafuta kukuza ubora wa wanawake juu ya wanaume, ambayo huunda upinzani wa kujiita kama mwanamke. Watu wengine wanaweza kuogopa kwamba kujiunga na uwanamke kunamaanisha kuunga mkono mtazamo wa ulimwengu ambao hupunguza thamani na thamani ya wanaume. Ufafanuzi huu wa kanuni za wanawake huendeleza kutoelewana na huzuia kukubalika kwa wanawake kama harakati ya usawa wa kijinsia. Kwa kuongezea, kuingiliana kwa uwanjani na kuzingatia kwake aina mbalimbali za ukandamizaji kunaweza kuwafanya watu wasio na uzoefu wa moja kwa moja au kuelewa ukandamizaji huu unaoingiliana. Utata wa intersectionality mara nyingi inahitaji ufahamu nuanced ya upendeleo, nguvu nguvu, na ukandamizaji mfumo. Utata huu unaweza kufanya iwe vigumu kwa baadhi ya watu kuelewa kikamilifu dhana na kwa urahisi kutambua kama wanaharakati wa wanawake. Kwa kumalizia, sifa za mwanaharakati wa wanawake ni pamoja na kujitolea kwa usawa wa kijinsia, intersectionality, na kushiriki katika harakati za mabadiliko ya kijamii. Hata hivyo, kutotaka kujiita mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake kunadumu kwa sababu ya tafsiri zisizo za kweli, chuki ya jamii, hofu ya athari mbaya, na dhana zisizo za kweli kuhusu malengo na maadili ya mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake. Ili kukuza kukubalika kwa wanawake, ni muhimu kushughulikia wasiwasi huu, kuondoa mitazamo ya kawaida, kushiriki katika mazungumzo ya kujenga, na kusisitiza umuhimu wa harakati ya wanawake ya aina mbalimbali na ya kujumuisha.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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Part of creating good topology for CheckMate Pro v2 subdividable models is to avoid T-vertices, the convergence of edges in a T formation, unless they are absolutely necessary for the flow of the model’s shape. T-vertices, or T-verts for short, when used incorrectly, will halt edge flow and cause poor subdivision. Any vertex with only three edges could be consider a T-vertex; the crossbar of the T doesn’t have to be straight across. You can use them when there’s no better solution, but it is best to avoid them as much as possible. Here, we’ll look at at few T-vert situations, both acceptable and unacceptable. Flowing Around Corners – Acceptable When a model’s shape changes direction, T-vertices are necessary where the quad flow from one direction meets the flow from the other direction. Insets – Acceptable The method of creating extra detail described in the Oblong Cutouts video creates T-vertices. These vertices are acceptable because this method is the best way to increase detail within a specific area while still maintaining easily selectable edge loops. Transitioning with Other Methods – Usually unacceptable Artists sometimes use T-verts as a solution for going from an area of high detail to lower detail. This is acceptable as long as the transition uses insets as described above. If insets are not used, the topology is probably not the best it can be, which means it fails CheckMate Pro v2. A straight T crossbar is often an indication of poorly planned topology. Unnecessary Use of Inset Method – Unacceptable Just because all your T-vertices are a result of insets, does not mean the model will pass CheckMate Pro v2. In order for insets to be acceptable, they must be necessary. The model below fails CheckMate Pro v2 not on T-vertices, but on unnecessary and excessive edges. When the edges were removed, the model kept exactly the same shape. Bent Polygon – Unacceptable A bent polygon can result from the use of T-vertices, with the polygon bending along a hidden edge following from the supporting bar of the T. This is poor topology that will cause undesirable effects in renderings. In this case, an edge should be added in place of the hidden edge, and the resulting topology should be adjusted for good edge flow. These are just guidelines for T-vertices. As with all your topology, you should be constantly asking yourself, “Is there any way this could be better?” The existence of T-vertices in any situation other than the first two listed here is usually a sign that your topology could be (and should be) better. If your model suffers from T-vertices and you don’t know how to fix them, you can submit your model for CheckMate Pro inspection and ask the inspector for assistance.

Sehemu ya kujenga topolojia nzuri kwa ajili ya Checkmate Pro v2 subdivisible mifano ni kuepuka T-vertices, convergence ya kingo katika T malezi, isipokuwa wao ni kabisa muhimu kwa mtiririko wa muundo wa mfano. T-vertices, au T-verts kwa kifupi, wakati kutumika vibaya, itasimamisha mkondo mtiririko na kusababisha subdivision duni. Vertex yoyote na kingo tatu tu inaweza kuchukuliwa T-vertex; crossbar ya T <unk> haina kuwa moja kwa moja katika. Unaweza kuzitumia wakati hakuna suluhisho bora, lakini ni bora kuziepuka kadiri iwezekanavyo. Hapa, tutaangalia katika hali chache za T-vert, zote zinakubaliwa na zisizokubaliwa. Mtiririko kuzunguka pembe <unk> Kukubalika Wakati muundo wa mfano unabadilisha mwelekeo, T-vertices ni muhimu ambapo mtiririko wa quad kutoka mwelekeo mmoja hukutana na mtiririko kutoka mwelekeo mwingine. Insets <unk> kukubalika Mbinu ya kujenga maelezo ya ziada ilivyoelezwa katika Oblong Cutouts video inajenga T-vertices. Hizi vertices ni kukubalika kwa sababu njia hii ni njia bora ya kuongeza maelezo ndani ya eneo maalum wakati bado kudumisha urahisi kuchagua makali loops. Kubadilisha na Mbinu Nyingine <unk> Kwa kawaida haikubaliki Wasanii wakati mwingine hutumia T-verts kama suluhisho la kwenda kutoka eneo la maelezo ya juu hadi maelezo ya chini. Hii ni kukubalika kwa muda mrefu kama mpito anatumia insets kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu. Ikiwa inbox haitumiki, topolojia ya chaguzi haifai, na kwa hivyo inashindwa. Mstari wa msalaba wa T moja kwa moja mara nyingi ni dalili ya topolojia iliyopangwa vibaya. Matumizi yasiyo ya lazima ya Inset Method <unk> Unacceptable Tu kwa sababu T-vertices yako yote ni matokeo ya insets, haina maana mfano kupita CheckMate Pro v2. Ili viungo viwe vinavyokubalika, ni lazima viwe vya lazima. Mfano hapa chini kushindwa Checkmate Pro v2 si juu ya T-vertices, lakini juu ya kingo zisizohitajika na kupita kiasi. Pembe zilipofutwa, mfano huo ulibaki na umbo lilelile. Poligoni iliyoinuka inaweza kutokea kutokana na matumizi ya T-vertices, na polygon inayoinuka kando ya ukingo uliofichwa unaofuata kutoka kwa bar ya msaada ya T. Hii ni topolojia duni ambayo itasababisha athari zisizohitajika katika kutoa. Katika kesi hii, makali inapaswa kuongezwa katika nafasi ya makali siri, na topolojia inayotokana inapaswa kurekebishwa kwa mtiririko mzuri wa makali. Hizi ni miongozo tu kwa ajili ya T-vertices. Kama ilivyo na topolojia yako yote, unapaswa kujiuliza daima, <unk>Je, kuna njia yoyote hii inaweza kuwa bora?<unk> Uwepo wa T-vertices katika hali yoyote isipokuwa mbili za kwanza zilizoorodheshwa hapa kwa kawaida ni ishara kwamba topolojia yako inaweza kuwa (na inapaswa kuwa) bora. Kama mfano wako anaugua kutoka T-vertices na hujui jinsi ya kurekebisha yao, unaweza kuwasilisha mfano wako kwa ajili ya CheckMate Pro ukaguzi na kuuliza inspekta kwa msaada.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://blog.turbosquid.com/2013/09/05/checkmate-pro-v2-specification-t-vertices/

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This text is used for the Lectionary Year C on August 14, 2016. Isaiah sings for his beloved. His beloved is the Lord. Consistent to Isaiah, he does not speak as himself or for himself, but as the Lord, for the Lord. In this regard, Isaiah has more speech on behalf of the Lord than either Jeremiah or Ezekiel; as in Isaiah 30:1, where he expresses a deep woe for the Lord about the stubborn sons and daughters bearing witness to the word of the Lord. In this fashion Isaiah sings to the beloved while being overheard in the camp of the rebellious. The song is a lament by the God who so hurt in his heart (borrowing a frequently used Native American expression for our creator’s deep love in sending his son to die for us). Singing a love song Isaiah expresses the disappointment of the Lord. Their disenchantment brings a stiff word of judgment upon the people. Hear the sound of this song in its reading. It sounds like the deep cords of a cello echoing from a heart that has been broken. As part of your worship the reading of this text could very well be followed by the playing of a deeply sad but lovely lament on the cello offering a time of confession. When the beauty of God’s heart is revealed we can be empowered to muster the courage that is required to make confession.

Maandishi haya yanatumika kwa Mwaka wa Lectionary C mnamo Agosti 14, 2016. Isaya anaimba kwa ajili ya mpenzi wake. Mpendwa wake ni Bwana. "Kama ilivyoandikwa na Isaya, ""Hamzungumzi kama yeye mwenyewe, wala kwa ajili yake mwenyewe, bali kama Bwana, kwa ajili ya Bwana.""" "Kwa mfano, Isaya alitoa maneno mengi zaidi ya maneno ya Yeremia na Ezekieli, na katika Isaya 30:1 alitoa maneno ya huzuni kwa ajili ya ""wana na binti wenye ukaidi"" ambao walikuwa wakitoa ushahidi wa neno la Yehova." Kwa njia hii Isaya anaimba kwa mpendwa huku akisikika katika kambi ya waasi. Wimbo huo ni maombolezo ya Mungu aliyemdhuru sana moyoni mwake (kwa kukopa usemi wa Wenyeji wa Asili wa Amerika unaotumiwa mara nyingi kwa upendo mkubwa wa Muumba wetu katika kumtuma mwanawe afe kwa ajili yetu). "Wimbo wa upendo wa Isaya unaonyesha jinsi Yehova alivyohuzunika.""" Kutoridhika kwao huleta neno kali la hukumu juu ya watu. Sikiliza sauti ya wimbo huu unaposomwa. Inasikika kama nyuzi za chini za muziki wa cello zinazosikika kutoka kwa moyo uliovunjika. Kama sehemu ya ibada yako, usomaji wa maandishi haya unaweza kufuatiwa na kucheza wimbo wa huzuni lakini mzuri kwenye cello, ukitoa wakati wa kuungama. Wakati uzuri wa moyo wa Mungu unapofunuliwa, tunaweza kupewa nguvu ya kukusanya ujasiri unaohitajika kufanya ushuhuda.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://blogs.baylor.edu/truettpulpit/tag/wild-grapes/

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ECOWATCH: An important reading adventure for August August 17, 2023 By Delores Savas August weather can often make some people uncomfortable, and that has made the month known as “the dog days of summer.” The Farmer’s Almanac says that the name is linked to the rising of Sirius, the Dog Star. Ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks believed that the rising of Sirius in mid-to late summer caused the temperatures to rise and conditions to become less comfortable. Though temperatures remain hot and conditions humid in many parts of the northern hemisphere throughout the month of August, the dog days officially end on August 11. While the dog days of summer may officially be over, no one has told the powers that be to shut the heat off, as so far, August is headed toward becoming the second-warmest month, with temperatures in the high 90s in Florida, while July 2023, at 99 degrees, is listed as the highest on record on Florida’s temperature chart.

"Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu cha The Farmer's Almanac, ""Mwezi wa Agosti ni siku ya mbwa wa majira ya joto, na jina hilo linahusiana na kuibuka kwa Sirius, nyota ya mbwa.""" Wamisri wa kale, Waroma na Wagiriki waliamini kwamba Sirius alipopanda katikati ya majira ya kiangazi, joto lilipanda na hali ikawa mbaya zaidi. Ingawa hali ya hewa inabaki kuwa ya joto na unyevu katika sehemu nyingi za Kizio cha Kaskazini mwezi mzima wa Agosti, siku za mbwa huisha rasmi Agosti 11. "Wakati siku za mbwa za majira ya joto zinaweza kuwa rasmi zimekwisha, hakuna mtu aliyewahi kuwaambia mamlaka kuwa ""kufunga joto,"" kwa kuwa hadi sasa, Agosti inaelekea kuwa mwezi wa pili wa joto zaidi, na joto katika miaka ya 90 ya juu huko Florida, wakati Julai 2023, katika digrii 99, imeorodheshwa kama ya juu zaidi kwenye chati ya joto ya Florida."

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://bocabeacon.com/ecowatch-an-important-reading-adventure-for-august/

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Have you had a chance to teach your kids about their own body? How it works? Or had an experience to be asked so many questions about their body by the kids? Children are curious, and asking us "Where the poop come from?" "Why we need to eat?" like these questions a lot! It is very important for kids to learn about their own body during childhood. Then it would help for taking care their own body by themselves! I will introduce some of the activities that I have done, and you can see how I teach How Our Body Works! Ayumi’s first class this season was about what is inside our bodies. I showed a body picture, gave some picture of the organs, and asked the kids what they are. I was so amazed that some of our buddies already know about that and even how they works as well! ”A heart is like a pump to send your blood to your whole body!” I told them. Then a kid said ”Oh! I didn’t know that. That’s why I have blood in my body!” That’s right! We learned so many parts in our body! The other day, we learned about Brain! “When your bladder is getting full, the bladder will send the sign to the brain, then the brain will tell us that we need to go to the bathroom! So the brain is very important!” I said. Then a kid said “No! I think heart is the most important thing!” “Yes, it is. But if the brain got damaged, the brain can stop your heart. If your heart got damaged, the pomp to send the blood doesn’t work anymore, then the brain will stop working as well. So heart and brain both are very important!” “Oh. I didn’t know that” The kid said. Can you believe what we are talking about? How smart they are! Our buddies were very interested in how our body works which was great! Then we made the own brain with some strings! The another topic was about POOP! 💩 I don't know why children really like to talk about poop! But I know how funny it is.haha I told the children that poop shows you how healthy you are. I showed them how your body make your poop through making play dough poop together! “When you eat foods, what do you do?” I asked. “Chew!” The kids said. Yes! We need to make the foods small to swallow them. “Let’s pretend to see the flour as foods you chewed!” Then put the flour in a bowl. “What do you drink if it was hard to swallow?” I asked again. Yes! Put the water in the flour. We also put the green paint as spinach, red one as strawberries, yellow one as bananas...then “See? It became brawn color like poop💩 That’s what’s happening in your intestines!“ “Ewww! It’s yucky!” “Right! That’s why you shouldn’t keep your poop in your tummy!” “Also if you had too much milk, water, or ice cream, it makes you sick. And you might get stomachache and diarrhea😭” We also made the yucky diarrhea🙏, and learned how your poop show us your health.

Je, umewahi kuwafundisha watoto wako kuhusu mwili wao? Inafanya kazije? Au una uzoefu wa kuwa na maswali mengi juu ya mwili wako na watoto? Watoto wana hamu ya kujua, na kutuuliza "Mchanga hutoka wapi?" "Kwa nini tunahitaji kula?" kama maswali haya sana! Ni muhimu sana kwa watoto kujifunza kuhusu mwili wao wenyewe wakati wa utoto. Kisha ingesaidia kutunza mwili wao wenyewe wenyewe! Nitaanzisha baadhi ya shughuli ambazo nimefanya, na unaweza kuona jinsi ninavyofundisha Jinsi Mwili Wetu Unavyofanya Kazi! Darasa la kwanza la Ayumi msimu huu lilikuwa kuhusu kile kilicho ndani ya miili yetu. Nilikuwa na picha ya mwili na sehemu za mwili, na nikawauliza watoto ni nini. Nilishangaa sana kwamba baadhi ya marafiki wetu tayari wanajua kuhusu hilo na hata jinsi linavyofanya kazi pia! "Moyo ni kama pampu ya kutuma damu yako kwa mwili wako wote!" Niliwaambia. Kisha mtoto mmoja akasema <unk>Oh! Sikujua hilo. Hiyo ndiyo sababu nina damu mwilini mwangu! Tulijifunza sehemu nyingi sana za mwili wetu! Siku nyingine, tulijifunza kuhusu Ubongo! <unk> Wakati kibofu chako cha mkojo kinapojaa, kibofu cha mkojo hutuma ishara kwa ubongo, kisha ubongo utatuambia kwamba tunahitaji kwenda choo! Kwa hiyo ubongo ni muhimu sana! <unk> Mimi alisema. Kisha mtoto mmoja akasema <unk>Hapana! Nadhani moyo ni kitu muhimu zaidi! <unk> <unk>Ndiyo, ni. Lakini ikiwa ubongo umeharibiwa, ubongo unaweza kusimamisha moyo wako. Kama moyo wako got kuharibiwa, pomp kutuma damu haina kazi tena, basi ubongo itaacha kufanya kazi pia. Kwa hiyo moyo na ubongo wote ni muhimu sana! Sikujua kwamba <unk> mtoto alisema. Je, unaweza kuamini kile tunachozungumza juu yake? Wao ni wenye akili kama nini! Marafiki wetu walipendezwa sana na jinsi mwili wetu unavyofanya kazi ambayo ilikuwa nzuri! Kisha tukafanya ubongo wetu wenyewe kwa kutumia nyuzi! Mada nyingine ilikuwa kuhusu POOP! <unk> Sijui ni kwa nini watoto wanapenda sana kuzungumza juu ya kinyesi! "Hata hivyo, ni jambo la kushangaza kwamba, kama nilivyoeleza hapo awali, ""mchanga huonyesha jinsi ulivyo na afya.""" Niliwaonyesha jinsi mwili wako unavyofanya poop yako kwa kufanya mchezo wa dough poop pamoja! "Unapokula vyakula, unafanya nini?" nikauliza. "Chew!" Watoto walisema. Ndio! Tunahitaji kufanya vyakula vidogo ili viweze kumezwa. <unk>Hebu tufanye kana kwamba unaona unga kama chakula ulichokula!<unk> Kisha weka unga ndani ya bakuli. "Una kunywa nini ikiwa ni vigumu kumeza?" Niliuliza tena. Ndio! Weka maji ndani ya unga. Pia tunaweka rangi ya kijani kama mchicha, nyekundu kama jordgubbar, manjano kama ndizi... halafu <unk>Unaona? Ilikuwa rangi ya kahawia kama poop <unk> Hiyo ni nini <unk>kinatokea katika matumbo yako! <unk> <unk>Ewww! Ni ya kuchukiza! <unk> <unk> Haki! <unk>Hiyo ndiyo sababu hupaswi <unk>kuweka poop yako tumboni mwako! <unk> <unk>Pia ikiwa umekuwa na maziwa mengi, maji, au aiskrimu, inakufanya uwe mgonjwa. Na unaweza kupata maumivu ya tumbo na kuhara <unk> Pia tulifanya kuhara ya kuchukiza <unk>, na tulijifunza jinsi kinyesi chako kinavyoonyesha afya yako.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://buddings.ca/how-your-body-works

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00213.warc.gz

Grade- 2 Students being introduced to various shapes while preparing the pits for farming. Mathematics is used every single day for a variety of tasks from measuring, weighing, counting to designing. With a strong belief that application of Mathematics in real life should be given importance in the teaching-learning process, Candor intends to explore some of the ways to achieve that goal through farming. The numbers are introduced to the kindergarten children as they work on the number garden in our school farm. Various shapes are introduced at Grade 1 level with the children working with various digging tools at the farm to help them identify various shapes and to be familiar with them. Arithmetic and concepts of Graphs are made meaningful to Grade 2 children through of hands on experience of farming. This approach enables them to understand the subject in an atmosphere different from the classroom. The Fractions Garden is introduced to Grade 3 and 4 students for them to understand the types of fractions and their relations practically making it easy for them to apply the concepts while working with paper and pencil. Real time challenges are given to Grade 5 students to use geometry to measure the field, to estimate the value of different shapes made on the fields. The students integrate with Mathematics very well and the fear of the abstract is completely removed. [Article written by Ms.Santhi Madhan – Teacher, Candor International School ]

Darasa la pili: Wanafunzi wanafunzwa maumbo mbalimbali huku wakitayarisha mashimo kwa ajili ya kilimo. Hisabati hutumiwa kila siku kwa kazi mbalimbali kutoka kupima, kupima, kuhesabu hadi kubuni. Kwa imani kubwa kwamba matumizi ya hisabati katika maisha halisi yanapaswa kupewa umuhimu katika mchakato wa kufundisha-kujifunza, Candor ana nia ya kuchunguza baadhi ya njia za kufikia lengo hilo kupitia kilimo. Nambari hizo huanzishwa kwa watoto wa shule ya chekechea wanapofanya kazi kwenye bustani ya nambari katika shamba la shule yetu. Mifumo mbalimbali huanzishwa katika kiwango cha darasa la kwanza na watoto wanaofanya kazi na vifaa mbalimbali vya kuchimba katika shamba ili kuwasaidia kutambua maumbo mbalimbali na kuwa na ufahamu wao. Mathematics na Graphics ni kazi ya msingi ya watoto wa darasa la pili, na ni kazi ya msingi ya watoto wa darasa la pili. Njia hiyo huwawezesha kuelewa somo hilo katika mazingira tofauti na darasani. Fractions Garden ni mchezo wa kuvutia kwa wanafunzi wa darasa la tatu na la nne ambao wanajifunza jinsi ya kutumia fractions na jinsi ya kuitumia kwa urahisi wakati wa kufanya kazi na karatasi na kalamu. Katika kipindi cha miaka mitano, wanafunzi wa darasa la tano watatumia jiometri kupima uwanja na kukadiria thamani ya maumbo tofauti yaliyoundwa kwenye uwanja. Wanafunzi kuunganisha na Hisabati vizuri sana na hofu ya abstract ni kabisa kuondolewa. [Maandishi yaliyoandikwa na Bi. Santhi Madhan <unk> Mwalimu, Shule ya Kimataifa ya Candor ]

<urn:uuid:189c2139-44fc-49a1-ac24-e99e69d97b5d>

CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://candorschool.edu.in/mathematics-with-a-touch-of-the-soil/

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MATLAB and Simulink Examples When you’re learning to use MATLAB and Simulink, it’s helpful to begin with code and model examples that you can build upon. Hundreds of examples, online and from within the product, show you proven techniques for solving specific problems. Start exploring examples, and enhancing your skills. MATLAB examples are code files that show you how to solve problems such as curve fitting, plotting, and image processing. Simulink examples include scripts and model files that guide you through modeling and simulating various dynamic systems.

MATLAB na Simulink Mifano Wakati wewe ni kujifunza kutumia MATLAB na Simulink, ni muhimu kuanza na kanuni na mfano mifano kwamba unaweza kujenga juu. Mamia ya mifano, mtandaoni na kutoka ndani ya bidhaa, kuonyesha mbinu kuthibitishwa kwa ajili ya kutatua matatizo maalum. Kuanza kuchunguza mifano, na kuboresha ujuzi wako. Matlab ni faili ya code ambayo inaonyesha jinsi ya kutatua matatizo kama vile curve fitting, plot, na usindikaji wa picha. Simulink mifano ni pamoja na scripts na model files kwamba kuongoza wewe kupitia modeling na simulating mifumo mbalimbali nguvu.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://ch.mathworks.com/academia/examples.html?s_tid=ln_acad_learn_examples

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Tools and Equipment in Tree Surgery: A Comprehensive Guide for Gardeners In garden maintenance, tree surgery plays a vital role in ensuring the health and well-being of trees. Proper tree surgery techniques, coupled with the right tools and equipment, are essential for effective tree care. This article aims to provide gardeners with a comprehensive understanding of the tools and equipment used in tree surgery, enabling them to make informed decisions and carry out tree care tasks successfully. If you're looking for assistance with other tasks, such as "do my excel homework", consider delegating them to a reliable service at https://specialessays.com/do-my-excel-homework/, allowing you more time to focus on the art of tree surgery and your gardening endeavors. Essential Tools for Tree Surgery When it comes to tree surgery, having the right tools is crucial. These tools enable gardeners to perform various tasks with precision and safety. Tree pruning tools are essential for maintaining the shape and health of trees. Secateurs, also known as hand pruners, are perfect for precise cuts on small branches. Pruning shears are designed for larger branches, while loppers provide the leverage necessary for cutting thicker branches. Each tool serves a specific purpose and is chosen based on the size and type of branches being pruned. Tree cutting tools are indispensable for removing larger branches or even entire trees. Hand saws are versatile tools that can handle a wide range of cutting tasks. Chainsaws, available in various sizes, are used for more demanding tree cutting jobs. Pole saws, with their extendable reach, are ideal for pruning branches in higher areas without the need for climbing. When using tree cutting tools, it is crucial to prioritize safety and wear appropriate protective gear, such as gloves, goggles, and ear protection. Climbing and safety equipment are essential for tree surgeons working at heights. Harnesses provide stability and support, securing the tree surgeon while climbing and performing tree care tasks. Climbing ropes are used for ascending and descending trees safely. Helmets and safety gear protect against falling debris and other hazards. Investing in high-quality climbing and safety equipment ensures the well-being of tree surgeons during tree surgery operations. Specialized Equipment for Tree Surgery Certain tree surgery tasks require specialized equipment to address specific challenges. Stump removal tools are essential for eliminating tree stumps effectively. Stump grinders are powerful machines that grind stumps down to below ground level, allowing for easier removal or natural decomposition. Mattocks and pickaxes are handheld tools that assist in digging around the stump and loosening its roots, making the removal process more manageable. Tree bracing and support systems are used to stabilize weak or damaged trees. Cables and braces are employed to reinforce tree structure and prevent further damage caused by heavy branches or adverse weather conditions. Tree support stakes provide additional support to newly planted or young trees, helping them establish a strong root system and withstand external forces. Tree fertilization and treatment tools are crucial for promoting the health and vitality of trees. Deep root fertilization equipment injects essential nutrients directly into the tree's root zone, ensuring optimal nutrient absorption. Tree injection systems are used to deliver targeted treatments, such as insecticides or fungicides, directly into the tree's vascular system, addressing pest infestations or diseases. Maintenance and Care of Tree Surgery Tools Proper maintenance of tree surgery tools is crucial for their longevity and optimal performance. After each use, tools should be cleaned to remove dirt, sap, and debris that can accumulate and hinder their effectiveness. Regular sharpening of cutting tools, such as pruning shears and saws, ensures clean and efficient cuts. Lubricating moving parts, such as pivot points on pruners or chains on chainsaws, prevents rust and ensures smooth operation. Proper storage is also essential to protect tree surgery tools. Keeping them in a dry and secure location, such as a toolbox or shed, helps prevent rust and damage from environmental factors. Storing tools in designated spaces also reduces the risk of accidents and ensures easy access when needed. Choosing the Right Tools for Your Garden Selecting the appropriate tools for tree surgery depends on various factors. Assessing your gardening needs, such as the size and type of trees in your garden, will help determine the necessary tools. For smaller gardens with young trees, handheld pruning tools like secateurs and pruning shears may suffice. Larger gardens or properties with mature trees may require the use of chainsaws or pole saws for more extensive pruning or tree removal tasks. Considering the quality and durability of the tools is crucial to ensure they can withstand the demands of tree surgery. Investing in high-quality tools may require a slightly higher initial cost, but they will provide long-lasting performance and better results. It is important to prioritize safety features, ergonomic design, and reputable brands known for their reliability. Seeking professional advice from experienced tree surgeons can provide valuable insights into selecting the right tools for your specific requirements. Professionals can offer guidance based on their expertise and share recommendations for tools they trust and rely on for their tree care work. In conclusion, tree surgery requires the use of specific tools and equipment to ensure effective tree care. By understanding the importance of these tools and their specific uses, gardeners can maintain the health and beauty of their trees. Investing in quality tools, maintaining them properly, and seeking professional advice when needed will enable gardeners to perform tree surgery tasks safely and efficiently. By prioritizing the right tools and equipment, gardeners can take their tree care efforts to new heights and achieve optimal results.

