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When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dislocated patella ?

You should seek urgent medical care if you have dislocated your knee multiple times, or if you dislocate your knee and cannot fix it. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Shaken baby syndrome ?

Call your health care provider if a child has any of the above signs or symptoms, regardless of how severe they are. Also call if you think a child has shaken baby syndrome. If you think a child is in immediate danger because of abuse or neglect, you should call 911. If you suspect that a child is being abused, report it immediately. Most states have a child abuse hotline. You may also use Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline (1-800-4-A-Child). </s>

Who is at highest risk for Ventricular fibrillation ?

Conditions that can lead to VF include: Electrocution accidents or injury to the heart Heart attack Heart disease that is present at birth (congenital heart disease) Heart muscle disease, including cardiomyopathies Heart surgery Narrowed coronary arteries Sudden cardiac death (commotio cordis), typically occurring in athletes after an injury over the surface of the heart. Most people with VF have no history of heart disease. Yet they often have risk factors for heart disease, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Phenylketonuria ?

Call your health care provider if your infant has not been tested for PKU. This is particularly important if anyone in your family has the disorder. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Jock itch ?

Jock itch occurs mostly in adult men and adolescent boys. It can sometimes accompany athlete's foot and ringworm. The fungus that causes jock itch thrives in warm, moist areas. </s>

What causes Acuteretinalnecrosis?

Acute retinal necrosis is caused by viral infections by the following: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 & 2 Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Epstein-Barr (EPB) infection </s>

What to expect if I have Folliculitis (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Folliculitis usually responds well to treatment, but may come back. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Hypertriglyceridemia ?

Family members with history of hypertriglyceridemia are at increased risk of having the condition. </s>

How to prepare for Endometrial biopsy?

There is no special preparation for the biopsy. You may want to take ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB) or acetaminophen (Tylenol) 1 hour before the procedure to reduce cramping. </s>

What to expect if I have Secondary amenorrhea (Outlook/Prognosis)?

The outlook depends on the cause of amenorrhea. Most of the conditions that cause secondary amenorrhea will respond to treatment. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Juvenile idiopathic arthritis ?

JRA usually occurs before age 16. </s>

What are the symptoms of Pathological gambling?

People with pathological gambling often feel ashamed and try to avoid letting others know of their problem. The American Psychiatric Association defines pathological gambling as having five or more of the following symptoms: Committing crimes to get money to gamble Feeling restless or irritable when trying to cut back or quit gambling Gambling to escape problems or feelings of sadness or anxiety Gambling larger amounts of money to try to make back previous losses Having had many unsuccessful attempts to cut back or quit gambling Losing a job, relationship, or educational or career opportunity due to gambling Lying about the amount of time or money spent gambling Needing to borrow money due to gambling losses Needing to gamble larger amounts of money in order to feel excitement Spending a lot of time thinking about gambling, such as remembering past experiences or ways to get more money with which to gamble </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Streptococcus pneumoniae infection ?

In case you feel you are developing symptoms of Pneumonia contact your doctor. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Acute brachial neuritis ?

Call your health care provider if you experience pain, numbness, tingling or weakness in the shoulder, arm, or hand. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Multiple sclerosis ?

Call your health care provider if: You develop any symptoms of MS Symptoms get worse, even with treatment The condition deteriorates to the point where home care is no longer possible </s>

What causes Pulmonary atresia?

As with most congenital heart diseases, there is no known cause of pulmonary atresia. The condition is associated with another type of congenital heart defect called a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Persons with pulmonary atresia may also have a poorly developed tricuspid valve. They may also have an underdeveloped right ventricle and abnormal blood vessels feeding the heart. Pulmonary atresia may occur with or without a ventricular septal defect (VSD). If the person does not have a VSD, the condition is called pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS). If the person has both problems, the condition is called pulmonary atresia with VSD. This is an extreme form of tetralogy of Fallot. Although both conditions are called pulmonary atresia, they are actually different defects. </s>

Centenarians—What Makes Them the Anti-Aging All Stars?

One way to find what helps people live long healthy lives is to study those who have succeeded. Centenarians have written best selling books, excelled in sports, piloted airplanes, practiced medicine, danced, sculpted, taught in universities, graduated from universities, run for Congress, and even fathered children. The current documented record holder for longevity was Jeanne Calment, a French woman who lived 122 years and died in 1997. There are reports of older people in some remote villages but there is no documentation to verify the claims (and they live in cultures that give great status to the oldest). Centenarians have become so common, the newest category is “Super Centenarians,” those 110+ years old. The most definitive research on centenarians is Thomas Perls, MD and Margery’s Living to 100 study of New England centenarians. Interviews with centenarians include Lynn Adler ’s Centenarians: The Bonus Years and photographer Liane Enkelis ’ incredible photographs and stories in On Being 100. There are quite a few autobiographies and biographies including Jeanne Calment: From Van Gough’s Time to Ours. Research suggests that centenarians have little in common physically. They are physically active people, most don’t smoke, and they typically maintained about the same body weight through their adult life. The role of genetics in longevity is complex. A genetic vulnerability to a life threatening disease, e.g., malaria, reduces life expectancy. If a vaccine or cure is developed, the same genes no longer present a problem. With Alzheimer’s disease, for example, those with the certain apo-E gene patterns have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s. When scientists develop a cure, Alzheimer’s will no longer compromise the quality and length of life for those who are at risk. There appear to be genes that foster living longer. Researchers have extended the life of fruit flies by 30% by giving them an extra copy of a gene. Other researchers extended the life of nematodes (microscopic worms) by 500% by removing a gene. It isn’t clear yet why the genetic engineering is extending the lives, but the results are promising. Danish researchers compared identical and fraternal twins and extrapolated that only 30% of longevity is genetic. That means that 70% is lifestyle and the choices people make. George Valliant, Ph.D., and subsequent researchers have followed Harvard freshman in the classes from 1939-1949 periodically to the present. One especially notable finding was that men who had traits such as optimism and humor as freshmen were less likely to develop chronic illness or die by age 45. The difference was even more pronounced at age 60. </s>

What are the symptoms of VIPoma ?

Abdominal pain and cramping Diarrhea (watery, and often in large amounts) Flushing or redness of the face Nausea Weight loss </s>

What to expect if I have Bornholm disease (Outlook/Prognosis)?

The illness lasts about a week and is rarely fatal. Relapses during the weeks following the initial episode are a characteristic feature of this disease. Almost all generally healthy individuals recover completely from pleurodynia. However, about 5% of people develop acute viral meningitis as a complication of the coxsackie virus infection, and about 5% of adult males develop orchitis. Less common complications include hepatitis, pericarditis and myocarditis. </s>

What are the causes of Hyperaldosteronism?

Persons with primary hyperaldosteronism have a problem with the adrenal gland that causes it to release too much aldosterone. In secondary hyperaldosteronism, the excess aldosterone is caused by something outside the adrenal gland that mimics the primary condition. Primary hyperaldosteronism used to be considered a rare condition, but some experts believe that it may be the cause of hypertension in some patients. Most cases of primary hyperaldosteronism are caused by a noncancerous (benign) tumor of the adrenal gland. Secondary hyperaldosteronism is generally related to hypertension. It is also related to disorders such as: Cirrhosis of the liver Heart failure Nephrotic syndrome </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Abdominal pain ?

Seek immediate medical help or call your local emergency number (such as 911) if you: Are currently being treated for cancer Are pregnant or could be pregnant Are unable to pass stool, especially if you are also vomiting Are vomiting blood or have blood in your stool (especially if it's maroon or dark, tarry black in color) Had a recent injury to your abdomen Have chest, neck, or shoulder pain Have difficulty breathing Have pain in, or between, your shoulder blades with nausea Have sudden, sharp abdominal pain Have tenderness in your belly, or your belly is rigid and hard to the touch Call your doctor if you have: Abdominal discomfort that lasts 1 week or longer Abdominal pain that does not improve in 24 - 48 hours, or becomes more severe and frequent and occurs with nausea and vomiting Bloating that persists for more than 2 days Burning sensation when you urinate or frequent urination Diarrhea for more than 5 days Fever (over 100°F for adults or 100.4°F for children) with your pain Prolonged poor appetite Prolonged vaginal bleeding Unexplained weight loss </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Torticollis ?

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms do not improve with treatment, or if new symptoms develop. Torticollis that occurs after an injury or with illness may be serious. Seek immediate medical help if this occurs. </s>

What to expect if I have Urinary incontinence (Outlook/Prognosis)?

How well you do depends on your symptoms, an accurate diagnosis, and proper treatment. Many patients must try different therapies (some at the same time) to reduce symptoms. Instant improvement is unusual. Perseverance and patience are usually required to see improvement. A small number of patients need surgery to control their symptoms. </s>

What are the symptoms of Secondary amenorrhea?

No menstrual period for 6 months or longer Previously had one or more menstrual periods that started on their own Other symptoms that can occur with secondary amenorrhea include: Breast size changes Considerable weight gain or weight loss Discharge from the breast (galactorrhea) Headache Increased hair growth in a "male" pattern (hirsutism) and acne Vaginal dryness Voice changes If amenorrhea is caused by a pituitary tumor, there may be other symptoms related to the tumor, such as vision loss. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Cor pulmonale ?

Call your health care provider if you experience shortness of breath or chest pain. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pulmonary embolism ?

Pulmonary embolism can be potentially life threatening and one should seek medical care when suffering from symptoms of Pulmonary embolism such as severe sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, blood in sputum, and a raised heart rate. </s>

What are the symptoms of an Impacted tooth?

Bad breath Difficulty opening the mouth (occasionally) Pain or tenderness of the gums (gingiva) or jaw bone Prolonged headache or jaw ache Redness and swelling of the gums around the impacted tooth Swollen lymph nodes of the neck (occasionally) Unpleasant taste when biting down on or near the area Visible gap where a tooth did not emerge </s>

What are the symptoms of ABO incompatibility?

The following are symptoms of transfusion reactions: Back pain Blood in urine Feeling of "impending doom" Fever Yellow skin (jaundice) </s>

What causes Dyscalculia?

Children who have mathematics disorder may have trouble performing simple mathematical equations, such as counting and adding. Mathematical disorder may appear with: Developmental coordination disorder Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Reading disorder </s>

What to expect if I have Fleas (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Getting rid of fleas can be difficult and takes persistence. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Parathyroid adenoma ?

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of hyperparathyroidism. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Nocturia ?

Make an appointment with your health care provider if: Excessive nighttime urination continues over several days, and is not explained by medications or increase of fluids before bedtime You are bothered by the number of times you must urinate during the night </s>

What are the symptoms of Dressler's syndrome?

Anxiety Chest pain May come and go (recur) Pain may be sharp and stabbing (pleuritic) or tight and crushing (ischemic) Pain may get worse when breathing and may go away when you stand or sit up Pain moves to the neck, shoulder, back, or abdomen Difficulty breathing Dry cough Fast heart rate (tachycardia) Fatigue Fever (more common with the second type of pericarditis) Malaise (general ill feeling) Splinting of ribs (bending over or holding the chest) with deep breathing </s>

What are the symptoms of Pityriasis rosea?

Attacks most often last 4 - 8 weeks. Symptoms may disappear by 3 weeks or last as long as 12 weeks. The rash starts with a single large patch called a herald patch. After several days, more skin rashes will appear on the chest, back, arms, and legs. The skin rashes: Are often pink or pale red Are oval in shape May be scaly May follow lines in the skin or appear in a "Christmas tree" pattern May itch </s>

Who is at highest risk for Goiter ?

Inherited factors may cause goiters. Risk factors include: Age over 40 years Family history of goiter Female gender Not getting enough iodine in the diet </s>

Who is at highest risk for Epidermolysis bullosa ?

All types of epidermolysis bullosa are usually inherited. Having a family history of the disease, and especially having a parent with it, is a risk factor. </s>

What to expect if I have Esophageal atresia (Outlook/Prognosis)?

An early diagnosis gives a better chance of a good outcome. </s>

What are the symptoms of a floater?

People with floaters notice small specks or "cobwebs" floating in their field of vision that are especially noticeable when looking at something bright, such as white paper or a blue sky. They move as your eyes move and seem to dart away when you try to look at them directly. They do not follow your eye movements precisely, and usually drift when your eyes stop moving. Most people have floaters and learn to ignore them; they are usually not noticed until they become numerous or more prominent. </s>

What causes Heart attack?

Heart attacks occur most often as a result of a condition called coronary artery disease (CAD). In CAD, a fatty material called plaque builds up over many years on the inside walls of the coronary arteries (the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to your heart). Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture, causing a blood clot to form on the surface of the plaque. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block the flow of oxygen -rich blood to the part of the heart muscle fed by the artery. </s>

What to expect if I have Stasis dermatitis and ulcers (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you develop leg swelling or symptoms of stasis dermatitis. Watch for signs of infection: Drainage that looks like pus Open skin sores (ulcers) Pain Redness </s>

What causes Acne?

Acne occurs when tiny holes on the surface of the skin, called pores, become clogged. Each pore is an opening to a follicle, which contains a hair and an oil gland. These oil glands help lubricate the skin and help remove old skin cells. When glands produce too much oil, the pores can become blocked. Dirt, debris, bacteria, and inflammatory cells build up. The blockage is called a plug or comedone. The top of the plug may be white (whitehead) or dark (blackhead). If the plug breaks open, the material inside causes swelling and red bumps to form. If the inflammation is deep in your skin, the pimples may enlarge to form firm, painful cysts. Acne is a problem of swelling and inflammation, not a problem caused by bacteria. Acne tends to run in families and can be triggered by: Hormonal changes related to menstrual periods, pregnancy, birth control pills, or stress Greasy or oily cosmetic and hair products Certain drugs (such as steroids, testosterone, estrogen, and phenytoin) High levels of humidity and sweating Despite the popular belief that chocolate, nuts, and greasy foods cause acne, research does not confirm this idea. Diets high in refined sugars may be related to acne, though. </s>

What to expect if I have Drug induced hemolytic anemia (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Most patients have a good outcome if they stop taking the drug that is causing the problem. </s>

What to expect if I have Corneal injury (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Injuries that affect only the surface of the cornea normally heal very rapidly with treatment. The eye should be back to normal within 2 days. Penetrating corneal injuries are much more serious. The outcome depends on the specific injury. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Moyamoya disease ?

Doctor should be immediately contacted when you experience the above listed symptoms </s>

What to expect if I have Lichen planus (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Lichen planus is usually not harmful and may get better with treatment. It usually clears up within 18 months. However it may last for weeks to months, and may come and go for years. It usually clears up within 18 months. If lichen planus is caused by a medication, the rash should go away once the medicine is stopped. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Anemia of prematurity ?

Premature infants Extremely low birth weight infants </s>

What are the symptoms of Post traumatic stress disorder?

Symptoms of PTSD fall into three main categories: Reliving the event, which disturbs day-to-day activity Flashback episodes, where the event seems to be happening again and again Repeated upsetting memories of the event Repeated nightmares of the event Strong, uncomfortable reactions to situations that remind you of the event Avoidance Emotional "numbing" or feeling as though you don't care about anything Feeling detached Being unable to remember important aspects of the trauma Having a lack of interest in normal activities Showing less of your moods Avoiding places, people, or thoughts that remind you of the event Feeling like you have no future Arousal Difficulty concentrating Startling easily Having an exaggerated response to things that startle you Feeling more aware (hypervigilance) Feeling irritable or having outbursts of anger Having trouble falling or staying asleep You might feel guilt about the event (including survivor guilt). You might also have some of the following symptoms, which are typical of anxiety, stress, and tension: Agitation or excitability Dizziness Fainting Feeling your heart beat in your chest Headache </s>

What to expect if I have Hypertensive nephropathy (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Without dialysis or a kidney transplant, death will occur from the buildup of fluids and waste products in the body. Both of these treatments can have serious risks and consequences. The outcome is different for each person. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Papillary thyroid cancer ?

Clinical data have suggested that the development of papillary thyroid cancer is related to various factors, such as: A diet low in iodine: papillary thyroid cancers are more common in regions characterized by iodine-deficient diets. Radiation exposure Patients over the age of 45-years </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Systemic lupus erythematosus ?

Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. </s>

What to expect if I have Myeloproliferative neoplasm (Outlook/Prognosis)?

The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options for CMML depend on the following: The number of white blood cells or platelets in the blood or bone marrow. Whether the patient is anemic. The amount of blasts in the blood or bone marrow. The amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Whether there are certain changes in the chromosomes. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Atelectasis ?

Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of atelectasis. </s>

What are the symptoms of Papilloma?

Usual signs and symptoms vary widely. They depend on the size, the location of the tumors. For example, a small papilloma may not cause any symptom and biger one may cause obvious signs. For instance, papilloma in larynx may cayse hoarseness, cough and shortness of breath. Symptoms of papilloma in breast may be bloody nipple discharge, pain and lump in breast. Vulvar papilloma may cause itching, lump or ulcer even infection in vulva. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Human papillomavirus ?

Any person who has ever had sexual contact with another person may be infected with HPV. The virus may infect both men and women. Among other reasons, the population should be aware of this virus, since people may be infected with it, never developing any symptoms and therefore not knowing that they have higher risk of developing disease. The virus may remain in the individual without carrying out any manifestations for years. You are more likely to be infected by HPV, if you have: Sex at an early age. Many sex partners. A sex partner who has had many partners. </s>

What causes Dextrocardia?

During the early weeks of pregnancy, the baby's heart develops. Sometimes, for reasons that are unclear, the heart develops and turns so that it points to the right side of the chest instead of the left side. There are several types of dextrocardia. Most involve other defects of the heart and abdomen area. The simplest type of dextrocardia is one in which the heart is a mirror image of the normal heart, and no other problems exist. This condition is rare. Usually in this case, the organs of the abdomen and the lungs will also be arranged in a mirror image of their normal position. For example, the liver will be on the left side instead of the right. Some people with mirror-image dextrocardia have a problem with the fine hairs (cilia) that filter the air going into their nose and air passages. This condition is called Kartagener syndrome. In the more common types of dextrocardia, heart defects are present in addition to the abnormal location of the heart. The most common heart defects seen with dextrocardia include: Double outlet right ventricle Endocardial cushion defect Pulmonary stenosis or atresia Single ventricle Transposition of the great vessels Ventricular septal defect The abdominal and chest organs in babies with dextrocardia may be abnormal and may not work correctly. A very serious syndrome that appears with dextrocardia is called heterotaxy. Heterotaxy means the organs (atria of the heart and abdominal organs) are not in their usual places. In heterotaxy, the spleen may be completely missing. Because the spleen is an extremely important part of the immune system, babies born without a spleen are in danger of severe bacterial infections and death. In another form of heterotaxy several small spleens exist, but may not work correctly. Heterotaxy may also include: Abnormal gallbladder system Problems with the lungs Problems with the structure of the intestines Severe heart defects Possible risk factors for dextrocardia include: Family history of the condition Mother with diabetes (may play a role in some forms of dextrocardia) </s>

Who is at highest risk for Pinguecula ?

People who are exposed to a great deal of sunlight (and consequently UV light), who live in tropical climates, and who suffer from eye irritation are at an increased risk of pinguecula. Certain occupations that may potentially damage the eyes, such as welding, also increase the risk. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Leishmaniasis ?

There are different forms of leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects the skin and mucus membranes. Skin sores usually start at the site of the sandfly bite. They can last for months or years before healing on their own. In a few people, sores may develop on mucus membranes. Systemic, or visceral leishmaniasis affects the entire body. This form occurs 2 - 8 months after a person is bitten by the sandfly. Most people do not remember having a skin sore. This form can lead to deadly complications. The parasites damage the immune system by decreasing the numbers of disease-fighting cells. Cases of leishmaniasis have been reported on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. In the Americas, leishmaniasis can be found in Mexico and South America. Leishmaniasis has been reported in military personnel returning from the Persian Gulf. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Small cell carcinoma ?

Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of lung cancer (particularly if you smoke). </s>

What to expect if I have Bleeding esophageal varices (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Bleeding often comes back without treatment. Bleeding esophageal varices are a serious complication of liver disease and have a poor outcome. </s>

What to expect if I have Moyamoya disease (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Without surgery, the majority of individuals with Moyamoya disease will experience mental decline and multiple strokes because of the progressive narrowing of arteries. Without treatment, Moyamoya disease can be fatal as the result of intracerebral hemorrhage. </s>

What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis?

About 70% of infected people do not have any signs or symptoms. When trichomoniasis does cause symptoms, they can range from mild irritation to severe inflammation. Some people with symptoms get them within 5 to 28 days after being infected, but others do not develop symptoms until much later. Symptoms can come and go. Having trichomoniasis can make it feel unpleasant to have sex. Without treatment, the infection can last for months or even years. Women: Discomfort with intercourse Itching of the inner thighs Vaginal discharge (thin, greenish-yellow, frothy or foamy) Vaginal itching Vulvar itching or swelling of the labia Vaginal odor (foul or strong smell) Men: Burning after urination or ejaculation Itching of urethra Slight discharge from urethra Occasionally, some men with trichomoniasis may develop prostatitis or epididymitis from the infection. </s>

Where to find Medical Care for Pompe Disease?

Medical care for (disease name) can be found here. </s>

What to expect if I have Radiation enteropathy (Outlook/Prognosis)?

When the abdomen receives radiation, there is always some nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In most cases, the symptoms get better 2 - 3 weeks after treatment ends. However, when this condition develops, symptoms may last for a long period of time. Long-term (chronic) enteritis is rarely curable. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Iron deficiency anemia in children ?

The risk of developing iron deficiency anemia is increased in: Infants younger than 12 months who drink cow's milk rather than breast milk or iron-fortified formula Young children who drink a lot of cow's milk rather than eating foods that supply the body with more iron Iron deficiency anemia most commonly affects babies 9 - 24 months old. All babies should have a screening test for iron deficiency at this age. Babies born prematurely may need to be tested earlier. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Osteosarcoma ?

Speak to your doctor immediately if you are experiencing any of the above mentioned symptoms. </s>

How common is desmoid tumor?

Out of one million people worldwide, two to four are diagnosed with a desmoid tumor per year </s>

What are the symptoms of Toxoplasmosis?

Most primary infections produce no symptoms. The time between exposure to the parasite and symptom development is 1 - 2 weeks. The disease can affect the brain, lung, heart, eyes, or liver. Symptoms in persons with otherwise healthy immune systems: Enlarged lymph nodes in the head and neck Headache Mild illness with fever, similar to mononucleosis Muscle pain Sore throat Symptoms in immunosuppressed persons: Confusion Fever Headache Retinal inflammation that causes blurred vision Seizures For symptoms in babies born with the condition, see congenital toxoplasmosis. </s>

What causes Empty sella syndrome?

The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain. It sits in a saddle-like compartment in the skull called the " sella turcica," which in Latin means "Turkish saddle." When the pituitary gland shrinks or becomes flattened, it cannot be seen on MRI scans, giving the appearance of an "empty sella." This is referred to as empty sella syndrome. The pituitary makes several hormones that control the other glands in the body, including the: Adrenal glands Ovaries Testicles Thyroid Primary empty sella syndrome occurs when a hole in the membrane covering the pituitary gland allows fluid in, which presses on the pituitary. Secondary empty sella syndrome occurs when the sella is empty because the pituitary gland has been damaged by: A tumor Radiation therapy Surgery </s>

Who is at highest risk for Rhabdomyolysis ?

Alcoholism (with subsequent muscle tremors) Certain inherited or genetic syndromes Crush Injuries Heat intolerance Heatstroke Ischemia or necrosis of the muscles (as may occur with arterial occlusion, deep venous thrombosis, or other conditions) Low phosphate levels Seizures Severe exertion such as marathon running or calisthenics Shaking chills Trauma Use or overdose of drugs, especially cocaine, amphetamines, statins, heroin, or PCP </s>

Should I take any OTC pain medications?

You may take acetaminophen (Tylenol) every six hours as needed for pain in the area where the catheter was placed. Please be sure you are not taking more than one product containing acetaminophen, and do not take more Tylenol than what is recommended on the label. </s>

What causes Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is inherited as an X-linked trait. It mostly occurs in boys. Persons with this syndrome are missing or are severely lacking an enzyme called hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HGP). The body needs this enzyme to recycle purines. Without it, abnormally high levels of uric acid build up in the body. The condition affects about 1 in 380,000 people. </s>

What should I tell my doctor before and while taking Vytorin?

Tell your doctor right away if you experience unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness. This is because on rare occasions, muscle problems can be serious, including muscle breakdown resulting in kidney damage. The risk of muscle breakdown is greater at higher doses of Vytorin. The risk of muscle breakdown is greater in patients with kidney problems. Taking Vytorin with certain substances can increase the risk of muscle problems. It is particularly important to tell your doctor if you are taking any of the following: cyclosporine danazol antifungal agents (such as itraconazole or ketoconazole) fibric acid derivatives (such as gemfibrozil, bezafibrate, or fenofibrate) the antibiotics erythromycin, clarithromycin, and telithromycin HIV protease inhibitors (such as indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir) the antidepressant nefazodone amiodarone (a drug used to treat an irregular heartbeat) verapamil (a drug used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain associated with heart disease, or other heart conditions) large doses (≥1 g/day) of niacin or nicotinic acid large quantities of grapefruit juice (>1 quart daily) It is also important to tell your doctor if you are taking coumarin anticoagulants (drugs that prevent blood clots, such as warfarin). Tell your doctor about any prescription and nonprescription medicines you are taking or plan to take, including natural or herbal remedies. Tell your doctor about all your medical conditions including allergies. Tell your doctor if you: drink substantial quantities of alcohol or ever had liver problems. Vytorin may not be right for you. are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Do not use Vytorin if you are pregnant, trying to become pregnant or suspect that you are pregnant. If you become pregnant while taking Vytorin, stop taking it and contact your doctor immediately. are breast-feeding. Do not use Vytorin if you are breast-feeding. Tell other doctors prescribing a new medication that you are taking Vytorin. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Nail changes ?

Call your health care provider if you have: A new or widening dark streak in the nail Blue nails Clubbed nails Distorted nails Horizontal ridges Pale nails White lines White color under the nails If you have splinter hemorrhages, see the doctor immediately. </s>

What to expect if I have Stevens-Johnson syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Prognosis of Stevens-Johnson syndrome is generally good. Most lesions heal rapidly within 1-3 weeks unless secondary bacterial infection of lesions occurs. Recovery can take longer, although it usually depends on the severity of symptoms and body surface area involved. The mortality rate is 1-5 percent in SJS and in TEN is 25-35 percent </s>

Who is at highest risk for Multiple myeloma ?

While the exact cause of multiple myeloma is not known, clinical data has suggested that the development of multiple myeloma is related to several factors. Age: Age is the biggest risk factor for multiple myeloma. Most cases are found in people older than 65. Plasma cell diseases: Studies show patients with other plasma cell diseases will develop multiple myeloma later. Radiation exposure: Cases reports demonstrate exposure to radiation may increase the risk of multiple myeloma. Exposure on oil-related industries: Some studies suggest that workers in some oil-related industries may be at a higher risk. Family history: Some data suggest multiple myeloma seems to run in some families. But most patients have no other relatives with the disease. Life-style: A study by the American Cancer Society found that being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma. Race: Epidemiological data show multiple myeloma is almost twice as common among black Americans as white Americans. Gender: Men are slightly more likely to get multiple myeloma than women. </s>

What to expect if I have Tumor lysis syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)?

The prognosis of tumor lysis syndrome is good with treatment and if not associated with renal failure. Without treatment, tumor lysis syndrome will result in cardiac arrhythmia and electrolytes disturbance. </s>

What are the causes of Cerebral arteriovenous malformation?

The cause of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is unknown. The condition occurs when arteries in the brain connect directly to nearby veins without having the normal vessels (capillaries) between them. Arteriovenous malformations vary in size and location in the brain. An AVM rupture occurs because of pressure and damage to blood vessel tissue. This allows blood to leak into the brain or surrounding tissues, and reduces blood flow to the brain. </s>

What to expect if I have Conduct disorder (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Children who have severe or frequent symptoms tend to have the poorest outlook. Expectations are also worse for those who have other illnesses, such as mood and drug abuse disorders. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Sickle-cell disease ?

Sickle cell disease is much more common in people of African and Mediterranean descent. It is also seen in people from South and Central America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hyperprolactinemia ?

Call your health care provider if you have any symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Henoch-Sch%C3%B6nlein purpura ?

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if: You develop symptoms of Henoch-Schonlein purpura, particularly if they last for more than a few days You have low urine output after an episode of Henoch-Schonlein purpura </s>

What are the Symptoms of Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis?

Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine. Common symptoms include: Feelings of sickness or weakness Weight loss Fever Night sweats The symptoms of TB disease of the lungs may also include: Coughing Chest pain Coughing up blood Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body will depend on the affected area. </s>

What are the symptoms of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Abnormal (high-pitched) breathing sounds Cough Coughing up blood Difficulty swallowing Hoarseness that does not get better in 1 - 2 weeks Neck pain Sore throat that does not get better in 1 - 2 weeks, even with antibiotics Swelling or lumps in the neck Unintentional weight loss </s>

What to expect if I have Q fever (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Most people get better with treatment. However, complications can be very serious and sometimes even life-threatening. Q fever should always be treated if it is recognized as the cause of symptoms </s>

What to expect if I have Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (Outlook/Prognosis)?

The outcome is usually very poor. Within 6 months or less of the onset of symptoms, the person will become incapable of self-care. The disorder is fatal in a short time, usually within 8 months, but a few people survive as long as 1 or 2 years after diagnosis. The cause of death is usually infection, heart failure, or respiratory failure. </s>

What causes Acute respiratory distress syndrome?

ARDS can be caused by any major swelling (inflammation) or injury to the lung. Some common causes include: Breathing vomit into the lungs (aspiration) Inhaling chemicals Pneumonia Septic shock Trauma ARDS leads to a buildup of fluid in the air sacs. This fluid prevents enough oxygen from passing into the bloodstream. The fluid buildup also makes the lungs heavy and stiff, and decreases the lungs' ability to expand. The level of oxygen in the blood can stay dangerously low, even if the person receives oxygen from a breathing machine (mechanical ventilator) through a breathing tube (endotracheal tube). ARDS often occurs along with the failure of other organ systems, such as the liver or the kidneys. Cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol use may be risk factors. </s>

What are the symptoms of Alkaptonuria?

Urine in an infant's diaper may darken and can turn almost black after several hours. However, many persons with this condition may not know they have it until mid-adulthood (around age 40), when joint and other problems occur. Symptoms may include: Arthritis (especially of the spine) that gets worse over time Darkening of the ear Dark spots on the white of the eye (sclera) and cornea </s>

What causes Adrenoleukodystrophy?

Adrenoleukodystrophy is passed down from parents to their children as an X-linked genetic trait. It therefore affects mostly males, although some women who are carriers can have milder forms of the disease. It affects approximately 1 in 20,000 people from all races. The condition results in the buildup of very-long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system, adrenal gland, and testes, which disrupts normal activity. There are three major categories of disease: Childhood cerebral form -- appears in mid-childhood (at ages 4 - 8) Adrenomyelopathy -- occurs in men in their 20s or later in life Impaired adrenal gland function (called Addison disease or Addison-like phenotype) -- adrenal gland does not produce enough steroid hormones </s>

What causes Dermatomyositis?

Its an autoimmune disease who's actual cause is unknown. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Cradle cap ?

Seborrheic dermatitis appears to run in families. Stress, fatigue, weather extremes, oily skin, infrequent shampoos or skin cleaning, use of lotions that contain alcohol, skin disorders (such as acne), or obesity may increase the risk. Neurologic conditions, including Parkinson's disease, head injury, and stroke may be associated with seborrheic dermatitis. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has also been linked to increased cases of seborrheic dermatitis. </s>

Are There Any Warning Signs For A Failing Aortic Valve?

A failing aortic valve may cause a variety of symptoms including shortness of breath, chest pain (angina pectoris), and dizziness or loss of consciousness (passing out). A narrow valve makes the heart work harder just to pump the blood through the valve to the body. A leaky valve lets blood back into the heart after it has been pumped out. The heart must therefore pump more blood forward to make up for the blood that is leaking backwards. Either way the extra work may cause symptoms of heart failure, such as shortness of breath. Early on the shortness of breath may be noticeable only with exercise. Later, with the progression of valve disease, a patient could experience shortness of breath with even light activity or at rest. Some patients will be unable to sleep flat in bed or may awaken from sleep short of breath. Another sign of heart failure that may occasionally occur is swelling of your feet, particularly prominent later in the afternoon or evening although other conditions, such as varicose veins, can also cause this to occur. The extra work the heart has to perform may also cause chest pain or angina pectoris similar to the symptoms of a heart attack. It may be difficult to tell the difference between heart valve disease and narrowing of the blood vessels to the heart itself (coronary arteries). Aortic valve disease may also cause dizziness, light headedness or even fainting spells. </s>

What to expect before the procedure?

If you have symptoms of appendicitis, seek medical help right away. Do not use heating pads, enemas, laxatives, or other home treatments to try and relieve symptoms. Your health care provider will examine your abdomen and rectum. Other tests may be done. Laboratory tests Blood tests are used to check for signs of infection, such as a high white blood cell count. Blood tests may also show dehydration or fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Urinalysis is used to rule out a urinary tract infection. Doctors may also order a pregnancy test for women. Imaging tests Computerized tomography (CT) scans, which create cross-sectional images of the body, can help diagnose appendicitis and other sources of abdominal pain. Ultrasound is sometimes used to look for signs of appendicitis, especially in people who are thin or young. An abdominal x-ray is rarely helpful in diagnosing appendicitis but can be used to look for other sources of abdominal pain. Women of childbearing age should have a pregnancy test before undergoing x-rays or CT scanning. Both use radiation and can be harmful to a developing fetus. Ultrasound does not use radiation and is not harmful to a fetus. There are no actual tests to confirm that you have appendicitis. Other illnesses can cause the same or similar symptoms. The goal is to remove an infected appendix before it breaks open (ruptures). After reviewing your symptoms and the results of the physical exam and medical tests, your surgeon will decide whether you need surgery. </s>

What are the symptoms of Transverse myelitis?

Transverse myelitis may be either acute (developing over hours to several days) or subacute (usually developing over 1 to 4 weeks). Initial symptoms usually include: Localized lower back pain Sudden paresthesias (abnormal sensations such as burning, tickling, pricking, or tingling) in the legs, sensory loss, and paraparesis (partial paralysis of the legs) Paraparesis may progress to paraplegia (paralysis of the legs and lower part of the trunk) Urinary bladder and bowel dysfunction is common. Many patients also report experiencing muscle spasms, a general feeling of discomfort, headache, fever, and loss of appetite. Depending on which segment of the spinal cord is involved, some patients may experience respiratory problems as well. Initially, people with transverse myelitis may notice that they are stumbling or dragging one foot or that their legs seem heavier than normal. Coordination of hand and arm movements, as well as arm and hand strength may also be compromised. Progression of the disease leads to full paralysis of the legs, requiring the patient to use a wheelchair. Pain is the primary presenting symptom of transverse myelitis in approximately one-third to one-half of all patients. The pain may be localized in the lower back or may consist of sharp, shooting sensations that radiate down the legs or arms or around the torso. Patients who experience sensory disturbances often use terms such as numbness, tingling, coldness, or burning to describe their symptoms. Up to 80 percent of those with transverse myelitis report areas of heightened sensitivity to touch, such that clothing or a light touch with a finger causes significant discomfort or pain (a condition called allodynia). Many also experience heightened sensitivity to changes in temperature or to extreme heat or cold. Bladder and bowel problems may involve increased frequency of the urge to urinate or have bowel movements, incontinence, difficulty voiding, the sensation of incomplete evacuation, and constipation. Over the course of the disease, the majority of people with transverse myelitis will experience one or several of these symptoms. </s>

How will vulvar cancer affect my sex life?

Impact of the cancer on sex life vary greatly among people with some people having no or little change based on the physical and emotional stress they are experiencing. Some people feel even closer to their partners and have increased desire for sex during this time. Though pregnancy may be possible during the treatment, it is not recommended as some drugs could cause birth defects. Radiotherapy for vulvar cancer can cause an early menopause as well as scarring, dryness and vaginal narrowing and may be associated with pain when having sex. Your doctor may advice you to use dilators to stop the vagina shrinking and narrowing and some gels and creams to moisturise the vagina and vulva and prevent soreness. </s>

When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hyperchloremia ?

Consult a doctor immediately if you have any of these: Drowsiness or confusion Extreme nausea that interferes with eating and not relieved by medicines Having diarrhea 4 to 6 times in a day that is not relieved by diet modification or anti-diarrhea drugs Irritability and muscle twitching Poor appetite and increased urination Severe constipation for 2 to 3 days, and not relieved by laxatives Vomiting more than 4 to 5 times in a day </s>

What causes Chronic cold urticaria?

Though it is not clear what causes cold urticaria, it appears that some people have hypersensitive skin cells. This means that their skin cells are more sensitive than a normal person's skin cells to things like temperature. This may be a result of either an inherited trait or an illness (for example, a virus). Since exposure to cold begins the immune response that releases histamine and other immune system chemicals, the skin may become itchy and exhibit redness and other symptoms. </s>

Are There Differences Between Mechanical And Biological Replacement Valves?

A number of excellent mechanical replacement valves or prostheses are available today. Most surgeons have a particular preference for one valve over another related to technical factors (how they are sewn into place), however from the patient's point of view there is little if any difference between valves. The principle advantage of mechanical valves is their excellent durability. From a practical standpoint, they do not wear out. The principle disadvantage is that there is a tendency for blood to clot on all mechanical valves. Therefore patients with artificial valves must take anticoagulants or "blood thinners" for the rest of their life. There is also a small but definite risk of blood clots causing stroke. There are a variety of natural or biological valves that can be used to replace an abnormal valve. They all share a reduced risk of blood clots forming but all are less durable than mechanical valves. Given enough time, they will probably all wear out. The options in this category include "xenograft" valves made from animal tissues (most often pig aortic valves), "homograft" or "allograft" valves retrieved from human cadavers, and "pulmonary autograft" valves moved from the patient's pulmonary artery on the right side of the heart to the aortic position on the left. The decision on the type of valve used should be made in conjunction with your cardiothoracic surgeon and your cardiologist. Ultimately the choice will depend on a patient's preferences, lifestyle, and individual risks as determined by age and other medical conditions. </s>

What causes Pseudohypoparathyroidism?

The parathyroid glands help control calcium use and removal by the body. They do this by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps control calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels within the blood and bone. Persons with pseudohypoparathyroidism produce the right amount of PTH, but the body is "resistant" to its effect. This causes low blood calcium levels and high blood phosphate levels. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is caused by abnormal genes. All forms of pseudohypoparathyroidism are very rare. Type Ia is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. That means only one parent needs to pass you the defective gene in order for you to develop the condition. The condition causes short stature, round face, and short hand bones, and is also called Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. Type Ib involves resistance to PTH only in the kidneys. Type Ib is less understood than type Ia. Type II is very similar to type I in its clinical features, but the events that take place in the kidneys are different. Type II pseudohypoparathyroidism also involves low blood calcium and high blood phosphate levels, but persons with this form do not develop the physical characteristics seen in those with Type Ia. All forms of pseudohypoparathyroidism are very rare. </s>

Who is at highest risk for Viral gastroenteritis ?

It can occur in any age group and is seen frequently in both children and adults. </s>

What are the symptoms of Hydrops fetalis?

Symptoms depend on the severity of the condition. Mild forms may cause: Liver swelling Change in skin color (pallor) More severe forms may cause: Breathing problems Bruising or purplish bruise-like spots on the skin Heart failure Severe anemia Severe jaundice Total body swelling </s>