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Year **165** (**CLXV**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Orfitus and Pudens** (or, less frequently, **year 918 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 165 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * A Roman military expedition under Avidius Cassius is successful against Parthia, capturing Artaxata, Seleucia on the Tigris, and Ctesiphon. The Parthians sue for peace. * Antonine Plague: A pandemic breaks out in Rome, after the Roman army returns from Parthia. The plague significantly depopulates the Roman Empire and China. * Legio II *Italica* is levied by Emperor Marcus Aurelius. * Dura-Europos is taken by the Romans. * The Romans establish a garrison at Doura Europos on the Euphrates, a control point for the commercial route to the Persian Gulf. * Avidius Cassius takes Nisibis, and conquers the north of Mesopotamia. * Marcus Aurelius creates 4 legal districts (iuridici) in Italy (5 if Rome is included). #### Asia * Sindae becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. ### By topic #### Religion * The philosopher Justin of Nablus is executed in Rome as a Christian. * Discourse to the Greek (*Oratio ad Graecos*), by the Syrian Tatian, is the first treatise on the evils of paganism in Christian literature. Births ------ * Annia Faustina, Roman noblewoman (d. 218) * Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus, Roman emperor (d. 218) * Mi Zhu (or **Zizhong**), Chinese official and advisor (d. 221) * Shi Hui, Chinese official and statesman (d. 227) * Tiberius Claudius Cleobulus, Roman politician (d. 213) Deaths ------ * Appian, Greek historian and writer (approximate date) * Chadea, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (b. AD 71) * Claudius Ptolemaeus, Greek astronomer (approximate date) * Deng Mengnü (or **Bo Mengnü**), Chinese empress * Elpinice, daughter of Herodes Atticus (b. AD 142) * Justin Martyr, Christian apologist (b. AD 100) * Peregrinus Proteus, Greek philosopher (b. AD 95) * Taejodae, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (b. AD 47)

165

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165

Year **164 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Torquatus and Longinus** (or, less frequently, **year 590 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 164 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Egypt * The Egyptian King Ptolemy VI Philometor is expelled from Alexandria by his brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes and flees to Rome to seek support. #### Seleucid Empire * The Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes dies while on a campaign in Tabae (or Gabae, now Isfahan) in Persia. He is succeeded by his son Antiochus V Eupator who is only nine years old. The regent for the boy is the late king's chancellor, Lysias, who was left in charge of Syria when Antiochus IV departed for his campaign in Persia. Lysias is, however, seriously challenged by other Syrian generals and finds himself with a precarious hold on power. To make matters worse for him, the Roman Senate is holding Demetrius, the son of the former king Seleucus IV and, therefore, the rightful heir to the Seleucid throne, as a hostage. By threatening to release him, the Senate is able to influence events in the Seleucid kingdom. * The Battle of Beth Zur is fought between Jewish rebel forces led by Judas Maccabeus and a Seleucid army led by the regent Lysias. Judas Maccabeus wins the battle and is able to recapture Jerusalem soon after. Judas purifies the defiled Temple in Jerusalem, destroys the idols erected there by Antiochus IV and restores the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple becomes an annual feast of dedication in the Jewish calendar, Hanukkah. #### Roman Republic * Rhodes signs a treaty with Rome and becomes its ally. * Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus is elected censor in Rome. ### By topic #### Art * Construction of the detail of the frieze from the east front of the altar in Pergamon, *Athena Attacking the Giants*, begins and is finished eight years later. It is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, Germany. #### Astronomy * Halley's Comet makes its regular appearance in the sky, as recorded by a Babylonian scribe. It last appeared in 240 BC. Births ------ * Cleopatra Thea Euergetis ("Benefactress"), ruler of the Seleucid kingdom from 125 BC, a daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt and his sister/wife Cleopatra II (d. 121 BC) (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Antiochus IV Epiphanes ("God Manifest"), Seleucid king of the Syrian kingdom who has reigned since 175 BC, and has encouraged Greek culture and institutions but also attempted to suppress Judaism, which has led to the uprisings in Judea towards the end of his reign (b. c. 215 BC)

164 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/164_BC

Year **166** (**CLXVI**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pudens and Pollio** (or, less frequently, **year 919 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 166 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Dacia is invaded by barbarians. * Conflict erupts on the Danube frontier between Rome and the Germanic tribe of the Marcomanni. * Emperor Marcus Aurelius appoints his sons Commodus and Marcus Annius Verus as co-rulers (Caesar), while he and Lucius Verus travel to Germany. * End of the war with Parthia: The Parthians leave Armenia and eastern Mesopotamia, which both become Roman protectorates. * A plague (possibly small pox) comes from the East and spreads throughout the Roman Empire, lasting for roughly twenty years. * The Lombards invade Pannonia (modern Hungary). They are quickly dispatched by the Roman Army. #### Asia * King Chogo of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje, in the Korean peninsula. * Scholars who have denounced eunuchs are arrested, killed or banished from the capital and official life in Han Dynasty China. This is the first of the Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions, which end in 184. * A Roman envoy arrives by sea in Rinan commandery, in southern China (central Vietnam). He travels to the Chinese capital Luoyang, and is greeted by Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty. ### By topic #### Religion * Pope Soter succeeds Pope Anicetus as the twelfth pope of Rome. * Laurence succeeds Alypius as Patriarch of Constantinople. Births ------ * Taishi Ci (or **Ziyi**), Chinese general (d. 206) Deaths ------ * Celadion, patriarch of Alexandria * Gaeru of Baekje, Korean ruler * Laurence, bishop of Byzantium * Ma Rong, Chinese poet and politician (b. AD 79)

166

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/166

Year **167 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Paetus and Pennus** (or, less frequently, **year 587 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 167 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, believing Judea to be in revolt, returns there after the failure of his Egyptian campaign. * The Jewish priest Mattathias of Modi'in defies the king Antiochus IV's decrees aimed at hellenizing the Jews and specifically defies the order that Jews should sacrifice to Zeus. Mattathias slays a Syrian official and escapes into the Judean hills with his five sons, beginning the Maccabean Revolt, a Jewish rebellion against Seleucid control of Judea. #### Greece * Private documents collected by the Romans when they capture Perseus of Macedon incriminate political leaders of the Achaean League. Many influential Greeks are deported to Rome. * On his way back to Rome, the Roman general Lucius Aemilius Paulus is ordered by the Roman Senate to inflict a brutal revenge on Epirus for being an ally of Macedonia. Seventy towns in Epirus are destroyed, and at least 100,000 citizens are sold into slavery. These actions take place despite the fact that Epirus has not aided Perseus in his war with Rome. #### Roman Republic * Lucius Aemilius Paulus returns to Italy with the King of Macedonia, Perseus, as his prisoner for his triumphal procession in Rome, where the Macedonians captured are sold into slavery. The huge amount of booty brought home after the battle enriches Rome allowing the Government to relieve her citizens of direct taxation. As a gesture of acknowledgment for his achievements in Macedonia, the senate awards Lucius Aemilius Paulus the surname Macedonicus. #### Parthia * The Parthians capture the key central Asian city of Herat. This victory effectively chokes off the movement of trade along the Silk Road to China and means that the Hellenic kingdom of Bactria is doomed. Deaths ------ * Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Roman consul in 177 BC

167 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/167_BC

Year **167** (**CLXVII**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Quadratus** (or, less frequently, **year 920 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 167 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus and Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus become Roman Consuls. * The Marcomanni tribe wages war against the Romans at Aquileia. They destroy aqueducts and irrigation conduits. Marcus Aurelius repels the invaders, ending the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) that has kept the Roman Empire free of conflict since the days of Emperor Augustus. * The Vandals (Astingi and Lacringi) and the Sarmatian Iazyges invade Dacia. To counter them, Legio V *Macedonica*, returning from the Parthian War, moves its headquarters from Troesmis in Moesia Inferior to Potaissa in Dacia Porolissensis. * The Germans devastate the Balkans and ransack the sanctuary of Eleusis, near Athens. #### Asia * Change of era name from *Yanxi* to *Yongkang* of the Chinese Han Dynasty. * King Chogo of Baekje wages war against Silla in the Korean peninsula. Births ------ * Zhang Yi (or **Junsi**), Chinese official (d. 230) Deaths ------ * Abercius, bishop of Hieropolis (approximate date) * Anicetus, pope of Rome (approximate date) * Wang Fu, Chinese philosopher (b. AD 82)

167

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/167

Year **172** (**CLXXII**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Maximus** (or, less frequently, **year 925 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 172 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Marcus Aurelius crosses the Danube with an expeditionary force. He subdues the Marcomanni and their allies and then, in a pact signed with the Germanic tribes, he imports them into the Roman Empire to occupy areas that have been depopulated by the plague. * The Sarmatians attack the lower Danube frontier. * Miracle in Moravia: As the Roman army is encircled by the Quadi under intense heat, a violent thunderstorm sweeps away the Quadi in a torrent of water and mud, and refreshes the parched legionaries. * Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, suppresses an agrarian revolt in Egypt and is made supreme commander of the Roman army in the East. #### Asia * Last (5th) year of *Jianning* era and start of *Xiping* era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. * Battle of Jwawon: Goguryeo Prime Minister Myeongnim Dap-bu defeats the Chinese Han Dynasty forces in Manchuria. ### By topic #### Religion * Tatian produces his Diatessaron, a harmony of the four gospels. * Montanism spreads through the Roman Empire. Births ------ * Lu Su, Chinese general and politician (d. 217) * Xu Miao, Chinese official and politician (d. 249) Deaths ------ * Dou Miao (or **Huansi**), Chinese empress * Hou Lan, Chinese eunuch-official and politician * Marcus Macrinius Vindex, Roman praetorian prefect

172

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/172

Year **169 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Philippus and Caepio** (or, less frequently, **year 585 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 169 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Macedonian forces led by Perseus of Macedon trap a Roman army led by Consul Quintus Marcius Phillipus near Tempe, but the Macedonians fail to take advantage of their resulting superior tactical position. * King Perseus asks the Seleucid King Antiochus IV to join forces with him against the danger that Rome presents to all of the Hellenic monarchs. Antiochus IV does not respond. #### Roman Republic * *Lex Voconia* (The Voconian Law) is introduced in Rome by the tribune, Quintus Voconius Saxa, with the support of Cato the Elder. This law prohibits those who own property valued at 100,000 sesterces from making a woman their heir. Births ------ * Liu Fei, Chinese prince of the Han Dynasty. He is also the son of Emperor Jing and a half-brother of Emperor Wu (d. 128 BC) Deaths ------ * Quintus Ennius, Roman epic poet, dramatist, and satirist, the most influential of the early Latin poets – and often called the founder of Roman literature or the father of Roman poetry. His epic *Annales*, a poem telling the story of Rome from the wanderings of Aeneas to Ennius' own time, remains the national epic until it is later eclipsed by Virgil's *Aeneid*.

169 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/169_BC

Year **16 BC** was either a common year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Monday or Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Ahenobarbus and Scipio** (or, less frequently, **year 738 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 16 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The Noricans having joined with the Pannonians in invading Histria, are defeated by Publius Silius Nerva, proconsul of Illyricum. * Braga, Portugal is founded. * Noricum is incorporated into the Roman Empire. * Caesar Augustus reorganizes the German provinces, making Trier their capital. * Clades Lolliana: Roman consul Marcus Lollius is defeated by a Germanic horde. * Construction of the Roman temple of Maison Carrée at Nîmes in Gallia Narbonensis (approximate date). Births ------ Deaths ------ * Aemilius Macer, Roman didactic poet and writer * Scribonius, Roman client king of the Bosporan Kingdom * Wang, Chinese empress of the Western Han Dynasty

16 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_BC

Year **170** (**CLXX**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Clarus and Cornelius** (or, less frequently, **year 923 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 170 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The Suebian tribes of the Marcomanni cross the Danube and invade Northern Italy. The Roman army (20,000 men) is destroyed near Carnuntum in Pannonia. * The Marcomanni plunder Opitergium (modern Oderzo) and besiege Aquileia. This is the first time hostile forces have entered Italy since 101 BC. * Emperor Marcus Aurelius writes in Sirmium (Pannonia) his first of 12 books of the *Meditations* in Koine Greek. * The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusina, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries. * Marcus Aurelius orders humane treatment for Christians and slaves throughout the Roman Empire. * An Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is erected in Rome. * The Porta Nigra is built in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier). (approximate date) Births ------ * Guo Jia, Chinese politician and adviser (d. 207) * Herodian, Roman historian and writer (d. 240) * Julia Domna, Roman empress consort (d. 217) * Philostratus, Greek sophist (approximate date) * Vibia Aurelia Sabina, Marcus Aurelius' last surviving child (d. 217) Deaths ------ * Alexander of Abonoteichus, Greek mystic (b. AD 105) * An Shigao, Chinese Buddhist missionary (b. AD 148) * Apuleius, Numidian philosopher and writer (b. AD 124) * Demonax, Greek philosopher and writer (b. c. AD 70) * Junius Rusticus, Roman teacher and politician (b. AD 100) * Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Roman grammarian (b. AD 100) * Ptolemy, Greek mathematician and astronomer (b. AD 100)

170

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170

Year **171** (**CLXXI**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Severus and Herennianus** (or, less frequently, **year 924 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 171 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Marcus Aurelius forms a new military command, the *praetentura Italiae et Alpium*. Aquileia is relieved, and the Marcomanni are evicted from Roman territory. * Marcus Aurelius signs a peace treaty with the Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges. The Germanic tribes of the Hasdingi (Vandals) and the Lacringi become Roman allies. * Armenia and Mesopotamia become protectorates of the Roman Empire. * The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusis, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries. * May – June – Aelius Aristides, Greek orator, delivers a public speech in Smyrna, lamenting the damage recently inflicted to the sacred site of Eleusis. Births ------ * Sima Lang, Chinese official and politician (d. 217) * Tian Yu, Chinese general and politician (d. 252) * Xu Gan, Chinese philosopher and poet (d. 218) * Zhao Yan, Chinese general and politician (d. 245) Deaths ------

171

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/171

The **16th century BC** was the century that lasted from 1600 BC to 1501 BC. Events ------ The royal Grave Circle in Mycenae, Greece (left) and the 'Mask of Agamemnon' (right) found in one of the graves. * 1700 BC – 1500 BC: Hurrian conquests. * 1601 BC: Sharma-Adad II became the King of Assyria. * c. 1600 BC: The creation of one of the oldest surviving astronomical documents, a copy of which was found in the Babylonian library of Ashurbanipal: a 21-year record of the appearances of Venus (which the early Babylonians called Nindaranna): Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa. * c. 1600 BC: The date of the earliest discovered rubber balls. * c. 1600 BC: Early Mycenaean culture: weapons, Cyclopean walls, and chariots. * c. 1600 BC: Unetice culture ends in Czech Republic, eastern Europe * Development of the windmill in Persia. * 1595 BC: Sack of Babylon by the Hittite king Mursilis I. * c. 1595 BC: The overthrow of the ruling Amorite dynasty in Aleppo, Syria. * 1570 BC: Cretan palaces at Knossos and other centres flourish despite disasters. * 1567 BC: Egypt: End of Fifteenth Dynasty, end of Sixteenth Dynasty, end of Seventeenth Dynasty, start of Eighteenth Dynasty. * 1558 BC: Shang Dynasty of China established (according to the Bamboo Annals). * 1556 BC: Cecrops I builds or rebuilds Athens following the great flood of Deucalion and the end of the Golden age. He becomes the first of several Kings of Athens whose life account is considered part of Greek mythology. * c. 1550 BC: The city of Mycenae, located in the northeast Peloponnesus, comes to dominate the rest of Achaea, giving its name to Mycenaean civilization. * 1550 BC: End of Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt, start of the Eighteenth Dynasty upon the coronation of Ahmose I (Low Chronology). * 1530 BC: End of the First Dynasty of Babylon and the start of the Kassite Dynasty—see History of Iraq. * 1525 BC: End of Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt. * c. 1512 BC: The flood of Deucalion, according to O'Flaherty, Augustine, Eusebius, and Isidore (bishop of Seville). * 1506 BC: Cecrops I, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 50 years. Having survived his own son, he is succeeded by Cranaus. * 1504 BC: Egypt started to conquer Nubia and the Levant. * c. 1500 BC: Many scholars date early parts of the Rig Veda to roughly the 16th century. * c. 1500 BC: Queen Hatsheput in Egypt (18th Dynasty). * c. 1500 BC: The element Mercury has been discovered in Egyptian tombs dating from this decade. * c. 1500 BC: Settlers from Crete, Greece move to Miletus, Turkey. * c. 1500 BC: Early traces of Maya civilization developing in Belize. * c. 1500 BC: The Phoenicians develop an alphabet—see Timeline of communication technology. * c. 1500 BC: Indo-Aryan migration is often dated to the 17th to 16th centuries. * c. 1500 BC: Birth of Zoroaster (Avestan: *Zarathushtra*). Sovereign states ---------------- See: List of sovereign states in the 16th century BC.

16th century BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_century_BC

The **170s** decade ran from January 1, 170, to December 31, 179. Events ------ ### 170 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The Suebian tribes of the Marcomanni cross the Danube and invade Northern Italy. The Roman army (20,000 men) is destroyed near Carnuntum in Pannonia. * The Marcomanni plunder Opitergium (modern Oderzo) and besiege Aquileia. This is the first time hostile forces have entered Italy since 101 BC. * Emperor Marcus Aurelius writes in Sirmium (Pannonia) his first of 12 books of the *Meditations* in Koine Greek. * The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusina, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries. * Marcus Aurelius orders humane treatment for Christians and slaves throughout the Roman Empire. * An Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is erected in Rome. * The Porta Nigra is built in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier). (approximate date) ### 171 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Marcus Aurelius forms a new military command, the *praetentura Italiae et Alpium*. Aquileia is relieved, and the Marcomanni are evicted from Roman territory. * Marcus Aurelius signs a peace treaty with the Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges. The Germanic tribes of the Hasdingi (Vandals) and the Lacringi become Roman allies. * Armenia and Mesopotamia become protectorates of the Roman Empire. * The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusis, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries. * May – June – Aelius Aristides, Greek orator, delivers a public speech in Smyrna, lamenting the damage recently inflicted to the sacred site of Eleusis. ### 172 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Marcus Aurelius crosses the Danube with an expeditionary force. He subdues the Marcomanni and their allies and then, in a pact signed with the Germanic tribes, he imports them into the Roman Empire to occupy areas that have been depopulated by the plague. * The Sarmatians attack the lower Danube frontier. * Miracle in Moravia: As the Roman army is encircled by the Quadi under intense heat, a violent thunderstorm sweeps away the Quadi in a torrent of water and mud, and refreshes the parched legionaries. * Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, suppresses an agrarian revolt in Egypt and is made supreme commander of the Roman army in the East. ###### Asia * Last (5th) year of *Jianning* era and start of *Xiping* era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. * Battle of Jwawon: Goguryeo Prime Minister Myeongnim Dap-bu defeats the Chinese Han Dynasty forces in Manchuria. #### By topic ###### Religion * Tatian produces his Diatessaron, a harmony of the four gospels. * Montanism spreads through the Roman Empire. ### 173 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Gnaeus Claudius Severus and Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus become Roman Consuls. * Given control of the Eastern Empire, Avidius Cassius, the governor of Syria, crushes an insurrection of shepherds known as the Boukoloi. ### 174 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Empress Faustina the Younger accompanies her husband, Marcus Aurelius, on various military campaigns and enjoys the love of the Roman soldiers. Aurelius gives her the title of *Mater Castrorum* ("Mother of the Camp"). * Marcus Aurelius officially confers the title *Fulminata* ("Thundering") to the Legio XII Fulminata. ###### Asia * Reign in India of Yajnashri Satakarni, Satavahana king of the Andhra. He extends his empire from the center to the north of India. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * *Meditations* by Marcus Aurelius is written, in Greek, while on military campaigns in Pannonia (approximate date). ### 175 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Marcus Aurelius suppresses a revolt of Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, after the latter proclaims himself emperor. * Avidius Cassius fails in seeking support for his rebellion and is assassinated by Roman officers. They send his head to Aurelius, who persuades the Senate to pardon Cassius's family. * Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius and his wife Faustina, is named Caesar. * M. Sattonius Iucundus, decurio in Colonia Ulpia Traiana, restores the Thermae of Coriovallum (modern Heerlen) there are sources that state this happened in the 3rd century. ###### Asia * Confucian scholars try to ensure their capacity in the royal court of China. They are massacred by the eunuchs. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Eleuterus succeeds Pope Soter as the thirteenth pope (approximate date). ### 176 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * November 27 – Emperor Marcus Aurelius grants his son Commodus the rank of *Imperator*, and makes him Supreme Commander of the Roman legions. * December 23 – Marcus Aurelius and Commodus enter Rome after a campaign north of the Alps, and receive a triumph for their victories over the Germanic tribes. * The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is made. It is now kept at Museo Capitolini in Rome (approximate date). ### 177 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Lucius Aurelius Commodus Caesar (age 15) and Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus become Roman Consuls. * Commodus is given the title *Augustus*, and is made co-emperor, with the same status as his father, Marcus Aurelius. * A systematic persecution of Christians begins in Rome; the followers take refuge in the catacombs. * The churches in southern Gaul are destroyed after a crowd accuses the local Christians of practicing cannibalism. * Forty-eight Christians are martyred in Lyon (Saint Blandina and Pothinus, bishop of Lyon, are among them). * Second Marcomannic War: Marcus Aurelius and Commodus begin war against the Quadi and the Marcomanni. ###### Asia * Chinese troops suffer a crushing defeat against a confederacy of Central Asian tribes, led by the Xianbei (see Wu Hu). ### 178 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Bruttia Crispina marries Commodus, and receives the title of *Augusta*. * Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus arrive at Carnuntum in Pannonia, and travel to the Danube to fight against the Marcomanni. ###### Asia * Last (7th) year of *Xiping* era and start of *Guanghe* era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. * In India, the decline of the Kushan Empire begins. The Sassanides take over Central Asia. ###### Religion * The Montanist heresy is condemned for the first time. ### 179 #### By place ###### Roman empire * The Roman fort Castra Regina ("fortress by the Regen river") is built at Regensburg, on the right bank of the Danube in Germany. * Roman legionaries of Legio II *Adiutrix* engrave on the rock of the Trenčín Castle (Slovakia) the name of the town *Laugaritio*, marking the northernmost point of Roman presence in that part of Europe. * Marcus Aurelius drives the Marcomanni over the Danube and reinforces the border. To repopulate and rebuild a devastated Pannonia, Rome allows the first German colonists to enter territory controlled by the Roman Empire. ###### Asia * Abgar IX the Great becomes King of Edessa. * Gogukcheon succeeds his father Shindae as King of Goguryeo. * Han Dynasty China: The full title of the *Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art* appears on two bronze standard measures dated to this year, yet there is speculation that the same book existed beforehand only under different titles. In the 3rd century, Liu Hui would provide commentary on this important early Chinese mathematical treatise. Significant people ------------------ * Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor * Caerellius Priscus, governor of Roman Britain Births ------ **170** * Guo Jia, Chinese politician and adviser (d. 207) * Herodian, Roman historian and writer (d. 240) * Julia Domna, Roman empress consort (d. 217) * Philostratus, Greek sophist (approximate date) * Vibia Aurelia Sabina, Marcus Aurelius' last surviving child (d. 217) **171** * Sima Lang, Chinese official and politician (d. 217) * Tian Yu, Chinese general and politician (d. 252) * Xu Gan, Chinese philosopher and poet (d. 218) * Zhao Yan, Chinese general and politician (d. 245) **172** * Lu Su, Chinese general and politician (d. 217) * Xu Miao, Chinese official and politician (d. 249) **173** * Maximinus Thrax ("the Thracian"), Roman emperor (d. 238) * Mi Heng, Chinese writer and musician (d. 198) **174** * Gao Rou, Chinese general and politician (d. 263) * Jia Kui, Chinese general and politician (d. 228) * Tuoba Liwei, Chinese leader of the Tuoba clan (d. 277) * Zhuge Jin, Chinese general and politician (d. 241) **175** * Ammonius Saccas, Egyptian philosopher (d. 242) * Pope Pontian (approximate date) of the Catholic Church (d. 235) * Sun Ce, Chinese general, warlord (d. 200) * Yang Xiu, Chinese official, adviser (d. 219) * Zhou Yu, Chinese general, strategist (d. 210) **176** * Fa Zheng, Chinese nobleman and adviser (d. 220) * Liu Bian, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 190) * Ma Chao, Chinese general and warlord (d. 222) **177** * Cao Ang, Chinese warlord and son of Cao Cao (d.197) * Huo Jun, Chinese general of the Eastern Han (d. 216) * Lucius Aurelius Commodus Pompeianus, Roman politician * Sun Yu, Chinese warlord and cousin of Sun Quan (d. 215) * Wang Can, Chinese politician, scholar and poet (d. 217) * Zhu Huan, Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 238) **178** * Lü Meng, Chinese general (d. 220) * Peng Yang, Chinese official (d. 214) * Zhang Cheng, Chinese general (d. 244) **179** * Pang Tong, Chinese adviser of warlord Liu Bei (d. 214) * Sima Yi, Chinese general and regent (d. 251) Deaths ------ **170** * Alexander of Abonoteichus, Greek mystic (b. AD 105) * An Shigao, Chinese Buddhist missionary (b. AD 148) * Apuleius, Numidian philosopher and writer (b. AD 124) * Demonax, Greek philosopher and writer (b. c. AD 70) * Junius Rusticus, Roman teacher and politician (b. AD 100) * Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Roman grammarian (b. AD 100) * Ptolemy, Greek mathematician and astronomer (b. AD 100) **172** * Dou Miao (or **Huansi**), Chinese empress * Hou Lan, Chinese eunuch-official and politician * Marcus Macrinius Vindex, Roman praetorian prefect **173** * Donatus of Muenstereifel, Roman soldier and martyr (b. AD 140) **174** * Soter (or **Sorterius**), bishop of Rome (approximate date) * Tiberius Julius Eupator, Roman client king **175** * January 14 – Pontianus of Spoleto, Christian martyr (b. 156) * Avidius Cassius, Roman general, usurper (b. AD 130) * Concordius of Spoleto, Christian martyr (approximate date) * Faustina the Younger, Roman empress (b. AD 130) * Vettius Valens, Greek astrologer, writer (b. AD 120) **176** * Faustina the Younger, Roman empress (b. AD 130) * Marcus Macrinius Avitus Catonius Vindex, Roman politician **177** * Blandina, Christian martyr and saint (b. 162) * Herodes Atticus, Greek politician (b. AD 101) * Polycarpus, Greco-Roman bishop (b. AD 69) * Pothinus, Roman bishop and martyr (b. AD 87) **178** * February 12 – Agrippinus, patriarch of Alexandria * Song, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty **179** * Beautiful Lady Yu, Chinese concubine and imperial consort * Myeongnim Dap-bu, Korean prime minister (b. AD 67) * Sindae of Goguryeo, Korean ruler (b. AD 89) * Wang Fu, Chinese court eunuch

170s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170s

Year **170 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Mancinus and Serranus** (or, less frequently, **year 584 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 170 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * In Thessaly, King Perseus of Macedon repulses a Roman army which is commanded by Aulus Hostilius Mancinus. Meanwhile, the Thracian city of Abdera is sacked by Roman and Pergamese troops. #### Egypt * With the guardians of the young king Ptolemy VI Philometor demanding the return of Coele-Syria to Egyptian control, the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, decides on a preemptive strike against Egypt and invades the country, conquering all but the city of Alexandria. He is also able to capture Ptolemy VI. * Antiochus IV decides to let Ptolemy VI continue as king of Egypt, but as his puppet. He does this to minimise any reaction from Rome towards his invasion. Antiochus IV then departs Egypt to deal with disturbances in Palestine, but he safeguards his access to Egypt with a strong garrison in Pelusium. * With Antiochus IV now absent from the country, the citizens of Alexandria choose Ptolemy VI's brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II as their king. The two Ptolemy brothers agree to rule Egypt jointly with their sister Cleopatra II and Coele Syria is invaded by the Egyptian forces. #### Seleucid Empire * The usurped high priest of Judea, Jason, does not abandon his claims to being the high priest which he has lost to Menelaus two years earlier. While Antiochus IV is waging war against Egypt, he succeeds in making himself master of Jerusalem once more and forces Menelaus to seek refuge in the citadel. #### Bactria * Around this time, Eucratides, who is either a rebellious Bactrian official or a cousin of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, captures the throne of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom by toppling the Euthydemid dynasty's king Antimachus I. Births ------ * Dionysios Thrax, a Hellenic grammarian who will live and work in Alexandria and later on Rhodes (d. 90 BC) * Lucius Accius (or Lucius Attius), Roman tragic poet and literary scholar (d. c. 86 BC) * Apollonia Senmothis, Greek-Egyptian businesswoman. Deaths ------ *

170 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170_BC

Year **172 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Laenas and Ligus** (or, less frequently, **year 582 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 172 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Eumenes II of Pergamum travels to Rome to warn the Roman Senate of the danger from Perseus of Macedon. On his return from Rome, Eumenes II is nearly killed at Delphi and Perseus is suspected of being the instigator. #### Seleucid Empire * Since the reign of the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, the Jewish inhabitants of Judea enjoy extensive autonomy under their high priest. However, they are divided into two parties, the orthodox Hasideans (Pious Ones) and a reform party that favours Hellenism. Antiochus IV supports the reform party because of the financial support they provide him with. In return for a considerable payment, he has permitted the high priest, Jason, to build a gymnasium in Jerusalem and to introduce the Greek mode of educating young people. Jason's time as high priest is brought to an abrupt end when he sends Menelaus, the brother of Simon the Benjamite, to deliver money to Antiochus IV. Menelaus takes this opportunity to "outbid" Jason for the priesthood, resulting in Antiochus IV confirming Menelaus as the High Priest. #### Carthage * The peace treaty at the end of the Second Punic War requires that all border disputes involving Carthage be arbitrated by the Roman Senate and requires Carthage to get explicit Roman approval before going to war. As a result, envoys from Carthage appear before the Roman Senate to request resolution of a boundary dispute with Numidia. The dispute is decided in Numidia's favour. Deaths ------ * Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, Roman consul and general * Xiahou Ying, Chinese official and minister coachman

172 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/172_BC

Year **173 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Albinus and Laenas** (or, less frequently, **year 581 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 173 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Egypt * Ptolemy VI Philometor marries his sister, Cleopatra II. #### Seleucid Empire * Antiochus IV pays the remainder of the war indemnity that has been imposed by the Romans on Antiochus III in the Treaty of Apamea (188 BC). Births ------ * Antiochus V Eupator, ruler of the Seleucid Empire from 164 BC (d. 162 BC) * Wang Zhi, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (d. 126 BC) Deaths ------ * Lucius Cornelius Lentulus, Roman consul and general

173 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/173_BC

Year **174** (**CLXXIV**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Flaccus** (or, less frequently, **year 927 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 174 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Empress Faustina the Younger accompanies her husband, Marcus Aurelius, on various military campaigns and enjoys the love of the Roman soldiers. Aurelius gives her the title of *Mater Castrorum* ("Mother of the Camp"). * Marcus Aurelius officially confers the title *Fulminata* ("Thundering") to the Legio XII Fulminata. #### Asia * Reign in India of Yajnashri Satakarni, Satavahana king of the Andhra. He extends his empire from the center to the north of India. ### By topic #### Art and Science * *Meditations* by Marcus Aurelius is written, in Greek, while on military campaigns in Pannonia (approximate date). Births ------ * Gao Rou, Chinese general and politician (d. 263) * Jia Kui, Chinese general and politician (d. 228) * Tuoba Liwei, Chinese leader of the Tuoba clan (d. 277) * Zhuge Jin, Chinese general and politician (d. 241) Deaths ------ * Soter (or **Sorterius**), bishop of Rome (approximate date) * Tiberius Julius Eupator, Roman client king

174

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/174

Year **175** (**CLXXV**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Piso and Iulianus** (or, less frequently, **year 928 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 175 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Marcus Aurelius suppresses a revolt of Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, after the latter proclaims himself emperor. * Avidius Cassius fails in seeking support for his rebellion and is assassinated by Roman officers. They send his head to Aurelius, who persuades the Senate to pardon Cassius's family. * Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius and his wife Faustina, is named Caesar. * M. Sattonius Iucundus, decurio in Colonia Ulpia Traiana, restores the Thermae of Coriovallum (modern Heerlen) there are sources that state this happened in the 3rd century. #### Asia * Confucian scholars try to ensure their capacity in the royal court of China. They are massacred by the eunuchs. ### By topic #### Religion * Pope Eleuterus succeeds Pope Soter as the thirteenth pope (approximate date). Births ------ * Ammonius Saccas, Egyptian philosopher (d. 242) * Pope Pontian (approximate date) of the Catholic Church (d. 235) * Sun Ce, Chinese general, warlord (d. 200) * Yang Xiu, Chinese official, adviser (d. 219) * Zhou Yu, Chinese general, strategist (d. 210) Deaths ------ * January 14 – Pontianus of Spoleto, Christian martyr (b. 156) * Avidius Cassius, Roman general, usurper (b. AD 130) * Concordius of Spoleto, Christian martyr (approximate date) * Faustina the Younger, Roman empress (b. AD 130) * Vettius Valens, Greek astrologer, writer (b. AD 120)

175

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/175

Year **175 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Scaevola and Lepidus** (or, less frequently, **year 579 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 175 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * King Seleucus IV of Syria arranges for the exchange of his brother Antiochus for Demetrius, the son of Seleucus IV, who has been a hostage in Rome following the Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC. However, Seleucus IV is assassinated by his chief minister Heliodorus who then seizes the Syrian throne. * Antiochus manages to oust Heliodorus and takes advantage of Demetrius' captivity in Rome to seize the throne for himself under the name Antiochus IV Epiphanes. * During this period of uncertainty in Syria, the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy VI, lays claim to Coele Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, which the Seleucid king Antiochus III has previously conquered. Both the Syrian and Egyptian parties appeal to Rome for help, but the Roman Senate refuses to take sides. * Timarchus is appointed governor of Media in western Persia by Antiochus IV to deal with the growing threat from the Parthians while Timarchus' brother, Heracleides, becomes minister of the royal finances. ### By topic #### Art * The construction of the western front of the altar in Pergamum, Turkey begins (approximate date) and is finished in 156 BC. A reconstruction of it is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin. Deaths ------ * Quintus Caecilius Metellus, Roman consul and dictator (b. c. 250 BC) * Seleucus IV Philopator, king of the Seleucid dynasty, who has ruled since 187 BC (b. c. 217 BC) * Cleopatra I of Egypt, mother of Ptolemy VI.

175 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/175_BC

Year **179 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Fulvianus** (or, less frequently, **year 575 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 179 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus goes to Hispania as Roman governor to deal with uprisings there. * The Pons Aemilius is completed across the Tiber River in Rome. It is regarded as the world's first stone bridge. * Marcus Aemilius Lepidus is appointed both censor and princeps senatus. #### Greece * Philip V of Macedon dies at Amphipolis in Macedonia, remorseful for having put his younger son Demetrius to death, at the instigation of his older son Perseus. Nevertheless, he is succeeded by his son Perseus. #### Asia Minor * Eumenes II of Pergamum defeats Pharnaces I of Pontus in a major battle. Finding himself unable to cope with the combined forces of Eumenes and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia, Pharnaces is compelled to purchase peace by ceding all his conquests in Galatia and Paphlagonia, with the exception of Sinope. Births ------ * Dong Zhongshu, Chinese scholar who is traditionally associated with the promotion of Confucianism as the official ideology of the Chinese imperial state (d. 104 BC) * Liu An, Chinese prince, geographer, and cartographer (d. 122 BC) * Sima Xiangru, Chinese statesman, poet, and musician (d. 117 BC) Deaths ------ * Liu Xiang, Chinese prince involved in the Lü Clan Disturbance in 180 BC and grandson of Emperor Gao of Han * Philip V, king of Macedonia from 221 BC, whose attempt to extend Macedonian influence throughout Greece has occurred at a time of growing Roman involvement in Greek affairs and resulted in his military defeat by Rome (b. 238 BC)

179 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179_BC

Year **176 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Hispallus/Laevinus and Spurinus** (or, less frequently, **year 578 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 176 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Roman general, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, subdues Sardinia, enslaving some of the population. #### Egypt * Cleopatra I Syra dies leaving her son, Ptolemy VI, to rule Egypt alone. #### Parthia * King Phriapatius of Parthia dies and is succeeded by his son Phraates I. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Cleopatra I Syra, queen of Egypt from 193 BC, wife of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and regent for her young son, Ptolemy VI Philometor (b. c. 204 BC) * Phriapatius, king of Parthia

176 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/176_BC

Year **176** (**CLXXVI**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Proculus and Aper** (or, less frequently, **year 929 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 176 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * November 27 – Emperor Marcus Aurelius grants his son Commodus the rank of *Imperator*, and makes him Supreme Commander of the Roman legions. * December 23 – Marcus Aurelius and Commodus enter Rome after a campaign north of the Alps, and receive a triumph for their victories over the Germanic tribes. * The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is made. It is now kept at Museo Capitolini in Rome (approximate date). Births ------ * Fa Zheng, Chinese nobleman and adviser (d. 220) * Liu Bian, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 190) * Ma Chao, Chinese general and warlord (d. 222) Deaths ------ * Faustina the Younger, Roman empress (b. AD 130) * Marcus Macrinius Avitus Catonius Vindex, Roman politician

176

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/176

Year **174 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Paullulus and Scaevola** (or, less frequently, **year 580 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 174 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Mongolia * The Xiongnu attack the Yuezhi, and force them away from Gansu. Deaths ------ * Mete Khan, emperor and founder of the Xiongnu Empire, who has united various Hun confederations under his rule (b. 234 BC) * Publius Aelius Paetus, Roman consul and censor * Titus Quinctius Flamininus, Roman general and statesman whose skillful diplomacy has enabled him to establish a Roman protectorate over Greece (b. c. 227 BC) (approximate date)

174 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/174_BC

Year **177 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Gracchus** (or, less frequently, **year 577 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 177 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Perseus of Macedonia marries Laodice, the daughter of the Seleucid king Seleucus IV. #### Roman Republic * After two military campaigns, the Romans finally subdue the Illyrian tribe of the Histri. * Luni in northern Italy is founded by the Romans with the name Luna at the mouth of the Magra River. Deaths ------ * Liu Xingju, Chinese prince of the Han Dynasty and a key player during the Lü Clan Disturbance (180 BC), grandson of Emperor Gao of Han and son of Prince Liu Fei of Qi * Liu Zhang, Chinese prince of the Han Dynasty and a key figure in the anti-Lü clan conspiracy during the Lü Clan Disturbance of 180 BC

177 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/177_BC

Year **179** (**CLXXIX**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Veru** (or, less frequently, **year 932 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 179 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman empire * The Roman fort Castra Regina ("fortress by the Regen river") is built at Regensburg, on the right bank of the Danube in Germany. * Roman legionaries of Legio II *Adiutrix* engrave on the rock of the Trenčín Castle (Slovakia) the name of the town *Laugaritio*, marking the northernmost point of Roman presence in that part of Europe. * Marcus Aurelius drives the Marcomanni over the Danube and reinforces the border. To repopulate and rebuild a devastated Pannonia, Rome allows the first German colonists to enter territory controlled by the Roman Empire. #### Asia * Abgar IX the Great becomes King of Edessa. * Gogukcheon succeeds his father Shindae as King of Goguryeo. * Han Dynasty China: The full title of the *Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art* appears on two bronze standard measures dated to this year, yet there is speculation that the same book existed beforehand only under different titles. In the 3rd century, Liu Hui would provide commentary on this important early Chinese mathematical treatise. Births ------ * Pang Tong, Chinese adviser of warlord Liu Bei (d. 214) * Sima Yi, Chinese general and regent (d. 251) Deaths ------ * Beautiful Lady Yu, Chinese concubine and imperial consort * Myeongnim Dap-bu, Korean prime minister (b. AD 67) * Sindae of Goguryeo, Korean ruler (b. AD 89) * Wang Fu, Chinese court eunuch

179

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179

Year **178 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Brutus and Vulso** (or, less frequently, **year 576 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 178 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * In Rome, the praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrates a triumph after conquering the Vaccaei and Lusitani during his time as Roman commander in the province of Hispania Ulterior. #### Greece * One of Perseus' first acts on becoming king of Macedonia is to renew the treaty between Macedonia and Rome. In the meantime, Perseus builds up the Macedonian army and puts out feelers for creating an alliance with the Greek leagues, with his northern barbarian neighbours, and also with the Seleucid king Seleucus IV. Deaths ------ * Chen Ping, Chinese official and chancellor of the Western Han Dynasty * Fu Sheng (**Master Fu**), Chinese Confucian scholar and writer (b. 268 BC) * Liu Jiao, Chinese prince and younger brother of Emperor Gaozu of Han

178 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/178_BC

Year **180 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Luscus and Piso/Flaccus** (or, less frequently, **year 574 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 180 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * After three years of intriguing against his younger brother Demetrius, including accusing him of coveting the succession to the Macedonian throne and being allied to Rome, Perseus persuades his father King Philip V of Macedon to have Demetrius executed. #### Roman Republic * Rome completes its subjugation of all of Italy with the defeat of the Ligurians in a battle near modern Genoa. Rome deports 40,000 Ligurians to other areas of the Republic. * Lucca becomes a Roman colony. #### Egypt * Ptolemy VI Philometor, aged 6, rules as co-regent with his mother, Cleopatra I, who, although a daughter of a Seleucid king, does not take King Seleucus IV's side and remains on friendly terms with Rome. * Following the death of Aristophanes of Byzantium, Aristarchus of Samothrace becomes librarian at Alexandria. #### Bactria * Demetrius I starts his invasion of present-day Pakistan, following the earlier destruction of the Mauryan dynasty by general Pushyamitra Shunga. * Apollodotus I, a general with Demetrius I of Bactria, becomes king of the western and southern parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, from Taxila in Punjab to the areas of Sindh and possibly Gujarat. He maintains his allegiance to Demetrius I. #### China * September 26 — Lü Clan Disturbance. Following the death of Empress Lü, who had been the de facto ruler of the Han Dynasty, the Lü Clan is overthrown and massacred by the imperial princes Liu Zhang and Liu Xiang, General-in-Chief Zhou Bo and Prime Minister Chen Ping. * Fearing reprisals should the young Emperor Houshao and his brothers reach adulthood, the conspirators deny that Emperor Hui was the father of Houshao and his brothers. They overthrow the emperor, and despite the imperial pedigree of Liu Xiang as the son of the eldest son of Gaozu of Han, they eventually agree to elevate Gaozu's oldest surviving son, Emperor Wen, to the throne. After being evicted from the palace, Houshao is executed later in the year. * Emperor Wen honours the relatives and ancestors of Zhao Tuo, the Chinese-born ruler of Nanyue (in present-day Vietnam and southern China). As a result, Nanyue returns to the Han dynasty as a vassal, although Zhao Tuo continues to call himself an emperor within his own kingdom. Births ------ * Apollodorus of Athens, Greek scholar and grammarian (d. c. 120 BC) * Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus, Roman consul (d. 113 BC) * Viriathus, Lusitanian chieftain and general (d. 139 BC) Deaths ------ * August 18 — Empress Dowager Lü, de facto ruler of the Chinese Han Dynasty and wife of Emperor Gao (b. 241 BC) * Aristophanes of Byzantium, Greek scholar, critic and grammarian, particularly renowned for his work in Homeric scholarship, but also for work on other classical authors such as Pindar and Hesiod. After early studies under leading scholars in Alexandria, he has been chief librarian since about 195 BC (b. 257 BC) * Liu Hong, fourth emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty (b. 190 BC) * Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Roman statesman, consul in 195 BC, censor in 183 BC and colleague of Cato the Elder * Ptolemy V Epiphanes, king of Egypt (b. 210 BC)

180 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180_BC

Year **17 BC** was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a leap year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Furnius and Silanus** (or, less frequently, **year 737 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 17 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Augustus adopts Gaius and Lucius Caesar. * Emperor Augustus celebrates the secular games in Rome, for which Horace's hymn the "Carmen Saeculare" is commissioned. Births ------ * December 11 – Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, son of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Antonia Major (d. AD 40) * Arminius, Germanic chieftain who defeated the Romans at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (d. AD 21) * Lucius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (d. AD 2) Deaths ------ * Asander, Roman client king of the Bosporan Kingdom (b. 110 BC)

17 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_BC

Year **180** (**CLXXX**) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Condianus** (or, less frequently, **year 933 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 180 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The Quadi are chased westwards, deeper into Germania. The Praetorian prefect, Tarutenius Paternus, achieves a decisive victory against the Germanic tribes. * March 17 – Emperor Marcus Aurelius dies after a week's illness at his camp in Vindobona (modern Vienna). He is succeeded by his son Commodus (age 18). * The Era of the Five Good Emperors ends. * Rome creates a 4-mile wide buffer zone by the Danube. * Work begins in Rome on the building of the Column of Marcus Aurelius. * 180–395 – Late Empire in Rome. * Northern British from beyond Hadrian's Wall invade the North of modern-day England, causing Emperor Commodus to allow swathes of Northern cities to establish city walls. #### Europe * The Goths reach the banks of the Black Sea. #### Oceania * Lake Taupo in New Zealand erupts, forming ash clouds as far as China and Europe. ### By topic #### Arts and sciences * In his *Methodus Medendo*, Greek physician Galen describes the connection between paralysis and the severing of the spinal cord. * Galen's popular work on hygiene is published. #### Religion * July 17 – Twelve Christian inhabitants of Scillium in Numidia are executed in Carthage (also in North Africa) (known as the Scillitan Martyrs) – they had refused to swear an oath to the Emperor. * Commodus creates an official cult of the Zoroastrian god Mithra. Births ------ * Ardashir I, founder of the Sasanian Empire (d. 242) * Johanan bar Nappaha, Jewish rabbi (d. 279) * Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus (d. 222) * Sima Fu, Chinese prince and statesman (d. 272) Deaths ------ * March 17 – Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor (b. 121) * Aulus Gellius, Roman author and grammarian (b. 125 AD) * Gaius, Roman jurist and writer (approximate date) * Hegesippus, Christian chronicler and writer (b. 110) * Lucian of Samosata, Syrian rhetorician (b. 125 AD) * Melito of Sardis, bishop of Sardis (approximate date) * Pinytus, bishop of Knossos (approximate date)

180

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180

Year **184** (**CLXXXIV**) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Eggius and Aelianus** (or, less frequently, **year 937 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 184 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### China * The Yellow Turban Rebellion and Liang Province Rebellion break out in China. * The Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions ends. * Zhang Jue leads the peasant revolt against Emperor Ling of Han of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Heading for the capital of Luoyang, his massive and undisciplined army (360,000 men), burns and destroys government offices and outposts. * June – Ling of Han places his brother-in-law, He Jin, in command of the imperial army and sends them to attack the Yellow Turban rebels. * Winter – Zhang Jue dies of illness while his brothers Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang are killed in battles against Han imperial forces. The Yellow Turban rebels become scattered. * Last (6th) year of Guanghe era and the start of Zhongping era of the Eastern Han dynasty. #### Korea * King Gogukcheon (Gaonanwu) of Goguryeo (Gaogouli) pushes Chinese armies all the way back to Liaodong. * Beolhyu becomes king of Silla. Births ------ * Guo Nüwang, Chinese empress of the Cao Wei state (d. 235) * Origen, Christian scholar and theologian (approximate date) Deaths ------ * June 6 – Qiao Xuan (or **Gongzu**), Chinese official (b. 110) * Adalla of Silla, Korean ruler (House of Park) * Zhang Jue, Chinese leader of the Yellow Turban Rebellion

184

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/184

Year **181** (**CLXXXI**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Burrus** (or, less frequently, **year 934 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 181 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Imperator Lucius Aurelius Commodus and Lucius Antistius Burrus become Roman Consuls. * The Antonine Wall is overrun by the Picts in Britannia (approximate date). #### Oceania * The volcano associated with Lake Taupo in New Zealand erupts, one of the largest on Earth in the last 5,000 years. The effects of this eruption are seen as far away as Rome and China. Births ------ * April 2 – Xian of Han, Chinese emperor (d. 234) * Zhuge Liang, Chinese chancellor and regent (d. 234) Deaths ------ * Aelius Aristides, Greek orator and writer (b. 117) * Cao Jie, Chinese court eunuch and official

181

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/181

The **180s** decade ran from January 1, 180, to December 31, 189. Events ------ ### 180 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The Quadi are chased westwards, deeper into Germania. The Praetorian prefect, Tarutenius Paternus, achieves a decisive victory against the Germanic tribes. * March 17 – Emperor Marcus Aurelius dies after a week's illness at his camp in Vindobona (modern Vienna). He is succeeded by his son Commodus (age 18). * The Era of the Five Good Emperors ends. * Rome creates a 4-mile wide buffer zone by the Danube. * Work begins in Rome on the building of the Column of Marcus Aurelius. * 180–395 – Late Empire in Rome. * Northern British from beyond Hadrian's Wall invade the North of modern-day England, causing Emperor Commodus to allow swathes of Northern cities to establish city walls. ###### Europe * The Goths reach the banks of the Black Sea. ###### Oceania * Lake Taupo in New Zealand erupts, forming ash clouds as far as China and Europe. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * In his *Methodus Medendo*, Greek physician Galen describes the connection between paralysis and the severing of the spinal cord. * Galen's popular work on hygiene is published. ###### Religion * July 17 – Twelve Christian inhabitants of Scillium in Numidia are executed in Carthage (also in North Africa) (known as the Scillitan Martyrs) – they had refused to swear an oath to the Emperor. * Commodus creates an official cult of the Zoroastrian god Mithra. ### 181 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Imperator Lucius Aurelius Commodus and Lucius Antistius Burrus become Roman Consuls. * The Antonine Wall is overrun by the Picts in Britannia (approximate date). ###### Oceania * The volcano associated with Lake Taupo in New Zealand erupts, one of the largest on Earth in the last 5,000 years. The effects of this eruption are seen as far away as Rome and China. ### 182 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Commodus escapes death at the hands of assassins, who have attacked him at the instigation of his sister Lucilla and a large group of senators. He puts many distinguished Romans to death on charges of being implicated in the conspiracy; Lucilla is exiled to Capri. ### 183 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * An assassination attempt on Emperor Commodus by members of the Senate fails. ### 184 #### By place ###### China * The Yellow Turban Rebellion and Liang Province Rebellion break out in China. * The Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions ends. * Zhang Jue leads the peasant revolt against Emperor Ling of Han of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Heading for the capital of Luoyang, his massive and undisciplined army (360,000 men), burns and destroys government offices and outposts. * June – Ling of Han places his brother-in-law, He Jin, in command of the imperial army and sends them to attack the Yellow Turban rebels. * Winter – Zhang Jue dies of illness while his brothers Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang are killed in battles against Han imperial forces. The Yellow Turban rebels become scattered. * Last (6th) year of Guanghe era and the start of Zhongping era of the Eastern Han dynasty. ###### Korea * King Gogukcheon (Gaonanwu) of Goguryeo (Gaogouli) pushes Chinese armies all the way back to Liaodong. * Beolhyu becomes king of Silla. ### 185 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Nobles of Britain demand that Emperor Commodus rescind all power given to Tigidius Perennis, who is eventually executed. * Publius Helvius Pertinax is made governor of Britain and quells a mutiny of the British Roman legions who wanted him to become emperor. The disgruntled usurpers go on to attempt to assassinate the governor. * Tigidius Perennis, his family and many others are executed for conspiring against Commodus. * Commodus drains Rome's treasury to put on gladiatorial spectacles and confiscates property to support his pleasures. He participates as a gladiator and boasts of victory in 1,000 matches in the Circus Maximus. ###### China * Zhi Yao, a Kushan Buddhist monk of Yuezhi ethnicity, translates Buddhist texts into the Chinese language during the Han Dynasty. * February – The rebels of the Yellow Turban are defeated by the imperial army, but only two months later, the rebellion breaks out again. It spreads to the Taihang Mountains on the western border of Hebei Province. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Cleomedes discovers the refraction of light by the Earth's atmosphere. * A supernova now known as SN 185 is noted by Chinese astronomers in the *Astrological Annals of the Houhanshu*, making it the earliest recorded supernova. ###### Religion * Irenaeus writes that there are only four Gospels (approximate date). ### 186 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Peasants in Gaul stage an anti-tax uprising under Maternus. * Roman governor Pertinax escapes an assassination attempt, by British usurpers. ###### New Zealand * The Hatepe volcanic eruption extends Lake Taupo and makes skies red across the world. However, recent radiocarbon dating by R. Sparks has put the date at 233 AD ± 13 (95% confidence). ### 187 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Septimius Severus marries Julia Domna (age 17), a Syrian princess, at Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon). She is the youngest daughter of high-priest Julius Bassianus – a descendant of the Royal House of Emesa. Her elder sister is Julia Maesa. * Clodius Albinus defeats the Chatti, a highly organized German tribe that controlled the area that includes the Black Forest. #### By topic ###### Religion * Olympianus succeeds Pertinax as bishop of Byzantium (until 198). ### 188 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes pro-consul of Africa from 188 to 189. ###### Japan * Queen Himiko (or **Shingi Waō**) begins her reign in Japan (until 248). ### 189 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Plague (possibly smallpox) kills as many as 2,000 people per day in Rome. Farmers are unable to harvest their crops, and food shortages bring riots in the city. ###### China * Liu Bian succeeds Emperor Ling, as Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty. * Dong Zhuo has Liu Bian deposed, and installs Emperor Xian as emperor. * Two thousand eunuchs in the palace are slaughtered in a violent purge in Luoyang, the capital of Han. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * Galen publishes his *"Treatise on the various temperaments"* (aka *On the Elements According to Hippocrates*). ###### Religion * Pope Victor I succeeds Pope Eleuterus as the fourteenth pope, the first from Africa. * Demetrius of Alexandria becomes Patriarch of Alexandria. * Pantaenus, who was sent by the bishop of Alexandria to India to preach Christianity, meets with little success. Significant people ------------------ * Commodus, Roman Emperor Births ------ **180** * Ardashir I, founder of the Sasanian Empire (d. 242) * Johanan bar Nappaha, Jewish rabbi (d. 279) * Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus (d. 222) * Sima Fu, Chinese prince and statesman (d. 272) **181** * April 2 – Xian of Han, Chinese emperor (d. 234) * Zhuge Liang, Chinese chancellor and regent (d. 234) **182** * July 5 – Sun Quan, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d. 252) * Zhu Ran, Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 249) **183** * January 26 – Lady Zhen, wife of the Cao Wei state Emperor Cao Pi (d. 221) * Hu Zong, Chinese general, official and poet of the Eastern Wu state (d. 242) * Liu Zan (**Zhengming**), Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 255) * Lu Xun, Chinese general and politician of the Eastern Wu state (d. 245) **184** * Guo Nüwang, Chinese empress of the Cao Wei state (d. 235) * Origen, Christian scholar and theologian (approximate date) **185** * Liu Ji (or **Jingyu**), Chinese official and minister (d. 233) * Origen, Christian scholar and theologian (approximate date) * Wang Xiang, Chinese minister of the Cao Wei state (d. 269) **186** * Ma Liang, Chinese official of the Shu Han state (d. 222) **187** * Cao Pi, Chinese emperor of the Cao Wei state (d. 226) * Gu Shao, Chinese official and politician (d. 218) **188** * April 4 – Caracalla (or **Antoninus**), Roman emperor (d. 217) * Lu Ji (or **Gongji**), Chinese official and politician (d. 219) * Sun Shao, Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 241) **189** * March 7 – Publius Septimius Geta, Roman emperor (d. 211) * Ling Tong, Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 217) * Zhang Chunhua, Chinese noblewoman and aristocrat (d. 247) Deaths ------ **180** * March 17 – Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor (b. 121) * Aulus Gellius, Roman author and grammarian (b. 125 AD) * Gaius, Roman jurist and writer (approximate date) * Hegesippus, Christian chronicler and writer (b. 110) * Lucian of Samosata, Syrian rhetorician (b. 125 AD) * Melito of Sardis, bishop of Sardis (approximate date) * Pinytus, bishop of Knossos (approximate date) **181** * Aelius Aristides, Greek orator and writer (b. 117) * Cao Jie, Chinese court eunuch and official **182** * Lucilla, Roman empress and daughter of Marcus Aurelius * Marcus Ummidius Quadratus, Roman politician (b. 138) * Saoterus, Bithynian Greek freedman and chamberlain * Ummidia Cornificia Faustina, Roman noblewoman (b. 141) **184** * June 6 – Qiao Xuan (or **Gongzu**), Chinese official (b. 110) * Adalla of Silla, Korean ruler (House of Park) * Zhang Jue, Chinese leader of the Yellow Turban Rebellion **185** * April 21 – Apollonius the Apologist, Christian apologist * Pharasmanes III (or **P'arsman**), Georgian king of Iberia * Tigidius Perennis, Roman praetorian prefect (executed) **186** * April 21 – Apollonius the Apologist, Christian martyr * Bian Zhang, Chinese official and general (b. 133) * Paccia Marciana, Roman noblewoman (approximate date) * Sohaemus, Roman client king of Armenia **187** * Chen Shi, Chinese official and politician (b. 104) * Maternus, Gaulish rebel leader (approximate date) * Pertinax, bishop of Byzantium **188** * March 17 – Julian, pope and patriarch of Alexandria * Fa Zhen (or **Gaoqing**), Chinese scholar (b. AD 100) * Lucius Antistius Burrus, Roman politician (executed) * Ma Xiang, Chinese rebel leader (approximate date) * Publius Atilius Aebutianus, Roman prefect (executed) * Shusun Tong, Chinese official and ritual specialist * Qiangqui, Chinese ruler of the southern Xiongnu **189** * May 13 – Ling of Han (or **Liu Hong**), Chinese emperor (b. 156) * May 24 – Eleutherius, bishop of Rome (or Catholic Church) * September 22 – He Jin, Chinese Grand Marshal and regent * Ding Yuan (or **Jian Yang**), Chinese official and warlord * Jian Shuo, Chinese eunuch leader (Ten Attendants) * Lingsi (or **He**), Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty * Xiaoren, Chinese empress dowager of the Han Dynasty

180s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180s

Year **181 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cethegus and Tamphilus** (or, less frequently, **year 573 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 181 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Egypt * Ptolemy V is poisoned after a reign of 24 years in which the Egyptian kingdom has declined in power and influence and has lost most of its empire outside Egypt other than Cyprus and Cyrenaica. The elder of his two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor succeeds him, but since he is an infant, he rules under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian. #### Roman Republic * Rome founds a colony at Aquileia, on the narrow strip of land between the mountains and the lagoons, as a frontier fortress to check the advance of the Illyrians. #### Asia Minor * Pharnaces I of Pontus decides to attack both Eumenes II of Pergamum and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and therefore invades Galatia with a large force. Eumenes leads an army to oppose him, however, hostilities are soon suspended following the arrival of Roman deputies, who have been appointed by the Roman Senate to inquire into the matters in dispute. Negotiations take place at Pergamum but are inconclusive, with Pharnaces' demands being rejected by the Romans as unreasonable. As a consequence, the war between Pontus and Pergamum and Cappadocia is renewed. #### China * Empress Lü of the Han Dynasty sends an army under Zhou Zao to attack the formerly vassal state of Nanyue in present-day Vietnam and southern China, but the heat and dampness causes many of Zhou's men to fall ill, and he fails to make it across the mountains into enemy territory. * Nanyue's emperor Zhao Tuo attacks the other vassal kingdoms of Minyue, Western Ou and Luo and secures their submission. He also attacks the state of Changsha. Births ------ * Deaths ------

181 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/181_BC

Year **182** (**CLXXXII**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Sura and Rufus** (or, less frequently, **year 935 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 182 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Commodus escapes death at the hands of assassins, who have attacked him at the instigation of his sister Lucilla and a large group of senators. He puts many distinguished Romans to death on charges of being implicated in the conspiracy; Lucilla is exiled to Capri. Births ------ * July 5 – Sun Quan, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d. 252) * Zhu Ran, Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 249) Deaths ------ * Lucilla, Roman empress and daughter of Marcus Aurelius * Marcus Ummidius Quadratus, Roman politician (b. 138) * Saoterus, Bithynian Greek freedman and chamberlain * Ummidia Cornificia Faustina, Roman noblewoman (b. 141)

182

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/182

Year **182 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Tamphilus and Paullus** (or, less frequently, **year 572 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 182 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia Minor * The king of Bithynia, Prusias I Chlorus dies and is succeeded by his son, who rules as Prusias II. Births ------ * Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt (d. 116 BC) Deaths ------ * Prusias I Chlorus, king of Bithynia (b. c. 228 BC)

182 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/182_BC

Year **183** (**CLXXXIII**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Victorinus** (or, less frequently, **year 936 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 183 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * An assassination attempt on Emperor Commodus by members of the Senate fails. Births ------ * January 26 – Lady Zhen, wife of the Cao Wei state Emperor Cao Pi (d. 221) * Hu Zong, Chinese general, official and poet of the Eastern Wu state (d. 242) * Liu Zan (**Zhengming**), Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 255) * Lu Xun, Chinese general and politician of the Eastern Wu state (d. 245) Deaths ------

183

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/183

Year **185** (**CLXXXV**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lascivius and Atilius** (or, less frequently, **year 938 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 185 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Nobles of Britain demand that Emperor Commodus rescind all power given to Tigidius Perennis, who is eventually executed. * Publius Helvius Pertinax is made governor of Britain and quells a mutiny of the British Roman legions who wanted him to become emperor. The disgruntled usurpers go on to attempt to assassinate the governor. * Tigidius Perennis, his family and many others are executed for conspiring against Commodus. * Commodus drains Rome's treasury to put on gladiatorial spectacles and confiscates property to support his pleasures. He participates as a gladiator and boasts of victory in 1,000 matches in the Circus Maximus. #### China * Zhi Yao, a Kushan Buddhist monk of Yuezhi ethnicity, translates Buddhist texts into the Chinese language during the Han Dynasty. * February – The rebels of the Yellow Turban are defeated by the imperial army, but only two months later, the rebellion breaks out again. It spreads to the Taihang Mountains on the western border of Hebei Province. ### By topic #### Art and Science * Cleomedes discovers the refraction of light by the Earth's atmosphere. * A supernova now known as SN 185 is noted by Chinese astronomers in the *Astrological Annals of the Houhanshu*, making it the earliest recorded supernova. #### Religion * Irenaeus writes that there are only four Gospels (approximate date). Births ------ * Liu Ji (or **Jingyu**), Chinese official and minister (d. 233) * Origen, Christian scholar and theologian (approximate date) * Wang Xiang, Chinese minister of the Cao Wei state (d. 269) Deaths ------ * April 21 – Apollonius the Apologist, Christian apologist * Pharasmanes III (or **P'arsman**), Georgian king of Iberia * Tigidius Perennis, Roman praetorian prefect (executed)

185

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/185

Year **183 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Labeo** (or, less frequently, **year 571 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 183 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Roman colonies are established at Mutina (later Modena), Pisa and Parma in northern and central Italy. * The Roman general Scipio Africanus dies at Liternum in Campania. * The Roman statesman Titus Quinctius Flamininus is sent to the court of Prusias I, king of Bithynia, to demand the surrender of the former Carthaginian statesman and general Hannibal. When Hannibal finds out that Prusias is about to agree to the Roman demands and thus betray him, he poisons himself in the village of Libyssa in Bithynia. #### Greece * The town of Messene rebels against the Achaean League. When the Achaean League's general, Philopoemen, intervenes to try to control the rebellion, he is captured during a skirmish and imprisoned. He is then given poison to take so that he can die honourably. Births ------ * Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, consul in 138 BC, who will have a prominent part in the murder of Tiberius Gracchus by leading a group of conservative senators and other knights in opposition to Gracchus and his supporters (d. 132 BC). Deaths ------ * Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, Roman statesman and general, famous for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, which ended the Second Punic War and gave him the surname Africanus (b. 236 BC) * Philopoemen, Greek general and statesman, strategos of the Achaean League on eight occasions and a major figure in the demise of Sparta as a Greek power (b. 253 BC) * Hannibal, Carthaginian statesman, military commander and tactician, one of history's great military leaders, who has commanded the Carthaginian forces against Rome in the Second Punic War (b. 247 BC)

183 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/183_BC

Year **185 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Puditanus** (or, less frequently, **year 569 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 185 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder and his supporters of having received bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III. Scipio defies his accusers, reminds the Romans of their debt to him, and retires to his country house at Liternum in Campania. However, Cato is successful in breaking the political influence of Lucius Scipio and Scipio Africanus. #### Egypt * The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus. #### India * Pushyamitra Shunga assassinates the Mauryan emperor Brhadrata, which brings an end to that dynasty, after which he founds the Shunga dynasty. Births ------ * Panaetius of Rhodes, Greek philosopher (d. 110 BC) * Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, leading general and politician of the Roman Republic. As consul he will be the commander of the final siege and destruction of Carthage and will be the leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchi (d. 129 BC) Deaths ------ * Brhadrata, Indian emperor, last ruler of the Indian Mauryan dynasty (from 197 BC)

185 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/185_BC

Year **184 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Licinus** (or, less frequently, **year 570 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 184 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Cato the Elder, along with his colleague, Lucius Valerius Flaccus, are elected censors in Rome. Already the champion of the ancient, austere Roman way of life, Cato, now inaugurates a puritanical campaign. He aims at preserving the *mos maiorum,* ("ancestral custom") and combating all Greek influences, which he believes are undermining the older Roman standards of morality. He passes measures taxing luxury and strictly revises the list of persons eligible for the Senate. Abuses by tax gatherers are brought under control, and public building is promoted as a worthy cause. * With concerns rising in Rome over whether Philip V of Macedon is preparing for a new war with the Romans, Appius Claudius Pulcher is sent at the head of an embassy into Macedonia and Greece to observe Philip's activities. * The town of Pisaurum is established by the Romans as a colony in the territory of the Piceni, a tribe living in the Marche on the Adriatic. * The oldest known basilica, the Basilica Porcia, is completed in Rome by Cato the Elder during the time he is censor. The building is used by the Romans for transacting business and disposing of legal matters. #### China * Empress Lü has Emperor Qianshao of Han deposed and executed. Qianshao had vowed to kill his enemies after learning that his mother was a concubine and that she had been put to death by Empress Lü. Emperor Houshao of Han, a half-brother of Qianshao, ascends to the throne. * Around this time, Empress Lü outlaws the trade of iron and horses with the vassal state of Nanyue in present-day Vietnam and southern China, being concerned by its military strength. In response, Nanyue's king Zhao Tuo ends his vassal status, declares himself emperor and attacks the neighbouring vassal kingdom of Changsha, seizing a few border towns. Births ------ * Liu Wu, Chinese prince of the Han Dynasty (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Liu Gong, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 193 BC) * Titus Macchius Plautus, Roman comic dramatist, whose works, loosely adapted from Greek plays, established a truly Roman drama in the Latin language (b. c. 254 BC)

184 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/184_BC

Year **186** (**CLXXXVI**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Glabrio** (or, less frequently, **year 939 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 186 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Peasants in Gaul stage an anti-tax uprising under Maternus. * Roman governor Pertinax escapes an assassination attempt, by British usurpers. #### New Zealand * The Hatepe volcanic eruption extends Lake Taupo and makes skies red across the world. However, recent radiocarbon dating by R. Sparks has put the date at 233 AD ± 13 (95% confidence). Births ------ * Ma Liang, Chinese official of the Shu Han state (d. 222) Deaths ------ * April 21 – Apollonius the Apologist, Christian martyr * Bian Zhang, Chinese official and general (b. 133) * Paccia Marciana, Roman noblewoman (approximate date) * Sohaemus, Roman client king of Armenia

186

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/186

Year **186 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Albinus and Philippus** (or, less frequently, **year 568 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 186 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The rapid spread of the Bacchanalia cult throughout the Roman Republic, which, it is claimed, indulges in all kinds of crimes and political conspiracies at its nocturnal meetings, leads to the Roman Senate issuing a decree, the *Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus*, by which the Bacchanalia are prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate. #### Asia Minor * Eumenes II of Pergamum defeats Prusias I of Bithynia. #### China * The first burial at the famous archaeological site of Mawangdui is made during the Western Han Dynasty of China. Births ------ * Ptolemy VI Philometor, king of Egypt, who will reign from 180 BC (d. 145 BC) Deaths ------ * Li Cang, Marquis of Dai, buried in one of the Mawangdui

186 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/186_BC

Year **188** (**CLXXXVIII**) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in the Roman Empire as the **Year of the Consulship of Fuscianus and Silanus** (or, less frequently, **year 941 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 188 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes pro-consul of Africa from 188 to 189. #### Japan * Queen Himiko (or **Shingi Waō**) begins her reign in Japan (until 248). Births ------ * April 4 – Caracalla (or **Antoninus**), Roman emperor (d. 217) * Lu Ji (or **Gongji**), Chinese official and politician (d. 219) * Sun Shao, Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 241) Deaths ------ * March 17 – Julian, pope and patriarch of Alexandria * Fa Zhen (or **Gaoqing**), Chinese scholar (b. AD 100) * Lucius Antistius Burrus, Roman politician (executed) * Ma Xiang, Chinese rebel leader (approximate date) * Publius Atilius Aebutianus, Roman prefect (executed) * Shusun Tong, Chinese official and ritual specialist * Qiangqui, Chinese ruler of the southern Xiongnu See also -------- * Ab urbe condita * Roman numerals

188

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/188

Year **187 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Flaminius** (or, less frequently, **year 567 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 187 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, mounts a fresh expedition to the east of his kingdom in Luristan, where he is killed during an attempt to collect tribute from a temple at Elymais, Persia. He is succeeded by his son, Seleucus IV, who inherits an empire consisting of Syria (including Cilicia and Palestine), Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Media and Persia. #### Roman Republic * Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus is elected tribune of the plebs, in which capacity he is recorded as having saved Scipio Africanus from prosecution by interposing his veto. Tiberius is no friend nor political ally of Scipio's, but feels that the general's services to Rome merit his release from the threat of trial like any common criminal. Supposedly, in gratitude for this action, Scipio betrothes his youngest daughter, Cornelia, to him. * The construction of the Via Aemilia, a trunk road in the north Italian plains, running from Ariminum (Rimini), on the Adriatic coast, to Placentia (Piacenza) on the river Padus (Po), is completed. #### Egypt * Queen Cleopatra I is appointed Vizier (Chief Minister) to the King Ptolemy V Epiphanes. Deaths ------ * Antiochus III the Great, Seleucid king of the Hellenistic Syrian Empire from 223 BC, who has rebuilt the empire in the East but failed in his attempt to challenge Roman ascendancy in Greece and Anatolia (b. c. 241 BC)

187 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/187_BC

Year **188 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Salinator** (or, less frequently, **year 566 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 188 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The leader of the Achaean League, Philopoemen, enters northern Laconia with his army and a group of Spartan exiles. His army demolishes the wall that the former tyrant of Sparta, Nabis, has built around Sparta. Philopoemen then restores Spartan citizenship to the exiles and abolishes Spartan law, introducing Achaean law in its place. Sparta's role as a major power in Greece ends, while the Achaean League becomes the dominant power throughout the Peloponnese. #### Roman Republic * The continuing quarrels among the Greek cities and leagues increases the conviction in Rome that there will be no peace in Greece until Rome takes full control. * Through the peace treaty of Apamea (in Phrygia), the Romans force the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, to surrender all his Greek and Anatolian possessions as far east as the Taurus Mountains, to pay 15,000 talents over a period of 12 years and to surrender to Rome the former Carthaginian general Hannibal, his elephants and his fleet, and furnish hostages, including the king's eldest son, Demetrius. Rome is now the master of the eastern Mediterranean while Antiochus III's empire is reduced to Syria, Mesopotamia, and western Iran. #### Asia Minor * Hannibal flees via Crete to the court of King Prusias I of Bithynia who is engaged in warfare with Rome's ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamum. * Following the peace of Apamea, Eumenes II receives the provinces of Phrygia, Lydia, Lycia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia from his Roman allies, as the Romans have no desire to actually administer territory in Hellenistic Anatolia but want to see a strong, friendly state in Anatolia as a buffer zone against any possible Seleucid expansion in the future. #### China * Following the death of Emperor Hui of Han, his mother Empress Lü makes Hui's son Emperor Qianshao of Han and appoints members of her clan as kings, thereby establishing her effective control over China. Births ------ * Jing of Han, emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, who ruled from 157 BC (d. 141 BC) Deaths ------ * Hui of Han, the second emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, who ruled from 195 BC (b. 210 BC)

188 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/188_BC

Year **189 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Nobilior and Vulso** (or, less frequently, **year 565 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 189 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Cato the Elder criticizes the consul Marcus Fulvius Nobilior for giving awards to Roman soldiers for doing ordinary tasks, such as digging wells. #### Greece * The defeat of Antiochus III by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia robs the Aetolian League of its principal foreign ally and makes it impossible for them to stand alone in continued opposition to Rome. The League is forced to sign a peace treaty with Rome that makes it a subject ally of the Republic. Although the League continues to exist in name, the power of the League is broken by the treaty and it never again constitutes a significant political or military force. #### Asia Minor * The Romans under consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, along with a Pergamene army under Eumenes II, defeat the Galatians in Anatolia and make them subjects of Pergamum. * The city of Philadelphia (now Alaşehir, Turkey) is founded by King Eumenes II of Pergamon. Eumenes names the city after his brother, Attalus, whose loyalty earns him the nickname, "Philadelphus", literally meaning "one who loves his brother". * The territory of Artsakh first became known for being inhabited by Armenians-notably within the city of Tigranakert, one of four cities named after Tigranes the Great in the ancient Armenian empire. Deaths ------ * Fan Kuai, Chinese general and politician of the Han Dynasty (during the Chu-Han Contention) * Liu Fei, Chinese prince and proclaimed king of the former Qi State (Zhou Dynasty) (b. 221 BC) * Zhang Liang, Chinese rebel and taoist, who has helped Liu Bang establish the Han Dynasty (b. 262 BC)

189 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/189_BC

The **18th century BC** was the century that lasted from 1800 BC to 1701 BC. Events ------ * **1800 BC**: Iron Age in India * **1800 BC**: Beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age in the period system devised by Oscar Montelius. * **c. 1800 BC**: Sedentary Mayan communities in Mesoamerica * **c. 1800 BC**: Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta. They had the capital at Avaris in northeastern Nile Delta. * **1800 BC**: Adichanallur urn-burial site in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. In 2004, a number of skeletons dating from around 3,800 years ago. * **1800 BC**: Beginning of the Indo-Aryan migration * **1800 BC – 1700 BC**: Decline of the Indus Valley civilisation * **1800 BC – 1300 BC**: Troy VI flourishes. * **c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC**: (middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia and has to deal with Mari, which he conquers late in his career. * **c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC**: (middle chronology) – Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris. * **1787 BC – 1784 BC**: Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin. * **1786 BC**: Egypt: Queen Sobekneferu dies. End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty. * **1779 BC**: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, starts to rule. * **1770 BC**: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt. * **1766 BC**: Shang conquest of Xia Dynasty. China. * **1764 BC – 1750 BC**: Wars of Hammurabi. * **1757 BC**: Mari sacked by Hammurabi. Zimrilim's palace is destroyed. * **1757 BC**: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, dies. * **1750 BC**: Hyksos occupation of Northern Egypt. * **1750 BC**: A colossal volcanic eruption at Mount Veniaminof, Alaska. * **c. 1750 BC**: Vedic period starts in India. * **c. 1750 BC**: Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimrilim, King of Mari, before the Goddess Ishtar), facsimile of a wall painting on mud plaster from the Zimrilim palace at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria), Court 106, is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris. * **c. 1740–1720 BC**: reigns of pharaoh Neferhotep I and his brother Sobekhotep IV, marking the apex of the Egyptian 13th Dynasty. * **1749 BC – 1712 BC**: Mesopotamian Rebellions. * Early Unetice culture, beginning of the Bronze Age in Central Europe. * Minoan civilization: phase II of the Middle period (MM II). * c. 1700 BC: The last species of mammoth became extinct on Wrangel Island. * c. 1700 BC: Indus Valley civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture * c. 1700 BC: Minoan Old Palace period ends and Minoan Second Palace (Neopalatial) period starts in Crete. * c. 1700 BC: Aegean metalworkers are producing decorative objects rivaling those of Ancient Near East jewelers, whose techniques they seem to borrow. * c. 1700 BC: Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire. * c. 1700 BC: Bronze Age starts in China. * c. 1700 BC: Shang Dynasty starts in China. Deaths ------ **1750 BC**—Hammurabi (middle chronology) **1764 BC** Yarim Lim 1 The Great King of Yamhad Inventions, discoveries, introductions -------------------------------------- * **c. 1700 BC**—Median date for the building of the Phaistos Disc. Its purpose and meaning, and even its original geographical place of manufacture remains unknown, making it one of the most famous mysteries of archaeology. Sovereign states ----------------

18th century BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC

Year **18 BC** was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Thursday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Lentulus** (or, less frequently, **year 736 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 18 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman empire * Caesar Augustus introduces the Lex Julia (*Julian Laws*): + Lex Iulia de Ambitu: Penalising bribery when acquiring political offices. + Lex Iulia de Maritandis Ordinibus: Limiting marriage across social class boundaries. #### Asia * Onjo becomes the first ruler of the Korean kingdom of Baekje (traditional date). Births ------ * Arminius, Chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci and a former officer (d. AD 21) Deaths ------ * Cornelia, daughter of Scribonia (second wife of Augustus)

18 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_BC

The **190s** decade ran from January 1, 190, to December 31, 199. Events ------ ### 190 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * A part of Rome burns; Emperor Commodus orders the city to be rebuilt, under the name *Colonia Commodiana*. * A Roman road crosses the Alps, by the Simplon Pass. ###### China * First year of the *Chuping* era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. * The Campaign against Dong Zhuo begins. During the Battle of Xingyang, Cao Cao's army is defeated by Dong Zhuo. * Luoyang is burned and plundered by the forces of Dong Zhuo. The court is moved to Chang'an. ###### Parthia * Osroes II, controlling Media, claims the throne of the Parthian Empire. King Vologases IV of Parthia puts down the rebellion and restores order. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Cleomedes teaches that the moon does not glow on its own, but rather reflects sunlight. ###### Economic * Egypt (under Roman rule) is impoverished due to an inflation rate of 100% during the previous decade. * The percentage of silver in the Egyptian denarius is lowered from 90% to 70%. ### 191 #### By place ###### Parthia * King Vologases IV of Parthia dies after a 44-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Vologases V. ###### China * A coalition of Chinese warlords from the east of Hangu Pass launches a punitive campaign against the warlord Dong Zhuo, who seized control of the central government in 189, and held the figurehead Emperor Xian hostage. After suffering some defeats against the coalition forces, Dong Zhuo forcefully relocates the imperial capital from Luoyang to Chang'an. Before leaving, Dong Zhuo orders his troops to loot the tombs of the Han emperors, and then destroy Luoyang by fire, to leave behind nothing for the coalition. * Battle of Jieqiao: Yuan Shao narrowly defeats Gongsun Zan, in northern China. #### By topic ###### Art * c. 191–192 – The sculpture of Commodus as Hercules*, from Esquiline Hill, Rome, is made (it is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome).* ###### Religion * Serapion becomes Patriarch of Antioch. ### 192 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * December 31 – Emperor Commodus alarms the Senate, by appearing dressed as a gladiator for his new consulship on January 1. His mistress Marcia finds her name on the imperial execution list, and hires champion wrestler Narcissus to assassinate Commodus; the Antonines Dynasty ends. * Civil war again strikes Ancient Rome (192–193). ###### China * May 22 – Lü Bu assassinates warlord Dong Zhuo, who has controlled the central government of the Han Dynasty (since 189). ###### Vietnam * The kingdom of Champa begins to control south and central Vietnam (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Arts and Science * A fire destroys Galen's library. ###### Religion * Syriac Christians establish an early Christian community in Kerala, India. ### 193 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 1 – Year of the Five Emperors: The Roman Senate chooses Publius Helvius Pertinax, against his will, to succeed the late Commodus as Emperor. Pertinax is forced to reorganize the handling of finances, which were wrecked under Commodus, to reestablish discipline in the Roman army, and to suspend the food programs established by Trajan, provoking the ire of the Praetorian Guard. * March 28 – Pertinax is assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire is auctioned off; Marcus Didius Julianus the highest bidder, offers 300 million sesterces for the throne. Roman governors Clodius Albinus (Britannia) and Pescennius Niger (Syria) claim, with support of their troops, the imperial throne. * April 14 – Lucius Septimius Severus is proclaimed Emperor by his troops at Carnuntum, in Pannonia Superior (Balkans). He marches with his army to Rome. * June 1 – Septimius Severus enters the capital, and has Julianus put to death. He replaces the Praetorian Guard with a 15,000-man force from the Danubian legions, and gains control of the Roman Empire, beginning the Severan dynasty. * Battle of Cyzicus and Battle of Nicaea (Asia Minor): Septimius Severus defeats the army under Pescennius. * In Britain, Clodius Albinus allies with Septimius Severus, and accepts the title of Caesar. British tribes take advantage of the disorder in the Empire, and damage Hadrian's Wall. Extensive repairs to the defence work is carried out by the legionaries. * Counterfeiting workshops begin to appear throughout the Roman Empire. ###### China * Last (4th) year of *Chuping* era of the Chinese Han dynasty. * Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province: Cao Cao invades Tao Qian's Xu Province, holding him responsible for the death of Cao Song. #### By topic ###### Commerce * The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 50 percent under emperor Septimius Severus, down from 68 percent under Marcus Aurelius. ### 194 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus and Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar become Roman Consuls. * Battle of Issus: Septimius Severus marches with his army (12 legions) to Cilicia, and defeats Pescennius Niger, Roman governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch, and is executed by Severus' troops. * Septimius Severus besieges Byzantium (194–196); the city walls suffer extensive damage. ###### Asia * Battle of Yan Province: Warlords Cao Cao and Lü Bu fight for control over Yan Province; the battle lasts for over 100 days. * First year of the *Xingping* era during the Han Dynasty in China. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Galen writes his manual on pathology, *The Art of Curing* (approximate date). ###### Religion * Irenaeus declares Gnostic doctrines to be heretical (approximate date). ### 195 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus has the Roman Senate deify the previous emperor Commodus, in an attempt to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius. * King Vologases V and other eastern princes support the claims of Pescennius Niger. The Roman province of Mesopotamia rises in revolt with Parthian support. Severus marches to Mesopotamia to battle the Parthians. * The Roman province of Syria is divided and the role of Antioch is diminished. The Romans annexed the Syrian cities of Edessa and Nisibis. Severus re-establish his headquarters and the colonies there. * Lucius Septimius Bassianus (or **Caracalla**), age 7, changes his name to *Marcus Aurelius Antoninus*, to solidify connections with the family of Marcus Aurelius, and is given the title Caesar. * Clodius Albinus, who had been proclaimed emperor in Britain, crosses into Gaul with his legions, while at the same time recruiting new soldiers. He is soon the head of an army of 150,000 men, according to Cassius Dio. Severus, still in Mesopotamia, hastily returns to Rome. * The denarius is devalued by Severus. The coin now contains only 50% precious metal. ###### China * In China, the Xiongnu federation crosses the Great Wall and establishes itself in Shanxi Province. * Last (2nd) year of the *Xingping* era during the Han Dynasty. ### 196 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus attempts to assassinate Clodius Albinus but fails, causing Albinus to retaliate militarily. * Emperor Septimius Severus captures and sacks Byzantium; the city is rebuilt and regains its previous prosperity. * In order to assure the support of the Roman legion in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul. * Hadrian's wall in Britain is partially destroyed. ###### China * First year of the *Jian'an era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.* * Emperor Xian of Han returns to Luoyang, which has been ravaged by war, and seeks the protection of warlord Cao Cao. He is advised to move the capital to Xuchang; the Emperor becomes a pawn in the hands of the Chinese warlords. ###### Korea * Naehae becomes king of Silla. ### 197 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * February 19 – Battle of Lugdunum: Emperor Septimius Severus defeats the self-proclaimed emperor Clodius Albinus at Lugdunum (modern Lyon). Albinus commits suicide; legionaries sack the town. * Septimius Severus returns to Rome and has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in the Senate executed. After his victory he declares himself the adopted son of the late Marcus Aurelius. * Septimius Severus forms new naval units, manning all the triremes in Italy with heavily armed troops for war in the East. His soldiers embark on an artificial canal between the Tigris and Euphrates. * Legio I, II, and III *Parthica* are levied by Septimius Severus for his Parthian campaign. * The Roman army marches east to repel a Parthian invasion of Mesopotamia; they loot the royal palace at Ctesiphon and capture an enormous number of its inhabitants as slaves. * Septimius Severus reconstitutes the Province of Mesopotamia under an equestrian governor commanding two legions. * Septimius Severus, who had spared the Senate at the beginning of his reign, now excludes it from controlling the Roman empire by declaring a military dictatorship. ###### Asia * Battle of Wancheng: Zhang Xiu launches a surprise attack at Cao Cao. * Yuan Shu declares himself emperor of the short-lived Zhong dynasty. * Sansang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Galen's major work on medicines, *Pharmacologia*, is published. ###### Religion * A Christian council is held in Edessa. ### 198 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 28 + Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar. + Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus, is given the title of Augustus. ###### China * Winter – Battle of Xiapi: The allied armies led by Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeat Lü Bu; afterward Cao Cao has him executed. #### By topic ###### Religion * Marcus I succeeds Olympianus as Patriarch of Constantinople (until 211). ### 199 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Mesopotamia is partitioned into two Roman provinces divided by the Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Osroene. * Emperor Septimius Severus lays siege to the city-state Hatra in Central-Mesopotamia, but fails to capture the city despite breaching the walls. * Two new legions, I Parthica and III Parthica, are formed as a permanent garrison. ###### China * Battle of Yijing: Chinese warlord Yuan Shao defeats Gongsun Zan. ###### Korea * Geodeung succeeds Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya (traditional date). #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Zephyrinus succeeds Pope Victor I, as the 15th pope. Significant people ------------------ * Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor Births ------ **190** * Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus, Roman praetorian prefect (d. 243) * Liu Yin (or **Xiuran**), Chinese general of the Shu Han state (d. 269) * Ma Su, Chinese general and strategist of the Shu Han state (d. 228) * Quintus Egnatius Proculus, Roman politician (approximate date) * Wang Ji (or **Boyu**), Chinese general of the Cao Wei state (d. 261) **191** * Xin Xianying, Chinese noblewoman and advisor (d. 269) **192** * Cao Zhi (or **King Chen**), Chinese prince and poet (d. 232) * Gordian II, Roman emperor (Year of the Six Emperors) (d. 238) **193** * Luo Tong, Chinese official of the Eastern Wu state (d. 228) * Zhang Wen, Chinese official of the Eastern Wu state (d. 230) **194** * Sun Huan (or **Jiming**), Chinese general (d. 234) * Zhu Ju, Chinese official and general (d. 250) **195** * Cao Biao (or **Zhuhu**), Chinese imperial prince (d. 251) * Gong Lu (or **Dexu**), Chinese official and politician (d. 225) * He Yan (or **Pingshu**), Chinese official and philosopher (d. 249) * Wang Su, Chinese official and Confucian scholar (d. 256) **196** * Cao Chong, son of Cao Cao (d. 208) **197** * Cao, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. 260) * Deng Ai, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state (d. 264) **198** * Lu Kai (or **Jingfeng**), Chinese official and general (d. 269) * Quan Cong, Chinese general and advisor (d. 249) Deaths ------ **190** * March 6 – Liu Bian, Chinese emperor (poisoned by Dong Zhuo) (b. 176) * Athenagoras of Athens, Greek Christian apologist (b. 133) * Julius of Rome, Roman politician (murdered by Commodus) * Marcus Aurelius Cleander, Roman praetorian prefect * Xun Shuang, Chinese politician and writer (b. 128) * Zhou Bi, Chinese official (executed by Dong Zhuo) * Emperor Seimu of Japan, according to legend. **191** * Bruttia Crispina, Roman empress (executed) (b. 164) * Han Fu, Chinese governor and warlord * Hua Xiong, Chinese general (executed) * Qiao Mao, Chinese official and warlord * Sun Jian, Chinese general and warlord (b. 155) * Vologases IV, king of the Parthian Empire * Zhang Wen, Chinese official and general **192** * May 22 – Dong Zhuo, Chinese general and warlord (d. 134) * December 31 – Commodus, Roman emperor (b. 161) * Annia Fundania Faustina, Roman noblewoman * Bao Xin, Chinese general and warlord (b. 152) * Cai Yong, Chinese official and calligrapher (b. 132) * Liu Dai, Chinese official, general and politician * Lu Zhi, Chinese scholar and general (b. 159) * Wang Yun, Chinese official and politician (b. 137) * Yuan Yi (**Boye**), Chinese official and warlord * Zhang Zhi, Chinese scholar and calligrapher **193** * March 28 – Pertinax, Roman emperor (assassinated) (b. 126) * June 1 – Didius Julianus, Roman emperor (assassinated) * Adrianus (or **Hadrian**), Greek sophist, philosopher and writer * Cao Song (or **Jugao**), Chinese official and father of Cao Cao * Liu Yu (or **Bo'an**), Chinese nobleman, official and warlord * Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, Roman general and politician **194** * Liu Yan, Chinese warlord and governor * Ma Midi, Chinese official and politician * Pescennius Niger, Roman usurper (b. 140) * Tao Qian, Chinese warlord and governor (b. 132) **195** * Fan Chou, Chinese general and politician * Huangfu Song (or **Yizhen**), Chinese general * Liu Yao, Chinese warlord and governor (b. 157) * Lu Kang (or **Jining**), Chinese politician (b. 126) * Xu Shao (or **Zijiang**), Chinese official (b. 150) * Ze Rong, Chinese warlord and Buddhist leader * Zhang Miao, Chinese warlord and official * Zhu Jun, Chinese general and official **196** * Beolhyu, Korean ruler of Silla * Cao Bao, Chinese general and governor * Chizhi Shizhu Hou, Chinese puppet ruler (b. 150) * Zhou Xin, Chinese official and politician **197** * February 19 – Clodius Albinus, Roman general and usurper * Cao Ang (or **Zixiu**), eldest son of Cao Cao (b. 177) * Dian Wei, Chinese general serving under Cao Cao * Gaius Julius Erucius Clarus Vibianus, Roman politician * Gogukcheon of Goguryeo, Korean ruler of Goguryeo * Guo Si (or **Guo Duo**), Chinese general and regent * Li Jue, Chinese general serving under Dong Zhuo * Liu Chong, Chinese nobleman and Prince of Chen * Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus, Roman statesman * Yang Feng, Chinese general serving under Li Jue **198** * Li Jue (or **Zhiran**), Chinese warlord and regent * Liu Yao, Chinese governor and warlord (b. 157) * Mi Heng, Chinese musician and writer (b. 173) * Zhang Yang, Chinese official and warlord **199** * February 7 + Gao Shun, Chinese general and advisor + Lü Bu, Chinese general and warlord * Chen Ji, Chinese official, scholar and politician * Gongsun Zan, Chinese general and warlord * Qin Yilu (or **Qin Yi**), Chinese general * Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, Korean ruler * Tian Kai, Chinese official and general * Yuan Shu, Chinese general and warlord

190s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/190s

Year **190 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Asiaticus and Laelius** (or, less frequently, **year 564 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 190 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Battle of the Eurymedon is fought between a Seleucid fleet and ships from Rhodes and Pergamum, who are allied with the Roman Republic. The Seleucids are led by the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal. The Rhodians and their allies are victorious and Hannibal's fleet is forced to flee. * Subsequently, the naval Battle of Myonessus is fought between a Seleucid fleet and a Roman fleet with the help of Rhodian ships. The Romans and their allies are victorious. * As Philip V of Macedon has aided Rome against her enemies on the Greek peninsula, his tribute to Rome is remitted and his son, Demetrius, is restored to him after being held hostage in Rome for a number of years. #### Seleucid Empire * Meeting no further resistance from the Seleucids and their allies, the Roman army under general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius, along with King Eumenes II of Pergamum and other allies, cross the Hellespont into Anatolia. * With the increasingly real threat to his Empire from the Romans, Antiochus III is eager to negotiate on the basis of Rome's previous demands, but the Romans insist that he first give up the region west of the Taurus Mountains. When Antiochus refuses, the Battle of Magnesia is fought near Magnesia ad Sipylum, on the plains of Lydia in Anatolia, between the Romans, led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio and his brother, Scipio Africanus, with their ally Eumenes II of Pergamum, and the army of Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire. The resulting decisive Roman victory ends the conflict with the Seleucids for the control of Greece. * Following Antiochus III's defeat by the Romans, two of Antiochus III's Armenian satraps, Artaxias and Zariadres, declare themselves independent of the Seleucids. With Roman consent, they establish themselves as kings of the Kingdom of Armenia and the district of Sophene (Armenia Minor), respectively. Artaxias builds his capital, Artaxata, on the Araxes River (now the Aras River) near Lake Sevan. * For assisting the Romans in defeating Antiochus III, Eumenes II of Pergamum is rewarded with a great increase in territory. He is given control over the Thracian Chersonese (the modern Gallipoli peninsula) and over most of the former Seleucid possessions in Anatolia. #### Roman Republic * One of the main highways in Roman Italy, the Via Appia, is extended to Benevento and Venosa. ### By topic #### Art * The statue Nike (Victory) of Samothrace is created (possible date). It is discovered in 1863 and is now kept at Musée du Louvre in Paris. Births ------ * Cornelia, second daughter of Scipio Africanus. She will be considered by Roman society to be the perfect example of a virtuous Roman woman (d. 100 BC) * Hipparchus, Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician (d. c. 120 BC) Deaths ------ * Apollonius of Perga, Greek mathematician, geometer and astronomer of the Alexandrian school, known by his contemporaries as "The Great Geometer", whose treatise "Conics" is one of the greatest scientific works from the ancient world (b. c. 262 BC)

190 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/190_BC

Year **191 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Nasica and Glabrio** (or, less frequently, **year 563 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 191 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio and Cato the Elder cut the Seleucid king Antiochus III off from his reinforcements in Thrace and outflank his position at the pass of Thermopylae in the Battle of Thermopylae. With the remainder of his troops, Antiochus flees to Chalcis on Euboea and from there he retreats by sea to Ephesus. * Manius Acilius Glabrio then turns his attention to the Aetolian League, which has persuaded Antiochus to declare war against Rome, and is only prevented from crushing them by the intercession of Titus Quinctius Flamininus. * Scipio Africanus persuades the Roman Senate to continue the war against Antiochus III by making him the chief commander and allowing him and his brother, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, to follow Antiochus into Anatolia. * The Roman calendar, which is four months ahead of the seasons, is adjusted (by *Lex Acilia de intercalando*). * Cisalpine Gaul becomes a Roman province. #### Carthage * The Carthaginians manage to collect the indemnity due to Rome (through the peace treaty signed between them ten years earlier) but not payable in full for 50 years. The Romans, in order to keep their hold on Carthage, refuse to accept the early payment of the indemnity. #### Parthia * Arsaces II, king of Parthia, is considered to have been murdered on the orders of Antiochus III. Arsaces is succeeded by his cousin Phriapatius. #### China * Emperor Hui of Han lifts the ban on Confucian writings ordered in 213 BC. Deaths ------ * Arsaces II, King of Parthia, who had reigned from about 211 BC (murdered)

191 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/191_BC

Year **192** (**CXCII**) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aelius and Pertinax** (or, less frequently, **year 945 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 192 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * December 31 – Emperor Commodus alarms the Senate, by appearing dressed as a gladiator for his new consulship on January 1. His mistress Marcia finds her name on the imperial execution list, and hires champion wrestler Narcissus to assassinate Commodus; the Antonines Dynasty ends. * Civil war again strikes Ancient Rome (192–193). #### China * May 22 – Lü Bu assassinates warlord Dong Zhuo, who has controlled the central government of the Han Dynasty (since 189). #### Vietnam * The kingdom of Champa begins to control south and central Vietnam (approximate date). ### By topic #### Arts and Science * A fire destroys Galen's library. #### Religion * Syriac Christians establish an early Christian community in Kerala, India. Births ------ * Cao Zhi (or **King Chen**), Chinese prince and poet (d. 232) * Gordian II, Roman emperor (Year of the Six Emperors) (d. 238) Deaths ------ * May 22 – Dong Zhuo, Chinese general and warlord (d. 134) * December 31 – Commodus, Roman emperor (b. 161) * Annia Fundania Faustina, Roman noblewoman * Bao Xin, Chinese general and warlord (b. 152) * Cai Yong, Chinese official and calligrapher (b. 132) * Liu Dai, Chinese official, general and politician * Lu Zhi, Chinese scholar and general (b. 159) * Wang Yun, Chinese official and politician (b. 137) * Yuan Yi (**Boye**), Chinese official and warlord * Zhang Zhi, Chinese scholar and calligrapher

192

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/192

Year **193** (**CXCIII**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Sosius and Ericius** (or, less frequently, **year 946 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 193 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * January 1 – Year of the Five Emperors: The Roman Senate chooses Publius Helvius Pertinax, against his will, to succeed the late Commodus as Emperor. Pertinax is forced to reorganize the handling of finances, which were wrecked under Commodus, to reestablish discipline in the Roman army, and to suspend the food programs established by Trajan, provoking the ire of the Praetorian Guard. * March 28 – Pertinax is assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire is auctioned off; Marcus Didius Julianus the highest bidder, offers 300 million sesterces for the throne. Roman governors Clodius Albinus (Britannia) and Pescennius Niger (Syria) claim, with support of their troops, the imperial throne. * April 14 – Lucius Septimius Severus is proclaimed Emperor by his troops at Carnuntum, in Pannonia Superior (Balkans). He marches with his army to Rome. * June 1 – Septimius Severus enters the capital, and has Julianus put to death. He replaces the Praetorian Guard with a 15,000-man force from the Danubian legions, and gains control of the Roman Empire, beginning the Severan dynasty. * Battle of Cyzicus and Battle of Nicaea (Asia Minor): Septimius Severus defeats the army under Pescennius. * In Britain, Clodius Albinus allies with Septimius Severus, and accepts the title of Caesar. British tribes take advantage of the disorder in the Empire, and damage Hadrian's Wall. Extensive repairs to the defence work is carried out by the legionaries. * Counterfeiting workshops begin to appear throughout the Roman Empire. #### China * Last (4th) year of *Chuping* era of the Chinese Han dynasty. * Cao Cao's invasion of Xu Province: Cao Cao invades Tao Qian's Xu Province, holding him responsible for the death of Cao Song. ### By topic #### Commerce * The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 50 percent under emperor Septimius Severus, down from 68 percent under Marcus Aurelius. Births ------ * Luo Tong, Chinese official of the Eastern Wu state (d. 228) * Zhang Wen, Chinese official of the Eastern Wu state (d. 230) Deaths ------ * March 28 – Pertinax, Roman emperor (assassinated) (b. 126) * June 1 – Didius Julianus, Roman emperor (assassinated) * Adrianus (or **Hadrian**), Greek sophist, philosopher and writer * Cao Song (or **Jugao**), Chinese official and father of Cao Cao * Liu Yu (or **Bo'an**), Chinese nobleman, official and warlord * Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, Roman general and politician

193

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/193

Year **192 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Flamininus and Ahenobarbus** (or, less frequently, **year 562 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 192 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Achaeans respond to Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to Rome with a request for help. In response, the Roman Senate sends the praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by Titus Quinctius Flamininus. * Not waiting for the Roman fleet to arrive, the Achaean army and navy head towards Gythium under the command of Philopoemen. The Achaean fleet under Tiso is defeated by the Spartan fleet. On land, the Achaeans are unable to defeat the Spartan forces outside Gythium and Philopoemen retreats to Tegea. * When Philopoemen reenters Laconia for a second attempt, his forces are ambushed by the Spartan tyrant, Nabis, but nevertheless Philopoemen manages to gain a victory over the Spartan forces. * Philopoemen's plans for capturing Sparta itself are put on hold at the request of the Roman envoy Flaminius after his arrival in Greece. In return, Nabis decides, for the moment, to accept the status quo. * Nabis then appeals to the Aetolians for help. They send 1,000 cavalry under the command of Alexamenus to Sparta. However, the Aetolians murder Nabis and temporarily occupy Sparta. The Aetolian troops seize the palace and set about looting the city, but the inhabitants of Sparta are able to rally and force them leave the city. Philopoemen, however, takes advantage of the Aetolian treachery and enters Sparta with his Achaean army. Now in full control of Sparta, Philopoemen forces Sparta to become a member state of the Achaean League. * Seleucid forces under their king, Antiochus III, invade Greece at the invitation of the Aetolian League, who are revolting against the Romans. The Aetolians appoint him commander in chief of their league. Antiochus lands in Demetrias, Thessaly with only 10,500 men and occupies Euboea. However, he finds little support for his cause in central Greece. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Nabis, tyrant and last independent ruler (from 207 BC) of Sparta * Xiang Bo, Chinese nobleman of the Chu State (Seven Kingdoms)

192 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/192_BC

Year **194** (**CXCIV**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Septimius and Septimius** (or, less frequently, **year 947 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 194 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus and Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar become Roman Consuls. * Battle of Issus: Septimius Severus marches with his army (12 legions) to Cilicia, and defeats Pescennius Niger, Roman governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch, and is executed by Severus' troops. * Septimius Severus besieges Byzantium (194–196); the city walls suffer extensive damage. #### Asia * Battle of Yan Province: Warlords Cao Cao and Lü Bu fight for control over Yan Province; the battle lasts for over 100 days. * First year of the *Xingping* era during the Han Dynasty in China. ### By topic #### Art and Science * Galen writes his manual on pathology, *The Art of Curing* (approximate date). #### Religion * Irenaeus declares Gnostic doctrines to be heretical (approximate date). Births ------ * Sun Huan (or **Jiming**), Chinese general (d. 234) * Zhu Ju, Chinese official and general (d. 250) Deaths ------ * Liu Yan, Chinese warlord and governor * Ma Midi, Chinese official and politician * Pescennius Niger, Roman usurper (b. 140) * Tao Qian, Chinese warlord and governor (b. 132)

194

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/194

Year **193 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Merula and Thermus** (or, less frequently, **year 561 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 193 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming a year. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Eumenes II of Pergamum appeals to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III who is threatening to conquer Greece. The Roman pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus supports the Roman championship of Greek autonomy in Anatolia. * Flamininus is sent to negotiate with Antiochus III and warns him not to interfere with the Greek states. Antiochus does not accept that Flamininus has the authority to speak for the Greeks and promises to leave Greece alone only if the Romans do the same. * Flamininus attempts to rally the Greeks against Antiochus III and to counter the pro-Seleucid policy of the Aetolians. When the Aetolians call on Antiochus III for aid, Flamininus persuades the Achaean League to declare war on both parties. He also prevents Philopoemen from taking Sparta. * In the meantime, the Spartan ruler, Nabis, moves to recover lost territory, including Gythium. * Carneades of Cyrene moves to Athens to found the third or new Academy. #### Egypt * Cleopatra I Syra, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice, marries the Egyptian King Ptolemy V Epiphanes. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Xiao He, prime minister of the early Han dynasty in China who has been a key figure in Liu Bang's rise to power after the fall of the Qin dynasty

193 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/193_BC

Year **195** (**CXCV**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Scrapula and Clemens** (or, less frequently, **year 948 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 195 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus has the Roman Senate deify the previous emperor Commodus, in an attempt to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius. * King Vologases V and other eastern princes support the claims of Pescennius Niger. The Roman province of Mesopotamia rises in revolt with Parthian support. Severus marches to Mesopotamia to battle the Parthians. * The Roman province of Syria is divided and the role of Antioch is diminished. The Romans annexed the Syrian cities of Edessa and Nisibis. Severus re-establish his headquarters and the colonies there. * Lucius Septimius Bassianus (or **Caracalla**), age 7, changes his name to *Marcus Aurelius Antoninus*, to solidify connections with the family of Marcus Aurelius, and is given the title Caesar. * Clodius Albinus, who had been proclaimed emperor in Britain, crosses into Gaul with his legions, while at the same time recruiting new soldiers. He is soon the head of an army of 150,000 men, according to Cassius Dio. Severus, still in Mesopotamia, hastily returns to Rome. * The denarius is devalued by Severus. The coin now contains only 50% precious metal. #### China * In China, the Xiongnu federation crosses the Great Wall and establishes itself in Shanxi Province. * Last (2nd) year of the *Xingping* era during the Han Dynasty. Births ------ * Cao Biao (or **Zhuhu**), Chinese imperial prince (d. 251) * Gong Lu (or **Dexu**), Chinese official and politician (d. 225) * He Yan (or **Pingshu**), Chinese official and philosopher (d. 249) * Wang Su, Chinese official and Confucian scholar (d. 256) Deaths ------ * Fan Chou, Chinese general and politician * Huangfu Song (or **Yizhen**), Chinese general * Liu Yao, Chinese warlord and governor (b. 157) * Lu Kang (or **Jining**), Chinese politician (b. 126) * Xu Shao (or **Zijiang**), Chinese official (b. 150) * Ze Rong, Chinese warlord and Buddhist leader * Zhang Miao, Chinese warlord and official * Zhu Jun, Chinese general and official

195

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/195

Year **196 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Purpureo and Marcellus** (or, less frequently, **year 558 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 196 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Insubres, Gauls of the Po Valley, believed by the Romans to have been incited to revolt by Carthage, are finally defeated. * A new category of Roman priests, the tresviri epulones, are elected to supervise the feasts of the gods; the first three men selected are Gaius Licinius Lucullus, Publius Manlius, and Publius Porcius Laeca. * At the Isthmian Games at Corinth, the Roman general and pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaims that all Greeks are to be free and governed by their own laws. For this deed he is hailed in many Greek cities as a saviour and accorded homage alongside the gods. * Flamininus accuses the Spartan ruler, Nabis, of tyranny, takes Gythium in Laconia and forces Nabis to surrender Argos. #### Anatolia * According to the Roman scholar and writer Marcus Terentius Varro, the foundation of a library at Pergamum around this time by Eumenes II of Pergamum, combined with an embargo on papyrus by Ptolemy V, leads to the invention of parchment. #### Egypt * The Rosetta Stone is created. This stone is a Ptolemaic era stele written with the same text in two Egyptian language scripts (hieroglyphic and demotic) and in classical Greek. The translation of the Greek passage reveals that the inscription is a royal edict recording the benefits conferred on Egypt by the pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes at the time of his coronation. This stone will provide the key to the hieroglyphic, or pictographic writing, of ancient Egypt and the decree on it reveals the increasing influence of Egyptian natives, remitted debts and taxes, released prisoners, pardoned rebels who have surrendered, and granted increased benefactions to the temples. #### Seleucid Empire * Antiochus III's army crosses the Hellespont into Thrace, where he claims sovereignty over territory that has been won by Seleucus I in 281 BC. A war of harassment and diplomacy with Rome ensues. The Romans send ambassadors demanding that Antiochus stay out of Greece and set free all the autonomous communities in Anatolia. To meet these demands would mean Antiochus III giving up the western part of his Seleucid Empire. Thus Antiochus refuses the Romans' demands. #### China * Empress Lü and Prime Minister Xiao He of the Han Dynasty have the former General-in-Chief Han Xin executed, suspecting that he was planning a rebellion in cooperation with the rebel Chen Xi. * Emperor Gaozu of Han and his generals, including Cao Shen and Zhou Bo, defeat the rebellion of Chen Xi. * A Han army defeats a raid on the northern frontier by the rogue Xin of Han. Xin is killed in battle. * Gaozu deposes the king of Liang, Peng Yue, on suspicion of conspiracy. He is then executed on the orders of Empress Lü. * The king of Huainan, Ying Bu, fearing execution, rebels against the Han Dynasty. Gaozu and Cao Shen crush the rebellion but Gaozu is wounded by an arrow, and his health subsequently deteriorates. * Increasingly paranoid, Gaozu briefly arrests Prime Minister Xiao He but is persuaded to release him. * Gaozu sends Zhao Tuo, the king of Nanyue in present-day Vietnam and southern China, a seal recognizing his rulership in return for his nominal submission to the Han. Zhao Tuo accepts his vassal status. Deaths ------ * Han Xin, Chinese general during the Chu–Han Contention * Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, Roman consul and censor * Peng Yue, Chinese general of the Western Han Dynasty * Xin, Chinese king during the Warring States Period

196 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/196_BC

Year **197 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cethegus and Rufus** (or, less frequently, **year 557 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 197 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia Minor * Eumenes II becomes King of Pergamum following the death of his father Attalus I Soter. * Antiochus III occupies parts of the kingdom of Pergamum and a number of Greek cities in Anatolia. #### Egypt * The Egyptian King, Ptolemy V, fights rebels in the Nile Delta, exhibiting great cruelty toward those of their leaders who capitulate. #### Greece * The Spartan ruler, Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest. * The Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly gives a Roman army under pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus a decisive victory over Philip V of Macedon. In the Treaty of Tempe, the terms of the peace proposed by the Roman general and adopted by the Roman Senate specify that Philip V can retain his throne and control of Macedonia, but he has to abandon all the Greek cities he has conquered. Philip also has to provide to the Romans 1,000 talents as indemnity, surrender most of his fleet and provide hostages, including his younger son, Demetrius, who is to be held in Rome. The Aetolians propose that Philip V be ejected from his throne but Flamininus opposes this. * The volcanic island of Hiera emerges from under the sea near Thera. #### Hispania * Hispania is divided into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior. * The Iberian revolt breaks out in Citerior and Ulterior against Roman domination. #### China * Chen Xi begins a rebellion against the Han Dynasty in the Dai region of the northern frontier. Deaths ------ * Attalus I Soter, ruler of Pergamum from 241 BC, who has taken on the title of king after about 230 BC. Through his military and diplomatic skills, he has created a powerful kingdom in Anatolia (b. 269 BC) * Liu Taigong, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty

197 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/197_BC

Year **199** (**CXCIX**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was sometimes known as **year 952 *Ab urbe condita***. The denomination 199 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Mesopotamia is partitioned into two Roman provinces divided by the Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Osroene. * Emperor Septimius Severus lays siege to the city-state Hatra in Central-Mesopotamia, but fails to capture the city despite breaching the walls. * Two new legions, I Parthica and III Parthica, are formed as a permanent garrison. #### China * Battle of Yijing: Chinese warlord Yuan Shao defeats Gongsun Zan. #### Korea * Geodeung succeeds Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya (traditional date). ### By topic #### Religion * Pope Zephyrinus succeeds Pope Victor I, as the 15th pope. Births ------ Deaths ------ * February 7 + Gao Shun, Chinese general and advisor + Lü Bu, Chinese general and warlord * Chen Ji, Chinese official, scholar and politician * Gongsun Zan, Chinese general and warlord * Qin Yilu (or **Qin Yi**), Chinese general * Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, Korean ruler * Tian Kai, Chinese official and general * Yuan Shu, Chinese general and warlord

199

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/199

Year **198 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Catus and Flamininus** (or, less frequently, **year 556 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 198 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * After his election to the consulship, Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading Roman general in Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes. * Titus Quinctius Flamininus' forces manage to push Philip V out of most of Greece, except for a few fortresses. He then defeats Philip V in the Battle of the Aous, near modern Tepelenë in Albania. #### Seleucid Empire * The Battle of Panium is fought between Seleucid forces led by Antiochus III and Ptolemaic forces led by Scopas of Aetolia. The Seleucids win the battle which allows Antiochus III to obtain entire possession of Palestine and Coele-Syria from King Ptolemy V of Egypt. Though the Romans send ambassadors to Ptolemy V, they are unable to lend him any serious assistance against Antiochus III. * In the resulting peace, Antiochus III agrees to give his daughter Cleopatra in marriage to Ptolemy V. #### China * Following the defeat of the Han at the hands of Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu at Baideng in 200 BC, courtier Liu Jing (劉敬) is dispatched by Han emperor Gaozu for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties includes a Han princess given in marriage to the chanyu (called heqin 和親 or "harmonious kinship"); periodic tribute of silk, liquor and rice to the Xiongnu; equal status between the states; and the Great Wall as mutual border. This treaty sets the pattern for relations between the Han and the Xiongnu for some sixty years.

198 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/198_BC

Year **19 BC** was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday or Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Saturninus and Vespillo** (or, less frequently, **year 735 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 19 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the main method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The *Aeneid* by the Roman poet Virgil is published. The *Aeneid* is an epic poem in 12 books that tells the story of the foundation of Rome from the ashes of Troy. * In Rome, Lucius Cornelius Balbus receives the honor of a triumph on the Forum Romanum, for his victories over the Garamantes in Africa. * Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa completes the Aqua Virgo; the aqueduct is 21 km (13 mi) in length and supplies the city of Rome with about 100,000,000 liters of water every day. * The Cantabrians, living on the northernmost coast of Spain, are brought under Roman control. The region is completely subdued until 16 BC. #### Asia * King Yuri becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. Births ------ * Vipsania Julia Agrippina, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder Deaths ------ * September 21 – Virgil, Roman poet (b. 70 BC) * Albius Tibullus, Roman poet (b. 54 BC) * Dongmyeong, Korean king of Goguryeo

19 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_BC

Year **199 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Tappulus** (or, less frequently, **year 555 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 199 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Roman general Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus attacks the Insubres in Gaul, but loses over 6,700 soldiers in the process. * Scipio Africanus becomes censor and princeps Senatus (the titular head of the Roman Senate). * The Roman law, Lex Porcia, is proposed by the tribune P. Porcius Laeca to give Roman citizens in Italy and provinces the right of appeal in capital cases. Births ------ Deaths ------

199 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/199_BC

Year **200** (**CC**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Severus and Victorinus** (or, less frequently, **year 953 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 200 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### World * Human population reaches about 257 million. #### Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus visits the provinces of Syria, Palestine, and Arabia. * The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul, and made an Imperial province. #### India * Rudrasena I, Saka ruler of the Western Satrap dynasty, becomes king of Malwa in Classical India. #### China * September-November - Battle of Guandu: Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats his rival Yuan Shao. #### Japan * In Japan, Himiko, whose capital is situated in Yamatai, extends her authority over a number of clans. #### America * The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins (around this year). * The Paracas culture in the Andes ends (around this year). ### By topic #### Art * The *Severan Tondo*, depicting Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung. #### Religion * Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi compiles tracts of the Mishnah, creating Talmudic law. * Clement of Alexandria denounces the use of musical instruments instead of human voices in Christian music. * Brahmanism evolves into Hinduism (approximate date). Births ------ * Cyprian, Roman bishop and writer (d. 258) * Diophantus, Greek mathematician and writer * Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman emperor (d. 276) * Novatian, Roman antipope and theologian (d. 258) * Valerian I, Roman emperor (d. 260/264) * Zhang Changpu, Chinese concubine (d. 257) Deaths ------ * Gan Ji, Chinese Taoist priest and writer * Ju Shou, Chinese adviser and politician * Quintus Aemilius Saturninus, Roman prefect * Sun Ce, Chinese general and warlord (b. 175) * Tian Feng, Chinese official, adviser and politician * Xu Gong, Chinese official, administrator and warlord * Zheng Xuan, Chinese philosopher and writer (b. 127) * Emperor Chūai of Japan, according to legend.

200

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200

Year **201** (**CCI**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Fabianus and Arrius** (or, less frequently, **year 954 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 201 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Lucius Annius Fabianus and Marcus Nonius Arrius Mucianus become Roman Consuls. #### China * Battle of Cangting: Warlord Cao Cao defeats his rival, Yuan Shao. ### By topic #### Religion * November – A flood in Edessa destroys a Christian church, killing over 2,000 people. Births ------ * Decius, Roman emperor (d. 251) Deaths ------ * Galen, Greek physician (see 210) (b. 129) * Zhao Qi, Chinese official and scholar

201

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/201

The **200s** decade ran from January 1, 200, to December 31, 209. Events ------ ### 200 #### By place ###### World * Human population reaches about 257 million. ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus visits the provinces of Syria, Palestine, and Arabia. * The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul, and made an Imperial province. ###### India * Rudrasena I, Saka ruler of the Western Satrap dynasty, becomes king of Malwa in Classical India. ###### China * September-November - Battle of Guandu: Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats his rival Yuan Shao. ###### Japan * In Japan, Himiko, whose capital is situated in Yamatai, extends her authority over a number of clans. ###### America * The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins (around this year). * The Paracas culture in the Andes ends (around this year). #### By topic ###### Art * The *Severan Tondo*, depicting Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung. ###### Religion * Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi compiles tracts of the Mishnah, creating Talmudic law. * Clement of Alexandria denounces the use of musical instruments instead of human voices in Christian music. * Brahmanism evolves into Hinduism (approximate date). ### 201 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Lucius Annius Fabianus and Marcus Nonius Arrius Mucianus become Roman Consuls. ###### China * Battle of Cangting: Warlord Cao Cao defeats his rival, Yuan Shao. #### By topic ###### Religion * November – A flood in Edessa destroys a Christian church, killing over 2,000 people. ### 202 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus returns to Rome after a five-year absence. Festivals are held to celebrate his six-year reign. Severus undertakes changes in the imperial government, giving the Roman army a dominant role, raising pay in the legions and permitting legionaries to marry in order to secure their loyalty. * Rome is a city of about 1.5 million citizens, its people housed mostly in 46,600 *insulae* or apartment blocks, each three to eight stories high, flimsily made of wood, brick or rubble. * Some 400,000 slaves perform the menial work of Rome, with middle-class citizens often owning eight; the rich from 500 to 1,000; an emperor as many as 20,000. Free urban workers enjoy 17 to 18 hours of leisure each day, with free admission to baths, sport events and gladiatorial games. * Severus launches a campaign in Africa; Legio III *Augusta* under Quintus Anicius Faustus fights a guerrilla war against the Garamantes along the Limes Tripolitanus. They capture several settlements such as Cydamus, Gholaia and their capital Garama, 600 km south of Lepcis Magna. The province of Numidia is enlarged: the Romans annex Castellum Dimmidi, Gemellae and Vescera. * An edict bans conversions to Christianity and all Christian propaganda. * A Roman law bans female gladiators. * The Pantheon is restored. ###### China * Battle of Bowang: Warlord Liu Bei defeats Cao Cao's forces under Xiahou Dun. #### By topic ###### Medicine * Rome establishes medical licenses, awarded only to trained physicians who have passed examinations. Medical societies and civic hospitals are set up, and laws are passed to govern the behavior of medical students. They are prohibited from visiting brothels. ###### Religion * In order to avoid Septimus Severus' persecution of Christians, Clement of Alexandria seeks refuge with Alexander in Cappadocia. ### 203 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus rebuilds Byzantium, and expands the southern frontier of Africa, with the metropolis Carthage re-fortified. * Gaius Fulvius Plautianus and Publius Septimius Geta become Roman Consuls. * An arch dedicated to Septimius Severus is erected near the Forum. * The Portico of Octavia is reconstructed. ###### India * Prince Vijaya becomes king of the Andhra Empire. During his reign, the empire is broken apart into smaller independent principalities. ###### China * Battle of Xiakou: Warlord Sun Quan battles his rival Huang Zu along the Yangtze River near Wuhan. #### By topic ###### Religion * Origen of Alexandria replaces Clement as the head of the Christian school in Alexandria. ### 204 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Lucius Fabius Cilo and Marcus Annius Flavius Libo become Roman Consuls. * The Daysan River floods Edessa. ###### China * Gongsun Kang, Chinese warlord of Liaodong, establishes the Daifang Commandery in northern Korea. * Battle of Ye: Warlord Cao Cao lays siege to and captures the military headquarter of Yuan Shao in Ye. #### By topic ###### Commerce * A trade recession in the Leptis Magna region (Africa) is alleviated by Emperor Septimius Severus, who buys up the country's olive oil for free distribution in Rome. ### 205 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and his brother Publius Septimius Geta Caesar become Roman Consuls. * Hadrian's Wall is restored, after heavy raids by Caledonian tribes had overrun much of northern Britain. * January 22 – Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, a praetorian prefect and father-in-law of Caracalla, is assassinated. * Aemilius Papinianus becomes praetorian prefect, after the death of Gaius Fulvius Plautianus. ###### China * Battle of Nanpi: Warlord Cao Cao defeats and kills Yuan Tan, the eldest son of his rival Yuan Shao. ### 206 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Hadrian's Wall is retaken for the first time, since the Pictish uprising of 180. * Emperor Septimius Severus comes to Britain, with his sons Caracalla and Geta. ### 207 #### By place ###### China * Battle of White Wolf Mountain: Warlord Cao Cao defeats the Wuhuan tribes, sending the Wuhuan into decline. ### 208 #### By place ###### China * Spring – Battle of Jiangxia: Sun Quan defeats Huang Zu. * October + Warlord Cao Cao marches south with his army, and captures the enemy fleet at Jiangling. + Battle of Changban: Warlord Liu Bei escapes from Cao Cao. * December 10 – Cao Cao writes *Duǎn Ge Xíng*. * Winter – Zhou Yu and Liu Bei defeat Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs; along with the Battle of Yamen and Battle of Lake Poyang. This is one of the largest naval battles in China's history. ###### Parthia * King Vologases VI succeeds his father Vologases V to the throne. His brother Artabanus V begins a rebellion against him in the Parthian Empire. * Ardashir I, ruler of Istakhr (Persia), revolts against his brother and founds the Sassanid Dynasty. ### 209 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Publius Septimius Geta receives the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, Emperor Septimius Severus. * Septimius Severus makes plans to subdue the land to the north of Scotland, ravaging it severely. Road-building and forest-clearing, the Roman army reaches Aber; Scottish tribes begin guerrilla warfare. ###### India * Beginning of the reign of Chandra Shri Satakarni, ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh (approximate date). Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **200** * Cyprian, Roman bishop and writer (d. 258) * Diophantus, Greek mathematician and writer * Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman emperor (d. 276) * Novatian, Roman antipope and theologian (d. 258) * Valerian I, Roman emperor (d. 260/264) * Zhang Changpu, Chinese concubine (d. 257) **201** * Decius, Roman emperor (d. 251) **202** * Jiang Wei, Chinese general and regent (d. 264) **203** * Zhuge Ke, Chinese general and politician (d. 253) **204** * Cao Rui, Chinese emperor of Cao Wei (d. 239) * Dong Jue, Chinese official and general * Elagabalus, Roman emperor (d. 222) * Philip the Arab, Roman emperor (d. 249) * Wei Zhao, Chinese historian (d. 273) * Zhuge Qiao, Chinese official and general (d. 228) **205** * Cao Rui, Chinese emperor of Cao Wei (d. 239) * Gu Tan, Chinese official and politician (d. 246) * Plotinus, Greek philosopher and writer (d. 270) * Shan Tao, Chinese Taoist scholar and official (d. 283) * Sima Wang, Chinese prince and general (d. 271) * Zhang Xiu (or **Shusi**), Chinese general (d. 245) **206** * Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor (d. 253) * Wang Jun (or **Shizhi**), Chinese general (d. 286) **207** * Liu Shan (or **Gongsi**), Chinese emperor (d. 271) **208** * Cao Li, Chinese imperial prince (d. 229) * Diadumenian, Roman emperor (d. 218) * Sima Shi, Chinese general and regent (d. 255) * Severus Alexander, Roman emperor (d. 235) **209** * Dongcheon, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (d. 248) * Fu Jia, Chinese official and politician (d. 255) * Guan Lu, Chinese diviner and politician (d. 256) * Sun Deng (or **Zigao**), Chinese crown prince (d. 241) * Xiahou Xuan, Chinese general and politician (d. 254) Deaths ------ **200** * Gan Ji, Chinese Taoist priest and writer * Ju Shou, Chinese adviser and politician * Quintus Aemilius Saturninus, Roman prefect * Sun Ce, Chinese general and warlord (b. 175) * Tian Feng, Chinese official, adviser and politician * Xu Gong, Chinese official, administrator and warlord * Zheng Xuan, Chinese philosopher and writer (b. 127) * Emperor Chūai of Japan, according to legend. **201** * Galen, Greek physician (see 210) (b. 129) * Zhao Qi, Chinese official and scholar **202** * June 28 – Yuan Shao, Chinese warlord (b. 154) * Irenaeus, Greek bishop and theologian (b. 130) * Lady Wu, wife of Sun Jian and mother of Sun Ce * Pang Ji (or **Yangtu**), Chinese official and adviser **203** * Eulpaso, Korean official and Prime-Minister * Ling Cao, Chinese general under Sun Ce * Perpetua and Felicity, Christian martyrs * Sun Yi, Chinese general and politician (b. 184) * Wu Jing, Chinese general under Sun Ce **204** * Gongsun Du, Chinese general and warlord (b. 150) * Ren Jun, Chinese general under Cao Cao * Shen Pei, Chinese official and minister * Xin Ping, Chinese official and minister * Xu You, Chinese adviser and strategist **205** * January 22 – Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, Roman consul * Guo Tu (or **Gongze**), Chinese official and politician * Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus, Roman consul * Popilius Pedo Apronianus, Roman politician * Yuan Tan, Chinese general and warlord **206** * Gao Gan, Chinese warlord, politician * Taishi Ci (or **Ziyi**), Chinese general (b. 166) * Ying Shao, Chinese politician, writer (b. 140) **207** * Guo Jia, Chinese adviser and official (b. 170) * Tadun, Chinese chieftain of the Wuhuan tribe * Yuan Shang, Chinese warlord and governor * Yuan Xi (or **Xianyong**), Chinese warlord * Zhang Xiu, Chinese general and warlord **208** * Cao Chong (or **Cangshu**), Chinese warlord (b. 196) * Huang Zu, Chinese general and administrator * Hua Tuo, Chinese physician and surgeon (b. 140) * Kong Rong, Chinese warlord and politician (b. 153) * Liu Biao, Chinese governor and warlord (b. 142) * Liu Fu, Chinese governor and politician * Vologases V, king of the Parthian Empire **209** * Chen Deng, Chinese general and politician (b. 170) * Jin Xuan (or **Yuanji**), Chinese official and warlord * Li Tong, Chinese general and politician (b. 168) * Liu Qi, Chinese general, governor and politician * Xun Yue, Chinese scholar and official (b. 148)

200s (decade)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200s_(decade)

Year **200 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Cotta** (or, less frequently, **year 554 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 200 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine. * Conquest of Armenia by the Seleucids #### Greece * Philip V of Macedon's fleet defeat the Rhodians at Lade. His forces then advance into Pergamum, plundering Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria. * The Acarnanians, with Macedonian support, invade Attica, causing Athens, which has previously maintained its neutrality, to seek help from the enemies of Philip. Attalus I of Pergamum, who is with his fleet at Aegina, receives an embassy from Athens asking him to come to the city for consultations. After he is told that Roman ambassadors are also in Athens, Attalus goes there in haste. * The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state. Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War. * The Roman consul, Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, asks Attalus I and his fleet to meet up with the Roman fleet off the Greek Aegean coast and they conduct a naval campaign against Philip V, harassing Macedonian possessions in and along the Aegean. And Archimedes was there too. #### Roman Republic #### Bactria * Euthydemus I of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom dies and is succeeded by his son Demetrius I of Bactria (approximate date). #### South America * The city of Tiwanaku is founded as a village near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (approximate date). * The Early Horizon period in the Andes comes to an end as the Chavin culture vanishes and is succeeded by the Nazca culture (approximate date). #### China * Chinese create a padding material. * The construction of the Wei-Yang Palace in the Han Dynasty capital (Chang'an) begins. * The Han emperor Gaozu is defeated by the Xiongnu, led by Modu Chanyu, in the Battle of Baideng. ### By topic #### Art * *Alexander the Great*, head from a Hellenistic copy of a statue, possibly after a 4th century BC original by Lysippos is made. It is now kept at the Archeological Museum in Istanbul, Turkey. * Lost-wax casting is known in China and Mesopotamia (approximate date). * Roman artists begin attempting to produce the illusion of thin slabs of colored marble covering the walls, which are set off by actual architectural moldings and columns, in private houses. These attempts last for 120 years. #### Astronomy * The first good measurement of the distance between Earth and the Sun is made by Eratosthenes (approximate date). By studying lunar eclipses, his result is roughly 150 000 000 km. The currently accepted value is 149 597 870 691 ± 30 metres. In fiction ---------- * This year is used as the fourth time world (Amazon Jungle) in the video game *The Lost Vikings 2*. * The Tribunal in Marianne Curley's *Guardians of Time Trilogy* is set up near Athens. * Young Aphrodites (an award-winning drama film about a nomadic group of shepherds) is set in 200 BC. Births ------ * Chao Cuo, Chinese political advisor and official (approximate date) * Gongsun Hong, Chinese statesman and chancellor (d. 121 BC) * Jia Yi, Chinese statesman and poet (d. 170 BC) * Wen, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (d. 157 BC) Deaths ------ * Abdissares, king of Sophene (Armenian Kingdom) from 212 BC * Euthydemus I, king of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom from 223 BC (approximate date) (b. c. 260 BC)

200 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_BC

Year **201 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Paetus** (or, less frequently, **year 553 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 201 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Carthage * On Hannibal's advice, Carthage sues for peace with the Romans, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is reduced to a client state of Rome. In the peace treaty between Carthage and Rome, Carthage surrenders all her Mediterranean possessions to Rome, including her Iberian territories. The Carthaginians agree to pay Rome 200 talents per year for 50 years, allow Masinissa to rule Numidia as an independent kingdom, make no war without Rome's permission, and destroy all but 10 of the Carthaginian warships. * Following the conclusion of the peace with Rome, Hannibal is elected as suffet, or chief magistrate, of Carthage. The office has over the years become insignificant in Carthaginian politics, but Hannibal restores its power and authority. He sets out to reform the administration and finances of Carthage and reduce the power of the oligarchy which has ruled Carthage before and during the Second Punic War. #### Roman Republic * The Romans oust the Carthaginians from Malta. * In Rome, according to the Roman historian Livy, land is distributed to veterans of the Second Punic War. This is the first documented instance of a practice that later becomes commonplace. #### Greece * Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then besieges Chios to the north. * Rhodes and its allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combine their fleets and defeat Philip V in the Battle of Chios. His flagship is trapped and rammed by two enemy ships. * The Spartan king, Nabis, once more invades and captures Messene. However, the Spartans are forced to retreat when the Achaean League army of Philopoemen intervenes. Nabis' forces are decisively defeated at Tegea by Philopoemen and Nabis is forced to check his expansionist ambitions for the time being. #### China * The construction of Nanchang begins. * King Xin of Han, in alliance with Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu, launches a rebellion against the Han Dynasty in the Taiyuan Commandery. He is defeated by Emperor Gaozu of Han and his generals, who chase Xin of Han into Xiongnu territory. Deaths ------ * Gnaeus Naevius, Latin epic poet and dramatist, who has written historical plays (fabulae praetextae) that are based on Roman historical or legendary figures and events (b. c. 264 BC) * Zhongli Mo, Chinese general during the Chu–Han Contention

201 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/201_BC

Year **207 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Nero and Salinator** (or, less frequently, **year 547 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 207 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Roman general Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with the Carthaginian general Hannibal at Grumentum. Nero is unable to stop Hannibal's advance into Canusium. Nevertheless, he rapidly marches the elite parts of his army some one hundred kilometres north to reinforce the army of Marcus Livius Salinator. * The Battle of the Metaurus, fought near the Metaurus River in Umbria, is a pivotal battle during the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians are led by Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca, and the Roman armies are led by the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Gaius Claudius Nero. The Carthaginian army is defeated by the Romans and Hasdrubal is killed in the battle. This major loss by the Carthaginians ends Hannibal's hopes of success in Italy. #### Greece * The general leading the Achaean League, Philopoemen, introduces heavier Macedonian armour and phalanx tactics. His army then crushes the Spartans under the Spartan regent and general, Machanidas, in the battle of Mantinea. Machanidas is killed by Philopoemen during the battle. * Nabis, a Syrian sold into slavery, rises to power in Sparta and becomes regent of the young Spartan king, Pelops, following the death of Machanidas. Nabis soon overthrows Pelops, claiming to be a descendant of the Eurypontid Spartan king Demaratus. Nabis then starts a social revolution which will lead to the freeing of all the helots, the destruction of the ruling oligarchy, the redistribution of land and the cancelling of debts. #### Vietnam * When king An Dương Vương dies, so does his dynasty and the Triệu dynasty and the kingdom of Nam Việt are established. #### China * The Chu rebel Xiang Yu defeats the Qin general Zhang Han in the Battle of Julu and becomes the leader of the rebellion against the Qin dynasty. * Xiang Yu defeats Zhang Han in the Battle of the Yushui River. Zhang Han then surrenders to Xiang Yu. * Emperor Qin Er Shi of the Qin dynasty is assassinated by Prime Minister Zhao Gao. He is replaced by his nephew Ziying, who in turn assassinates Zhao Gao. Ziying takes power as the king of Qin rather than as emperor. * The Chu rebel Liu Bang invades Guanzhong. After another military defeat, Ziying surrenders to Liu, who then occupies the Qin capital Xianyang. This marks the end of the Qin dynasty. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * June 22 – Hasdrubal Barca, Carthaginian general in the Second Punic War (b. 245 BC) * *date unknown* + An Dương Vương, King of Nam Việt since 257 BC + Chrysippus, Greek philosopher from Soloi who was the principal systematiser of Stoic philosophy (b. c. 280 BC) + Hasdrubal Barca, Carthaginian general who has unsuccessfully attempted to sustain Carthage's military ascendancy on the Spanish peninsula in the face of Roman attacks (b. 245 BC) + Machanidas, Spartan general and regent (killed in the battle of Mantinea) + Qin Er Shi, Emperor of the Qin dynasty of China (assassinated) (b. 229 BC) + Simuka, Indian king from 230 BC and the founder of the Satavahana dynasty (b. 230 BC) + Zhao Gao, Chief eunuch in the service of the Emperors of the Qin dynasty of China (assassinated)

207 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/207_BC

Year **209 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Verrucosus and Flaccus** (or, less frequently, **year 545 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 209 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Romans under Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus capture Tarentum (modern Taranto), which the Carthaginian general Hannibal has held for three years. * The Battle of Canusium is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army and a Roman force led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The battle is indecisive. * From his headquarters at Tarraco (Tarragona), Publius Cornelius Scipio, the Roman commander in Spain, launches a combined military and naval assault on the Carthaginian headquarters at Carthago Nova (modern-day Cartagena). He successfully besieges and captures the city. In capturing this city, Scipio gains access to copious stores and supplies, Spanish hostages, the local silver mines, a splendid harbour and a base for an advance farther south. #### Seleucid Empire * The King of the Parthians, Arsaces II, is attacked by the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who takes Hecatompylos (southeast of the Caspian Sea), the Arsacid capital and Syrinx in Hyrcania. Antiochus III defeats Arsaces II at the Battle of Mount Labus and then forces Arsaces II to enter into an alliance with the Seleucids. #### Greece * As strategos of the Achaeans, the Greek general Philopoemen is responsible for turning the Achaean League into an aggressive military power. He builds up the League's military capability. The Achaean League's army and cavalry under Philopoemen then defeat the Aetolians on the Elean frontier. #### China * Jiao, Lord of Wey is deposed by Emperor Qin Er Shi, marking the end of the state of Wei * In August, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang begin an uprising to oppose Qin * The rebels restore the monarchies of Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Wei and (in 208) Han. * The Qin general Zhang Han defeats an invasion of Guanzhong by the rebel general Zhou Wen. * Wu Guang is killed by his own officers, and Zhang Han defeats Chen Sheng, who is killed by an attendant while in flight. * Having helped to conquer Baiyue in northern Vietnam and southern China for the Qin Dynasty, the general Zhao Tuo uses the rebellions against the Qin to establish his own independent kingdom in Nanyue, and conquers the neighboring provinces of Guilin and Xiang. He declares himself King Wu of Nanyue. #### Central Asia * Modun khaan inherits Teoman's Hunnu confederations and founds the Xiongnu Empire. Modu's forces push into Northern China, threatening the Qin Empire and forcing them to further fortify the Great Wall. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Touman, chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. (Killed by his successor)

209 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/209_BC

Year **204** (**CCIV**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cilo and Flavius** (or, less frequently, **year 957 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 204 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Lucius Fabius Cilo and Marcus Annius Flavius Libo become Roman Consuls. * The Daysan River floods Edessa. #### China * Gongsun Kang, Chinese warlord of Liaodong, establishes the Daifang Commandery in northern Korea. * Battle of Ye: Warlord Cao Cao lays siege to and captures the military headquarter of Yuan Shao in Ye. ### By topic #### Commerce * A trade recession in the Leptis Magna region (Africa) is alleviated by Emperor Septimius Severus, who buys up the country's olive oil for free distribution in Rome. Births ------ * Cao Rui, Chinese emperor of Cao Wei (d. 239) * Dong Jue, Chinese official and general * Elagabalus, Roman emperor (d. 222) * Philip the Arab, Roman emperor (d. 249) * Wei Zhao, Chinese historian (d. 273) * Zhuge Qiao, Chinese official and general (d. 228) Deaths ------ * Gongsun Du, Chinese general and warlord (b. 150) * Ren Jun, Chinese general under Cao Cao * Shen Pei, Chinese official and minister * Xin Ping, Chinese official and minister * Xu You, Chinese adviser and strategist

204

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/204

Year **213** (**CCXIII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Calvinus** (or, less frequently, **year 966 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 213 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Caracalla leaves Rome and expels some German marauders from Gaul, while his mother, Julia Domna, rules the Empire. He defends the northern Rhine frontier against the Alamanni and the Chatti. Caracalla wins a victory over the German tribes on the banks of the River Main, and gives himself the title "Germanicus". It is probably while campaigning in Germania that he takes a liking to the *caracalla*, a Celtic or German tunic from which he acquires the name by which he is known. #### China * Cao Cao, the prime minister of the Han dynasty, is titled *Wei Gong* (Duke of Wei) and given a fief of ten cities under his domain. This later becomes the Kingdom of Wei. * Battle of Ruxu: Cao Cao clashes against Sun Quan. Births ------ * Gregory Thaumaturgus, Christian bishop (d. 270) * Sun Lü, Chinese general and nobleman (d. 232) Deaths ------ * Tiberius Claudius Cleobulus, Roman politician * Wei Kang (or **Yuanjiang**), Chinese politician * Zhang Ren, Chinese general under Liu Zhang * Zhang Song, Chinese official and adviser

213

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/213

Year **214 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Verrucosus and Marcellus** (or, less frequently, **year 540 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 214 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Carthage * Carthage persuades Syracuse to revolt against Rome and ally itself with Carthage instead. #### Roman Republic * Roman legions led by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus defeat Hanno's Carthaginian forces in a battle near Beneventum, thus denying Hannibal much needed reinforcements. * The Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who is in Sicily at the time of the revolt of Syracuse, leads an army which storms Leontini and besieges Syracuse. With the help of Archimedes' ideas and inventions, the Syracusans repel his attacks by sea. * The censors Publius Furius Philus and Marcus Atilius Regulus condemn and degrade (i.e. cause to lose rank in Roman society and politics) two groups of Romans of high rank, including senators and equestrians. The first group are those Roman officers captured by Hannibal's forces in the Battle of Cannae who have come as Carthaginian hostages to Rome to plead for their ransom (and those of their fellow prisoners), and who then refuse to return to Carthaginian captivity when the Senate refuses to ransom any prisoners. The second group are those Romans who have advocated surrender to Carthage after the Battle of Cannae, or who have made plans to flee Rome and offer their services in Greece, Egypt, or Asia Minor. #### Greece * Philip V of Macedon attempts an invasion of Illyria by sea with a fleet of 120 craft. He captures Oricum and, sailing up the Aous (modern Vjosë) river, he besieges Apollonia. * Upon receiving word from Oricum of Philip V's actions in Illyria, Roman propraetor Marcus Valerius Laevinus crosses the Adriatic with his fleet and army. Landing at Oricum, Laevinus is able to retake the town with little fighting. * Laevinus sends 2,000 men under the command of Quintus Naevius Crista, to Apollonia. Catching Philip's forces by surprise, Quintus Naevius Crista attacks and routs their camp. Philip V is able to escape back to Macedonia, after burning his fleet and leaving many thousands of his men dead or as prisoners of the Romans. #### China * Panyu (present-day Guangzhou, or Canton) is established as a city. * Qin Shi Huang orders general Ren Xiao (任囂), commanding 200,000 troops, to conquer the kingdoms in present-day northern Vietnam. * Qin Shi Huang orders the construction of Lingqu, the oldest contour canal. * The Qin armies under Meng Tian campaign against the Xiongnu and other northern peoples and expand their territories along the north basin of the Yellow River. They subjugate the Luliang region, drive back the Xiongnu tribes to the northwest of the Ordos Plateau, and seize Gaoque, Mt. Tao and Beijia. Deaths ------ * Demetrius of Pharos, Illyrian ruler * Hieronymus, tyrant of Syracuse (b. 231 BC)

214 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/214_BC

Year **210** (**CCX**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Faustinus and Rufinus** (or, less frequently, **year 963 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 210 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Having suffered heavy losses since invading Scotland in 208, Emperor Septimius Severus sends his son - Caracalla - to systematically wipe out and torture the Scots into submission. Births ------ * May 10 – Claudius II, Roman emperor (d. 270) * Dexippus, Greek historian and general (d. 273) * Egnatius Lucillianus, Roman governor (d. 244) * Ruan Ji, Chinese musician and poet (d. 263) Deaths ------ * Cao Chun, Chinese general and adviser (b. 170) * Liu Hong, Chinese astronomer and politician (b. 129) * Sextus Empiricus, Greek philosopher and writer * Zhou Yu, Chinese general and strategist (b. 175)

210

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/210

Year **211 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Maximus** (or, less frequently, **year 543 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 211 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * Antiochus III's sister arranges for the removal of Armenia's king Xerxes, whom she has recently married. Antiochus III then divides the country into two satrapies. #### Carthage * The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Barca returns to Spain after his victory over the rebellious Numidians. He then manages to turn the tide against the Romans in Spain, with the Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus killed in separate battles—Publius on the upper Baetis (Guadalquivir) and Gnaeus in the hinterland of Carthago Nova (Cartagena). The Carthaginians recover all their territory south of the Ebro. #### Roman Republic * With the capture of Syracuse, the Romans are able to pacify all of Sicily. * The Romans besiege the town of Capua (which is allied with Hannibal). The town eventually falls to the Romans and its citizens are punished by them. The town's nobility are put to the sword, its territory is confiscated and its municipal organisation is dissolved. * Hannibal marches northwards on the city of Rome in a belated and unsuccessful effort to capture the city. * Rome faces the burdens of inflation and the danger of famine, caused by the disturbed conditions in Italy and Sicily and the withdrawal of so many men from farming. The situation is only relieved by an urgent appeal by the Romans to the King of Egypt, Ptolemy IV, from whom grain is purchased at three times the usual price. #### Greece * The Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus explores the possibility of an alliance with the Aetolian League as the Aetolians are once again ready to consider taking up arms against their traditional enemy, Macedonia. A treaty is signed to counter Philip V of Macedon who is allied to Hannibal. Under the treaty, the Aetolians are to conduct operations on land, the Romans at sea. Also, Rome will keep any slaves and other booty taken and Aetolia will receive control of any territory acquired. #### Parthia * Arsaces II succeeds his father Arsaces I as King of Parthia. Deaths ------ * Arsaces I, king of Parthia from 250 BC and son of Phriapites, a chief of the seminomadic Parni tribe from the Caspian steppes * Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, Roman general, statesman and brother of Publius Cornelius Scipio * Manius Pomponius Matho, Roman general, consul and maternal grandfather of Scipio Africanus * Publius Cornelius Scipio, Roman general, consul and proconsul during the Second Punic War

211 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/211_BC

Year **216 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Varro and Paullus** (or, less frequently, **year 538 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 216 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, moves his forces southward through Italy and seizes the large army supply depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. * August 2 – The Battle of Cannae (east of Naples) ends in victory for Hannibal whose 50,000-man army defeats a Roman force of 86,000 led by consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus (who is killed in the battle) and Gaius Terentius Varro. Some 48,200 Roman troops are killed, making this perhaps the deadliest one-day battle in all history. * A loan of money and supplies for the Roman army in Sicily is sought and obtained from Hiero II of Syracuse. * The Roman historian Quintus Fabius Pictor is sent to Delphi in Greece to consult the Oracle for advice about what Rome should do after its defeat in the Battle of Cannae. * Following Hannibal's victory, many regions begin to defect from Rome, while others are conquered by Hannibal's forces. In Apulia, Lucania, Samnium and in Bruttium, Hannibal finds many supporters. * The city of Capua switches sides to join Hannibal and the Carthaginian army winters there. * After the defeat at Cannae, Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, commands the remnants of the Roman army at Canusium and saves the city of Nola and southern Campania from occupation by Hannibal. * A Roman force of 25,000 led by Lucius Postumius Albinus is ambushed by Gauls near Litana and almost completely wiped out. #### Spain * Hasdrubal is ordered by the Carthaginian government to march to Italy. * Roman forces in Spain led by Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus and Publius Cornelius Scipio successfully thwart Hasdrubal's attempt to march to Italy. #### Syracuse * The Carthaginian fleet ravages the territory of The Kingdom of Syracuse. #### Greece * Philip V of Macedon, still resenting Rome's interference in Illyrian politics, seizes his opportunity to invade Illyria. Ambassadors from Philip V visit Hannibal at his headquarters in Italy. These actions mark the beginning of the First Macedonian War between Rome and Macedonia. #### Egypt * A revolt of the Egyptian peasants is put down by Ptolemy IV. Births ------ * Liu Pi, Chinese prince and general of the Han Dynasty (d. 154 BC) Deaths ------ * August 2 + Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Roman consul and general (killed in the Battle of Cannae) + Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, Roman consul 217 BC (killed in the Battle of Cannae) + Marcus Minucius Rufus, Roman consul 221 BC, Master of the Horse 217 BC (killed in the Battle of Cannae) * Gelo, son of Hiero II * Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman consul 232 BC and priest (augur)

216 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/216_BC

Year **232 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Melleolus** (or, less frequently, **year 522 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 232 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * The Seleucid king Seleucus II Callinicus undertakes an expedition into the interior of Iran to try to regain Parthia, but his efforts come to nothing. According to some sources, he is even taken prisoner for several years by the Parthian king, Arsaces I. Other sources mention that he establishes a peace with Arsaces I by recognising his sovereignty over Parthia. #### Roman Republic * Despite the opposition of the Roman Senate and of his own father, the Roman political leader Gaius Flaminius wins the passage of a measure to distribute land among the plebeians. The Romans decide to parcel out land north of Rome (the Ager Gallicus) into small holdings for its poorer citizens whose farms have fallen into ruin during the First Punic War. #### China * The king of Qin, Ying Zheng, invites Prince Han Fei, a legalist philosopher and member of the Han royal family, to the Qin court. However, at the instigation of Li Si, he then has him imprisoned and executed as a threat to the state. * The Zhao general Li Mu defeats the Qin army in the Battle of Fanwu. ### By topic #### Philosophy * Following the death of his mentor, Cleanthes of Assos, Chrysippus of Soli succeeds him as the third head of the Stoic school. The many writings of Chrysippus, about the Stoic doctrines, will later earn him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism. Births ------ * Xiang Yu, Chinese rebel general against the Qin Dynasty, as well as the later nemesis of Liu Bang in the civil war of the Chu-Han contention (d. 202 BC) Deaths ------ * Ashoka, Indian emperor, who has ruled the Maurya Empire across the Indian subcontinent from 273 BC (b. 304 BC) * Cleanthes of Assos, Stoic philosopher who has been the head of the Stoic school from 263 BC, after the death of Zeno of Citium (b. c. 301 BC)

232 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/232_BC

Year **239** (**CCXXXIX**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gordianus and Aviola** (or, less frequently, **year 992 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 239 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia * Cao Fang succeeds his adoptive father Cao Rui as emperor of the Cao Wei state, in the Three Kingdoms period of China. * A Chinese expeditionary force from the Eastern Wu state discovers the island of Taiwan. ### By topic #### Religion * Origen publishes the Old Testament in five languages (approximate date). Deaths ------ * January 22 – Cao Rui (or **Yuanzhong**), Chinese emperor (b. 206) * Lu Mao (or **Zizhang**), Chinese official and politician * Pan Jun (or **Chengming**), Chinese official and general

239

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/239

Year **238** (**CCXXXVIII**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pius and Pontianus** (or, less frequently, **year 991 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 238 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against the Carpians on the Danube in Moesia (Balkans). In spite of the payment of a tribute, the Romans fail to persuade the Goths and the Germanic tribes. * c. March – Roman subjects in Africa revolt against Maximinus. The elderly Gordian yields to public demand that he succeed Maximinus and rules jointly with his 46-year-old son Gordian II. * c. April – Battle of Carthage: Numidian forces loyal to Maximinus invade Africa with support of Legio III *Augusta*. Gordian II is killed and after a siege, Gordian I commits suicide by hanging himself with his belt. * c. May – The Senate outlaws Maximinus for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Ancient Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne. * Maximinus advances to the town Aquileia in northern Italy; his army suffers from famine and disease, while the city is besieged. Soldiers of Legio II *Parthica* kill him in his tent, along with his son Maximinus (who is appointed co-emperor). Their corpses are decapitated and their heads carried to Rome. * c. August – The Praetorian Guard storms the palace and captures Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged naked through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed the new emperor. Timesitheus becomes his tutor and advisor. * Future Emperor Valerian becomes *princeps senatus*. * The Colosseum is restored after being damaged. * The Goths, coming from Ukraine, cross the Danube and devastate the Roman Empire up to the border with Anatolia. * In North Africa, Legio III *Augusta* is dissolved. Until its reconstitution in 253, Africa is defended by auxiliary forces only. #### China * Sima Yi, a Chinese general of the Cao Wei state, destroys the outlying northeastern warlord Gongsun Yuan in the Liaodong campaign. ### By topic #### Commerce * The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 28 percent under Emperor Gordian III, down from 35 percent under Alexander Severus. Births ------ * Wen Yang (or Ciqian), Chinese general (d. 291) * Yang Yan (or Wuyuan), Chinese empress (d. 274) Deaths ------ * April 10 – Han Ji (or Gongzhi), Chinese politician * April 12 + Gordian I, Roman emperor (b. 159) + Gordian II, Roman emperor (b. 192) * July 29 + Balbinus, Roman emperor (b. 165) + Pupienus, Roman emperor (b. 178) * Bu Lianshi, Chinese noblewoman and concubine * Gongsun Yuan (or Wenyi), Chinese warlord * Maximinus Thrax, Roman emperor (b. 173) * Maximinus the Younger, Roman emperor * Zhu Huan (or Xiumu), Chinese general (b. 177)

238

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/238

Year **230 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Barbula and Pera** (or, less frequently, **year 524 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 230 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia Minor * The city of Pergamum is attacked by the Galatians (Celts who have settled in central Anatolia) because the leader of Pergamum, Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute. Attalus crushes his enemy in a battle outside the walls of his city and to mark the success he takes the title of king and the name Soter. #### Greece * King Agron of Illyria dies. Pinnes, the son of Agron and Agron's first wife Triteuta, officially succeeds his father as king, but the kingdom is effectively ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen Teuta (Tefta), who expels the Greeks from the Illyrian coast and then launches Illyrian pirate ships into the Ionian Sea, preying on Roman shipping. She continues her husband's policy of attacking cities on the west coast of Greece and practising large-scale piracy in the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. #### Roman Republic * With Roman merchants being killed by the Illyrian pirates, envoys are sent by Rome to Illyria. After the Roman ambassador lucius Coruncanius and the Issaean ambassador Cleemporus are murdered at sea by Illyrian soldiers after causing offence to Queen Teuta, Roman forces occupy the island of Corcyra with the aim of humbling Teuta. #### Egypt * The Temple of Horus is built by King Ptolemy III. #### China * The state of Han is conquered by the state of Qin. #### India * King Kubera rules Bhattiprolu in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Births ------ * Titus Quinctius Flamininus, a Roman politician and general who will be instrumental in the Roman conquest of Greece (d. 174 BC) Deaths ------ * Adherbal, admiral of the Carthaginian fleet who has battled for domination of the Mediterranean Sea for Carthage in the First Punic War against Rome * Agron of Illyria as aforementioned (vid. supra) * Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer and mathematician (b. c. 310 BC)

230 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/230_BC

Year **236** (**CCXXXVI**) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Verus and Africanus** (or, less frequently, **year 989 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 236 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Maximinus Thrax and Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus become Roman consuls. * The Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus. * Maximinus campaigns against Dacians and Sarmatians from his supply depot at Sirmium. ### By topic #### Religion * January 10 – Pope Fabian succeeds Pope Anterus as the twentieth pope. * Fabian separates Rome into seven deaconships. * Fabian sends seven missionaries to Gaul to evangelize in the large cities. Births ------ * Wu of Jin (**Sima Yan**), Chinese emperor (d. 290) * Zhang Ti, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 280) * Zhou Chu, Chinese general and politician (d. 297) Deaths ------ * January 3 – Anterus, bishop of Rome * July 4 – Dong Zhao, Chinese official and politician (b. 156) * Zhang Zhao, Chinese general and politician (b. 156)

236

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/236

Year **246 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Licinus** (or, less frequently, **year 508 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 246 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Egypt * Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy III. At the time of Ptolemy II's death, Egypt comprises the ancient kingdom of Egypt in the Nile Valley, Cyrene, Judea and the coast of southern Syria, Cyprus and a number of cities on the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. The Macedonian Ptolemies maintain their authority over their territories with a small mercenary army made up of Macedonians and other Greeks. #### India * The Ashokan pillar in Lauriya, Nandangarh (from the Maurya period) is made. #### Seleucid Empire * Antiochus II leaves Berenice in order to live again with his former wife Laodice and his son Seleucus. However, Laodice poisons him and proclaims her son as King Seleucus II Callinicus, while her supporters in Antioch kill Berenice and her children who have taken refuge at Daphne, near Antioch, in Syria. * Berenice's brother, Ptolemy III, sets about to avenge his sister's murder by invading Syria which begins the Third Syrian War (also known as the Laodicean War). Ptolemy III's navy, perhaps with the aid of rebels in the cities, advances against Seleucus II's forces as far as Thrace, across the Hellespont, and also captures some islands off the Anatolian coast. * Ptolemy III wins major victories over Seleucus II in Syria and Anatolia and briefly occupies Antioch. These victories are marred by the loss of the Cyclades to Antigonus II Gonatas in the Battle of Andros. * Seleucus II Callinicus' mother, Laodice attempts to take control over the Seleucid Empire by insisting that Seleucus II make his younger brother, Antiochus Hierax, co-regent and give him all the Seleucid territory in Anatolia. Antiochus promptly declares independence and begins fighting a war with his brother. * In order to secure the Bactrian King Diodotus' friendship, Seleucus II Callinicus arranges the marriage of one of his sisters to King Diodotus. #### Roman Republic * With Hamilcar Barca wearing the Romans down in Sicily, the Romans, by private subscription, build another fleet with the aim of regaining command of the sea. * In Rome, the number of praetors is increased from one to two. The second praetor is appointed to relieve the backlog of judicial business and to give the Republic a magistrate with Imperium who can field an army in an emergency when both consuls are away fighting a war. #### China * The Zhengguo Canal, approximately one hundred miles long, is built across the current-day province of Shaanxi in China, greatly adding to the agricultural productivity of the area and to the military potency of the Qin dynasty. * The Qin general Meng Ao crushes a revolt in Jinyang. Births ------ * Arsinoe III, queen of Egypt from 220 BC, daughter of Ptolemy III and Berenice II (d. 204 BC) Deaths ------ * Ptolemy II Philadelphus, king of Egypt from 285 BC, second king of the Ptolemaic dynasty, who has extended his power by skillful diplomacy, developed agriculture and commerce, and made Alexandria a leading centre of the arts and sciences (b. 308 BC) * Antiochus II Theos, king of the Seleucid dominions in the Middle East from 261 BC. He has spent much of his reign at war with Egypt, recovering much of the territory in Anatolia lost in earlier wars between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties (b. c. 287 BC) * Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Arsinoe, wife of the Seleucid ruler Antiochus II Theos, supplanting his first wife, Laodice, whose children she has persuaded him to bar from the succession to the throne in favour of her own.

246 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/246_BC

Year **248 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Republic at the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cotta and Geminus** (or, less frequently, **year 506 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 248 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### China * The Qin general Meng Ao captures the Wei cities of Gaodu and Ji. * Meng Ao then annexes 37 towns and cities from the State of Zhao, conquering the cities of Yuci, Xincheng and Langmeng. #### India * The Mauryan king Ashoka is dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism and begins establishing monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

248 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/248_BC

Year **247 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Metellus and Buteo** (or, less frequently, **year 507 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 247 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Carthage * By this stage in the Punic War, Carthage has lost to Rome all its Sicilian possessions except Lilybaeum (now Marsala) and Drepanum (now Trapani). In the winter of 248/7, Hamilcar Barca takes over the chief command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily at a time when the island is almost completely in the hands of the Romans. Landing on the north-west of the island with a small mercenary force, he seizes a strong position on Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino, near Palermo), and not only successfully defends himself against all attacks, but also carries his raids as far as the coast of southern Italy. #### Roman Republic * Rome enters into a treaty, on equal terms, with Hiero II, the tyrant of Syracuse. #### China * General Wang He of the State of Qin takes the city of Shangdang from the State of Zhao and establishes Taiyuan Commandery. * After an initial defeat of Wei general Wuji in the Battle of Hewai, the armies of Qin, led by Meng Ao and Wang He, defeat a combined attempt by the other kingdoms of China to break through the strategic Hangu Pass and invade the Qin heartland of Guanzhong. * The 13-year-old Ying Zheng, later called Qin Shi Huang, succeeds his father Zhuangxiang of Qin (Zichu) on the throne. Prime Minister Lü Buwei becomes the regent of the king. Births ------ * Hannibal Barca, Carthaginian military commander (d. c. 183 BC) Deaths ------ * Alexander of Corinth, Macedonian Greek governor and tyrant * Moggaliputta-Tissa, Indian Buddhist monk and philosopher * Zhuangxiang of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (b. 281 BC)

247 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/247_BC

Year **249 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Pullus** (or, less frequently, **year 505 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 249 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * The Battle of Drepana involves the Romans, under the command of the Roman consuls, Publius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Junius Pullus, attacking the Carthaginian fleet, under the command of Adherbal, in the harbour of Drepanum (modern Trapani, Sicily). The Romans are badly defeated and lose 93 of their 123 vessels. * Following the disastrous defeat of Roman forces at the Battle of Drepana, Publius Claudius Pulcher is fined 120,000 asses and his colleague, Lucius Junius Pullus, commits suicide. Aulus Atilius Calatinus is then elected dictator and leads an army into Sicily, becoming the first dictator to lead a Roman army outside Italy. The Roman forces at Lilybaeum are relieved, and Eryx, near Drapana, is seized. Its idol of Astarte is transported to Rome, where it becomes the Erycine Venus. #### China * The last remnants of the Zhou dynasty, having rebelled against the State of Qin, are defeated by Prime Minister Lü Buwei. * The Qin general Meng Ao seizes the Taiyuan region from the State of Zhao. * King Kaolie of Chu annexes the State of Lu. Deaths ------ * King Hui of Zhou, last Zhou claimant to the throne of China, is executed. Works cited * Schinz, Alfred (1996). Axel Menges (ed.). *The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China*. Stuttgart, London: Daehan Printing & Publishing Co.

249 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/249_BC

Year **251 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Metellus and Pacilus** (or, less frequently, **year 503 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 251 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Paseas, the tyrant of the Greek city-state of Sicyon, is assassinated by Nicocles, with the acquiescence of the Macedonian king Antigonus II. Nicocles reigns as tyrant of Sicyon for only four months, during which period he drives into exile eighty of the city's citizens. Then the citadel of Sicyon is surprised in the night by a party of Sicyonian exiles, headed by a young nobleman, Aratus. The palace of the tyrant is set on fire, but Nicocles escapes from the city through a subterranean passage. * Aratus recalls back to Sicyon those exiled by Nicocles. This leads to confusion and division within the city. Fearing that Antigonus II will exploit these divisions to attack the city, Aratus applies for the city to join the Achaean League, a league of a few small Achaean towns in the Peloponnese. Aratus then gains the financial support of the Egyptian king Ptolemy II to enable the Achaean League to defend itself against Macedonia. #### Roman Republic * The Romans, led by Lucius Caecilius Metellus, attack the Carthaginian held port city of Panormus after taking Kephalodon. After fierce fighting in the Battle of Panormus, the Carthaginians, led by Hasdrubal (**the Fair**), are defeated and the city falls. * With Panormus captured, much of western inland Sicily falls with it. The cities of Ieta, Solous, Petra and Tyndaris agree to peace with the Romans in the same year. This defeat marks the end of significant Carthaginian land-based campaigning in Sicily. #### China * The Zhao general Lian Po wins a decisive victory in battle over the State of Yan at Hao. He is promoted to Prime Minister following the death of Lord Pingyuan. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Paseas, Greek tyrant of Sicyon (assassinated) * King Zhaoxiang of Qin * Zhao Sheng, Chinese chancellor of the Zhao State

251 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/251_BC

Year **257** (**CCLVII**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Valerianus and Gallienus** (or, less frequently, **year 1010 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 257 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Gallienus enters into a joint consulship with his father Valerianus I, having brought some order to the Danube area. * Future emperor Aurelian defeats the Goths and brings many prisoners back to Rome. * In Bavaria the *Limes Germanicus* (Upper Raetian Limes) along the river Iller is abandoned by the Romans. * Valerian, under guardianship of Ingenuus, is established at Sirmium (Pannonia) to represent the Roman government in the troubled Illyrian provinces. * Emperor Valerian recovers Antioch, Syria from King Shapur I of Persia. * The Goths build a fleet on the Black Sea. * The Goths separate into the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths. ### By topic #### Religion * August 30 – Pope Sixtus II succeeds Pope Stephen I as the 24th pope. * Valerian's persecution of Christians begins: his edict orders bishops and priests to sacrifice according to the pagan rituals, and prohibits Christians, under penalty of death, from meeting at the tombs of their deceased. Births ------ * Gregory the Illuminator, Armenian religious leader (approximate date) * Jia Nanfeng (or **Shi**), Chinese empress (d. 300) Deaths ------ * August 2 – Stephen I, bishop of Rome * September 26 – Zhu Yi (or **Jiwen**), Chinese general * Wen Qin (or **Zhongruo**), Chinese general and politician * Zhang Changpu, Chinese concubine (b. 199)

257

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/257

Year **254 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Asina and Calatinus** (or, less frequently, **year 500 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 254 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * A Roman army led by consuls Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and Aulus Atilius Calatinus capture Panormus in Sicily. * The Romans lose control of the Sicilian city of Agrigentum to the Carthaginians. Births ------ * Marcus Livius Salinator, Roman consul and commander during the Second Punic War * Titus Macchius Plautus, Roman playwright who is credited with forming the foundations of modern comedy (d. 184 BC) Deaths ------ * Areus II, Agiad king of Sparta (son of Acrotatus II)

254 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/254_BC

Year **259 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Florus** (or, less frequently, **year 495 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 259 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * The Seleucid king Antiochus II starts the Second Syrian War against Ptolemy II Philadelphus to avenge his father's losses. Antiochus II finds a willing ally in Antigonus II Gonatas, the king of Macedonia, who has been dealing with Ptolemy II's attempts to destabilize Macedonia. #### Sicily * The Carthaginians under Hamilcar take advantage of their victory at Thermae in Sicily by counterattacking the Romans and seizing Enna. Hamilcar continues south to Camarina, in Syracusan territory, to try to convince the Syracusans to rejoin the Carthaginian side. #### China * The State of Zhou cedes to the State of Qin the Han region of Yuanyong and six cities of Zhao in exchange for peace. Births ------ * February 18 – Qin Shi Huang, first emperor of China (d. 210 BC) * Bashu Guafu Qing, Chinese businesswoman (d. 210 BC) Deaths ------ *

259 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/259_BC

Year **260** (**CCLX**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Saecularis and Donatus** (or, less frequently, **year 1013 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 260 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Battle of Edessa: With a large army, said to number 70,000 men, Valerian attempts to drive the Persians back from Edessa. The Roman army is surrounded and most of its troops are killed or captured. Valerian is taken prisoner for the remainder of his life. * King Shapur I sends Valerian to Bishapur and uses the captured Roman army for engineering plans. They construct the *Band-e Kaisar* ("Bridge of Valerian"). * Gallienus becomes the sole emperor of Rome; during his reign the Pannonian governor Ingenuus revolts on the Danube. * Gallienus evacuates the fortifications (limes) in the *Agri Decumates* (Germania Superior), covering the Black Forest area in the face of invading Alamanni. * Gallienus establishes himself at Mediolanum (modern Milan); he reorganizes the army, supported by elite cavalry, and dispatches troops to the Rhine frontier. * Postumus, Roman usurper, forms the Gallic Empire and protects the Rhine against an invasion of Germanic tribes. * Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is proclaimed *Augustus* by his troops. Postumus besieges Cologne, where Silvanus is praetorian prefect and Roman ruler of Gaul. * Postumus executes Saloninus and his adviser Silvanus after breaching the walls of Cologne. He is recognized as emperor and establishes his capital at Trier. * Postumus wins over all the Roman provinces west of the Alps, including Gaul, Britain and Hispania. * The Roman fort of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni. * The Franks take control over the Scheldt estuary (approximate date). #### Persia * Persian king Shapur I destroys Caesarea Mazaca in Asia Minor. #### China * Emperor Cao Mao of Former Wei state attempts to lead a coup against the powerful regent Sima Zhao, but he himself is killed before it comes to a confrontation. * June 2 – Cao Mao is killed in a *coup d'état* against Sima Zhao. The 14-year-old Cao Huan becomes ruler of Former Wei, but the Sima clan controls the state. ### By topic #### Art and Science * Earliest known date of chess (approximate date). #### Religion * Pope Dionysius convenes a synod at Rome to demand an explanation from bishop Dionysius of Alexandria, who has been charged with separating the members of the Trinity as three distinct deities. * Paul of Samosata becomes Patriarch of Antioch. Births ------ * Eusebius of Caesarea, Greek bishop and historian (approximate date) Deaths ------ * June 2 – Cao Mao, Chinese emperor of the Cao Wei state (b. 241) * July 2 – Cao Jie, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (b. 197) * Chen Tai (or **Xuanbo**), Chinese general and politician * Regalianus (or **Regalian**), Roman general and usurper * Saloninus, Roman emperor and son of Gallienus (b.242) * Shapur Meshanshah, Sasanian prince and governor * Sun Liang, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (b. 243) * Valerianus I, Roman consul and emperor (approximate date) * Wang Guan (or **Weitai**), Chinese official and politician * Wang Jing (or **Yanwei**), Chinese official and politician

260

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/260

Year **262** (**CCLXII**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gallienus and Faustianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1015 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 262 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The Goths invade Asia Minor and destroy the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus. * An earthquake strikes Ephesus and Pergamon and another strikes Cyrene. * The Heruls accompany the Goths, ravaging the coasts of the Black Sea and the Aegean. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Ji Kang (or **Shuye**), Chinese Daoist philosopher and poet (b. 223) * Marinus of Caesarea, Roman soldier and Christian martyr * Valerian, Roman consul and emperor (approximate date)

262

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/262

Year **27 BC** was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Second Consulship of Octavian and Agrippa** (or, less frequently, **year 727 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 27 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic/Empire * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the seventh time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the third time. * January 16 – Octavian formally returns full power to the Senate; they give him the titles of *Princeps* and *Augustus*. He accepts this honor, having declined the alternative title of *Romulus*, thus becoming first Roman emperor. * Caesar Augustus starts a new military reform. He reduces the number of legions to 26 and creates the Praetorian Guard (1,000 men). * Augustus forms the Classis Misenensis, based in the harbor of Portus Julius at Misenum. * Agrippa divides Hispania Ulterior into Baetica and Lusitania, and enlarges Hispania Citerior. * Northern statue of the Colossi of Memnon is shattered by an earthquake in Egypt (according to Strabo). * Marcus Agrippa begins the construction of the old Pantheon, Rome. * Augustus' first census of the Roman Empire (formerly the Roman Republic) reports a total of 4,063,000 citizens. * Births ------ * Ai of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 1 BC) Deaths ------ * Marcus Terentius Varro, Roman scholar and writer (b. 116 BC)

27 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_BC

Year **271 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Claudus and Clepsina** (or, less frequently, **year 483 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 271 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * With the restoration of the territories captured by Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other Greek key cities, Antigonus II securely controls Macedonia and the other states of Greece. Antigonus becomes the chief of the Thessalian League and is on good terms with neighbouring Illyria and Thrace. He secures his position in central and south Greece by keeping Macedonian occupation forces in the cities of Corinth, Chalcis on the island of Euboea, and Demetrias in Thessaly, the three "shackles" of Hellas. #### India * The Mauryan army is driven out of Kadamba by a coalition of Tamil kings under Emperor Cenni Cholan. Births ------ * Aratus of Sicyon, Greek general (*strategos*) and statesman (d. 213 BC) Deaths ------ *

271 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/271_BC

Year **278 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Luscinus and Papus** (or, less frequently, **year 476 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 278 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * After their defeats in Greece, the Gauls move into Asia Minor. The Seleucid king Antiochus wins a major battle over the Gauls leading to his being given the title of Soter (Greek for "saviour"). The Gauls settle down to become the "Galatians" and are paid 2,000 talents annually by the Seleucid kings to keep the peace. * Antigonus concludes a peace with Antiochus who surrenders his claim to Macedonia. Thereafter Antigonus II's foreign policy is marked by friendship with the Seleucids. * Nicomedes I becomes the first ruler of Bithynia to assume the title of king. He founds the city of Nicomedia, which soon rises to great prosperity. #### Sicily * The Carthaginians seize an opportunity to interfere in a quarrel between Syracuse and Agrigentum and besiege Syracuse. The Syracusans ask for help from Pyrrhus and Pyrrhus transfers his army there. * On his arrival in Sicily, Pyrrhus' forces win battles against the Carthaginians across Sicily. Pyrrhus conquers almost all of Sicily except for Lilybaeum (Marsala). * Pyrrhus is proclaimed king of Sicily. He plans for his son Helenus to inherit the kingdom of Sicily and his other son Alexander to inherit Italy. #### China * The heartland of the State of Chu in the modern Hubei province is overrun by the powerful state of Qin from the west under Bai Qi's leadership. Sailing down the Han river from Bashu, Bai Qi captures Ying - the capital of Chu - as well as Yiling, and his army reaches as far as Jingling. Bai Qi is honoured as Lord Wu'an (武安君; literally: Lord of Martial Peace). The Chu government moves to the east, occupying various temporary capitals until settling in Shouchun in 241 BC. * Qu Yuan writes the poem "Lament for Ying" after the fall of the capital of Chu. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Polyaenus of Lampsacus, Greek mathematician and philosopher and friend of Epicurus (b. c. 340 BC) * Qu Yuan, Chinese poet from southern Chu who lived during the Warring States period. His works are mostly found in an anthology of poetry known as Chu Ci (b. c. 340 BC)

278 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/278_BC

Year **280** (**CCLXXX**) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Gratus** (or, less frequently, **year 1033 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 280 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Roman usurper Proculus starts a rebellion at Lugdunum (Lyon, France), and proclaims himself emperor. * Emperor Probus drives the Alans off to Asia Minor and suppresses the revolt in Gaul; Proculus is executed. * The Germans destroy the Roman fleet on the Rhine; Bonosus is proclaimed emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne). * Probus defeats the army under Bonosus. Bonosus sees no way out and hangs himself. His family is treated with honours. * Julius Saturninus, governor of Syria, is in Alexandria, charged with the defense of the East. He is declared emperor and withdraws to Apamea. Probus besieges the city and puts him to death. * Roman territory is under constant threat of raids from Franks. The cities in Gaul are reinforced with defensive walls. #### Europe * The Thuringii, a Germanic tribe, appears in the Harz Mountains (Thuringia) of central Germania. #### China * Emperor Wu of the Jin dynasty completes the unification of China, which was previously divided between three contending powers during the Three Kingdoms period. The Jin dynasty's capital of Luoyang becomes a thriving centre of commerce as foreign diplomats and traders travel there. #### Persia * King Bahram II of the Sassanid Empire (Persia) sends envoys to seek peaceful relations with Rome. #### India * The Gupta Empire (India) is founded (approximate date). Births ------ * Saint George, Roman soldier and Christian martyr (approximate date) * Yao Yizhong, Chinese general and warlord (d. 352) Deaths ------ * Bonosus, Roman general and usurper * Cen Hun, Chinese official and politician * Julius Saturninus, Roman usurper * Kang Senghui, Chinese monk and translator * Lu Jing, Chinese general and writer (b. 250) * Maharaja Sri-Gupta of the Gupta Empire * Yu Zhong (or **Shifang**), Chinese general * Zhang Ti (or **Juxian**), Chinese chancellor

280

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/280

The **280's** decade ran from January 1, 280, to December 31, 289. Events ------ ### 280 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Roman usurper Proculus starts a rebellion at Lugdunum (Lyon, France), and proclaims himself emperor. * Emperor Probus drives the Alans off to Asia Minor and suppresses the revolt in Gaul; Proculus is executed. * The Germans destroy the Roman fleet on the Rhine; Bonosus is proclaimed emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne). * Probus defeats the army under Bonosus. Bonosus sees no way out and hangs himself. His family is treated with honours. * Julius Saturninus, governor of Syria, is in Alexandria, charged with the defense of the East. He is declared emperor and withdraws to Apamea. Probus besieges the city and puts him to death. * Roman territory is under constant threat of raids from Franks. The cities in Gaul are reinforced with defensive walls. ###### Europe * The Thuringii, a Germanic tribe, appears in the Harz Mountains (Thuringia) of central Germania. ###### China * Emperor Wu of the Jin dynasty completes the unification of China, which was previously divided between three contending powers during the Three Kingdoms period. The Jin dynasty's capital of Luoyang becomes a thriving centre of commerce as foreign diplomats and traders travel there. ###### Persia * King Bahram II of the Sassanid Empire (Persia) sends envoys to seek peaceful relations with Rome. ###### India * The Gupta Empire (India) is founded (approximate date). ### 281 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Probus returns to Rome, where he celebrates his triumph over the Vandals and the usurpers (Bonosus, Julius Saturninus and Proculus). ### 282 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Probus travels towards Sirmium (Serbia). He tries to employ his troops in peaceful projects, such as draining the swamps in Pannonia. * The praetorian prefect Marcus Aurelius Carus usurps power in Raetia. Probus attempts to organise a campaign against Carus but is murdered by his discontented troops in Sirmium. * Carus defeats the Quadi and Sarmatians on the Danube; for his victories he is given the title *Germanicus Maximus*. * Carus appoints his sons Carinus and Numerian as *Caesar*. ###### China * A new city is constructed in Fuzhou, slightly south of the original city Ye (the main street of the city has remained unchanged since that time). #### By topic ###### Religion * The Patriarch Theonas of Alexandria becomes one of the first bishops to use the title Pope. ### 283 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Spring: Emperor Carus makes his son Carinus the *Augustus* in the west. * Exploiting the Persian civil war, Carus leaves Carinus in charge of much of the Roman Empire and, accompanied by his younger son Numerian, invades the Sassanid Empire. They sack Seleucia and Ctesiphon, the capital of the Persian kingdom, and they press on beyond the Tigris. For his victories, Carus receives the title of *Persicus Maximus*. * The officer Diocles, the future Emperor Diocletian, distinguishes himself in the war against the Persians. * Carinus campaigns with success in Britain and on the Rhine frontier. * Summer: Carus dies in mysterious circumstances during the war against the Persians. Various sources claim he died of illness, was struck by lightning or was killed in combat. * Carinus and Numerian succeed their father Carus. Numerian, who had accompanied his father into the Persian Empire, leads the army back to Roman territory. * The *corrector* Aurelius Julianus usurps power in Pannonia but is defeated by Carinus. ###### Persian Empire * The King of Kings Bahram II fights a civil war against his brother Hormizd, the king of Sakastan. #### By topic ###### Religion * December 17 – Pope Cais succeeds Eutychian as the 28th pope of Rome. ### 284 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Numerian travels through Bithynia (Asia Minor) on his way home to Rome. Suffering from an inflammation of the eyes, he travels in a closed litter in which soldiers find his decaying corpse. * November 20 – The commander of Numerian's domestici (household troops), Diocles, is chosen to be the new emperor. In a military assembly outside Nicomedia (modern İzmit, Turkey), Diocles claims that the praetorian prefect (and rival for the throne) Arrius Aper murdered Numerian, and he personally stabs and kills the prefect on the spot. The new emperor changes his name to the Latinised 'Diocletian'. Building on existing trends, Diocletian presents his rule as that of a god-like dominus or autocrat. * Sabinus Julianus, the praetorian prefect of Emperor Carinus, exploits the instability and usurps the throne in northern Italy. ###### Persian Empire * King of Kings Bahram II installs Mirian III, of the House of Mihran, on the throne of the Kingdom of Iberia. Mirian would rule the kingdom until his death in c. 361. ###### Korea * Yurye becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. #### By topic ###### Religion * Rufinus succeeds Dometius as Bishop of Byzantium. ### 285 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Spring – Emperor Carinus marches from Britain to northern Italy, and defeats the army of usurper Sabinus Julianus at Verona. * Summer – Battle of the Margus: Emperor Diocletian defeats the forces of Carinus in the valley of the Margus (Serbia). Numerous soldiers desert Carinus during the battle. Carinus then flees to the Pannonian fort of Cornacum, but he is soon slain by his officers. * July 21 or July 25 – Diocletian appoints his fellow-officer Maximian to the office of caesar, or junior co-emperor. * Carausius, naval commander at Bononia (modern-day Boulogne), is given the task of clearing the English Channel of Frankish and Saxon pirates. * Maximian is sent to pacify Gaul, where the Bagaudae, a band of peasants, are revolting against the Roman Empire. ### 286 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Winter/Spring: The *Caesar* Maximian defeats the Bagaudae rebellion in Gaul. He then defeats a Germanic invasion into Gaul, defeating an army of Burgundians and Alemanni and another army of Chaibones and Heruli. * Emperor Diocletian campaigns successfully against Sarmatian raids. The future emperor Constantius defeats the 'Bosporian Sarmatians'. * April 1 – Diocletian rewards Maximian by elevating him to co-emperor, giving him the title Augustus. * Summer: Carausius, commander of the *Classis Britannica*, is accused of piracy by Maximian and is sentenced to death. He responds by declaring himself emperor of Britain and Northwestern Gaul. His forces consist of the newly built Roman fleet and three legions in Britain. The Carausian Revolt is supported by Gaulish merchant ships and Frankish mercenaries. ###### Asia * Tuoba Chuo succeeds his brother Tuoba Xilu as chieftain of the Tuoba clan. * Chaekgye becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. ### 287 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * On the same day that he is made consul, Maximian launches a campaign against an invasion of Gaul by the Alemanni. After defeating this invasion, he then invades Alemannia itself, entering across the Upper Rhine and returning to Roman territory via the Upper Danube. * Around this time, the future emperor Constantius defeats and captures a Germanic king, the latter having prepared an ambush against the Romans. * Diocletian signs a peace treaty with King Bahram II of Persia, and installs the pro-Roman Arsacid Tiridates III as king over the western portion of Armenia. * Diocletian re-organizes the Mesopotamian frontier, and fortifies various locations including the city of Circesium (modern Busayrah) on the Euphrates. Around this time, he begins the construction of the Strata Diocletiana. Throughout his reign, similar fortification efforts are conducted on the other frontiers as well, with fortifications constructed or restored behind, on and beyond the borders. Conscription and the number of legions increase, although the legions themselves are reformed into smaller and more flexible units. At some point in time, Diocletian may have also established the late Roman military system of Comitatenses (field army units) and Limitanei (border units), but some scholars date this development to the reign of Constantine I (r. 306-337). * September – The first Indiction begins. ### 288 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Diocletian launches a campaign into Germanic territory from the province of Raetia (Switzerland). * Around this time, an army loyal to Maximian, probably led by the future emperor Constantius, defeats the usurper Carausius or his Frankish allies in northern Gaul. In this or the following year, Carausius withdraws his military forces and administrative presence from Gaul, confining himself to Roman Britain. * Maximian makes an alliance with the Frankish king Gennobaudes. * Far from Carausius' fleet, in the rivers of Gaul, Maximian builds a fleet to contest control of the North Sea and re-take Britain. * Around this time, Constantius marries Maximian's stepdaughter, Theodora, and it may also be around this time that the general Galerius marries Diocletian's daughter Galeria Valeria. ### 289 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * In this or the following year, Emperor Diocletian campaigns with success against the Sarmatians. The future emperor Galerius may have distinguished himself during this campaign. * In this or the following year, Maximian attempts to reconquer Britain from the usurper Carausius but is defeated at sea. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **280** * Saint George, Roman soldier and Christian martyr (approximate date) * Yao Yizhong, Chinese general and warlord (d. 352) **281** * Cai Mo (or **Daoming**), Chinese official and politician (d. 356) * Theodore Stratelates, Roman general and martyr (d. 319) **283** * Eusebius of Vercelli, Christian bishop and saint (d. 371) * Ge Hong, Chinese scholar and philosopher (d. 343) **284** * Fu Hong (or **Pu Hong**), Chinese general and prince (d. 350) * Huai of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 313) **285** * St. Sylvester, Italian bishop (d. 335) **288** * Li Ban, Chinese emperor of Cheng Han (d. 334) * Wen Jiao (or **Taizhen**), Chinese politician (d. 329) **289** * Flavia Maxima Fausta, Roman empress (d. 326) * Yu Liang (or **Yuangui**), Chinese politician (d. 340) Deaths ------ **280** * Bonosus, Roman general and usurper * Cen Hun, Chinese official and politician * Julius Saturninus, Roman usurper * Kang Senghui, Chinese monk and translator * Lu Jing, Chinese general and writer (b. 250) * Maharaja Sri-Gupta of the Gupta Empire * Yu Zhong (or **Shifang**), Chinese general * Zhang Ti (or **Juxian**), Chinese chancellor **281** * Proculus, Roman general and usurper **282** * Huangfu Mi (or **Shi'an**), Chinese historian (b. 215) * Jia Chong, Chinese politician and statesman (b. 217) * Marcus Aurelius Probus, Roman emperor (b. 232) * Xue Ying (or **Daoyan**), Chinese politician and poet **283** * December 7 – Etychian, bishop of Rome * Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (b. 224) * Shan Tao, Chinese scholar and politician (b. 205) * Sima You (or **Dayou**), Chinese prince (b. 248) * Sima Zhou (or **Zijiang**), Chinese prince (b. 227) **284** * November 20 – Numerian, Roman emperor (b. 254) * Lucius Flavius Aper, Roman general and praetorian prefect * Sun Hao, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (b. 243) **285** * Marcus Aurelius Carinus, Roman consul and emperor * Du Yu (or **Yuankai**), Chinese general and politician (b. 222) * Sabinus Julianus, Roman usurper (approximate date) **286** * Crispin and Crispinian, Roman cobblers and martyrs * Domnina of Anazarbus, Christian martyr and saint * Mark and Marcellian, Christian martyrs (approximate date) * Tuoba Xilu, chieftain of the Tuoba clan (modern Mongolia) **287** * Justa and Rufina, Christian martyrs * Maurice (or **Mauritius**), Christian martyr * Quentin, Christian missionary and martyr * Valerius and Rufinus, Christian martyrs * Victoricus, Fuscian, and Gentian, Christian martyrs **288** * Maximilian of Lorch, Christian missionary and martyr * Sebastian, Roman soldier and Christian martyr * Teng Xiu, Chinese general and governor **289** * Alexander of Rome, Christian martyr * Kyriaki the Great, Christian martyr * Xun Xu (or **Gongzeng**), Chinese official

280s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/280s

Year **283 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Dolabella and Maximus** (or, less frequently, **year 471 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 283 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Following Demetrius Poliorcetes' death in captivity as a prisoner of Seleucus, his son Antigonus assumes the title of King of Macedonia, though in name only, as King Lysimachus of Thrace is in control of Macedonia. Demetrius' remains are given to Antigonus and he is honoured with a grand funeral in Corinth. After this, Demetrius is interred in the town of Demetrias which he had founded. #### Roman Republic * Consuls: Publius Cornelius Dolabella and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus Maximus. * At the Battle of Lake Vadimo, Roman forces finally quell the allied Etruscans and Gauls. The Roman army is led by consul Publius Cornelius Dolabella. Rome is at last undisputed master of northern and central Italy. #### Egypt * The canal from the Nile River to the Red Sea, initially started but not completed by the Egyptian pharaoh Necho II and repaired by the Persian king Darius I, is again repaired and made operational by Ptolemy II. * Ptolemy II enlarges the library at Alexandria and appoints the grammarian Zenodotus to collect and edit all the Greek poets. #### China * General Lian Po of the State of Zhou defeats an army of the State of Qi and captures the city of Yangqin. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Demetrius I Poliorcetes, King of Macedonia (b. 336 BC)

283 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/283_BC

Year **289** (**CCLXXXIX**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Quintianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1042 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 289 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * In this or the following year, Emperor Diocletian campaigns with success against the Sarmatians. The future emperor Galerius may have distinguished himself during this campaign. * In this or the following year, Maximian attempts to reconquer Britain from the usurper Carausius but is defeated at sea. Births ------ * Flavia Maxima Fausta, Roman empress (d. 326) * Yu Liang (or **Yuangui**), Chinese politician (d. 340) Deaths ------ * Alexander of Rome, Christian martyr * Kyriaki the Great, Christian martyr * Xun Xu (or **Gongzeng**), Chinese official

289

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/289

Year **281 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Barbula and Philippus** (or, less frequently, **year 473 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 281 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia Minor * The Battle of Corupedium in Lydia is the last battle of the Diadochi, the rival successors to Alexander the Great. It is fought between the armies of Lysimachus, King of Thrace, Macedonia, Western Anatolia and Seleucus, ruler of Eastern Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Babylonia and Iran. Seleucus kills Lysimachus during the battle. * Following the Battle of Corupedium, Lysimachus' widow, Arsinoe, flees to Cassandrea, a city in northern Greece, where she marries her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos. This proves to be a serious misjudgement, as Ptolemy Keraunus promptly kills two of her sons, though the third is able to escape. Arsinoe flees again, this time to Alexandria in Egypt. #### Greece * Seleucus takes over Thrace and then tries to seize Macedonia. However, he falls into a trap near Lysimachia, Thrace, set by Ptolemy Keraunos, one of the sons of Ptolemy I and Arsinoe II's half brother, who murders Seleucus and takes Macedonia for himself. * Cineas, a Thessalian serving as chief adviser to King Pyrrhus of Epirus, after visiting Rome attempts, without success, to dissuade Pyrrhus from invading southern Italy. #### Seleucid Empire * Seleucus is succeeded as ruler of the Seleucid empire by Antiochus. He is immediately beset by revolts in Syria (probably instigated by Ptolemy II of Egypt) and by independence movements in northern Anatolia. * Although he has only a few bases in Greece, Antigonus II Gonatas lays claim to Macedonia. His claim is disputed by Antiochus I. Births ------ * Zhuangxiang of Qin, Chinese king of the Qin State (d. 247 BC) Deaths ------ * Lysimachus, king of Thrace and Macedonia (b. c. 360 BC) * Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire (b. c. 354 BC)

281 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/281_BC

Year **283** (**CCLXXXIII**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Carus and Carinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1036 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 283 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Spring: Emperor Carus makes his son Carinus the *Augustus* in the west. * Exploiting the Persian civil war, Carus leaves Carinus in charge of much of the Roman Empire and, accompanied by his younger son Numerian, invades the Sassanid Empire. They sack Seleucia and Ctesiphon, the capital of the Persian kingdom, and they press on beyond the Tigris. For his victories, Carus receives the title of *Persicus Maximus*. * The officer Diocles, the future Emperor Diocletian, distinguishes himself in the war against the Persians. * Carinus campaigns with success in Britain and on the Rhine frontier. * Summer: Carus dies in mysterious circumstances during the war against the Persians. Various sources claim he died of illness, was struck by lightning or was killed in combat. * Carinus and Numerian succeed their father Carus. Numerian, who had accompanied his father into the Persian Empire, leads the army back to Roman territory. * The *corrector* Aurelius Julianus usurps power in Pannonia but is defeated by Carinus. #### Persian Empire * The King of Kings Bahram II fights a civil war against his brother Hormizd, the king of Sakastan. ### By topic #### