Datasets:

PaulLerner

/

viquae_wikipedia

like 1

{ "end": [ 68, 77, 87, 156, 66, 121, 277 ], "href": [ "Govan", "Glasgow", "Scotland", "listed%20building%23Scotland", "Alex%20Ferguson", "Manchester%20United%20F.C.", "Govan%20High%20School" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 4, 6, 6, 6 ], "start": [ 63, 70, 79, 130, 49, 90, 260 ], "text": [ "Govan", "Glasgow", "Scotland", "category B listed building", "Sir Alex Ferguson", "Manchester United Football Club", "Govan High School" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Broomloan Road Primary School\n", "Broomloan Road Primary School was a primary school situated in Govan, Glasgow, Scotland. \n", "It was the largest School in Govan built by Govan School Board, and comprised two separate buildings. The first, designed by Alexander Watt, opened in 1875. In 1894 a red sandstone extension was built, designed by H&D Barclay. Broomloan Road Primary School closed in the late 1960s. \n", "After closure the red sandstone building was used by St. Saviour's Infants throughout the 1970s and as St. Gerards annexe after St. Saviour's Infants moved to a new school in Dunsmuir Street. In the early 1980s the building became the Summertown Community Centre before closing in the early 1990s. The older yellow sandstone building became Broomloan Road Nursery School in the late 1970s and was closed in the early 1990s after the nursery moved to St. Gerards Secondary School.\n", "Both buildings were closed in the mid-2000s, boarded up and left in a derelict condition for many years. They were protected as a category B listed building.\n", "The yellow sandstone building designed by Alexander Watt was almost completely destroyed by a fire in May 2014.. The 1894 building went on fire later in 2014. Both buildings have been subsequently demolished entirely.\n", "It is most notable for being the first school of Sir Alex Ferguson, the former manager of Manchester United Football Club. He attended the school from 1946 until 1954, finishing a year later than he was due to as a result of re-taking his examination to enter Govan High School.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4975339", "wikidata_label": "Broomloan Road Primary School", "wikipedia_title": "Broomloan Road Primary School" }

{ "end": [ 21, 70, 90, 118 ], "href": [ "village", "Gmina%20Olsz%C3%B3wka", "Ko%C5%82o%20County", "Greater%20Poland%20Voivodeship" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "start": [ 14, 56, 79, 92 ], "text": [ "village", "Gmina Olszówka", "Koło County", "Greater Poland Voivodeship" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Tomaszew, Koło County\n", "Tomaszew is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszówka, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village in Greater Poland, Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7818493", "wikidata_label": "Tomaszew, Koło County", "wikipedia_title": "Tomaszew, Koło County" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Umień\n", "Umień is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszówka, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Koło and east of the regional capital Poznań.\n", "The village has a population of 260.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village in Greater Poland, Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7881570", "wikidata_label": "Umień", "wikipedia_title": "Umień" }

{ "end": [ 29, 80, 100, 128, 200, 215, 256 ], "href": [ "village", "Gmina%20Osiek%20Ma%C5%82y", "Ko%C5%82o%20County", "Greater%20Poland%20Voivodeship", "Osiek%20Ma%C5%82y", "Ko%C5%82o", "Pozna%C5%84" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "start": [ 22, 64, 89, 102, 190, 211, 250 ], "text": [ "village", "Gmina Osiek Mały", "Koło County", "Greater Poland Voivodeship", "Osiek Mały", "Koło", "Poznań" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Dęby Szlacheckie\n", "Dęby Szlacheckie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek Mały, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Osiek Mały, north of Koło, and east of the regional capital Poznań.\n", "The village has a population of 730.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village in Greater Poland, Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2391800", "wikidata_label": "Dęby Szlacheckie", "wikipedia_title": "Dęby Szlacheckie" }

{ "end": [ 20, 71, 91, 119, 185, 205, 246 ], "href": [ "village", "Gmina%20Osiek%20Ma%C5%82y", "Ko%C5%82o%20County", "Greater%20Poland%20Voivodeship", "Osiek%20Ma%C5%82y", "Ko%C5%82o", "Pozna%C5%84" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "start": [ 13, 55, 80, 93, 175, 201, 240 ], "text": [ "village", "Gmina Osiek Mały", "Koło County", "Greater Poland Voivodeship", "Osiek Mały", "Koło", "Poznań" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Drzewce, Gmina Osiek Mały\n", "Drzewce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek Mały, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Osiek Mały, north-west of Koło, and east of the regional capital Poznań.\n", "The village has a population of 190.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village in Greater Poland, Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5309838", "wikidata_label": "Drzewce, Gmina Osiek Mały", "wikipedia_title": "Drzewce, Gmina Osiek Mały" }

{ "end": [ 44, 65, 87, 151, 164, 175, 195 ], "href": [ "Pabbi%20Tehsil", "Nowshera%20District", "Khyber%20Pakhtunkhwa", "Chapri%2C%20Nowshera", "Saleh%20Khana", "Spin%20Khak", "Jalozai" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "start": [ 32, 48, 69, 145, 153, 166, 188 ], "text": [ "Pabbi Tehsil", "Nowshera District", "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", "Chapri", "Saleh Khana", "Spin Khak", "Jalozai" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Dak Ismail Khel\n", "Dak Ismail Khel is a village in Pabbi Tehsil of Nowshera District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is surrounded by other small villages i.e. Chapri, Saleh Khana, Spin Khak, Jaroba and Jalozai. Dak Ismail Khel is the largest village with respect to both area and population in the region. Villages named Chapri, Spinkhak and Jaroba are originated from village Dak Ismail Khel. \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "human settlement in Pakistan", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5208417", "wikidata_label": "Dag Ismail Khel", "wikipedia_title": "Dak Ismail Khel" }

{ "end": [ 119, 126, 73, 81 ], "href": [ "homebuilt%20aircraft", "Piel%20Emeraude", "Lycoming%20O-320", "tricycle%20landing%20gear" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 3, 12, 13 ], "start": [ 106, 118, 55, 60 ], "text": [ "home building", "Emeraude", "Lycoming O-320-E2A", "tricycle landing gear" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Piel Diamant\n", "The Piel CP.60 Diamant is a single-engine light aircraft designed in France in the 1960s and marketed for home building.\n", "Section::::Design and development.\n", "The Diamant is a conventional, low-wing cantilever monoplane and essentially an enlarged version of Piel's successful Emeraude designed to accommodate more passengers. This extra capacity is provided by a redesigned fuselage which is higher in the rear section and longer overall. While the Emeraude has only two seats, side-by-side, the Diamant has an extra bench seat at the rear of the cabin to seat one or two more people. The wingspan is also greater than that of the Emeraude, allowing for a greater maximum take-off weight. The 110 page set of plans included modifications for retractable gear, tricycle gear, and wing mounted fuel tanks.\n", "As with the Emeraude, Piel obtained type certification for the Diamant, allowing it to be manufactured on a commercial basis. However, unlike the Emeraude, this did not actually transpire, and the Diamant was only ever built as a homebuilt.\n", "By the late 1970s, the original versions of the Diamant were no longer offered and had been supplanted by the Super Diamant, designed for more powerful engines and featuring revised tail surfaces.\n", "Section::::Variants.\n", "BULLET::::- CP.60 Diamant - prototype with Continental engine.\n", "BULLET::::- CP.601 Diamant - version with Continental engine.\n", "BULLET::::- CP.602 Diamant - version with Potez engine.\n", "BULLET::::- CP.603 Diamant - version with 115 hp Lycoming engine\n", "BULLET::::- CP.604 Super Diamant - version with Continental engine.\n", "BULLET::::- CP.605 Super Diamant - 4 seat version with Lycoming O-320-E2A engine.\n", "BULLET::::- CP.605B Super Diamant - CP.605 with retractable tricycle landing gear.\n", "BULLET::::- CP.606 Super Diamant - version with 140 hp Lycoming engine\n", "BULLET::::- CP.607 Super Diamant - version with 130 hp Continental engine\n", "BULLET::::- CP.608 Super Diamant - version with 180 hp Lycoming engine\n", "BULLET::::- CP.615 Super Diamant - version with 160 hp engine\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7191637", "wikidata_label": "Piel Diamant", "wikipedia_title": "Piel Diamant" }

{ "end": [ 35, 57, 86, 97, 122, 155, 165, 40, 217, 141, 45 ], "href": [ "Listed%20building", "English%20country%20house", "Ludgershall%2C%20Wiltshire", "Wiltshire", "Andover%2C%20Hampshire", "Arabian%20Horse", "stud%20farm", "John%20Richmond%20Webb", "Henlow%20Grange", "Bryan%20Guinness", "Tamarillo%20%28horse%29" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 4, 6 ], "start": [ 21, 36, 75, 88, 104, 142, 156, 22, 204, 127, 36 ], "text": [ "Grade I listed", "English country house", "Ludgershall", "Wiltshire", "Andover, Hampshire", "Arabian Horse", "stud farm", "John Richmond Webb", "Henlow Grange", "Bryan Guinness", "Tamarillo" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Biddesden House\n", "Biddesden House is a Grade I listed English country house in the parish of Ludgershall, Wiltshire (near Andover, Hampshire). It is home to an Arabian Horse stud farm.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The house belonged to John Richmond Webb from 1692. About 1909 it was bought sight unseen by George Gribble, on the recommendation of his wife Norah Royd and their son Philip; the family moved there from Henlow Grange.\n", "In 1929 Biddesden House and about 200 acres were sold, probably by Olive Baring, to E. R. Fothergill, who in 1931 sold them to Bryan Guinness, later Lord Moyne. Guinness descendants still live there.\n", "Section::::Biddesden Stud.\n", "The stud bred the eventing champion Tamarillo.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- http://www.biddesdenstud.co.uk/\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Grade I listed house in the United Kingdom", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4904043", "wikidata_label": "Biddesden House", "wikipedia_title": "Biddesden House" }

{ "end": [ 28, 79, 99, 127, 199, 214, 255 ], "href": [ "village", "Gmina%20Osiek%20Ma%C5%82y", "Ko%C5%82o%20County", "Greater%20Poland%20Voivodeship", "Osiek%20Ma%C5%82y", "Ko%C5%82o", "Pozna%C5%84" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "start": [ 21, 63, 88, 101, 189, 210, 249 ], "text": [ "village", "Gmina Osiek Mały", "Koło County", "Greater Poland Voivodeship", "Osiek Mały", "Koło", "Poznań" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Osiek Wielki, Greater Poland Voivodeship\n", "Osiek Wielki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek Mały, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Osiek Mały, north of Koło, and east of the regional capital Poznań.\n", "The village has a population of 680.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village in Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3499945", "wikidata_label": "Osiek Wielki, Greater Poland Voivodeship", "wikipedia_title": "Osiek Wielki, Greater Poland Voivodeship" }

{ "end": [ 26, 41, 69, 122, 172, 209, 249 ], "href": [ "village", "Ko%C5%82o%20County", "Greater%20Poland%20Voivodeship", "gmina", "Gmina%20Osiek%20Ma%C5%82y", "Ko%C5%82o", "Pozna%C5%84" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "start": [ 19, 30, 43, 117, 156, 205, 243 ], "text": [ "village", "Koło County", "Greater Poland Voivodeship", "gmina", "Gmina Osiek Mały", "Koło", "Poznań" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Osiek Mały, Greater Poland Voivodeship\n", "Osiek Mały () is a village in Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Osiek Mały. It lies approximately north of Koło and east of the regional capital Poznań.\n", "The village has a population of 480.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village of Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q591979", "wikidata_label": "Osiek Mały, Greater Poland Voivodeship", "wikipedia_title": "Osiek Mały, Greater Poland Voivodeship" }

{ "end": [ 17, 67, 87, 115, 186, 200, 241 ], "href": [ "village", "Gmina%20Ko%C5%9Bcielec", "Ko%C5%82o%20County", "Greater%20Poland%20Voivodeship", "Ko%C5%9Bcielec%2C%20Ko%C5%82o%20County", "Ko%C5%82o", "Pozna%C5%84" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "start": [ 10, 52, 76, 89, 177, 196, 235 ], "text": [ "village", "Gmina Kościelec", "Koło County", "Greater Poland Voivodeship", "Kościelec", "Koło", "Poznań" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Waki, Poland\n", "Waki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kościelec, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Kościelec, west of Koło, and east of the regional capital Poznań.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village in Greater Poland, Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2420716", "wikidata_label": "Waki", "wikipedia_title": "Waki, Poland" }

{ "end": [ 69, 77, 149, 196, 231, 175, 204, 233, 87, 156, 291, 309, 102, 182, 95, 142, 50, 44 ], "href": [ "Church%20Point%2C%20Nova%20Scotia", "Canada", "North%20America", "nave", "transepts", "Acadians", "Massachusetts", "Great%20Upheaval", "Eudist", "Universit%C3%A9%20Sainte-Anne", "Arthur%20Regnault", "Rennes%2C%20France", "Loire%20Valley", "Bains-sur-Oust", "clerestory", "Romanesque%20architecture", "http%3A//www.dioceseyarmouth.org/pages/stmarie.html", "http%3A//www.museeeglisesaintemariemuseum.ca/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 11, 11, 17, 18 ], "start": [ 44, 71, 136, 192, 222, 167, 191, 219, 81, 137, 276, 295, 90, 168, 85, 132, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Church Point, Nova Scotia", "Canada", "North America", "nave", "transepts", "Acadians", "Massachusetts", "Great Upheaval", "Eudist", "Collège Sainte-Anne", "Arthur Regnault", "Rennes, France", "Loire Valley", "Bains-sur-Oust", "clerestory", "Romanesque", "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Yarmouth", "Musée Église Sainte-Marie Museum" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Église Sainte-Marie, Church Point, Nova Scotia\n", "Église Sainte-Marie is a Catholic church in Church Point, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is one of the largest and tallest wooden buildings in North America. Built in the form of a cross, the church nave measures in length, with transepts that are across. The church spire rises from floor to steeple, with its cross adding another . Originally 15 feet taller, the church steeple was struck by lightning in 1914, requiring part of the spire to be rebuilt.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The first church built in the Church Point area, part of Nova Scotia's French Shore, was at Grosses Coques. Built in 1774, it was a rough chapel to serve the needs of Acadians returning from Massachusetts following the Great Upheaval, the deportation of the Acadians. A second chapel was built in 1786 on a point of land jutting into St. Mary's Bay, giving rise to the name \"Church Point\".\n", "A third church was built following the arrival of Jean-Mandé Sigogne, the first resident priest. This church was built along the main road in the community, where the parish cemetery is now located, rather than on the point. It burned down in September 1820. It was rebuilt in a classical Georgian style, and served the community from 1829 to 1905, when the present church was opened.\n", "Construction on the present church began in 1903. Father Pierre-Marie Dagnaud, a Eudist Roman Catholic priest, was appointed the head of Collège Sainte-Anne in 1899, thereby becoming the parish priest of St. Mary's. He decided on the construction of a grand church, and hired Arthur Regnault of Rennes, France as his architect. The church was built by master carpenter Léo Melanson, with the assistance of 1500 parishioners.\n", "Section::::Construction.\n", "The design of the church was influenced by the architecture of the famous chateaux of the Loire Valley and by the design of the church in Father Dagnaud's home town of Bains-sur-Oust, France. The central steeple is flanked by a pair of turrets, with four more turrets surrounding the spire.\n", "The church is exposed to the strong winds from St. Mary's Bay, so 40 tons of stone ballast were used to stabilize the steeple, and canvas, rather than plaster, was used for the walls.\n", "The steeple holds three bronze bells imported from France, the largest weighing almost 800 kilograms.\n", "Section::::Interior.\n", "The interior of Église Sainte-Marie features a high, vaulted ceiling lit by a row of clerestory windows, below which runs a band of Romanesque arches around the church. The walls are painted white, and nine flower edged tableaux are painted on the central ceiling vaults. White oak pews have replaced the original chairs that were used for seating.\n", "The church attracts thousands of tourists annually, and a museum room that is open to the public was established inside the church in 1970. The museum features a reliquary handcrafted by an Acadian artist from the region and a collection of religious and liturgical artifacts.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Pacey, Elizabeth (1983). \"More Stately Mansions: Churches of Nova Scotia 1830–1910\". Lancelot Press Ltd.\n", "BULLET::::- Pacey, Elizabeth and Comiter, Alan (1994). \"Landmarks: Historic Buildings of Nova Scotia\". Nimbus Publishing Ltd.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Roman Catholic Diocese of Yarmouth\n", "BULLET::::- Musée Église Sainte-Marie Museum\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "church", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q422237", "wikidata_label": "Église Sainte-Marie, Church Point, Nova Scotia", "wikipedia_title": "Église Sainte-Marie, Church Point, Nova Scotia" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Port of Copenhagen\n", "The Port of Copenhagen () is the largest Danish seaport and one of the largest ports in the Baltic Sea basin. It extends from Svanemølle Beach in the north to Hvidovre in the south. Along with Malmö harbour, Copenhagen Port is operated by Copenhagen Malmö Port (CMP) and By & Havn.\n", "The port is divided into several different areas, many of which are individual harbours:\n", "There has been rapid development along the seafront; large parts of the inner harbor been recently transformed into residential and commercial areas. The port has seen a dramatic resurgence in activity since the 1990s, following a long period of decline following the 1940s.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The Port of Copenhagen dates back to the Middle Ages. The port was originally owned by the Danish Royal Family. Christian IV moved Naval Shipyard from Gammelholm to its current location in Holem—the Holmen Naval Base one of several naval stations of the Royal Danish Navy. In 1742 the port was turned into an independent institution and remained unchange until 1812, when a central administration was set up, called \"Ports and Mudringsvæsenet\". \n", "Section::::History.:Port Captains.\n", "BULLET::::- 1860-1872 Janus August Garde\n", "BULLET::::- 1872-1895 FVW Lüders\n", "BULLET::::- 1896-1914 Christian Frederik Drechsel\n", "BULLET::::- 1917-1945 Thorvald Borg\n", "BULLET::::- 1945-1955 Mogens Blach\n", "BULLET::::- 1982-1997 Erik Schaefer\n", "BULLET::::- 1997-2005 Henning Hummelmose\n", "BULLET::::- 2005-2007 Karl-Gustav Jensen\n", "In 2007, administration of the port passed to By & Havn.\n", "Section::::Terminals.\n", "BULLET::::- Container terminal: The terminal was opened in 2001 and has a storage area of 175,000 m.\n", "BULLET::::- RoRo terminal: The RoRo terminal has four berths an m\n", "BULLET::::- Automobile terminal: The cars terminal is the largest in Northern Europe used for imports of new cars and can accommodate 40,000 cars at once.\n", "BULLET::::- General cargo: The general cargo terminal has 10 berths and a storage area of 200,000 m.\n", "BULLET::::- Liquid bulk terminal: The liquid bulk terminal has an annual traffic of five million tonnes, a storage area of 834,000 m and a storage capacity of one million m.\n", "BULLET::::- Dry bulk terminal: The dry bulk terminal has an annual traffic of five million tonnes, a storage area of 834,000 m and has storage capacities for coal, stone, sand, gravel, plaster, scrap, cement, biofuel, salt, granite and earth.\n", "BULLET::::- Passenger terminal: The Port of Copenhagen has one of the largest passenger terminals in the Baltic Sea basin which handled 1.6 million passengers in 2007./ref\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Snapshot from an Airplane: The Harbor of Copenhagen, 1913 by Holger Damgaard\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "port", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1252907", "wikidata_label": "Port of Copenhagen", "wikipedia_title": "Port of Copenhagen" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Inverness, Quebec\n", "Inverness is a municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of the province of Quebec in Canada.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Inverness, Quebec" ] }, "description": "municipality in Quebec, Canada", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3153881", "wikidata_label": "Inverness", "wikipedia_title": "Inverness, Quebec" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Clathrus ruber\n", "Clathrus ruber is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family, and the type species of the genus \"Clathrus\". It is commonly known as the latticed stinkhorn, the basket stinkhorn, or the red cage, alluding to the striking fruit bodies that are shaped somewhat like a round or oval hollow sphere with interlaced or latticed branches. The fungus is saprobic, feeding off decaying woody plant material, and is often found alone or in groups in leaf litter on garden soil, grassy places, or on woodchip garden mulches. Although considered primarily a European species, \"C. ruber\" has been introduced to other areas, and now has a wide distribution that includes northern and southern Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. The species was illustrated in the scientific literature during the 16th century, but was not officially described until 1729.\n", "The fruit body initially appears like a whitish \"egg\" attached to the ground at the base by cords called rhizomorphs. The egg has a delicate, leathery outer membrane enclosing the compressed lattice that surrounds a layer of olive-green spore-bearing slime called the gleba, which contains high levels of calcium that help protect the fruit body during development. As the egg ruptures and the fruit body expands, the gleba is carried upward on the inner surfaces of the spongy lattice, and the egg membrane remains as a volva around the base of the structure. The fruit body can reach heights of up to . The color of the fruit body, which can range from pink to orange to red, results primarily from the carotenoid pigments lycopene and \"beta\"-carotene. The gleba has a fetid odor, somewhat like rotting meat, which attracts flies and other insects to help disperse its spores. Although the edibility of the fungus is not known with certainty, its odor would deter most from consuming it. \"C. ruber\" was not regarded highly in tales in southern European folklore, which suggested that those who handled the mushroom risked contracting various ailments.\n", "Section::::Taxonomy, phylogeny, and naming.\n", "\"Clathrus ruber\" was illustrated in 1560 by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his \"Nomenclator Aquatilium Animantium\"—Gesner mistook the mushroom for a marine organism. It appeared in a woodcut in John Gerard's 1597 \"Great Herball\", shortly thereafter in Carolus Clusius 1601 \"Fungorum in Pannoniis Observatorum Brevis Historia\", and was one of the species featured in Cassiano dal Pozzo's \"museo cartaceo\" (\"paper museum\") that consisted of thousands of illustrations of the natural world.\n", "The fungus was first described scientifically in 1729, by the Italian Pier Antonio Micheli in his \"Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita\", who gave it its current scientific name. The species was once referred to by American authors as \"Clathrus cancellatus\" L., as they used a system of nomenclature based on the former American Code of Botanical Nomenclature, in which the starting point for naming species was Linnaeus's 1753 \"Species Plantarum\". The International Code for Botanical Nomenclature now uses the same starting date, but names of Gasteromycetes used by Christian Hendrik Persoon in his \"Synopsis Methodica Fungorum\" (1801) are sanctioned and automatically replace earlier names. Since Persoon used the specific epithet \"ruber\", the correct name for the species is \"Clathrus ruber\". Several historical names of the fungus are now synonyms: \"Clathrus flavescens\", named by Persoon in 1801; \"Clathrus cancellatus\" by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and published by Elias Fries in 1823; \"Clathrus nicaeensis\", published by Jean-Baptiste Barla in 1879; and \"Clathrus ruber\" var. \"flavescens\", published by Livio Quadraccia and Dario Lunghini in 1990.\n", "\"Clathrus ruber\" is the type species of the genus \"Clathrus\", and is part of the group of \"Clathrus\" species known as the Laternoid series. Common features uniting this group include the vertical arms of the receptacle (fruit body) that are not joined together at the base, and the spongy structure of the receptacle. According to a molecular analysis published in 2006, out of the about 40 Phallales species used in the study, \"C. ruber\" is most closely related to \"Aseroe rubra\", \"Clathrus archeri\", \"Laternea triscapa\", and \"Clathrus chrysomycelinus\".\n", "The generic name \"Clathrus\" is derived from Ancient Greek κλειθρον or \"lattice\", and the specific epithet is Latin \"ruber\", meaning \"red\". The mushroom is commonly known as the \"basket stinkhorn\", the \"lattice stinkhorn\", or the \"red cage\". It was known to the locals of the Adriatic hinterland in the former Yugoslavia as \"veštičije srce\" or \"vještičino srce\", meaning \"witch's heart\". This is still the case in parts of rural France, where it is known as \"cœur de sorcière\".\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "Before the volva opens, the fruiting body is egg-shaped to roughly spherical, up to in diameter, with a gelatinous interior up to thick. White to grayish in color, it is initially smooth, but develops a network of polygonal marks on the surface prior to opening as the internal structures expand and stretch the peridium taut. The fruit body, or \"receptacle\", bursts the egg open as it expands (a process that can take as little as a few hours), and leaves the remains of the peridium as a cup or volva surrounding the base. The receptacle ranges in color from red to bright pink to pale orange, and it is often lighter in color approaching the base. The color appears to be dependent upon the temperature and humidity of the environment. The receptacle consists of a spongy network of \"arms\" interlaced to make meshes of unequal size. At the top of the receptacle, the arms are up to thick, but they taper down to smaller widths near the base. A cross-section of the arm reveals it to be spongy, and made up of one wide inner tube and two indistinct rows of tubes towards the outside. The outer surface of the receptacle is ribbed or wrinkled. There are between 80 and 120 mesh holes in the receptacle. The unusual shape of the receptacle has inspired some creative comparisons: David Arora likened it to a whiffleball, while the German Mycological Society—who named \"C. ruber\" the 2011 \"Mushroom of the Year\"—described it as \"like an alien from a science fiction horror film\".\n", "A considerable variation in height has been reported for the receptacle, ranging from tall. The base of the fruit bodies are attached to the substrate by rhizomorphs (thickened cords of mycelia). The dark olive-green to olive-brown, foul-smelling sticky gleba covers the inner surface of the receptacle, except near the base. The odor—described as resembling rotting meat—attracts flies, other insects, and, in one report, a scarab beetle (\"Scarabaeus sacer\") that help disperse the spores. The putrid odor—and people's reaction to it—have been well documented. In 1862 Mordecai Cubitt Cooke wrote \"it is recorded of a botanist who gathered one for the purpose of drying it for his herbarium, that he was compelled by the stench to rise during the night and cast the offender out the window.\" American mycologist David Arora called the odor \"the vilest of any stinkhorn\". The receptacle collapses about 24 hours after its initial eruption from the egg.\n", "The spores are elongated, smooth, and have dimensions of 4–6 by 1.5–2 µm. Scanning electron microscopy has revealed that \"C. ruber\" (in addition to several other Phallales species) has a hilar scar—a small indentation in the surface of the spore where it was previously connected to the basidium via the sterigma. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are six-spored.\n", "Section::::Description.:Similar species.\n", "\"Clathrus ruber\" may be distinguished from the closely related tropical species \"C. crispus\" by the absence of the corrugated rims which surround each mesh of the \"C. crispus\" fruit body. The phylogenetically close species \"C. chrysomycelinus\" has a yellow receptacle with arms that are structurally simpler, and its gleba is concentrated on specialized \"glebifers\" located at the lattice intersections. It is known only from Venezuela to southern Brazil. \"Clathrus columnatus\" has a fruit body with two to five long vertical orange or red spongy columns, joined together at the apex.\n", "Section::::Description.:Edibility and folklore.\n", "Although edibility for \"C. ruber\" has not been officially documented, its foul smell would dissuade most people from eating it. In general, stinkhorn mushrooms are considered edible when still in the egg stage, and are even considered delicacies in some parts of Europe and Asia, where they are pickled raw and sold in markets as \"devil's eggs\". An 1854 report provides a cautionary tale to those considering consuming the mature fruit body. Dr. F. Peyre Porcher, of Charleston, South Carolina, described an account of poisoning caused by the mushroom: \"A young person having eaten a bit of it, after six hours suffered from a painful tension of the lower stomach, and violent convulsions. He lost the use of his speech, and fell into a state of stupor, which lasted for forty-eight hours. After taking an emetic he threw up a fragment of the mushroom, with two worms, and mucus, tinged with blood. Milk, oil, and emollient fomentations, were then employed with success.\"\n", "\"C. ruber\" is generally listed as inedible or poisonous in many British mushroom publications from 1974 to 2008.\n", "British mycologist Donald Dring, in his 1980 monograph on the family Clathraceae, wrote that \"C. ruber\" was not regarded highly in southern European folklore. He mentions a case of poisoning following its ingestion, reported by Barla in 1858, and notes that Ciro Pollini reported finding it growing on a human skull in a tomb in a deserted church. According to John Ramsbottom, Gascons consider the mushroom a cause of cancer; they will usually bury specimens they find. In other parts of France it has been reputed to produce skin rashes or cause convulsions.\n", "Section::::Ecology, habitat, and distribution.\n", "Like most of the species of the order Phallales, \"Clathrus ruber\" is saprobic—a decomposer of wood and plant organic matter—and is commonly found fruiting in mulch beds. The fungus grows alone or clustered together near woody debris, in lawns, gardens, and cultivated soil.\n", "\"Clathrus ruber\" was originally described by Micheli from Italy. It is considered native to southern and central continental Europe, as well as Macaronesia (the Azores and the Canary Islands), western Turkey, North Africa (Algeria), and western Asia (Iran). The fungus is rare in central Europe, and is listed in the Red data book of Ukraine.\n", "The fungus has probably been introduced elsewhere, often because of the use of imported mulch used in gardening and landscaping. It may have extended its range northwards into the British Isles or been introduced in the nineteenth century. It now has a mainly southerly distribution in England and has been recorded from Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, the Isle of Wight, Hampshire, Sussex, Surrey, and Middlesex. In Scotland, it has been recorded from Argyll. It is also known from Wales, the Channel Islands, and Ireland. The fungus also occurs in the United States (California, Florida, Georgia, Virginia, North Carolina, and New York), Canada, Mexico, and Australasia. The species was also reported from South America (Argentina). In China, it has been collected from Guangdong, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Tibet. Records from Japan are referable to \"Clathrus kusanoi\"; records from the Caribbean are probably of \"C. crispus\". \n", "Section::::Biochemistry.\n", "Like other stinkhorn fungi, \"C. ruber\" bioaccumulates the element manganese. It has been postulated that this element plays a role in the enzymatic breakdown of the gleba with simultaneous formation of odorous compounds. Compounds like dimethyl sulfide, aldehydes, and amines—which contribute to the disagreeable odor of the gleba—are produced by the enzymatic decarboxylation of keto acids and amino acids, but the enzymes will only work in the presence of manganese. A chemical analysis of the elemental composition of the gelatinous outer layer, the embryonic receptacle and the gleba showed the gelatinous layer to be richest in potassium, calcium, manganese, and iron ions. Calcium ion stabilizes the polysaccharide gel, protecting the embryonic receptacle from drying out during the growth of the egg. Potassium is required for the gelatinous layer to retain its osmotic pressure and retain water; high concentrations of the element are needed to support the rapid growth of the receptacle. The high concentration of elements suggests that the gelatinous layer has a \"placenta-like\" function—serving as a reservoir from which the receptacle may draw upon as it rapidly expands.\n", "Pigments responsible for the orange to red colors of the mature fruit bodies have been identified as carotenes, predominantly lycopene and \"beta\"-carotene—the same compounds responsible for the red and orange colors of tomatoes and carrots, respectively. Lycopene is also the main pigment in the closely related fungus \"Clathrus archeri\", while \"beta\"-carotene is the predominant pigment in the Phallaceae species \"Mutinus caninus\", \"M. ravenelii\", and \"M. elegans\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- (in French with English text)\n", "BULLET::::- Bay Area Mycological Society Description and images\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "latticed stinkhorn", "basket stinkhorn", "red cage" ] }, "description": "species of fungus", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q579190", "wikidata_label": "Clathrus ruber", "wikipedia_title": "Clathrus ruber" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "USS Snatch (ARS-27)\n", "USS \"Snatch\" (ARS-27), well known as Scripps R/V \"Argo\" after conversion to scientific research, was a \"Diver\"-class rescue and salvage ship commissioned by the U.S. Navy during World War II and in service from 11 December 1944 through 23 December 1946. Her task was to come to the aid of stricken vessels. The ship is better known from her scientific research role as the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) research vessel R/V \"Argo\". It is that name, apparently not formally recognized by Navy that maintained title to the vessel, found in the scientific literature and public releases about her wide ranging research voyages.\n", "Section::::U.S. Naval Service.\n", "\"Snatch\" was laid down on 28 September 1943 by the Basalt Rock Company in Napa, California; launched on 8 April 1944; sponsored by Mrs. S. B. Johnson; and commissioned on 11 December 1944.\n", "Section::::U.S. Naval Service.:World War II service.\n", "\"Snatch\" conducted her shakedown cruise off San Diego, California, and returned to San Francisco, California from where she steamed on 20 February 1945 for Manus, Admiralty Islands. Under tow were the vessels (Covered Lighter (Self-propelled)) \"YF-622\", \"YF-919\", and \"YF-926\". On 4 March, she ran into heavy seas which caused \"919\" and \"926\" to collide. \"YF-926\" was taking water and down by the bow. The seas were still rough three days later so the salvage ship changed course for Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii. \"YF-926\" sank on the 8th, the day before reaching port. Two days later, \"Snatch\" sailed to Pearl Harbor towing the remaining lighters.\n", "\"Snatch\" steamed to Eniwetok, Marshall Islands, on 17 March. From 5 to 9 April, she participated in salvage operations of \"SS Esso Washington\" which was grounded near the entrance of Eniwetok Passage. On the 14th, the ship steamed for Guam with a dredge and two barges in tow. En route, the ship was diverted to Tinian, Mariana Islands, arriving on 23 April. On 15 May, she sailed for Leyte Gulf, Philippine Islands, calling at Ulithi to take \"YF-606\" and \"YF-1001\" in tow.\n", "\"Snatch\" operated in the Philippine Islands from 26 May to 30 December 1945 when she sailed for San Diego, California. She operated from there until 23 December 1946 when she was placed in reserve, out of commission, and berthed there.\n", "Section::::U.S. Naval Service.:Military awards and honors.\n", "\"Snatch's\" crew was eligible for the following medals:\n", "BULLET::::- American Campaign Medal\n", "BULLET::::- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal\n", "BULLET::::- World War II Victory Medal\n", "BULLET::::- Philippines Liberation Medal\n", "Section::::Scientific career as R/V \"Argo\".\n", "The U. S. Navy, largely through the Office of Naval Research (ONR), was a major funding source throughout the early days of oceanography. Up to 90% of U.S. oceanographic research funding from 1946 through 1965 came from Navy with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography being one of the notable research facilities and recipients of that funding. Such funding provided for both the conversion of former naval vessels to research and for their operation.\n", "The USS \"Snatch\" (ARS-27) was one of two (the other being sister ship , later R/V \"Chain\", operating from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute) notable vessels undergoing such conversion. In 1960 the \"Snatch\" was converted into the vessel known in scientific literature and publicity relating to oceanography as the Scripps vessel R/V \"Argo\". The ship operated as a Scripps research vessel from that conversion in 1960 until return to Navy custody for scrapping in 1970.\n", "Section::::Scientific career as R/V \"Argo\".:Research voyages.\n", "As R/V \"Argo\" the ship conducted much significant research during what was termed the \"Golden Age of Oceanography,\" by Roger Revelle.\n", "Among the notable expeditions was the series for the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) of 1960 through 1965 when \"Argo\" participated in the Monsoon Expedition of 1960–1961 and, with R/V \"Horizon\", participated the 1962 Lusiad Expedition. The ship's work added information of submarine topography (bathymetry) and geophysical properties in that relatively unexplored ocean that contributed to understanding the global ridge system and geology as well as collecting data in other disciplines.\n", "During 1966 the ship did winter work in the northwestern Pacific, Bering Sea, and the Okhotsk Sea.\n", "\"Argo\" paired again with R/V \"Horizon\" for the 1967 Nova expedition conducted in the southwest Pacific. Significant information on the geological structures were reported and contributed to modern knowledge of global geology.\n", "During the Circe Expedition (1968–1969) concentrating on the geology and geophysics of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic, \"Argo\" worked in the Southwest Indian Ridge and collected specimens of \"lower crustal matic and upper mantle ultramatic rocks never before recovered in oceanic areas\" while also field-testing a shipboard computer linked to a prototype satellite navigation system.\n", "The ship features in the experience of a number of the well known names in oceanography and has itself given its name to ocean features. The Argo Fracture Zone (11°30' S 69°30' E – 16°00' S 63°00' E) is noted along with the North Australian Basin (14°30' S 116°00' E) as among a number of the ship's discoveries. The note in the GEBCO Gazetteer for the fracture zone is:\n", "Discoverer: R/V \"Argo\" 1960, 1968, 1960 Recognized on SIO's R/V \"Argo\", Lusiad Expedition, 1962–63. Mapped in 1968, Circe Expedition\"\n", "Section::::Scientific career as R/V \"Argo\".:Reclassification to AGOR-18.\n", "After seven years of service under Office of Naval Research funding and sponsorship at Scripps and the buildup of national oceanographic resources ship formally became part of the Navy's new Auxiliary General Oceanographic Research (AGOR) fleet. The ship was changed for administrative purposes by Navy on 1 April 1967 to AGOR-18 classification and administrative ownership by the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) while continuing operations as the Scripps vessel R/V \"Argo\".\n", "Section::::Final decommissioning.\n", "The ship was returned to US Naval custody in March 1970 and struck from the Naval Register, 1 May 1970. Final disposition: sold for scrapping, 8 November 1971, to S.S. Zee, Taiwan.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of United States Navy ships\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Navy Support for Oceanography at SIO\n", "BULLET::::- Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives, UC San Diego Libraries: R/V Argo photographs\n", "BULLET::::- Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Expeditions\n", "BULLET::::- SIO GEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS LIST OF EXPEDITIONS\n", "BULLET::::- Guide to the S.I.O. Subject Files Records, 1890–1981\n", "BULLET::::- Basalt Rock Company Shipbuilding History\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7874221", "wikidata_label": "USS Snatch", "wikipedia_title": "USS Snatch (ARS-27)" }

{ "end": [ 36, 60, 96, 164, 95, 4, 13 ], "href": [ "Hildasay", "Shetland%20Islands", "Scalloway%20Islands", "yeti", "crofting", "Papa%2C%20Shetland", "Oxna" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 4 ], "start": [ 28, 44, 79, 160, 90, 0, 9 ], "text": [ "Hildasay", "Shetland Islands", "Scalloway Islands", "yeti", "croft", "Papa", "Oxna" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Linga, Scalloway Islands\n", "Linga is a small island off Hildasay in the Shetland Islands. It is one of the Scalloway Islands. Haswell-Smith compares Hildasay and the adjacent islands to a yeti's footprint, with Linga as the big toe.\n", "Between Linga and Hildasay lie the Hogg of Linga, the Hogg of Hildasay and \"the Skerry\".\n", "In the 19th century, like neighbouring Hildasay, it was inhabited and constituted its own croft. At the censuses of 1871 and 1881, the population numbered 12 and 10, respectively.\n", "Papa and Oxna are a few miles to the south.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "island near Hildasay, Shetland Islands, Scotland, one of the Scalloway Islands", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6553721", "wikidata_label": "Linga", "wikipedia_title": "Linga, Scalloway Islands" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nishi-Ōhara Station\n", "Section::::Lines.\n", "Nishi-Ōhara Station is served by the Isumi Line, and lies 1.7 kilometers from the eastern terminus of the Izumi Line at Ōhara.\n", "Section::::Station layout.\n", "The station has a simple side platform serving a bidirectional single-track line, with a three-sided rain shelter built onto the platform. The station is unstaffed.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Nishi-Ōhara Station opened on June 20, 1960, as a station on the Japanese National Railways (JNR) Kihara Line. With the division and privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under control of East Japan Railway Company (JR East). On March 24, 1988, operation of the Kihara Line was transferred to the third-sector railway operator Isumi Railway, with the line renamed the Isumi Line.\n", "Section::::Passenger statistics.\n", "In fiscal 2011, the station was used by an average of 20 passengers daily.\n", "Section::::Surrounding area.\n", "BULLET::::- Isumi Municipal Tōkai Elementary School\n", "BULLET::::- National Route 465\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of railway stations in Japan\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Nishi-Ohara Station" ] }, "description": "railway station in Isumi, Chiba prefecture, Japan", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7040469", "wikidata_label": "Nishi-Ōhara Station", "wikipedia_title": "Nishi-Ōhara Station" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Laurierville, Quebec\n", "Laurierville is a municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of the province of Quebec in Canada.\n", "It was constituted on November 26, 1997 by the amalgamation of the village municipality of Laurierville and the municipality of Sainte-Julie (the latter not to be confused with a different, modern-day Sainte-Julie in Montérégie). Laurierville contains the new storage warehouse of the Federation of Quebec Maple Syrup Producers. \n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "municipality in Quebec, Canada", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3219674", "wikidata_label": "Laurierville", "wikipedia_title": "Laurierville, Quebec" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lyster, Quebec\n", "Lyster is a municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of the province of Quebec in Canada. It was created with the fusion of the Sainte-Anastasie parish and the village of Lyster in 1976.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Lyster\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Lyster, Quebec" ] }, "description": "municipality in Quebec, Canada", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3269804", "wikidata_label": "Lyster", "wikipedia_title": "Lyster, Quebec" }

{ "end": [ 78, 104, 126, 140 ], "href": [ "Shetland%20Islands", "Brei%20Holm", "Housa%20Voe", "Papa%20Stour" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "start": [ 62, 95, 117, 130 ], "text": [ "Shetland Islands", "Brei Holm", "Housa Voe", "Papa Stour" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Maiden Stack\n", "The Maiden Stack or Frau Stack is a tiny stack in the western Shetland Islands to the north of Brei Holm and east of Housa Voe in Papa Stour.\n", "It is so called because of the tiny house at its top. It is said to have been built in the 14th century by Lord Þorvald Þoresson, in order to \"preserve\" his daughter from men. Unfortunately, when she left, she was found to be pregnant, and probably no longer a virgin.\n", "There are various versions of the story. Another is recorded by Hibbert:\n", "In a third version of the story, the lady was incarcerated by her father because of her interest in a common fisherman. Eventually she and her sweetheart successfully eloped.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q15243847", "wikidata_label": "Maiden Stack", "wikipedia_title": "Maiden Stack" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sainte-Sophie-d'Halifax, Quebec\n", "Sainte-Sophie-d'Halifax is a municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of the province of Quebec in Canada.\n", "Sainte-Sophie-d'Halifax was constituted by the December 17, 1997 amalgamation of the municipality of Sainte-Sophie and the township municipality of Halifax-Nord.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "municipality in Quebec, Canada", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3464422", "wikidata_label": "Sainte-Sophie-d'Halifax", "wikipedia_title": "Sainte-Sophie-d'Halifax, Quebec" }

{ "end": [ 46, 70, 101, 109, 130, 128, 94, 107 ], "href": [ "Whalsay", "Shetland%20Islands", "Old%20Norse", "Norn%20language", "skerry", "haaf", "East%20Linga", "Whalsay" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 5 ], "start": [ 39, 54, 96, 105, 124, 124, 84, 100 ], "text": [ "Whalsay", "Shetland Islands", "Norse", "Norn", "skerry", "haaf", "East Linga", "Whalsay" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Grif Skerry\n", "Grif Skerry is an islet to the east of Whalsay in the Shetland Islands. Its name comes from the Norse or Norn for \"deep sea skerry\".\n", "The island is uninhabited, although there are some buildings on it. These are mostly fishermen's huts, and the remains of a haaf fishing station, so that fishermen could shelter from bad weather.\n", "Section::::Geography and geology.\n", "There are some caves on the island.\n", "The Swarta (meaning \"black\") and Longa Skerries are offshore. The nearest island is East Linga, and Whalsay is the nearest large island.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "island in United Kingdom", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5608740", "wikidata_label": "Grif Skerry", "wikipedia_title": "Grif Skerry" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Ferdinand, Quebec\n", "Saint-Ferdinand is a municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of the province of Quebec in Canada. It is notable for its location on the shores of Lake William on the Bécancour River, nestled within the Appalachian foothills, making Saint-Ferdinand a popular vacation spot in both summer (for sailing and surface water sports) and winter (for snowmobiling and ATV riding).\n", "St-Ferdinand was once home to a large health care facility, the St-Julien Hospital, founded in 1870; however, rural exodus and the establishment of more advanced facilities in greater population centres such as Quebec City led to the indefinite closing of the facility in 2003, after several years of reduced operations as a long-term care facility.\n", "Saint-Ferdinand has one elementary school, École Notre-Dame.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "municipality in Quebec, Canada", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3462144", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Ferdinand", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Ferdinand, Quebec" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Agoseris\n", "Agoseris is a small genus of annual or perennial herbs in the Asteraceae or sunflower family described as a genus in 1817.\n", "\"Agoseris\" is native to North America, South America and the Falkland Islands.\n", "In general appearance, \"Agoseris\" is reminiscent of dandelions and are sometimes called mountain dandelion or false dandelion. Like dandelions the plants are (mostly) stemless, the leaves forming a basal rosette, contain milky sap, produce several unbranched, stem-like flower stalks (peduncles), each flower stalk bearing a single, erect, liguliferous flower head that contains several florets, and the flower head maturing into a ball-like seed head of beaked achenes, each achene with a pappus of numerous, white bristles.\n", "Section::::Species.\n", "BULLET::::- Accepted species\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris apargioides\" - seaside agoseris - CA OR WA\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris aurantiaca\" - orange agoseris - USA and Canada from Rocky Mountains to Pacific; also Quebec\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris chilensis\" - Chile\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris coronopifolia\" - Patagonian agoseris - Chile, Argentina, Falkland Islands\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris glauca\" - prairie agoseris - western USA + Canada from AK to Ont + NM\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris grandiflora\" - grassland agoseris - CA OR WA ID NV MT UT BC\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris heterophylla\" - annual agoseris - western USA + Canada + northwestern Mexico\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris hirsuta\" - Coast Range agoseris - CA\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris laevigata\" - Chile\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris × montana\" - North Park agoseris - CO WY\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris monticola\" - Sierra Nevada agoseris - CA OR WA ID NV BC\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris parviflora\" - steppe agoseris - western USA\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris pterocarpa\" - Argentina\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris retrorsa\" - spearleaf agoseris - CA OR WA NV UT\n", "BULLET::::- Hybrids\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris × agrestis\" (\"A. glauca\" × \"A. parviflora\") - Front Range agoseris - UT CO\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris × dasycarpa\" (\"A. glauca\" × \"A. monticola\") - Modoc agoseris - CA OR\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris × elata\" (\"A. aurantiaca\" × \"A. grandiflora\") - Willamette agoseris - CA OR WA BC\n", "BULLET::::- Species formerly included\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris alpestris\" = \"Nothocalais alpestris\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris barbellulata\" = \"Nothocalais alpestris\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agoseris cuspidata\" = \"Nothocalais cuspidata\"\n", "Section::::Distribution.\n", "Agoseris is one of several groups of flowering plants that have a New World amphitropical distribution (occurring in temperate regions of both North and South America). Most species are found in cordilleran regions of western North America, being distributed from southern Yukon Territory and the panhandle of Alaska southward to northern Baja California, Arizona, and New Mexico, and from the Pacific coast eastward to the northern Great Plains. Disjunct, isolated populations occur on the Gaspe Peninsula and Otish Mountains (Monts Otish) of Quebec, near the Hudson Bay in Ontario, and on hills near the Arctic Ocean in the Northwest Territories of Canada. One species is native to the southern Andes Mountains of Argentina and Chile, southward to Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and the Falkland Islands.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- USDA Plants Profile for \"Agoseris\"\n", "BULLET::::- {http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/specieslist.cgi?where-genus=Agoseris Calflora Database: \"Agoseris\" species index-links]\n", "BULLET::::- Jepson Manual Treatment (TJM)\n", "BULLET::::- Northernbushcraft.com: Edibility of Agoseris — \"identification and uses of edible parts\".\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Serpent Mounds Park\n", "Serpent Mounds Park is a former historical and recreational park located in Keene, Ontario, Canada. Serpent Mounds operated as a provincial park, established in 1955 through a lease with the Hiawatha First Nation, a historic Mississaugas people. During this time, in 1982, the mounds were designated a National Historic Site, comprising six sites, including on east Sugar Island. From 1995 to 2009, the Hiawatha First Nation operated the park privately, offering camping facilities, beach access on Rice Lake, a cultural centre, and interpretive walks among the historic serpent and nearby mounds. The park has been closed since 2009.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Archaeological field work on the campground has revealed that the construction and occupation of the Serpent Mounds area occurred about 2000 years ago during the prehistoric Middle Woodland Period. The first prehistoric peoples to occupy the site were classified by archaeologists as the Point Peninsula Complex, based on their artifacts. The people existed in central and southeastern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, and northern parts New York state between 300BC and 700AD.\n", "Section::::Attractions.\n", "Serpent Mounds Park offered many activities, including: \n", "BULLET::::- Native American art workshops\n", "BULLET::::- Birdwatching\n", "BULLET::::- Swimming\n", "BULLET::::- Fishing\n", "BULLET::::- Boating\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Earthwork (archaeology)\n", "BULLET::::- Effigy mound\n", "BULLET::::- List of National Historic Sites in Ontario\n", "BULLET::::- Mound\n", "BULLET::::- Mound builder (people)\n", "BULLET::::- Serpent mound, a similar structure in Ohio, Kentucky\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Hiawatha First Nation Serpent Mounds Park information\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Villeroy, Quebec\n", "Villeroy is a municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of the province of Quebec in Canada.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "http://www.municipalite-villeroy.ca/\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Villeroy Cranberry Festival\n", "br\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Barbados bullfinch\n", "The Barbados bullfinch (\"Loxigilla barbadensis\") is a seedeater bird that is found only on the Caribbean island-nation of Barbados, where it is the only endemic bird species.\n", "Section::::Taxonomy.\n", "The Barbados bullfinch was previously considered a subspecies of the Lesser Antillean bullfinch (\"Loxigilla noctis\"), which is found on neighboring islands. Despite the misleading nature of its name, the Barbados bullfinch is not a bullfinch at all but a seedeater. The bird is known locally as a Sparrow.\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "The Barbados bullfinch is a small bird, 14–15 cm (5.5–6 in). The upperparts are a dark olive-grey, the wings are mostly brown, underparts are greyish, while the under tail-coverts are tawny. The species is not sexually dimorphic, with females and males having similar plumage. \n", "The birds' calls include simple twittering, an occasional harsh petulant note, and a sharp trill .\n", "Section::::Distribution and habitat.\n", "The Barbados bullfinch is found only on the island of Barbados. The birds' habitat includes shrubbery and forest undergrowth; the species has adapted well to humans, often being found in close proximity to areas of human habitation, such as gardens.\n", "Section::::Reproduction.\n", "Barbados bullfinches construct a globular nest, with a side entrance, in a tree or shrub. The species lays two to three spotted eggs.\n", "Section::::Behavior.\n", "Barbados bullfinches are extremely innovative and tame birds. Barbados bullfinches living in urban environments were found to have better problem-solving skills and a better immunocompetence than the ones living in rural areas of Barbados. As for their temperament, urban Barbados bullfinches were found to be bolder but more neophobic than their rural counterparts.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Loxigilla barbadensis" ] }, "description": "species of bird", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2226414", "wikidata_label": "Barbados Bullfinch", "wikipedia_title": "Barbados bullfinch" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lycée Hubert Clément\n", "Lycée Hubert Clément (), abbreviated to LHCE, is a high school in Esch-sur-Alzette, in south-western Luxembourg.\n", "It was founded as a single-sex girls school in 1955, paralleling Esch's all-boys school, Lycée de Garçons Esch-sur-Alzette, and was named Lycée de Jeunes Filles à Esch-sur-Alzette. Since the school became coeducational in 1970 and renamed the following year, the gender balance has been steadily eroded, particularly in mathematics (in which the majority of students are now boys).\n", "Section::::Namaste (Theater Group).\n", "The youth theater group of the Lycée Hubert Clément was created in its present form in 1973. In 1991, the group was established, under the name \"Namasté\", as a separate theater group and community non-profit organisation.\n", "Although the group has still its official seat in the school, it is open to all young theater enthusiasts.\n", "Section::::Notable alumni.\n", "Viviane Reding – European Commissioner & Commission Vice President of the European Union\n", "Lydia Mutsch – Luxembourgish Minister of Health and Minister for Equal Opportunities (Bettel Administration), previously deputy mayor of Esch-sur-Alzette\n", "Désirée Nosbusch - actress\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Lycée Hubert Clément official website\n", "BULLET::::- theater group Namasté\n", "BULLET::::- Ministère de l'Education nationale\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Lycee Hubert Clement" ] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3247375", "wikidata_label": "Lycée Hubert Clément", "wikipedia_title": "Lycée Hubert Clément" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Magnolia High School (California)\n", "Magnolia High School is a public high school in Anaheim, California, United States. It is part of the Anaheim Union High School District. The school is named after the nearest major street to the west.\n", "Section::::Demographics.\n", "The demographic breakdown of 1,815 students enrolled for 2012-2012 was:\n", "BULLET::::- Male - 51.7%\n", "BULLET::::- Female - 48.3%\n", "BULLET::::- Native American/Alaskan - 0.1%\n", "BULLET::::- Asian/Pacific islanders - 15%\n", "BULLET::::- Black - 2.5%\n", "BULLET::::- Hispanic - 72.1%\n", "BULLET::::- White - 9%\n", "BULLET::::- Multiracial - 0.5%\n", "77.1% of the students qualified for free or reduced lunch.\n", "Section::::Notable alumni.\n", "BULLET::::- Hank Bauer, football player\n", "BULLET::::- James Blaylock, science fiction writer\n", "BULLET::::- Tony Cadena, aka Anthony Brandenburg, lead singer for The Adolescents\n", "BULLET::::- Brian Downing, former major league baseball designated hitter, outfielder, and catcher\n", "BULLET::::- Todd Jones, basketball coach and successful businessman\n", "BULLET::::- Pat Martin, broadcaster at KMET Los Angeles, KGB San Diego, and KRXQ Sacramento\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Anaheim Union High School District\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6731911", "wikidata_label": "Magnolia High School", "wikipedia_title": "Magnolia High School (California)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bell Baxter High School\n", "Bell Baxter High School is a non-denominational comprehensive school for 11- to 18-year-olds in Cupar, Fife, Scotland.\n", "Section::::School history.\n", "Bell Baxter High School is originally the Cupar Grammar School, was founded in 1889 when the Madras Academy combined with Sir David Baxter's Institute for Young Ladies.\n", "From 1962 to 2010 , the accommodation for the school was on two main sites; Carslogie Road and Westport. The two sites were approximately three-quarters of a mile apart.\n", "The oldest part of the Westport building was first used in 1890 with the rest of the building being built in 1929. Because of the large number of pupils using this site a great number of wooden huts were built to accommodate them.\n", "The Carslogie Road building was opened in 1962 and over the years there have been on-going refurbishments here which have resulted in the school being able to operate from one site. The Westport Road building has been demolished with the facade retained and affordable housing constructed on the site.\n", "Section::::Management.\n", "The former rector of the school was Philip Black, who suddenly embarked on a secondment to Fife Council which later became a full-time job: thus the acting rector became Elizabeth Smart, a former depute rector of Waid Academy - appointed by Fife Council. The new head teacher is Mrs Carol Anne Penrose the former teacher at Lochgelly high school\n", "Section::::Notable former pupils.\n", "BULLET::::- The Proclaimers, Scottish folk-rock musicians\n", "BULLET::::- Nina Myskow, journalist and TV celebrity who is a regular contributor on Grumpy Old Women.\n", "BULLET::::- Rab Noakes, a Scottish singer-songwriter.\n", "BULLET::::- Dale Reid OBE, one of the most successful golfers in the history of the Ladies European Tour.\n", "BULLET::::- Willie Rennie MSP and Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats\n", "BULLET::::- Sir Robert Robertson, renowned chemist\n", "BULLET::::- Former Scotland rugby player David Rollo attended Bell Baxter.\n", "BULLET::::- Stewart Stevenson, SNP MSP for Banffshire and Buchan Coast and previously Minister for Environment and Climate Change in the Scottish Government.\n", "BULLET::::- Allan Stewart, former Conservative MP for Eastwood.\n", "BULLET::::- Artie Trezise MBE, joint founder of The Singing Kettle.\n", "BULLET::::- Sir Garnet Wilson, politician and Lord Provost of Dundee\n", "BULLET::::- Scotland rugby international Peter Horne, winner of the 2007 Schools Cup for Bell Baxter\n", "BULLET::::- Scotland rugby international Chris Fusaro, winner of the 2007 Schools Cup for Bell Baxter\n", "BULLET::::- Stevie May, Scottish football international,SFWA Young Player of the Year 2013/14 while at St Johnstone FC, currently at Aberdeen FC.\n", "BULLET::::- Philip Black, The Greatest Rector of all\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- HMIE inspection\n", "BULLET::::- Bell Baxter High School\n", "BULLET::::- Bell Baxter's page on Scottish Schools Online\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4883112", "wikidata_label": "Bell Baxter High School", "wikipedia_title": "Bell Baxter High School" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Halophila johnsonii\n", "Halophila johnsonii, or Johnson's seagrass, is a small, asexual seagrass in the family Hydrocharitaceae (the \"tape-grasses\"). It occurs only on the southeastern coast of Florida, and was the first marine plant listed on the United States endangered species list, where it is listed as a threatened species. Female flowers have been observed, but even with decade long observational studies, neither male flowers nor seed have ever been observed.\n", "It may have the most limited distribution of all seagrasses. It occurs only in lagoons along roughly 200 km of the Florida coastline between Sebastian Inlet and the northern part of Biscayne Bay, where it grows in small patches of a few centimeters to a few meters in diameter at depths ranging from the intertidal zone down to 3 meters.\n", "Prior to 1980, the species designation was uncertain. It was sometimes referred to as either \"Halophila decipiens\" or \"H. baillonis\" Ascherson, despite most closely resembling \"H. ovalis\".\n", "Morphologically, Johnson's seagrass is recognized by the presence of pairs of linearly shaped foliage leaves, each with a petiole formed on the node of a horizontally creeping rhizome. The rhizome is located at or just below the sediment surface and is anchored to unconsolidated substrate by unbranched roots. The leaves are generally 2-5 cm long (including the petioles), and the rhizome internodes rarely exceed 3-5 cm in length, making this species appear diminutive relative to the larger seagrasses.\n", "Both the Green sea turtle and the West Indian manatee are known to feed upon the plant, as well as some herbivorous fish. However, the main threat to species survival is probably human activity. Processes that threaten the plant include eutrophication, dredging, turbidity, and thermal pollution.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Johnson's Seagrass page hosted by NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "species of plant", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5643434", "wikidata_label": "Halophila johnsonii", "wikipedia_title": "Halophila johnsonii" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Anderson Park, Townsville\n", "Anderson Park is a 20 hectare arboretum in the suburb of Pimlico in Townsville, Queensland.\n", "Section::::The Gardens officially Anderson Botanic Gardens.\n", "It contains many fine examples of tropical trees in particular those of the dry tropics of the world and northern Queensland trees, Palms Arecaceae and one of the world's largest Pandan [Pandanus] collection.\n", "Section::::The Gardens officially Anderson Botanic Gardens.:The Plant Collection.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pandanus\" - includes most of the Australian pandanus species as well as others from New Guinea, South-East Asia, the western Pacific Islands and Madagascar.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cape York Section\" - This area features palms, gingers, Australian pandanus and ornamental trees from Far North Queensland focusing on those originating from the Cape York Peninsula.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Palms\" - highlights include the Bismarckia nobilis; Orbignya cohune, Hyphaene and Latania species.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Conservatory\" - open only by appointment. It houses a collection of tropical plants including bromeliads, gingers, aroids, nepenthes (Pitcher plants), palms and cycads.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tropical Fruit Orchard\" - includes mango, citrus, lychee, black sapote, papaw, breadfruit, miracle fruit, dates, cashews, jackfruit, palm hearts, cinnamon, cloves, coffee,tea, turmeric and ginger.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Part of the land was purchased in 1929 from the Water and Electricity Supply Department, although much of this is now taken up by the Mundingburra State School and the Townsville Jubilee Bowls Club. The Park was named in 1932 in appreciation of the work of William Anderson (1845 - 1935), City of Townsville's first Curator of Parks (1878 - 1934). In the same year the earliest recorded plantings occurred - these Raintree, Eucalyptus and Melaleuca trees now dominate the landscape. Further land was added in 1956 and 1963 through land acquisitions. The present design was prepared in 1962 by Alan Wilson, a Landscape Architect and Superintendent of Parks (1959 – 1969).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "There are two other botanical gardens in Townsville:\n", "BULLET::::- Queens Gardens, Townsville\n", "BULLET::::- The Palmetum, Townsville\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Townsville Parks Service: Anderson Park page\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Anderson Park Botanic Gardens", "Anderson Gardens" ] }, "description": "arboretum", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q507422", "wikidata_label": "Anderson Park, Townsville", "wikipedia_title": "Anderson Park, Townsville" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Guaraní International Airport\n", "Guarani International Airport () is an international airport located in Minga Guazú, a city of Gran Ciudad del Este in the Alto Paraná Department of Paraguay. It is Paraguay's second international airport.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The airport was built to replace the city's former Alejo García Airport, which eventually was surrounded by the city's development. During the 1990s, the airport generated much movement and had up to four flights per day with airlines such as Ladesa, Arpa and the Military Transport. In 2013, the administrator of the airport, Gerardo Brítez Mussa, stated that people of Paraguay must acquire the habit of travelling by airplane and that the airport needs more operations of passengers. \"The Paraguayans must acquire the culture of air travel, for a better advantage of our day and age and a better quality of life, because the non use of air travel is not only because of the cost but because we have not acquired this mode of life. This will allow companies that come, to stay\" stated Brítez Mussa.\n", "Section::::Security.\n", "In September 2014, the customs office of the airport conducts seminars about Ebola to prevent measures of points of entry into the country, and a seminar was conducted also at Asuncion's Silvio Pettirossi International Airport.\n", "Section::::Statistics.\n", "In 2012, The Guaraní International Airport registers 45 private flights daily, plus 2 commercial flights of TAM. A freighter flights mentioned with a frequency of 3-4 times per week in addition besides flight instruction school pilot operating in the terminal. As of 2013, the airport registers more Cargo operations than passenger travel with TAM being the only airline that operates for public flights. It maintains approximately 200 passengers per day, including private and cargo flights. Including Cargo flights, as well as TAM's São Paulo-Asunción flight which stops at the airport, there are 15 to 20 daily flights which are registered in the terminal.\n", "These data show number of passengers movements into the airport, according to the Dirección Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil's Aviation Sector Summary Reports.\n", "Section::::Hotels.\n", "The Casa Blanca Hotel (Street Botero Norte number 69) of the Parana Country club is located 21.8 km from the Airport. The Hotel San Rafael (Avenue Adrian Jara and Avay) is 22.4 km from the airport. The Hotel Casino Acaray (Street 11 de Setiembre and Luis Ma. Argaña) is located 22.8 km from the airport. Several hotels which are located at Brazil's Iguazu Falls are located approximately 25 km from the Airport.\n", "Section::::Access.\n", "The airport is located from downtown Ciudad del Este.\n", "Section::::Accidents and incidents.\n", "BULLET::::- On 9 August 2012, due to strong wind, an airplane lost stability and was damaged at touchdown. The aircraft was damaged, although there was no injuries. The incident occurred at 10:50hs local time on track No.5 of the Airport.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of airports in Paraguay\n", "BULLET::::- Transport in Paraguay\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Guarani International Airport\n", "BULLET::::- Ground Handling Services / FBO – Guaraní International Airport (AGT/SGES)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Guarani International Airport", "Ciudad del Este Airport", "AGT", "SGES" ] }, "description": "commercial airport serving Ciudad del Este, Paraguay", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2673205", "wikidata_label": "Guaraní International Airport", "wikipedia_title": "Guaraní International Airport" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sifrhippus\n", "Sifrhippus is an extinct genus of equid containing the species \"S. sandrae\" and \"S. grangeri\". \"Sifrhippus\" is the oldest known equid, and its fossils come from the earliest moments of the Eocene of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. A 2012 study found \"Arenahippus\" to be synonymous with \"Sifrhippus\".\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "\"Sifrhippus\" was a very small equid the size of a house cat, varying from , the size variance, according to one theory, depending on the warmth of the climate. \"Sifrhippus sandrae\" is referred to in earlier literature as \"Hyracotherium sandrae\", but Froehlich, arguing that the traditional genus \"Hyracotherium\" was not monophyletic, reassigned many of its species to other genera, and re-using the old name \"\"Eohippus\"\", for one. Froehlich give \"H. sandrae\" the new generic name \"Sifrhippus\", derived from the Arabic \"صِفْر\" (\"ṣifr\"), \"zero\", and Greek \"ἵππος\" (\"híppos\"), \"horse\".\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "genus of mammals", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q291458", "wikidata_label": "Sifrhippus", "wikipedia_title": "Sifrhippus" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Highflyer (horse)\n", "Highflyer (1774 – 18 October 1793) was an undefeated Thoroughbred racehorse and a very successful sire of the 18th century.\n", "Section::::Breeding.\n", "Bred by Sir Charles Bunbury, the fifth Baronet, the colt was foaled at Great Barton, in 1774. Highflyer's sire was the important Herod, one of the foundation stallions for the classic Thoroughbred, and himself an excellent racehorse and stud, producing Florizel (b.c. 1768) and Woodpecker (ch.c. 1773). His dam, Rachel (1763) was by Blank, and out of a mare by Regulus, both stallions by the Godolphin Arabian, making Rachel inbred 2x3 to the great stallion. Blank also sired Pacolet (1763). Highflyer was a half-brother to Mark Anthony (b c 1767 Spectator) who sired The Derby winner Aimwell.\n", "Section::::Conformation.\n", "Highflyer was a bay stallion with a sock on a hind pastern. The Arabian influence could still be seen in him, having a light overall build, with a small, refined, slightly dished head, an arched neck, short back, relatively flat croup, and high-set tail. His abilities on the track could have been foreseen in his very muscular hindquarters, sloping shoulder, and deep barrel.\n", "Section::::Racing career.\n", "Highflyer began his racing career at a time when the trend was shifting from starting Thoroughbreds at the track at age five, to instead begin racing them at a younger age. His maiden race was in October, in a two-mile event for three-year-olds at Newmarket, which he won. He returned to Newmarket the following year, beating out the four-year-olds in both the July and October meet, before winning an open stakes, as well as a match against the Matchem son, Dictator.\n", "In 1779, he won an additional two races before Lord Bolingbroke accepted an offer from Richard Tattersall, who bought the colt for 2,500 pounds. Highflyer continued to race, winning with a walk over at Nottingham and in York at the Great Subscription Stakes. He then won the Great Subscription Stakes for a second time, before winning the King's Purse at Lichfield. He finished his racing career undefeated in 14 race starts.\n", "Section::::Stud record.\n", "Tattersall's grand plan for Highflyer was built to make him rich, and it certainly accomplished its task. It rested on two main points. First, Tattersall would breed Highflyer to as many mares as possible, bringing in income from the stud fee (a practice for which he was criticised, as many thought he was over-breeding the animal and later pointed to Highflyer's death at 19 to be proof of that fact). To help accomplish this, he stood his stallion at his Red Barns farm for the initial fee of 15 guineas, eventually raising the fee to 50 guineas. His second tactic was to buy up as many daughters of Eclipse as he could, breed them to Highflyer, and sell them on in-foal. This combined the blood of Herod and Eclipse to produce some excellent racehorses who would form the basis of the modern Thoroughbred. Estimates have found that Tattersall made at least 15,000 pounds each year off of Highflyer breedings, from which he built a mansion at aptly named it Highflyer Hall.\n", "However, Tattersall was quick to credit the stallion with his financial success. When Highflyer died on 18 October 1793, he was buried in his paddock, and his owner gave the great horse the epitaph: \"Here lieth the perfect and beautiful symmetry of the much lamented Highflyer, by whom and his wonderful offspring the celebrated Tattersall acquired a noble fortune, but was not ashamed to acknowledge it.\"\n", "Highflyer was the Leading Sire for 15 years (1785–1796, 1798), during which time he produced 469 winners, including three Derby winners, three St. Leger winners, and an Epsom Oaks winner.\n", "BULLET::::- Delpini: 1781 grey colt, out of a Blank mare (he was 3x2 inbred to Blank). His best get included two Oaks winners (Scotia and Theophania), a St. Leger winner (Symmetry), the stallions Evander, Seymour, and Timothy, and the daughter Zara.\n", "BULLET::::- Diamond: 1792 brown colt, out of a Matchem daughter, his many wins included the 1796 Jockey Club Stakes, Newcastle's King's Plate, the King's Plate at Newmarket First October and King's Plate at Newmarket First Spring, the four-mile Oxford Cup, the King's Plate at Nottingham, a 1,000 guineas match against Shuttle, and the Jockey Club Plate at Newmarket. He also finished second in the two-mile Great Produce Stakes at York, fourth in the Derby.\n", "BULLET::::- Eliza: 1791 bay filly, out of an Eclipse mare, won the Town Plate (Newmarket), a Produce Stakes (York), the four-mile Richmond Cup, 2nd in the Oaks and in the Craven Stakes (Newmarket), third in the four-mile Doncaster Cup and Doncaster Stakes. Produced Scud (Doncaster winner, sired two Derby and one Oaks winners) and the dam to Consul (winner of the Doncaster Cup).\n", "BULLET::::- Escape: sired the mare Flight, who was second dam of both Birdcatcher and Faugh-a-Ballagh.\n", "BULLET::::- Grey Highflyer: 1782 grey filly, out of a Matchem mare (1), was the dam of Hambletonian.\n", "BULLET::::- Huncamunca: 1787 brown filly, produced Champion (won the Derby and St. Leger), second dam of the Oaks winners, Maid of Orleans and Charlotte, and third-dam of Mameluke (Derby winner)\n", "BULLET::::- Maria: 1791 bay filly, dam to Champignon (winner of the Ascot Gold Cup)\n", "BULLET::::- Noble: 1783 bay colt, won the 1786 Epsom Derby\n", "BULLET::::- Omphale: 1781 bay mare, won the 1784 St. Leger\n", "BULLET::::- Prunella: 1788 bay filly, out of a Snap mare, dam of Derby-winner Waxy Pope (by Waxy), Oaks winner Pelisse (by Whiskey), and Penelope (by Trumpator)\n", "BULLET::::- Rockingham: 1781 bay colt, out of a Matchem daughter, produced Castianira (dam of the American sire Sir Archy (by Diomed)\n", "BULLET::::- Sir Peter Teazle: 1784 brown colt, out of a Snap mare, was his best son. He won 16 races during his life, including the Derby in 1787. He then followed the way of Highflyer, becoming Leading Sire for several years (1799–1802, 1804–1809), and siring five Derby winners, four St. Leger winners, and two Oaks winners, as well as many other very important colts and fillies who had a lasting impact on the breed.\n", "BULLET::::- Skyscraper: 1786 bay colt, won the 1789 Epsom Derby\n", "BULLET::::- Spadille: won the 1787 St. Leger\n", "BULLET::::- Traveller: 1785 bay colt, a good racehorse winning the four-mile Stand Plate, the Great Subscription Purse at York, and matches against Grey Diomed and Meteor (by Eclipse).\n", "BULLET::::- Volante: won the 1792 Oaks\n", "BULLET::::- Unknown \"Eagle's Dam\": 1785 bay filly, produced Spread Eagle and Didelot (both won the Derby), and the sire Eagle who was imported to the US.\n", "BULLET::::- Young Flora: won the 1788 St. Leger\n", "Other sons of Highflyer include Pharamond, Slope, Walnut, Sour-Crout, and St. George. His daughters also became the dams of Meteora, Coelia, N.M.B.O., Dick Andrews, Orville, Paulowitz, Cervantes, Sancho, Oscar, and Bedford. The Highflyer-Eclipse combination produced Skyscraper, Lambinos, St. George, Volante, and Oberon.\n", "Section::::Pedigree.\n", "\"Note: b. = Bay, blk. = Black, br. = Brown, ch. = Chestnut\"\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Thoroughbred Heritage: Highflyer\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "race horse", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q915971", "wikidata_label": "Highflyer", "wikipedia_title": "Highflyer (horse)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant\n", "Open joint-stock company (JSC) NMZ or Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant () is a Russian (formerly Soviet) artillery factory in the Sormovo district of Gorky. It included the TsAKB artillery design bureau led by Vasiliy Grabin.\n", "Currently, part of Almaz-Antey together with Almaz-Antey Branch no. 1.\n", "Section::::Names.\n", "Previous names for this factory include Gorky Machine-building Plant (), All-Union Machine-building Plant \"New Sormovo\" (), Joseph Stalin Factory No. 92, \"Zavod imeni Stalina\", or ZiS.\n", "Section::::Products.\n", "Its products included:\n", "BULLET::::- ZiS-2 57mm antitank gun\n", "BULLET::::- ZiS-3 76.2mm divisional gun\n", "BULLET::::- ZiS-5 76.2mm tank gun (version of the F-34 tank gun)\n", "BULLET::::- ZiS-30 self-propelled antitank gun\n", "BULLET::::- ZiS-S-53 85mm tank gun\n", "Section::::Products.:Current products.\n", "BULLET::::- Ship-based nuclear power plant for Navy (including surface ships and submarine)\n", "BULLET::::- In 2006 Rosenergoatom and Sevmash signed a contract for the floating nuclear power plant. NMZ produced the nuclear power plants KLT-40S for it.\n", "BULLET::::- Surface-to-air missile systems, anti-aircraft weapons, anti-ballistic missile systems and radars\n", "BULLET::::- Artillery\n", "BULLET::::- NMZ Production, a team who makes short films.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "NMZ" ] }, "description": "Russian (formerly Soviet) artillery factory in the Sormovo district of Gorky", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4318659", "wikidata_label": "Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant", "wikipedia_title": "Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kazusa-Azuma Station\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Kazusa-Azuma Station opened on April 1, 1930 as a station on the Japanese Government Railway (JGR) Kihara Line. After World War II, the JGR became the Japanese National Railways (JNR). The station has been unattended since 1954, when scheduled freight operations were also discontinued. With the division and privatization of the Japan National Railways on April 1, 1987, the station was acquired by the East Japan Railway Company. On March 24, 1988, the Kihara Line became the Isumi Railroad Isumi Line.\n", "Section::::Lines.\n", "BULLET::::- Isumi Railway Company\n", "BULLET::::- Isumi Line\n", "Section::::Station layout.\n", "Kazusa-Azuma Station has dual opposed side platforms serving two tracks, with a three-sided rain shelter built onto each platform. The station is unstaffed.\n", "Section::::Surroundings.\n", "As the station used to be located in the central area of former Azuma Village before its merger into Isumi City, there are several stores in a small shōtengai.\n", "Other things of note include:\n", "BULLET::::- National Highway Route 465\n", "BULLET::::- Yamada Post Office\n", "BULLET::::- Isumi Municipal Azuma Elementary School\n", "BULLET::::- Genji Hotaru no Sato\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Isumi Railway Company home page\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "railway station in Isumi, Chiba prefecture, Japan", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q11360043", "wikidata_label": "Kazusa-Azuma Station", "wikipedia_title": "Kazusa-Azuma Station" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gilliland-Reese Covered Bridge\n", "The Gilliland-Reese Covered Bridge, more simply known as Gilliland's Covered Bridge, is a locally owned wooden covered bridge that spans a small pond near Black Creek in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It is located at Noccalula Falls Park off Noccalula Road (State Route 211) in the city of Gadsden. Coordinates are (34.039386, -86.024147). Noccalula Falls Park is also home to the 90-foot (27 m) Noccalula Falls, part of Black Creek as it cascades down into a ravine from a ledge off Lookout Mountain. There are a couple of sources which state the bridge spans Clayton Fish Pond, but that is over a mile (2 kilometers) west of the park along a rural section of Hinds Road.\n", "Built in 1899, the 85-foot (26 m) bridge is a Stringer construction over a single span. Its current WGCB number is 01-28-C, formerly 01-28-02. Although most sources spell the second part of the name as \"Reese,\" it is actually named after the town of Reece City where the bridge was originally located. There is an admission charge to visit Noccalula Falls Park (Noccalula Falls itself is excluded), which also includes a pioneer village along with a botanical garden. The bridge is maintained by the City of Gadsden.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The Gilliland-Reese Covered Bridge was constructed in 1899 by a crew under the direction of Etowah County Commissioner Jesse Gilliland...a Town Lattice truss made of rough-hewn lumber and covered with weathered shingles, originally located over Little Wills Creek at Gilliland Plantation in the vicinity of present-day Bethany Sitz Gap Road near Reece City (Coordinates (34.071572, -86.030742)). The bridge provided a crossing over the creek, thus improving area transportation, and also was a favorite meeting place. Eventually, the Gilliland-Reese Covered Bridge was replaced in the 1920s by the new Reeceville Road. In 1966, the bridge was donated to the City of Gadsden by the family of Judge H. Ross Gilliland as it was threatened by the construction of Interstate 59. No other structures of the Gilliland Plantation are known to remain. The bridge was fully restored and moved to Noccalula Falls Park in 1967. Most of the Town Lattice truss setup was removed during restoration, making the bridge more of a Stringer construction. Therefore, it is currently classified as a non-authentic covered bridge. Another piece of history has been added to an already historic setting.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Alabama covered bridges\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Bridges to the Past: Alabama's Covered Bridges. Gilliland-Reese CB: Credits. Retrieved Aug. 24, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- Alabama Bureau of Tourism & Travel. Gilliland-Reese CB: Credits. Retrieved Aug. 24, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Decatur Daily\". Gilliland-Reese CB: Credits. Retrieved Aug. 24, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- Alabamiana: A Guide to Alabama. Gilliland-Reese CB: Credits. Retrieved Aug. 24, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- Alabama Historical Commission (1969). \"Alabama's Covered Bridges\". Retrieved Oct. 27, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- Dale J. Travis Covered Bridges. Gilliland-Reese CB: Credits. Retrieved Sep. 17, 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- BhamWiki. Gilliland-Reese CB: Credits. Retrieved Aug. 14, 2013.\n", "BULLET::::- LostBridges.org. Gilliland-Reese CB: Credits. Retrieved Oct. 30, 2013.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Noccalula Falls Park\n", "BULLET::::- Bridges to the Past: Alabama's Covered Bridges\n", "BULLET::::- Gilliland-Reese Covered Bridge (Dale J. Travis)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5562349", "wikidata_label": "Gilliland-Reese Covered Bridge", "wikipedia_title": "Gilliland-Reese Covered Bridge" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carcross Desert\n", "Carcross Desert, located outside Carcross, Yukon, Canada, is often considered the smallest desert in the world. The Carcross Desert measures approximately , or 640 acres.\n", "Section::::Background information.\n", "Carcross Desert is commonly referred to as a desert, but is actually a series of northern sand dunes. The area's climate is too humid to be considered a true desert. The sand was formed during the last glacial period, when large glacial lakes formed and deposited silt. When the lakes dried, the dunes were left behind. Today, sand comes mainly from nearby Bennett Lake, carried by wind. The dunes contain a wide variety of plants, including unusual varieties such as Baikal sedge and Yukon lupine, among others.\n", "The Yukon Territorial government made efforts to protect Carcross Desert in 1992, but failed due to opposition from locals who use the dunes for recreational purposes.\n", "Section::::Climate.\n", "Carcross Desert is significantly drier than the surrounding region, receiving less than 50 cm of precipitation per year. This is due mainly in part to a rain shadow effect caused by surrounding mountains. As a result, several rare species of plant life have taken hold in the comparatively arid conditions. \"Carex sabulosa\", or Baikal sedge, is only known to exist in four other sites in North America, mainly existing in Asia. Yukon Lupine, also unusual for the surroundings, \"grows like a weed.\" While the vegetation in the area currently locks much of the dune system in place, a large event such as a forest fire could easily clear out the vegetation and return the dunes to an active state.\n", "Section::::Recreation.\n", "The dunes are used by locals for sandboarding. Tourist groups also use the area for off-road scenic tours, which is allowed on the fine-grained dunes. Other summer activities include hiking, skydiving and all-terrain vehicles.\n", "In the winter, the area is used mainly for cross-country skiing and snowboarding.\n", "The nearby White Pass and Yukon Route is a popular tourist attraction, bringing many tourists each year to the Carcross area. \n", "Orienteering competitions are held on a map bearing name Carcross Desert which includes parts of the landmark.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "series of dunes in Canada", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3297566", "wikidata_label": "Carcross Desert", "wikipedia_title": "Carcross Desert" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Pobjoy Niagara\n", "The Pobjoy Niagara is a British seven-cylinder, air-cooled, radial, aero-engine first produced in 1934. The design ran at higher speeds than conventional engines, and used reduction gearing to lower the speed of the propeller. This led to a noticeable off-centre mounting for the propeller. The Niagara was a popular engine for light and experimental aircraft, well regarded due to its small diameter, smooth operation, low noise and innovative engineering.\n", "Section::::Variants.\n", "BULLET::::- Niagara I\n", "BULLET::::- Niagara II\n", "BULLET::::- Niagara III\n", "BULLET::::- Niagara IV\n", "BULLET::::- Niagara V\n", "BULLET::::- Cataract I-III\n", "BULLET::::- Cascade\n", "Section::::Applications.\n", "Section::::Applications.:Niagara.\n", "BULLET::::- Aeroput MMS-3\n", "BULLET::::- Airspeed Fleet Shadower\n", "BULLET::::- CLW Curlew\n", "BULLET::::- Comper Kite\n", "BULLET::::- Comper Swift\n", "BULLET::::- General Aircraft Monospar ST-25\n", "BULLET::::- General Aircraft Fleet Shadower\n", "BULLET::::- Gribovsky G-25\n", "BULLET::::- Lambach HL.I\n", "BULLET::::- Moss M.A.1\n", "BULLET::::- Pobjoy Pirate\n", "BULLET::::- Saro Shrimp\n", "BULLET::::- Shapley Kittiwake\n", "BULLET::::- Short Scion Senior\n", "BULLET::::- Short Scion\n", "BULLET::::- Short S.31 (half scale Stirling)\n", "BULLET::::- Spartan Clipper\n", "BULLET::::- Westland CL.20\n", "Section::::Applications.:Cataract.\n", "BULLET::::- British Klemm Swallow\n", "BULLET::::- Hafner A.R.III Gyroplane\n", "BULLET::::- Hendy Hobo\n", "BULLET::::- Pitcairn PA-22\n", "Section::::Applications.:Cascade.\n", "BULLET::::- Autogiro AC-35\n", "Section::::Survivors.\n", "A Pobjoy Niagara powered Comper Swift G-ACTF that is owned and operated by The Shuttleworth Collection, Old Warden remains airworthy in 2017 and displays to the public at home airshows during the flying season.\n", "Section::::Engines on display.\n", "A preserved Pobjoy Niagara engine is on public display at the Science Museum (London).\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Gunston, Bill. \"World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines\". Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989.\n", "BULLET::::- Lumsden, Alec. \"British Piston Engines and their Aircraft\". Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Pobjoy Niagara at oldengine.org\n", "BULLET::::- \"A New Pobjoy Engine\" - article in \"Flight\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q598437", "wikidata_label": "Pobjoy Niagara", "wikipedia_title": "Pobjoy Niagara" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Honda XR650L\n", "The XR650L is a dual-sport motorcycle manufactured by Honda, part of the Honda XR series. It was released in 1992 as a 1993 model. It combines the RFVC engine from the proven NX650 Dominator dual sport with the lighter, off-road capable XR600R chassis, which is not road legal in the US (the XR600R). It has been produced virtually unchanged since 1993. \n", "The engine is an air-cooled SOHC, dry-sump, single-cylinder, four-stroke. With an electric starter, headlight, taillight, turn signals, mirrors, US EPA and California Air Resources Board (CARB) compliant exhaust system, and a metallic fuel tank, the 650L has a wet weight. The seat height is .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Honda XR650L at Honda-Museum.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "motorcycle", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5892798", "wikidata_label": "Honda XR650L", "wikipedia_title": "Honda XR650L" }

{ "end": [ 29, 47, 73, 93, 109, 203, 287, 391, 432, 63, 74, 88, 146, 99, 43, 58, 93 ], "href": [ "breed", "domestic%20sheep", "Wiltshire", "England", "Lamb%20and%20mutton", "moulting", "sheep%20shearing", "crutching", "Myiasis", "Katahdin%20%28sheep%29", "Wiltipoll", "Easycare", "Southdown%20sheep", "Westbury%20Hill%20Fair", "http%3A//www.wiltshirehorn.org.uk/", "http%3A//www.wiltshirehorn.asn.au/", "http%3A//www.schapendries.be/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 15, 16, 17 ], "start": [ 24, 33, 64, 86, 105, 195, 279, 382, 423, 55, 65, 80, 131, 81, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "breed", "domestic sheep", "Wiltshire", "England", "meat", "moulting", "shearing", "crutching", "flystrike", "Katahdin", "Wiltipoll", "Easycare", "Southdown sheep", "Westbury Hill Fair", "UK Wiltshire Horn Sheep Society", "Australian Wiltshire Horn Breeders Association", "Belgian breeder with extra information about this breed (only available in dutch)" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Wiltshire Horn\n", "The Wiltshire Horn is a breed of domestic sheep originally from Wiltshire in southern England raised for meat. The breed is unusual among native British breeds, for it has the unusual feature of moulting its short wool and hair coat naturally in spring, alleviating the need for shearing. They are good mothers and have high fertility. The fact that they do not require shearing or crutching and do not suffer readily from flystrike is making them increasingly attractive to the commercial sheep sector, particularly as even pure-bred lambs can reach slaughter weight in as little as 16 weeks.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The Wiltshire Horn was until the eighteenth century one of the predominant sheep breeds of southern England. For hundreds of years, it served a clear function on the thin chalk soils of the Wiltshire Downs, requiring little shelter from the elements and providing dung and urine to fertilise the wheat-growing land. At the same time, it provided an easily managed source of quality meat, but the rising price of wool and a general move away from horned sheep had the breed suffer a dramatic decline throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.\n", "It was nearly extinct at the start of the 1900s. In 1923, in an attempt to save the breed, the Wiltshire Horn Breed Society was formed. In the early 1980s, 45 registered flocks were in the UK, but the 2009 edition of the flock book of the Wiltshire Horn Sheep Society recognises almost 300 flocks.\n", "The Wiltshire Horn is one of the foundation breeds for Katahdin, Wiltipoll, and Easycare breeds and the hampshire breed along with Southdown sheep and the Berkshire Nott.\n", "Until the 20th century, the breed was chiefly traded at local events such as the Westbury Hill Fair.\n", "Section::::Characteristics.\n", "Males and females both have horns. Ram horns grow one full spiral each year until maturity. Both sexes are white with occasion black spots on the undercoat. This is a hair breed, growing a thick, coarse coat in the winter and shedding in the summer. Rams weigh about and ewes .\n", "Section::::Farming.\n", "No longer a rare breed, the Wiltshire Horn is proving its worth to three particular groups of producers:\n", "BULLET::::- The smaller-scale producer seeking added value with quality, naturally reared, full-flavoured meat.\n", "BULLET::::- The large commercial operator can tap into Wiltshire Horn genetics and create wool-shedding hybrids, so freeing themselves from the expense and hassle of annual shearing;\n", "BULLET::::- The smallholder and hobbyist values the breed for its meat, its easy-to-handle conformation, and its low-input, no-shear attributes.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- UK Wiltshire Horn Sheep Society\n", "BULLET::::- Australian Wiltshire Horn Breeders Association\n", "BULLET::::- Belgian breeder with extra information about this breed (only available in dutch)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "sheep breed", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2194155", "wikidata_label": "Wiltshire Horn", "wikipedia_title": "Wiltshire Horn" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Circulade\n", "In the Languedoc-Roussillon region of the south of France, a circulade is a traditional village that has been built in concentric circles. The center, which one might expect to be the site of a \"château-fort\" or a parish church, is as often as not, empty, as air photography demonstrates. Though the highly structured \"circulade\" plans were not identified as a unique urbanistic phenomenon until 1992, are medieval in origin, dating from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, two centuries earlier than the planned \"bastides\" of the region. The \"Larousse\" does not list this neologism for an ancient form of urbanisation, which has been adopted by an association formed to promote these \"circular villages\"; Jacques Heers included it in this handbook \"La ville au Moyen Age\" (Hachette Pluriel, 1992),\n", "Krzysztof Pawlowski, an architect of Polish extraction working for the UNESCO patrimony section, first studied this phenomenon, which proffered a prototype at the rebirth of European traditions of urbanisation, in \"Circulades languedociennes de l'an mille: naissance de l'urbanisation européenne\" (Montpellier 1992). Pawlowski identified more than fifty circular cities and villages of Languedoc-Roussillon, the birthplace of this concept at the rebirth of European town planning.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Jean Favier \"Dictionnaire de la France médiévale\" (Fayard, 1993), \"s.v.\" \"Circulade\".\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "type of village in the Languedoc-Roussillon region of the south of France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2974142", "wikidata_label": "circulade", "wikipedia_title": "Circulade" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "San Cristóbal, Cuba\n", "San Cristóbal is a municipality and city in the Artemisa Province of Cuba. Before 2011 it belonged to Pinar del Río Province.\n", "Section::::Demographics.\n", "In 2004, the municipality of San Cristóbal had a population of 70,830. With a total area of , it has a population density of .\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Municipalities of Cuba\n", "BULLET::::- List of cities in Cuba\n", "BULLET::::- San Cristóbal Municipal Museum\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "San Cristobal" ] }, "description": "city in the Artemisa Province of Cuba", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q559801", "wikidata_label": "San Cristóbal", "wikipedia_title": "San Cristóbal, Cuba" }

{ "end": [ 31, 40, 129, 30, 29 ], "href": [ "Estrildidae", "songbird", "Lonchura", "African%20silverbill", "Indian%20silverbill" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 4 ], "start": [ 22, 32, 121, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "estrildid", "songbird", "Lonchura", "African silverbill", "Indian silverbill" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Euodice\n", "Euodice is a genus of estrildid songbirds that is recognized by some authorities while some include it within the genus \"Lonchura\" where it is treated as a subgenus. Its members are from the dry zones of Africa and India and are commonly referred to as silverbills. The African and Indian species were earlier considered conspecific because they can interbreed. They are phylogenetically distinct and form a clade that is basal to other relatives in Estrildidae.\n", "Section::::Species.\n", "BULLET::::- African silverbill, \"E. cantans\"\n", "BULLET::::- Indian silverbill, \"E. malabarica\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "genus of birds", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q992589", "wikidata_label": "Euodice", "wikipedia_title": "Euodice" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Armour–Stiner House\n", "The Armour–Stiner House is one of the most visually unique homes in the world. It is a unique octagon-shaped and domed Victorian style house located at 45 West Clinton Avenue in Irvington, in Westchester County, New York. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. It is the only known, fully domed octagonal residence and the only house which replicates Donato Bramante’s 1502 Tempietto in Rome. The elegantly proportioned Tempietto was built in the form of a Tholos, an ancient classical temple, which complimented America’s third quarter of the 19th century fascination with classical forms\n", "The house was built in 1859–1860 by financier Paul J. Armour based on the architectural ideas of Orson Squire Fowler, the author of \"The Octagon House: A Home for All Occasions\". Fowler believed that octagonal houses enclosed more space, provided more interior sunlight, and that its rooms were easily accessible to each other. The architect of the house is unknown. It is the only known octagonal house based on the domed colonnade shape of a Roman temple. The dome was added and the house was enlarged during 1872–1876 by Joseph Stiner, who was a tea importer. The Armour–Stiner House is said to be one of the most lavish octagon houses built in the period, and is now one of only perhaps a hundred still extant.\n", "In the 1930s, the house was owned by Aleko E. E. Lilius, a Finnish writer and explorer, and from 1946 to 1976 by historian Carl Carmer, who maintained that the house was haunted. In 1976, the house was briefly owned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation to prevent it from being demolished. The Trust was unable to fund the amount of renovation the property required, and sold it to the preservationist architect, Joseph Pell Lombardi, who has conserved and renovated the house, interiors, grounds and outbuildings.\n", "The house remains a private residence. It is located on the south side of West Clinton Avenue, on the crest of a hill overlooking the Hudson River, to the west. It is about 1650 feet from the river, and about 140 feet above it, consistent with Fowler's siting ideas. The Old Croton Aqueduct, another National Historic Landmark, abuts the property on the east.\n", "In September 2017, Lombardi offered the house for rent through Sotheby's, for $40,000 a month.\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "The four-story house, plus an observatory, encompasses . The complex includes a barn, a carriage house, a well house used as a gazebo, and the original Lord & Burnham conservatory greenhouse. The house's main floor is surrounded by a veranda decorated with carved wooden gingerbread detailing and lit with gas lamps. The interior of the house includes an entrance hall, a solarium, a library, a curio room, a music room in the Egyptian Revival style, a 360-degree \"dance room\" added by Stiner, a billiard room, a wine cellar, seven bedrooms and three bathrooms, two kitchens and a pantry.\n", "Section::::Guided Tours.\n", "In April 2019, the Armour-Stiner (Octagon) House opened its doors for guided tours by appointment.  Reservations can be made through its website www.armourstiner.com\n", "\"“For forty-one years my family has been a responsible and caring owner of the Octagon House, doing everything we can to preserve its historic fabric. It is our intention to continue with our efforts while allowing the extraordinary Octagon House to be seen by interested visitors willing to make a reservation.” - Joseph Lombardi, Owner\"\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "BULLET::::- The house is the main setting for the 1981 horror film \"The Nesting\".\n", "BULLET::::- The house is featured in Tony Millionaire's \"Sock Monkey\" Volume 4, #2 (2003), reprinted in \"The Collected Works of Tony Millionaire's Sock Monkey\".\n", "BULLET::::- An exterior shot of the home was used in the film, \"Across the Universe\". The Octagon House is seen briefly after the \"Magical Mystery Tour\" bus arrives in a wooded area. It is first depicted in psychedelic colors and then with a moat surrounding it. The building is described by Bono (playing \"Dr. Robert\") as the \"Headquarters of the League of Spiritual Deliverance\", the home of Dr. Geary (an allusion to Dr. Timothy Leary).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Westchester County, New York\n", "BULLET::::- Octagon house\n", "BULLET::::- Irvington, New York\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Notes\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Armour-Stiner House (The Octagon House), at Irvington Historical Society\n", "BULLET::::- The Armour-Stiner (Octagon) House, Irvington-On-Hudson, New York, at Joseph Pell Lombardi, Architect.\n", "BULLET::::- Multiple articles, at Joseph Pell Lombardi in the News\n", "BULLET::::- Living Places—The Armour-Stiner House, at the Gombach Group, Inc.\n", "Images\n", "BULLET::::- Interior and exterior photographs taken in 2010\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Pliopedia\n", "Pliopedia pacifica is an extinct species of walrus found in what is now Central Valley, California, United States, which lived during the late Miocene. It was an amphibious carnivore.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "genus of mammals", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7205024", "wikidata_label": "Pliopedia", "wikipedia_title": "Pliopedia" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Van Alen House\n", "The Van Alen House or Luykas Van Alen House is a historic Dutch brick farmhouse built in approximately 1737 in the Hudson River valley. Located on NY 9H, about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Kinderhook village in Columbia County, New York and 2 miles (3.2 km) south of US 9, the house is a National Historic Landmark.\n", "The \"Van Alen House\" and its farm are believed to have served as the inspiration for homestead of the Van Tassel family in Washington Irving's short story \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.\" Irving was a close friend of Kinderhook native (and U.S. President) Martin Van Buren, a neighbor of the \"Van Alen House\" and a frequent guest in the town. The house is currently operated by the Columbia County Historical Society as a historic house museum showing 18th century Dutch Colonial life.\n", "It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.\n", "This property (interior and exterior) was a location scene in the 1993 Martin Scorsese film, \"The Age of Innocence\" starring Michelle Pfeiffer and Daniel Day-Lewis.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "Van Allen House, another old house with similar family name is in Oakland, New Jersey, near which were several other branches of the Van Alen Van Allen family.\n", "John Evert Van Alen House is another house of the same family, the Van Alen House, in Defreestville, New York, across from Albany.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Great Houses of the Hudson River\", Michael Middleton Dwyer, editor, with preface by Mark Rockefeller, Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, published in association with Historic Hudson Valley, 2001. .\n", "BULLET::::- Dutch Colonial architecture (New Netherland)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Columbia County Historical Society\n", "BULLET::::- HVNET.com info, pic\n", "BULLET::::- Van Alen House, 4 photos and 10 measured drawings, at Historic American Buildings Survey\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7913104", "wikidata_label": "Van Alen House", "wikipedia_title": "Van Alen House" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Voorlezer's House\n", "The Voorlezer's House is a historic clapboard frame house in Historic Richmond Town in Staten Island, New York. It was acquired by the museum in 1939 and then restored to its original period of 1696–1701. It was first opened to the public on April 14, 1942 and then again after its second restoration on June 27, 1985. It is the oldest known schoolhouse in America, although it became a private residence for more than a century, and it is now owned and operated by the Staten Island Historical Society. It was built before 1696, and the date of the patent on which it is located is 1680.\n", "\"\" is a Dutch word that can be translated as \"fore-reader\" or as \"one who reads (to others)\". A \"\" or \"Voorleser\" was the title given to a highly responsible citizen in New Netherland and later Dutch settlements in North America, who had semi-official duties in local law, education and religion. The title was predominantly used from the mid-17th century to the late 18th century; in the small colonial villages. A Voorlezer could maintain many tasks; be an assistant to a pastor, or in the absence of a pastor, hold religious services and read scriptures, or run a school.\n", "Though well-maintained for many years, by 1936 it had fallen into disrepair and was threatened with demolition. It became a National Historic Landmark in 1961 and was added to National Register of Historic Places when that registry was created in 1966.\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "The roof has an unequal pitch because the front of the house is higher than the rear. The foundation walls are thick, and constructed of undressed field stone laid up in mud and mortar. All timbers are of oak or white wood, cut in nearby forests and hewn to size with a broadaxe. A massive stone-and-brick chimney is at the northeast end of the house. Around 1800, the present staircases were substituted for the straight, ladder-like stairs believed to have been used originally.\n", "The first floor contains a small room used as living quarters and a large room for church services. The second floor has a small bedchamber, and a large room that is believed to be the one used for the school. The extra set of floor beams indicate that the room was designed to accommodate a large number of persons. The floors in the house are of white pine boards, wide. The windows and doors, the originals of which have been replaced, have the low and wide proportions of the originals.\n", "Section::::Size of original lot.\n", "The original land grant given to Robert Rider in 1680 by English Governor Sir Edmund Andros was for 320 acres of land and 37 acres of salt meadow. In 1697, the Dutch Reformed Congregation acquired a parcel of approximately 271 square feet of the then 80 acre parcel from James Hance Dye and James Fitchett, on which to build the house.\n", "Section::::Use by the Dutch Reformed congregation.\n", "While never officially consecrated as a place of worship, the Voorlezer's House was used as a meeting place for members of the Dutch Reformed Congregation until the French Church (established in Greenridge, and lasting only about 15 years) was built in 1698, and later in 1718 when a permanent Dutch Reformed Church was established on the north shore of the Island. Despite the congregation's brief stay in Richmond, the Voorlezer's House was attended actively and its presence there (only the second or third building in the village) was the beginning of Richmonds significance as a service and civic center for Staten Island. Only a few years later the county seat would be established there, as well as St. Andrew's Church for an English congregation in 1709-1712.\n", "Section::::Use as a schoolhouse.\n", "Children attending the Voorlezer's house while it functioned as a school were most likely between the ages of 7 and 12, and were both male and female. Schooling would have been paid for by parents by subject, which were probably taught in the Dutch language.\n", "Subjects most likely included:\n", "1. Reading. Students may have used hornbooks but there were many textbooks from Amsterdam available at the time, such as \"Stairway of Youth\" which was 12 lessons that built on each other, supplemented by \"Great and Small ABC\"\n", "2. Writing. Many students may not have learned this.\n", "3. Arithmetic. An important skill for both boys and girls to learn to be able to maintain household and business accounts as adults.\n", "4. Religion. Students were expected to memorize the 129 questions and answers of the Heidelberg Catechism, which was used from 1563 until the 1800s.\n", "5. Dutch history. This \"new\" subject would teach students about the Dutch Independence War from Spain.\n", "Section::::Inhabitants and their occupations.\n", "1696–1701: Hendrick Kroesen; Voorlezer\n", "1701–1705: House ownership changed three times\n", "1705–1720: Rene Rezeau; farmer\n", "1720–1793: Rezeau family; farmers\n", "1793–1871: Van Pelt family; farmers\n", "1871–1872: Harriet Wheately; residence\n", "1872–1883: Martin Mooney; farm laborer, residence\n", "1883–1893: Solomon Rosenberg & family; store, residence\n", "1893–1924: Solomon Rosenberg & family; hotel-saloon (Arlington Hotel), residence\n", "1925–1938: Nicholas George; restaurateur, tavern keeper (Acorn Inn), residence\n", "1939: Structure donated to Staten Island Historical Society by Mrs. T. Livingston Kennedy\n", "Section::::Restoration.\n", "In 1981, the building was closed for major renovation to stabilize the structure while retaining as much of its historic fabric as possible. The kitchen was restored, and most notably, the leaded casement windows were installed to more accurately represent its appearance of a circa 1696 structure.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of the oldest buildings in New York\n", "BULLET::::- Architecture of the United States\n", "BULLET::::- List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Staten Island\n", "BULLET::::- National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, New York\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Site\n", "BULLET::::- Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings, National Park Service\n" ] }

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Yoshinao", "Owari Domain", "Tokushima Domain", "Owari Domain", "Meiji Restoration", "Ikoma Kitsuno", "Oda Nobunaga", "Nobutada", "Nobukatsu", "Tokuhime", "Ikoma Ienaga", "Oda clan", "Oda clan", "Ikoma Chikamasa", "daimyō", "Takamatsu Domain", "Ikoma Kazumasa", "daimyō", "Takamatsu Domain", "Ikoma Masatoshi", "daimyō", "Takamatsu Domain", "Ikoma Takatoshi", "daimyō", "Takamatsu Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "daimyō", "Yashima Domain", "Ikoma Kazumasa", "Ikoma Kitsuno", "Oda Nobunaga", "Nobutada", "Nobukatsu", "Tokuhime", "Ikoma Chikamasa", "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "Ikoma Kazumasa", "Oda Nobunaga", "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "Owari Domain", "Yashima Domain", "Mihara Domain", "Fujiwara no Fusasaki", "Hokke (Fujiwara)" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 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{ "paragraph": [ "Ikoma clan\n", "The was a Japanese samurai clan that claimed descent from Fujiwara no Fusasaki of the \"Northern House\" of the Fujiwara clan (\"Fujiwara Hokke\", 藤原北家). During the Sengoku period they supported the Unification of Japan as retainers of Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. In the Edo period the clan were daimyō and a hatamoto family for the Tokugawa shogunate.\n", "The main line was the Owari-Ikoma clan (尾張生駒氏) and the supporting branch was the Sanuki-Ikoma clan (讃岐生駒氏). Even though the two lines were divided in opinion during the Azuchi–Momoyama period they had close and frequent exchange during the Edo period.\n", "There is a story about the family crest (\"mon\") of the Ikoma clan. It is said that the crest was once a full circle but during Hideyoshi's Invasion of Korea, the crest painted on the side of the ship was submerged in the waves and only the top half showed above water. They won the subsequent battle and decided to change the crest to a half circle.\n", "Section::::Origins.\n", "During the Heian period, descendants of Fujiwara no Fusasaki moved to Ikoma District (生駒郡), Yamato Province (now part of Heguri District (平群郡), Nara Prefecture) from which the clan took its name.\n", "The founder of the clan, Ikoma Iehiro (生駒家広), who lived during the Muromachi period moved to Niwa District (丹羽郡), Owari Province to escape the Ōnin War. He was a samurai merchant who lived at Ko-ori Castle (小折城) and accumulated wealth by storing ashes and oils for dyes and used bashaku to transport his goods.\n", "The Ikoma clan genealogy records Ikoma Iehiro as a descendant of Fujiwara no Tameyoshi (藤原為義) but the names of the generations in between are missing. Fujiwara no Tameyoshi was a great-grandson of Fujiwara no Tokihira and a ninth generation descendant of Fujiwara no Fusasaki who founded the \"Northern House\" of the Fujiwara clan (\"Fujiwara Hokke\", 藤原北家).\n", "Another theory is that the brother of Tameyoshi, Fujiwara no Nobuyoshi (藤原信義), became Ikoma Shōji (生駒庄司) and began using the name Ikoma. In any case, the ancestors are the same.\n", "Section::::Sengoku period.\n", "During the time of Ikoma Iemune (生駒家宗), the third head of the clan, Inuyama Castle (犬山城) in Owari Province belonged in to Oda Nobuyasu (織田信康). Nobuyasu's nephew Oda Nobunaga (織田信長) began visiting the Ikoma family mansion and approached them for their financial strength and knowledge of the surrounding area. Due to the Battle of Okehazama in 1560 the Ikoma had a brief respite from Nobunaga and were able to conduct business freely in the territory.\n", "The clan became relatives of Oda Nobunaga when Ikoma Iemune's daughter, Ikoma Kitsuno (生駒吉乃) became a concubine of Nobunaga. She had previously been married to Yaheji Dota who died in the Battle of Akechi. After the loss of her husband, Kitsuno returned to her family's home, Ikoma mansion and it was there that she met Nobunaga. It was believed that Oda Nobunaga was charmed by Kitsuno's beauty at first sight, and immediately took her as his concubine. Nobunaga was officially married to Lady Nō, the daughter of Saitō Dōsan, but it was believed that theirs was not a happy marriage, especially since Nōhime could not conceive. It is often thought that Kitsuno was Nobunaga's most beloved concubine and that she probably had a higher position than Nōhime. In 1557 Kitsuno gave birth to Nobutada and later Nobukatsu and Tokuhime (Lady Toku). In 1564, Kitsuno moved to Kori Castle (in present-day Kōnan, Aichi). She suffered due to the difficulty of her childbirths, and in 1566 she died at the age of 29. Even though Nobunaga is often regarded as a callous and bellicose figure, it is said that Nobunaga mourned her throughout the night and had her buried within view of his castle. Her body was cremated and buried in the cemetery at Kyusho temple (the Ikoma family temple), in Tashiro town. Nobunaga gave his son Nobukatsu the area in which Kyusho temple lies in order to protect it and Kitsuno's tomb, out of respect for his treasured concubine. Her brother, Ikoma Ienaga became Nobunaga's stable master (\"umamawari\", 馬廻).\n", "At Ikoma mansion (Ko-ori Castle, 小折城) there was a well known episode when Nobunaga's sandle-bearer, Kinoshita Tōkichirō (木下 藤吉郎), who was later known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi asked Kitsuno to mediate to help him become an officer. He also heated up straw sandles on his bossom and gave them to Nobunaga. There was a strong geographical and blood relation with the Hachisuka clan (蜂須賀氏) of Kawanami-shū (川並衆).\n", "Both Ikoma Ienaga, the fourth clan head and his son Ikoma Toshitoyo, the fifth clan head, served Oda Nobunaga with 1900 koku annual stipend. After the Honnō-ji incident when Nobunaga was assassinated, they served his second son Oda Nobukatsu (織田信雄). After Nobukatsu was forced to become a monk the Ikoma clan became rōnin and so became retainers of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.\n", "At the Battle of Sekigahara they joined the forces of Fukushima Masanori. Ikoma Chikamasa was part of Ishida Mitsunari's force while his son, Ikoma Kazumasa was part of Tokugawa Ieyasu's force. Chikamasa remained at Sanuki and sent his retainers in his stead to attack Tanabe castle in Tango Province. He chose this strategy to preserve the Ikoma clan regardless of which side prevailed. Because Kazumasa fought in Ieyasu's force, Ieyasu allowed Chikamasa to rule his existing domain after the battle, but Chikamasa took responsibility for fighting on the losing side by transferring the headship of the family to Kazumasa. He became a priest and withdrew to Mount Kōya. He was soon permitted to return to Sanuki Province. In 1603, he died in Takamatsu castle.\n", "Section::::Edo period.\n", "After the war the main line of the Ikoma clan were asked by Tokugawa Ieyasu to be the bannermen for Matsudaira Tadayoshi when he entered Owari Province but after the death of Tadayoshi they became retainers of Tokugawa Yoshinao as samurai of the Owari Domain.\n", "The fifth clan head was Ikoma Toshitoyo (生駒利豊). His older brother, Ikoma Yoshinaga (生駒善長), created a new branch of the family known as the Awa-Ikoma family (阿波生駒家). His sister Jikouin (慈光院) became wife of the lords of the Tokushima Domain (徳島藩)\n", "After the sixth clan head, Ikoma Toshikatsu (生駒利勝), the clan received an annual stipend of 4,000 koku in the Owari Domain and in the aftermath of the Meiji Restoration they became consultants for the Owari-Tokugawa family.\n", "Section::::Family Heads.\n", "Owari-Ikoma clan (尾張生駒氏)\n", "BULLET::::1. Ikoma Iehiro (生駒家広, 15th century) - lord of Ko-ori Castle (小折城).\n", "BULLET::::2. Ikoma Toyomasa (生駒豊政, ?–?) - lord of Ko-ori Castle (小折城).\n", "BULLET::::3. Ikoma Iemune (生駒家宗, ?–1556) - father of Ikoma Kitsuno, concubine of Oda Nobunaga, mother of Nobutada, Nobukatsu and Tokuhime (Lady Toku).\n", "BULLET::::4. Ikoma Ienaga (生駒家長, ?–1607) - retainer of Oda clan, lord of Ko-ori Castle (小折城).\n", "BULLET::::5. Ikoma Toshitoyo (生駒利豊, 1575–1670) - retainer of Oda clan, lord of Ko-ori Castle (小折城).\n", "BULLET::::6. Ikoma Toshikatsu (生駒利勝, 1629–1694) - son of Toshitoyo's daughter and Hida Tadashige (肥田忠重).\n", "BULLET::::7. Ikoma Munekatsu (生駒宗勝, ?–1701)\n", "BULLET::::8. Ikoma Munenaga (生駒致長, 1679–1741)\n", "BULLET::::9. Ikoma Muneshige (生駒致稠, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::10. Ikoma Chikafusa (生駒周房, 1714–1780)\n", "BULLET::::11. Ikoma Chikakuni (生駒周邑, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::12. Ikoma Chikajun (生駒周詢, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::13. Ikoma Chikatake (生駒周武, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::14. Ikoma Chikaakira (生駒周晃, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::15. Ikoma Chikayuki (生駒周行, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::16. Ikoma Shō (生駒鍾, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::17. Ikoma Akihiko (生駒秋彦, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::18. Ikoma Mutsuhiko (生駒陸彦, ?–?)\n", "Section::::Branches.\n", "Tsuchida-Ikoma clan (土田生駒氏)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikashige (生駒親重, ?–1570) - son of a daughter of the clan founder, Ikoma Iehiro, who married Tsuchida Hidehisa (土田秀久).\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikamasa (生駒親正 1526–1603) - daimyō of Takamatsu Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Kazumasa (生駒一正, 1555–1610) - daimyō of Takamatsu Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Masatoshi (生駒正俊, 1586–1621) - daimyō of Takamatsu Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Takatoshi (生駒高俊, 1611–1659) - daimyō of Takamatsu Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Takakiyo (生駒高清, 1643–1694) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikaoki (生駒親興, 1655–1702) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Masachika (生駒正親, 1678–1706) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikanao (生駒親猶, 1691–1753) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikakata (生駒親賢, 1715–1786) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikakata (生駒親賢, 1715–1786) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikanobu (生駒親信, ?–?) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikakira (生駒親章, 1773–1817) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikanori (生駒親孝, 1790–1836) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikayoshi (生駒親愛, 1818–1839) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikamichi (生駒親道, 1827–1855) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikayuki (生駒親敬, 1849–1880) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikatsugu (生駒親承, 1868–1886) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikatada (生駒親忠, ?–?) - daimyō of Yashima Domain.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Keio (生駒慶男, 1715–1786)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Mitsuo (生駒光男, 1715–1786)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Michinori (生駒道孝, 1715–1786)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Michiyuki (生駒道敬, 1715–1786)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Kazuyuki (生駒一敬, 1715–1786)\n", "Awa-Ikoma family (阿波生駒家)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Yoshinaga (生駒善長, ?–1642) - elder brother of Ikoma Toshitoyo who inherited the main line.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Kotokei (生駒言慶, ?–?)\n", "Yagari-Ikoma clan (矢柄生駒氏)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Masayuki (生駒正幸, ?–?) - son of a daughter of Ikoma Kazumasa who married Inokuma Noritoshi (猪熊教利).\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Toshiyuki (生駒俊幸, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Masanami (生駒正並, ?–?)\n", "Mihara-Ikoma clan (三原生駒氏)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Sukeuemon Masanari (生駒助右衛門正也, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Sukeuemon Naomasa (生駒助右衛門直正, ?–?)\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Sukeuemon Naoyuki (生駒助右衛門直行, ?–?)\n", "Section::::Significant Members.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Kitsuno (生駒吉乃, 1528?–1566), concubine of Oda Nobunaga, mother of Nobutada, Nobukatsu and Tokuhime (Lady Toku).\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Chikamasa (生駒親正 1526–1603), appointed one of the three chūrō (arbiters) by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.\n", "BULLET::::- Ikoma Kazumasa (生駒一正, 1555–1610), fought with distinction under Oda Nobunaga, and then in Korea with Toyotomi Hideyoshi's forces.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Owari Domain\n", "BULLET::::- Yashima Domain\n", "BULLET::::- Mihara Domain\n", "BULLET::::- Fujiwara no Fusasaki\n", "BULLET::::- Hokke (Fujiwara)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- http://www2.harimaya.com/sengoku/html/ikoma_k.html\n", "BULLET::::- http://www.samurai-archives.com/dictionary/i.html\n", "BULLET::::- Specific\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2975274", "wikidata_label": "Ikoma clan", "wikipedia_title": "Ikoma clan" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Leigh High School\n", "Leigh High School is a secondary school located in San Jose, California, United States. Opening in September 1962, it was the fifth school established in the Campbell Union High School District. The school has twice been given the California Distinguished School award, in 1999 and 2003. , the school's enrollment was 1676 students. The school colors are gold (yellow) and pine green, and its mascot is the Longhorn.\n", "Section::::Academics.\n", "Leigh is an academically successful high school, with rankings placing it above average when compared to others in California. The average SAT scores of students were the highest in the district in 2000, and were above the state and national averages. The California Department of Education's Academic Performance Index of Leigh High School gave it a ranking of 9 within the state, and a relative ranking of 2. Ninety percent of Leigh graduates go on to attend either university or community college after graduation.\n", "Leigh's 1,600+ students annually score above the state and national averages on the STAR, CAHSEE, SAT, and Advanced Placement tests. Leigh also serves a large special education population through its Resource, Special Day Class, Emotionally Disturbed, and Beacon programs. Maintaining an average class size of thirty students, Leigh provides a comprehensive curriculum that includes instructional programs designed for college-bound, special education, and vocational students.\n", "Section::::Academics.:Advanced programs.\n", "Leigh offers Advanced Placement (AP) instruction in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, English Language, English Literature, World History, US History, American Government, Studio Art, Spanish Language, French Language, Mandarin (added on-campus 2015), Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Statistics, and Computer Science (added in 2015). Leigh also offers seven honors classes: English 2 and 3, World History, U.S. History, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics.\n", "Section::::Academics.:Special education programs.\n", "The school's AVID program (Advancement Via Individual Determination) has been in place for four years, and there are now four AVID classes, one for each grade level.\n", "Silicon Valley Career Technical Education offers interested students a variety of vocational training in areas such as multimedia, cosmetology, managerial accounting, electrical maintenance, and auto body repair.\n", "All high school students in the county's Deaf and Hard of Hearing program attend classes at Leigh. Some take sheltered classes with other deaf students, but many are mainstreamed into classes with Leigh's hearing population.\n", "Specialized academic instruction classes are considered for students with IEPS and certain learning needs.\n", "Section::::Music programs.\n", "Leigh High School is noted in the Campbell Union High School District for its many musical programs. Leigh offers a concert band, a symphonic band, a wind ensemble, and a jazz ensemble, with all but the wind ensemble requiring an audition. The music program offers both Winter Percussion and Winter Guard programs, the latter of which has become a World Guard and has ranked in the finals at world competitions.\n", "Leigh also offers choir as a year-long class for all grades.\n", "As of the 2008–2009 school year, the music program's parent association changed its original name from Instrumental Music Parents' Association, to Performing Arts Parents' Association (PAPA), due to the combination of Leigh High School's drama, choir, and band programs.\n", "Leigh High School' has a concert band, symphonic band, wind ensemble, music theory class, jazz band, and marching band.\n", "Section::::Music programs.:Leigh High School Marching Band.\n", "Marching band is one of the school's most popular and renowned activities, usually bringing in more than 100 students per season. It includes a drumline, a front ensemble, a colorguard, woodwind instruments, and brass instruments.\n", "The marching band competes in the Western Band Association competitions in the fall, along with the Northern California Band Association competitions. They also perform their competition show at all home football games.\n", "Pre-marching season preparation for the band includes a weekend away at camp and a week at school, the latter reaching up to nine hours a day.\n", "Marching band field shows usually consist of an opener, a ballad, a percussion feature, and a closer. In addition to a band director and staff members, the marching band is led by student captains and section leaders.\n", "In the winter of 2012, the Leigh High School Marching Band traveled to San Diego to perform in the Bridgepoint Education Holiday Bowl. They marched in the Big Bay Balloon Parade, were selected to perform their show during pregame, and were also a part of a combined halftime show with other schools from around the nation. Later they took part in a national competition. The band won first place and all the caption awards in both the parade and competition.\n", "Section::::Music programs.:Symphonic band.\n", "Symphonic band is a performance-based ensemble for students who have prior experience on their instrument and the ability to read music. The ensemble consists of wind instruments and percussion.\n", "Section::::Music programs.:Wind Ensemble.\n", "Wind Ensemble is an audition-only ensemble that performs frequently and includes travel to festivals nationwide. On odd years the group strives to perform out of the country, and performed in Europe in 2011. On even years they take smaller trips, such as to San Francisco, to perform. \n", "In March 2019, Wind Ensemble traveled to New York and performed in Carnegie Hall. Their performance was ranked Gold (the highest ranking a band can get). \n", "Section::::Music programs.:Winter Percussion.\n", "Leigh High School Winter Percussion was formed in 2005 and started performing in the California Colorguard Circuit (CCGC) percussion competitions. The ensemble was temporarily disbanded in 2008 midway through the season by the administration for unknown reasons, but members continued to perform in conjunction with students from nearby Branham High School in 2009 with a combined winter percussion ensemble. In 2010, the Leigh Winter Percussion ensemble was re-formed, performing in Percussion Scholastic A class competition.\n", "In 2013, under the direction of new Caption Head Daniel Recoder, the ensemble started competing in the Percussion Scholastic Open class. In 2014, the ensemble began competing in the Northern California Percussion Alliance (NCPA) circuit and took their first trip to Winter Guard International (WGI) Percussion World Championships in Dayton, Ohio, performing in the Percussion Scholastic Open. In 2016, the ensemble returned to Dayton, OH for the WGI Percussion World Championships where they finished 14th in Percussion Scholastic World class. In 2018, the ensemble returned once more to Dayton, OH for the WGI Percussion World Championships where they finished, this time in 11th place out of 125 groups. \n", "Since its creation in 2005, the Leigh Winter Percussion ensemble has put on the following shows:\n", "2005: Chairman Dances\n", "2006: A Day In The City\n", "2007: Ritmo (concert percussion)\n", "2008: Fire Garden Suite\n", "2009: Anxiety (in conjunction with Branham High School in the Branham-Leigh Winter Percussion)\n", "2010: Chronos (CCGC Champions)\n", "2011: W\"e\" Belong\n", "2012: Evil entwined (Jekyll and Hyde)\n", "2013: The Rules of Art (PSO -- Caption Head: Daniel Recoder)\n", "2014: Scarlet Skies (PSO -- Caption Head: Daniel Recoder)\n", "2015: No Strings On Me (PSW -- Caption Head: Daniel Recoder)\n", "2016: We're All Mad Here (PSW -- Caption Head: Daniel Recoder)\n", "2017: Harmony In Motion (PSW -- Caption Head: Daniel Recoder)\n", "2018: Becoming Human (PSW -- Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) \n", "2019: The One You Feed (PSW -- Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) \n", "Section::::Music programs.:Concert choir.\n", "Students sing all levels of music literature in a choir. The principal singing group performs at concerts, festivals, and other events during the school year. \n", "Section::::Music programs.:Select choir.\n", "This advanced choir requires an audition. The group performs many times throughout the school year. In the spring of 2011, the select choir group called Madrigals traveled to England, Wales, and Ireland.\n", "Section::::School athletics.\n", "Students at Leigh High School compete in a variety of interscholastic sports, usually at the highest level available to them. Many teams have won regional championships.\n", "In only the second year of the school's existence, the 1964 varsity football team tied for the league championship. This was followed up by the 1966 varsity football team that won the league title outright. In 1970 the varsity football team again won the league title with a record of 11–1, its lone loss coming in the inaugural County Championship game against Los Altos Hills (30–23). Leigh also won back-to-back Mount Hamilton division league championship titles in 1994 and 1995, losing one regular season game and having one tie in that span. The 2001–2002 varsity football team was runner-up in the Central Coast Section Championship. The 2004 varsity football team also shared the league championship with Oak Grove High School.\n", "In the mid-1970s, Leigh High was noted for its cross country dynasty under the coaching of Homer Latimer, and in 1974 the Longhorns won the national title. The school's proximity to the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains, where runners trained vigorously year-round, was a significant contributor to the program's success.\n", "The school won the California Central Coast championship in baseball in 2000.\n", "Section::::Student government.\n", "Student government is a vital part of the extracurricular life of Leigh. Students are elected by their peers and foster community among students and staff. A subgroup of this organization is Leigh's Student Congress, for which diverse representatives are chosen from each sixth period class. Congress meetings promote discussion, planning, and publicity for campus activities.\n", "There are more than thirty clubs on campus open to all students, with meeting times during lunch or after school. Each club or organization must have a constitution and must be approved by the Associated Student Body.\n", "Section::::School campus and facilities.\n", "Leigh is currently in the final stages of its building renovations, which were initiated by a ninety-five million dollar local school bond measure passed in 1999. All playing fields, the library, the cafeteria, and a majority of the classrooms have been renovated. The administration offices, student quad, art classrooms, and former music classrooms are next in line for renovation. Because Leigh High School was built in 1962, building renovations will continue until the school is completely retrofitted for education in the 21st century.\n", "Section::::Notable alumni.\n", "BULLET::::- A. J. Allmendinger - professional racecar driver\n", "BULLET::::- Susan Atkins - convicted murderer and Manson family member (attended but did not graduate)\n", "BULLET::::- Ray Barbee - professional skateboarder\n", "BULLET::::- Stan Bunger - radio personality (KCBS)\n", "BULLET::::- Ken Caminiti - NCAA All-American in baseball, San Jose State; former MLB player with the Houston Astros and San Diego Padres\n", "BULLET::::- Kelly Gray - Major League Soccer player, San Jose Earthquakes\n", "BULLET::::- Kit Lathrop - former NFL lineman, Denver Broncos, Green Bay Packers, Kansas City Chiefs, and the Washington Redskins\n", "BULLET::::- David Michael Maurer - editor of \"Splinter\", two-time Emmy-nominated television editor, director\n", "BULLET::::- Nick 13 - guitarist, vocalist for Tiger Army\n", "BULLET::::- Patrick Simmons - singer, songwriter, and guitarist with The Doobie Brothers\n", "BULLET::::- Randy Stonehill - Christian music singer-songwriter\n", "BULLET::::- Jason Sutter - drummer\n", "BULLET::::- Jim Wahler - former defensive lineman, Washington Redskins\n", "BULLET::::- Jason Windsor - pitcher for the Oakland Athletics\n", "BULLET::::- Getter - EDM DJ, and producer\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Santa Clara County high schools\n", "BULLET::::- Campbell Union High School District\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Miskulin, George F. \"A History of The Campbell Union High School District (1900–1988)\". pp. 25–26.\n", "BULLET::::- WASC/CDE Self-Study Report\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 Growth API School Report - Leigh High School\n", "BULLET::::- Course Catalog\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh SARC report\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh High School website\n", "BULLET::::- Campbell Union High School District (official website)\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh High School Athletics\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh High School Performing Arts Parents' Association (PAPA)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6519599", "wikidata_label": "Leigh High School", "wikipedia_title": "Leigh High School" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Thumb Lake\n", "Thumb Lake, also known as Lake Louise by the \"Lake Louise Camp\" community, is a kettle lake located in Hudson Township, Charlevoix County, Michigan. The epithet \"Thumb Lake\" derives from the lake's bathymetry. An islet protrudes from the lake's west basin. The total surface area of the lake is , with maximum depths of .\n", "The misnomer \"Lake Louise\" comes from a former Camp director who wanted to rename the lake after his wife.\n", "The lake is nestled in the highlands east of the village of Boyne Falls, centered at , and is surrounded by wooded hills. Because of its depth and the dearth of run-off into the lake, its waters are exceptionally clear. The lake is inhabited by splake, a stocked hybrid species (lake trout and brook trout), rainbow trout, yellow perch, smallmouth bass, northern pike, largemouth bass, smelt. Public access is available on the eastern shore of the lake in the form of a park with swimming beach, and on the southwestern shore in the form of a boat launch.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of lakes in Michigan\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Thumb Lake Inventory Map, produced and published by the Institute for Fisheries Research (IFR)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "lake in Charlevoix County, Michigan, USA", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7335953", "wikidata_label": "Thumb Lake", "wikipedia_title": "Thumb Lake" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lycaenops\n", "Lycaenops (\"wolf-face\") is a genus of carnivorous therapsids. It lived during the late mid-Permian to the early Late Permian, about 270.6-251 mya, in what is now South Africa.\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "\"Lycaenops\" measured about and weighed up to . Like the modern-day wolves from which it takes its name, \"Lycaenops\" had a long and slender skull, with a set of dog-like fangs set into both its upper and lower jaws. These pointed canine teeth were ideal for the use of stabbing and/or tearing at the flesh of any large prey that it came upon. \"Lycaenops\" most likely hunted small vertebrates such as reptiles and dicynodonts.\n", "\"Lycaenops\" walked and ran with its long legs held close to its body. This is a feature found in mammals, but not in more primitive amniotes, early reptiles, and synapsids such as pelycosaurs, whose legs are positioned to the sides of their bodies. The ability to move like a mammal would have given \"Lycaenops\" an advantage over other land vertebrates, since it would have been able to outrun them.\n", "Section::::Species.\n", "The type species \"Lycaenops ornatus\" was named by South African paleontologist Robert Broom in 1925. Several other species have also been referred to the genus, including \"L. angusticeps\", which was originally named \"Scymnognathus angusticeps\", \"L. kingwilli\", which was originally named \"Tigricephalus kingwilli\" and is now placed in the genus \"Aelurognathus\", and \"L. tenuirostris\", which was originally named \"Tangagorgon tenuirostris\" and is now in the genus \"Cyonosaurus\". Two additional species, \"L. microdon\" and \"L. sollasi\", were added to \"Lycaenops\" after having been classified as species of \"Aelurognathus\". The species \"L. minor\" is now considered a synonym of \"L. sollasi\".\n", "Section::::Classification.\n", "Below is a cladogram from the phylogenetic analysis of Gebauer (2007):\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Evolution of mammals\n", "BULLET::::- List of synapsids\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gorgonops\"\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- The Paleobiology Database\n", "BULLET::::- Broom 1925 : On some carnivorous therapsids. Records of the Albany Museum, vol. 3, n. 4, p. 309–326.\n", "BULLET::::- Edwin Р. Colbert «The mammal-like reptile Lycaenops» \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "genus of mammals (fossil)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q132713", "wikidata_label": "Lycaenops", "wikipedia_title": "Lycaenops" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Golden-hooded tanager\n", "The golden-hooded tanager (\"Tangara larvata\") is a medium-sized passerine bird. This tanager is a resident breeder from southern Mexico south to western Ecuador.\n", "Adult golden-hooded tanagers are long and weigh . The adult male has a golden head with a black eyemask edged with violet blue above and below. The upperparts of the body are black apart from the turquoise shoulders, rump and edgings of the wings and tail. The flanks are blue and the central belly is white. Females have a greenish tinge to the head, sometimes with black speckling on the crown, and more extensively white underparts. Immatures are duller, with a green head, dark grey upperparts, off-white underparts, and little blue in the plumage.\n", "The golden-hooded tanager's call is a sharp \"tsit\" and the song is a tuneless rattled series of \"tick\" sounds.\n", "It resides from sea level to altitude in the canopy of dense forests and semi-open areas like clearings, second growth and well-vegetated gardens.\n", "Golden-hooded tanagers occur in pairs, family groups or as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. They eat certain small fruit (e.g. of \"Trophis racemosa\" (Moraceae)) usually swallowed whole, and insects are also taken.\n", "The cup nest is built in a tree fork or in a bunch of green bananas, and the normal clutch is two brown-blotched white eggs. This species is often double-brooded, and the young birds from the first clutch assist with feeding the second brood of chicks.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Tangara larvata" ] }, "description": "species of bird", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2406809", "wikidata_label": "Golden-hooded Tanager", "wikipedia_title": "Golden-hooded tanager" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Horlick High School\n", "William Horlick High School (also known as Horlick or Racine Horlick High School) is a comprehensive public four-year high school in Racine, Wisconsin with an enrollment of approximately 2,000 students. The school opened to students in 1928, after William Horlick, the original patent holder for malted milk, donated the land the school was built on. It was designed by Racine architect J. Mandor Matson.\n", "The school was expanded during the early 1960s. The school is a member of the WIAA Southeast Conference and has a long-standing cross-town rivalry with Washington Park High School, which also opened in 1928. The school colors are scarlet and gray.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Horlick High School first opened its doors to students on September 17, 1928. The school was named after William Horlick, the original patent holder of malted milk, who had donated the land for the school ten years earlier. The school was first introduced to the public during an open house in mid-December 1928, but was not officially dedicated until January 1929. At that time the school had 33 rooms, 16 full-time and 7 part-time teachers, and an enrollment of 407 students. The school was constructed at a total cost of US$721,176.\n", "The early students at the school were referred to as 'Northsiders' because of the school's location in Racine County. This resulted in an association with the North Star, as shown in its incorporation in the school's emblem. The school's annual, \"Polaris\", is also named after the star.\n", "In 1931, Horlick donated additional of land, increasing his total donation to . The additional land was used for an athletic field.\n", "Section::::History.:Expansion.\n", "The year 1961 signaled the start of a two-phase expansion plan, slated to cost US$3.1 million. In that year of floor space was added, providing room for 22 additional classrooms and a library at a cost of US$757,954. In 1962, when the first phase of the expansion had been completed, the school had 80 teachers and a student population of 1785.\n", "The second and final phase of the expansion began in 1964, with the addition of a gymnasium, pool, a theater with seating for 600, art and music rooms, 17 teaching stations, and a cafeteria with seating for 700. These new additions added of floor space and cost US$1.8 million. By the time of the second expansion's completion in 1965, the student body had grown to 2,277, and the teaching staff had expanded to 110 teachers.\n", "In addition to the two-phase expansion, a field house was added in 1964. The field house contains an L-shaped pool with six Olympic-sized lanes, an indoor track, three tennis courts, nine volleyball courts, a basketball court, and six badminton courts. After the addition of the field house, the original gymnasium was converted into additional classrooms and offices. This conversion was completed in 1987, after 10 classrooms and a weight room had been added. A new women's locker room was needed, which was added to the field house during the 1990s. The interior of the field house is being completely re-done in 2018. \n", "During the school years 1965-1966 and 1966-1967, some 1400 students of the future JI Case High School attended Horlick. Concurrently, Horlick housed adult ed and continuing ed. Morning classes started about 6:00am, like Henny Henderson's drafting class, and continued until about 10:00pm, such as Tuesday-Thursday Senior English. Horlick competed in the league with the nick name 'Big Ten High School.' Evanston was very large, Rufus King in Milwaukee was about 6500 students. Madison LaFollette was one of the smaller schools at 2400 to 3400 students.\n", "Section::::Campus.\n", "The school is located on the south side of Rapids Drive in northern Racine. The grounds are bordered to the east by Mount Pleasant Street and to the west by Wadewitz Elementary and residential housing. To the south, the grounds are dominated by the outdoor track and a football field and bordered by Yout Street. The primary parking lot for the school is also south of the school, with additional parking on the west side of the building. In addition to the elementary school in the west, there are several playing fields for football and soccer practice, along with eight concrete tennis courts.\n", "The building is divided into two sections: the original building and the expansions, which were completed in 1965. The original building consists of 4 floors, although the fourth floor is just one office-sized room and is usually not accessible to students. The original building is shaped like the letter 'E', with an elongated branch on the east side where the gym is located. This branch also serves as home for the Social sciences and Technical education departments. The eastern branch is primarily one story, except for the Social science wing, which is two. The main hallway houses Math, Foreign language, and Health classes, as well as some English classes and spans three floors. The central branch of the 'E' contains the counseling offices (on the first floor) and the choir room (second floor). The westernmost branch of the original building spans three stories contains additional Math and Foreign languages rooms, as well as the Home education classroom and some computer labs.\n", "The main hallway extends into the expanded portion of the building. The transition between the two parts of the building is marked by ramps on both the north and south halves of the building. The expansion has two floors that run adjacent to the westernmost branch of the original building and contains several more English classrooms, the Science classrooms and the library. Further west down the main hallway are the cafeteria and the field house, art rooms, the band room, the theater, and the athletic offices. The main student entrance is located at the far west end of the main hallway.\n", "Section::::Communities served.\n", "Horlick serves several communities, including North Bay, and Wind Point.\n", "Section::::Traditions.\n", "Section::::Traditions.:Mascot.\n", "The school's official mascot is Polaris, the North Star. However, Horlick is better known by its unofficial mascot, the Rebel Yeller. The change occurred in the 1940s when Russ Rebholz, known as \"Reb\", was the head coach of both the football and boys' basketball teams. The nickname \"Rebels\" developed from his name, is still in use today.\n", "Section::::Traditions.:Songs and cheers.\n", "The school has had many songs and cheers that have been passed down through the years, the most notable of these being the \"Horlick Fight Song\". The song mentions the school's sense of pride as well as its emblem, the North Star. The song ends with a spelling out of \"Horlick\" and a pronouncement of the school's colors, scarlet and gray. One notable omission from the song is the current 'Rebels' mascot, as the song was written before the mascot was officially adopted.\n", "Another notable song was created by students to commemorate spirit of the long-standing rivalry between Horlick and Washington Park. The song is a parody of the Washington Park fight song, and although the origin of the song is unknown, it is believed to have originated no later than the mid-1950s. The song makes a spin of Washington Park's school colors, orange and blue, saying, \"Hail thy black and blue. Those be your colors when Horlick's through with you.\" The song goes on to mention Horlick's extreme distaste of Park and closes by making a joke about \"Park spelled backwards,\" saying that it is \"what we think of thee.\" The song is still taught to new students at freshman orientation along with the Horlick Fight Song.\n", "The Spirit Horn is a cheering competition among the classes and is usually conducted at school assemblies. Cheerleaders go from class to class leading a call and response cheer, after which students yell their class year. The loudest class, as determined by school administrators, is declared the winner.\n", "Section::::Extracurricular activities.\n", "Section::::Extracurricular activities.:Athletics.\n", "List is current as of January 1, 2009.\n", "Section::::Extracurricular activities.:Athletics.:Rivalry with Washington Park.\n", "Horlick has a long-standing rivalry with Washington Park athletic teams, known locally as The Great Rivalry or more informally as Park/Horlick. The rivalry originated in 1928, when the two schools opened. The rivalry is most notable between the schools' football teams who have played at least once every year since 1928.\n", "Section::::Extracurricular activities.:Clubs and organizations.\n", "List is current as of September 3, 2018.\n", "Section::::Notable alumni.\n", "BULLET::::- Ellen Ahrndt, AAGPBL player\n", "BULLET::::- Lane Brody, former country-western singer and entertainer\n", "BULLET::::- Laurel Clark, NASA astronaut, perished in Space Shuttle \"Columbia\" disaster\n", "BULLET::::- Henry Dorman, Wisconsin State Senator\n", "BULLET::::- Sonja Henning, Collegiate and professional basketball player\n", "BULLET::::- Denis Kitchen, underground cartoonist\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Maragos, safety for Philadelphia Eagles\n", "BULLET::::- Peter C. Myers, Missouri politician\n", "BULLET::::- Kurt Ollmann, operatic singer\n", "BULLET::::- Mike Ratliff, basketball player\n", "BULLET::::- Shane Rawley, former Major League Baseball pitcher\n", "BULLET::::- Henry Rohner, Wisconsin State Assemblyman\n", "BULLET::::- Sheri D. Sheppard, professor of mechanical engineering, Stanford; awarded Carnegie Foundation 2014 U.S. Professor of the Year\n", "BULLET::::- Jack Taschner, former Major League Baseball pitcher\n", "BULLET::::- Betty Cohen, former CEO of Cartoon Network (1992-2001)\n", "BULLET::::- Tony Azarian, Hall of Fame Member of The University of Wisconsin Whitewater\n", "BULLET::::- Henry Buss (Ragbab84) low brow graffiti artist and musician. Often considered the \"Burt Reynolds of Racine.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Kaleb Schulz, United States Ambassador for Oman\n", "Section::::Principals.\n", "BULLET::::- D.W. Miller (1928–1947)\n", "BULLET::::- Wemer S. Smith (1948–1959)\n", "BULLET::::- Harold Mills (1960–1971)\n", "BULLET::::- Walter Stenavich (1971–1986)\n", "BULLET::::- Larry Yarck (1986–1993)\n", "BULLET::::- Nola Starling-Ratliff (1993–2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Angela Ress Apmann (2008–present)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The World's Best Prom\" - An award-winning documentary and forthcoming feature-length documentary about high school prom in Racine, Wisconsin.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Horlick High School website\n", "BULLET::::- Horlick student government website\n", "BULLET::::- Horlick vocal music website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q8012511", "wikidata_label": "William Horlick High School", "wikipedia_title": "William Horlick High School" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mount Sylvania\n", "Mount Sylvania is an extinct volcano, part of the Boring Lava Field, on the outskirts of Portland, Oregon. Parts of the mountain are within the cities of Portland, Lake Oswego, and Tigard. Mountain Park, a Lake Oswego suburban development, was built on the mountain in the 1970s.\n", "The Sylvania campus of Portland Community College is located on the mountain's western slopes.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "mountain in United States of America", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q8522006", "wikidata_label": "Mount Sylvania", "wikipedia_title": "Mount Sylvania" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "La Prensa (Curicó)\n", "La Prensa de Curicó (Spanish: \"The Press\"), is a daily newspaper published in Curicó and owned by Empresa Periodística Curicó LTDA. This headquarters are located in Sargento Aldea 632 Curicó, Chile. The newspaper was founded on November 13, 1898.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- La Prensa Online\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "La Prensa de Curico" ] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6464594", "wikidata_label": "La Prensa de Curicó", "wikipedia_title": "La Prensa (Curicó)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Natricinae\n", "The Natricinae are a subfamily of snakes in the family Colubridae. The subfamily comprises 34 genera. Members include many very common snake species, such as the European grass snakes, and the North American water snakes and garter snakes. Some Old World members of the subfamily are known as keelbacks, because their dorsal scales exhibit strong keeling.\n", "Natricine snakes are found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Central America as far south as Costa Rica. A single species, \"Tropidonophis mairii\", reaches Australia. Although the highest diversity is in North America, the oldest members are in Asia and Africa, suggesting an Old World origin for the group. Most species are semiaquatic and feed on fish and amphibians, although a few are semifossorial or leaf-litter snakes that feed on invertebrates. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few (e.g., \"Thamnophis sirtalis\", \"Thamnophis elegans\") are capable of inflicting bites that can result in local, nonlife-threatening symptoms, and at least two members of the genus \"Rhabdophis\" (\"R. tigrinus\" and \"R. subminiatus\") are capable of inflicting life-threatening bites to humans, though they have only enlarged, ungrooved fangs in the back of the mouth.\n", "Section::::Classification.\n", "While often regarded as a subfamily of the Colubridae, in some classifications, they are raised to the family level as Natricidae.\n", "They are recognised as a sister group of the Dipsadinae plus the Pseudoxenodontinae.\n", "Section::::Genera.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adelophis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Afronatrix\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Amphiesma\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Amphiesmoides\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Anoplohydrus\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aspidura\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Atretium\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Clonophis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haldea\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hebius\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Helophis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Herpetoreas\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hydrablabes\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hydraethiops\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Iguanognathus\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Isanophis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Limnophis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Liodytes\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Natriciteres\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Natrix\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nerodia\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Opisthotropis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Paratapinophis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Regina\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rhabdophis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rhabdops\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sinonatrix\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Storeria\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thamnophis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trachischium\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tropidoclonion\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tropidonophis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Virginia\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Xenochrophis\"\n", "/div\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Goin, Olive B.; (1978). \"Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition\". San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. . (Natricinae, p. 326).\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "subfamily of snakes", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1587690", "wikidata_label": "Natricinae", "wikipedia_title": "Natricinae" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gray short-tailed opossum\n", "The gray short-tailed opossum (\"Monodelphis domestica\") is a small South American member of the Didelphidae family of opossums. Unlike most other marsupials, the gray short-tailed opossum does not have a true pouch. The scientific name \"Monodelphis\" is derived from Greek and means \"single womb\" (referring to the lack of a pouch) and the Latin word \"domestica\" which means \"domestic\" (chosen because of the species habit of entering human dwellings). It was the first marsupial to have its genome sequenced. The gray short-tailed opossum is used as a research model in science, and is also frequently found in the exotic pet trade. It is also known as the Brazilian opossum, rainforest opossum and in a research setting the laboratory opossum.\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "Gray short-tailed opossums are relatively small animals, with a superficial resemblance to voles. In the wild they have head-body length of and weigh ; males are larger than females. However, individuals kept in captivity are typically much larger, with males weighing up to . As the common name implies, the tail is proportionately shorter than in some other opossum species, ranging from . Their tails are only semi-prehensile, unlike the fully prehensile tail characteristic of the North American opossum.\n", "The fur is greyish brown over almost the entire body, although fading to a paler shade on the underparts, and with near-white fur on the feet. Only the base of the tail has fur, the remainder being almost entirely hairless. The claws are well-developed and curved in shape, and the paws have small pads marked with fine dermal ridges. Unlike many other marsupials, females do not have a pouch. They typically possess thirteen teats, which can be retracted into the body by muscles at their base.\n", "Section::::Distribution and habitat.\n", "The gray short-tailed opossum is found generally south of the Amazon River, in southern, central, and western Brazil. It is also found in eastern Bolivia, northern Paraguay, and in Formosa Province in northern Argentina. It inhabits rainforest environments, scrubland, and agricultural land, and often enters man-made structures, such as houses. There are no recognised subspecies.\n", "Section::::Behaviour.\n", "Gray short-tailed opossums eat rodents, frogs, reptiles, and invertebrates, as well as some fruit. They hunt primarily by scent, poking their snout into vegetation in search of prey or dead animals to scavenge. Once they find living prey, they pounce onto it, holding it down with their forefeet while delivering a killing strike, often to the base of the neck, with their sharp teeth. They can successfully take prey up to their own size.\n", "They are nocturnal, being most active in the first three hours after dusk. Although they may occasionally shelter in natural crevices in the rock, they normally spend the day in concealed nests constructed of leaves, bark, and other available materials. The nests of females are more complex and tightly woven than those of males. They are solitary, coming together only to mate, and with each individual occupying a home range of , flagged with scent marks. The approach of another member of the species is commonly met with hissing and screeching, which may escalate to defensive strikes launched while the animal is standing on its hind legs.\n", "Section::::Reproduction.\n", "The opossums breed year round when the climate is suitable, being able to raise up to six litters of six to eleven young each during a good year. Females only come into oestrus when exposed to male pheromones, with ovulation being induced only by physical contact with the male. Gestation lasts fourteen days, after which the young attach to a teat, where they remain for the next two weeks. Like all marsupials, the young are born undeveloped; in this species they are just in length and weigh at birth. The young grow hair at around three weeks, open their eyes about a week later, and are weaned at eight weeks\n", "Gray short-tailed opossums are sexually mature at five to six months of age, and live for up to forty-nine months in captivity.\n", "Section::::Laboratory opossum.\n", "The gray short-tailed opossum possesses several features that make it an ideal research model, particularly in studies of marsupials, as well as the immunological and developmental research on mammalian systems. It breeds relatively easily in laboratory settings, and neonates are exposed and can be readily accessed because, unlike other marsupial species, female opossums lack a pouch: neonates simply cling to the teats. Opossums are born at a stage that is approximately equivalent to 13- to 15-day-old fetal rats or 40-day-old human embryos. Like other marsupials, the inadequacies of the neonate's immune system function make it an ideal model for both transplant and cancer research, as well as general investigations into immune system development.\n", "Its genome was sequenced and a working draft published in May 2007: \n", "the decoding work, directed by MIT and Harvard, reveals the opossum to have between 18,000 and 20,000 protein-coding genes. The full genome sequence and annotation can be found on the Ensembl Genome Browser.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Know Your STO (Short-tailed Opossums) , pet care website by Molly Kalafut\n", "BULLET::::- View the opossum genome on Ensembl.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Monodelphis domestica" ] }, "description": "species of mammal", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q194472", "wikidata_label": "Gray short-tailed opossum", "wikipedia_title": "Gray short-tailed opossum" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Qinghuayuan railway station\n", "Qinghuayuan railway station () was a railway station in Beijing.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The construction work of the station was completed in 1910. The station was located near the east gate of Tsinghua University. In early 1950s, the old station moved to its new location, about 0.5 kilometers south to the former station. The new station located south to 4th Ring Road, just east to the later built elevated Beijing Subway line 13.\n", "The station was named after Tsinghua Garden.\n", "It was closed on November 1, 2016.\n", "Section::::Schedules.\n", "28 passenger trains stopped at the station before it ceased operation:\n", "Schedule updated on Jul. 1st, 2015.\n", "Note: Trains with the number 7xxxx have been cancelled due to the opening of Line S2.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "abandoned railway station in Beijing, China", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q798114", "wikidata_label": "Qinghuayuan Railway Station", "wikipedia_title": "Qinghuayuan railway station" }

{ "end": [ 58, 68, 142, 156, 175, 277, 80, 265, 278, 297, 414 ], "href": [ "temnospondyl", "amphibian", "synapsid", "Dimetrodon", "Edaphosaurus", "Red%20Beds%20of%20Texas%20and%20Oklahoma", "Eryops", "pelycosaur", "Dimetrodon", "Edaphosaurus", "Cacops" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4 ], "start": [ 46, 59, 134, 146, 163, 272, 74, 255, 268, 285, 408 ], "text": [ "temnospondyl", "amphibian", "synapsid", "Dimetrodon", "Edaphosaurus", "Texas", "Eryops", "pelycosaur", "Dimetrodon", "Edaphosaurus", "Cacops" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Platyhystrix\n", "Platyhystrix (meaning \"flat porcupine\") was a temnospondyl amphibian with a distinctive sail along its back, similar to the unrelated synapsids, \"Dimetrodon\" and \"Edaphosaurus\". It lived during the boundary between the latest Carboniferous and earliest Permian periods in Texas, about 300 million years ago.\n", "Section::::Palaeobiology.\n", "\"Platyhystrix\" may have been preyed upon by larger temnospondyls such as \"Eryops\", or by larger carnivorous reptiles, which were becoming more common and diverse in the drier climate of the Permian. The skull was large and strongly built, with a frog-like face. \"Platyhystrix\" had a compact body, reaching long including the tail, and its short, sturdy legs indicate a mainly terrestrial life.\n", "\"Platyhystrix\" appeared rather unusual: the dorsal vertebrae were extraordinarily lengthened, and in life they probably formed a skin-covered sail. This structure was possibly for thermal regulation, as in other animals of similar appearance, such as the pelycosaurs \"Dimetrodon\" and \"Edaphosaurus\". The back of \"Platyhystrix\" was also covered with thick hard plates, similar to those of its near relative, \"Cacops\".\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Vertebrate Palaeontology by Michael J. Benton and John Sibbick\n", "BULLET::::- The Simon & Schuster Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures: A Visual Who's Who of Prehistoric Life by Barry Cox, Colin Harrison, R.J.G. Savage, and Brian Gardiner\n", "BULLET::::- Bibliography Of Fossil Vertebrates 1934-1938 by C. I. Camp\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "genus of amphibians (fossil)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q135586", "wikidata_label": "Platyhystrix", "wikipedia_title": "Platyhystrix" }

{ "end": [ 61, 71, 103, 116, 136, 147, 357, 160, 201, 309, 366, 384, 556, 574, 578, 605, 49, 202, 31, 23, 98 ], "href": [ "Central%20District%20%28Israel%29", "Israel", "Tel%20Aviv", "Route%20444", "Rosh%20HaAyin", "Shoham", "Ephraim", "West%20Bank", "Ariel%20Sharon", "planned%20community", "Modi%27in", "Shoham", "Modern%20Orthodox%20Judaism", "Religious%20Zionism", "Jew", "Haredi", "local%20council%20%28Israel%29", "United%20Torah%20Judaism", "Ramat%20Gan", "Eyal%20Yifrah", "2014%20kidnapping%20and%20murder%20of%20Israeli%20teenagers" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 8, 10, 10 ], "start": [ 46, 65, 95, 107, 125, 141, 350, 151, 189, 292, 359, 378, 541, 557, 575, 599, 36, 182, 22, 12, 51 ], "text": [ "Center District", "Israel", "Tel Aviv", "Route 444", "Rosh HaAyin", "Shoham", "Ephraim", "West Bank", "Ariel Sharon", "planned community", "Modi'in", "Shoham", "Modern Orthodox", "Religious Zionist", "Jew", "Haredi", "local council", "United Torah Judaism", "Ramat Gan", "Eyal Yifrah", "2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "El'ad\n", "El'ad, also spelled Elad (), is a city in the Center District of Israel. Located about east of Tel Aviv on Route 444 between Rosh HaAyin and Shoham, it had a population of in . El'ad is the only locality in Israel officially designated a religious municipality. The name El'ad means “Forever God”, but it is also named after a member of the tribe of Ephraim, who lived in this area (1 Chronicles 7:21).\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The building of El'ad started in the late 1990s, following a government decision in 1990 to build a series of settlements along the seam line with the West Bank under then-housing minister Ariel Sharon, and provide immediate housing for 50,000 residents. The town was built from scratch as a planned community according to urban planning paradigms not unlike Modi'in and nearby Shoham. While those towns were designed to suit a mixed population of non-religious and religious Jews, El'ad was originally planned to suit a mixed population of Modern Orthodox/Religious Zionist Jews and ultra-Orthodox Haredi Jews, offering a solution to the acute shortage of affordable housing for Haredi families. The majority of the population are Haredi Jews. Accordingly, El'ad is built in a way that suits their religious lifestyle, with a larger selection of housing options offering larger than average apartments to accommodate religious families, who tend to have more children than the average national population. Another characteristic is easy access and short walking distances to local education institutions to avoid the need for school transportation costs.\n", "By 1998, El'ad had already achieved local council status; in February 2008, El'ad's official status was changed to a city. The city's current mayor is Israel Porush, a member of the United Torah Judaism party.\n", "Section::::Demographics.\n", "El'ad is one of the fastest-growing towns in Israel, with an annual population growth of 6 to 7 percent. The population density per square kilometer is 13.1, median age is 11.\n", "Section::::Economy.\n", "The support center of Ramat Gan-based Israeli company Daronet is located in El'ad. Its workers are ultra-Orthodox women. In 2012, Daronet signed a sales agreement worth () with Saudi energy giant Yanar.\n", "Section::::Notable residents.\n", "BULLET::::- Eyal Yifrah, 19-year old killed in the 2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers\n", "BULLET::::- Avishay Shindler, 24 years old was killed in 2010 by terrorist while driving on a ride as they passed near Bney Naim junction south to Kiryat Arba\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "human settlement", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q152399", "wikidata_label": "El'ad", "wikipedia_title": "El'ad" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Masoala National Park\n", "Masoala National Park, in northeast Madagascar, is the largest of the island's protected areas. Most of the park is situated in Sava Region and a part in Analanjirofo. Created in 1997, the park protects 2,300 square kilometres of rainforest and 100 square kilometres of marine parks. The Masoala peninsula is exceptionally diverse due to its huge size, and variety of habitats. Altogether, the park protects tropical rainforest, coastal forest, flooded forest, marsh, and mangrove. Three marine parks protect coral reefs and a dazzling array of marine life.\n", "Masoala provides an excellent opportunity to experience the unique flora and fauna of the big island. There are ten lemur species, including the flamboyant red ruffed lemur, which is native to the peninsula. The island reserve of Nosy Mangabe is one of the best sites in Madagascar to try to glimpse the elusive nocturnal aye-aye.\n", "Masoala harbors many other novelties, such as the Madagascar day gecko, leaf-tailed gecko, chameleons of all sizes, spectacular birds such as the helmet vanga, and rare species such as the red owl and tomato frog. Masoala is also home to the spectacular day-flying sunset moth, \"Chrysiridia rhipheus\". The Madagascar serpent-eagle was recently rediscovered here, and exists in healthy populations only in this part of north east Madagascar.\n", "Three marine parks are included in the Masoala National Park: Tampolo in the West, Ambodilaitry in the South, and Ifaho in the East. These are among the most interesting marine environments in Madagascar and are superb destinations for kayaking and snorkeling. \n", "Each year from July to early September, hundreds of humpback whales visit the Antongil Bay during their long migration. The warm protected waters of the bay provide an ideal breeding and calving ground for these magnificent marine mammals.\n", "The park can be accessed from the towns of Maroantsetra or Antalaha. From Maroantsetra, transport by motor boat can be arranged. From Antalaha, the park can be accessed by road to Cap Est using daily bush taxis or by mountain bike as far as the village of Masoala. The park is accessible from several lodges on the peninsula, and there are six park-maintained campsites. Camping materials can be hired in Maroantsetra. The main trails for visitors are at Nosy Mangabe, Tampolo/Ambodiforaha, Cap Est, and a several-day hike is possible across the peninsula. Campsites are maintained at Nosy Mangabe, Cap Est, Ambatolaidama, and each of the three marine parks. Many villages on the peninsula also provide inexpensive bungalows or basic guest rooms. Antalaha and Maroantsetra both offer a wide array of accommodations, as well as guides and porters for travel on the peninsula. All visits to the park must be accompanied by an official park-approved guide. Detailed information on arranging trips is available from the National Park or guide offices in Maroantsetra and Antalaha.\n", "This is an exceptionally wet area of Madagascar. The driest part of the year is from September to December. As the park is accessible only by a three-hour boat journey, the cyclone season (January to March) is best avoided.\n", "In June 2007, Masoala was designated as a World Heritage Site as part of a cluster of parks that represent the biodiversity of the eastern rainforests of the country. The other national parks included are Marojejy, Zahamena, Ranomafana, Andringitra, and Andohahela.\n", "During 2009 and 2010, the national park was invaded by thousands of illegal loggers searching for rosewood.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Antongil Bay\n", "BULLET::::- Illegal logging in Madagascar\n", "BULLET::::- National parks of Madagascar\n", "BULLET::::- Masoala, Madagascar\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Masoala National Park official site\n", "BULLET::::- Trouble in Lemur Land- a professional 50 minute HD film about illegal rosewood logging in Madagascar and the impact on the silky sifaka lemur\n", "BULLET::::- Human Rights Issues, see www.humanrightsmasoala.org\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Parc national de Masoala" ] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q964116", "wikidata_label": "Masoala National Park", "wikipedia_title": "Masoala National Park" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Qinghe railway station\n", "Qinghe railway station () is a railway station in Beijing. The station was closed on October 31, 2016 to be rebuilt into a new high-speed railway station on the Beijing–Zhangjiakou intercity railway opening in 2019.\n", "Section::::Beijing Subway.\n", "Qinghe Railway Station is planned as an infill station on existing Line 13, Beijing Subway. It will be opened at the end of 2019. The station for Line 13 is at-grade, located inside the railway station.\n", "South extension of Changping line of Beijing Subway will also stop at this station, which will be opened in 2021. The station for Changping line is underground.\n", "In long-term planning, the branch line of the north extension of Line 19 will stop there as well. The station for Line 19 (branch) is underground.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Qinghe Subdistrict, Beijing\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "railway and metro station under re-construction in Beijing, China", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q728992", "wikidata_label": "Qinghe railway station", "wikipedia_title": "Qinghe railway station" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Estemmenosuchidae\n", "Estemmenosuchidae is an extinct family of large, very early herbivorous therapsids that flourished during the Guadalupian period. They are distinguished by horn-like structures, probably for display or agonistic behavior. Apart from the best known genus, \"Estemmenosuchus\", the group is poorly known. To date, their fossils are known only from the Perm region of Russia (a region referred to by Russian paleontologists as the Cis-Urals).\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "Estemmenosuchids are among the most distinctive of the Permian tetrapods. The high and massive skull is equipped with a number of horns projecting both upwards and outwards, which were probably used for intra-specific display. The incisors and canine teeth are large, but those at the side are reduced, with a serrated apex, and may have helped to break up plant material, although they were too small to be of much use. The body is large and bulky, indicating a large digestive tract for digesting volumes of plant food. The skull superficially resembles that of \"Styracocephalus\", but the \"horns\" are formed from different bones.\n", "Section::::Evolutionary Relationships.\n", "Estemmenosuchids belong to the Dinocephalian group, a group of early, primitive, but diverse therapsids – often of large size – that are known only from the Middle Permian period. They are however far more primitive and unspecialised than the better known dinocephalians of the South African Karoo (Beaufort Group), and mostly lived somewhat earlier. They are also unusual in that, despite their primitive nature and early date of appearance, they show herbivorous adaptations.\n", "Because of this, there have been two main interpretations of their evolutionary relationships with other Dinocephalia.\n", "Hopson and Barghusen in 1986, who provided the first cladistic study of the Therapsida, coined the term Tapinocephalia for herbivorous dinocephalians, as opposed to the \"Anteosauria\" for the carnivorous forms. They suggested that Estemmenosuchids are very early/primitive members of the Tapinocephalia.\n", "However Thomas Kemp (1982) and Gillian King (1988) argue instead that the Estemmenosuchidae are the most basal Dinocephalia, being more primitive than both the Anteosauria and the Tapinocephalia.\n", "Section::::Ecological succession.\n", "The Estemmenosuchids replaced the caseids as the dominant megaherbivores of the Wordian age (middle of the Middle Permian), before being themselves replaced by the Tapinocephalidae during the Capitanian age (late Middle Permian).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Permian tetrapods\n", "Section::::General references.\n", "BULLET::::- Olsen, E. C. (1962). \"Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, USA and USSR.\" \"Transactions of the American Philosophical Society\" 52: 1–224.\n", "BULLET::::- Rubidge, B.S. & Sidor, C.A. (2001). \"Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids.\" \"Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics\" 32: 449–480.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Palaeos – detailed description\n", "BULLET::::- Kheper – an earlier page, which was incorporated into the Palaeos material (above)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "family of mammals (fossil)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q839455", "wikidata_label": "Estemmenosuchidae", "wikipedia_title": "Estemmenosuchidae" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Wangjing railway station\n", "Wangjing railway station () is a railway station in Beijing.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7967886", "wikidata_label": "Wangjing railway station", "wikipedia_title": "Wangjing railway station" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Huangtudian railway station\n", "Huangtudian railway station () is a railway station in Changping District, Beijing. The station was constructed in 1966. It is a 4th-class station as of 2006.\n", "The terminus of the Line S2 of Beijing Suburban Railway was changed to this station in November 2016.\n", "Huaimi line of Beijing Suburban Railway was opened in December 2017.\n", "The station is located just south to Huoying Station of Beijing Subway Line 8 and Line 13.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5926056", "wikidata_label": "Huangtudian railway station", "wikipedia_title": "Huangtudian railway station" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Xinghuo railway station\n", "Xinghuo railway station () is a railway station in Beijing.\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "Xinghuo railway station is a small freight station with no passenger train services.\n", "It will be the starting point of the Beijing–Shenyang High-Speed Railway.\n", "Section::::Beijing Subway.\n", "The under construction Line 3 of Beijing Subway will serve the railway station.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Clarines\n", "Clarines is a town in Venezuela's Anzoátegui State, located on the right bank of the Unare River. It serves as the administrative centre for the surrounding Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual Municipality. It is located on Venezuela Route 11 (Troncal 11) and Route 9 (Troncal 9). Route 9 connects it to Caracas to the west and Barcelona to the east. The town is from Puerto La Cruz, and from Puerto Piritu. The estimated population was 15,000 in 2007.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "When the town was officially founded on 7 April 1594 by Francisco de Vides, a Spanish adventurer who came from the Province of Huelva, there was already a Palenques indian village there. The town was named after Our Lady of Los Clarines, the patron saint of Beas in Huelva, Andalusia. In 1650 when the Franciscan friars arrived, Clarines was still essentially an indian village. It was not until the oil boom of the 1960s that Clarines began to change. In 1852, the population of Clarines was 4,289, including 72 people identified as white and 3,321 people identified as indigenous.\n", "Alfredo Armas Alfonzo, Venezuelan historian and critic, was born in Clarines in 1921.\n", "Jaime Lusinchi, former president of Venezuela, was born in Clarines in 1924.\n", "Section::::Attractions.\n", "The Museo de Clarines (museum) has items of historical interest including a collection of armaments.\n", "Section::::Economy.\n", "The local population practices subsistence farming growing plantains, yuca, beans, china, cotton, cassava, and corn. Until the exploitation of oil, the only exports were cattle and mules. Nowadays, many small companies that service the oil fields operate out of Clarines.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Memoria de la Direccion General de Estadistica al Presidente de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela en 1873 [the first national census of Venezuela].\n", "BULLET::::- Morse, Kimberly J. (2003) \"When the Priest Does Not Sympathize with El Pueblo: Clergy And Society In El Oriente Venezolano, 1843–1873\" \"The Americas\" – Volume 59, Number 4, April 2003, pp. 511–535.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Mayor of Clarines official page\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kalamassery\n", "Kalamassery is a major industrial region in the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India. It houses companies like Apollo Tyres and HMT; IT/Electronics Parks like KINFRA Hi Tech Park, Startup Village, and Electronics City. Kalamassery is also home to establisments like Ernakulam Medical College, Cochin University of Science and Technology, and National University of Advanced Legal Studies. The Thrikkakara temple, Unichira and Eloor industrial township, are in the vicinity of Kalamassery. \n", "The Periyar river flows through Kalamassery. In local administration it is a municipality named Kalamassery Municipality. The Neighbouring localities of Kalamassery are Thrikkakara, Eloor, Edappally, Choornikkara, Edathala and Aluva.Cochin International Airport is 18 km away from Kalamassery.\n", "Section::::Etymology.\n", "The name Kalamassery is derived from Kalabhasery. In Malayalam a word can have multiple meanings: in common usage \"kalabham\" means yellow sandalwood paste, and in literary Malayalam, it can mean Elephant. Kalabhasery, a location near HMT, was where elephants from Thrikkakara Temple was taken for rest after celebrations at the temple. During the course of time Kalabhasery became Kalamassery. Historically, the prominent area was called Njalakam, place with a prominent Juma Masjid, but during the time of creation of Kalamassery Panchayat which includes Njalakam, it was decided to name the area Kalamassery instead of Njalakam due to the growth of Kalamassery. This growth was brought about by new industries like HMT in that area. Later, the rapid growth of Kalamassery led to it being promoted to a Municipality.\n", "Section::::Demographics.\n", "As of 2001 India census, Kalamassery had a population of 63,176. Sex ratio is 956 females per 1000 males. Kalamassery has an average literacy rate of 84%, which is significantly higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 82%. In Kalamassery, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Hinduism is the most professed religion at 41%, followed by Islam (34%).\n", "Section::::Geography.\n", "The soils consists mainly of recent sediments (Alluvium, Teri’s, Brown sand etc.). Red colored sticky soil is also found in these areas. The climate is generally tropical, heavy rains from the southwest and northeast monsoon are common from June through September. The average annual rainfall is about 350 cm.\n", "Section::::Economy.\n", "FACT, India’s 1st large scale unit was set up in 1943 for production of fertiliser. In 1947, FACT Udyogamandal started production of ammonium sulphate with an installed capacity of 10,000 MT nitrogen. FACT became a Kerala State Public Sector Enterprise on 15 August 1960 and on 21 November 1962; the Government of India became a major Shareholder. FACT engineering works was established on 13 April 1966. Aluminium oxide is also produced in Kalamassery. Apollo Tyres acquired the Premier Tyres plant in Kalamassery. The Hindustan Machine Tools also known as HMT is also located at the hearts of Kalamassery . Merchem and Carborundum Universal Electro-minerals division has its offices at South Kalamassery. Many Vehicle aftersales - service centres like Toyota, Renault, Nissan, Volkswagen, Fiat India Automobiles etc., are located at Kalamassery.The Kerala State Electricity Board or KSEB sub-division is at Kalamassery . The Kochi Metro Casting Yard and Metro Village is located at HMT Colony in Kalamassery . The Science City, Startup Village, KINFRA are at Kalamassery. The Water from Periyar is supplied to Kochi City by Various pipes placed which are managed by the PWD and the Kerala Water Authority.India's first telecom incubation center located in kalamassery.\n", "There are also many small scale industries in Kalamassery like St Antony Industries, Micro Tools, Ambadan Industries, Vellappally Manufacturing Industry, Pottekattu Rubbers Pvt.Ltd, Logiwiz, Bajaj etc. A part of South Kalamassery is as an Industrial area, with small scale industries such as perfume making industries and plastic recycling industries. Many people are engaged in employment through these industries. There are also Kudumbasree associations, employing many women. The Main Headquarters of Vodafone India is at South Kalamassery. The largest shopping mall in India- LuLu International Shopping Mall started in 2013 is at Edapally toll, which is a part of Kalamasserry Municipality.\n", "Kalamassery is home to 2 Kochi Metro stations: \n", "BULLET::::- The Kalamassery Town metro station is located at the Premier Junction in Kalamassery, in front of the Apollo Tyres factory.\n", "BULLET::::- The CUSAT metro station, which is located close to Cochin University of Science and Technology in South Kalamassery.\n", "Section::::Places of interest.\n", "Section::::Places of interest.:Museum of Kerala History.\n", "Museum of Kerala History is situated near Pathadippalam Metro Station. It has representations of 87 figures who shaped the history and culture of Kerala in the last two thousand years. The museum has a collection of 150 dolls, all hand-made and detailed, representing the cultural and ethnic diversity of India. The dolls represent young men and women from Gujarat to Nagaland and from Kashmir to Kanyakumari. The gallery depicts mainly specimens of Indian contemporary art (painting and sculpture) over a period of the last two hundred years. The gallery also displays a mural painting based on the classical Sanskrit drama \"Shakuntalam\" executed in the traditional Kerala. The mural, at 25 feet long and 5 feet wide, is one of the largest in Kerala.\n", "Section::::Kochi Science City.\n", "The Science Park is a project of the Kerala government and is located near the Government Medical College, Kalamassery. It houses various attractions for children including an amphitheatre and a planetarium.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- Cochin Medical College\n", "BULLET::::- Cochin University of Science and Technology\n", "BULLET::::- National University of Advanced Legal Studies\n", "BULLET::::- Model Engineering College\n", "BULLET::::- St. Paul’s College\n", "BULLET::::- Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship\n", "BULLET::::- LBS Centre for Science & Technology\n", "BULLET::::- Rajagiri College of Social Sciences\n", "BULLET::::- Government Polytechnic\n", "BULLET::::- Little Flower Engineering Institute\n", "Section::::Places of worship.\n", "BULLET::::- Thrikkakara Temple\n", "BULLET::::- St. George Orthodox Church, Seaport Airport Road, Kalamassery\n", "BULLET::::- Njalakam Juma Masjid,South Kalamassery\n", "BULLET::::- Hayathul Islam Masjid,Changampuzha Nagar\n", "BULLET::::- Kalamassery Mahaganapathy Temple\n", "BULLET::::- St. Thomas Marthoma Church Kalamassery\n", "BULLET::::- All Saints CSI Church\n", "BULLET::::- St Marys Jacobite Church\n", "BULLET::::- St Jude Knayana Church\n", "BULLET::::- Kavungal Kaavu Shri Durga Bhagavathi Temple Pallilamkara\n", "BULLET::::- Ibrahim Masjid,Mannopilly\n", "BULLET::::- Hidayathul Islam Masjid,Changampuzha Nagar\n", "BULLET::::- St.Joseph's Church Kalamassery (Social Church)\n", "Section::::Residential Projects.\n", "BULLET::::- ABAD Builders Silver Dew is an apartment project in Kalamassery\n", "BULLET::::- Asset Homes Pvt Ltd is a leading builders in Kerala\n", "BULLET::::- Dreamflower Monparadis is a residential flat in Kalamassery\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Koonamthai\n" ] }

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Adams was announced to have been cast in the role of Giselle on November 14, 2005. Although the studio was looking for a film star in the role, director Kevin Lima insisted on casting a lesser-known actress. Out of the 300 or so actresses who auditioned for the role, Adams stood out to Lima because not only did she look like a Disney princess", "Snow White", "Cinderella", "Princess Aurora", "Sleeping Beauty", "Princess Ariel", "The Little Mermaid", "James Marsden", " A narcissistic", "Timothy Spall", " He is a servant of Queen Narissa, who controls him through his infatuation with her and his own lack of self-esteem. He initially does Narissa's bidding, but ultimately realizes her true nature and rebels against her. He has a penchant for disguises. This is the first of two Disney films Timothy Spall has been in, the other was Tim Burton's \"Alice in Wonderland", "Susan Sarandon", " She is Edward's evil stepmother, a sorceress, and a megalomaniac with a hatred for Giselle simply for being an obstacle for her to keep her power. Sarandon had been attracted to the project prior to Lima's involvement as director. Since Sarandon's on-screen time was relatively short, it took only two weeks to film her scenes. Narissa's mannerisms, characteristics, powers, and physical features were inspired by such classical Disney villains", "Evil Queen", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", "Maleficent", "Sleeping Beauty", "Jeff Bennett", "Kevin Lima", " Bennett provided the voice for the hand-drawn animated Pip in the animated segment while Lima provided the voice for the computer-generated Pip in the live-action segment. Pip, a chipmunk", "Fred Tatasciore", "Patrick Dempsey", " A cynical, New York City divorce attorney who does not believe in true love or happily-ever-after, or that Giselle understands his daughter, Morgan. Lima cast Dempsey after Disney was satisfied with the casting of Adams but had wanted more well-known actors in the film. Dempsey, whose starring role on TV series \"Grey's Anatomy", "straight man", "Rachel Covey", "Idina Menzel", " Robert's fiancée. Once Giselle falls in love with Robert, she falls for Edward and leaves with him. Menzel, who is well known for her Broadway musical roles in \"Wicked", "Stephen Schwartz", "Rent", "Lady Tremaine", "Cinderella", "Elsa, the Snow Queen", "Frozen", "Chris Buck", "Tarzan", "cameos", "Paige O'Hara", " A soap opera character. O'Hara provided the voice of Belle", "Beauty and the Beast", "Jodi Benson", " Robert's secretary. Benson provided the voice of Ariel", "The Little Mermaid", "Barbie", "Toy Story 2", "Toy Story 3", "Judy Kuhn", " Kuhn provided the singing voice of the title character", "Pocahontas", "Isiah Whitlock Jr.", " A male client during a divorce case. 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{ "paragraph": [ "Enchanted (film)\n", "Enchanted is a 2007 American live action/animated musical fantasy romantic comedy film, produced by Walt Disney Pictures, Sonnenfeld Productions and Josephson Entertainment. Written by Bill Kelly and directed by Kevin Lima, the film stars Amy Adams, Patrick Dempsey, James Marsden, Timothy Spall, Idina Menzel, Rachel Covey, and Susan Sarandon. The plot focuses on Giselle, an archetypal Disney Princess, who is forced from her traditional animated world of Andalasia into the live-action world of New York City. \"Enchanted\" was the first Disney film to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, instead of Buena Vista Pictures Distribution.\n", "The film is both an homage to, and a self-parody of, Disney's animated features, making numerous references to Disney's past works through the combination of live-action filmmaking, traditional animation, and computer-generated imagery. It marks the return of traditional animation to a Disney feature film after the company's decision to move entirely to computer animation in 2004. Composer Alan Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz, who had written songs for previous Disney films, produced the songs of \"Enchanted\", with Menken also composing its score.\n", "The animation sequences were produced at James Baxter Animation in Pasadena. Filming of the live action segments took place around New York City. It premiered on October 20, 2007, at the London Film Festival before its wide release on November 21, 2007, in the United States. \"Enchanted\" was well-received critically, established Adams as a leading lady, and earned more than $340 million worldwide at the box office. It won three Saturn Awards, including Best Fantasy Film and Best Actress for Adams. \"Enchanted\" also received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three Best Original Song nominations at the 80th Academy Awards. A sequel, titled \"Disenchanted\", is in development.\n", "Section::::Plot.\n", "In the animated fairy tale kingdom of Andalasia, Queen Narissa, queen of Andalasia and a witch, schemes to protect her claim to the throne, which she will lose once her stepson, Prince Edward, finds his true love and marries her. She enlists her loyal henchman Nathaniel to keep Edward distracted. Giselle, a young woman, dreams of meeting a prince and experiencing a \"happy ever after.\" She has made a homemade statue of her true love. Her best chipmunk friend, Pip, and her animal friends of the forest try to put a mouth on her statue. Edward hears Giselle singing and sets off to find her. Nathaniel sets free a captured troll to kill Giselle, but Edward rescues her in time. When they meet, they instantly fall in love and plan to get married the following day.\n", "Disguised as an old hag, Narissa intercepts Giselle on her way to the wedding and pushes her into a well, to New York City, a place where there are no \"happily ever afters\", where she is magically transformed into a 3D live-action version of herself and transported to a manhole in New York City's Times Square. Giselle quickly becomes lost. Meanwhile, Robert, a divorce lawyer, prepares to propose to his longtime girlfriend Nancy, much to the dismay of his daughter Morgan. Robert and Morgan encounter Giselle on their way home, and Robert begrudgingly allows Giselle to stay the night at their apartment at the insistence of Morgan, who trusts Giselle.\n", "Pip had witnessed Giselle's exile and alerted Edward thereafter, and both embark on a rescue mission to the city, where they too are turned into 3D live-action versions, but Pip is instead in the form of a real chipmunk – therefore losing the ability to speak. Narissa sends Nathaniel to follow and impede Edward. In a restaurant, Narissa appears to Nathaniel in a soup pot and gives him three poisoned apples to murder Giselle. Pip eavesdrops but is unable to communicate with Edward, as animals cannot speak outside of Andalasia. Nathaniel keeps Pip silenced by detaining him in various containers. Meanwhile, after Giselle summons vermin to clean Robert's apartment, Nancy arrives to take Morgan to school. She meets Giselle and leaves assuming Robert was unfaithful. Robert is initially upset but spends the day with Giselle, knowing she is vulnerable in the city. Giselle questions Robert about his relationship with Nancy and helps the pair reconcile by sending Nancy an invitation to the \"King and Queen's Costume Ball\" at the Woolworth Building.\n", "Edward locates Giselle at Robert's apartment. While Edward is eager to take Giselle home to Andalasia and finally marry, she suggests that they should first go on a date to get to know each other better, still conflicted about her feelings. Giselle promises to return to Andalasia after ending their date at the ball, which Robert and Nancy also attend. Narissa, who has been spying from Andalasia, decides to follow and kill Giselle herself after Nathaniel failed to poison her twice. Robert and Giselle share a dance with each other and look into each other's eyes, romantically. Giselle and Edward then prepare to leave, but Giselle feels sorrow at leaving Robert behind. Narissa appears as the old hag and offers the last poisoned apple to Giselle, promising \"sweet dreams and happy endings.\" Giselle takes a bite and is rendered unconscious.\n", "Narissa attempts to escape with Giselle's body but is stopped by Edward. Nathaniel, realizing Narissa was using him and never loved him, reveals her plot. Robert realizes that true love's kiss is the only force powerful enough to break the apple's spell. Edward's kiss fails to wake Giselle, and Edward prompts Robert to do so instead. When Robert kisses her just as the clock strikes twelve, Giselle awakens and the whole crowd cheers. Narissa furiously transforms into a giant blue dragon and takes Robert hostage. Giselle takes Edward's sword and pursues Narissa to the top of the building. Pip, who was freed by Edward, helps Giselle send Narissa falling to her death.\n", "A happy new life unfolds for everyone, showing Edward and Nancy fall in love and marrying in Andalasia; Giselle running a successful fashion business; while Nathaniel and Pip each become successful authors about their personal experiences in the real world. Giselle, still in the real world, married Robert and forms a happy family with Robert and Morgan.\n", "Section::::Cast.\n", "Section::::Cast.:Andalasia.\n", "BULLET::::- Amy Adams as Giselle A princess-to-be who ends up almost having her dream of meeting her prince a reality. Adams was announced to have been cast in the role of Giselle on November 14, 2005. Although the studio was looking for a film star in the role, director Kevin Lima insisted on casting a lesser-known actress. Out of the 300 or so actresses who auditioned for the role, Adams stood out to Lima because not only did she look like a Disney princess but her \"commitment to the character, her ability to escape into the character's being without ever judging the character was overwhelming.\" Hailing from Andalasia, Giselle displays similar traits to early Disney Princesses; Lima describes her as \"about 80% Snow White, with some traits borrowed from Cinderella and Princess Aurora from \"Sleeping Beauty\"... although her spunkiness comes from Princess Ariel from \"The Little Mermaid\".\" She is \"eternally optimistic and romantic\" but is also \"very independent and true to her convictions.\" Over the course of the film, she becomes more mature but maintains her innocence and optimism. She later becomes Robert's wife at the end of the film.\n", "BULLET::::- James Marsden as Prince Edward A narcissistic and athletic, yet good-hearted, prince who ends up confused with the world of New York once entering it, and Queen Narissa's stepson. Marsden was announced to have been cast on December 6, 2005. At the time Marsden was auditioning, the role of Robert had not been cast but he decided to pursue the role of Prince Edward because he was \"more fun and he responded more to that character.\" Edward is a prince in Andalasia and the stepson of Narissa. He is \"very pure, very simple-minded and naive, but innocently narcissistic.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Timothy Spall as Nathaniel He is a servant of Queen Narissa, who controls him through his infatuation with her and his own lack of self-esteem. He initially does Narissa's bidding, but ultimately realizes her true nature and rebels against her. He has a penchant for disguises. This is the first of two Disney films Timothy Spall has been in, the other was Tim Burton's \"Alice in Wonderland\" in 2010 where he was the voice of Bayard the Bloodhound.\n", "BULLET::::- Susan Sarandon as Queen Narissa She is Edward's evil stepmother, a sorceress, and a megalomaniac with a hatred for Giselle simply for being an obstacle for her to keep her power. Sarandon had been attracted to the project prior to Lima's involvement as director. Since Sarandon's on-screen time was relatively short, it took only two weeks to film her scenes. Narissa's mannerisms, characteristics, powers, and physical features were inspired by such classical Disney villains as the Evil Queen from \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" and Maleficent from \"Sleeping Beauty\".\n", "BULLET::::- Jeff Bennett and Kevin Lima as Pip Bennett provided the voice for the hand-drawn animated Pip in the animated segment while Lima provided the voice for the computer-generated Pip in the live-action segment. Pip, a chipmunk friend of Giselle who has no trouble expressing himself through speech in Andalasia, loses his ability to speak in the real world and must communicate by acting.\n", "BULLET::::- Fred Tatasciore as the Troll br He is a creature from Andalasia who tries to eat Giselle.\n", "Section::::Cast.:Real world.\n", "BULLET::::- Patrick Dempsey as Robert Philip A cynical, New York City divorce attorney who does not believe in true love or happily-ever-after, or that Giselle understands his daughter, Morgan. Lima cast Dempsey after Disney was satisfied with the casting of Adams but had wanted more well-known actors in the film. Dempsey, whose starring role on TV series \"Grey's Anatomy\" had earned him the nickname \"McDreamy,\" was described by Lima as \"a modern-day Prince Charming to today's audience.\" The role was challenging for Dempsey because he had to play the straight man to Adams' and Marsden's more outrageous characters.\n", "BULLET::::- Rachel Covey as Morgan br She is Robert's six-year-old daughter. Despite her father misunderstanding her and telling her otherwise, she believes in fairy tales and also believes that magic exists.\n", "BULLET::::- Idina Menzel as Nancy Tremaine Robert's fiancée. Once Giselle falls in love with Robert, she falls for Edward and leaves with him. Menzel, who is well known for her Broadway musical roles in \"Wicked\" (whose composer, Stephen Schwartz, wrote the lyrics to the film's songs) and \"Rent\", was offered the role of Nancy Tremaine. Since the role did not require any singing, Menzel said in an interview that \"it was a compliment to be asked to just be hired on my acting talents alone.\" Nancy is a fashion designer and Robert's girlfriend. She is named after Lady Tremaine, the stepmother from \"Cinderella\". Menzel went on to play Elsa, the Snow Queen in \"Frozen\", during which she worked with director Chris Buck, who previously directed \"Tarzan\" with Lima in 1999. She also becomes Edward's wife at the film's ending.\n", "Several actresses/actors who have played characters in Disney films have cameos:\n", "BULLET::::- Paige O'Hara as Angela A soap opera character. O'Hara provided the voice of Belle in \"Beauty and the Beast\".\n", "BULLET::::- Jodi Benson as Sam Robert's secretary. Benson provided the voice of Ariel in \"The Little Mermaid\"; she also voiced the various Barbie dolls in \"Toy Story 2\" and \"Toy Story 3\".*\n", "BULLET::::- Judy Kuhn as Pregnant Woman with Kids (uncredited) Kuhn provided the singing voice of the title character in \"Pocahontas\" and its .\n", "BULLET::::- Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Mr. Banks A male client during a divorce case. Isiah later appeared in the 2016 remake of \"Pete's Dragon\" as Sheriff Dentler.\n", "BULLET::::- Jon McLaughlin as Ballroom singer He sings \"So Close\" at the ball while Robert and Giselle dance together as do Edward and Nancy.\n", "Section::::Cast.:Other.\n", "BULLET::::- Julie Andrews as the Narrator Andrews played the title character in \"Mary Poppins\" as well as appearing in \"The Princess Diaries\" series as Queen Clarisse Renaldi.\n", "Section::::Production.\n", "Section::::Production.:Development.\n", "The initial script of \"Enchanted\", written by Bill Kelly, was bought by Disney's Touchstone Pictures and Sonnenfeld/Josephson Productions for a reported sum of $450,000 in September 1997. The script was written for three years, but it was thought to be unsuitable for Walt Disney Pictures because it was \"a racier R-rated movie\", inspired by the adult-risque comedy movies in the 1980s and 1990s such as \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High\" and \"American Pie\". The first draft of the script had Giselle being mistaken for a stripper when she arrives in New York City. To the frustration of Kelly, the screenplay was rewritten several times, first by Rita Hsiao and then by Todd Alcott. The film was initially scheduled to be released in 2002 with Rob Marshall as director but he withdrew due to \"creative differences\" between the producers and him. In 2001, director Jon Turteltaub was set to direct the film but he left soon after, later working with Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer on the \"National Treasure\" franchise. Adam Shankman became the film's director in 2003, while Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle were hired by Disney to rewrite the script once again. At the time, Disney considered offering the role of Giselle to Kate Hudson or Reese Witherspoon. However, the project did not take off.\n", "On May 25, 2005, \"Variety\" reported that Kevin Lima had been hired as director and Bill Kelly had returned to the project to write a new version of the script. Lima worked with Kelly on the script to combine the main plot of \"Enchanted\" with the idea of a \"loving homage\" to Disney's heritage. He created visual storyboard printouts that covered the story of \"Enchanted\" from beginning to end, which filled an entire floor of a production building. After Lima showed them to Dick Cook, the chairman of the Walt Disney Studios, he received the green light for the project and a budget of $85 million. Lima began designing the world of Andalasia and storyboarding the movie before a cast was chosen to play the characters. After the actors were hired, he was involved in making the final design of the movie, which made sure the animated characters look like their real-life counterparts.\n", "Section::::Production.:Filming.\n", "\"Enchanted\" is the first feature-length Disney live-action/traditional animation hybrid since Disney's \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\" in 1988, though the traditionally animated characters do not interact in the live-action environment in the same method as they did in \"Roger Rabbit\"; however, there are some scenes where live-action characters share the screen with two-dimensional animated characters, for example, a live-action Nathaniel communicating with a cel-drawn Narissa, who is in a cooking pot. The film uses two aspect ratios; it begins in 2.35:1 when the Walt Disney Pictures logo and \"Enchanted\" storybook are shown, and then switches to a smaller 1.85:1 aspect ratio for the first animated sequence. The film switches back to 2.35:1 when it becomes live-action and never switches back, even for the remainder of the animated sequences. When this movie was aired on televised networks, the beginning of the movie (minus the logo and opening credits) was shown in the pillarboxed 4:3 aspect ratio; the remainder of the movie was shown in the 16:9 aspect ratio when it becomes live-action. Lima oversaw the direction of both the live-action and animation sequences, which were being produced at the same time. \"Enchanted\" took almost two years to complete. The animation took about a year to finish while the live-action scenes, which commenced filming on location in New York City during the summer of 2006 and were completed during the animation process, were shot in 72 days.\n", "Section::::Production.:Filming.:Animation.\n", "Out of the film's 107 minutes of running time, ten of the approximately 13 minutes of animation are at the beginning of the film. Lima tried to \"cram every single piece of Disney iconic imagery\" that he could into the first ten minutes, which were done in traditional cel animation (in contrast to computer-generated 3-D animation) as a tribute to past Disney fairy tale films such as \"Sleeping Beauty\", \"Cinderella\", and \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\". It was the first Disney film theatrically released in America to feature traditional cel animation since \"Pooh's Heffalump Movie\" (2005). This film, although quite different in terms of plot from any previous Disney film, also contained obvious homages to other Disney films of the distant past, such as \"Old Yeller\", \"The Shaggy Dog\", \"Swiss Family Robinson\", \"Bon Voyage!\", and \"Savage Sam\". As most of Disney's traditional animation artists were laid off after the computer graphics boom of the late 1990s, the 13 minutes of animation were not done in-house but by the independent Pasadena-based company James Baxter Animation, founded by former Disney animator Baxter.\n", "Although Lima wanted the animation to be nostalgic, he wanted \"Enchanted\" to have a style of its own. Baxter's team decided to use Art Nouveau as a starting point. For Giselle, the hand-drawn animated character had to be \"a cross between Amy Adams and a classic Disney princess. And not a caricature.\" Seeing Giselle as \"a forest girl, an innocent nymph with flowers in her hair\" and \"a bit of a hippie\", the animators wanted her to be \"flowing, with her hair and clothes. Delicate.\" For Prince Edward, Baxter's team \"worked the hardest on him to make him look like the actor\" because princes \"in these kinds of movies are usually so bland.\" Many prototypes were made for Narissa as Baxter's team wanted her face to \"look like Susan Sarandon. And the costumes had to align closely to the live-action design.\"\n", "To maintain continuity between the two media, Lima brought in costume designer Mona May during the early stages of the film's production so the costumes would be aligned in both the animated and live-action worlds. He also shot some live-action footage of Amy Adams as Giselle for the animators to use as reference, which also allowed the physical movement of the character to match in both worlds. Test scenes completed by the animators were shown to the actors, allowing them to see how their animated selves would move.\n", "Section::::Production.:Filming.:Live-action.\n", "Principal photography began in April 2006 and ended in July 2006. Because of the sequence setting, the live action scenes were filmed in New York City. However, shooting in New York became problematic as it was in a \"constant state of new stores, scaffolding and renovation\".\n", "The first scene in New York, which features Giselle emerging from a manhole in the middle of Times Square, was filmed on location in the center of the square. Because of the difficulties in controlling the crowd while filming in Times Square, general pedestrians were featured in the scene with hired extras placed in the immediate foreground. Similarly, a crowd gathered to watch as James Marsden and Timothy Spall filmed their scenes in Times Square. However, the scene Lima found the most challenging to shoot was the musical number, \"That's How You Know\", in Central Park. The five-minute scene took 17 days to finish due to the changing weather, which allowed only seven sunny days for the scene to be filmed. The filming was also hampered at times by Patrick Dempsey's fans. The scene was choreographed by John O'Connell, who had worked on \"Moulin Rouge!\" beforehand, and included 300 extras and 150 dancers.\n", "Many scenes were filmed at Steiner Studios, which provided the three large stages that \"Enchanted\" needed at the same facility. Other outdoor locations included the Brooklyn Bridge and The Paterno, an apartment building with a curved, heavily embellished, ivory-colored façade located on the corner of Riverside Drive and 116th Street, which is the residence of the film's characters Robert and Morgan.\n", "Section::::Production.:Costume design.\n", "All the costumes in the film were designed by Mona May, who had previously worked on \"Clueless\", \"The Wedding Singer,\" and \"The Haunted Mansion\". To create the costumes, May spent one year in pre-production working with animators and her costume department of 20 people, while she contracted with five outside costume shops in Los Angeles and New York City. She became involved in the project during the time when the animators were designing the faces and bodies of the characters as they had to \"translate the costumes from two-dimensional drawings to live-action human proportion\". Her goal was to keep the designs \"Disneyesque to the core but bring a little bit of fashion in there and humor and make it something new\". However, May admitted this was difficult \"because they're dealing with iconic Disney characters who have been in the psyche of the viewing audience for so long\".\n", "For the character of Giselle, her journey to becoming a real woman is reflected in her dresses, which become less fairy tale–like as the film progresses. Her wedding dress at the beginning of the film directly contrasts her modern gown at the end of the film. The wedding dress served to provide a \"humongous contrast to the flat drawings\" and to accentuate the image of a Disney Princess. In order to make the waist look small, the sleeves are designed to be \"extremely pouffy\" and the skirt to be as big as possible, which included a metal hoop that holds up 20 layers of petticoats and ruffles. Altogether, eleven versions of the dress are made for filming, each made of 200 yards (183 m) of silk satin and other fabric, and weighing approximately 40 pounds (18 kg). On the experience of wearing the wedding dress, Amy Adams described it as \"grueling\" since \"the entire weight was on her hips, so occasionally it felt like she was in traction\".\n", "Unlike Giselle, Prince Edward does not adapt to the real world and James Marsden, who plays Edward, had only one costume designed for him. May's aim was to try \"not to lose Marsden in the craziness of the outfit... where he still looks handsome\". The costume also included padding in the chest, buttocks, and crotch, which gave Marsden the \"same exaggerated proportions as an animated character\" and \"posture – his back is straight, the sleeves are up and never collapse\".\n", "May was delighted that Lima \"went for something more fashion-forward\" with Susan Sarandon's Queen Narissa. She decided to make her look like a \"runway lady\", wearing something that is \"still Disney\" but also \"high fashion, like something John Galliano or Thierry Mugler might design\". Since Narissa appears in three media: hand drawn animation, live-action, and computer animation, May had to make sure that the costume would be the same throughout in terms of \"color, shape, and texture\". The costume for Narissa consisted of a leather corset and skirt, which looked \"reptilian\", as well as a cape. Working with the animators, May incorporated parts of the dragon's form into the costume; the cape was designed to look like wings, the layers of the skirt wrap around like a tail and a crown that would turn into horns during Narissa's transformation into a dragon.\n", "Section::::Production.:Music.\n", "The film's score was written by accomplished songwriter and composer Alan Menken, who has worked on a number of Disney films previously. Fellow composer Stephen Schwartz wrote the lyrics for six songs, also composed by Menken. Menken and Schwartz previously worked together on the songs for \"Pocahontas\" and \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\".\n", "Menken became involved with the film in the early stages of the film's development and invited Schwartz to resume their collaboration. They began the songwriting process by searching for the right moments in the story in which a song moment was allowed. Schwartz found that it was easier to justify situations in which the characters would burst into songs in \"Enchanted\" than in other live-action musicals as its concept \"allowed the characters to sing in a way that was completely integral to the plot of the story.\" The three songs Giselle sings contain references to earlier Disney films. The first song played in the film, \"True Love's Kiss\", was written to be \"a send-up of, and an homage to, the style of those Disney animated features\", namely, \"I'm Wishing\" (\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\") and \"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" (\"Cinderella\"), during which Disney heroines sing about the joy of being loved. It posed a challenge for Menken and Schwartz because of the \"many preconceptions with that number\"; it had to be reflective of the era of \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" and \"Cinderella\". Accordingly, Amy Adams performed the first song in an operetta style in contrast to the Broadway style of the later songs.\n", "Both \"Happy Working Song\" and \"That's How You Know\" also pay tributes to past Disney songs. \"Happy Working Song\" pays a lyrical homage to such songs as \"Whistle While You Work\" (\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\"), \"The Work Song\" (\"Cinderella\"), \"A Spoonful of Sugar\" (\"Mary Poppins\") and \"Making Christmas\" (\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\"), and a musical homage to the Sherman Brothers (with a self-parodic \"Alan Menken style\" middle eight). \"That's How You Know\" is a self-parody of Menken's compositions for his Disney features, specifically such big production numbers as \"Under the Sea\" (\"The Little Mermaid\") and \"Be Our Guest\" (\"Beauty and the Beast\"). To achieve this, Schwartz admitted he had to \"push it a little bit further in terms of choices of words or certain lyrics\" while maintaining \"the classic Walt Disney sensibility\". However, Menken noted that the songs he has written for Disney have always been \"a little tongue-in-cheek\". As the film progresses, the music uses more contemporary styles, which is heard through the adult ballad \"So Close\" and the country/pop number \"Ever Ever After\" (sung by Carrie Underwood as a voice-over).\n", "Out of the six completed songs written and composed by Menken and Schwartz, five remained in the finished film. The title song, \"Enchanted,\" a duet featuring Idina Menzel and James Marsden, was the only song of Menken's and Schwartz's authorship and composition that was deleted from the movie.\n", "Section::::Production.:Effects.\n", "The majority of the visual effects shots in \"Enchanted\" were done by Tippett Studio in Berkeley, California, who contributed a total of 320 shots. These shots involved virtual sets, environmental effects and CG characters that performed alongside real actors, namely the animated animals during the \"Happy Working Song\" sequence, Pip and the Narissa dragon during the live-action portions of the film. CIS Hollywood was responsible for 36 visual effects shots, which primarily dealt with wire removals and composites. Reel FX Creative Studios did four visual effects shots involving the pop-up book page-turn transitions while Weta Digital did two.\n", "Out of all the animals that appear in the \"Happy Working Song\" sequence, the only real animals filmed on set were rats and pigeons. The real animals captured on film aided Tippett Studio in creating CG rats and pigeons, which gave dynamic performances such as having pigeons that carried brooms in their beaks and rats that scrubbed with toothbrushes. On the other hand, all the cockroaches were CG characters.\n", "Pip, a chipmunk who can talk in the 2D world of Andalasia, loses his ability to communicate through speech in the real world so he must rely heavily on facial and body gestures. This meant the animators had to display Pip's emotions through performance as well as making him appear like a real chipmunk. The team at Tippett began the process of animating Pip by observing live chipmunks which were filmed in motion from \"every conceivable angle\", after which they created a photorealistic chipmunk through the use of 3D computer graphics software, Maya and Furrocious. When visual effects supervisor Thomas Schelesny showed the first animation of Pip to director Kevin Lima, he was surprised that he was a looking at a CG character and not reference footage. To enhance facial expressions, the modelers gave Pip eyebrows, which real chipmunks do not have. During the filming of scenes in which Pip appears, a number of ways were used to indicate the physical presence of Pip. On some occasions, a small stuffed chipmunk with a wire armature on the inside was placed in the scene. In other situations, a rod with a small marker on the end or a laser pointer would be used to show the actors and cinematographer where Pip is.\n", "Unlike Pip, the Narissa dragon was allowed to be more of a fantasy character while still looking like a living character and a classic Disney villain. The CG dragon design was loosely based on a traditional Chinese dragon and Susan Sarandon's live-action witch. When filming the scene which sees the transformation of Narissa from a woman into a dragon, a long pole was used to direct the extras' eyelines instead of a laser pointer. Set pieces were made to move back and forth in addition to having a computer-controlled lighting setup and a repeatable head on the camera that were all synchronized. In the film's final sequence, in which Narissa climbs the Woolworth Building while clutching Robert in her claws, a greenscreen rig was built to hold Patrick Dempsey in order to film his face and movements. The rig was a \"puppeteering\" approach that involved a robotic arm being controlled by three different floor effects artists.\n", "Section::::Release.\n", "The film was distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to 3,730 theaters in the United States. It was distributed worldwide by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures International to over 50 territories around the world and topped the box office in several countries including the United Kingdom and Italy. It is the first movie to be released under the Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures name following the retirement of the previous Buena Vista Pictures Distribution.\n", "Section::::Release.:Merchandising.\n", "Disney had originally planned to add Giselle to the Disney Princess line-up, as was shown at a 2007 Toy Fair where the Giselle doll was featured with packaging declaring her with Disney Princess status, but decided against it when they realized they would have to pay for lifelong rights to Amy Adams' image. While Giselle is not being marketed as one of the Disney Princesses, \"Enchanted\" merchandise was made available in various outlets with Adams' animated likeness being used on all Giselle merchandise. Giselle led the 2007 Hollywood Holly-Day Parade at Disney's Hollywood Studios. She was also featured in the 2007 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade in the Magic Kingdom with the official Disney Princesses.\n", "A video game based on the film was released for Nintendo DS and mobile phones in addition to a Game Boy Advance title, \"Enchanted: Once Upon Andalasia\", which is a prequel to the film, about Giselle and Pip rescuing Andalasia from a magic spell.\n", "Section::::Release.:Home media.\n", "\"Enchanted\" was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on March 18, 2008, in the United States. While \"Enchanted\" topped the DVD sales chart on the week of its release in the United States, narrowly defeating the DVD sales of \"I Am Legend\", the Blu-ray Disc sales of \"I Am Legend\" were nearly four times the number of Blu-ray Disc sales of \"Enchanted\". The DVD was released in United Kingdom and Europe on April 7, 2008, and in Australia on May 21, 2008.\n", "The bonus features included on both the DVD and Blu-ray Disc are \"Fantasy Comes to Life\", a three-part behind-the-scenes feature including \"Happy Working Song\", \"That's How You Know\" and \"A Blast at the Ball\"; six deleted scenes with brief introductions by director Kevin Lima; bloopers; \"Pip's Predicament: A Pop-Up Adventure\", a short in pop-up storybook style; and Carrie Underwood's music video for \"Ever Ever After\". Featured on the Blu-ray disc only is a trivia game titled \"The D Files\" that runs throughout the movie with high scoring players given access to videos \"So Close\", \"Making Ever Ever After\" and \"True Love's Kiss\". In the United States, certain DVDs at Target stores contain a bonus DVD with a 30-minute-long making-of documentary titled \"Becoming Enchanted: A New Classic Comes True\". This DVD is also sold with certain DVDs at HMV stores in the United Kingdom.\n", "Section::::Reception.\n", "Section::::Reception.:Box office performance.\n", "\"Enchanted\" earned $8 million on the day of its release in the United States, placing at #1. It was also placed at #1 on Thanksgiving Day, earning $6.7 million to bring its two-day total to $14.6 million. The film grossed $14.4 million on the following day, bringing its total haul to $29.0 million placing ahead of other contenders. \"Enchanted\" made $34.4 million on the Friday-Sunday period in 3,730 theaters for a per location average of $9,472 and $49.1 million over the five-day Thanksgiving holiday in 3,730 theaters for a per location average of $13,153. Its earnings over the five-day holiday exceeded projections by $7 million. Ranking as the second-highest Thanksgiving opening after \"Toy Story 2\", which earned $80.1 million over the five-day holiday in 1999, \"Enchanted\" is the first film to open at #1 on the Thanksgiving frame in the 21st century.\n", "In its second weekend, \"Enchanted\" was also the #1 film, grossing a further $16.4 million at 3,730 locations for a per theater average of $4,397. It dropped to #2 in its third weekend, with a gross of $10.7 million in 3,520 theaters for a per theater average of $3,042. It finished its fourth weekend at #4 with a gross of $5.5 million in 3,066 locations for a per theater average of $1,804. \"Enchanted\" earned a gross of $127.8 million in the United States and Canada as well a total of $340.5 million worldwide. It was the 15th highest-grossing film worldwide released in 2007.\n", "Section::::Reception.:Critical response.\n", ", the movie review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes had tallied the film at an overall 93% approval rating based on 189 reviews with an average score of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads: \"A smart re-imagining of fairy tale tropes that's sure to delight children and adults, \"Enchanted\" features witty dialogue, sharp animation, and a star turn by Amy Adams.\" Metacritic gave it a rating of 75 out of 100 based on 32 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes ranked the film as the ninth best reviewed film in wide release of 2007 and named it the best family film of 2007.\n", "Positive reviews praised the film's take on a classic Disney story, its comedy and musical numbers as well as the performance of its lead actress, Amy Adams. Roger Ebert of \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film three stars out of four, describing it as a \"heart-winning musical comedy that skips lightly and sprightly from the lily pads of hope to the manhole covers of actuality\" and one that \"has a Disney willingness to allow fantasy into life\". Film critics of \"Variety\" and \"LA Weekly\" remarked on the film's ability to cater for all ages. \"LA Weekly\" described the film as \"the sort of buoyant, all-ages entertainment that Hollywood has been laboring to revive in recent years (most recently with \"Hairspray\") but hasn't managed to get right until now\" while Todd McCarthy of \"Variety\" commented, \"More than Disney's strictly animated product, \"Enchanted\", in the manner of the vast majority of Hollywood films made until the '60s, is a film aimed at the entire population – niches be damned. It simply aims to please, without pandering, without vulgarity, without sops to pop-culture fads, and to pull this off today is no small feat.\" \"Enchanted\" was the Broadcast Film Critics Association's choice for Best Family Film of 2007 while Carrie Rickey of \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\" named it the 4th best film of 2007.\n", "\"Rolling Stone\", \"Premiere\", \"USA Today\", and \"The Boston Globe\" all gave the film three out of four, while \"Baltimore Sun\" gave the film a B grade. They cited that although the story is relatively predictable, the way in which the predictability of the film is part of the story, the amazingly extravagant musical numbers, along with the way in which Disney pokes fun at its traditional line of animated movies outweighs any squabbles about storyline or being unsure of what age bracket the film is made for. Michael Sragow of \"Baltimore Sun\" remarked that the film's \"piquant idea and enough good jokes to overcome its uneven movie-making and uncertain tone\", while Claudia Puig of \"USA Today\" stated that \"though it's a fairly predictable fish-out-of-water tale (actually a princess-out-of-storybook saga), the casting is so perfect that it takes what could have been a ho-hum idea and renders it magical.\"\n", "Amy Adams herself garnered many favorable reviews. Reviewers praised her singing ability and asserted that her performance, which was compared by some to her Academy Award-nominated performance in \"Junebug\", has made Adams a movie star, likening it to \"Mary Poppins\" effect on Julie Andrews' career. Similarly, film critics Richard Roeper and Michael Phillips, who gave the film positive reviews on \"At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper\", emphasized the effect of Adams' performance on the film with remarks like \"Amy Adams is this movie\" and \"Amy Adams shows how to make a comic cliché work like magic.\" However, both agreed that the final sequence involving the computer-generated dragon \"bogged down\" the film.\n", "\"Empire\" stated that the film was targeted at children but agreed with other reviewers that the \"extremely game cast\" was the film's best asset. It gave the film three out of five. \"TIME\" gave the film a C-, stating that the film \"cannibalizes Walt's vault for jokes\" and \"fails to find a happy ending that doesn't feel two-dimensional\". Similarly, Peter Bradshaw of \"The Guardian\" commented that the film \"assumes a beady-eyed and deeply humourless sentimentality\" and that Adams' performance was the \"only decent thing in this overhyped family movie covered in a cellophane shrink-wrap of corporate Disney plastic-ness\". Bradshaw gave the film two out of five.\n", "Section::::Disney references.\n", "According to director Kevin Lima, \"thousands\" of references are made to past and future works of Disney in \"Enchanted\", which serve as both a parody of and a \"giant love letter to Disney classics\". It took almost eight years for Walt Disney Studios to greenlight the production of the film because it \"was always quite nervous about the tone in particular\". As Lima worked with Bill Kelly, the writer, to inject Disney references to the plot, it became \"an obsession\"; he derived the name of every character as well as anything that needed a name from past Disney films to bring in more Disney references.\n", "While Disney animators have occasionally inserted a Disney character into background shots – for example, Donald Duck appears in a crowd in \"The Little Mermaid\" – they have avoided \"mingling characters\" from other Disney films for fear of weakening their individual mythologies. In \"Enchanted\", characters from past Disney films are openly seen, such as the appearances of Thumper and Flower from \"Bambi\" in the 2D animation portion of the film. Disney references are also made through camera work, sets, costumes, music and dialogue. Obvious examples include the use of poisoned apples from \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" and True Love's Kiss from \"Snow White\" and \"Sleeping Beauty\". Dick Cook, the chairman of Walt Disney Studios, admitted that part of the goal of \"Enchanted\" was to create a new franchise (through the character of Giselle) and to revive the older ones.\n", "Section::::Sequel.\n", "In February 2010, \"Variety\" reported that Walt Disney Pictures planned to film a sequel with Barry Josephson and Barry Sonnenfeld producing again. Jessie Nelson was attached to write the screenplay and Anne Fletcher to direct. Disney hoped the cast members from the first film would return and for a release as early as 2011.\n", "On January 12, 2011, composer Alan Menken was asked about the sequel in an interview. His reply was, \"I've heard things but there's nothing yet. I don't know much about what's happening with that. Honestly, I don't know what the studio wants to do next. I presume there will be some future projects for me to work on. I love doing that, I really do. But I'm not frustrated that it isn't one of them. At the moment I have a lot of stage things happening and I'm busy enough with that, so I really don't need more on my plate.\"\n", "On March 28, 2011, in an interview for his latest film, \"Hop\", James Marsden was asked about the sequel.\n", ", Disney had hired screenwriters J. David Stem and David N. Weiss to write a script for a sequel and also hired Fletcher to direct the film. In October 2016, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" reported that Adam Shankman, who was originally set to direct \"Enchanted\", entered negotiations to direct the sequel, titled \"Disenchanted\", and that Adams would reprise her role with filming originally scheduled to begin in summer 2017. In January 2018, Shankman stated that the sequel's script would be finished within a couple of weeks and the next step would be to get the music written. He also went on to say that the film would feature more songs than the original but the same amount of animation. Two months later, Shankman announced that Menken and Stephen Schwartz would return to write songs for the film.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "2007 film directed by Kevin Lima", "enwikiquote_title": "Enchanted (2007 film)", "wikidata_id": "Q490464", "wikidata_label": "Enchanted", "wikipedia_title": "Enchanted (film)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Beijing East railway station\n", "Beijingdong (Beijing East) railway station () is a railway station in Chaoyang District, Beijing. The station is located near Sihui.\n", "Section::::Schedules.\n", "A scheduled double-decker passenger train between Chengde and Handan (Y512/513, Y514/511) stop at the station every day.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Our Lady of the Rosary\n", "Our Lady of the Rosary, also known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, is a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary in relation to the Rosary.\n", "The Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary, formerly known as Our Lady of Victory and Feast of the Holy Rosary, is a feast day of the Roman Catholic Church, celebrated on 7 October, the anniversary of the decisive victory of the combined fleet of the Holy League of 1571 over the Ottoman navy at the Battle of Lepanto.\n", "Section::::Our Lady of the Rosary.\n", "According to Dominican tradition, in 1206, St. Dominic was in Prouille, France, attempting to convert the Albigensians back to the Catholic faith. The young priest had little success until one day he received a vision of the Blessed Virgin, who gave him the Rosary as a tool against heretics. While Mary's giving the rosary to St. Dominic is generally acknowledged as a legend, the development of this prayer form owes much to the followers of St. Dominic, including the 15th-century priest and teacher, Alanus de Rupe.\n", "Section::::Our Lady of Victory.\n", "In 1571, Pope Pius V organized a coalition of forces from Spain and smaller Christian kingdoms, republics and military orders, to rescue Christian outposts in Cyprus, particularly the Venetian outpost at Famagusta which, however, surrendered after a long siege on August 1 before the Christian forces set sail. On October 7, 1571, the Holy League, a coalition of southern European Catholic maritime states, sailed from Messina, Sicily, and met a powerful Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Lepanto. Knowing that the Christian forces were at a distinct materiel disadvantage, the holy pontiff, Pope Pius V, called for all of Europe to pray the Rosary for victory, and led a rosary procession in Rome.\n", "After about five hours of fighting on the northern edge of the Gulf of Corinth, off western Greece, the combined navies of the Papal States, Venice and Spain managed to stop the Ottoman navy, slowing the Ottoman advance to the west and denying them access to the Atlantic Ocean and the Americas. If the Ottomans had won then there was a real possibility that an invasion of Italy could have followed so that the Ottoman sultan, already claiming to be emperor of the Romans, would have been in possession of both New and Old Rome. Combined with the unfolding events in Morocco where the Sa’adids successfully spurned the Ottoman advances, it confined Turkish naval power to the eastern Mediterranean. Although the Ottoman Empire was able to build more ships, it never fully recovered from the loss of trained sailors and marines, and was never again the Mediterranean naval power it had become the century before when Constantinople fell.\n", "Section::::Feast day.\n", "Pius V instituted \"Our Lady of Victory\" as an annual feast to commemorate the victory at Lepanto, which he attributed to the Blessed Virgin Mary.\n", "Dedications to Our Lady of Victory had preceded this papal declaration. In particular, Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester built the first shrine dedicated to Our Lady of Victory in thanks for the Catholic victory over the Albigensians at the Battle of Muret on September 12, 1213. In thanksgiving for victory at the Battle of Bouvines in July 1214, Philip Augustus of France founded the Abbey of Notre Dame de la Victoire, between Senlis and Mont l'Evêque.\n", "In 1573, Pope Gregory XIII changed the title of the \"Feast of Our Lady of Victory\" to \"Feast of the Holy Rosary\", to be celebrated on the first Sunday of October. Dominican friar Juan Lopez in his 1584 book on the rosary states that the feast of the rosary was offered \"in memory and in perpetual gratitude of the miraculous victory that the Lord gave to his Christian people that day against the Turkish armada\".\n", "In 1671 the observance of this festival was extended by Clement X to the whole of Spain, and somewhat later Clement XI, after the victory over the Turks gained by Prince Eugene in the Battle of Petrovaradin on 5 August 1716 (the feast of Our Lady of the Snows), commanded the feast of the Rosary to be celebrated by the universal Church.\n", "Leo XIII raised the feast to the rank of a double of the second class and added to the Litany of Loreto the invocation \"Queen of the Most Holy Rosary\". On this feast, in every church in which the Rosary confraternity has been duly erected, a plenary indulgence \"toties quoties\" is granted upon certain conditions to all who visit therein the Rosary chapel or statue of Our Lady. This has been called the \"Portiuncula\" of the Rosary.\n", "Pius X in 1913 changed the date to 7 October, as part of his effort to restore celebration of the liturgy of the Sundays. \n", "In 1960 under Pope John XXIII it is listed under the title \"Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Rosary\"; and under the 1969 liturgical reforms of Pope Paul VI \"Our Lady of the Rosary\" is mentioned as a mandatory memorial.\n", "Section::::Patronage.\n", "Our Lady of the Rosary is the patron saint of several places around the world. The diocese of Malaga, Spain (which, however celebrates her patronage on September 8), and the Spanish cities of Melilla and Trujillo celebrate Our Lady of Victories as their patroness. Furthermore, \"María del Rosario\" is a common female Spanish name (colloquially abbreviated to \"Rosario\" or \"Charo\"). \"Rosario\" can also be used as a male first name, particularly in Italian. The cathedral for the Diocese of Toledo in Toledo, Ohio is named after Our Lady Of the Rosary.\n", "Section::::Patronage.:Churches named for Our Lady of the Rosary.\n", "BULLET::::- The Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary in the Sanctuary of Fátima (or Marian Shrine of Our Lady of Fátima) in Cova da Iria, in the city of Fátima, Portugal, is a major world famous Catholic temple dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of \"The Lady of the Rosary\".\n", "The cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary is located in Duluth, Minnesota. The cathedral church of the Diocese of San Bernardino, California, is also named in honor of Our Lady of the Rosary. The church of Our Lady of the Rosary on State Street in New York City began in 1883 as the Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary for the protection of Irish immigrant girls; it houses the shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Seton. A new Sanctuary was erected in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina in honor of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás and apparitions and locations were approved \"worthy of belief\" by the local ordinary in May 2006. Our Lady of the Rosary church is in Jashpur, Chhattisgarh, India. It is the second largest church in Asia, by seating capacity which can accommodate 10,000 worshippers.\n", "Section::::Patronage.:Churches named for Our Lady of Victory.\n", "Although the title Our Lady of Victory has been superseded to some extent by that of Our Lady of the Rosary, the former is still in popular use at a number of parishes and schools.\n", "BULLET::::- Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris is an historic Marian shrine and place of pilgrimage. Augustinian friars built it in 1629 with financial assistance from Louis XIII, who named the church Notre-Dame des Victoires in gratitude for the victory of French forces over the Huguenots at the Siege of La Rochelle (1627-8).\n", "BULLET::::- The Church of Our Lady of Victory (\"Kostel Panny Marie Vítězné\") in Prague, housing the 16th-century Infant Jesus of Prague.\n", "BULLET::::- Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, San Francisco was founded in 1856 to serve French Catholic immigrants to California. In 1887, Pope Leo signed the decree putting l'Eglise Notre Dame des Victoires in charge of the Marists, and making it a French National Church. The church was rebuilt in 1915 after the earthquake and fire of 1906, and was declared an historical landmark in 1984.\n", "BULLET::::- Our Lady of Victory National Shrine and Basilica is located in Lackawanna, New York. Our Lady of Victory is the cathedral church for the Diocese of Victoria, Texas.\n", "BULLET::::- The church of Our Lady of Victory, also known as the War Memorial Church, in the financial district of Manhattan, New York City, was dedicated to Our Lady of Victory by Francis Cardinal Spellman, archbishop of New York and apostolic vicar for the U.S. Armed Forces on June 23, 1947 \" ... in Thanksgiving for Victory won by our valiant dead, our soldiers' blood, our country’s tears, shed to defend men’s rights and win back men’s hearts to God.\"\n", "BULLET::::- The chapel at St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota, is named for Our Lady of Victory, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.\n", "BULLET::::- St. Mary of Victories Hungarian Catholic Church is located in St. Louis, Missouri. St. Mary's was built in 1843, and is the second oldest Catholic Church within the city limits. Originally home to German immigrants, the parish became home to the Hungarian Community in 1957 and is the official Hungarian Church for the Archdiocese of St. Louis.\n", "BULLET::::- Our Lady of Victories, Kensington is located in London, England. The Church was at one point the Pro-Cathedral in the Archdiocese of Westminster, and was heavily bombed in World War II.\n", "BULLET::::- The Chapel of Our Lady of Victory, an abandoned 18th-century chapel located in São Francisco do Conde, Bahia, Brazil\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Churches named for the Rosary\n", "BULLET::::- Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila, a statue venerated in the Philippines\n", "BULLET::::- Information on the feast day of Our Lady of the Rosary\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kind of Like Spitting\n", "Kind of Like Spitting is an American indie rock band. They formed in 1996 in Portland, Oregon. The band is led by singer-songwriter Ben Barnett, whose work has drawn comparisons to Elliott Smith, Mark Eitzel, Billy Bragg, and Robert Pollard.\n", "Over the next decade, Kind of Like Spitting regularly toured in the US, sometimes with David Jerkovich of Novi Split or a backing band. Kind of Like Spitting released twelve albums in seven years. In the UK, the track \"Birds of a Feather\" was picked up and played by BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, but didn't get regular airplay. The band announced a break-up in 2006 for personal reasons.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "In July 1998 the band released a self-titled EP through Hush Records. In April 2000 \"You Secretly Want Me Dead\" was released.\n", "Barnett has been involved in other musical projects, including The Thermals in 2002–2003. Since 2007, Barnett has taught music at the Paul Green School of Rock in Seattle. Barnett was also part of the band Blunt Mechanic, which released the album \"World Record\" in 2010.\n", "In 2011, Kind of Like Spitting played a reunion set at Brootal Sun Fest in Tucson, Arizona. \n", "In 2014, Kind of Like Spitting reunited as a trio with Brian Grant on bass guitar and Dante Johnson on drums. In this lineup the band recorded their Topshelf Records debut, It's Always Nice To See You and embarked on a two-week-long tour with Lemuria.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- Studio albums\n", "BULLET::::- \"You Secretly Want Me Dead\" – Hush Records (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nothing Makes Sense Without It\" – New American Dream (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Old Moon in the Arms of the New\" – Hush Records (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Hundred Dollar Room\" – Ohev/Ganaarecordings (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bridges Worth Burning\" – Barsuk (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" – Hush Records (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"In the Red\" – Hush Records (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Thrill of the Hunt\" – Redder Records (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Your Living Room's All Over Me\" – Art of the Underground (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Hundred Dollar Room (Reissue)\" - Count Your Lucky Stars Records (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- \" It's Always Nice to See You \"- Topshelf Records (2015)\n", "BULLET::::- EPs\n", "BULLET::::- \" Kind of Like Spitting \"– Hush Records (1998)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Barsuk Records: Kind of Like Spitting page\n", "BULLET::::- Hush Records: Kind of Like Spitting page\n", "BULLET::::- Kind of Like Spitting discography at Last.fm\n", "BULLET::::- \n", "BULLET::::- Official Facebook page\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Estemmenosuchus\n", "Estemmenosuchus (meaning \"crowned crocodile\" in Greek) is an extinct genus of large, early omnivorous therapsids. It is believed and interpreted to have lived during the middle part of the Middle Permian around 267 million years ago. The two species, \"E. uralensis\" and \"E. mirabilis\", are characterised by distinctive horn-like structures, which were probably used for intra-specific display. Both species of \"Estemmenosuchus\" are from the Perm (or Cis-Urals) region of Russia. Two other estemmenosuchids, \"Anoplosuchus\" and \"Zopherosuchus\", are now considered females of the species \"E. uralensis\". There were many complete and incomplete skeletons found together.\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "\"Estemmenosuchus\" had a sprawling posture and could reach a body length of more than . Its skull was long and massive, up to in length, and possessed several sets of large horns, somewhat similar to the antlers of a moose, growing upward and outward from the sides and top of the head. The animal had a sprawling posture as indicated by analysing its shoulder joints.\n", "The skull superficially resembles that of \"Styracocephalus\", but the \"horns\" are formed from different bones; in \"Estemmenosuchus\" the horns are located on the frontals and protrude upward, whereas in Styracocephalus the horns are formed by the tabular and extend aft.\n", "Section::::Species.\n", "\"Estemmenosuchus\" is interpreted to have lived some 267 million years ago. Two species have been identified, from the Ocher Assemblage Zone Belebei Formation at the Ezhovo locality near Ochyor in the Perm region of the Russia in 1960. They were found with the Biarmosuchians \"Eotitanosuchus olsoni\" and \"Biarmosuchus tener\" in channel flood deposits of the young Ural Mountains. They differ in size, shape of the skull, and shape of the horns.\n", "Originally all specimens were included in \"Estemmenosuchus uralensis\", but it was since realised that there were a number of different species. However, not all palaeontologists agree that these were different species. According to Ivakhnenko (1998) \"Anoplosuchus\" and \"Zopherosuchus\" are synonyms of \"Estemmenosuchus uralensis\".\n", "Section::::Paleobiology.\n", "Section::::Paleobiology.:Thermoregulation.\n", "It has been suggested that the animal had a fairly constant internal temperature. Its large size and compact build gave a small surface-to-volume ratio and suggests it would not gain (or lose) temperature quickly. This phenomenon is called gigantothermy and was probably an important factor in temperature regulation in most therapsids.\n", "Section::::Paleobiology.:Skin.\n", "P. Chudinov reported skin impressions belonging to \"Estemmenosuchus\" in 1968. The skin was descripted as being \"glandular\" like that of a hairless mammal or a frog.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Chudinov, P. K. 1965, \"New Facts about the Fauna of the Upper Permian of the USSR\", \"Journal of Geology\", 73:117-30\n", "BULLET::::- King, Gillian M., \"Anomodontia\" Part 17 C, \"Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology\", Gutsav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and New York, 1988\n", "BULLET::::- Olsen, E. C., 1962, Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, USA and USSR \"Transactions of the American Philosophical Society\", new series, 52:1–224\n", "BULLET::::- Patricia Vickers-Rich and Thomas H. Rich, The Great Russian Dinosaurs, Guntar Graphics, 1993, p. 30\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Palaeos - detailed description\n" ] }

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{ "end": [ 56, 84, 17, 47 ], "href": [ "Beijing", "Beijing-Zhangjiakou%20intercity%20railway", "Shahe%20Station", "List%20of%20stations%20on%20Jingbao%20railway" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 2, 4, 5 ], "start": [ 49, 47, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Beijing", "Beijing-Zhangjiakou intercity railway", "Shahe", "List of stations on Jingbao railway" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Shahe railway station\n", "Shahe railway station () is a railway station in Beijing. Passenger services ceased on 15 September 2012.\n", "It will be a station on the under construction Beijing-Zhangjiakou intercity railway, opening in December 2019.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Shahe\n", "BULLET::::- List of stations on Jingbao railway\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Railway station in Beijing", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5966210", "wikidata_label": "Shahe railway station", "wikipedia_title": "Shahe railway station" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "River Coe\n", "The River Coe () rises at the north-eastern base of Buachaille Etive Beag and flows west along Glen Coe, Scotland. After dramatic waterfalls at the Pass of Glen Coe. It runs through the small Loch Achtriochtan before it turns north west. It then runs past the site of the Massacre of Glencoe and passes through Glencoe village, shortly before flowing into the sea loch of Loch Leven (a salt-water arm of Loch Linnhe) at Invercoe.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "river in the United Kingdom", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1826536", "wikidata_label": "River Coe", "wikipedia_title": "River Coe" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hrazany\n", "Hrazany is a small village in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic, which is situated 9 kilometres north direction near Milevsko in Písek District. It is composed of four parts - Dobrošov, Hrazany, Hrazánky a Klisinec. It has 280 residents.\n", "The name of the village has no clear origin, but it may be deduced from Czech word \"hráz\" (the dike). The village is surrounded by the woods with a stone field (protected by Czech law), a remnant of the glacial age.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Village website (in Czech)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Laelia speciosa\n", "Laelia speciosa, commonly known as the Mayflower orchid, is a species of showy orchid found in area of Mexico with high elevation of to . The plant is very drought resistant and can tolerate cool to warm conditions. It blooms from summer to fall, producing fragrant flowers. There are usually three to four flowers on an inflorescence.\n", "This species is highly prized and much sought after by orchid enthusiasts for its showy, highly fragrant flowers. The plants typically produce several large, showy, intricately patterned flowers once a year which are larger in stature than the plant itself.\n", "Section::::Cultivation.\n", "The plants are easy to maintain in culture provided they receive high light levels and moderate humidity throughout the year. They can be grown in pots of large diameter bark, but do best mounted on plaques of decay resistant, untreated wood, bare root. Although these plants are found in dry oak forests which experience low precipitation, the humidity is moderately high most of the year. These plants can tolerate low humidity but will exhibit poor root growth and a decline in the size of new growth in successive years. The plants might not grow or break dormancy if they do not receive high light levels and moderate humidity throughout the year.\n", "They must not be watered at all during the months of December through April, or they will not flower, and watering during that period can cause them to lose their roots and decline. During dormancy, the pseudo-bulbs will dehisce, with the oldest ones being totally consumed, and the succulent leaves appearing to remain turgid and firm on the most recent pseudobulbs. When the plants start to show evidence of a flower spike from the terminal end of the most recent pseudobulbs, then the plants can be watered. If the plants continue to dehisce past April with no evidence of flowers, then they should be watered anyway and may bloom the following year, as some plants flower irregularly when younger or they may have not received enough light throughout the year to flower.\n", "They require very high light levels and a cool rest during the winter, with abundant water and feeding during active growth, but they must be allowed to dry completely between waterings. These plants require good air movement around their roots and do not thrive in excessive temperatures. High temperatures or low humidity will cause them to enter a period of dormancy in cultivation and cease to grow.\n", "Section::::Varieties.\n", "BULLET::::- Alba: a Laelia speciosa with fully white flowers\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mattersey Hall\n", "Mattersey Hall is a Christian College with the vision: 'to help form the next generation of Christian leaders.' Mattersey Hall is the main training centre for the Assemblies of God in Great Britain, located in Mattersey, near Retford, in Nottinghamshire, England. It is also the home of the National Ministry Centre of British Assemblies of God.\n", "At undergraduate level a BA in Biblical Studies & Theology is offered onsite or by Distance Learning and at postgraduate level, MA's in Biblical Studies, Practical Theology and Missional Leadership are offered as taught programmes. Doctor of Ministry, MPhil and PhD courses are also available. The College offers short courses where Year 1 modules can be studied intensively over one to two weeks. The current Principal is Dr Glenn Balfour and Vice-Principal is Steven Jenkins.\n", "Section::::Programmes.\n", "Mattersey Hall offers a variety of programmes, from short courses through to PhD level graduate studies. The university validated programmes are all validated through the College's agreement with the University of Chester.\n", "Section::::Programmes.:Undergraduate programmes.\n", "Mattersey Hall offers one undergraduate degree - a BA (Hons) degree in Biblical Studies and Theology which lasts three years, full-time (studying 120 credits worth of modules each year). For those who already have a bachelor's degree in a non-theological discipline and who would like to pursue theological study or go on to study at Master's level, it also offers a fully validated one year full-time Graduate Diploma in Theological Studies. The BA and Grad Dip programmes may also be studied part-time and are available in two delivery formats, either on-site or as a distance learning programme.\n", "The BA programme is designated with the Student Loans Company so eligible students can receive funding for their course.\n", "Section::::Programmes.:Postgraduate programmes.\n", "Mattersey offers several postgraduate programmes. There are three Master's degree programmes.\n", "The MA in Practical Theology (MAPT) offers a wide range of modules – including biblical studies, studies in Pentecostal history and theology, and studies focusing on mission. It is particularly suitable for those who want to add to and develop their knowledge and skills in practical areas of theology, whilst also giving the opportunity for more academic study.\n", "The MA in Biblical Studies (MABS) gives students the opportunity to engage with Old and New Testament texts, and issues of biblical interpretation. It will appeal to those who want to add to and to develop their exegetical, hermeneutical and theological skills; and provides an ideal introduction to advanced biblical studies for those hoping to go on to doctoral studies.\n", "The MA in Missional Leadership (MAML) is a professional qualification for contemporary Christian Leaders. It deals with issues such as mentoring, personal development, organisational growth, advanced leadership skills, change management, and related issues. This programme is designed particularly to provide continuing professional development for those already involved in Christian Leadership.\n", "The Doctor of Ministry (DMin) is a doctoral-level professional qualification and will appeal to those who are already in Christian Ministry and who want to do serious research into a ministry- related issue. The DMin is made up of a combination of taught modules, and a 50,000-word dissertation in the student’s chosen area of research – which will be defended in an oral examination (or ‘viva’).\n", "There is also the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees. These degrees are examined entirely by dissertation and oral examination (‘viva’); there is no taught component. The MPhil dissertation has a maximum length of 60,000 words and is expected to be a critical, in-depth study of an appropriate research topic, using appropriate methodologies, which makes a contribution to knowledge. The PhD dissertation has a maximum length of 100,000 words. It, too, should make an independent and original contribution to knowledge, and be of publishable quality.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Mattersey Hall Christian College can trace its roots to 1909, when the newly formed Pentecostal Missionary Union, started the first European Pentecostal Bible School in Paddington, London. At this School, male students were trained for overseas missionary work and in the following year, a Bible School for the training of women missionaries was started by the P.M.U. in Hackney. The Men’s Training Home relocated to Preston in 1910, where notable students during this time include George Jeffreys, the founder of Elim (UK) and William F. P. Burton, co-founder of the Congo Evangelistic Mission. After the First World War, the Men's Home relocated to Hampstead Heath, where it remained under the leadership of Howard Carter for twenty-seven years. In 1950, the School (now co-ed.) relocated again to Kenley in Surrey where it amalgamated with the Bristol Bible School and \n", "became the official Bible College of British Assemblies of God in 1951. Notable Principals during its Kenley days include Pentecostal pioneers, Donald Gee and John Carter. In the Summer of 1973 the Assemblies of God moved the College to its current location in Mattersey, North Nottinghamshire, an ex-preparatory school for boys.\n", "Section::::Missions trips.\n", "Each year members of staff and faculty take out teams to various nations of the world. Nations visited in 2017 included the Czech Republic, Iceland, Macedonia,Tenerife and Ghana.\n", "Section::::Donald Gee Centre.\n", "The College’s main Research Centre has around 15,000 books with the Centre subscribed to many of the main journals and magazines that students need access to.\n", "The College is also home to the Donald Gee or Heritage Centre, which is one of Europe's primary resources for the study of Pentecostal and Charismatic history and theology and therefore a major focus for international research into these areas. As well as holding these resources, the Donald Gee Centre also hosts the annual Donald Gee Lecture at Mattersey Hall for those interested in the field of Pentecostal and Charismatic research and history.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Mattersey Hall website\n" ] }

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{ "end": [ 52, 75, 102, 117, 97, 40 ], "href": [ "Dartmoor", "Devon", "Poundsgate", "Ponsworthy", "Widecombe%20in%20the%20Moor", "http%3A//www.achurchnearyou.com/leusdon-st-john-the-baptist/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 5 ], "start": [ 44, 70, 92, 107, 76, 12 ], "text": [ "Dartmoor", "Devon", "Poundsgate", "Ponsworthy", "Widecombe in the Moor", "St John the Baptist, Leusdon" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Leusdon\n", "Leusdon is a parish in the southern part of Dartmoor in the county of Devon, UK. It is near Poundsgate and Ponsworthy. \n", "The village church is St John the Baptist's, Leusdon, built in 1863.\n", "Nearby is Leusdon Common, a site of special scientific interest, now in the Widecombe in the Moor parish.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- St John the Baptist, Leusdon\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Leusdon, Devon" ] }, "description": "village in United Kingdom", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6534641", "wikidata_label": "Leusdon", "wikipedia_title": "Leusdon" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Changping railway station (Beijing)\n", "Changping railway station () is a railway station in Beijing located at Machikou (), Changping District. Changping is a district in the north Beijing, the station is the main one of the district.\n", "It will be a station on the under construction Beijing-Zhangjiakou intercity railway, opening in December 2019.\n", "Section::::Schedules.\n", "There are 8 passenger trains that stop at the station daily:\n", "Note: Updated in May 2006, the train schedule will change on October 1, 2006.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "railway station in Changping District, Beijing", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5072100", "wikidata_label": "Changping railway station", "wikipedia_title": "Changping railway station (Beijing)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Penfolds\n", "Penfolds is an Australian wine producer that was founded in Adelaide in 1844 by Christopher Rawson Penfold, an English physician who emigrated to Australia, and his wife Mary Penfold. It is one of Australia's oldest wineries, and is currently part of Treasury Wine Estates.\n", "The chief winemaker since 2002 has been Peter Gago.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Christopher and Mary Penfold arrived in Australia from Angmering, West Sussex, UK, at the respective ages of 33 and 24. Following their arrival, they were supported by family members in the attainment of the Magill (originally \"Mackgill\") Estate at the foot of the Mount Lofty Ranges. As part of the cultivation of the land surrounding the cottage that the couple built (named \"The Grange\"), French grape vine cuttings that had been brought from England were planted. Christopher was a believer in the medicinal benefits of wine, and both he and Mary planned to concoct a wine tonic for the treatment of anaemia; Christopher had set up his practice on the eastern outskirts of Adelaide, South Australia.\n", "Initially, the Penfolds produced fortified wines in the style of sherry and port for Christopher's patients. As demand for the wines increased, the winery was expanded and was officially established in 1844. In addition to sherry and port, the Penfolds discovered that clarets and rieslings were both easy to produce and popular. As the demand for Christopher's medical services increased, Mary was required to devote more time to the operation of the winery, and her tasks included the cultivation of the vines and grape blending.\n", "Mary assumed the running of the winery after her husband died in 1870 at the age of 59. According to one historical account, by the time of Christopher's death the business had \"grown to over 60 acres with several different grape varieties including grenache, verdelho, mataro (mourvedre), frontignac and pedro ximenez\", and the estate was \"producing both sweet and dry red and white table wines with a growing market in the eastern Australian colonies of Victoria and New South Wales.\" At this time, the Penfolds' son-in-law, Thomas Francis Hyland, was unaware of Mary's fundamental role at the winery, and he urged his mother-in-law to sell the business as preparation for her retirement. Mary did not accept Hyland's advice, and eventually brokered a partnership agreement that resulted in Hyland remaining in Melbourne, while Mary continued her work at the winery in Adelaide.\n", "A journalist reported in 1874, four years after the death of Christopher Penfold, that Mary blended \"the wines when they are two or three years old\", a process that \"is done under Mrs Penfold's personal supervision, not in conformity with any fixed and definite rule, but entirely according to her judgement and taste\". The reporter stated that there was \"about 20,000 gallons of wine of that age ready for the market\", with a \"total stock ... close upon 90,000 gallons\". During her tenure, Mary engaged in experimentation, explored new methods of wine production, looked into ways of combating diseases like phylloxera, and engaged a cellar master by the name of Joseph Gillard. Mary retired in 1884, aged 68; at that time the winery owned about a third of all of South Australia's wine stores, and had presented at a colonial exhibition in London.\n", "Following Mary's retirement, her daughter Georgina, and son-in-law Thomas Hyland, assumed responsibility for the day-to-day running of the winery. Subsequently, the business was passed onto their two sons and two daughters. The Penfold family continued to operate the business very successfully following Mary's death in 1896, and after the company became public in 1962, the Penfold family retained a controlling interest until 1976.\n", "In 1903 Penfolds was the largest winery in the Adelaide region, with a production total of of wine. Between 1904 and 1912, more vineyards in McLaren Vale and New South Wales were purchased.\n", "During the 1940s and 1950s, the company changed its focus and commenced the production of table wines to accommodate changing tastes. This new direction led to experiments by Penfolds' chief winemaker, Max Schubert, who visited Europe following the end of World War II to learn about sherry production; however, it was the time spent by Schubert in Bordeaux that eventually led to the production of Penfolds' and Australia's most famous wine, \"Grange Hermitage\", later renamed \"Grange\". In the 1960s the company introduced a series of red wines: Bin 389, Bin 707, Bin 28 and Bin 128, that became the highlights of the Penfolds brand.\n", "In 1976, control of Penfolds was acquired by Tooth and Co., a brewer based in New South Wales, which in 1982 became part of the Adelaide Steamship Company Group. In 1990, SA Brewing purchased Adelaide Steamship's wineries. Subsequently, SA Brewing was divided into three separate entities: the brewing assets retained the S.A. Brewing name, the wine assets were named Southcorp Wines, and the 'white goods' and other manufacturing interests became Southcorp, an Australian conglomerate. It was also in 1976 that Schubert stood down from the position of Penfolds Chief Winemaker, a role that was passed onto Don Ditter.\n", "In 1977, Penfolds began what was to be an almost twenty-year association with Sydney-based rugby league team, the St George Dragons as the club's primary sponsor. This association saw the Dragons play five 'home' games at the Adelaide Oval between 1991 and 1995, with the 1991 game attracting 28,884 fans. The Dragons, with Penfolds as their sponsor, would win the Sydney premiership in 1977 and 1979, while appearing in the 1985, 1992 and 1993 Grand Finals. Penfolds ended their association with St George at the end of 1995.\n", "Southcorp Wines became a part of the Foster's Group in 2005. In 2011, Fosters Group shareholders voted to demerge the wine operations from the brewing operations, and form two separate companies; Foster's wine business became Treasury Wine Estates (TWE). Headquartered in Melbourne, it was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and began operating as a standalone company on 9 May 2011.\n", "Since then, Penfolds operates two wineries: Magill Estate, at the base of Adelaide's eastern foothills, and Nuriootpa in the Barossa Valley.\n", "In June 2012 Penfolds released a limited edition run of the \"2004 Block 42\" wine that was only sold in glass ampoules. The wine was labelled by the \"Huffington Post\" publication as \"the most expensive wine directly sold from a winery in the world\", as the winery sought US$168,000 for each of the ampoules. The glass ampoules were designed and hand-blown by Australian glass artist Nick Mount.\n", "Section::::Vineyards.\n", "Penfolds operates a number of vineyards in the South Australian wine regions that produce a wide range of grape varieties:\n", "BULLET::::- Adelaide\n", "BULLET::::- Magill Estate () – shiraz\n", "BULLET::::- Barossa Valley\n", "BULLET::::- Kalimna (-property, under vine) – shiraz, cabernet sauvignon, mataro (mourvèdre), eight rows of sangiovese\n", "BULLET::::- Koonunga Hill () – shiraz, cabernet sauvignon\n", "BULLET::::- Waltons (, planted) – shiraz, cabernet sauvignon, mataro (mourvèdre)\n", "BULLET::::- Stonewell () – shiraz, cabernet sauvignon\n", "BULLET::::- Eden Valley\n", "BULLET::::- High Eden () - riesling, pinot noir, chardonnay and sauvignon blanc\n", "BULLET::::- Woodbury ()\n", "BULLET::::- McLaren Vale ( across four vineyards) – shiraz, grenache and cabernet sauvignon\n", "BULLET::::- Coonawarra (close to ) – mainly cabernet sauvignon and shiraz\n", "Section::::Trademark registration.\n", "First used in 1923, the Penfolds logo is one of Australia's most recognised trademarks. Eight Penfolds wines were named by the Langtons auction house in its 2012 list of the top 20 most-desired brands.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "In 2013 Penfolds was awarded \"New World Winery of the Year\" by American wine industry publication, Wine Enthusiast Magazine.\n", "In 2016, Penfolds was named the Most Admired Wine Brand by Drinks International.\n", "Penfolds Grange was classified as a First Growth in Liv-ev's 2017 recreation of the Bordeaux 1855 classification.\n", "The only Australian winery to receive a perfect score from both Wine Spectator and Wine Advocate for the same vintage (Grange 2008).\n", "Grange 1955 was named one of the Top 12 Wines of the 20th Century by Wine Spectator.\n", "Section::::Causes.\n", "In 2012, Penfolds listed as a partner of the (RED) campaign, together with Nike, Girl, American Express and Converse. The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015. The campaign's byline is \"Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation\".\n", "Section::::Penfold Family.\n", "Section::::Penfold Family.:Christopher Rawson Penfold.\n", "BULLET::::- His father John Penfold was vicar at Steyning, UK from 1792 until his death in 1840.\n", "BULLET::::- Born 2 August 1811 in Steyning, UK.\n", "BULLET::::- One of his sisters Frances Esther Penfold married Courtney Clarke of Larch Hill, county Dublin, in Ireland.\n", "BULLET::::- Arrived in Australia from Angmering in Sussex, UK.\n", "BULLET::::- Became the first chairman of the District Council of Burnside in 1856.\n", "Section::::Penfold Family.:Mary Penfold.\n", "BULLET::::- Wife of Christopher Penfold.\n", "BULLET::::- Became fundamental in the development of the winery after the demands upon Christopher's medical practice increased.\n", "BULLET::::- Assumed responsibility of the winery following Christopher's death.\n", "Section::::Penfold Family.:Thomas Francis Hyland.\n", "BULLET::::- Son-in-law who married the Penfolds' daughter Georgina.\n", "BULLET::::- Continued to run the wine business with Georgina after Mary's retirement.\n", "Section::::Penfold Family.:Inez Penfold Hyland.\n", "BULLET::::- Granddaughter who was sent to live with her grandmother Mary Penfold. Assumed responsibility of the business with her siblings after it was passed on to them by Georgina and Thomas.\n", "Section::::Penfold Family.:Street names in Rosslyn Park.\n", "BULLET::::- Grange Avenue: named after the Penfolds' family cottage\n", "BULLET::::- Hyland Terrace: named after Thomas Hyland\n", "BULLET::::- Inez Court: named after Inez Penfold Hyland\n", "BULLET::::- Mary Penfold Drive: named after Mary Penfold\n", "BULLET::::- Penfold Road: named after Mary and Christopher Penfold\n", "BULLET::::- Rawson Penfold Drive: named after Christopher Rawson Penfold\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- South Australian food and drink\n", "BULLET::::- Penfolds Grange\n", "BULLET::::- List of wineries in the Barossa Valley\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Penfolds official website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Penfolds Wines" ] }, "description": "Australian wine producer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1339512", "wikidata_label": "Penfolds", "wikipedia_title": "Penfolds" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nankou railway station\n", "Nankou railway station () is a railway station in Beijing. This station was opened on 1906.\n", "Section::::Schedules.\n", "10 passenger trains stop at the station every day, they are trains 7235, 4434, 7236, 1455, K274, 7173, 7174, 1456, K273, and 4433.\n", "Note: Updated in May 2006, the train schedule will change on October 1, 2006.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Richards Island\n", "Richards Island is one of the Canadian arctic islands in the Northwest Territories, Canada. The island has an area of , being long and wide. Its eastern limit is marked by the main channel of the Mackenzie River, while its western limit is defined by the narrower Reindeer Channel. The island, while desolate, is home to some major oil and gas sites. It was named by John Richardson in 1826 after the Governor of the Bank of England, John Baker Richards.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "island in Canada", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2530016", "wikidata_label": "Richards Island", "wikipedia_title": "Richards Island" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dongyuan railway station\n", "Dongyuan railway station () is a railway station in Beijing.\n", "Section::::Schedules.\n", "2 passenger trains stop at the station every day:\n", "Note: Updated in May 2006, the train schedule will change on October 1, 2006.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Juyongguan railway station\n", "Juyongguan railway station () is a railway station in Beijing, near the Juyongguan section of Great Wall.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5960980", "wikidata_label": "Juyongguan Railway Station", "wikipedia_title": "Juyongguan railway station" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bombardier Double-deck Coach\n", "The Bombardier Double-deck Coach is a bilevel passenger car built by Bombardier Transportation (formerly by Adtranz) used by various European railways and Israel Railways. The current generation of double-deck coaches can be run at speeds up to 200 km/h (125 mph). Depending on their configuration, each coach can seat 100 to 150 passengers.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The ancestry of these coaches can be traced back to double-deck coaches built by WUMAG at Görlitz for the Lübeck–Büchen–Hamburg railway in 1935. They were push-pull trains with a cab car that could control the steam locomotive at the other end of the train.\n", "After World War II, these coaches were developed further by \"VEB Waggonbau Görlitz\" (formerly WUMAG) into double-deck trains of two to five cars sharing bogies. Starting in 1974, single coaches were built again that were the direct ancestors of today's double-deck coaches. These trainsets were used by Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany) as well as several other railways of the eastern bloc in large numbers (about 4000). After 1990, VEB Waggonbau Görlitz became part of \"Deutsche Waggonbau AG\" (DWA) which was acquired by Bombardier Transportation in 1998.\n", "Section::::First Generation.\n", "Build years 1973–1974 and 1976–1991, sold to East Germany, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia.\n", "Section::::Second Generation.\n", "Build years 1992-1993 for Germany (Deutsche Reichsbahn and Deutsche Bundesbahn, later named DB Class 760.\n", "Section::::Third Generation.\n", "Built between 1994 and 1997 under the DWA brand for Germany's (Deutsche Bahn).\n", "Section::::Fourth Generation.\n", "Built since 1997 and sold under the Bombardier brand to railways in Germany, Denmark, Israel and others.\n", "Section::::Fifth Generation.\n", "In 2008 Bombardier presented the \"Dosto 2010\" future family of double-deck trains for the German market. For international sales they were branded as Bombardier TWINDEXX with a \"Vario\" concept (then called \"TWINDEXX Vario\") that allows these trains to be built for regional or intercity connections with a design speed of 189 km/h and an operational speed of up to 160 km/h. The high-speed rail versions are branded \"TWINDEXX Express\", designed for 230 km/h. A tilting variant of the Twindexx with an operational speed of up to 200 km/h is developed for the Swiss railway named SBB RABe 502, informally called \"TWINDEXX Swiss Express\". Orders have been placed in the range of a few hundred coaches of the different variants with their initial delivery expected to be during 2015-2017, depending on the variant.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Double-deck trains at Bombardier's official site\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Haagse Bos\n", "Haagse Bos (, literally \"Forest of The Hague\") is a rectangular neighbourhood and forest in the Haagse Hout district of The Hague, Netherlands, reaching from the old city centre in the south-west to the border of Wassenaar in the north-east. It is also one of the oldest remaining forests of the country. During World War II, the park was used by the Germans for launching V-1 and V-2 rockets.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Originally, the Haagse Bos was a section of a bigger forest that stretched from 's-Gravenzande to Alkmaar. This was simply called \"Die Hout\" (The Woods). The title eventually gave way to the name \"Houtland\" (which literally means \"woods lands\") and later became \"Holland\". From this original forest only the Haagse Bos remains. During the reign of William II and Floris V, the forest was considerably reduced to make space and provide wood for the growing nearby fortress, the Binnenhof, and the surrounding village of The Hague. However, even in the Middle Ages there were strict rules in place to protect the Haagse Bos from becoming completely cut down, since the forest was a popular hunting area of the Dutch counts.\n", "During the beginning of the Eighty Years' War, the Haagse Bos was once again quickly shrunk to make way for more residents of The Hague. In 1571, a sixth of the oak forests were cut to build defences against the Spanish army. The so-called \"Act of Redemption\", signed on 1576 by William the Silent declared that no further cutting or sale of the forest would be permitted. This law still stands today. During the French Occupation in the early 19th century, the forest was about to be cut down, but due to saboteurs and work delays the plan was never implemented. After the French occupation the ponds in the forest were made.\n", "In the Second World War the forest was used by the German Army as a launching place for their V-1 and V-2 rockets. An attempt by the Allies to destroy this facility led to the accidental bombardment on the adjacent Bezuidenhout district. Since 1899 the National Forest Administration of the Netherlands (the \"Staatsbosbeheer\") has owned and administered the park. Despite its protected status, two major motorways cut through the forest: the A12 and the Laan van Nieuw Oost Indië.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "woods in the Hague, Netherlands", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2663130", "wikidata_label": "Haagse Bos", "wikipedia_title": "Haagse Bos" }

{ "end": [ 104, 169, 276, 292, 306, 479, 19, 142, 101, 76 ], "href": [ "Brazil", "epiphyte", "Rio%20Grande%20do%20Sul", "Santa%20Catarina%20%28state%29", "S%C3%A3o%20Paulo", "Cattleya", "Cattleya%20%C3%97%20elegans", "Cattleya%20tigrina", "http%3A//www.orchidspecies.com/lpurpurata.htm", "http%3A//www.tropicos.org/Name/50175131" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 15, 15, 17, 18 ], "start": [ 98, 161, 259, 278, 297, 471, 1, 126, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Brazil", "epiphyte", "Rio Grande do Sul", "Santa Catarina", "São Paulo", "Cattleya", "Cattleya × elegans", "Cattleya tigrina", "\"Cattleya purpurata\" = \"Laelia purpurata\". The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia", "\"Cattleya purpurata\" At Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden." ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Cattleya purpurata\n", "Cattleya purpurata, known in the past as Laelia purpurata and Sophronitis purpurata, is native to Brazil where it is very popular among orchid growers. It is an epiphyte that is found in the canopy of tall trees near coastal areas, in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo. The orchid favors bright light and cool to warm conditions and is relative easy to cultive. C. purpurata has been used extensively as a parent in hybridizing with Cattleyas. Cattleya purpurata blooms from late spring to fall with three to five flowers on a spike. The flowers are long-lasting and fragrant.\n", "Section::::Horticultural forms.\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. alba; white lip, sepals and petals\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. carnea; pink lip, white sepals and petals\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. flammea; magenta lip, pink sepals and white petals\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. oculata; purple patches on lip, white sepals and petals\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. roxo-violeta; light reddish purple lip, white sepals and petals\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. rubra; magenta lip, pink sepals and petals\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. sanguinea; magenta lip, sepals and petals\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. striata; magenta lip, pink vein pattern sepals and petals\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. vagnota; dark red lip, white sepals and petals\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. vinicolor; dark red lip with small white patch at the end, white sepals and petals\n", "BULLET::::- C. purpurata f. werkhaeuserii; light bluish lip, white sepals and petals\n", "Section::::Hybrids.\n", "\"Cattleya × elegans\" is a hybrid orchid with a formula hybridae \"Cattleya purpurata\" (Lindl. & Paxton) Van den Berg (2008) × \"Cattleya tigrina\" A.Rich. (1848). It is found in South and South-East Brazil.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cattleya purpurata\" = \"Laelia purpurata\". The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cattleya purpurata\" At Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "species of plant", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1946859", "wikidata_label": "Cattleya purpurata", "wikipedia_title": "Cattleya purpurata" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary\n", "Mangalavanam is an ecologically sensitive area situated at the centre of the Indian city of Kochi, covering about 2.74 hectares. It also houses a shallow tidal lake connected with Kochi backwaters by a canal. It is situated behind the Kerala High Court building. It is a nesting ground for a large variety of migratory birds and supports many types of mangroves. The Managalavanam is often regarded as the \"green lung of Kochi\", considering its role in keeping the city's air pollution under check. The area is a roosting place for many kinds of resident and migratory birds. \n", "Recently the high-rise buildings surrounding the area are curtailing the movement of birds in the sanctuary. The buildings close to the sanctuary interrupt proper orientation, take-off and landings of the birds. They also cause hurdles in the regular movements of the nesting birds in transporting nesting materials. It is also likely to hinder the movement of birds while bringing food materials to the chicks and fledglings. The administrative control of the sanctuary is with the Assistant Conservator of Forest and Wildlife Warden Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary of Nature Study Centre Kalady and then to the Range Officer Research Range Kodanad.\n", "Section::::Flora and fauna.\n", "The true mangrove and mangrove associate species that exist in the sanctuary are Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata, Acanthus ilicifolius and Acrostichum aureum— Although not threatened species according to IUCN Red List, they are of vital importance in estuarine ecosystems. \n", "Mangalavanam is primarily a bird refuge. A bird survey conducted in May 2006 found that there were 194 birds belonging to 32 species. The total number of bird species recorded so far from the area is 72. Some of the birds found are common redshank, common greenshank, brahminy kite, white-breasted waterhen and marsh sandpiper.\n", "In a recent study revealed six species of mammals Indian flying-fox, painted bat, three-striped palm squirrel/dusky palm squirrel, house rat/black rat, bandicota, and Eurasian otter. Two species of amphibians, Limnonectes limnocharis and Duttaphrynus melanostictus, and seven species of fishes Anabas testudineus, Striped panchax, Malabar swamp eel, Orange chromide, Blackline rasbora, Etroplus suratensis and Sarotherodon mossambica are found here.\n", "During a study conducted in 2006, 17 species of butterflies were recorded in this area. 51 species of spiders belonging to 40 Genus and 16 families were recorded here. This represented 27% of the total families reported from India.\n", "Section::::Gallery.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6748692", "wikidata_label": "Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary", "wikipedia_title": "Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Cyclopterus lumpus\n", "Cyclopterus lumpus, the lumpsucker or lumpfish, is a species of marine fish in the family Cyclopteridae (lumpsuckers). It is the only member of the genus \"Cyclopterus\". It is found in the North Atlantic and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean, ranging as far south as Chesapeake Bay (rare south of New Jersey) on the North American coast and English Channel on the European coast. \n", "Section::::Description.\n", "Lumpfish are sexually dimorphic with females reaching larger sizes than the males. Males typically reach in length while females can typically grow up to in length and in weight. The largest specimen recorded measured 60 cm (23.5 in) in length and 9.6 kg (21 pounds 4 ounces) in weight. In the brackish water of the Baltic Sea, it usually does not surpass . The body is ball-like. It has a knobbly, ridged back and three large bony tubercles on each flank. Its pelvic fins form suction discs which it uses to attach strongly to rocks or other surfaces. The head and the pectoral fins of males are larger than those of females. It has a jelly-like layer of fat under the skin. Its colour is highly variable; bluish, greyish, olive, yellowish or brownish. Mature males turn orange-reddish during the breeding season.\n", "Section::::Biology.\n", "After hatching, lumpfish will spend their first few months in tidal pools, or in association with floating seaweed clumps. As they grow they migrate out into open water far from land where they live in the pelagic zone feeding upon gelatinous zooplankton, fish eggs and small crustaceans. When they reach maturity they will migrate to coastal areas in spring to breed. The population spawns over many months with spawning fish being caught in Iceland from march until august. Females which have spawned during the previous year tend to return to the same area to when spawning again. They will also return at a similar time of year i.e. individuals which spawned early and late in the season will return to spawn early and late in the season the following year . A single female will lay 50,000–220,000 eggs which are laid in two batches of roughly equal size 1–2 weeks apart. The eggs are between 2.2 and 2.5 mm in diameter and the ovary can account for up to one third of the weight female fish before spawning. The female will lay the eggs in a nest area pre-selected by the male, which will usually consist of a rocky outcrop or boulders on the seabed. The nest is in relatively shallow water (10 m) and may even be in the intertidal zone. The male also guards and cares for the eggs by fanning them with his fins during the month-long incubation period.\n", "Several aspects of their biology (i.e. lack of a swimbladder, its pelvic suction disc) led some to believe that they were a bottom dwelling species. Lumpfish are frequently caught in pelagic fishing nets, however, capture in bottom trawls is also common. An investigation using electronic data-storage tags attached to the fish have confirmed that, at least during its breeding migration, this fish will spend time associated with the sea bed, and also some time in the pelagic zone. As the fish came close to breeding, they began to spend a greater amount of time in the pelagic zone. With the lack of a swim bladder, the fish were able to make rapid movements through the water column, moving between surface waters and depths of over within one day. Data from research surveys and data-storage tags show that adult lumpfish alter their behaviour between night and day with the fish spending more time in the pelagic zone at night and found associated with the seabed during the day, the reasons for this are unclear. This fish is now considered to be a semi-pelagic/semi-demersal fish.\n", "Section::::Fishery.\n", "Landings of lumpfish roe varied from approximately 2000-8000 tonnes from 1977-2018. In recent years, Iceland and Greenland have been the two largest fishing nations in regards to lumpfish and account for 95% of the global catch. Historically, Norway and Canada also contributed significant amounts but due to a decrease in the price of salted roe, and a severe population decline in Canada, the contribution from these countries has decreased. Denmark and Sweden have also contributed but the amount has been low in comparison with the other countries. Female fish are the main target for the fishery which utilizes the roe to make lumpfish caviar. Lumpfish are targeted close to the shore, where they come to spawn, using small fishing boats (generally less than ) with large mesh gillnets. Due to the smaller size of the male, very few are caught in the large meshes. Traditionally, the roe would be removed at sea and the bodies disposed of. In Iceland, it is now mandatory for the bodies to be landed; these are now frozen and exported, mainly to China.\n", "In Iceland, there is also the tradition of catching the male fish, mainly for the local market. This is done using gillnets with a smaller mesh size than that used for the females. The males are targeted in January–February, which is earlier than the females which are targeted from March until August.\n", "Section::::Population status.\n", "In both Iceland and Norway, the population is monitored using data from scientific surveys and is currently above the long term average and considered to be healthy. In Greenland, no survey data is available and data on fishing effort and landings are monitored. The time series is short for this population however appears to be stable. The population in Canada appears to be depleted and the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) has classified this as threatened. There is a lack of data to reliably assess the abundance of lumpfish in the North Sea or Baltic Sea thus the population status of this area is unknown. The fishery in Greenland and Norway was certified by the Marine Stewardship Council in 2015 and 2017 respectively with these certifications being valid for 5 years. The fishery in Iceland was certified in 2014 but this was suspended in 2018 due to issues surrounding bycatch.\n", "Section::::Uses.\n", "The roe of the fish, a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, is used to produce relatively inexpensive imitation \"caviar\". The roe is removed from the fish and processed to remove connective tissue. The roe is stored in large barrels where it is salted. The roe is dyed either red or black and packed with a mould inhibitor such as sodium benzoate (E211). In Scandinavia the flesh of the fish is eaten.\n", "They are used as \"cleaner fish\" to reduce the parasite burden on salmon farms in Scotland, Iceland and Norway.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Cyclopterus lumpus" ] }, "description": "species of marine fish in the family Cyclopteridae (lumpsuckers)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q30066", "wikidata_label": "Lumpsucker", "wikipedia_title": "Cyclopterus lumpus" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt\n", "The Schirn Kunsthalle is an exhibition hall in Frankfurt, Germany, located in the old city between the Römer and the Frankfurt Cathedral. The Schirn exhibits both modern and contemporary art. It is the main venue for temporary art exhibitions in Frankfurt. Exhibitions in recent years included retrospectives of Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, Frida Kahlo, Alberto Giacometti, Bill Viola, and Yves Klein. The Kunsthalle opened in 1986 and is financially supported by the city and the state. Historically, the German term \"Schirn\" denotes an open-air stall for the sale of goods, and such stalls were located here until the 19th century. The area was destroyed in 1944 during the Second World War and was not redeveloped until the building of the Kunsthalle. As an exhibition venue, the Schirn enjoys national and international renown, which it has attained through independent productions, publications, and exhibition collaborations with museums such as the Centre Pompidou, the Tate Gallery, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Hermitage Museum, or the Museum of Modern Art.\n", "Section::::History and Architecture.\n", "The Kunsthalle Schirn was designed and built beginning in 1983 by the Architekturbüro BJSS (Dietrich Bangert, Bernd Jansen, Stefan Jan Scholz, and Axel Schultes). The opening took place on February 28, 1986. The Kunsthalle has an overall exhibition space of more than 1,400 square meters.\n", "The Schirn is located in Frankfurt’s historic city center. Faced with light sandstone, it consists of several interlocking structures, each of which features a geometric floor plan. The most prominent structural element is an approximately 140-meter-long and 10-meter-wide 6-story hall, the actual exhibition building, which runs from east to west. Bangert designed the longhouse to resemble the Uffizi building in Florence.\n", "Additional structural elements are arranged somewhat to the west of the middle of this longhouse along an imaginary transverse axis: to the south, facing Saalgasse, a multistory cube with a rectangular floor plan (ca. 18 x 25 m), and adjoining it, parallel to the longhouse, an elongated rectangular expansion. The second most prominent structural element besides the main exhibition building follows on the north side of the main axis: the sky-domed rotunda, approximately twenty meters in diameter, which constitutes the monumental main entrance. It is the Schirn’s highest structure and consists of a single open space, through which one enters the Schirn.\n", "After passing through the rotunda, a chasm cut into the building runs along the old Bendergasse. A further semicircular structural element follows to the north, beyond Bendergasse, which with a somewhat more than twofold radius features the same center of circle as the rotunda. This structure, separated from the main exhibition building by Bendergasse, houses the Schirn Café. A rectangular opening has been incorporated into the east end of this structural element in which an approximately three-story tall, oversized table with no specific purpose once stood at the street level, which was demolished within the scope of the Dom-Römer Project, the reconstruction of Frankfurt’s historic city center, in August 2012.\n", "The Schirn has had a new interior since 2012 that was designed by the Kuehn Malvezzi architectural office. It bathes the foyer in alternating colors of light with the aid of modern RGB lighting technology.\n", "The name “Schirn” derives from the history of its location. The word originally denoted an “open sales booth.” The site on which the Schirn Kunsthalle is currently situated was Frankfurt’s densely populated historic city center until it was destroyed on March 22, 1944. The sales booths of the city’s butchers’ guild stood in the narrow alleys between today’s Schirn and the Main River until the mid-19th century.\n", "Christoph Vitali was the director of the Schirn from 1985 to 1993, and during that same period the chief executive of the Kulturgesellschaft Frankfurt mbH. He established the Schirn as an exhibition venue. His successor was Hellmut Seemann. The Austrian Max Hollein has been directing the Schirn since October 2001. In 2006 he also took over the directorship of the Städel Museum and the Liebieghaus. With exceptional exhibitions, provocative titles, and improved financial resources he has increased the number of visitors to the Schirn threefold.\n", "Section::::Exhibitions.\n", "More than 200 exhibitions have been presented at the Schirn since its opening These have included major survey exhibitions on, for example, Viennese Art Nouveau, Expressionism, Dada and Surrealism, on “Esprit Montmartre,” women Expressionists, “German Pop,” on the history of photography, or on subjects such as shopping, art and consumption, visual art of the Stalin era, the Nazarenes, or new Romanticism in contemporary art. Monograph exhibitions have been presented on artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, Alberto Giacometti, Henri Matisse, Julian Schnabel, James Ensor, James Lee Byars, Yves Klein, Peter Doig, Lászlo Moholy-Nagy, Georges Seurat, Jeff Koons, Edvard Munch, Théodore Géricault, and Helene Schjerfbeck. Contemporary artists such as Thomas Hirschhorn, Ayşe Erkmen, Carsten Nicolai, Jan De Cock, Jonathan Meese, John Bock, Michael Sailstorfer, Terence Koh, Aleksandra Mir, Eberhard Havekost, Mike Bouchet, Yoko Ono, or Tobias Rehberger have been presented in solo exhibitions. To date, more than five million people have visited the Schirn.\n", "Some of the exhibitions with the most visitors in the history of the Schirn include \"Edvard Munch. The Modern Eye\" (2012), \"Wassily Kandinsky—The First Soviet Retrospective\" (1989), \"Esprit Montmartre. Bohemian Life in Paris around 1900\" (2014), \"Women Impressionists—Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, Eva Gonzalès, Marie Bracquemond\" (2008), and \"Henri Matisse. Drawing with Scissors\" (2003).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Frankfurt art theft (1994)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Schirn Kunsthalle website including information in English\n", "BULLET::::- Schirn Kunsthalle's online magazine\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "48th World Science Fiction Convention\n", "The 48th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), was ConFiction, which was held in The Hague, Netherlands 23rd-27 August 1990 at the Netherlands Congress Centre. This convention was one of the two Worldcons held in continental Europe, the other being the 28th World Science Fiction Convention held in West Germany.\n", "Section::::Participants.\n", "The guests of honour for the convention were Joe Haldeman, Wolfgang Jeschke and Harry Harrison, with Chelsea Quinn Yarbro as Toastmaster and Andrew I. Porter as Fan Guest of Honour. The organising committee was chaired by Kees van Toorn. The total membership of the convention was 3580, despite the preparations for the Gulf war which deterred many Americans from traveling.\n", "This was the first Worldcon after the fall of the Berlin Wall, so was the first convention which many fans, writers and editors from Eastern European countries were able to attend. The convention was opened by the then Minister of Cultural Affairs of the Netherlands, and the Hugos were presented by the U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "Section::::Awards.:Hugo Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Best Novel: \"Hyperion\" by Dan Simmons\n", "BULLET::::- Best Novella: \"The Mountains of Mourning\" by Lois McMaster Bujold\n", "BULLET::::- Best Novelette: \"\" by Robert Silverberg\n", "BULLET::::- Best Short Story: \"Boobs\" by Suzy McKee Charnas\n", "BULLET::::- Best Non-Fiction Book: \"The World Beyond the Hill\" by Alexei & Cory Panshin\n", "BULLET::::- Best Dramatic Presentation: \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\"\n", "BULLET::::- Best Professional Editor: Gardner Dozois\n", "BULLET::::- Best Professional Artist: Don Maitz\n", "BULLET::::- Best Original Artwork: cover of \"Rimrunners\" by Don Maitz\n", "BULLET::::- Best Semiprozine: \"Locus\" (Charles N. Brown, ed.)\n", "BULLET::::- Best Fanzine: \"The Mad 3 Party\" (Leslie Turek, ed.)\n", "BULLET::::- Best Fan Writer: Dave Langford\n", "BULLET::::- Best Fan Artist: Stu Shiffman\n", "Section::::Awards.:Other awards.\n", "BULLET::::- John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer: Kristine Kathryn Rusch\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Hugo Award\n", "BULLET::::- List of Worldcons\n", "BULLET::::- Science fiction\n", "BULLET::::- World Science Fiction Society\n", "BULLET::::- Worldcon\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- ConFiction 1990 convention report\n", "BULLET::::- NESFA.org: The Long List\n", "BULLET::::- World Science Fiction Society\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Duquesne-class cruiser\n", "The \"Duquesne\" class was the first class of post Washington Treaty heavy cruisers built for the French Navy. They have been criticised by naval architects for having very little armour and being lightly built. However, they were considered to be good steamers and seaworthy vessels which could maintain indefinitely at half power.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "\"Duquesne\" spent the opening months of World War II assigned to one of the South Atlantic hunting groups searching for the pocket battleship , while \"Tourville\" searched for German ships in the Mediterranean Sea. Both ships were assigned to Force X in the Mediterranean following the Italian declaration of war, and were \"demilitarized\" in Alexandria harbor from 1940 through mid-1943. Both were then refitted in the United States, landing their torpedo tubes, catapults and aircraft, and being given an augmented anti-aircraft armament of eight Bofors 40 mm guns and sixteen Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. They patrolled the mid-Atlantic for Axis blockade runners; but their anti-aircraft protection was still considered inadequate to provide gunfire support for the invasion of Normandy. \"Duquesne\" was part of the French Naval Task Force formed in December 1944 to bombard pockets of German resistance on the French Atlantic coast; and both ships participated in the French reoccupation of French Indochina in 1946.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- John Jordan, \"Duquesne and Tourville: The First French Treaty Cruisers\" in \"Warship 2005\". Conway Maritime Press 2005.\n", "BULLET::::- Anthony Preston - \"The World's Worst Warships\". Conway Maritime Press (2002)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Adani Group\n", "Adani Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It was founded by Gautam Adani in 1988 as a commodity trading business with the flagship company Adani Enterprises Limited (previously Adani Exports Limited). Gautam Adani is the chairman. The Group's diverse businesses include energy, resources, logistics, agribusiness, real estate, financial services, defence and aerospace. The group has annual revenue of over $13 billion with operations at 70 locations in 50 countries. It is India's largest port developer and operator with ten ports and terminals including Mundra Port, its largest. Through a joint venture with Wilmar International in Singapore, the Group co-owns India's largest edible oil brand, Fortune.\n", "In April 2014, it added the fourth unit of 660 MW at its Tiroda Thermal Power Station, making Adani Power India's largest private power producer. In 2015, Adani was ranked India's most trusted infrastructure brand by \"The Brand Trust Report\" 2015.\n", "The Group operates mines in India, Indonesia and Australia and supplies coal to Bangladesh, China, and countries in Southeast Asia. The Group handled a total cargo of 200 million MT in 2018-19. \n", "The company has contributed to the economy of Bunyu, North Kalimantan, Indonesia by producing 3.9 MMT of coal in 2016-17. The Group has made the largest investment by an Indian company in Australia at the controversial Carmichael coal mine, Galilee Basin, Queensland. It is estimated to produce coal at a peak capacity of 60 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA). The Group is the first in India to build a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system. In January, 2018, the logistics and SEZ arm of the Group, Adani Ports & SEZ Limited, added equipment and machinery to become the largest dredger fleet in India.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Section::::History.:First phase.\n", "The Adani Group commenced as a commodity trading firm in 1988 and diversified into the import and export of multi-basket commodities. With a capital of 5 lakhs, the company was established as a partnership firm with the flagship company, Adani Enterprises Limited, previously Adani Exports Limited.\n", "In 1990 the Adani Group developed its own port in Mundra to provide a base for its trading operations. It began construction at Mundra in 1995. In 1998, it became the top net foreign exchange earner for India Inc. The company began coal trading in 1999 followed by a joint venture in edible oil refining in 2000 with the formation of Adani Willmar.\n", "Section::::History.:Second phase.\n", "The group's second phase started with the creation of large infrastructure assets. The company established a portfolio of ports, power plants, mines, ships and railway lines inside and outside India. \n", "Adani handled 4 million Metric Tonnes (MT) of cargo at Mundra in 2002, becoming the largest private port in India. Later in 2006, the company became the largest coal importer in India with 11 million MT of coal handling.\n", "The company expanded its business in 2008 purchasing Bunyu Mine in Indonesia which has 180 million MT of coal reserves. In 2009 the firm began generating 330 MW of thermal power. It also built edible oil refining capacity in India of 2.2 million MT per annum.\n", "Adani Enterprises became the largest trading house in India importing coal with a market share 60%. It also supplies coal to NTPC Limited, India. The Adani group became India's largest private coal mining company after Adani Enterprises won the Orissa mine rights in 2010.\n", "Operations at the Port of Dahej commenced in 2011 and ts capacity subsequently grew to 20 million MT. The company also bought Galilee Basin mine in Australia with 10.4 billion MT of coal reserves. It also commissioned 60 million MT of handling capacity for the coal import terminal in Mundra, making it the world's largest. In addition, in the same year, the Adani group also bought Abbot Point port in Australia with 50 million MT of handling capacity. It commissioned India's largest solar power plant with a capacity 40 MW. As the firm achieved 3960 MW capacity, it became the largest private sector thermal power producer in India. In 2012 The company shifted its focus on three business clusters - resources, logistics and energy. \n", "Adani Power emerged as India's largest private power producer in 2014. Adani Power's total installed capacity then stood at 9,280 MW. The Mundra Port, Adani Ports and SEZ Ltd. (APSEZ), handled 100 million metric tonnes in fiscal 2013-14. On 16 May of the same year, Adani Ports acquired Dhamra Port on East coast of India for Rs 5,500 crore. Dhamra Port was a 50:50 joint venture between Tata Steel and L&T Infrastructure Development Projects, which has now been acquired by Adani Ports. The port began operations in May 2011 and handled a total cargo of 14.3 million MT in 2013-14. With the acquisition of Dhamra Port, the Group is planning to increase its capacity to over 200 million MT by 2020.\n", "In 2015 the Adani Group's Adani Renewable Energy Park signed a pact with the Rajasthan Government for a 50:50 joint venture to set up India's largest solar park with a capacity of 10,000 MW. In November, 2015, the Adani group began construction at the port in Vizhinjam, Kerala. \n", "Adani Aero Defence signed a pact with Elbit-ISTAR and Alpha Design Technologies to work in the field of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in India in 2016. In April, Adani Enterprises Limited secured approval from the Government of Gujarat to begin work on building a solar power equipment plant. In September, Adani Green Energy (Tamil Nadu), the renewable wing of the Adani Group, began operations in Kamuthi in Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu with a capacity of 648 megawatts (MW) at an estimated cost of Rs. 4,550 crore. In the same month, the Adani Group inaugurated a 648 MW single-location solar power plant. It was the world's largest solar power plant at the time in was set up In December, the Adani Group inaugurated a 100 MW solar power plant in Bhatinda, the largest in Punjab. The plant was built at a cost of Rs. 640 crore.\n", "On 22 December 2017 the Adani Group acquired reliance the power arm of Reliance Infrastructure for Rs 18,800 crore.\n", "Section::::Listed companies.\n", "Adani Enterprises Limited\n", "The company began as Adani Exports Limited in 1988 trading commodities. In March 1993, the partnership company M/s. Adani Exports was converted into a limited company – Adani Enterprises Limited. Run by Gautam Adani the company originally exported dyes and intermediates, plastic products, agricultural products and frozen food to about 28 countries around the world. Adani Management Consultancy Services was amalgamated with the company in 1994.\n", "With major interests in logistics and energy, the enterprise handles the mining, trading, gas distribution, solar and agribusiness divisions of the Group. Adani Gas, a wholly owned subsidiary executes the gas distribution business. Its real estate activities are managed by Adani Infrastructure & Developers Private Limited. The Adani Enterprises-Mining is the only mining company in the list of top 50 organisations that has bagged the India’s Great Place to Work certification two years in a row.\n", "Adani Ports & SEZ Limited\n", "Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited (APSEZ) is the largest private port company and special economic zone in India. The company is headed by Karan Adani, CEO of APSEZ. The company's operations include Port management, logistics and the special economic zone. The company operates at the following ports: Mundra, Dahej, and Hazira, Gujarat; Dhamra, Odisha; Kattupalli, Tamil Nadu; and Vizhinjam, Kerala.\n", "In addition, the Adani Group manages terminals at the ports of Mormugao, Ennore, Vishakhapatnam and Kandla (Tuna Takra).\n", "The logistics arm was initially promoted by the Mundra Port Infrastructure Development Company Limited, an enterprise of the Government of Gujarat and Adani Port Limited. The company began operations at the Mundra Port in October 1998. With a Concession Agreement with the Government of Gujarat and the Gujarat Maritime Board in February, 2001I, the group was granted the right to operate and develop the Mundra Port situated at the Navinal Island in the Kutch region for 30 years.\n", "Adani Power Limited\n", "Established in August 1996 as Adani Power Limited, the company gained a certificate of commence business in September of the same year. The company is run by Gautam Adani, Rajesh S. Adani and Adani Enterprises Limited. The company develops and maintains power projects in India. The firm has a combined installed capacity of 10,440 MW with four thermal power projects across India. The company runs the following subsidiaries: Adani Power Maharashtra Limited, Adani Power Rajasthan Limited, Adani Power Dahej Limited, Mundra Power SEZ Limited and\n", "Adani Power (Overseas) Limited \n", "In 2014, Adani Power overtook Tata Power to become India's largest power producer.\n", "The third phase of Adani Power Ltd's (APL) thermal power plant at Mundra in Gujarat is the world's first coal-fired plant to receive carbon credits from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) \n", "Adani Power's Udupi Power Plant has been conferred with the Power Award by the Government of Karnataka. \n", "Adani Transmission Limited\n", "Integrated in 2013, Adani Transmission Limited handles the commissioning, operations and maintenance of electric power transmission systems. The holding company holds, operates and maintains 8511 circuit kilometers of transmission lines that range from 400 to 765 kilovolts. The total transmission capacity of the company is 16,200 megavolt amperes. The company has the following subsidiaries: Maharashtra Eastern Grid Power Transmission Company Limited, Maru Transmission Service Company Limited, Adani Transmission (India) Limited,\n", "Hadoti Power Transmission Service Limited, Raipur-Rajnandgaon-Warora Transmission Limited, Sipat Transmission Limited, and Chhattisgarh-WR Transmission Limited.\n", "Section::::Philanthropy.\n", "BULLET::::- Education\n", "The Foundation has established free of cost schools named the Adani Vidya Mandir for underprivileged children in Ahmedabad and Bhadreshwar, Gujarat and Surguja in Chhattisgarh. The Adani Public School, Adani DAV Public School, Adani Vidyalayas and Navchetan Vidyalaya provide subsidised education to 2400 students. The Foundation also supports 300 government schools that educate more than 100,000 children. The Foundation operates in 13 Indian states. \n", "BULLET::::- Community health\n", "The Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences runs the GK General Hospital with 750 beds in Bhuj which offers complimentary treatment to the underprivileged. 15 mobile healthcare units are commissioned by the Foundation that provide healthcare services to 25,000 villagers at their doorstep. Moreover, the rural clinics attend to around 6000 patients each month. \n", "BULLET::::- Rural infrastructure management\n", "The Foundation has increased the water storage capacity to 688,969 cubic metres by constructing 21 check dams and 223 ponds. It constructed 361 Aavas for below poverty line families and 365 housing shelters along with 335 portable water facilities for villagers. \n", "BULLET::::- Sustainable livelihood development\n", "The Foundation introduced the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) technique to 2,700 farmers who practice agriculture across 4,400 acres of land. Consequently, production increased by half and costs went down by 35%. Numerous fishermen have been allotted equipment like nets and anchors. Moreover, around 600 farmers are supported by drip irrigation.\n", "BULLET::::- Sports\n", "The Adani Group has multiple initiatives in sports.\n", "Section::::Scandal.\n", "On 27 February, 2010, Central Bureau of Investigation arrested Rajesh Adani, Managing Director of Adani Enterprises Ltd on charges of custom duty evasion to the tune of Rs. 80 lakh.\n", "In August 2017, Indian customs alleged the Adani Group was diverting millions of funds from the company's books to Adani family tax havens overseas. Adani was accused of using a Dubai shell company to divert the funds. The details of US$235m diversion were obtained and published by \"The Guardian\". In 2014, the directorate of revenue intelligence mapped out a complex money trail from India through South Korea and Dubai, and eventually to an offshore company in Mauritius allegedly owned by Vinod Shantilal Adani, the older brother of Gautam Adani.\n", "Section::::Awards and recognition.\n", "APSEZ\n", "BULLET::::- Adani Ports & SEZ Limited (APSEZ) received ‘India's Container Port of the Year 2016’ in Mumbai. The port developer and logistics arm of the Group was awarded the same at the 7th edition of the All India Maritime and Logistics Awards (MALA).\n", "BULLET::::- Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone (APSEZ) Limited won the ‘Non-Major Port of the Year 2015’ by the All Time Maritime and Logistics Award (MALA).\n", "BULLET::::- Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone (APSEZ) Limited won the Emerging Company of the year 2014 at the Economic Time awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Mundra Port was, recognized by The International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH), among 55 top ports of the world, to commit to jointly reduce the threat of global climate change.\n", "Adani Green Energy Limited\n", "BULLET::::- In January 2018, Adani Green Enegry Limited, a division of Adani Group, entered into the global top 15 list of solar power developers by GTM Research, the market analysis and consulting arm of Greentech Media.\n", "AEL-Mining\n", "BULLET::::- The Adani Enterprises-Mining bagged the \"India’s Great Place to Work 2019\" certification on July 19 in Mumbai. The Great Place to Work Institute awarded the certification to the company in the category of the Mid-size Organisations.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mells, Suffolk\n", "Mells is a hamlet in the English county of Suffolk.\n", "It is on the southern bank of the River Blyth across the river by bridge from Holton; it forms part of Wenhaston with Mells Hamlet civil parish that, in turn, forms part of Suffolk Coastal district.\n", "The place-name 'Mells' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as \"Mealla\". The name simply means 'mills', from the Old English 'mylen'.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta\n", "St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Parramatta and the seat and residence of the Catholic Bishop of Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia, currently the Most Reverend Vincent Long Van Nguyen OFM Conv.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "With origins of the first mass occurring on the present day site of the cathedral going back to 1803, St Patrick's was extensively rebuilt after a 1996 fire devastated the original church established in 1854. A tower was built on the original St Patrick's Church which was consecrated in 1880 and blessed in 1883. A cast bronze bell was installed in the tower in 1904. As the needs of the parish grew, a new church was built on the site in 1936 incorporating the existing tower and spire (pictured above). When the Diocese of Parramatta was established in 1986, St Patrick's Church was designated as St Patrick's Cathedral.\n", "Section::::Building design and works.\n", "Under Bishop Kevin Manning and dean Peter G. Williams, the building was designed by Romaldo Giurgola and the firm MGT Architects. Giurgola was commissioned in 1997 for the restoration and design of a new cathedral complex after a fire destroyed the previous building. Giurgola was the architect of the new Australian Parliament House in Canberra.\n", "A program of major art works, craft and special design for the cathedral was also undertaken at the same time so that the art, architecture and furnishings of the new cathedral would be in harmony. The commissioned artists included Sydney sculptor Anne Ferguson (who worked in stone), Tasmanian designer Kevin Perkins (who worked in timber) and Sydney sculptor and jewellery designer Robin Blau (who worked in metal). The new Parramatta Cathedral was dedicated on 29 November 2003.\n", "The Norman and Beard late-Victorian English romantic pipe organ, built in 1898, was installed in 2006. This 19th-century organ was transferred from St Saviour's Anglican Church in Knightsbridge, London. Stephen Bicknell designed a new organ case in collaboration with Romaldo Giurgola and the instrument was restored and installed in Parramatta Cathedral by Peter Jewkes and Associates. The organ specifications were further enhanced in 2014 with the addition of several digital ranks of pedal pipes, including 32' Contra-Bourdon, 32' Contra-ophecleide, 16' Major bass; and additional switching devices for the transfer of swell reeds to pedal.\n", "The building design and construction team were awarded the 2003 Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Buildings by the Australian Institute of Architects.\n", "Section::::Bishop and clergy.\n", "On 5 May 2016, Pope Francis appointed the Most Rev. Vincent Long Van Nguyen OFM Conv an auxiliary bishop of Melbourne to be the fourth Bishop of Parramatta. Nguyen's installation took place on 16 June 2016. The current parish priest and dean of the cathedral is the Very Rev Fr Robert Bossini (appointed 2014; in residence at the cathedral), assisted by the Rev Fr Michael Gitau (assistant priest, in residence at the cathedral) and a permanent deacon, the Rev Willy Limjap.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Diocese of Parramatta website\n", "BULLET::::- Link to the cathedral pipe organ specifications\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "St Patrick's Cemetery, North Parramatta\n" ] }

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{ "end": [ 101, 142, 154, 165, 334, 121, 238, 41, 47, 287, 35, 71, 37, 40, 68, 64 ], "href": [ "Richmond%2C%20Tasmania", "Hobart", "Tasmania", "Australia", "Australian%20National%20Heritage%20List", "penal%20labour", "John%20Bigge", "Richmond%20Gaol", "sandstone", "http%3A//www.joanhumble.com.au/", "Government%20of%20Australia", "Department%20of%20the%20Environment%2C%20Water%2C%20Heritage%20and%20the%20Arts", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20060619003439/http%3A//www.discovertasmania.com.au/home/index.cfm%3FSiteID%3D429", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20060425193221/http%3A//tco.asn.au/oac/local_attractions.cgi%3FoacID%3D55", "http%3A//www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/richmond/index.html", "http%3A//www.deh.gov.au/minister/env/2005/mr25nov05.html" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 7, 11, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 ], "start": [ 93, 136, 146, 156, 301, 107, 221, 28, 38, 270, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Richmond", "Hobart", "Tasmania", "Australia", "Australian National Heritage List", "convict labour", "John Thomas Bigge", "Richmond Gaol", "sandstone", "(Joan Humble OAM)", "Government of Australia", "Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts", "Discover Tasmania Website", "Tasmanian Communities Online", "Australian National Heritage listing for Richmond Bridge", "\"Historic Richmond Bridge a National Heritage jewel\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Richmond Bridge (Tasmania)\n", "The Richmond Bridge is a heritage listed arch bridge located on the B31 (\"Convict Trail\") in Richmond, 25 kilometres (15.5 mi) north of Hobart in Tasmania, Australia. It is the oldest stone span bridge in Australia. In 2005, the bridge was recognised as an outstanding historic place and added to the Australian National Heritage List.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The foundation stone for the Richmond Bridge was laid on 11 December 1823 and construction continued using convict labour until completion in 1825. The bridge was originally named Bigge's Bridge after Royal Commissioner, John Thomas Bigge, who recognised the need for the bridge in 1820.\n", "Section::::History.:Murder of George Grover.\n", "In 1832, an employee of the Richmond Gaol was murdered at Richmond bridge. George Grover was employed as a gaoler whose duties including flogging the prisoners. He was unpopular due to his ferocity and was pushed off the edge of Richmond Bridge after drunkenly falling asleep. No one was convicted of his murder.\n", "Section::::Construction.\n", "The Richmond Bridge is constructed of sandstone quarried from Butchers Hill, hauled to the construction site by convicts using hand carts. It consists of four main arches, of span 4.3, 8.1, 8.3, 8.5, 8.3 and 4.1 metres (14.1, 26.6, 27.2, 27.9, 27.2, and 13.5 ft) respectively, which spring from sloping fins with angular leading edges aligned with the flow of to the lake\n", "Further Research of the Bridge's History - its construction and environ flora.\n", "The plaque gives official recognition to those directly involved in construction of the bridge. During 2004 to 2005 descendants of William Wilson (full name William Hartley Wilson), named on the plaque as Superintendent of Stonemasons for the construction, undertook extensive research into aspects of the bridge's building and subsequent modifications, as well as the natural fauna/flora which existed in the vicinity of the bridge at that time. \n", "The purpose of the research was twofold - a) to understand the construction and appearance of the bridge at the time of its completion in 1825, and the significant modifications that it underwent over the 60 or so years after that, and, b) to establish a valid basis to guide a professional landscape artist in undertaking on commission an oil painting of the Bridge as it originally appeared in 1825. This project was completed in May 2007.\n", "The story of the research project, its discoveries and its outcomes is set out in pdf file format and may be accessed as referenced below. The painting of the bridge as it was on its completion in 1825 was created by internationally noted Hobart artist, Mrs Joan Humble (Joan Humble OAM). The original painting is owned by the initiator of the research project. \n", "The essential purpose of the research project was to discover what post initial construction changes had been made to the Bridge, and to then depict its original construction appearance in a quality image which would not otherwise exist, and additionally, to set that depiction in the original 1825 environment; thus the research encompassed identifying the original flora in terms of grasses, reeds, shrubs and trees and including those in the depiction (in place of the European flora which dominates the area today. The depiction also adopted a southern aspect which features the quarry on Butchers Hill from which the sandstone masonry used in the Bridge and much of the emerging village came.\n", "The 1825 depiction shows the Bridge did not at its completion have the 1823 stone plaques attached above its central pier; the three middle piers were originally traditional vertical cutwaters identical to the two piers as still seen today at water's edge, and did not have the quite bulky elongated hexagonal plan cutwaters (added in 1884/5); and the townside Bridge approach followed the same gentle downward slope design as still exists at the eastern end and as seen in the lower road level string course. This modification was made in 1834/5 and was undertaken for Bridge approach safety reasons. The bronze plaque is of course a very recent addition on the roadside inner wall, added in 1991.\n", "A copy of the image and the pdf research file may be seen on this website page - http://bonniewilliam.com/honours/architects-and-masons/ . Whilst beauty will always be as perceived in the eye of the viewer, many people interested in Tasmanian edifices of historical note consider the circa 1825 depiction shows the original construction to have had finer and more balanced features.\n", "Official records held in the Mitchell Library confirmed what records held by Wilson's descendants had indicated: William Hartley Wilson held not only the role of Superintendent of Stonemasons but also the role of Colonial Architect for Van Diemen's Land. Wilson was not a qualified architect, rather he had been appointed to that role by Lieutenant Governor Sorell in the absence of a more qualified candidate. Wilson was therefore the first Colonial Architect of Van Diemen's Land whilst it was still a part of the Colony of NSW; David Lambe who succeeded Wilson was the first Colonial Architect of Van Diemen's Land as a sovereign Colony under the Crown (1825).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Government of Australia\n", "BULLET::::- Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Discover Tasmania Website, Accessed May 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Tasmanian Communities Online, Accessed May 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Australian National Heritage listing for Richmond Bridge, last accessed 9 July 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Historic Richmond Bridge a National Heritage jewel\", Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage, press release, 2005\n", "Section::::References.\n", "3. Wilson, E. \"Poetry of Place\" 2004 p21 Australia's oldest bridge - Macquarie Culvert, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. \n" ] }

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