Upasuaji wa Miti: Mwongozo wa kina kwa wakulima Katika utunzaji wa bustani, upasuaji wa miti una jukumu muhimu katika kuhakikisha afya na ustawi wa miti. Mbinu sahihi za upasuaji wa miti, pamoja na vifaa na vifaa vinavyofaa, ni muhimu kwa utunzaji mzuri wa miti. Makala hii inakusudia kuwapa wakulima uelewa kamili wa vifaa na vifaa vinavyotumiwa katika upasuaji wa miti, kuwezesha kufanya maamuzi ya habari na kutekeleza kazi za utunzaji wa miti kwa mafanikio. Ikiwa unatafuta msaada kwa kazi zingine, kama vile "fanya kazi yangu ya nyumbani ya Excel", fikiria kuwakabidhi kwa huduma ya kuaminika kwenye https: specialessays.com, ikikuruhusu kuwa na wakati zaidi wa kuzingatia sanaa ya upasuaji wa miti na juhudi zako za bustani. Vifaa vya upasuaji vya mti Wakati wa upasuaji wa mti, kuwa na vifaa sahihi ni muhimu. Vifaa hivyo huwawezesha wakulima kufanya kazi mbalimbali kwa usahihi na kwa usalama. Vifaa vya kukata miti ni muhimu ili kudumisha umbo na afya ya miti. Vipande vya kukata, vinavyoitwa pia vipande vya kukata kwa mkono, ni bora kwa kukata matawi madogo kwa usahihi. Mashine za kukata miti zimetengenezwa kwa ajili ya matawi makubwa, huku mashine za kukata miti zikitumiwa kukata matawi makubwa. Kila chombo kina kusudi hususa na huchaguliwa kulingana na ukubwa na aina ya matawi yanayopigwa. Vifaa vya kukata miti ni muhimu sana kwa ajili ya kuondoa matawi makubwa au hata miti nzima. Vipande vya mkono ni vifaa vinavyoweza kutumiwa kwa njia mbalimbali katika kazi mbalimbali za kukata. Mashine za kukata miti, zinazopatikana katika ukubwa mbalimbali, hutumiwa kwa ajili ya kazi ngumu zaidi za kukata miti. Saws za nguzo, zenye uwezo wa kupanua, ni bora kwa ajili ya kukata matawi katika maeneo ya juu bila haja ya kupanda. Wakati wa kutumia vifaa vya kukata miti, ni muhimu kuangazia usalama na kuvaa vifaa vya ulinzi vinavyofaa, kama vile glavu, miwani, na kinga ya masikio. Vifaa vya kupanda na vya usalama ni muhimu kwa madaktari wa upasuaji wa miti wanaofanya kazi kwenye urefu. Vifaa vya kuegesha miti hutoa uthabiti na utegemezo, na kumtunza daktari-mpasuaji wa miti anapopanda na kufanya kazi za kutunza miti. Kamba za kupanda hutumiwa kupanda na kushuka miti kwa usalama. Kofia za chuma na vifaa vya usalama hulinda dhidi ya mabaki yanayoanguka na hatari nyinginezo. Kuwekeza katika vifaa vya kupanda na usalama vya hali ya juu huhakikisha ustawi wa madaktari wa upasuaji wa miti wakati wa upasuaji wa miti. Vifaa maalumu kwa ajili ya upasuaji wa mti Baadhi ya kazi upasuaji mti zinahitaji vifaa maalumu ili kukabiliana na changamoto maalum. Vifaa vya kuondoa vichaka ni muhimu kwa kuondoa vichaka vya miti kwa ufanisi. Mashine za kusaga ni mashine zenye nguvu ambazo husaga vipande vya miti hadi chini ya ardhi, na hivyo kuwezesha kuondolewa kwa urahisi au kuharibika kwa asili. Mattocks na pickaxes ni zana za mkono ambazo husaidia kuchimba kuzunguka shina na kuondoa mizizi yake, na kufanya mchakato wa kuondoa uwe rahisi zaidi. Miti yenye nguvu na mifumo ya kutegemeza hutumiwa kuimarisha miti dhaifu au iliyoharibiwa. Kebo na vifungo hutumiwa kuimarisha muundo wa mti na kuzuia uharibifu zaidi unaosababishwa na matawi mazito au hali mbaya ya hewa. Miti ya kuunga mkono hutoa msaada wa ziada kwa miti mpya iliyopandwa au vijana, kuisaidia kuanzisha mfumo wa mizizi yenye nguvu na kuvumilia nguvu za nje. Vifaa vya kuzaana na kutibu miti ni muhimu sana kwa ajili ya kukuza afya na nguvu za miti. Vifaa vya mbolea ya mizizi ya kina huingiza virutubisho muhimu moja kwa moja katika eneo la mizizi ya mti, kuhakikisha kunyonya bora kwa virutubisho. Mifumo ya sindano ya mti hutumiwa kutoa matibabu yaliyolenga, kama vile dawa za kuua wadudu au dawa za kuua kuvu, moja kwa moja kwenye mfumo wa mishipa ya mti, kushughulikia maambukizi ya wadudu au magonjwa. Matengenezo ya vifaa vya upasuaji wa mti Matengenezo sahihi ya vifaa vya upasuaji wa mti ni muhimu kwa maisha yao marefu na utendaji bora. Baada ya kila matumizi, vifaa vinapaswa kusafishwa ili kuondoa uchafu, maji, na mabaki yanayoweza kujilimbikizia na kuzuia utendaji wake. Kusugua kwa ukawaida vifaa vya kukata, kama vile mashine za kukata na misumari, huhakikisha kukata kwa usafi na kwa ufanisi. Kuongeza mafuta kwenye sehemu zinazosonga, kama vile sehemu za kugeuka kwenye mashine za kupangisha au minyororo kwenye mashine za kukata minyororo, huzuia kutu na kuhakikisha utendaji mzuri. Kuweka vitu vizuri pia ni muhimu ili kulinda vifaa vya upasuaji vya miti. Kuweka kwenye mahali pa kuuma na salama, kama vile sanduku la vifaa au kibanda, husaidia kuzuia kutu na uharibifu kutokana na mambo ya mazingira. Kuweka vifaa katika maeneo yaliyowekwa vizuri pia hupunguza hatari ya aksidenti na kuhakikisha kwamba vinaweza kupatikana kwa urahisi inapohitajika. Kuchagua vifaa vinavyofaa kwa ajili ya bustani yako: Uchaguzi wa vifaa vinavyofaa kwa ajili ya upasuaji wa mti hutegemea mambo mbalimbali. Kuamua mahitaji yako ya bustani, kama vile ukubwa na aina ya miti katika bustani yako, itasaidia kuamua zana muhimu. Kwa bustani ndogo zenye miti midogo, vifaa vya kukata vilivyo mkononi kama vile vipande vya kukata na makasia ya kukata vinaweza kutosha. Bustani kubwa au mali na miti kukomaa inaweza kuhitaji matumizi ya chainsaws au saws pole kwa ajili ya kazi zaidi ya upangaji au kuondoa miti. Kuangalia ubora na uimara wa zana ni muhimu kuhakikisha wanaweza kuvumilia mahitaji ya upasuaji wa mti. Kuwekeza katika vifaa vya ubora wa juu kunaweza kuhitaji gharama ya awali ya juu kidogo, lakini itatoa utendaji wa muda mrefu na matokeo bora. Ni muhimu kuweka kipaumbele vipengele vya usalama, muundo wa ergonomic, na bidhaa zenye sifa nzuri zinazojulikana kwa kuegemea. Kupata ushauri wa kitaalamu kutoka kwa madaktari wa mti wenye uzoefu kunaweza kutoa ufahamu muhimu katika kuchagua zana sahihi kwa mahitaji yako maalum. Wataalamu wanaweza kutoa mwongozo kulingana na utaalam wao na kushiriki mapendekezo kwa zana wanazotumaini na kutegemea kwa kazi yao ya utunzaji wa miti. Kwa kumalizia, upasuaji wa miti huhitaji kutumia vifaa na vifaa hususa ili kuhakikisha utunzaji mzuri wa miti. Kwa kuelewa umuhimu wa vifaa hivyo na matumizi yake hususa, wakulima wa bustani wanaweza kudumisha afya na uzuri wa miti yao. Kuwekeza katika vifaa vyenye ubora, kuvihifadhi vizuri, na kutafuta ushauri wa wataalamu inapohitajika, kutawawezesha wakulima kufanya kazi za upasuaji wa miti kwa usalama na kwa ufanisi. Kwa kutumia vifaa sahihi, wakulima wanaweza kuboresha huduma ya miti yao na kupata matokeo mazuri.

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An Inside Look at JA Program Development Author: Hannah Henry Published: Tuesday, 18 Sep 2018 From financial literacy and work readiness to entrepreneurship, Junior Achievement (JA) provides countless programs to equip today?s youth with skills that will assist in their successes tomorrow. To get a better idea of how we are creating our programming, we pulled in our Senior Vice President of Education & Learning Technologies, Mary Catherine (MC) Desrosiers for an interview. In her role, MC has oversight of the education group, managing the blended transformation and directing ideation, design, implementation, and evaluation of new program and learning technology. Q: What is your job role? Senior Vice President, Education and Learning Technologies Q: How long have you been with JA? Q: How long does it take to create and launch a program/learning experience? A program doesn't have a set amount of time to create and launch. What's most important are the stages that we go through in order to conceive of and create a new program. From the time we start researching until the time we launch a pilot, it's typically a year. Q: What stages are needed / used from start to implementation? Discovery, Design, Production, Launch, Implementation, and Evaluation. Q: How are JA programs/learning experiences developed? MC: We start by identifying real, high-priority opportunities. Then we lay the foundation for success for a specific opportunity through user and market research that identifies unmet needs and clarifies our goals, scope, and audience needs. We undergo a process of discovery at a strategic and program level, meaning that we are constantly evaluating our market and our users and deciding what we need to teach and to whom. That research informs our decisions about which programs to develop, why we should develop them, and whose needs we can meet. For each program we develop, we undergo a specific discovery process and use design thinking to develop our prototypes. During our design phase, we focus on creating a program vision, understanding specific users' needs, and describing a new experience that is engaging and promises to demonstrate the desired learning outcomes. Design has two parts: Concept Design and Prototyping; and Program and Content Design. During concept design and prototyping, we make ideas tangible and test them with the audiences and other stakeholders. The result of user testing may be that one concept is a clear winner, that elements of both are successful, or that another idea emerges--or that we need to rethink. During program design, we work through the user journey and define the requirements for each user group. We work through our technical architecture and specifications, figure out the "look and feel" of the program, design an assessment and evaluation strategy. After all that is finished, we can start writing and developing and creating the learning materials for our students, volunteers, and educators. Q: What factors or elements are considered? There are a lot of factors considered in each phase of our process. I'll name a few. As we do our strategic discovery, we investigate general and education market trends, the latest learning research, the competition, state standards, and trends in learning experiences in technology. We consider our diverse audiences and their needs, the trends or development in a specific area of content, and the various learning environments in which our content may be delivered. Q: How do you go about testing? We start with the end in mind, so we are always working toward a goal or plan that can be tested. Production is an iterative process: testing and revising are ongoing, with each round of testing informing the next steps in development. We use both lean product development and rapid innovation testing. By the time we get to alpha testing, we have the first version of the entire program, the technology architecture is finalized, and the programmers have integrated the technology that will enhance program delivery. We pilot all of our programs. Field testing and providing support to the JA Areas during implementation are critical to the success of JA programs. During the implementation phase, the team, led by JA USA Field Program Services, tests all components of the program with selected JA Area pilot sites (beta test), creates all training materials, and prepares implementation guidelines for the JA Areas. A formative evaluation is designed and used to improve the program, especially when it is still being developed. During Design, Production, and Implementation, we collect and analyze qualitative data to understand how well a program is working and ways we might improve it. During beta testing, the JA evaluation group conducts a formal formative evaluation that explores how well the program elements work and align with intended learning objectives. A "launch impact evaluation" describes the assessment we conduct on a newly-developed blended program during the pilot phase/alpha testing. For kit-based programs, we continue to refer to Phase 1 as a formative evaluation. When all the components are complete and tested, we fully launch a program to the JA Areas. The JA Areas recruit and train volunteers and work with schools to deliver the program. But our testing doesn't stop once the program is in the field. Once we formally launch a program to the JA network, we begin a summative evaluation designed to present conclusions about the merit or worth of an intervention and recommendations about whether it should be retained, altered, or eliminated. A "comprehensive impact evaluation" describes the summative evaluation of a blended program that is conducted after the learning environment has stabilized. It measures student learning gains, changes in perceptions and attitudes, and other meaningful dimensions of interest. Q: Who do you consult with when developing a program? We consult with subject matter experts in content areas as well as people who have expertise in working with learners of different ages. We consult with teachers, industry leaders, and our JA Area partners, particularly our pilot sites, but we seek to get information from our R&D's too. And last, but certainly not least, we consult with students. We speak to kids to get their feedback and involve them in our design thinking process. Q: What changes in the education / lesson planning industry have you (or your team) had to navigate? The education marketplace is continually changing. Incorporating technologies into blended programming while still meeting the needs of classrooms without technology has been important. Incorporating evolving technologies like Augmented Reality or keeping pace with educational trends such as project-based learning, the flipped classroom, brain-based learning research, and cognitive science keep us busy. Q: What changes do you anticipate for the future? I anticipate a focus on self-efficacy and competency-based learning. Q: How has the integration of innovative technology like VR changed how students learn with JA programs? We continue to consider ways in which we can provide simulated experiences, like JA Finance Park Virtual or the small augmented reality experiences in JA Our City. Since we're preparing students for "the real world," the virtual world holds some exciting possibilities for us.

"Kutoka kwa ""Uendelezaji wa Programu ya JA"" mwandishi Hannah Henry, kuchapishwa: Jumanne, 18 Septemba 2018 Kutoka kwa ujuzi wa kifedha na utayari wa kazi hadi ujasiriamali, Junior Achievement (JA) hutoa programu nyingi za kuwapa vijana wa leo ujuzi ambao utasaidia mafanikio yao kesho." Ili kupata wazo bora la jinsi tunavyounda programu zetu, tulimvuta Makamu wetu Mkuu wa Teknolojia ya Elimu na Kujifunza, Mary Catherine (MC) Desrosiers kwa mahojiano. Katika jukumu lake, MC ana usimamizi wa kikundi cha elimu, kusimamia mabadiliko ya mchanganyiko na kuelekeza wazo, muundo, utekelezaji, na tathmini ya programu mpya na teknolojia ya kujifunza. Swali: Kazi yako ni nini? Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Teknolojia ya Elimu na Mafunzo: Je, unafanya kazi kwa muda gani? Q: Ni muda gani inachukua kuunda na kuzindua programu ya kujifunza? Programu haina kiasi maalum cha muda wa kuunda na kuzindua. Jambo la muhimu zaidi ni hatua ambazo tunapitia ili kubuni na kuunda programu mpya. Kuanzia wakati wa kuanza utafiti hadi wakati wa kuanza majaribio, kwa kawaida ni mwaka mmoja. Q: Ni hatua gani zinazohitajika kutoka mwanzo hadi utekelezaji? Ugunduzi, kubuni, uzalishaji, uzinduzi, utekelezaji, na tathmini. Q: Je, programu za JI zinatengenezwa kwa njia gani? "Mwanzoni, tunaanza kwa kutambua fursa halisi, za kipaumbele cha juu.""" Kisha tunaweka msingi wa mafanikio kwa fursa maalum kupitia utafiti wa watumiaji na soko ambao hutambua mahitaji yasiyotimizwa na kufafanua malengo yetu, wigo, na mahitaji ya watazamaji. Sisi ni kupitia mchakato wa ugunduzi katika ngazi ya mkakati na programu, ikimaanisha kwamba sisi ni daima tathmini soko letu na watumiaji wetu na kuamua nini tunahitaji kufundisha na kwa nani. Utafiti huo huongoza maamuzi yetu kuhusu programu za kuendeleza, kwa nini tunapaswa kuziendeleza, na mahitaji ya nani tunaweza kukidhi. Kwa kila programu tunayoendeleza, tunapitia mchakato maalum wa ugunduzi na kutumia mawazo ya kubuni kuendeleza prototypes zetu. Katika awamu ya kubuni, tunazingatia kuunda maono ya programu, kuelewa mahitaji maalum ya watumiaji, na kuelezea uzoefu mpya ambao unavutia na unaahidi kuonyesha matokeo ya kujifunza yanayotakiwa. Ubunifu una sehemu mbili: Ubunifu wa Dhana na Prototyping; na Programu na Ubunifu wa Yaliyomo. Wakati wa kubuni dhana na prototyping, sisi kufanya mawazo dhahiri na kujaribu yao na watazamaji na wadau wengine. Matokeo ya majaribio ya mtumiaji yanaweza kuwa kwamba dhana moja ni mshindi wazi, kwamba vipengele vya zote mbili ni mafanikio, au kwamba wazo jingine linatokea - au kwamba tunahitaji kufikiri tena. Wakati wa kubuni programu, sisi kazi kwa njia ya safari ya mtumiaji na kufafanua mahitaji kwa kila kundi la mtumiaji. Sisi kufanya kazi kupitia usanifu wetu wa kiufundi na vipimo, kufikiri nje "kuonekana na kuhisi" ya programu, kubuni tathmini na mkakati wa tathmini. Baada ya yote hayo, tunaweza kuanza kuandika na kuendeleza na kuunda vifaa vya kujifunza kwa wanafunzi wetu, wajitoleaji, na walimu. Q: Ni mambo gani yanayochukuliwa? Kuna mambo mengi yanayochukuliwa katika kila hatua ya mchakato wetu. Nitawataja baadhi yao. Kama sisi kufanya uvumbuzi wetu wa kimkakati, sisi kuchunguza mwenendo wa jumla na elimu soko, utafiti wa hivi karibuni kujifunza, ushindani, viwango vya serikali, na mwenendo katika kujifunza uzoefu katika teknolojia. Tunazingatia watazamaji wetu mbalimbali na mahitaji yao, mwenendo au maendeleo katika eneo maalum la maudhui, na mazingira mbalimbali ya kujifunza ambayo maudhui yetu yanaweza kutolewa. Q: Jinsi gani unaweza kufanya mtihani? Kwa kuwa tunaanza na mwisho akilini, sisi daima tunafanya kazi kuelekea lengo au mpango ambao unaweza kupimwa. Uzalishaji ni mchakato iterative: kupima na kurekebisha ni kuendelea, na kila raundi ya kupima taarifa hatua zifuatazo katika maendeleo. Sisi kutumia wote Lean bidhaa maendeleo na haraka uvumbuzi upimaji. Wakati wa majaribio ya alpha, tuna toleo la kwanza la programu nzima, usanifu wa teknolojia umekamilika, na watengenezaji wa programu wameunganisha teknolojia ambayo itaongeza utoaji wa programu. Sisi majaribio ya programu zetu zote. Majaribio ya shamba na kutoa msaada kwa maeneo ya JA wakati wa utekelezaji ni muhimu kwa mafanikio ya programu za JA. Wakati wa awamu ya utekelezaji, timu inayoongozwa na JA USA Field Program Services, inajaribu vipengele vyote vya programu na maeneo ya majaribio ya eneo la JA, huunda vifaa vyote vya mafunzo, na huandaa miongozo ya utekelezaji kwa maeneo ya JA. Tathmini ya kuunda imeundwa na kutumika kuboresha programu, hasa wakati bado ni kuendelezwa. Wakati wa kubuni, uzalishaji, na utekelezaji, sisi kukusanya na kuchambua data ya ubora kuelewa jinsi vizuri programu ni kazi na njia tunaweza kuboresha. Wakati wa majaribio ya beta, kikundi cha tathmini cha JA hufanya tathmini rasmi ya kuunda ambayo inachunguza jinsi vitu vya programu vinavyofanya kazi na kufanana na malengo ya kujifunza yaliyokusudiwa. "Uhakiki wa athari ya uzinduzi" unaelezea tathmini tunayofanya kwenye programu iliyochanganywa mpya wakati wa awamu ya majaribio / upimaji wa alpha. Kwa programu za kit-msingi, tunaendelea kurejelea Awamu ya 1 kama tathmini ya malezi. """Wakati vipengele vyote vimejengwa na kupimwa, tutaanzisha programu kamili kwa maeneo ya JA." Maeneo ya JA huajiri na kufundisha wajitoleaji na kufanya kazi na shule kutoa programu. Lakini majaribio yetu hayakomi mara tu programu inapokuwa shambani. Mara tu tunapoanzisha rasmi programu kwa mtandao wa JA, tunaanza tathmini ya jumla iliyoundwa kuwasilisha hitimisho kuhusu sifa au thamani ya uingiliaji na mapendekezo juu ya ikiwa inapaswa kuhifadhiwa, kubadilishwa au kuondolewa. "Uhakiki wa athari kamili" unaelezea tathmini ya jumla ya programu iliyochanganywa ambayo hufanywa baada ya mazingira ya kujifunza kuwa imara. Inapima faida za kujifunza za wanafunzi, mabadiliko katika maoni na mitazamo, na vipimo vingine vyenye maana vya maslahi. Q: Ni nani unayepaswa kushauriana naye wakati wa kuunda programu? Tunashauriana na wataalamu wa mada katika maeneo ya maudhui pamoja na watu ambao wana utaalam katika kufanya kazi na wanafunzi wa umri tofauti. Tunafanya mazungumzo na walimu, viongozi wa tasnia, na washirika wetu wa eneo la JA, haswa maeneo yetu ya majaribio, lakini tunatafuta kupata habari kutoka kwa R&D yetu pia. Na mwisho, lakini kwa hakika si chini, sisi kushauriana na wanafunzi. Tunazungumza na watoto ili kupata maoni yao na kuwaingiza katika mchakato wetu wa kufikiri kwa kubuni. Swali: Ni mabadiliko gani katika sekta ya mipango ya masomo ya elimu ambayo umelazimika (au timu yako) kusafiri? Soko la elimu linabadilika daima. Kuingiza teknolojia katika programu iliyochanganywa wakati bado inakidhi mahitaji ya madarasa bila teknolojia imekuwa muhimu. Kuingiza teknolojia zinazoendelea kama vile Uhalisi ulioongezwa au kushikilia mwendo na mwenendo wa elimu kama vile kujifunza kwa msingi wa mradi, darasa la flipped, utafiti wa kujifunza kwa msingi wa ubongo, na sayansi ya utambuzi hutufanya tuwe na shughuli nyingi. Swali: Ni mabadiliko gani unayotazamia kwa ajili ya wakati ujao? Mimi kutarajia lengo juu ya ufanisi binafsi na uwezo-msingi wa kujifunza. Jinsi gani kuunganisha teknolojia ya VR imebadilisha jinsi wanafunzi wanavyojifunza? "Tunaendelea kuzingatia njia ambazo tunaweza kutoa uzoefu uliofananishwa, kama ""JA Finance Park Virtual"" au uzoefu mdogo wa hali halisi katika ""JA Our City.""" Kwa kuwa tunawatayarisha wanafunzi kwa ajili ya "ulimwengu halisi", ulimwengu wa kawaida una uwezekano fulani wenye kusisimua kwetu.

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File this one under I for I’m Not Dead Yet! Just a few years ago, concentrating solar power was looked upon with scorn by more than a few energy tech observers. Nevertheless, the US ramped up its interest in CSP during former President Barack Obama’s tenure, and it looks like President* Trump is looking to step the technology up to the next level. In the latest development, the Department of Energy has just announced a new round of $72 million in funding for a next-generation twist on CSP that could put coal, natural gas, and nuclear power generation out to pasture forever. I know, right? Political observers have taken note that Trump’s policy goals are weirdly focused on upending programs championed by Obama regardless of the effect, but the Department of Energy is a weirdly notable exception. What Is High Temperature Concentrating Solar Power? The basic complaint about concentrating solar power has been that it is too complicated and expensive compared to photovoltaic cells. Instead of generating electricity in solar panels, CSP plants work by bouncing sunlight off a large field of mirrors. All that sunlight is reflected onto a central point, where it heats a liquid such as a specialized oil or molten salt. That liquid is piped to a generating facility to become the heat source for creating steam, which powers a steam-driven generator. There, finally, is your electricity. Despite the complicated system, the feature that has energy planners all excited is the hot liquid. In effect, the liquid doubles as an energy storage platform, meaning that a CSP plant can potentially generate electricity 24/7. The problem tackled by the Department of Energy is this one: it’s not hot enough. The current technology only supports about 565 degrees Centigrade. That’s pretty hot, but it’s not efficient enough to help lower the cost of CSP. With higher heat, you get a shot at storing energy in thermochemical bonds and other fancy options. That’s not a sustainable track if you’re depending on fossil fuels to get the higher temperature. The deployment of renewable energy puts a whole different spin on the situation. Renewable or not, part of the challenge is how to get your systems to not fall apart under the stress of high heat. The Energy Department’s Generation 3 CSP program is designed to take on those challenges, and that’s where the $72 million in new funding comes in. Here’s DOE with the explainer: …Gen3 CSP high-temperature thermal systems have the potential to lower the cost of a CSP system by approximately $0.02 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is 40 percent of the way toward the solar office’s 2030 cost goals of $0.05 per kWh for baseload configurations. This cost target is highly competitive with other dispatchable power generators and would enable more solar to be connected to the grid while also increasing its value. Did you catch that thing about “baseload?” That’s another criticism of CSP. After all that expense and effort, you still wind up with a centralized, baseload power generation model that doesn’t quite fit with the small scale, distributed generation vision of the future. On the other hand, even if the role of baseload power plants is destined to shrink, realistically speaking they will still be around for the foreseeable future. As they age out, at least some of them will need to be replaced by other baseload facilities. Don’t Hold Your Breath For High Temperature Concentrating Solar Power During the Obama administration, the Department of Energy made a big deal about showcasing the country’s new fleet of conventional concentrating solar power plants. The agency has continued to make the case for CSP with Energy Secretary Rick Perry at the helm, including high temperature CSP. The research on high temperature CSP is still in the piecemeal phase, and the latest round of CSP funding is aimed at integrating various components into assemblies that can be put into operation and tested. That’s going to take a while. The $72 million in funding will kick off a two-year design phase for a test facility. Three teams have been selected for that phase, and at the end one of them will be awarded additional funding to construct the facility. The timeline calls for a three-year construction period. Keep in mind this whole five-year period is just to get the point where you can put the technology through its paces, and you have a long way to go before commercialization. If and when that happens, it’s going to make things mighty interesting for competing energy resources with baseload capability. Coal is already toast anyways, but natural gas and nuclear might want to not look back. For some insider perspective on that, we’ve reached out to one of the Gen3CSP awardees, the Electric Power Research Institute, so stay tuned for an update. Follow me on Twitter. Image (screenshot): US Department of Energy. Have a tip for CleanTechnica? Want to advertise? Want to suggest a guest for our CleanTech Talk podcast? Contact us here. Latest CleanTechnica TV Video CleanTechnica uses affiliate links. See our policy here.

Andika hii chini ya I kwa I <unk>m Not Dead Yet! Miaka michache tu iliyopita, watazamaji wengi wa teknolojia ya nishati walidharau kuunganisha nishati ya jua. Hata hivyo, Marekani iliongeza maslahi yake katika CSP wakati wa utawala wa Rais Barack Obama, na inaonekana kama Rais Trump anatafuta kuongeza teknolojia hiyo hadi ngazi inayofuata. Wizara ya Nishati ya Marekani imetangaza mzunguko mpya wa fedha za dola milioni 72 kwa ajili ya kizazi kipya cha CSP, ambayo inaweza kuweka makaa ya mawe, gesi ya asili na nishati ya nyuklia nje ya malisho milele. Najua, sawa? "Wanachunguza siasa wamebainisha kuwa malengo ya sera ya Trump ni ya kushangaza kuzingatia ""kuharibu"" mipango iliyopendekezwa na Obama bila kujali athari, lakini Idara ya Nishati ni tofauti ya kushangaza." Je, Joto la Juu Linatokeza Nishati ya Jua? Malalamiko ya msingi kuhusu kukusanya nishati ya jua imekuwa kwamba ni ngumu sana na ghali ikilinganishwa na seli za photovoltaic. Badala ya kuzalisha umeme katika paneli za jua, mitambo ya CSP inafanya kazi kwa kurudisha mwanga wa jua kutoka kwenye uwanja mkubwa wa vioo. Nuru ya jua huangushwa kwenye sehemu ya katikati, ambapo huongeza joto la kioevu kama vile mafuta au chumvi iliyomwagika. Kioevu hicho huendeshwa kwenye kituo cha kuzalisha ili kiwe chanzo cha joto cha kutokeza mvuke, ambao huendesha jenereta inayoendeshwa kwa mvuke. Hatimaye, kuna umeme wako. Licha ya mfumo huo wenye kutatanisha, jambo linalowasisimua sana wapangaji wa nishati ni umajimaji wenye joto. Kwa kweli, maji huongeza kama jukwaa la kuhifadhi nishati, ikimaanisha kwamba kiwanda cha CSP kinaweza kuzalisha umeme 24 7. Tatizo linaloshughulikiwa na Idara ya Nishati ni hili: haifai kutosha. Teknolojia ya sasa inasaidia tu kuhusu 565 ° C. Hiyo ni moto sana, lakini si ufanisi wa kutosha kusaidia kupunguza gharama ya CSP. Kwa joto la juu, unapata nafasi ya kuhifadhi nishati katika vifungo vya thermochemical na chaguzi nyingine za kifahari. Hiyo si njia endelevu ikiwa unategemea mafuta ya visukuku ili kupata joto la juu. Utekelezaji wa nishati mbadala huweka spin tofauti kabisa juu ya hali hiyo. Ikiwa ni ya kuaminika au la, sehemu ya changamoto ni jinsi ya kupata mifumo yako ili isianguke chini ya mkazo wa joto la juu. Programu ya CSP ya kizazi cha tatu ya Idara ya Nishati imekusudiwa kuchukua changamoto hizo, na hapo ndipo dola milioni 72 za ufadhili mpya zinapokuja. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Gen3 CSP mfumo wa joto wa joto una uwezo wa kupunguza gharama ya mfumo wa CSP kwa karibu $ 0.02 kwa kilowatt-saa (kWh), ambayo ni asilimia 40 ya njia kuelekea malengo ya gharama ya ofisi ya jua ya 2030 ya $ 0.05 kwa kWh kwa miundo ya mzigo wa msingi.""" Lengo hili la gharama ni ushindani sana na jenereta nyingine za umeme zinazoweza kutumwa na itawezesha jua zaidi kuunganishwa kwenye gridi wakati pia kuongeza thamani yake. "Kama unavyoona, ""baseload"" ni moja ya sababu za msingi za CSP." Baada ya gharama zote na juhudi, bado wewe kuishia na katikati, baseload umeme uzalishaji mfano kwamba haina kabisa inafaa na ndogo, kusambazwa uzalishaji maono ya siku zijazo. Kwa upande mwingine, hata kama jukumu la mitambo ya umeme ya mzigo wa msingi imepangwa kupungua, kwa kweli wataendelea kuwapo kwa siku zijazo zinazotabirika. Kama wao umri nje, angalau baadhi yao itabidi kubadilishwa na vifaa vingine baseload. Wakati wa utawala wa Obama, Idara ya Nishati ilifanya mpango mkubwa juu ya kuonyesha meli mpya ya nchi ya mitambo ya umeme wa jua ya kawaida. Shirika hilo limeendelea kuendeleza kesi ya CSP na Katibu wa Nishati Rick Perry kwenye uongozi, ikiwa ni pamoja na CSP ya joto la juu. Utafiti wa hali ya juu ya joto la CSP bado uko katika hatua ya kipande, na mzunguko wa hivi karibuni wa ufadhili wa CSP unakusudia kuunganisha vipengele mbalimbali katika makundi ambayo yanaweza kuanzishwa na kupimwa. Hiyo itachukua muda. Mfuko huo wa dola milioni 72 utaanza na hatua ya miaka miwili ya kubuni kituo cha majaribio. Timu tatu zimechaguliwa kwa awamu hiyo, na mwishoni mwa moja yao itapewa fedha za ziada kujenga kituo hicho. Mfuatano wa wakati unadai kipindi cha ujenzi cha miaka mitatu. Kumbuka kwamba kipindi hiki cha miaka mitano ni tu kupata hatua ambapo unaweza kuweka teknolojia kwa njia yake, na una njia ndefu ya kwenda kabla ya kibiashara. Kama na wakati kwamba hutokea, ni kwenda kufanya mambo nguvu ya kuvutia kwa ajili ya kushindana rasilimali za nishati na uwezo baseload. Makaa ya mawe tayari ni toast anyway, lakini gesi ya asili na nyuklia inaweza wanataka si kuangalia nyuma. Kwa maoni ya ndani juu ya hilo, tumewasiliana na mmoja wa washindi wa tuzo ya Gen3CSP, Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Nishati ya Umeme, kwa hivyo kaa kwenye mfululizo wa habari. Nifuate kwenye Twitter. Picha: Idara ya Nishati ya Marekani Je, una ncha kwa ajili ya CleanTechnica? Je, unataka kutangaza? Je, unataka kupendekeza mgeni kwa ajili ya CleanTech Talk yetu podcast? Wasiliana nasi hapa. Video ya hivi karibuni ya CleanTechnica TV CleanTechnica hutumia viungo vya washirika. Tazama sera yetu hapa.

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Excluding scientific and technical writing (which often has pre-established formats), most other topics lend themselves to a variety of introductory gambits. Suppose the assignment is to write a literary analysis of Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Lolita. Below are several different ways to start that essay. Please note that not all introductions would be appropriate for one particular thesis or approach. But having a repertoire of openings at our disposal often helps lead us to insights we didn’t know we had. Begin with a quotation Although this approach can be overused, it can be very effective when you have an appropriate quotation. That quotation may relate directly to the subject or it may be only indirectly related (and thus require further explanation). Do not force a quotation into this spot; if an appropriate quotation is not available, select another method. - “The novel Lolita,” the critic Charles Blight said in 1959, “is proof that American civilization is on the verge of total moral collapse” (45). The judgment of critics and readers in subsequent years, however, has proclaimed Lolita to be one of the great love stories of all time and one of the best proofs that American civilization is still vibrant and alive. - “Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul” (11). These opening lines of Lolita reveal the essence of Humbert’s complexity and compulsion, his saving grace and his damning passion. Begin with a concession Start with a statement recognizing an opinion or approach different from the one you plan to take in your essay. - Many critics have pointed to the unrelenting word games and puns throughout Lolita as proof that Vladimir Nabokov’s major concern has always been language and art. Although these subjects certainly loom in all his works, a close examination of Lolita reveals that morality — the way people treat each other — is just as major a concern for him as language and art. Begin with a paradox A paradox is a seeming self-contradiction. - By 1959 Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Lolita had been banned in several cities as pornographic. Today it is required reading not only in literature courses but also in philosophy courses that explore the nature of love. Since its publication, the novel’s subject has been recognized to be love, not lust; art, not perversion. Begin with a short anecdote or narrative - When the original movie version of Lolita was released in the early 1960s, Sue Lyon, the young actress who starred as the provocative “nymphet” of the title, was judged too young to be allowed to see the movie in the theater. Begin with an interesting fact or statistic - Joseph Conrad and Vladimir Nabokov — two acknowledged masters of English prose — were not even native speakers of English. Conrad’s native tongue was Polish; Nabokov’s, Russian. Begin with a question or several questions that will be answered in the paper - How could a book now acknowledged as a masterpiece not only of fiction but also of English prose have been banned when it was published? How could a novel that dealt with love and art be thought of as pornographic? Why would a society so mindful of free speech as America ban any book in the first place? Begin with relevant background material Background material should be presented concisely and should be clearly related to your thesis. A rambling discussion of material only remotely related to your main point will confuse and bore your readers. - Although he was born in Russia and lived for many years in England, Germany, and France before coming to America in 1941, Vladimir Nabokov is now considered one of the great American novelists of the 20th century. This opinion, however, is not based solely on his mastery of English prose. His novel Lolita has been said to have captured the essence of American life in the 1950s better than any novel written by a writer born in this country. Begin by stating a long-term effect or effects without immediately stating the cause - It caused howls of protest from the guardians of public morality in the 1950s. Indirectly it helped bring about both artistic and personal freedom in the 1960s. Today it is a recognized classic of art and thought — Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita. Begin with an analogy - Like a hurricane that brings fear and panic along with its powerful winds, uprooting trees and disrupting belief in an all-merciful God, so the novel Lolita swept across America in the 1950s, bringing fear and panic that pedophilia would be loosed on the land. Instead, the novel, like a hurricane, blew over trees of thought that were not deeply rooted in American experience, exposing their gnarled premises while helping to clear the way for the artistic freedom of the 1960s. Begin with a definition of a term that is important to your essay Avoid simple dictionary definitions. Create an expanded definition that explains how the term applies to your topic and essay. - Every few years the ugly charge of “pornography” is aimed at some novel or movie. Never was the term more inappropriately used than in the case of Lolita, yet the taint of that word still lingers in the minds of many when they hear the book’s title. What exactly is “pornography” that it should stir such feelings and be so hated? The problem, of course, is that no one can agree on what pornography actually is. That it has something to do with sex seems clear; beyond that, there is a chaos of opinion. When the small-minded or special-interest definitions are pushed aside, however, we are left with D.H. Lawrence’s provocative definition: pornography is anything that “does dirt on sex.” By that definition, Lolita is the opposite of pornography — it is a celebration of sex and love.

Isipokuwa maandishi ya kisayansi na ya kiufundi (ambayo mara nyingi huwa na muundo uliotengenezwa mapema), mada zingine nyingi hujipatia mbinu mbalimbali za kuanzisha. Tuseme kazi ni kuandika uchambuzi wa fasihi wa riwaya ya Vladimir Nabokov Lolita. Chini ni njia kadhaa tofauti za kuanza insha hiyo. Tafadhali kumbuka kwamba si utangulizi wote itakuwa sahihi kwa ajili ya thesis moja maalum au mbinu. Lakini kuwa na repertoire ya kufungua katika disposal yetu mara nyingi husaidia kuongoza sisi kwa ufahamu hatukujua tulikuwa. Kuanza na nukuu Ingawa mbinu hii inaweza kutumika kupita kiasi, inaweza kuwa na ufanisi sana wakati una nukuu sahihi. Nukuu hiyo yaweza kuhusiana moja kwa moja na habari hiyo au huenda ikawahusu kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja tu (na hivyo kuhitaji ufafanuzi zaidi). Je, si kulazimisha nukuu katika nafasi hii; kama nukuu sahihi haipatikani, kuchagua njia nyingine. "Katika mwaka wa 1959, mchambuzi Charles Blight alisema kwamba ""Lolita ni uthibitisho kwamba ustaarabu wa Marekani uko karibu kuanguka kabisa.""" Hata hivyo, maoni ya wachambuzi na wasomaji katika miaka iliyofuata, yamemtangaza Lolita kuwa mojawapo ya hadithi kubwa za upendo za wakati wote na mojawapo ya uthibitisho bora kwamba ustaarabu wa Marekani bado unaishi. - <unk>Lolita, mwanga wa maisha yangu, moto wa viuno vyangu. Dhambi yangu, nafsi yangu <unk> (11). Mistari hii ya ufunguzi wa Lolita inafunua kiini cha utata na kulazimishwa kwa Humbert, neema yake ya kuokoa na shauku yake ya kuangamiza. Anza na taarifa ya kukubali maoni au mbinu tofauti na ile unayoipanga kuchukua katika insha yako. - Wakosoaji wengi wameonyesha michezo ya maneno isiyo na mwisho na puns katika Lolita kama uthibitisho kwamba wasiwasi mkubwa wa Vladimir Nabokov daima umekuwa lugha na sanaa. Ingawa mambo hayo yanaonekana katika kazi zake zote, uchunguzi wa karibu wa Lolita unafunua kwamba maadili - jinsi watu wanavyotendeana - ni jambo linalomhangaikia sana kama vile lugha na sanaa. Anza na utata Utata ni utata unaoonekana kuwa unajitetea. "Mwaka wa 1959 Vladimir Nabokov alitangaza kitabu chake ""Lolita"" ambacho kilikuwa kimepigwa marufuku kwa sababu ya kuonesha picha za ngono." Leo ni lazima kusoma si tu katika kozi za fasihi bali pia katika kozi za falsafa ambazo huchunguza asili ya upendo. Tangu kuchapishwa kwake, mada ya riwaya hiyo imetambuliwa kuwa upendo, si tamaa; sanaa, si upotovu. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika filamu ya kwanza ya ""Lolita"" ya miaka ya 1960, Sue Lyon, mwigizaji mchanga ambaye alicheza kama ""nymph"" ya kichwa, alihukumiwa kuwa mdogo sana kupewa ruhusa ya kuona filamu hiyo kwenye ukumbi wa michezo." Anza na ukweli wa kuvutia au takwimu - Joseph Conrad na Vladimir Nabokov - mabwana wawili waliotambuliwa wa mashairi ya Kiingereza - hawakuwa hata wasemaji wa asili wa Kiingereza. Lugha ya asili ya Conrad ilikuwa Kipolishi; ya Nabokov, Kirusi. "Kwanza na swali au maswali kadhaa ambayo yatayatibiwa katika karatasi - ""Ni vipi kitabu ambacho sasa kinatambuliwa kama kazi bora sio tu ya hadithi tu bali pia ya maandishi ya Kiingereza kilipigwa marufuku wakati ilichapishwa?""" Riwaya inayohusu upendo na sanaa ingewezaje kuonwa kuwa ya ponografia? Kwa nini jamii inayoheshimu sana uhuru wa kujieleza kama Marekani ipige marufuku kitabu chochote? Kuanza na nyenzo muhimu ya msingi nyenzo ya msingi inapaswa kuwasilishwa kwa ufupi na inapaswa kuhusiana wazi na thesis yako. Mazungumzo ya mambo yasiyo na maana yanayohusiana kidogo na jambo lako kuu yatawachanganya na kuwachosha wasomaji wako. Ingawa alizaliwa Urusi na aliishi miaka mingi nchini Uingereza, Ujerumani na Ufaransa kabla ya kuja Marekani mwaka 1941, Vladimir Nabokov sasa anajulikana kama mmoja wa waandishi wakuu wa Marekani wa karne ya 20. Hata hivyo, maoni hayo hayategemei tu ustadi wake wa kuandika kwa Kiingereza. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Lolita"" ni kitabu ambacho kinaonyesha maisha ya watu wa Amerika katika miaka ya 1950 na zaidi kuliko riwaya yoyote iliyoandikwa na mwandishi aliyezaliwa nchini Marekani." "Kuanzisha kwa kutaja athari ya muda mrefu au athari bila kutaja mara moja sababu - ilisababisha ""mwito wa maandamano"" kutoka kwa walinzi wa maadili ya umma katika miaka ya 1950." Kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja, ilisaidia kuleta uhuru wa kisanii na wa kibinafsi katika miaka ya 1960. Leo ni classic kutambuliwa ya sanaa na mawazo <unk> Vladimir Nabokov <unk>s Lolita. "Kama tu kimbunga kinacholeta hofu na hofu pamoja na upepo wake wenye nguvu, kukatika miti na kuvuruga imani katika Mungu mwenye rehema, hivyo ndivyo riwaya ya ""Lolita"" ilivyopiga Amerika katika miaka ya 1950, ikileta hofu na hofu kwamba upendaji wa watoto ungeachwa huru." Badala yake, kama kimbunga, riwaya hiyo ilivunja miti ya mawazo ambayo haikuwa imezika mizizi sana katika uzoefu wa Marekani, ikifunua msingi wao wa gnarled wakati ikisaidia kufuta njia kwa uhuru wa kisanii wa miaka ya 1960. Anza na ufafanuzi wa neno ambalo ni muhimu kwa insha yako Kuepuka ufafanuzi rahisi wa kamusi. Kuunda ufafanuzi kupanuliwa kwamba anaelezea jinsi neno inatumika kwa mada yako na insha. - Kila baada ya miaka michache mashtaka mabaya ya "pornografia" huelekezwa kwa riwaya au filamu fulani. "Hakuna wakati ambapo neno hilo lilitumiwa vibaya kama lilivyotumiwa katika kitabu cha Lolita, lakini bado watu wengi wanakumbuka jina hilo wanaposikia jina la kitabu hicho.""" Ni nini hasa "pornografia" ambayo inapaswa kuamsha hisia kama hizo na kuchukiwa hivyo? Tatizo, bila shaka, ni kwamba hakuna mtu anayeweza kukubaliana juu ya kile ambacho ponografia kwa kweli ni. Kwamba ina uhusiano wowote na ngono yaonekana kuwa wazi; zaidi ya hilo, kuna machafuko ya maoni. "Lolita ni ""mchanganyiko wa ngono na upendo"" na ""mchanganyiko wa ngono na upendo"" na ""mchanganyiko wa ngono na upendo"" na ""mchanganyiko wa ngono na upendo."""

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10% Biodiversity Net Gain for Development As it is now a part of UK legislation, Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) is poised to become a compulsory consideration for all forthcoming development projects in England. BNG involves a systematic approach wherein a development project assesses its environmental impact with a specific focus on biodiversity. The main objective is to guarantee that the biodiversity is left in a better state than its pre-development state. This is achieved by mitigating biodiversity loss, preserving diverse habitat types, and protecting assets of strategic significance. Local planning authorities are increasingly demanding Biodiversity Net Gain as part of the information required for a planning application. The intention is to show how the proposed development will contribute to biodiversity enhancement. BNG serves both as a planning condition and a mandatory policy for securing planning consent. Consequently, it holds considerable influence in the decision-making process of planning authorities as they deliberate on whether to approve or reject a planning application. Local planning authorities are now requesting a minimum of 10% Biodiversity Net Gain for all future developments. Therefore, those in charge of planning projects will now need to factor in mandatory biodiversity net gain and recognise the importance of development biodiversity. Biodiversity Net Gain Principles According to the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (CIEEM), there are ten crucial good practice principles of biodiversity net gain. These should help to achieve BNG if they are followed accordingly. The mandatory BNG principles include the following: - Utilise the mitigation hierarchy to minimise the impact on biodiversity - Eliminate any negative impacts on biodiversity - Communicate each BNG outcome with complete transparency - Cover all areas of sustainability, including societal and economic factors - Involve any pre-development and post-development stakeholders in creating mandatory net gain solutions - Focus on producing long-term environmental benefits from BNG - Understand the variable factors and potential risks in order to deliver biodiversity net gain - Offer nature conservation that exceeds the stated BNG requirements - Determine a suitable method in order to secure measurable biodiversity net gains - Ensure the best possible results from biodiversity net gain For case studies and a practical guide on BNG principles, visit the CIEEM website. Our team has strong experience completing BNG and will provide guidance throughout the BNG planning system process. This applies from the initial land purchase agreements to monitoring assessments. 10% Biodiversity Net Gain: Calculating BNG Metrics assign every habitat on a development site a ‘biodiversity unit value’ according to its relative importance for biodiversity. This enables comparison between the existing value of a site and what will be delivered through development or management and post development. This may include an increase in habitat creation or enhancement, which goes over and above the environmental habitat originally on site. BNG can be calculated through the DEFRA biodiversity metric 4.0, which requires a limited number of factors. These factors include: The type of habitat (both on and off site) - Any locations (if they are local environment priorities) - The size of habitat parcels in kilometres or hectares - The condition of any habitat parcels The government website also provides a biodiversity metric calculation tool which can help to determine your biodiversity unit score. This will then translate into the standards of your local planning authority. The Environment Bill The Environment Bill was passed this year as it received royal assent. Therefore, BNG will soon become mandatory through the forthcoming Environment Act in January 2024. BNG will be required for small sites in April 2024. However, the National Planning Policy Framework and Local Nature Recovery Strategies (LNRS) already require a net gain approach which should be achieved in a measurable way. Within this Environment Bill, it aims to include the development of effective conservation covenants, increase the use of recycling, improve air and water quality, recall products that violate environmental standards, protect local wildlife species, regulate chemicals that may harm the environment, reduce plastic waste and use resources in an efficient manner. As a result of this Act, BNG has been served as a core policy with numerous long term effects to ensure the preservation of habitat types is maintained for at least 30 years. The Act ensures that developers must deliver 10% Biodiversity Net Gain on all future projects. Biodiversity Net Gain Plans In order to obtain planning permission for a development from your local planning authority, you must be able to prove that you are taking the correct measures to increase biodiversity net gain. One of the first steps in this process is to book an experienced ecologist to create and develop a biodiversity gain plan. Depending on the ecologist’s findings within a BNG assessment, the BNG plan will help to determine natural elements that could potentially be at risk as a result of the development project and any mitigation methods to prevent these outcomes from occurring. How can Collington Winter assist you in achieving 10% Biodiversity Net Gain? We can assist your development in achieving 10% biodiversity net gain by providing: Please get in touch if you would like further information about BNG. We can also develop land management plans. We are happy to offer free CPD sessions on the BNG principles and how we can help your schemes achieve this. Our Ecology Director, Olivia Collington, holds a Natural England license. If you would like to find out more about the services we provide, feel free to contact us using the details below.

Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) ni mpango wa Uingereza wa maendeleo ya mazingira. BNG ni mbinu ya kimfumo ambapo mradi wa maendeleo huchunguza athari zake za mazingira na kuzingatia maalum juu ya utofauti wa kibiolojia. Lengo kuu ni kuhakikisha kwamba biodiversity ni kushoto katika hali bora kuliko hali yake kabla ya maendeleo. Hii hutimizwa kwa kupunguza upotezaji wa utofauti wa kibiolojia, kuhifadhi aina mbalimbali za makazi, na kulinda mali zenye umuhimu wa kimkakati. Mamlaka za mipango ya mitaa ni zaidi na zaidi kudai Biodiversity Net Gain kama sehemu ya habari required kwa maombi ya mipango. Kusudi ni kuonyesha jinsi maendeleo yaliyopendekezwa yatakavyochangia kuongeza utofauti wa kibiolojia. BNG hutumika kama hali ya mipango na sera ya lazima kwa ajili ya kupata idhini ya mipango. Kwa hiyo, ina ushawishi mkubwa katika mchakato wa kufanya maamuzi ya mamlaka ya mipango wakati wao kujadili kama kukubali au kukataa maombi ya mipango. Serikali ya eneo hilo imependekeza kuwa kiwango cha chini cha 10% cha faida ya usawa wa viumbe hai kwa maendeleo yote ya baadaye. Kwa hivyo, wale wanaohusika na mipango ya miradi sasa watahitaji kuzingatia faida ya jumla ya uumbaji wa kibiolojia na kutambua umuhimu wa uumbaji wa kibiolojia. "Kulingana na Taasisi ya Chartered ya Ekolojia na Usimamizi wa Mazingira (CIEME), kuna kanuni kumi muhimu za mazoezi mazuri ya ""mapato ya usawa wa uumbaji.""" Hizi zinapaswa kusaidia kufikia BNG ikiwa zitafuatwa ipasavyo. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, kanuni za BNG zinahusisha ""kuchukua hatua za kupunguza athari kwa uumbaji wa mazingira ili kupunguza athari kwa uumbaji wa mazingira, kuondoa athari yoyote mbaya kwa uumbaji wa mazingira, kuwasiliana na kila matokeo ya BNG kwa uwazi kamili, kufunika maeneo yote ya uendelevu, ikiwa ni pamoja na mambo ya kijamii na kiuchumi, kuhusisha wadau wowote wa kabla ya maendeleo na baada ya maendeleo katika kuunda suluhisho za faida ya mazingira ya muda mrefu kutoka kwa BNG, kuelewa sababu tofauti na hatari zinazowezekana ili kutoa faida ya asili ya uumbaji wa mazingira, kutoa mahitaji ya uhifadhi wa asili ambayo inazidi BNG.""" Timu yetu ina uzoefu mkubwa katika kukamilisha BNG na itatoa mwongozo katika mchakato wote wa mfumo wa mipango ya BNG. Hii inatumika kutoka mikataba ya awali ya ununuzi wa ardhi kwa tathmini za ufuatiliaji. "Kutumia ""Biodiversity Net Gain"" (BNG) ni kipimo cha kila mazingira katika eneo la maendeleo, kulingana na umuhimu wake wa kiasi kwa biodiversity." Hii inawezesha kulinganisha kati ya thamani ya sasa ya tovuti na nini itatolewa kupitia maendeleo au usimamizi na baada ya maendeleo. Hii inaweza kujumuisha ongezeko la uundaji wa makazi au uboreshaji, ambayo huenda zaidi na zaidi ya makazi ya mazingira awali kwenye tovuti. Kwa mfano, DEFRA inaonyesha kiwango cha uwiano wa viumbe hai katika DEFRA 4.0, ambayo inahitaji idadi ndogo ya mambo. "Hii ni pamoja na: aina ya mazingira (wote ndani na nje ya tovuti) maeneo yoyote (kama ni kipaumbele cha mazingira ya ndani) ukubwa wa viwanja vya mazingira katika kilomita au ekari hali ya viwanja vya mazingira tovuti ya serikali pia hutoa ""biodiversity metric calculation tool"" ambayo inaweza kusaidia kuamua alama yako ya kitengo cha biodiversity." Hii kisha kutafsiri katika viwango vya mamlaka yako ya mipango ya mitaa. Sheria ya Mazingira ilipitishwa mwaka huu baada ya kupokea idhini ya kifalme. Kwa hivyo, BNG itawa ya lazima hivi karibuni kupitia Sheria ya Mazingira inayokuja mnamo Januari 2024. BNG itahitajika kwa maeneo madogo mnamo Aprili 2024. Hata hivyo, Mfumo wa Sera ya Mpango wa Kitaifa na Mkakati wa Urekebishaji wa Asili wa Mitaa (LNRS) tayari unahitaji mbinu ya faida ya usawa ambayo inapaswa kupatikana kwa njia inayoweza kupimwa. Sheria hiyo inazingatia kuimarisha utunzaji wa mazingira, kuongeza matumizi ya kuchakata, kuboresha ubora wa hewa na maji, kukumbuka bidhaa zinazovunja viwango vya mazingira, kulinda spishi za wanyama wa porini, kudhibiti kemikali zinazoweza kuharibu mazingira, kupunguza taka za plastiki na kutumia rasilimali kwa ufanisi. Kwa mujibu wa sheria hiyo, BNG imekuwa sera ya msingi na athari nyingi za muda mrefu kuhakikisha uhifadhi wa aina za makazi huhifadhiwa kwa angalau miaka 30. Sheria hiyo inahakikisha kwamba watengenezaji lazima kutoa 10% Biodiversity Net Gain kwenye miradi yote ya baadaye. Biodiversity Net Gain Plans (BGNPs) - Ili kupata kibali cha ujenzi kutoka kwa mamlaka yako ya mipango ya eneo lako, lazima uweze kuthibitisha kwamba unachukua hatua sahihi za kuongeza faida ya biodiversity. Moja ya hatua za kwanza katika mchakato huu ni kuweka mtafiti wa mazingira mwenye uzoefu ili kuunda na kuendeleza mpango wa kupata utofauti wa kibiolojia. Kulingana na matokeo ya mtaalamu wa mazingira katika tathmini ya BNG, mpango wa BNG utasaidia kuamua vitu vya asili ambavyo vinaweza kuwa hatarini kama matokeo ya mradi wa maendeleo na mbinu zozote za kupunguza kuzuia matokeo haya kutokea. Collington Winter inaweza kukusaidiaje kufikia faida ya 10% ya Biodiversity Net? Kwa hivyo, kwa sababu ya kuwa na uwezo wa kufikia kiwango cha juu cha uhifadhi wa mazingira, tunaweza kuandaa mpango wa 10%, kwa hivyo tafadhali wasiliana na sisi ikiwa unataka habari zaidi kuhusu BNG. Pia tunaweza kuendeleza mipango ya usimamizi wa ardhi. Tunakupa mafunzo ya bure ya CPD juu ya kanuni za BNG na jinsi tunaweza kusaidia mipango yako kufikia hii. Mkurugenzi wetu wa Ikolojia, Olivia Collington, anashikilia leseni ya Natural England. Kama unataka kujua zaidi kuhusu huduma tunazotoa, kujisikia huru kuwasiliana na sisi kwa kutumia maelezo hapa chini.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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Design and implementation of a climate resilient green economy strategy The Ethiopia Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy was published in 2011, based on the vision set by the late Prime Minister Meles Zenawi. The vision is for Ethiopia to develop a climate-resilient green economy and to attain middle-income status by 2025. The country plans to follow a green economy pathway that fosters sustainable development. The CRGE is based on four pillars: agriculture; forestry; power; and transport, industrial sectors and infrastructure. The CRGE strategy adopts a sectoral approach across six government ministries with more than sixty initiatives to be implemented. An estimated USD 150 billion is required to deliver this over a period of twenty years. The green growth pathway envisages limiting national greenhouse gas emission levels to 150 MtCO2e instead of 400 MtCO2e/a in 2030 under business as usual (BAU) scenario. The CRGE has facilitated the setting of national targets, the creation of a dedicated financing facility, registry and MRV system, the identification of sixty sectoral initiatives and is setting an example to neighbouring African nations and other countries internationally as an early example of a national green growth strategy.

Mkakati wa uchumi wa kijani wa Ethiopia unaoweza kukabiliana na hali ya hewa (CRGE) ulichapishwa mnamo 2011 kulingana na maono yaliyowekwa na Waziri Mkuu Meles Zenawi. Kwa mujibu wa mpango huo, Ethiopia itatengeneza uchumi wa kijani unaoweza kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na kufikia kiwango cha kipato cha kati ifikapo mwaka 2025. Nchi hiyo inapanga kufuata njia ya uchumi wa kijani ambayo inakuza maendeleo endelevu. Mfumo wa CRGE unategemea nguzo nne: kilimo, misitu, umeme, na usafiri, sekta za viwanda na miundombinu. Mkakati wa CRGE unachukua mbinu ya sekta katika wizara sita za serikali na mipango zaidi ya sitini ambayo itatekelezwa. Inakadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 150 zinahitajika ili kufanikisha mradi huo kwa kipindi cha miaka ishirini. Mkakati wa ukuaji wa kijani unafikiria kupunguza viwango vya uzalishaji wa gesi ya chafu kwa 150 Mt CO2e badala ya 400 Mt CO2e kwa mwaka katika 2030 chini ya hali ya kawaida ya biashara. CRGE imesaidia kuweka malengo ya kitaifa, kuunda kituo cha fedha maalum, usajili na mfumo wa MRV, na kuamua mipango ya sekta 60 na inaweka mfano kwa mataifa ya jirani ya Afrika na nchi nyingine kimataifa kama mfano wa mapema wa mkakati wa ukuaji wa kijani.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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Strengthening Climate Resilience: The Case of Grenada Grenada is an island nation with a land area of approximately 350 km2 and a population of approximately 100,000 people. Grenada is highly vulnerable to climate change and has relatively low financial or technical capacity to prevent it. It is estimated that by 2050 climate change could cost the country $800 million which would be devastating to its economy and quality of life. Therefore, the government has led several programs to promote climate resilience. In 2011, it brought many of its government agencies to create a Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR). This program was one of the first to seek financing from international donors from the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), a donor funded financing institution for the Caribbean nations. SPCR is an institutional framework that helps coordinate and communicate information and efforts in several focus areas: disaster vulnerability and climate risk reduction, water resource assessment and management, coastal management, forest rehabilitation, and improving data usage. When SPCR was being discussed the government of Grenada experienced pushback from both within the government from competing agencies, and from the public who felt the SPCR was mostly a rebranding and regrouping of previously failed projects. Grenada agencies released a report how these and other challenges were overcome that could be useful to other resource constrained countries seeking to replicate programs similar to the SPCR. Lessons learned include: - Communicating efficiently between different parties with overlapping roles to reduce repeat tasks and efforts. - Communicating outcomes with the public in specific terms. One portion of the SPCR necessitated relocating a village. The villagers and public first resisted until the resources that would be available to ensure the villagers were no worse off were made known. - Tailoring the projects to specific needs outlined in the SPCR. In particular projects were selected and sized based on high vulnerabilities to sea rise as specified in the SPCR. One example was in coastal management, building a roadmap to zones with different threat and infrastructure upgrades and then implementing the roadmap. - Inviting and facilitating communication across sectors. One initial criticism of the SPCR was its top-heavy nature. The public felt that the SCPR did not adequately connect regulations and government programs to local stakeholders and communities. By inviting cross-sectoral collaboration this concern was addressed.

Grenada ni kisiwa cha nchi na eneo la ardhi ya karibu kilomita 350 na idadi ya watu wa karibu 100,000. Grenada ni hatari sana kwa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na ina uwezo mdogo wa kifedha au kiufundi wa kuzuia. Inakadiriwa kuwa kufikia mwaka 2050 mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yanaweza kuharibu nchi hiyo dola milioni 800, na kuharibu uchumi na ubora wa maisha. Kwa hiyo, serikali imesababisha programu kadhaa kukuza uimara wa hali ya hewa. Mwaka 2011, serikali ya Marekani ilianzisha mpango wa Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR). Programu hii ilikuwa moja ya kwanza kutafuta fedha kutoka kwa wafadhili wa kimataifa kutoka kwa Programu ya Majaribio ya Uvumilivu wa Hali ya Hewa (PPCR), taasisi ya fedha inayofadhiliwa na wafadhili kwa mataifa ya Karibea. SPCR ni mfumo wa taasisi ambayo husaidia kuratibu na kuwasiliana habari na juhudi katika maeneo kadhaa ya kuzingatia: hatari ya misiba na kupunguza hatari ya hali ya hewa, tathmini ya rasilimali za maji na usimamizi, usimamizi wa pwani, ukarabati wa misitu, na kuboresha matumizi ya data. Wakati SPCR ilizungumziwa, serikali ya Grenada ilipata upinzani kutoka kwa serikali ya ndani kutoka kwa mashirika yanayoshindana, na kutoka kwa umma ambao walihisi SPCR ilikuwa zaidi ya kubadilisha chapa na kuunganisha tena miradi iliyoshindwa hapo awali. "Makampuni ya Grenada yametoa ripoti ya jinsi changamoto hizi na nyingine zilivyoponywa ambayo inaweza kuwa na manufaa kwa nchi nyingine zenye rasilimali ndogo zinazotafuta kuiga programu kama hizo za SPCR. """ Mafunzo yaliyopatikana ni pamoja na: - Mawasiliano ya ufanisi kati ya vyama tofauti na majukumu ya kuingiliana ili kupunguza kazi za kurudia na juhudi. - Kuwasiliana matokeo na umma katika maneno maalum. Sehemu moja ya SPCR ilihitaji kuhamishwa kwa kijiji. Wakazi wa kijiji hicho na umma walipinga kwanza hadi rasilimali ambazo zingekuwa zinapatikana kuhakikisha wakazi wa kijiji hicho hawakuwa na hali mbaya zaidi zilipojulikana. - Kuandaa miradi kwa mahitaji maalum yaliyoelezwa katika SPCR. Mipango ya ujenzi na ujenzi wa majengo hayo ni ya msingi na ya kipekee kwa sababu ya hatari kubwa ya kuongezeka kwa bahari, kama ilivyoelezwa katika SPCR. Mfano mmoja ulikuwa katika usimamizi wa pwani, kujenga ramani ya barabara kwa maeneo na tishio tofauti na kuboresha miundombinu na kisha kutekeleza ramani ya barabara. - Kualika na kuwezesha mawasiliano kati ya sekta. Miongoni mwa mambo ya kwanza ambayo SPCR ilikosoa ni kuwa na viwango vya juu vya usimamizi. "Watu wengi wanaamini kwamba SCPR haikuunganisha vizuri kanuni na programu za serikali kwa wadau wa ndani na jamii.""" Kwa kualika ushirikiano wa sekta mbalimbali wasiwasi huu ulishughulikiwa.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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WHAT IS COSMIC DEVOTION? Cosmic devotions collectively relates to the central practices within The Philosophy of Millettism that are considered to strengthen and proximate one's personal relationship with The Cosmos. Cosmic devotions are characterised by feelings, acts, and thoughts when either physically observing The Cosmos, learning about The Cosmos, or imagining/contemplating about The Cosmos, or its progenies, or phenomena. There are four distinct branches of cosmic devotional practices which include wonderment, adoration, laudation, and veneration, however, there does exist other forms of cosmic devotion that are considered to further raise one's Cosmic Awareness. The subdiscipline of devotology within the discipline of study of occurrology deals with the study and contemplation of cosmic devotions, and the various methods associated with each, and the variations in their practices. Devotologists are tasked with making connections and conclusions between philosophical concepts and corresponding devotions. Furthermore, different devotions are paired with different concepts and theories for particular purposes. Wondermentation, not to be confused with the feeling of wonderment, is the primary emotional and physical activity of Cosmic Devotion wherein one experiences a complete awe and admiration for that which is cosmically observed. Wonderment itself is a feeling rather than an activity while wondermentation refers to the cosmic devotional activity induced by the feeling of wonderment. The penultimate form of cosmic devotion is that which is known as adoration and as distinguished from wondermentation, involves love and respection for The Cosmos as an entirety as induced by individual celestials rather than devoting towards individual celestials themselves. Laudation is the third major form of cosmic devotion and holds similarity to adoration as it feels love and respection for The Cosmos, but directs devotion to particular celestials rather than for The Cosmos entirely. Prettification is a form of cosmic devotion that involves decorating a place, a rendition, or an ornament with flowers, orreries, ornaments of cosmic progeny and phenomena, placing works of art nearby, or completing a performance in a specified place as a form of decoration. The final major form of cosmic devotion is that which is known as veneration and involves the physical endeavours that one may embark upon to observe cosmic progeny and phenomena that one may have previously wondermented, adored, or lauded. In the hierarchy of devotional levels, veneration falls in fourth place behind wondermentation, adoration, and laudation. Particularism, as previously alluded to, is closely associated with laudation as it involves philosophical contemplation and cosmic devotion directed towards a particular celestial entity, usually a star, or a planet that one repeatedly devotes to. Particularists are characterised by their concentrations towards one particular celestial involving their obsession over it in devotions, enknowledgements, and depictions if they are artistic. Stargazing, starbathing, and stardancing, and starsleeping are common forms of cosmic devotion that are actions paired with devotions, especially for easier understanding, or for further enhancement of the devotional session. There is another major aspect of cosmic devotion that is not categorised as part of the main four branches due to its introduction after those four primary branches were established, and it is known as anapentination. Anapentination is a cosmic devotional practice that involves one's spiritual, mental, and philosophical departure from The Earth to reach new cosmic heights through imagination. During an anapentinational experience, one feels as though their mind and soul have both left The Earth and have progressed beyond their physical self to explore The Cosmos, its progeny, and its phenomena. Anapentination is not categorised as a primary cosmic devotion because it involves mystic practices and beliefs and is often more associated with Millettarian Mysticism rather than with standard cosmic devotional practice. It should also not be confused with impentination which relates to the physical leaving of The Earth for philosophical purposes; distinctly, anapentination is one's spiritual, mental, and philosophical departure from The Earth. There are many methods, approaches, and belief orientations associated with cosmic devotion and its practices, and one of these is known as cosmic inspiration which is characterised by the belief that can gain an unprecedented and unrivalled level of inspiration from Cosmic Devotion, Cosmic Philosophy, and general cosmic enknowledgement, with the most crucial part of this concept being that such inspiration cannot be found in anything else other than these three aspects of The Philosophy of Millettism. Two ways of practising cosmic devotion are known as family devotion and private devotion; the former of which relates to the practice of cosmic devotions with family members in the privacy of their own homes rather than with friends, or the public, or in a public place. The latter, also known as personal devotion relates to the practice of cosmic devotions by an individual in the privacy of their own room, or home rather than with friends, family members, or the public, or in a public place, and is therefore distinct from family devotion and public devotion. Another form of cosmic devotion is that which is known as astrophotographic devotion which involves one's application of wondermentation, adoration, laudation, or veneration directed towards a particular astrophotography, or an entire gallery of them, whether this be seen physically, or digitally.

UIMWI WA KUSIFA KWA KUSIFA KWA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSIFA KUSI "Kusanyiko la ""Uaminifu wa Cosmic"" linahusiana na mazoea ya msingi ndani ya Falsafa ya Milletism ambayo yanachukuliwa kuimarisha na karibu uhusiano wa kibinafsi na Cosmos." Uaminifu wa Cosmic una sifa ya hisia, vitendo, na mawazo wakati ama kimwili kuchunguza Cosmos, kujifunza kuhusu Cosmos, au kufikiria au kutafakari kuhusu Cosmos, au wazao wake, au matukio. Kuna matawi manne tofauti ya mazoea ya kujitolea ya ulimwengu ambayo ni pamoja na kushangaa, kuabudu, sifa, na heshima, hata hivyo, kuna aina nyingine za kujitolea kwa ulimwengu ambazo zinachukuliwa kuongeza zaidi ufahamu wa ulimwengu. Subdiscipline ya devotionology ndani ya taaluma ya utafiti wa occultology inahusika na utafiti na kutafakari ya devotions cosmic, na mbinu mbalimbali kuhusishwa na kila, na tofauti katika mazoea yao. Wataalamu wa ibada wana kazi ya kufanya uhusiano na mkataa kati ya dhana za kifalsafa na ibada zinazolingana. Isitoshe, ibada tofauti-tofauti huambatanishwa na dhana na nadharia tofauti-tofauti kwa makusudi fulani. "Mashaka, ambayo haipaswi kuchanganyikiwa na hisia ya kushangaa, ni shughuli ya msingi ya kihisia na kimwili ya ""Uaminifu wa Cosmic"" ambapo mtu hupata hofu kamili na kuvutiwa na kile kinachoonekana kwa ulimwengu." Mshangao ni hisia badala ya shughuli, wakati wondermentation inahusu shughuli ya kujitolea cosmic husababishwa na hisia ya mshangao. "Ufunuo wa mwisho wa ibada ya ulimwengu ni ile inayojulikana kama ""kuabudu"" na kama tofauti na ""kujiuliza,"" inahusisha upendo na heshima kwa ulimwengu kama jumla kama inavyochochewa na watu binafsi wa mbinguni badala ya kujitolea kwa watu binafsi wa mbinguni." Laudation ni aina ya tatu kuu ya ujitoaji wa cosmic na inafanana na adoration kama inahisi upendo na heshima kwa Cosmos, lakini inaelekeza ujitoaji kwa celestials maalum badala ya Cosmos kabisa. Prettification ni aina ya ibada ya ulimwengu ambayo inahusisha kupamba mahali, uwasilishaji, au mapambo na maua, orreries, mapambo ya watoto wa ulimwengu na matukio, kuweka kazi za sanaa karibu, au kukamilisha maonyesho katika mahali maalum kama aina ya mapambo. "Ufunuo wa mwisho wa ibada ya ulimwengu ni ule unaojulikana kama ""kuabudu"" na unajumuisha juhudi za kimwili ambazo mtu anaweza kuanza kuzingatia wazao wa ulimwengu na matukio ambayo mtu anaweza kuwa amewahi kushangaa, kuabudu, au kusifu." Katika utaratibu wa viwango vya ujitoaji, heshima huanguka katika nafasi ya nne nyuma ya kushangaa, kuabudu, na kusifu. "Kutokana na hii, ""maadhimisho"" ni ushirika wa karibu na sifa, kwani inahusisha kutafakari kifalsafa na kujitolea kwa ulimwengu kuelekea kiumbe fulani cha kimbingu, kwa kawaida nyota au sayari ambayo mtu hujitolea mara kwa mara." Watu wanaopenda mambo ya kipekee huonyesha kwamba wanakazia fikira kitu kimoja cha kimbingu, na hivyo kuwa na tamaa ya kitu hicho katika ibada, maarifa, na maonyesho, ikiwa ni ya kisanii. Kutazama nyota, kuogelea nyota, na kucheza dansi ya nyota ni aina za kawaida za ibada ya ulimwengu ambayo ni vitendo vilivyounganishwa na ibada, haswa kwa uelewa rahisi, au kwa kuboresha zaidi kikao cha ibada. Kuna jambo jingine muhimu la ibada ya kimungu ambalo halijaorodheshwa kama sehemu ya matawi manne makuu kwa sababu ilianzishwa baada ya matawi hayo manne ya msingi kuanzishwa, na linajulikana kama anapentation. Anapentination ni mazoezi ya kujitolea ya ulimwengu ambayo inahusisha kuondoka kwa kiroho, kiakili, na kifalsafa kutoka kwa Dunia kufikia urefu mpya wa ulimwengu kupitia mawazo. Wakati wa uzoefu wa anapentation, mtu anahisi kana kwamba akili na roho yake zote mbili zimeacha Dunia na zimesonga mbele zaidi ya nafsi yao ya kimwili kuchunguza Cosmos, wazao wake, na matukio yake. Anapentation haijaorodheshwa kama ibada ya msingi ya ulimwengu kwa sababu inahusisha mazoea ya kichawi na imani na mara nyingi inahusishwa zaidi na Uchawi wa Milletarian kuliko na mazoezi ya kawaida ya ibada ya ulimwengu. "Hii pia haipaswi kuchanganyikiwa na ""impentation"" ambayo inahusiana na kuondoka kimwili kwa Dunia kwa madhumuni ya kifalsafa; kwa wazi, anapentation ni kuondoka kwa kiroho, kiakili, na kifalsafa kutoka duniani." Kuna mbinu nyingi, mbinu, na mwelekeo wa imani inayohusiana na kujitolea kwa ulimwengu na mazoea yake, na moja ya haya inajulikana kama msukumo wa ulimwengu, ambayo ina sifa ya imani ambayo inaweza kupata kiwango cha msukumo kisichokumbukwa na kisicho na kifani kutoka kwa kujitolea kwa ulimwengu, falsafa ya ulimwengu, na ufahamu wa ulimwengu kwa ujumla, na sehemu muhimu zaidi ya dhana hii ni kwamba msukumo kama huo hauwezi kupatikana katika kitu kingine chochote isipokuwa mambo haya matatu ya falsafa ya Milletism. Njia mbili za kufanya ibada ya kimungu zinajulikana kama ibada ya familia na ibada ya kibinafsi, ambayo inahusiana na mazoezi ya ibada ya kimungu na wanafamilia katika faragha ya nyumba zao badala ya marafiki, au umma, au mahali pa umma. "Hii ya mwisho, inayojulikana pia kama ""ujitoaji wa kibinafsi,"" inahusu mazoezi ya ujitoaji wa ulimwengu na mtu binafsi katika faragha ya chumba chake mwenyewe au nyumbani badala ya marafiki, wanafamilia, umma au mahali pa umma, na kwa hivyo ni tofauti na ujitoaji wa familia na ujitoaji wa umma." "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""uheshimu"" ni wito wa astrophotographic, ambayo inahusisha matumizi ya mtu ya ajabu, ibada, sifa, au heshima iliyoelekezwa kwa astrophotography fulani, au nyumba nzima ya sanaa, iwe inaonekana kimwili au digital."

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://cs.astronism.com/cosmic-devotion

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The landscape for Digital Natives is a completely different one for Digital Immigrants. For some of us Immigrants who can recognize the sound of a dial-up modem like the voice of our own mothers, the Native world our children are growing up in can be more than intimidating. It can be terrifying. How can parents keep up with swiftly changing technology and their even technologically savvier children? Internet safety and cellphone safety needs to be as important in discussing with our kids as “stranger danger”. Parents on Deck Parents, we have no choice but to keep up because we are our children’s first line of defense in protecting them from those who are even more savvy than they are: predators. Because predators are motivated by their addictions they will put in the added effort to learn how to navigate the newest social media platform or how to emotionally manipulate our kids. And because social media platforms are motivated by making money by downloads through app stores and click throughs on advertisements, they will not have anything in place to protect our children for us. Besides, social media platforms have the First Amendment to hide behind. We do not. It is unrealistic to believe our children can survive without access to the internet or cell phones (depending on their age, of course). However, we can inform ourselves better. In the interest of informing and empowering parents, this post will be the first in a series of what parents need to know to keep their kids safe. Cell phone: Privacy or Nah? Every parent handles the cell phone conversation with their kids differently, and that’s okay. Each household has its own set of rules on when a child will receive a cell phone of his or her own and what rules will go along with that phone. In order to frame this particular conversation of kid safety and to keep things simple, I will refer to what’s expected with my 15-year-old son and his electronic devices. Before my son had anything in his hands, he knew that he would have no expectation of privacy when it came to his cell phone and all other electronic devices. This means that I can check his phone at any time (texts, pictures, apps, etc.) and he understands that nothing is private. It also means that I won’t read anything in great detail; I only quickly scan to see if there is anything concerning. I also have all his passwords. He’s a great kid and when we had the conversation about the responsibility that came with a cell phone and internet safety, he understood why it was important that I always had access to his information. He hasn’t ever been resentful about “invading his privacy” and, in fact, has forwarded me texts several times to ask for my advice on how to respond. Does his compliance mean I’ve never gone through his phone? Oh hell no. Of course I have. In fact, as recently as a couple months ago I could tell he was struggling with something and didn’t want to talk to me about it so I went to his phone. I skimmed his texts and saw that he was having some issues with a friend and was able to help him resolve it. Regardless of how each parent sets up the arrangement with their kids about cell phones, I think the most important thing is that both parent and child have created a relationship where they can go to each other if there is a concern. Especially if “privacy” really just becomes another word for “secrecy”. Cell Phone Security Features on Deck So what if a parent wants to secure a phone or electronic device before it’s even given to the child? There are actually several security features already in place on both Android and iPhones that help parents out with this although neither one is absolutely perfect for every situation. When I ask my friends about their biggest concerns regarding cell phone and/or internet safety, most of them say they worry about specific apps (more about those in a later post). Some say they worry about the added costs of in-app purchases, and others say they worry about sexting. All of these are concerns and clearly there are other concerns as well. The list will obviously grow as technology advances. Fantastic. When it comes to Android devices, security features are enabled either through Google Play Store’s settings, the specific device’s settings or through a downloaded app so it really depends on what feature a parent is looking for. If the primary issue is preventing a child from downloading your mortgage in apps, then definitely start in these settings. For this post I am using screens from my daughter’s Samsung Tablet, the only Android we have in the house. Other Androids might look different but I am assuming most will be similar. (Image 1) Once you’ve opened up the Google Play Store’s settings (on the device itself), you’ll tap the option “Require authentication for purchase” and from there you will enable the slider for “Purchase Protection”. At that point you will be able to select a time frame for how long the user can download apps before needing a password. (Images 2 and 3) The parental control slider lets you decide what is available based on ages.You might notice in the same settings screen an option called “Parental Controls”. If this is tapped another screen is open where you can use a little graphic to determine what content to restrict based on age groups. Here’s what you see when you select it. You first want to select the slider to the on position. This will enable you to adjust the slider. I happen to love this option because it gives kids autonomy to select apps but it will automatically limit apps available to them based on what is age-appropriate. So if you’re a parent who is concerned about certain social-media platforms, simply limited the apps available to your child in this way could be a viable option to you. Don’t forget to select a password that you not only won’t forget but won’t be guessed by your kids. (Images 4 and 5) Once you’ve taken care of the settings in the Google Play Store don’t forget the settings on the actual device itself because it will have a different settings menu. The reason why you want to do this is because even though you’ve gotten the Google Play Store taken care of, users can still download apps from third party locations. Not only does this expose the device to viruses and malware, but it completely undoes everything you just did in the Google Play Store which is annoying. Once again, go into your device’s menu and find the Settings. Because this is my 4 year old’s tablet made for kids, it was pretty easy to find but usually the Settings is easily found on any device. The option you want to “untick” is Unknown Sources. This will make sure the only apps your child can download come from the Google Play Store — where you have all your parameters set. (Images 6 and 7) Of course, this is just Android devices. We haven’t even begun talking about all the iStuff around. I’ll be the first to admit that I know more about parental controls on iPhones and iDevices than anything else because that is what we have in our home. So if anyone has other pointers to add as I continue with these posts, please share them with me! Most of the parental controls or restrictions that we use are found by beginning in the Settings menu and selecting General. One of the most important things you’ll do by enabling the Restrictions menu is setting a password. It should be a unique password that can’t be guessed — and one that you won’t forget. If you forget it you’ll end up having to reset your phone which is an enormous hassle. As you can see, the Restrictions menu shows all the apps at work on your phone. You can toggle on and off which apps you want your child to have access to. When the switch is toggled to the off position the app’s icon won’t show up on the main screen of your phone. I’ve actually done this to my own phone for apps that I don’t use and don’t want cluttering up my phone’s screen so this is actually very useful. I’ll show you how I’ve set up some of the restrictions on my son’s phone. First of all, I’ve turned “off” Safari, Siri, FaceTime, AirDrop, and CarPlay on his phone. Even with Safari turned off though, he still has access to WiFi just not the internet. (Image 1) My son’s app store is actually turned off all the time so if he wants to download something he has to bring his phone to me. This has been a great arrangement for us because first of all, it takes away the surprise of charges that some of my friends were talking about and second, I’m able to talk to him about an app that might not be appropriate. However, an app might slip past the both of us so I’ve set his app rating to be 12+, meaning apps that are in the range of 12-16 are okay for him to download. It is also requires a password to be used at all times, even for free apps. He doesn’t have access to Siri, but I showed the setting anyway because some people aren’t aware that Siri is automatically defaulted to use explicit language or to search for explicit web content if asked. Those were toggled off right away. A parent also has options for websites by allowing all of them, specific sites, or by checking off the option to just limit adult content and listing which sites to always allow and which to never allow. (Image 2) I’ve also set restrictions on books, movies, tv shows, and music that’s available through Apple. This means books available through iBook, movies and tv shows from iTunes as well as music and podcasts, and news from the Newstand can be limited through here. However, and this is important, these particular restrictions will not safeguard anything that comes from another app. For example, if you toggled off explicit sexual content being permitted under books your child can still download Fifty Shades of Grey from Amazon to read on the Kindle app. (Image 3) There are a couple other useful tools in the Restrictions menu. This is where you can limit which apps can access the phone’s location services, for example. You can also decide what accounts can be changed outside of the Restrictions menu. For example, maybe you don’t want your child to be able to post pictures in Messenger via Facebook. You can restrict that through here. If you don’t want the volume going past a certain limit, you can do that through here as well. In the General menu you can tap Messages and turn off iMessages. By doing this, your child won’t be able to use his or her iPad or iMac to “text” (or iMessage) other people if you don’t want them to. Keep in mind that if you want them to not turn this feature back off you’ll have to toggle it off in the Restrictions. If you have a cell phone company that offers services like a Family Services Plan or something similar where they say a parent can limit what hours a child can use their phone, etc, this is only true to a certain extent. iMessaging is treated like an app to Apple and these cell phone plans can’t limit apps, only SMS messaging. If your child is iMessaging, you can’t restrict that using your cell phone company. I don’t endorse this feature at all, but some parents who are desperate to know what their kids are up to (and for some reason just don’t ask or feel like they can’t) can use the Text Message Forwarding feature on the iPhone. This is where you enable the text message forwarding to another device, like an iMac using your child’s AppleID and then all their iMessaging will be forwarded to that device. Frankly, I think if you’re a parent in that situation your family needs more help than my series of blog posts can give you. You will betray your child’s trust in a way that may never recover. Lastly, Apple introduced their Family Plan recently. One parent becomes the “head” of the family plan and invites other members to join. Anything from the app store that is bought using the charge card is then shared with the family. This is terrific for several different reasons but in this case it helps with transparency. The child then knows that everything he or she purchases or downloads from the App Store will be followed with a receipt that is then emailed to the head of the family plan. My son learned that the hard way when he app binged his feelings last summer. (Image 4) Keeping Kids Safe and Smart Again, these are a few suggestions to kick off my series in what parents can do to help keep their kids safe in a more digital world. Primarily, I hope this will open up more discussions between parents and children because ultimately that will create a safer environment for our kids and make them smarter in making decisions.

Mazingira kwa Wenyeji wa Dijiti ni tofauti kabisa kwa wahamiaji wa dijiti. Kwa baadhi yetu wahamiaji ambao wanaweza kutambua sauti ya modem ya kupiga simu kama sauti ya mama zetu wenyewe, ulimwengu wa asili ambao watoto wetu wanakua unaweza kuwa zaidi ya kutisha. Inaweza kuwa yenye kuogopesha. Wazazi wanawezaje kuendelea na mabadiliko ya haraka ya teknolojia na watoto wao hata wenye ujuzi wa teknolojia? Usalama wa mtandao na usalama wa simu za mkononi unahitaji kuwa muhimu katika kujadili na watoto wetu kama "hatari ya mgeni". "Wazazi, hatuna chaguo ila kuendelea, kwa sababu sisi ni mstari wa kwanza wa ulinzi wa watoto wetu katika kuwalinda kutoka kwa wale ambao ni hata zaidi ya savvy kuliko wao: wawindaji. """ Kwa sababu wawindaji wanachochewa na ulevi wao, watafanya juhudi za ziada kujifunza jinsi ya kusafiri kwenye jukwaa jipya la media ya kijamii au jinsi ya kuathiri hisia za watoto wetu. Na kwa sababu majukwaa ya media ya kijamii yanachochewa na kupata pesa kwa kupakua kupitia maduka ya programu na kubonyeza kupitia matangazo, hawatakuwa na chochote mahali ili kulinda watoto wetu kwa ajili yetu. Kwa kuongezea, majukwaa ya media ya kijamii yana Marekebisho ya Kwanza ya kujificha nyuma. Hatujui. Ni jambo lisilo la kweli kuamini kwamba watoto wetu wanaweza kuishi bila upatikanaji wa mtandao au simu za mkononi (kutegemea umri wao, bila shaka). Hata hivyo, tunaweza kujijulisha vizuri zaidi. Kwa nia ya kuwajulisha na kuwawezesha wazazi, chapisho hili litakuwa la kwanza katika mfululizo wa kile wazazi wanahitaji kujua ili kuwaweka watoto wao salama. Simu ya mkononi: Faragha au Hapana? Kila mzazi hushughulikia mazungumzo ya simu ya mkononi na watoto wao kwa njia tofauti, na hiyo ni sawa. Kila familia ina sheria zake za wakati mtoto anapopokea simu ya mkononi na sheria zinazohusiana na simu hiyo. Ili kuunda mazungumzo haya maalum ya usalama wa watoto na kuweka mambo rahisi, nitaelezea kile kinachotarajiwa na mwana wangu wa miaka ya 15 na vifaa vyake vya elektroniki. Kabla ya mtoto wangu kupata kitu chochote mikononi mwake, alijua kwamba hangeweza kutarajia faragha wakati wa simu yake ya mkononi na vifaa vingine vyote vya elektroniki. Hii inamaanisha kwamba ninaweza kuangalia simu yake wakati wowote (matumizi, picha, programu, nk.) Na anaelewa kwamba hakuna kitu ni binafsi. Pia inamaanisha kwamba sitasoma chochote kwa undani sana; mimi tu haraka skanning kuona kama kuna kitu kuhusu. Pia nina nywila zake zote. Yeye ni mtoto mkubwa na wakati tulikuwa na mazungumzo kuhusu jukumu ambalo lilikuja na simu ya mkononi na usalama wa mtandao, alielewa kwa nini ilikuwa muhimu kwamba siku zote nilikuwa na upatikanaji wa habari yake. Yeye hajawahi kuwa na chuki juu ya <unk> kuvunja faragha yake <unk> na, kwa kweli, amenipeleka maandishi mara kadhaa kuuliza ushauri wangu juu ya jinsi ya kujibu. Je, utii wake unamaanisha kwamba sijawahi kuchunguza simu yake? La hasha. Bila shaka nimekuwa. Kwa kweli, hivi karibuni kama miezi michache iliyopita ningeweza kusema alikuwa akipambana na kitu na hakutaka kuzungumza nami juu ya hilo kwa hivyo nilienda kwenye simu yake. Nilipitia ujumbe wake na kuona kwamba alikuwa na matatizo na rafiki yake na nikaweza kumsaidia kutatua tatizo hilo. "Hata hivyo, hata kama wazazi wote wawili wanafanya mpango wa kuwasiliana na watoto wao kuhusu simu za mkononi, ninafikiri jambo muhimu zaidi ni kwamba wazazi na watoto wameunda uhusiano ambapo wanaweza kwenda kwa kila mmoja ikiwa kuna wasiwasi. """ Hasa kama "usiri" kweli inakuwa tu neno jingine kwa ajili ya "siri". Vipengele vya Usalama wa Simu ya Mkono kwenye Deck Basi nini ikiwa mzazi anataka kulinda simu au kifaa cha elektroniki kabla hata haijapewa mtoto? Kuna baadhi ya vipengele vya usalama tayari katika nafasi ya wote Android na iPhones kwamba kusaidia wazazi nje na hii ingawa hakuna moja ni kabisa kamili kwa kila hali. "Wakati niliwauliza marafiki zangu kuhusu wasiwasi wao mkubwa kuhusu usalama wa simu za mkononi na mtandao, wengi wao walisema wana wasiwasi kuhusu programu maalum (zaidi juu ya wale katika chapisho la baadaye).""" Baadhi ya watu wana wasiwasi juu ya gharama za ziada za ununuzi wa ndani ya programu, na wengine wanasema wana wasiwasi juu ya kutuma ujumbe wa ngono. Yote haya ni wasiwasi na ni wazi kuna wasiwasi mwingine pia. Ni wazi kwamba orodha hiyo itaongezeka kadiri teknolojia inavyoendelea. Ni ya ajabu sana. Kwa kifaa cha Android, vipengele vya usalama huwezeshwa kupitia mipangilio ya Google Play Store, mipangilio maalum ya kifaa, au kupitia programu iliyopakuliwa, kwa hivyo inategemea ni nini mzazi anatafuta. Ikiwa tatizo ni kuzuia mtoto wako kutoka kwa programu yako ya mkopo, basi lazima uanze katika mipangilio hii. Kwa ajili ya chapisho hili mimi nina kutumia skrini kutoka binti yangu Samsung Tablet, tu Android tuna katika nyumba. Androids nyingine inaweza kuangalia tofauti lakini mimi nina kudhani wengi itakuwa sawa. "Kama wewe ni tayari kufungua ""Google Play Store"" mipangilio (kwa kifaa yenyewe), wewe bonyeza chaguo ""Hitaji uthibitisho kwa ajili ya ununuzi"" na kutoka hapo wewe itawezesha slider kwa ajili ya ""Ununuzi Ulinzi.""" Wakati huo utaweza kuchagua muda wa muda kwa muda gani mtumiaji anaweza kupakua programu kabla ya kuhitaji nenosiri. "Kupitia slider ya ""udhibiti wa wazazi,"" unaweza kuchagua nini kinachopatikana kulingana na umri, na unaweza kuona katika skrini ya mipangilio hiyo chaguo linaloitwa ""udhibiti wa wazazi.""" Ikiwa hii imegunduliwa, skrini nyingine itafunguliwa ambapo unaweza kutumia picha ndogo kuamua ni nini kinachopaswa kuzuiwa kulingana na vikundi vya umri. Hapa ni nini unaweza kuona wakati wewe kuchagua. Kwanza unataka kuchagua slider kwa nafasi juu. Hii itakuwezesha kurekebisha slider. Kwa kweli, hii ni chaguo nzuri kwa sababu inatoa uhuru wa kuchagua programu, lakini pia hupunguza programu zinazopatikana kwa msingi wa umri unaofaa. Kwa hivyo ikiwa wewe ni mzazi ambaye una wasiwasi juu ya majukwaa fulani ya media ya kijamii, tu kupunguza programu zinazopatikana kwa mtoto wako kwa njia hii inaweza kuwa chaguo linalofaa kwako. Usisahau kuchagua nenosiri ambalo si tu hutaisahau lakini pia halitaaminika na watoto wako. Baada ya kuamua mipangilio katika Duka la Google Play, usisahau mipangilio kwenye kifaa halisi yenyewe kwa sababu itakuwa na orodha tofauti ya mipangilio. Sababu kwa nini unataka kufanya hivyo ni kwa sababu hata ingawa umepata Duka la Google Play lilitunzwa, watumiaji bado wanaweza kupakua programu kutoka kwa maeneo ya mtu wa tatu. Hii sio tu inafunua kifaa kwa virusi na programu hasidi, lakini pia huondoa kabisa kila kitu ulichofanya kwenye Duka la Google Play, ambayo ni ya kukasirisha. Kwa mara nyingine tena, kwenda katika kifaa yako<unk>s orodha na kupata Mipangilio. Kwa sababu hii ni tablet yangu ya miaka minne iliyoundwa kwa watoto, ilikuwa rahisi sana kupata lakini kwa kawaida Mipangilio hupatikana kwa urahisi kwenye kifaa chochote. Chaguo unataka <unk> untick <unk> ni Unknown Sources. Hii itahakikisha kwamba programu tu mtoto wako anaweza kupakua kuja kutoka Google Play Store <unk> ambapo una vigezo yako yote kuweka. (Picha ya 6 na 7) Kwa kweli, hii ni tu vifaa vya Android. Sisi hata si kuanza kuzungumza juu ya mambo yote iStuff kuzunguka. Nitakuwa wa kwanza kukubali kwamba najua zaidi kuhusu udhibiti wa wazazi kwenye iPhones na iDevices kuliko kitu kingine chochote kwa sababu hiyo ndiyo tunacho nyumbani kwetu. Kwa hiyo kama mtu yeyote ana vidokezo vingine vya kuongeza ninapoendelea na machapisho haya, tafadhali shirikiana nami! Vipengele vya kudhibiti au vikwazo vya wazazi vinavyotumika vinaweza kupatikana kwa kuanza kwenye menyu ya Mipangilio na kuchagua General. Moja ya mambo muhimu zaidi utafanya kwa kuwezesha menu Vizuizi ni kuweka nenosiri. Inapaswa kuwa nenosiri la kipekee ambalo haliwezi kudhaniwa na ambalo huwezi kusahau. Kama wewe kusahau ni wewe 'll kuishia na reset simu yako ambayo ni hassle kubwa. Kama unavyoona, orodha ya Vizuizi inaonyesha programu zote zinazofanya kazi kwenye simu yako. Unaweza kugeuza na kuzima programu ambazo unataka mtoto wako apate. Wakati kubadili ni toggled kwa nafasi off icon app si kuonyesha juu ya skrini kuu ya simu yako. Mimi kweli nimefanya hii kwa simu yangu mwenyewe kwa ajili ya programu kwamba mimi si kutumia na hawataki cluttering up screen simu yangu hivyo hii ni kweli muhimu sana. Mimi nitakuonyesha jinsi mimi kuweka baadhi ya vikwazo juu ya simu ya mwana wangu. Kwanza kabisa, nimefuta Safari, Siri, FaceTime, AirDrop, na CarPlay kwenye simu yake. Hata na Safari kuzimwa ingawa, yeye bado ina upatikanaji wa WiFi tu si mtandao. "Mwanangu ana ""app store"" ambayo ni kitu ambacho kinamzuia mtu yeyote kuitumia, kwa hivyo anahitaji kuipakua simu yake." Hii imekuwa mpangilio mkubwa kwa ajili yetu kwa sababu kwanza ya yote, inachukua mbali mshangao wa mashtaka kwamba baadhi ya marafiki wangu walikuwa kuzungumza juu na pili, mimi nina uwezo wa kuzungumza naye kuhusu programu ambayo inaweza kuwa si sahihi. Hata hivyo, programu inaweza kuanguka nyuma yetu so I've kuweka app yake rating kuwa 12+ maana programu ambayo ni katika mbalimbali ya 12-16 ni sawa kwa ajili yake kupakua. Pia inahitaji nenosiri kutumiwa wakati wote, hata kwa programu za bure. Yeye hana upatikanaji wa Siri, lakini mimi alionyesha kuweka hata hivyo kwa sababu baadhi ya watu si ufahamu kwamba Siri ni moja kwa moja default kutumia lugha wazi au kutafuta maudhui ya wazi mtandao kama aliuliza. Hizo zilifutwa mara moja. Wazazi pia wana chaguzi kwa tovuti kwa kuruhusu zote, tovuti maalum, au kwa kuangalia nje chaguo la tu kupunguza maudhui ya watu wazima na orodha ambayo tovuti daima kuruhusu na ambayo kamwe kuruhusu. (Picha ya 2) Pia nimeweka vizuizi juu ya vitabu, filamu, vipindi vya televisheni, na muziki unaopatikana kupitia Apple. Hii inamaanisha vitabu vinavyopatikana kupitia iBook, filamu na vipindi vya runinga kutoka iTunes, pamoja na muziki na podcasts, na habari kutoka NewStand inaweza kuwa mdogo kupitia hapa. Hata hivyo, na hii ni muhimu, vikwazo hivi maalum havitahifadhi chochote kinachokuja kutoka kwa programu nyingine. Kwa mfano, ikiwa umepunguza maudhui ya ngono ya wazi yanayoruhusiwa chini ya vitabu, mtoto wako bado anaweza kupakua Fifty Shades of Grey kutoka Amazon kusoma kwenye programu ya Kindle. "Picha ya 3 ""Vifaa vya kuvutia zaidi katika orodha ya mipaka""" Hii ni ambapo unaweza kupunguza ambayo programu inaweza kupata huduma za eneo la simu, kwa mfano. Unaweza pia kuamua ni akaunti gani zinaweza kubadilishwa nje ya orodha ya Vizuizi. Kwa mfano, labda hutaki mtoto wako awe na uwezo wa kuchapisha picha katika Messenger kupitia Facebook. Unaweza kuzuia kwamba kupitia hapa. Kama hutaki kiasi kwenda zaidi ya kikomo fulani, unaweza kufanya hivyo kupitia hapa pia. Katika orodha ya jumla unaweza kugusa ujumbe na kuzima iMessages. Kwa kufanya hivyo, mtoto wako hawezi kutumia iPad au iMac yake <unk> maandishi <unk> (au iMessage) watu wengine kama hutaki wao. Kumbuka kwamba kama unataka wao si kurejea kipengele hiki nyuma mbali utakuwa na kugeuka ni nje katika Vikwazo. Ikiwa kampuni ya simu ya mkononi inatoa huduma kama vile Mpango wa Huduma za Familia au kitu kama hicho ambapo wanasema mzazi anaweza kupunguza masaa ambayo mtoto anaweza kutumia simu yao, nk, hii ni kweli tu kwa kiwango fulani. iMessaging ni kutibiwa kama programu kwa Apple na mipango hii ya simu ya mkononi haiwezi kupunguza programu, tu ujumbe wa SMS. Kama mtoto wako ni iMessaging, huwezi kuzuia kwamba kwa kutumia kampuni yako ya simu ya mkononi. Mimi si endorse kipengele hiki wakati wote, lakini baadhi ya wazazi ambao ni kukata tamaa kujua nini watoto wao ni hadi (na kwa sababu fulani tu si kuuliza au kuhisi kama hawawezi) wanaweza kutumia kipengele cha Ujumbe wa Nakala Forwarding kwenye iPhone. Hii ni mahali ambapo unaweza kuwezesha ujumbe wa maandishi kuelekezwa kwa kifaa kingine, kama iMac kutumia mtoto wako Apple ID na kisha wote wao iMessaging itakuwa kuelekezwa kwa kifaa hicho. Kwa uwazi, nadhani kama wewe ni mzazi katika hali hiyo familia yako inahitaji msaada zaidi kuliko mfululizo wangu wa machapisho ya blogi inaweza kukupa. Utabadili imani ya mtoto wako kwa njia ambayo huenda isirudishwe tena. Mwishowe, Apple ilianzisha Mpango wao wa Familia hivi karibuni. Mzazi mmoja anakuwa "kichwa" cha mpango wa familia na anaalika wanachama wengine kujiunga. Kila kitu kutoka duka la programu ambacho kinunuliwa kwa kutumia kadi ya malipo kisha kinashirikiwa na familia. Hii ni ya ajabu kwa sababu kadhaa tofauti lakini katika kesi hii inasaidia na uwazi. Mtoto anajua kwamba kila kitu anachonunua au kupakua kutoka kwa Duka la App kitafuatwa na risiti ambayo hutumwa kwa barua pepe kwa mkuu wa mpango wa familia. Mwana wangu alijifunza kwamba njia ngumu wakati yeye app binged hisia zake majira ya joto iliyopita. Kuhifadhi Watoto Salama na Smart Tena: Hizi ni mapendekezo machache ya kuanza mfululizo wangu katika kile wazazi wanaweza kufanya kusaidia kuweka watoto wao salama katika ulimwengu wa dijiti. "Hata hivyo, natumaini hii itafungua majadiliano zaidi kati ya wazazi na watoto, kwa sababu mwishowe itaunda mazingira salama kwa watoto wetu na kuwafanya wawe na busara zaidi katika kufanya maamuzi."""

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://cstreetlights.com/what-parents-need-to-know-about-a-cell-phone/

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HSM - Hot Stage Microscope The hot stage microscope is designed to observe the behavior of materials at elevated temperatures, making it an essential instrument for various scientific and industrial applications. The high-temperature furnace allows precise temperature control and enables researchers to study the thermal properties of materials with high precision. By heating the sample in a furnace and recording and analyzing the corresponding image, scientists can observe changes in the material's structure, phase transitions, melting points, and other thermal characteristics in real time. One of the key advantages of the hot stage microscope is its ability to provide valuable insights into the thermal behavior of materials under controlled conditions. This is particularly beneficial for studying the properties of polymers, crystalline substances, and other materials that exhibit temperature-dependent behaviors. Additionally, the hot stage microscope is widely used in fields such as materials science, pharmaceuticals, geology, and metallurgy. In research and development, the hot stage microscope plays a crucial role in characterizing the thermal properties of new materials and formulations. By analyzing how materials respond to temperature changes, scientists can make informed decisions about their suitability for specific applications. This information is vital for optimizing material performance, ensuring product reliability, and advancing scientific knowledge in various disciplines. Furthermore, the hot stage microscope is instrumental in quality control and failure analysis across industries. By examining the thermal behavior of materials and products, manufacturers can identify potential issues related to composition, purity, or processing. This proactive approach helps maintain product quality, troubleshoot manufacturing challenges, and support continuous improvement initiatives. In summary, the hot stage microscope is a powerful tool for studying the thermal properties of materials, offering valuable insights for research, development, and quality assurance purposes. Its ability to observe samples at elevated temperatures makes it an indispensable instrument in scientific laboratories and industrial settings. Arvin Hot Stage Microscope (HSM) systems are carefully designed to meet stringent industry standards and ensure compatibility with the respective device and application. Complying with the standards set out in DIN 51730, DIN EN ISO 21404, SO 540, CEN/TS 15370-1 and CEN/TR 15404, our HSM systems guarantee accuracy and reliability in their operation.

HSM (Hot Stage Microscope) ni kifaa cha uchunguzi wa hali ya juu cha hali ya juu, ambacho hutumiwa katika hali ya joto. Chungu cha joto la juu inaruhusu udhibiti sahihi wa joto na inawezesha watafiti kujifunza mali ya joto ya vifaa kwa usahihi wa juu. Kwa kupasha sampuli joto katika tanuru na kurekodi na kuchanganua picha inayolingana, wanasayansi wanaweza kuchunguza mabadiliko katika muundo wa nyenzo, mabadiliko ya awamu, pointi za kuyeyuka, na sifa nyingine za joto kwa wakati halisi. Moja ya faida kuu ya hot stage microscope ni uwezo wake wa kutoa ufahamu muhimu katika tabia ya joto ya vifaa chini ya hali kudhibitiwa. Hii ni muhimu hasa kwa ajili ya kujifunza mali ya polima, vitu vya kioo, na vifaa vingine ambavyo huonyesha tabia zinazotegemea joto. Kwa kuongezea, darubini ya hatua ya moto hutumiwa sana katika nyanja kama vile sayansi ya vifaa, dawa, jiolojia, na metallurgy. Katika utafiti na maendeleo, hot hatua darubini ina jukumu muhimu katika sifa ya mali ya joto ya vifaa vipya na formulations. Kwa kuchanganua jinsi vifaa vinavyoitikia mabadiliko ya joto, wanasayansi wanaweza kufanya maamuzi yenye kueleweka kuhusu ufaao wao kwa matumizi fulani. Habari hii ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kuboresha utendaji wa vifaa, kuhakikisha kuegemea bidhaa, na kuendeleza maarifa ya kisayansi katika taaluma mbalimbali. Zaidi ya hayo, hot hatua darubini ni muhimu katika udhibiti wa ubora na uchambuzi wa kushindwa katika viwanda. Kwa kuchunguza tabia ya joto ya vifaa na bidhaa, wazalishaji wanaweza kutambua masuala ya uwezekano kuhusiana na muundo, usafi, au usindikaji. Njia hii ya kuchochea husaidia kudumisha ubora wa bidhaa, kutatua matatizo ya utengenezaji, na kusaidia mipango ya uboreshaji wa kuendelea. Kwa muhtasari, darubini ya hatua ya moto ni chombo chenye nguvu cha kusoma mali ya joto ya vifaa, ikitoa ufahamu muhimu kwa madhumuni ya utafiti, maendeleo, na kuhakikisha ubora. Uwezo wake wa kuchunguza sampuli katika halijoto ya juu hufanya iwe kifaa muhimu katika maabara ya kisayansi na mazingira ya viwanda. Arvin Hot Stage Microscope (HSM) mifumo ni makini iliyoundwa ili kukidhi viwango vya sekta kali na kuhakikisha utangamano na kifaa husika na maombi. Kwa kuzingatia viwango vilivyowekwa katika DIN 51730 na DIN EN ISO 21404, SO 540, CEN 1570-1 na CEN 15404, mifumo yetu ya HSM inahakikisha usahihi na kuegemea katika utendaji wao.

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Has Have Had Worksheets With Answer is a sheet of paper comprising projects or questions that are meant to be achieved by students. The Ministry of National Training explains that Worksheets are generally in the shape of recommendations, steps for completing a task. A task that’s bought in the game page must certanly be distinct the fundamental competencies which is achieved. Worksheets can be a student guide that’s used to transport out research and problem resolving activities. Making Educational Worksheets must make reference to the basic competencies being taught or at the least in respect with the substance that has been taught. Worksheets may also be translated as perform manuals for students in facilitating learning. The fundamental intent behind using Has Have Had Worksheets With Answer is to provide a cement experience for students. Supporting with education variations. Generating interest in learning. Increasing preservation of training and learning. Utilize time effectively and efficiently. You are able to pay attention to the example Contractions Worksheet 3 Answers with this page.

"Have had worksheets with answers ni karatasi ya karatasi inayojumuisha miradi au maswali ambayo yanapaswa kutimizwa na wanafunzi.""" Wizara ya Mafunzo ya Kitaifa inaelezea kwamba karatasi za kazi kwa ujumla ni katika fomu ya mapendekezo, hatua za kukamilisha kazi. Kazi ambayo ni kununuliwa katika ukurasa wa mchezo lazima hakika kuwa tofauti uwezo wa msingi ambayo ni mafanikio. Karatasi za kazi zinaweza kuwa mwongozo wa mwanafunzi ambao hutumiwa kusafirisha nje shughuli za utafiti na kutatua shida. Kuunda karatasi za kazi za elimu lazima zirejelee uwezo wa msingi unaofundishwa au angalau kuhusiana na nyenzo ambayo imefundishwa. Karatasi za kazi pia zinaweza kutafsiriwa kama kufanyia mafunzo kwa wanafunzi katika kuwezesha kujifunza. Kusudi la msingi nyuma ya kutumia Has Have Had Worksheets With Answer ni kutoa uzoefu wa saruji kwa wanafunzi. Kuunga mkono na tofauti za elimu. Kujenga upendezi katika kujifunza. Kuongeza kuhifadhi mafunzo na kujifunza. Tumia wakati kwa njia yenye matokeo na yenye matokeo. Unaweza pia kuangalia mfano wa kazi ya contractions katika ukurasa huu.

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Many small towns scattered around the United States are virtually unknown to outsiders. To preserve their history, Mark Combs, also known by his Wikipedia handle Coal town guy, has started to document them on Wikipedia. “My mom grew up in a really teeny, tiny small coal town in Raleigh County, West Virginia … You know most people when they go to a coal town, it’s by accident. So I wanted to start documenting them in a Wikipedia fashion you know, where is it a real place, what county is it in, where its geospatial coordinates is and et cetera. And I do it for the community, that’s a hobby.” says Combs. For Combs, it was troublesome that these towns were being forgotten, even though they brought up fond memories for many people like him. “In 2009 and 2010, a lot of the local landmarks were just sort of disappearing and it wasn’t by intent, it was really just the apathy in the area, the lack of — lack of jobs. And it really struck me that I kind of have, either I go out with my camera and take lots and lots of pictures – and not that somebody looks at them – or I have to start documenting things in an encyclopedic fashion.” Combs says. “And no one was really taking a uniform approach and worse yet, no one was really approaching these places with I guess not the respect it deserved, but rather the history that should be associated with them.” “There are people I know from that place who were totally jazzed that you know their [town is on] Wikipedia. They felt a sense of recognition,” Combs says. “They’re just happy to know that somebody knows their town as a real place and that these are real people.” Combs says he encountered townspeople who thought he was ridiculing them, but after several years they “loosened up” because they understood he was there to document the town from a historical perspective. The idea of preserving small towns virtually came to him in 2002 (which Combs describes as “the dark ages of the Internet”), after working with some geospatial data that he had access to. “You could buy a GPS but it was not necessarily reliable and they were really expensive” says Combs. He tested the data that he collected, to see if he could identify small towns like the one his mother grew up in. “I used my moms’ coal town name. It’s called Whitby. And I spelled it just like Whitby Lancashire in England. And everybody was telling me there’s no such place and that kind of peeved me off, because you know I was a kid, I played there. I used to go fossil hunting there and like it’s real, I know it was real.” says Combs. At the time, it took Combs two weeks to find his mother’s hometown. Shortly after that experience, Combs drove to Whitby and starting taking photographs and interviewing people, and fell in love with researching and documenting small towns. “Most people when they look at my preservation work, have no idea why I do it.” Combs says. “I take vacation time from work to drive to a coal town that hasn’t been inhabited for 25 or 30 years.” In April 2010, Combs started a Facebook group called ‘I miss West Virginia Coal Towns‘. The group started with four members and today it boasts over nine thousand. And with more people in that group, Combs says they all learned more from each other. For instance, Combs would ask for help to identify a fact or a photograph and many people would join the conversation to weigh in on his question. They would then get even more photographs to identify from other users, and the knowledge pool would grow. “We literally have thousands of photographs. Photographs I would think would’ve never existed, started showing up. Because some woman in Ohio went into her trunk and pulled out a picture of her aunt who stood in front of this building that hasn’t existed in 30 years. And suddenly a lot of people began contributing to knowledge in a way that I never thought possible. But the hard part was going through this pile of data and trying to find out what was real. What could be verified? And for Wikipedia it would almost be insurmountable. I mean you need five or six rows of supercomputers to say is this real or is this not real. But on the other hand if you don’t do that, it can’t grow.” So far, Combs has created over 2,700 articles on Wikipedia. Many of them, including his mothers’ hometown of Whitby, can show their town’s history with images such as US postmarks on old postcards or coal scrip. When asked if his work will have a legacy, Combs replied: “I do not know if mine will. I really do not know. I think the only thing I want is for a few generations of people to be recognized as being just a place, that there was someone there – that people lived there, died there, worked there.” Combs told us, “If you provide a place where only knowledge is acquired, verifiable, not hate speech, not opinions, but knowledge is acquired – then anybody can benefit.” Profile by Yoona Ha, Communications Intern and Victor Grigas, Wikimedia Foundation Storyteller Interview by Dan McSwain, Wikimedia Foundation contractor Can you help us translate this article? In order for this article to reach as many people as possible we would like your help. Can you translate this article to get the message out?Start translation

Miji mingi midogo iliyotawanyika kotekote Marekani haijulikani na watu wa nje. Kwa ajili ya kuhifadhi historia yao, Mark Combs, pia anajulikana kwa Wikipedia yake kushughulikia Coal town guy, imeanza kuorodhesha yao juu ya Wikipedia. <unk>Mama yangu alikulia katika kweli teeny, ndogo ndogo makaa ya mawe mji katika Raleigh County, West Virginia... Unajua watu wengi wakati wao kwenda mji makaa ya mawe, ni kwa ajali. "Kama unavyojua, Wikipedia inaonyesha ""mji halisi"" kama ""mahali halisi,"" ""mahali halisi"" kama ""mahali halisi"" kama ""mahali halisi"" kama ""mahali halisi"" kama ""mahali halisi"" kama ""mahali halisi"" kama ""mahali halisi"" kama ""mahali halisi"" kama ""mahali halisi.""" Na mimi kufanya hivyo kwa ajili ya jamii, kwamba <unk> ni hobby. <unk> anasema Combs. Kwa Combs, ilikuwa ni jambo la kusumbua kwamba miji hiyo ilikuwa ikisahauliwa, ingawa ilileta kumbukumbu nzuri kwa watu wengi kama yeye. "Mwaka 2009 na 2010, alama nyingi za eneo hilo zilikuwa zinapotea na haikuwa kwa makusudi, ilikuwa ni ukosefu wa wasiwasi katika eneo hilo, ukosefu wa ""ukosefu wa kazi.""" "Na kwa kweli ilinipata kwamba nina aina ya, ama mimi kwenda nje na kamera yangu na kuchukua mengi na mengi ya picha - na si kwamba mtu yeyote inaangalia yao - au mimi kuwa na kuanza kumbukumbu mambo katika encyclopedic fashion. """ "Hakuna mtu aliyekuwa na mtazamo wa kawaida, na mbaya zaidi, hakuna mtu aliyekuwa akikaribia maeneo haya kwa heshima inayostahili, lakini badala yake historia inayopaswa kuhusishwa nayo. "" ""Kuna watu ninaowajua kutoka mahali hapo ambao walikuwa na furaha kabisa kwamba unajua [mji wao uko kwenye] Wikipedia." Walijisikia kutambuliwa, Combs anasema. "Wanafurahi kujua kwamba mtu anajua mji wao kama mahali halisi na kwamba hawa ni watu halisi. " Combs anasema alikutana na watu wa mji ambao walidhani alikuwa akiwadhihaki, lakini baada ya miaka kadhaa "walipunguza" kwa sababu walielewa alikuwa huko kurekodi mji kutoka kwa mtazamo wa kihistoria. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, Combs alianzisha ""Mizizi ya Giza ya Mtandao"" mnamo 2002 baada ya kufanya kazi na data ya kijiografia ambayo alikuwa nayo." "Unaweza kununua GPS lakini haikuwa ya kuaminika na ilikuwa ghali sana", anasema Combs. Alijaribu data aliyoikusanya, ili kuona kama angeweza kutambua miji midogo kama ile ambayo mama yake alilelewa. "Nilitumia jina la mji wa makaa ya mawe la mama yangu". Inaitwa Whitby. Na niliandika kama Whitby Lancashire huko Uingereza. Na kila mtu alikuwa akiniambia hakuna mahali kama hapo na hiyo aina ya pissed mimi mbali, kwa sababu unajua nilikuwa mtoto, mimi alicheza huko. Nilikuwa nikienda huko kutafuta visukuku na kama ni kweli, najua ni kweli. " anasema Combs. Wakati huo, Combs alichukua majuma mawili kupata mji wa nyumbani wa mama yake. Baada ya hapo, Combs alienda Whitby na kuanza kupiga picha na kuhoji watu, na akaanguka katika upendo na utafiti na kuorodhesha miji midogo. "Watu wengi wanapoangalia kazi yangu ya kuhifadhi, hawajui ni kwa nini ninafanya hivyo", Combs anasema. "Kama msichana, yeye ni mtu wa kawaida katika mji wa makaa ya mawe ambao haujakaa kwa miaka 25 au 30."" - Combs, mwanzilishi wa Facebook, ""Ninakosa West Virginia Coal Towns.""" Kikundi hicho kilianza na washiriki wanne na leo kina zaidi ya elfu tisa. Na kwa watu zaidi katika kikundi hicho, Combs anasema wote walijifunza zaidi kutoka kwa kila mmoja. Kwa mfano, Combs angeomba msaada wa kutambua ukweli au picha na watu wengi wangejiunga na mazungumzo ili kuamua swali lake. Kisha wangepata picha zaidi za kutambulisha kutoka kwa watumiaji wengine, na hifadhi ya maarifa ingeongezeka. <unk>Kweli tuna maelfu ya picha. Picha ambazo nilidhani hazingekuwapo kamwe, zilianza kuonekana. Mwanamke mmoja huko Ohio alitoa picha ya shangazi yake aliyesimama mbele ya jengo ambalo halikuwepo kwa miaka 30. Na ghafla watu wengi walianza kuchangia maarifa kwa njia ambayo sikuwahi kufikiria inawezekana. Lakini sehemu ngumu ilikuwa kupitia rundo hili la data na kujaribu kujua ni nini kilichokuwa halisi. Ni nini ambacho kingeweza kuthibitishwa? Na kwa Wikipedia itakuwa karibu haiwezi kushindwa. "Hii ni kwa sababu kuna ""supercomputer"" tano au sita ambazo zinatumia kompyuta nyingi sana kuamua kama ni kweli au si kweli." "Kwa upande mwingine, ikiwa haufanyi hivyo, haiwezi kukua. ""Kufikia sasa, Combs ameunda makala zaidi ya 2,700 kwenye Wikipedia." Wengi wao, ikiwa ni pamoja na mji wa nyumbani wa mama yake wa Whitby, wanaweza kuonyesha historia ya mji wao na picha kama vile stempu za posta za Marekani kwenye kadi za posta za zamani au scrip ya makaa ya mawe. Alipoulizwa kama kazi yake itakuwa na urithi, Combs alijibu: "Sijui kama yangu itakuwa. Kwa kweli sijui. "Kama vile ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Kama unaandaa mahali ambapo maarifa tu yanapatikana, yanaweza kuthibitishwa, sio hotuba ya chuki, sio maoni, lakini maarifa yanapatikana, basi mtu yeyote anaweza kufaidika."" - Yoona Ha, Mkurugenzi wa Mawasiliano na Mshauri wa Mawasiliano wa Wikimedia Foundation, Mshauri wa Mawasiliano wa Wikimedia Foundation, Dan McSwain, Mkataba wa Wikimedia Foundation." Ili makala hii ifikie watu wengi iwezekanavyo, tunataka msaada wako. Je, unaweza kutafsiri makala hii ili kupata ujumbe nje?Anza tafsiri

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The Ciena Solutions Challenge is a global design challenge by Digital Promise and Ciena that invites middle and high school students to design solutions that address Sustainable Development Goals within their communities. This blog post is part of a series featuring educators whose students’ projects exemplify core elements of the Challenge: creative use of technology, social purpose, student agency and leadership, and sustainability and scaling. Below are lessons on sustainability and scaling from educator Ed Gomes Jr. who manages programming at Centro de Mídias da Educação for schools across the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and facilitated the Building a Learning Community Through Technology and Engaging Youth Protagonism Through Safe Zones student project teams. I teach English as a second language, literature, and linguistics in São Paulo, Brazil, to middle school through college students. It is common for students in these communities to start working when they are in the first grade. There are also many college students who work during mornings and afternoons before going to classes. Learning a second language will play an important role for many of these students, whether in a job interview, learning certain technologies, or other aspects of daily life. Since English is not my students’ mother tongue, we are always trying to involve them in activities in which they can use English in a more practical way than just reading and translating texts. We have also seen that the concept of local community change during and after the pandemic—something I’ve witnessed first hand since moving from teaching in a neighborhood community to teaching through an app that is used by public school students across the state of São Paulo. During this time, it has become increasingly common to see students in different cities interacting with each other through virtual classes. In this context, we developed a number of student projects, including “Games for Change,” a project in which students play and then create their own games, “Building a Learning Community Through Technology,” that provides opportunities for students and families to practice English by producing videos, and “Engaging Youth Protagonism Through Safe Zones,” in which students have built school spaces where they and their peers can build social skills. In both “Games for Change” and “Building a Learning Community Through Technology,” the first step was to create opportunities for students to engage with games and videos using English in daily situations, respectively. With “Games for Change,” students defined themes for their own games, and after developing them, they hosted a board game day in their school where students exchanged and played their games together. In “Building a Learning Community through Technology,” students and families produced videos based on various scenarios presented by English language teachers and then sent them to their teachers at local schools. Teachers at local schools curated the videos and we exhibited them in classes on the app and on our education TV channel. Although students are back to in-person classes, we continue to develop materials for online classes, and students are continuing to develop videos with their local teachers. We also see families practicing English, which is gratifying given the impact a second language can make on their lives. By taking action in learning, families proved that there are no restrictions for learning—it can be done in almost any environment beyond schools. “Hearing that my project with the families showed that ‘everyone can learn’ made me sure we were on the right path.” Engaging Youth Protagonism Through Safe Zones developed after I asked students what the most challenging issue for them is now that they are back to in-person classes. Most of them shared that two years at home due to the pandemic had negatively impacted their social skills and led to an increase of bullying at schools. Bullying has been increasing and becoming a more and more important subject in the last few years, so it matters that everyone take actions to prevent it. As students investigated the challenge that they identified, they decided to take action by building areas where students could get together, following the example of student activity centers at universities in the United States. Students found areas which were not being used on a regular basis at their schools, investigated what resources could be provided in those places, built a budget, and sought partnerships inside their schools communities that could also provide resources so that they did not have to depend only on the possibility of receiving a Ciena Solutions Challenge Sustainability Award. The idea of the Safe Zones starts with a room, but it becomes a safe school and ultimately, a safe community. In recent months, students have continued to iterate and make adjustments to the Safe Zones, and, together, we are working to get support from the Secretary of Education and media coverage that will help us to spread the initiative to other areas and schools in the state of São Paulo. In addition, as we all are readapting to in-person routines, the idea of a Safe Zone has even been replicated for teachers, such as in the headquarters of the secretary of education and at EFAPE (School of Teacher Development). Throughout our project activities, we had great support from many people in the community, including other teachers. For example, Ana Lucia Trinquinato Toriani contacted families from her region to participate and acted as a curator for the videos that students and families submitted to the project. Janaína Jardim developed a project about anti-racist communication. And Antonio José coordinated live broadcasts about the Safe Zone project to student associations and key people around the state of São Paulo. Teacher and vice-principal Jonas Almeida engaged students at his school and facilitated the various bureaucratic steps to make it happen. Patricia Borges, director of the secretary of education, provided support for the project to be finished and gave our team autonomy in the decision-making process. We also used the resources of the Centro de Mídias da Educação app to connect students from rural and urban areas across the state of São Paulo. As part of this, in “Building a Learning Community through Technology,” teachers João Franco Jr., Fabiana Wharton, and Mauro Marcel teamed up to produce a series of videos that students used as examples when producing their own videos. And, the Carlos Vanzolini Foundation recorded and edited the first videos for the classes. As students participated in these projects and presented at the YouthMADE Festival, it was clear that they developed skills that they will use in the future, such as preparing effective presentations, communicating with different audiences in a second language, and considering sustainability when developing projects or even on a daily basis. “It was impressive that some students who were really shy became team leaders and were able to talk in public in a foreign language.” The advice I would give to others doing a project like this is to build a strong team, not only with students, but also with other teachers and administrators. Students are the main protagonists and without them the projects make no sense, but involving other teachers and administrators make the projects feasible when it comes to implementation “After receiving the Ciena Solutions Challenge Sustainability Award, we hosted an event with students, teachers and families from all over the state for a special class (together with the “Seeds of the Future” Sustainability Award recipients) that was broadcast on Education TV and we could see that we can apply projects locally but we can also think globally.”

Changamoto ya Suluhisho la Ciena ni changamoto ya muundo wa kimataifa iliyoundwa na Digital Promise na Ciena ambayo inakaribisha wanafunzi wa shule za kati na za sekondari kubuni suluhisho zinazoshughulikia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu ndani ya jamii zao. "Kutoka kwa makala hii, tunaelezea ""Mafunzo ya Wanafunzi"" ambayo yanaonyesha mambo muhimu ya changamoto: matumizi ya ubunifu ya teknolojia, kusudi la kijamii, uendeshaji wa mwanafunzi na uongozi, na uendelevu na upanuzi." "Msomaji wa ""Mafunzo ya Uendelezaji na Upanuzi"" kutoka kwa mwalimu Ed Gomes Jr., ambaye anasimamia programu katika Centro de Mídias da Educação kwa shule kote jimbo la São Paulo, Brazil, na aliwezesha timu za mradi wa wanafunzi wa kujenga jamii ya kujifunza kupitia teknolojia na kushiriki vijana kupitia maeneo salama." Ninasoma Kiingereza kama lugha ya pili, fasihi, na lugha huko São Paulo, Brazili, kwa wanafunzi wa shule ya sekondari hadi wanafunzi wa chuo kikuu. Ni jambo la kawaida kwa wanafunzi katika jumuiya hizo kuanza kufanya kazi wanapokuwa katika darasa la kwanza. Pia kuna wanafunzi wengi wa chuo kikuu ambao hufanya kazi asubuhi na alasiri kabla ya kwenda darasani. Kujifunza lugha ya pili ni muhimu kwa wanafunzi wengi, iwe ni mahojiano ya kazi, kujifunza teknolojia fulani, au mambo mengine ya maisha ya kila siku. Kwa kuwa Kiingereza si lugha ya mama ya wanafunzi wangu, sisi daima kujaribu kuhusisha yao katika shughuli ambazo wanaweza kutumia Kiingereza kwa njia ya vitendo zaidi kuliko tu kusoma na kutafsiri maandishi. "Tumeona pia kuwa dhana ya mabadiliko ya jamii ya ndani wakati na baada ya janga hilo, kitu ambacho nimeshuhudia kwa mara ya kwanza tangu kuhamia kutoka kufundisha katika jamii ya jirani hadi kufundisha kupitia programu inayotumiwa na wanafunzi wa shule za umma kote jimbo la São Paulo. """ Katika kipindi hiki, imekuwa kawaida kuona wanafunzi katika miji tofauti wakishirikiana kupitia madarasa ya kawaida. "Kutokana na hali hii, tumeanzisha miradi kadhaa ya wanafunzi, ikiwa ni pamoja na ""Michezo ya Mabadiliko,"" mradi ambao wanafunzi hucheza na kisha kuunda michezo yao wenyewe, ""Kuunda Jumuiya ya Kujifunza kupitia Teknolojia,"" ambayo hutoa fursa kwa wanafunzi na familia kufanya mazoezi ya Kiingereza kwa kutengeneza video, na ""Kushiriki Ujasiri wa Vijana Kupitia Maeneo Salama,"" ambapo wanafunzi wamejenga nafasi za shule ambapo wao na wenzao wanaweza kujenga ujuzi wa kijamii." Katika wote "Games for Change" na "Kuunda Jumuiya ya Kujifunza Kupitia Teknolojia", hatua ya kwanza ilikuwa kuunda fursa kwa wanafunzi kushiriki na michezo na video kutumia Kiingereza katika hali za kila siku, kwa mtiririko huo. Pamoja na <unk>Games for Change<unk>, wanafunzi walifafanua mandhari kwa ajili ya michezo yao wenyewe, na baada ya kuendeleza yao, wao mwenyeji wa siku ya mchezo wa bodi katika shule yao ambapo wanafunzi kubadilishana na kucheza michezo yao pamoja. Katika "Kujenga Jumuiya ya Kujifunza kupitia Teknolojia", wanafunzi na familia walitengeneza video kulingana na matukio mbalimbali yaliyowasilishwa na walimu wa lugha ya Kiingereza na kisha wakazituma kwa walimu wao katika shule za mitaa. Walimu wa shule za mitaa waliandaa video hizo na tukazionyesha katika madarasa kwenye programu na kwenye kituo chetu cha televisheni cha elimu. Ingawa wanafunzi wamerudi kwenye madarasa ya kibinafsi, tunaendelea kuendeleza vifaa kwa madarasa ya mtandaoni, na wanafunzi wanaendelea kuendeleza video na walimu wao wa ndani. Pia tunaona familia zikizoea Kiingereza, jambo linalothaminiwa kwa kuzingatia athari ambayo lugha ya pili yaweza kuwa nayo katika maisha yao. Kwa kuchukua hatua katika kujifunza, familia zilithibitisha kwamba hakuna vizuizi kwa ajili ya kujifunza - inaweza kufanyika katika karibu mazingira yoyote zaidi ya shule. "Kusikia kwamba mradi wangu na familia ulionyesha kwamba ""kila mtu anaweza kujifunza"" ilinifanya niwe na uhakika kwamba tuko kwenye njia sahihi. ""Kujishughulisha na Vijana kupitia Maeneo ya Usalama""" ilitengenezwa baada ya kuwauliza wanafunzi ni nini suala gumu zaidi kwao sasa kwamba wamerudi kwenye madarasa ya kibinafsi." Wengi wao walishiriki kwamba miaka miwili nyumbani kwa sababu ya janga hilo ilikuwa na athari mbaya kwa ujuzi wao wa kijamii na kusababisha ongezeko la unyanyasaji shuleni. Uonevu umekuwa ukiongezeka na kuwa suala muhimu zaidi na zaidi katika miaka michache iliyopita, kwa hivyo ni muhimu kwamba kila mtu achukue hatua za kuuzuia. Wanafunzi walipoanza kuchunguza changamoto waliyokuwa wameiona, waliamua kuchukua hatua kwa kujenga maeneo ambapo wanafunzi wangeweza kukusanyika pamoja, wakifuata mfano wa vituo vya shughuli za wanafunzi katika vyuo vikuu nchini Marekani. Wanafunzi walipata maeneo ambayo hayakuwa yakitumiwa kwa kawaida katika shule zao, walichunguza ni rasilimali zipi zingeweza kutolewa katika maeneo hayo, waliunda bajeti, na walitafuta ushirikiano ndani ya jamii za shule zao ambazo pia zingeweza kutoa rasilimali ili wasitegemee tu uwezekano wa kupokea Tuzo ya Uendelevu ya Changamoto ya Suluhisho la Ciena. Wazo la maeneo salama huanza na chumba, lakini inakuwa shule salama na hatimaye, jamii salama. Katika miezi ya hivi karibuni, wanafunzi wameendelea kufanya marekebisho na kurekebisha maeneo ya usalama, na pamoja tunafanya kazi kupata msaada kutoka kwa Katibu wa Elimu na chanjo ya vyombo vya habari ambayo itatusaidia kueneza mpango huo kwa maeneo mengine na shule katika jimbo la São Paulo. "Kwa kuongezea, kwa kuwa sisi sote tunarudi kwenye mazoea ya kibinafsi, wazo la ""Eneo la Usalama"" limetumiwa hata kwa walimu, kama vile katika makao makuu ya Katibu wa Elimu na katika EFAP (Shule ya Maendeleo ya Walimu)." Katika shughuli zetu za mradi, tulikuwa na msaada mkubwa kutoka kwa watu wengi katika jamii, ikiwa ni pamoja na walimu wengine. Kwa mfano, Ana Lucia Trinquedano Toriani aliwasiliana na familia kutoka mkoa wake kushiriki na alitenda kama curator kwa ajili ya video kwamba wanafunzi na familia kuwasilisha kwa mradi. Janaína Jardim aliendeleza mradi kuhusu mawasiliano ya kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi. Antonio Jose, mkurugenzi wa programu ya Safe Zone, aliandaa kipindi cha moja kwa moja cha habari kuhusu mradi huo kwa vyama vya wanafunzi na watu mashuhuri katika jimbo la São Paulo. Mwalimu na makamu wa mkuu wa shule Jonas Almeida aliwaunganisha wanafunzi katika shule yake na kuwezesha hatua mbalimbali za kiurasi ili kuifanya iwezekane. Patricia Borges, mkurugenzi wa Katibu wa Elimu, alitoa msaada kwa mradi huo kukamilika na kutoa timu yetu uhuru katika mchakato wa kufanya maamuzi. Pia, programu ya Centro de Mídia da Educação iliwaunganisha wanafunzi kutoka maeneo ya vijijini na mijini katika jimbo la São Paulo. Kama sehemu ya hii, katika <unk>Building a Learning Community through Technology,<unk> walimu João Franco Jr., Fabiana Wharton, na Mauro Marcel walijiunga ili kutengeneza mfululizo wa video ambazo wanafunzi walitumia kama mifano wakati wa kutengeneza video zao wenyewe. Na, Shirika la Carlos Vanzolini lilirekodi na kuhariri video za kwanza kwa ajili ya madarasa. Wakati wanafunzi walipokuwa wakishiriki katika miradi hii na kuwasilisha kwenye Tamasha la YouthMade, ilikuwa wazi kwamba waliendeleza ujuzi ambao watatumia katika siku zijazo, kama vile kuandaa maonyesho yenye ufanisi, kuwasiliana na watazamaji tofauti katika lugha ya pili, na kuzingatia uendelevu wakati wa kuendeleza miradi au hata kila siku. """Ilikuwa ya kushangaza kwamba baadhi ya wanafunzi ambao walikuwa na haya sana wakawa viongozi wa timu na waliweza kuzungumza hadharani katika lugha ya kigeni,"" alisema, akisema: ""Nishauri wengine kufanya mradi kama huu ni kujenga timu yenye nguvu, si tu na wanafunzi, lakini pia na walimu wengine na wasimamizi." "Wanafunzi ni wahusika wakuu na bila wao miradi haina maana, lakini kuhusisha walimu wengine na wasimamizi hufanya miradi iweze kutekelezwa linapokuja suala la utekelezaji. ""Baada ya kupokea Tuzo ya Uendelevu ya Suluhisho la Ciena, tulikaribisha tukio na wanafunzi, walimu na familia kutoka jimbo lote kwa darasa maalum (pamoja na wapokeaji wa Tuzo ya Uendelevu ya ""Mbegu za Baadaye""), ambayo ilitangazwa kwenye TV ya Elimu."

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(1937) The Hobbit is the unforgettable story of Bilbo, a peace-loving hobbit, who embarks on a strange and magical adventure. A timeless classic. Bilbo Baggins enjoys a quiet and contented life, with no desire to travel far from the comforts of home; then one day the wizard Gandalf and a band of dwarves arrive unexpectedly and enlist his services – as a burglar – on a dangerous expedition to raid the treasure-hoard of Smaug the dragon. Bilbo’s life is never to be the same again. Seldom has any book been so widely read and loved as J. R.R. Tolkien’s classic tale, ‘The Hobbit’. Since its first publication in 1937 it has remained in print to delight each new generation of readers all over the world, and its hero, Bilbo Baggins, has taken his place among the ranks of the immortals of fiction.

The Hobbit ni hadithi ya ajabu ya Bilbo, Hobbit mpenda amani, ambaye anaanza adventure ya ajabu na ya kichawi. Kitabu cha kale kisicho na wakati. Bilbo Baggins anaishi maisha ya utulivu na furaha, bila tamaa ya kusafiri mbali na starehe za nyumbani; kisha siku moja mchawi Gandalf na kundi la dwarfs huwasili bila kutarajia na kuajiri huduma zake kama mwizi katika safari hatari ya kuvamia hazina ya Smaug joka. Maisha ya Bilbo hayatakuwa sawa tena. Ni mara chache sana kitabu chochote kimeandikwa na kupendwa sana kama J. R. R. Hadithi ya Tolkien ya kawaida, "The Hobbit". Tangu kuchapishwa kwake kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1937, kitabu hicho kimekuwa kikichapishwa ili kufurahisha kila kizazi kipya cha wasomaji duniani kote, na shujaa wake, Bilbo Baggins, amechukua nafasi yake miongoni mwa watu wasioweza kufa wa hadithi za uwongo.

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It’s a muggy and foggy Monday morning in August as Keri Maull and Andy Nitkowski board a boat at the Delaware Bay Launch Service in Milford. The boat shoves off and sails out onto the Delaware Bay, miles offshore past oil tankers like the Sonangol Cabinda. Maull, a laboratory manager with the Environmental Laboratory Section within the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control’s Division of Water, and Nitkowski, an environmental control technician, will spend the next four hours collecting water samples from the bay using a variety of contraptions. This exercise is the boat run, a monthly water-quality monitoring program. It is overseen by the Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC), an interstate-federal compact consisting of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York and the federal government. The DRBC contracts with DNREC to take water samples from the mouth of the Delaware Bay up to the head of tide in Trenton, New Jersey. “We develop the scope of work, so we indicate where we want to monitor, what parameters, and we issue that contract to DNREC and they carry it out on our behalf. Then we scrutinize the data. The data informs a lot of our assessment activities so that’s the main function of it,” said John Yagecic, DRBC manager of water quality assessment. Samples are collected at 22 different stations to check water quality, with a careful eye toward meeting certain criteria for things like dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and bacteria levels. Launched in 1967, the Delaware Estuary Water Quality Monitoring Program, as it’s more formally known, is one of the longest-running water quality monitoring programs in the world, according to the DRBC. “Because the Delaware River has drinking water intakes up and down the river from New York to Philadelphia and Camden, New Jersey, they need that water tested to ensure they’re not delivering polluted water to people who are drinking it,” explained David McQuaid, supervisor for the Division of Water’s Environmental Laboratory, with Maull noting that many people use the river and bay for recreational activities like fishing and boating too. It’s been performed by DNREC for decades and takes place in various conditions. The water on this morning’s run, according to Maull and Nitkowski, is much calmer than the prior month’s iteration — a welcome change. The DRBC sampling takes place every month from March to October. While two people — in this case Maull and Nitkowski — go out from Milford, two more leave from Smyrna and travel up to Trenton, stopping at various intervals to collect samples from the river. Maull uses a series of hoses to pump water from the river into several small jars, while Nitkowski scoops some up in a bucket and transfers it to containers of his own. He also uses a secchidisk, a black and white disk on a rope that he dips into the river to measure water clarity. At each stop, Nitkowski carefully records his results on a data sheet before instructing the boat captain to head off to the next designated point for sample collection. The locations they’ll be stopping at before heading back are south of Brown’s Shoal, south of Joe Flogger Shoal, the Elbow of Crossledge, Mahon River and Ship John Light. While the locations have remained the same for years, the parameters do change from year to year on a rotating schedule. Samples are analyzed by DNREC, but some samples are also sent to the New Jersey Department of Health, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other cooperating partners. “We don’t interpret results,” Maull noted — that’s reserved for the DRBC. Because of the boat run’s longevity, there is a lot of data that can be reviewed, enabling the detection of trends. “Having that long-term data is very useful to us now because we get to see over a long period of record how things have changed,” Yagecic said, pointing to dissolved oxygen levels as something that has seen dramatic improvement. Dissolved oxygen is important because it is required for organisms like fish to thrive. Large algal blooms can lead to lower levels of dissolved oxygen, which can cause die-offs, especially toward the bottom of the water column. The boat run helps determine whether the Delaware River will be listed as impaired in specific categories, such as if it has high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls. “This is one of our critical ways of keeping eyes on the river,” Yagecic said. “This is our opportunity to measure the river and compare those measurements to criteria and see if we’re meeting criteria. So, it’s one of the fundamental tools that we use to know the condition of the river and whether that condition is good, bad or otherwise.” Data can be viewed via the U.S. EPA’s Water Quality Data Portal. Bacteria data can also be viewed on the DRBC’s website, along with additional program information, at nj.gov/drbc/programs/quality/boat-run.html.

Ni asubuhi ya Jumatatu yenye mvua na ukungu mnamo Agosti wakati Keri Maull na Andy Nitkowski wanapanda mashua katika Huduma ya Uzinduzi wa Ghuba ya Delaware huko Milford. Meli hiyo ilisafiri kwa kasi hadi kwenye Ghuba ya Delaware, karibu na meli za mafuta za Sonangol Cabinda. Maul, meneja wa maabara katika Idara ya Maabara ya Mazingira ya Idara ya Rasilimali Asili ya Delaware na Idara ya Maji ya Udhibiti wa Mazingira, na Nitkowski, fundi wa udhibiti wa mazingira, watatumia masaa manne ijayo kukusanya sampuli za maji kutoka Ghuba ya Delaware kwa kutumia vifaa mbalimbali. Hii ni mazoezi ya kukimbia kwa mashua, programu ya kila mwezi ya kufuatilia ubora wa maji. Tume ya Bonde la Mto Delaware (DRBC) ni shirika la serikali za kati la Marekani linalojumuisha jimbo la Delaware, New Jersey, New York na serikali ya Marekani. DRBC na DNREC wanafanya mikataba ya kuchukua sampuli za maji kutoka mdomo wa Ghuba ya Delaware hadi kichwa cha maji huko Trenton, New Jersey. "Tunaendelea na kazi yetu, kwa hivyo tunaonyesha ni wapi tunataka kufuatilia, ni vigezo gani, na tunatoa mkataba huo kwa DNREC na wanafanya kwa niaba yetu. """ Kisha tunachunguza kwa makini data hizo. "Hii ni moja ya sababu za kuvutia zaidi za kuvutia, ""alisema John Yagecic, meneja wa DRBC wa tathmini ya ubora wa maji." Kwa mfano, katika vituo 22 vya kuchunguza maji, sampuli zinahesabiwa ili kuhakikisha kwamba maji hayo yana viwango vya oksijeni iliyoyeyuka, pH, joto, na viwango vya bakteria. Programu ya Ufuatiliaji wa Ubora wa Maji ya Delaware, iliyoanzishwa mnamo 1967, ni moja ya programu za muda mrefu zaidi za ufuatiliaji wa ubora wa maji ulimwenguni. "Kwa sababu Mto Delaware una maji ya kunywa juu na chini ya mto kutoka New York hadi Philadelphia na Camden, New Jersey, wanahitaji maji hayo kupimwa ili kuhakikisha kuwa hawapatii maji machafu kwa watu wanaoyanywa, ""alieleza David McQuaid, msimamizi wa Idara ya Maji ya Maabara ya Mazingira, na Maull akibainisha kwamba watu wengi hutumia mto na ghuba kwa shughuli za burudani kama uvuvi na mashua pia." Imekuwa ikifanywa na DNREC kwa miongo mingi na hufanyika katika hali mbalimbali. Maji juu ya asubuhi hii's kukimbia, kulingana na Maull na Nitkowski, ni utulivu sana kuliko iteration mwezi uliopita'mabadiliko ya kufurahisha. Mfano wa DRBC hufanywa kila mwezi kuanzia Machi hadi Oktoba. Wakati watu wawili - katika kesi hii Maull na Nitkowski - kwenda nje ya Milford, wawili zaidi kuondoka kutoka Smyrna na kusafiri hadi Trenton, kuacha katika vipindi mbalimbali kukusanya sampuli kutoka mto. Maul hutumia mfululizo wa mabomba ya maji kuingiza maji kutoka mto katika chupa kadhaa ndogo, wakati Nitkowski hukusanya maji katika ndoo na kuyahamisha kwenye vyombo vyake mwenyewe. Pia anatumia diski nyeusi na nyeupe iliyofungwa kwenye kamba na kuiingiza ndani ya mto ili kupima usafi wa maji. Katika kila kituo, Nitkowski anaandika kwa uangalifu matokeo yake kwenye karatasi ya data kabla ya kumwagiza nahodha wa mashua aende kwenye kituo kingine cha kukusanya sampuli. Maeneo watakuwa kusimamishwa katika kabla ya kichwa nyuma ni kusini ya Brown Shoal, kusini ya Joe Flogger Shoal, Elbow ya Crossledge, Mto Mahon na Ship John Mwanga. Wakati maeneo yamebaki sawa kwa miaka, vigezo hubadilika kutoka mwaka hadi mwaka kwenye ratiba ya mzunguko. Kwa mfano, DNREC inatoa sampuli za afya kwa Idara ya Afya ya New Jersey, Idara ya Kitaifa ya Bahari na Atmosphere, na washirika wengine. "Hatufasiri matokeo", Maull alibainisha "ambayo ni reservation kwa DRBC. Kwa sababu ya muda mrefu wa kukimbia kwa mashua, kuna data nyingi ambazo zinaweza kukaguliwa, kuwezesha kugundua mwenendo. "Kuwa na data ya muda mrefu ni muhimu sana kwetu sasa kwa sababu tunapata kuona kwa kipindi kirefu cha rekodi jinsi mambo yamebadilika, ""Yagecic alisema, akionyesha viwango vya oksijeni vilivyomalizika kama kitu ambacho kimeona uboreshaji mkubwa." Oksijeni iliyomwagika ni muhimu kwa sababu inahitajika ili viumbe kama vile samaki viweze kusitawi. Maua makubwa ya mwani yanaweza kusababisha viwango vya chini vya oksijeni iliyoyeyuka, ambayo inaweza kusababisha vifo, hasa kuelekea chini ya safu ya maji. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Mto Delaware"" ni mto wa maji ya chini ya kiwango cha polychlorinated biphenyls." "Hii ni moja ya njia zetu muhimu za kuweka macho kwenye mto", Yagecic alisema. <unk>Hii ni fursa yetu ya kupima mto na kulinganisha vipimo hivyo na vigezo na kuona kama tunakidhi vigezo. "Hii ni moja ya njia za msingi za kujua hali ya mto na kama hali hiyo ni nzuri, mbaya au vinginevyo, data inaweza kutazamwa kupitia ""Ubora wa Maji Data Portal"" ya EPA." Data ya bakteria pia inaweza kutazamwa kwenye tovuti ya DRBC, pamoja na habari ya ziada ya programu, katika nj.gov.drbc.programs.quality.boat.run.html.

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Alvin H. Danenberg, DDS • Nutritional Periodontist February 27, 2017 [printfriendly] The most obvious signs of gum disease are bleeding gums and gum infection. The most obvious causes are unhealthy clumps of dental plaque around the gum margin and irritating tartar located under the gums. I’ve written about dental plaque and dental tartar in the past. But, before there is unhealthy dental plaque and irritating tartar, there usually was something bad going on in the gut. Something makes the normal level of healthy bacteria in the gut become out-of-balance. The bad microbes become “bullies”. They start to overwhelm the garden of healthy gut bacteria. These “bullies”, along with remnants of undigested foods and toxic irritants, can damage the one-cell-layer-thick gut lining. Once this lining is breached, these irritants can leak into the blood system. Then, cascading problems develop: - The immune system gets out of control - Chronic inflammation begins circulating throughout the body - Other organs become damaged - The bacteria in the mouth start to change for the worse The obvious and necessary treatment for unhealthy gums includes removing the unhealthy plaque and the irritating tartar. But, that is not all that needs to be done. In addition, the gut must be made healthy; and nutrient-dense, anti-inflammatory foods must be introduced into the diet to replace bad food choices. But after all this, what if gum diseases still persist? What could be the causes of further gum bleeding and gum infection? The answer might be that stubborn and virulent microbes still are playing havoc under the gums. These bad guys could leak into the blood system, creating problems throughout the body. Let’s take it to the next step. Brad Wilson, DDS from Houston, TX has been doing cutting-edge research with PathoGenius Laboratory. Dr. Wilson has created a protocol to discover the bad bugs that continue to be out-of-control in the mouth. I am using this test to investigate those bad guys in my patients’ mouths. The protocol begins with the patient brushing into his or her gum tissues. This will loosen dental plaque. Then the patient will give a saliva sample. Next, the sample is sent to PathoGenius Laboratory, which will test the saliva for microbes. This innovative analysis determines ALL bacteria and yeast species in the sample using each bug’s unique DNA structure. The resulting lab report identifies the most harmful, disease-producing bugs in the mouth. The report also points out antibiotics that could kill the bad guys with minimal harm to the good bacteria. It is important to avoid a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which kills bad as well as good bacteria. Only the bad guys should be targeted, leaving the healthy bacteria to function normally. If the lab results show harmful bacteria detected in large numbers, the patient moves on to the next stage to destroy them. Methods to kill the bad bugs If there are no deep pockets of bacteria and if there is no advanced jawbone destruction, I will recommend an antimicrobial to destroy these bad bugs. Choices are a systemic antibiotic or a localized antibiotic as suggested by PathoGenius Laboratory. Sometimes I recommend a natural product like raw honey to eliminate the bad bugs. I have written about the medical benefits of raw honey several times. (HERE. HERE. HERE.) However, if gum infection is advanced and significant bone destruction has occurred around the teeth (known as periodontitis), I recommend a unique laser protocol called LANAP® (Laser Assisted New Attachment Procedure). LANAP will destroy any remaining harmful bacteria and will assist the body in regenerating new bone. Gum disease is usually the direct result of unhealthy clumps of dental plaque and buried tartar under the gums. Deep tartar irritates the gum areas like embedded splinters irritate the skin of a finger. Unhealthy plaque and irritating tartar need to be removed. But, nutrient-dense foods and a healthy gut are critical for ongoing health of the mouth. I teach my patients how to change their diet to improve their mouth and to improve the rest of their body. If there are any significant amounts of pathogenic bacteria in the mouth, they must be identified and eliminated. Bacteria-specific antibiotics or natural remedies may be necessary to reduce these bad guys. In advanced periodontal disease, not only resistant bad bugs need to be destroyed but also damaged jawbone needs to be regenerated. For the patient with advanced periodontal disease, the LANAP protocol has been documented to be an excellent treatment to return the area to health. LANAP is my choice of treatment for patients with this level of periodontitis.

Alvin H. Danenberg, DDS, Mtaalamu wa Periodontist wa Lishe, Februari 27, 2017 [Print-Friendly] Ishara dhahiri zaidi za ugonjwa wa nywele ni damu ya nywele na maambukizi ya nywele. Sababu za kawaida ni makundi ya mchanga wa meno yaliyo karibu na pembe ya taya na tartar inayosumbua iliyo chini ya taya. Nimekuwa kuandika kuhusu plaque ya meno na tartar ya meno katika siku za nyuma. Lakini, kabla ya kuwa na mchanga usio na afya na tartar inayosumbua, kwa kawaida kulikuwa na jambo fulani baya linalotokea katika matumbo. Kuna kitu kinachosababisha kiwango cha kawaida cha bakteria zenye afya katika matumbo kiwe kisicho sawa. Vimelea vibaya huwa "watu wenye jeuri". Wanaanza kuzidisha bustani ya bakteria zenye afya za matumbo. "Wanyanyasaji" hao, pamoja na mabaki ya vyakula visivyoweza kumeng'enywa na vitu vyenye sumu, wanaweza kuharibu utando wa matumbo wenye tabaka moja la chembe. Mara tu utando huo unapovunjwa, vitu hivyo vinavyofanya mwili uchunguze vinaweza kuingizwa katika mfumo wa damu. Matatizo ya cascading huanza: mfumo wa kinga hupoteza udhibiti, uvimbe wa muda mrefu huanza kuzunguka mwili wote, viungo vingine vinaharibiwa, bakteria katika mdomo huanza kubadilika kuwa mbaya zaidi, matibabu ya wazi na muhimu kwa meno yasiyo na afya ni pamoja na kuondoa plaque isiyo na afya na tartar inayosumbua. Lakini, si hayo tu yanayohitaji kufanywa. Kwa kuongezea, tumbo lazima liwe na afya; na vyakula vyenye virutubisho vingi, vyenye kuzuia uvimbe vinapaswa kuingizwa katika mlo ili kuchukua nafasi ya chaguo mbaya la chakula. Lakini ikiwa baada ya yote hayo, je, magonjwa ya taya bado yanadumu? Ni nini kinachoweza kusababisha kutokwa na damu zaidi kwa taya na maambukizo ya taya? "Jibu la swali hili linaweza kuwa kwamba ""virusi vyenye nguvu na vyenye nguvu"" bado vinatenda vibaya chini ya meno." Vitu hivyo vinaweza kuenea katika mfumo wa damu, na kusababisha matatizo mwilini. Hebu tuichukue kwa hatua inayofuata. Brad Wilson, DDS kutoka Houston, TX amekuwa akifanya utafiti wa hali ya juu na Maabara ya PathoGenius. Wilson amefanya uchunguzi wa kudumu ili kugundua wadudu ambao bado hawajaathiriwa. Mimi ni kutumia mtihani huu kuchunguza wale watu wabaya katika vinywa vya wagonjwa wangu. Mkataba huo huanza kwa mgonjwa kupiga mswaki kwenye tishu zake za taya. Hilo litabadilisha mchanga wa meno. Kisha mgonjwa atatoa sampuli ya umajimaji. Kisha, sampuli hiyo hupelekwa kwenye Maabara ya PathoGenius, ambayo itachunguza mate kwa ajili ya vimelea. Uchambuzi huu wa ubunifu huamua spishi zote za bakteria na chachu katika sampuli kwa kutumia muundo wa DNA ya kipekee ya kila mdudu. Ripoti ya maabara inayotokana na hilo hutambua wadudu wenye madhara zaidi, wanaosababisha magonjwa kinywani. Ripoti hiyo pia inataja dawa za kuua viini ambazo zinaweza kuwaua watu wabaya bila kuharibu sana bakteria nzuri. Ni muhimu kuepuka dawa za kuua viini zenye athari nyingi, ambazo huua bakteria mbaya na pia nzuri. Ni watu wabaya tu wanaopaswa kushambuliwa, na kuacha bakteria zenye afya zifanye kazi kwa kawaida. Kama matokeo ya maabara yanaonyesha bakteria hatari kupatikana katika idadi kubwa, mgonjwa anaendelea na hatua inayofuata kuharibu yao. Kwa sababu ya kuharibika kwa mifupa ya taya, ikiwa hakuna mifuko ya bakteria ya kina na hakuna uharibifu wa mifupa ya taya, nitapendekeza dawa ya kuua wadudu ili kuharibu wadudu hawa wabaya. Chaguzi ni antibiotic ya mfumo au antibiotic ya mahali kama inavyopendekezwa na Maabara ya PathoGenius. Nyakati nyingine mimi hupendekeza bidhaa ya asili kama vile asali mbichi ili kuondoa wadudu wabaya. Nimekuwa nikisema mara nyingi juu ya faida za dawa za asali. (Hapa. Hapa. Hapa.) "Kwa hivyo, ikiwa ugonjwa wa meno umepita hatua ya juu na uharibifu mkubwa wa mifupa umetokea karibu na meno (unaojulikana kama periodontitis), napendekeza itifaki ya laser ya kipekee inayoitwa ""Lanap"" (Utaratibu wa Kuunganisha Mpya wa Laser)." LANAP itaangamiza bakteria yoyote inayoweza kuharibu na kusaidia mwili kuzalisha mifupa mpya. Ugonjwa wa meno ni matokeo ya mviringo wa plaque ya meno na tartar iliyofichwa chini ya meno. Tartar ya kina huchochea maeneo ya taya kama vile vipande vilivyoingia huchochea ngozi ya kidole. Ni lazima mchanga usio na afya na mchanga unaosumbua uondolewe. Lakini, vyakula vyenye virutubisho vingi na matumbo yenye afya ni muhimu kwa afya ya mdomo. Wanafunzi wangu wanajifunza jinsi ya kubadilisha chakula chao ili kuboresha mdomo wao na mwili wao. Ikiwa kuna kiasi kikubwa cha bakteria zinazosababisha magonjwa kinywani, ni lazima zitambuliwe na kuondolewa. Huenda ikawa lazima kutumia viuavijasumu au dawa za asili zinazopinga bakteria ili kupunguza idadi ya watu hao wabaya. Katika ugonjwa wa periodontal uliopita hatua, si wadudu wabaya wenye sugu tu wanaohitaji kuharibiwa bali pia mfupa wa taya ulioharibiwa unahitaji kuzalishwa upya. Kwa wagonjwa wenye ugonjwa wa periodontal, utaratibu wa LANAP umethibitishwa kuwa matibabu bora ya kurudisha afya ya eneo hilo. LAP ni njia ya matibabu ya kawaida kwa wagonjwa wenye ugonjwa wa periodontitis.

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Few people in the modern United States have had to live with a lack of energy supplies. Even as a student in the mid-1970s and facing the inconvenience of lines at the gasoline station, I still had access to fuel and energy. Today much of the world’s population still does not have access to electricity. The International Energy Agency reports that in 2018, 860 million people in the world did not have access to electricity, and over 2.6 billion people did not have access to clean cooking fuels. Energy poverty is very real to nearly 1 billion people on our planet. Today much of the world’s population still does not have access to electricity. The International Energy Agency reports that in 2018, 860 million people in the world did not have access to electricity, and over 2.6 billion people did not have access to clean cooking fuels. Energy poverty is very real to nearly 1 billion people on our planet. When people do not have adequate energy fuels, they may spend hours each day gathering resources simply to cook. Often times, this job is left to women and children which curtails their basic survival needs or opportunities for education. There are also negative impacts on human health and safety, whether it’s the need for one street light for safety in a small African village or electricity for a regional clinic to help the sick. Imagine what our lives would be without access to electricity or safe, clean cooking/heating fuels- cold showers in the winter, sweating in the summer heat, inability to find or cook food, walking or biking everywhere, not to mention no cell phones and computers. We are very fortunate to have such comforts and would be wise not to take these conveniences for granted. I am thankful that I can be engaged in the important public service of facilitating responsible development of energy and minerals for the benefit of people in Utah and beyond our state’s borders. It may make only slight difference for those human beings who are trapped in situations of energy poverty, but it can increase the quality of life for those who benefit from such resources. And maybe in a small way, those benefits can trickle down to solve human problems throughout the world. In the fall of 2018, Coal Program staff oversaw the reclamation of the Horizon coal mine, a bond forfeiture site in Carbon County. It took roughly three months to remove the coal mine’s five-acre footprint and re-contour the site to match the surrounding landscape. Topsoil recovered from stockpiles was placed on the final grade of the hillslopes above the riprap-hardened channels. Straw mulch was spread and incorporated into the soil by creating large divots called pocks that aid in soil stability and water retention. Two seed mixes, riparian and shrub/grassland, were spread before the winter season started. In 2018, staff contracted with the Utah Correctional Industries (UCI) horticulture program to grow native plants to be used at the site. UCI runs an impressive greenhouse used to train inmates in all aspects of growing ornamental species. This was an opportunity for them to add native species to their teaching curriculum. UCI propagated some species from “mother” plants and others from seed. Plants were ordered for delivery in 8-inch long tubeling size for ease of carrying, planting and watering-in. However the plants were so vigorous that many had been transplanted into one and two gallon pots. In early October staff returned to the site to plant approximately 1,000 plants to aid in the revegetation efforts. A planting schematic was created by Coal Program Biologist Todd Miller detailing where each species should be planted. Four employees from Millcreek Gardens were sub-contracted by UCI to complete the work over four days. Coal Program staff from Price and Salt Lake City were on site daily to deliver water from a 1,000 gallon water tank and 400 feet of hose. Staff also hauled water using backpack sprayers to hundreds of plants out of reach of the hose. Staff also spent a full day spraying and removing noxious weeds. Coal Program staff would like to thank the crew from Millcreek Gardens who encountered the less than ideal conditions of hard soil and rocks; UCI Officer Todd Barszcz and the inmate staff who nurtured the plants over the year; and the Division of Wildlife Resources for their time and water truck. The following upland and riparian species were grown: Kent Phillips is a project manager for the Division’s Abandoned Mine Reclamation Program. He has been with the program for approximately two years. He works to reclaim and restore lands that were mined before the Surface Mining Control Reclamation Act of 1977 was passed. Since starting with the Division, he has overseen reclamation of several large projects including the $2 million dollar Kenilworth project and $230,000 Chief One Subsidence project in Eureka. His position protects public safety by sealing off hazardous mines and addressing issues affecting the environment and resources. “Development is a necessary component of our society, albeit with inherent potential for significant impacts to the environment and public safety if carried out irresponsibly,” commented Kent. “I believe that abandoned mine lands have left us with prime examples of what exactly these potential impacts are if resource development is left unregulated.” He says the best part of his job is working with a diverse array of stakeholders – from the public to government agencies across all levels, his knowledgeable co-workers, and private contractors and consultants. Kent has a Bachelor of Science in Geology from Appalachian State University and a Master of Science in Mining Engineering from Virginia Tech University. Before joining the AMRP, he was a consultant at URS/AECOM consulting firm where he worked with program staff on reclamation projects. In his free time, Kent enjoys rock climbing, snowboarding, and trail running with his dog Tommy. The Board of Oil, Gas and Mining is accepting nominations for 2020 Environmental Excellence Awards now through Friday, February 21. Environmental Excellence Awards recognize reclamation projects, technological innovations, and best practices going above and beyond what is normally expected under industry practices and regulatory requirements. It is an opportunity for companies to demonstrate technical expertise and pride in their industry, and concern not only for the economics of their industry, but also for our environment.

Ni watu wachache katika Marekani ya kisasa ambao wamelazimika kuishi kwa ukosefu wa nishati. Hata kama mwanafunzi katikati ya miaka ya 1970, na kukabiliana na usumbufu wa mistari katika kituo cha mafuta, bado alikuwa na upatikanaji wa mafuta na nishati. Leo sehemu kubwa ya watu ulimwenguni bado hawana umeme. Shirika la Kimataifa la Nishati limesema mwaka 2018 watu milioni 860 duniani hawakuwa na umeme na zaidi ya watu bilioni 2.6 hawakuwa na mafuta safi ya kupikia. Umaskini wa nishati ni jambo la kweli kwa karibu watu bilioni moja duniani. Leo sehemu kubwa ya watu ulimwenguni bado hawana umeme. Shirika la Kimataifa la Nishati limesema mwaka 2018 watu milioni 860 duniani hawakuwa na umeme na zaidi ya watu bilioni 2.6 hawakuwa na mafuta safi ya kupikia. Umaskini wa nishati ni jambo la kweli kwa karibu watu bilioni moja duniani. Watu wasio na mafuta ya kutosha huenda wakatumia saa nyingi kila siku kukusanya rasilimali za kupika. Mara nyingi, kazi hii huachwa kwa wanawake na watoto ambayo hupunguza mahitaji yao ya msingi ya kuishi au fursa za elimu. Pia kuna athari mbaya kwa afya na usalama wa binadamu, iwe ni haja ya taa moja ya barabara kwa usalama katika kijiji kidogo cha Kiafrika au umeme kwa kliniki ya kikanda kusaidia wagonjwa. "Hebu wazia maisha yetu yangekuwaje bila umeme au mafuta safi ya kupikia au ya kupasha joto - kuoga baridi wakati wa baridi kali, kuota jasho wakati wa joto la majira ya joto, kutoweza kupata au kupika chakula, kutembea au kuendesha baiskeli kila mahali, bila kutaja simu za mkononi na kompyuta.""" Tuna bahati sana kuwa na starehe kama hizo na ingekuwa jambo la hekima kutozitambua. """Nashukuru kwamba ninaweza kushiriki katika huduma muhimu ya umma ya kuwezesha maendeleo ya uwajibikaji wa nishati na madini kwa manufaa ya watu katika Utah na zaidi ya mipaka ya jimbo letu." Inaweza kufanya tofauti ndogo tu kwa wale wanadamu ambao wamekamatwa katika hali ya umaskini wa nishati, lakini inaweza kuongeza ubora wa maisha kwa wale wanaotafuta faida ya rasilimali hizo. Na labda kwa njia ndogo, faida hizo zinaweza kuenea chini ili kutatua matatizo ya kibinadamu ulimwenguni kote. Katika mwaka wa 2018, wafanyakazi wa programu ya makaa ya mawe waliangalia urekebishaji wa mgodi wa makaa ya mawe wa Horizon, tovuti ya kutekwa kwa dhamana katika Kaunti ya Carbon. Ilichukua takriban miezi mitatu kuondoa alama ya mgodi wa makaa ya mawe ya ekari tano na kurekebisha eneo hilo ili lifanane na mandhari inayozunguka. Udongo wa juu uliopatikana kutoka kwenye mabaki uliwekwa kwenye kiwango cha mwisho cha mteremko wa milima juu ya mifereji iliyoimarishwa kwa riprap. Mchanga wa nyasi ulienea na kuingizwa ndani ya udongo kwa kutokeza vichaka vikubwa vinavyoitwa pocks ambavyo husaidia uthabiti wa udongo na kuhifadhi maji. Mchanganyiko wa mbegu mbili, za kando ya mto na za vichaka na nyasi, zilipandwa kabla ya majira ya baridi kali kuanza. Katika 2018, wafanyakazi walifanya mkataba na Utah Correctional Industries (UCI) programu ya kilimo cha bustani kukuza mimea ya asili ya kutumiwa katika tovuti. UCI ina nyumba ya kupanda miti yenye kuvutia inayotumiwa kuwazoeza wafungwa katika mambo yote ya kukuza spishi za mapambo. Hii ilikuwa fursa kwao kuongeza spishi za asili kwenye mtaala wao wa kufundisha. UCI ilisambaza spishi fulani kutoka kwa mimea ya "mama" na nyingine kutoka kwa mbegu. Mimea hiyo ilitolewa kwa ukubwa wa mitungi yenye urefu wa inchi 8 ili iwe rahisi kubeba, kupanda na kunyunyizia maji. Hata hivyo mimea hiyo ilikuwa yenye nguvu sana hivi kwamba mingi ilikuwa imepandikizwa katika chungu cha galoni moja na mbili. Mwanzoni mwa Oktoba, wafanyakazi walirudi kwenye eneo hilo kupanda mimea 1,000 hivi ili kusaidia katika jitihada za kurudisha mimea. Mpangilio wa kupanda uliundwa na Biolojia wa Programu ya Makaa ya Mawe Todd Miller akielezea ambapo kila spishi inapaswa kupandwa. Wafanyakazi wanne kutoka Millcreek Gardens walipewa mkataba na UCI kukamilisha kazi hiyo kwa siku nne. Wafanyakazi wa mradi wa makaa ya mawe kutoka Price na Salt Lake City walikuwa mahali hapo kila siku kutoa maji kutoka kwa tangi la maji la galoni 1,000 na hose ya futi 400. Wafanyakazi pia walibeba maji kwa kutumia mashine za kunyunyizia maji kwenye mifuko ya nyuma hadi mamia ya mimea ambayo haikuweza kufikiwa na mfereji huo. Wafanyakazi pia walitumia siku nzima wakipiga dawa na kuondoa magugu yenye kudhuru. "Wafanyakazi wa programu ya makaa ya mawe wangependa kuwashukuru wafanyakazi wa Mill Creek Gardens ambao walikutana na hali mbaya ya udongo mgumu na miamba; afisa wa UCI Todd Barsuk na wafanyakazi wa wafungwa ambao waliwatunza mimea kwa mwaka mzima; na Idara ya Rasilimali za Wanyamapori kwa wakati wao na lori la maji. """ Aina zifuatazo za milima na pwani zilikulia: Kent Phillips ni meneja wa mradi wa Programu ya Urekebishaji wa Mgodi wa Division's Abandoned. Amekuwa katika programu hiyo kwa karibu miaka miwili. "Kama vile ilivyotarajiwa, mradi huo utachukua miaka miwili kabla ya kupitishwa kwa sheria ya ""Surface Mining Control Reclamation Act"" ya mwaka 1977." Tangu kuanza kazi katika Idara ya Usalama, ameongoza miradi kadhaa mikubwa ya urekebishaji, ikiwa ni pamoja na mradi wa $ 2 milioni wa Kenilworth na mradi wa $ 230,000 wa Chief One Subsidence huko Eureka. Msimamo wake hulinda usalama wa umma kwa kufunga migodi hatari na kushughulikia masuala yanayoathiri mazingira na rasilimali. "Uendelezaji ni sehemu muhimu ya jamii yetu, ingawa na uwezo wa asili wa athari kubwa kwa mazingira na usalama wa umma ikiwa itafanywa bila kuwajibika", Kent alitoa maoni. "Anasema ""Ninaamini kwamba ardhi ya migodi iliyokuwa imeachwa imetuacha na mifano bora ya nini hasa athari hizi zinazowezekana ikiwa maendeleo ya rasilimali hayatawaliwa.""Anasema sehemu bora ya kazi yake ni kufanya kazi na wadau mbalimbali kutoka kwa umma hadi mashirika ya serikali katika ngazi zote, wafanyakazi wenzake wenye ujuzi, na wakandarasi binafsi na washauri." Kent ana Shahada ya Sayansi katika Jiolojia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Appalachian na Shahada ya Sayansi katika Uhandisi wa Madini kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Virginia Tech. Kabla ya kujiunga na AMRP, alikuwa mshauri katika kampuni ya ushauri ya URSAE, ambapo alifanya kazi na wafanyikazi wa programu kwenye miradi ya kurudisha. Katika wakati wake wa kupumzika, Kent hufurahia kupanda miamba, kuteleza kwenye ubao wa theluji, na kukimbia kwa mbwa wake Tommy. Bodi ya Mafuta, Gesi na Uchimbaji inakaribisha uteuzi kwa Tuzo za Ubora wa Mazingira 2020 sasa hadi Ijumaa, Februari 21. Tuzo za ubora wa mazingira zinatambua miradi ya kurudisha, uvumbuzi wa kiteknolojia, na mazoea bora yanayozidi na zaidi ya kile kinachotarajiwa chini ya mazoea ya tasnia na mahitaji ya udhibiti. Ni fursa kwa makampuni kuonyesha utaalam wa kiufundi na fahari katika sekta yao, na wasiwasi si tu kwa ajili ya uchumi wa sekta yao, lakini pia kwa ajili ya mazingira yetu.

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Researchers at Leiden University and Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands suggest that the first cultural revolution in human history took place about 400 thousand years ago, when the ancestors of modern people began to actively light a fire. This was announced in a press release on EurekAlert !. The earliest evidence of possible fire use is sparse and difficult to distinguish from natural fire residues. On the contrary, later 400 thousand years ago, traces of the deliberate use of fire were found in many well-preserved sites of ancient sites, where archaeological excavations were carried out. The widespread occurrence of a particular cultural behavior can be explained in several ways: independent occurrence in several places, migration of populations, or the transfer of genes associated with behavior. Due to the lack of widespread environmental changes, as well as genetic or fossil evidence of movements of hominin populations during this period, scientists argue that cultural distribution is the most plausible version. The spread of stone tool technology occurred at an early stage in human evolution, which is consistent with traces of population migration, for example, in the history of Acheulean hand ax technology. At the same time, about 400 thousand years ago, the active spread of ancient technologies began, which precedes the flourishing of cultures associated with the late Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens.

Watafiti wa Chuo Kikuu cha Leiden na Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Eindhoven nchini Uholanzi wanasema kwamba mapinduzi ya kwanza ya kitamaduni katika historia ya binadamu yalifanyika miaka 400,000 iliyopita wakati mababu wa watu wa kisasa walipoanza kuwasha moto. Hii ilitangazwa katika taarifa ya vyombo vya habari juu ya EurekAlert!. Uthibitisho wa mapema zaidi wa uwezekano wa matumizi ya moto ni mdogo na ni vigumu kutofautisha na mabaki ya moto wa asili. Kinyume chake, baadaye, miaka elfu 400 iliyopita, alama za matumizi ya makusudi ya moto zilipatikana katika maeneo mengi ya kale yaliyohifadhiwa vizuri, ambapo uchimbuaji wa akiolojia ulifanywa. Kuenea kwa tabia fulani ya kitamaduni kunaweza kuelezwa kwa njia kadhaa: kutokea kwa kujitegemea katika maeneo kadhaa, uhamiaji wa idadi ya watu, au uhamisho wa jeni zinazohusiana na tabia. Kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa mabadiliko ya mazingira, pamoja na ushahidi wa maumbile au fossil ya harakati za idadi ya hominins wakati huu, wanasayansi wanasema kwamba usambazaji wa kitamaduni ni toleo la uwezekano zaidi. Kuenea kwa teknolojia ya zana za mawe ilitokea katika hatua ya mapema katika mageuzi ya binadamu, ambayo ni sawa na alama za uhamiaji wa idadi ya watu, kwa mfano, katika historia ya teknolojia ya shoka la mkono la Acheulean. Wakati huo huo, karibu miaka elfu 400 iliyopita, kuenea kwa teknolojia za kale zilianza, ambayo ilitangulia kusitawi kwa tamaduni zinazohusiana na Neanderthals ya marehemu na Homo sapiens ya mapema.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://earth-chronicles.com/science/traces-of-the-first-technological-revolution-in-human-history-discovered.html

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In an effort to head off the extinction of the black-footed albatross, environmentalists filed a petition with the US Fish and Wildlife Service to list the species under the Endangered Species Act. The recent reopening of the Hawaii-based longline fishery for swordfish will likely result in the drowning deaths of several thousand black-footed albatross each year. “Unless we act now, longlining will cause the extinction of the black-footed albatross. The action we took today begins the process of getting the bird listed under the Endangered Species Act, which will protect the species far better than relying on the good will of the fishing industry,” said Paul Achitoff, Earthjustice attorney representing the Center for Biological Diversity and Turtle Island Restoration Network, the two petitioning organizations. Achitoff added, “Unfortunately, we have seen too little good will and too many dead albatross.” The black-footed albatross, a seabird that nests almost exclusively in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with a small population nesting in Japan, has a wingspan extending over six feet and spends much of its life on the wing, scooping flying fish eggs, squid and fish from the ocean surface. The birds also forage along the western coast of the United States. Black-footed albatross are fairly long-lived birds that have evolved a successful life history somewhat analogous to humans. They mate for life, lay only one egg per year, and if one of the pair dies, it can take three or more years before the living partner finds another mate and begins to reproduce again. These life history traits make them highly susceptible to extinction when animals of reproductive age are killed. Albatross play an important role not only in marine biodiversity, but Hawaiian culture as well. While the most serious current threat to the species comes when the birds become entangled and drown when they go after the baited hooks set by the industrial longline fishing industry to catch swordfish and tuna, the bird’s population was decimated in the early 20th century by hunters who shot the birds for their plumes, eliminating the species from many nesting islands throughout the Pacific. The world experts on the status of seabirds, BirdLife International and the World Conservation Union, have recently concluded that the black-footed albatross should be classified as Endangered. Scientists estimate that only about 60,000 nesting pairs survive today, and that unless actions are taken to reduce the current level of human-caused mortality, the species will likely go extinct in the coming decades. As many as 14,000 black-footed albatross are estimated killed by longline fishing each year. Globally, nineteen of the twenty-one recognized albatross species are considered threatened with extinction. In each case, a primary threat is longline fishing. “The international longline industry is setting nearly 10 billion baited hooks a year, killing over 300,000 seabirds each year. Albatross populations simply cannot withstand these levels of mortality,” said Brendan Cummings of the Center for Biological Diversity. “Solutions exist to help keep significant numbers of albatross off the deadly hooks, but the longline fishery has been, at best, slow to adopt them,” he continued. Albatross and other sea birds dive at the baited hooks as they are deployed, become hooked and are dragged underwater where they drown. Various methods have been devised to scare the birds away or to make the hooks sink faster, decreasing the number of birds killed. Yet most fishing vessels are not using these techniques. The Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council has urged that the most effective measures be voluntary. The Center for Biological Diversity, Turtle Island, and Earthjustice have been working to reduce the impacts of longline fishing on a number of marine species, including endangered sea turtles, marlin, whales and dolphins. More than 600 of the world’s most prominent scientists have called on the United Nations to declare a moratorium on pelagic longlining to prevent the extinction of the Pacific leatherback and other species. Current studies estimate that longline fishing in the Pacific alone captures more than three millions sharks, 40,000 sea turtles, and tens of thousands of seabirds in its quest for large fish. “Solving the problem for seabirds must be done immediately, but as long as we allow longliners to deploy billions of hooks every year, indiscriminately hooking marine wildlife species by the millions, our oceans won’t be safe,” said Todd Steiner of Turtle Island Restoration Network. “If we don’t act soon, longline fishing will empty our oceans and our skies.” View photo of black-footed albatross that can be used for publication. Photo credit: Bradford Keitt

Ili kuzuia kutoweka kwa albatros, wanaharakati wa mazingira waliwasilisha ombi kwa Huduma ya Samaki na Wanyamapori ya Marekani ili kuorodhesha spishi hiyo chini ya Sheria ya Spishi Zilizokabili Hatari. Uvuvi wa samaki wa aina ya swordfish unaoendelea katika eneo la Hawaii, unaoendelea kwa muda mrefu, umesababisha vifo vya maelfu ya samaki aina ya albatros. <unk>Isipokuwa tutachukua hatua sasa, uvuvi wa nyuzi za juu utasababisha kutoweka kwa albatrosi mwenye miguu nyeusi. "Hatua tulichukua leo inaanza mchakato wa kupata ndege iliyoorodheshwa chini ya Sheria ya Spishi Zilizohatarishwa, ambayo italinda spishi hiyo vizuri zaidi kuliko kutegemea mapenzi mazuri ya tasnia ya uvuvi, ""alisema Paul Achitoff, mwanasheria wa Earthjustice akiwakilisha Kituo cha Utofauti wa Kibiolojia na Mtandao wa Kurudisha Kisiwa cha Turtle." "Achiff aliongeza, ""Kwa bahati mbaya, tumeona mapenzi machache sana na albatros nyingi sana zilizokufa."" albatros ya miguu nyeusi, ndege wa baharini ambaye huishi karibu tu katika Visiwa vya Kaskazini Magharibi vya Hawaii, na idadi ndogo ya watu wanaofanya viota nchini Japan, ana upana wa mabawa zaidi ya futi sita na hutumia maisha yake mengi juu ya mabawa, akichukua mayai ya samaki, squid na samaki kutoka uso wa bahari." Ndege hao pia hutafuta chakula kwenye pwani ya magharibi ya Marekani. Albatross wenye miguu nyeusi ni ndege wenye maisha marefu ambao wamefanikiwa katika historia ya maisha kama ya wanadamu. Wao hujiunga na wenzi wao wa ndoa kwa maisha yao yote, na huweka yai moja tu kwa mwaka, na ikiwa mmoja wao anakufa, inaweza kuchukua miaka mitatu au zaidi kabla ya mwenzi aliye hai kupata mwenzi mwingine na kuanza kuzaliana tena. Sifa hizo za historia ya maisha huwafanya wawe na uwezekano mkubwa wa kutoweka wanyama wanaokuwa katika umri wa kuzaa wanapouawa. Albatross hutimiza fungu muhimu si katika utofauti wa viumbe wa baharini tu, bali pia katika utamaduni wa Hawaii. Wakati tishio kubwa kwa spishi hii linatokea wakati ndege wanapozunguka na kuzama baada ya kutumia ndoano zilizowekwa na viwanda vya uvuvi wa nyuzi za nyuzi za nyuzi ili kuvua samaki wa upanga na tuna, idadi ya ndege hiyo iliharibiwa mapema karne ya 20 na wawindaji ambao waliwaua ndege kwa ajili ya manyoya yao, na kuondoa spishi kutoka visiwa vingi vya kuzaliana. Wataalamu wa hali ya ndege wa baharini duniani, BirdLife International na Umoja wa Uhifadhi wa Dunia, wamekata kauli hivi karibuni kwamba albatros mwenye miguu nyeusi anapaswa kuainishwa kama ndege anayehatarishwa. Wanasayansi wanakadiria kwamba ni jozi 60,000 tu za ndege wanaofanya viota ambazo ziko hai leo, na kwamba isipokuwa hatua zitokazo kuchukuliwa ili kupunguza kiwango cha sasa cha vifo vinavyosababishwa na wanadamu, huenda spishi hiyo ikaangamia katika miongo ijayo. Inakadiriwa kwamba karibu albatrosi 14,000 wa miguu nyeusi huuawa kila mwaka kwa kuvua kwa nyuzi za uvuvi. Ulimwenguni pote, spishi kumi na tisa kati ya spishi ishirini na moja zinazotambuliwa za albatros huonwa kuwa ziko hatarini mwa kutoweka. Katika kila kisa, tisho kuu ni uvuvi wa kwa nyuzi za kunyongwa. "Kampuni ya kimataifa ya kutengeneza nyuzi za kuogelea kwa kutumia nyuzi za kuogelea kwa kutumia nyuzi za kuogelea kwa kutumia nyuzi za kuogelea kwa kutumia nyuzi za kuogelea kwa kutumia nyuzi za kuogelea kwa kutumia nyuzi za kuogelea kwa kutumia nyuzi za kuogelea kwa kutumia nyuzi za kuogelea kwa kutumia nyuzi za kuogelea kwa kutumia nyuzi za kuogelea.""" Idadi ya albatrosi haiwezi kuvumilia viwango hivi vya vifo, <unk> alisema Brendan Cummings wa Kituo cha Tofauti ya Kibiolojia. "Mafuniko yapo kusaidia kuweka idadi kubwa ya albatros mbali na ndoano za mauti, lakini uvuvi wa longline umekuwa, kwa hali nzuri, polepole kuitumia", aliendelea. Albatross na ndege wengine wa baharini huogelea kwenye ndoano zilizowekwa kama mtego, wanashikamana na kuvutwa chini ya maji ambapo wanazama. Mbinu mbalimbali zimetengenezwa ili kuogopesha ndege au kufanya ndoano zianguke haraka, na hivyo kupunguza idadi ya ndege wanaouawa. Hata hivyo, meli nyingi za uvuvi hazitumii mbinu hizo. Baraza la Usimamizi wa Uvuvi la Mkoa wa Pasifiki Magharibi limehimiza kwamba hatua zenye matokeo zaidi ziwe za hiari. Kituo cha Biolojia ya Biolojia, Turtle Island na Earthjustice wamekuwa wakifanya kazi kupunguza athari za uvuvi wa longline kwa spishi kadhaa za baharini, pamoja na kasa wa bahari, marlin, nyangumi na pomboo. Wanasayansi zaidi ya 600 duniani wametoa wito kwa Umoja wa Mataifa kutangaza marufuku ya uvuvi wa nyangumi ili kuzuia kutoweka kwa samaki aina ya leatherback na aina nyingine za samaki. Kulingana na ripoti ya utafiti wa hivi karibuni, uvuvi wa nyuzi za uvuvi katika Bahari ya Pasifiki pekee huchukua zaidi ya papa milioni tatu, kasa 40,000 wa baharini, na maelfu ya ndege wa baharini katika utafutaji wake wa samaki wakubwa. "Kutatua tatizo la ndege wa baharini lazima kufanywe mara moja, lakini maadamu tunaruhusu longliners kupeleka mabilioni ya hooks kila mwaka, indiscriminately hooking spishi za wanyama wa baharini kwa mamilioni, bahari zetu hazitakuwa salama, "alisema Todd Steiner wa Turtle Island Restoration Network." <unk>Ikiwa hatutende haraka, uvuvi wa longline utaondoa bahari zetu na anga zetu.<unk> Tazama picha ya albatros ya miguu nyeusi ambayo inaweza kutumika kwa uchapishaji. Picha: Bradford Keitt

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://earthjustice.org/press/2004/protected-status-sought-for-black-footed-albatross

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00213.warc.gz

All sensing and control applications use shunt-based current sensing which is prone to resistive loss, amplification noise, and high-side, low-side polarity limitations. Why can't we just use Hall-effect ICs which seem easier to use? I haven't looked lately but for all of my career the answer to that was: - not good at low currents - susceptible to external magnetic interference The one good use for those is in the feedback type of current sensors such as made by LEM, but those are very expensive. Two major advantages of a series resistor over a Hall-Effect IC are simplicity and reliability. Simplicity. The resistor is a very common part, readily available from a large number of suppliers at much lower cost. Reliability. The resistor is very simple and thus a very reliable component. When it fails, the resistor will almost certainly go open circuit and disconnect the load. The HE IC will not.

All sensing na udhibiti maombi kutumia shunt-msingi sasa sensing ambayo ni prone kwa hasara resistive, amplification kelele, na juu-upande, chini-upande polarity mapungufu. Kwa nini hatuwezi tu kutumia Hall-athari ICs ambayo kuonekana rahisi kutumia? "Hata hivyo, kwa sababu ya hali ya hewa, kwa sasa, hakuna uwezekano wa kuathiri athari za umeme wa nje, kwa hivyo, ""mfano wa LEM"" ni muhimu kwa ajili ya matumizi ya vifaa vya umeme." Faida mbili kuu za mfululizo resistor juu ya Hall-Effect IC ni unyenyekevu na kuegemea. Uwezo wa kufanya mambo kwa urahisi. Resistor ni sehemu ya kawaida sana, inapatikana kwa urahisi kutoka kwa idadi kubwa ya wauzaji kwa gharama ya chini sana. Kuaminika. The resistor ni rahisi sana na hivyo sehemu ya kuaminika sana. Wakati inashindwa, upinzani itakuwa karibu hakika kwenda mzunguko wa wazi na kuondoa mzigo. Hili ni jambo ambalo ICL haitafanya.

<urn:uuid:21f86f44-8875-4a0f-b13a-35c26c08c763>

CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/650272/why-dont-we-use-hall-effect-current-sensors-in-dc-motor-drivers-and-power-suppl

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00213.warc.gz

A reproduction, copper alloy, ansate brooch based on an example from York. Two copper alloy examples of ansate brooches, also known as equal-armed brooches, were found at 16-22 Coppergate. These brooches are characterised by a narrow arched bow and terminal heads of identical form. The design of the brooches from Coppergate are a variant known as ‘caterpillar’ type. Asnate brooches are dated to between the seventh and ninth centuries though the finds at Coppergate may extend their popularity into the tenth century. The ‘caterpillar’ variety is typically geographically limited to areas bordering the North Sea. The quantity found in England, however, may indicate local manufacture. Brooches were a typical part of female dress. Scandinavian brooches came in a variety of sizes and shapes which included disc, trefoil, lozenge, equal-armed, and oval shapes. The different brooch types served a variety of functions in Scandinavian female dress with oval brooches typically being used as shoulder clasps for apron-type dresses and the rest being used to secure an outer garment to an inner shift. Anglo-Saxon brooches do not match this diversity of form with large disc brooches being typical of ninth century dress styles with smaller ones becoming more popular in the later ninth and tenth centuries. However, since disc brooches were used by both Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian women they are distinguished by their morphology. Scandinavian brooches were typically domed with a hollow back while Anglo-Saxon brooches were usually flat. Moreover, Anglo-Saxon brooches were worn singly without accompanying accessories. - circa 700 — 900 - Viking Objects - Private Ownership - Anglo-Saxon, ansate, brooch, copper_alloy, decorative, jewellery, North_Yorkshire, reproduction, women, York You can see the original at Private Ownership. This object is related to York, North Yorkshire. Find out about York, North Yorkshire. Made by Adam Parsons of Blueaxe Reproductions Mainman, Ailsa J., and Nicola SH Rogers. Craft, industry and everyday life: finds from Anglo-Scandinavian York. Vol. 17. (York: Council for British Archaeology, 2000), p. 2570-1. Kershaw, Jane F. Viking identities: Scandinavian jewellery in England. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 20-25.

Reproduktion, aloi ya shaba, ansate brooch kulingana na mfano kutoka York. "Kuna mifano miwili ya ""ansate"" brooches, ambayo pia inajulikana kama ""brooches sawa-armed,"" zilizopatikana katika 16-22 Coppergate." Broch hizi ni sifa na mwembamba arched bow na vichwa mwisho wa fomu sawa. Muundo wa brooches kutoka Coppergate ni tofauti inayojulikana kama "caterpillar" aina. Brooches za Asnate ni tarehe kati ya karne ya saba na tisa ingawa ugunduzi katika Coppergate unaweza kupanua umaarufu wao katika karne ya kumi. Aina ya "caterpillar" ni kawaida kijiografia mdogo kwa maeneo ya mpakani Bahari ya Kaskazini. Hata hivyo, kiasi kilichopatikana huko Uingereza chaweza kuonyesha kwamba kilitengenezwa huko. Brooch zilikuwa sehemu ya kawaida ya mavazi ya wanawake. Brooches Scandinavian alikuja katika ukubwa mbalimbali na maumbo ambayo ni pamoja na diski, trefoil, lozenge, sawa-armed, na maumbo ya mviringo. Brooches za kawaida ni za aina ya Scandinavian, na brooches za oval hutumiwa kama vifungo vya bega kwa mavazi ya apron, na wengine hutumiwa kuimarisha nguo ya nje kwa mabadiliko ya ndani. Brooches Anglo-Saxon ni tofauti na brooches kubwa ya diski, ambayo ni ya kawaida ya mitindo ya mavazi ya karne ya tisa, na wale wadogo zaidi kuwa maarufu zaidi katika karne ya tisa na kumi. Hata hivyo, kwa kuwa broshi za diski zilitumiwa na wanawake wa Anglo-Saxon na Scandinavia, zinatofautishwa na muundo wao. Kwa kawaida, vijiti vya Skandinavia vilikuwa na umbo la mviringo na mgongo ulio tupu, ilhali vijiti vya Waanglosasoni vilikuwa tambarare. Isitoshe, vijiti vya Anglo-Saxon vilivaliwa peke yake bila vifaa vingine. "Kutoka kwa ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking"" na ""Viking""."""" Kitu hiki kinahusiana na York, North Yorkshire. Tafuta habari kuhusu York, Yorkshire Kaskazini. Imeundwa na Adam Parsons wa Blueaxe Reproductions Mainman, Ailsa J., na Nicola SH Rogers. Ufundi, viwanda na maisha ya kila siku: hupata kutoka Anglo-Scandinavian York. Kitabu cha Vol. 17. (a) Kwa nini? (Yorkshire: Council for British Archaeology, 2000), ukurasa wa 2570-1. Kershaw, Jane F. Utambulisho wa Viking: Vito vya Scandinavia nchini Uingereza. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013) na kitabu cha The New York Times, p.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://emidsvikings.ac.uk/items/reproduction-ansate-brooch/

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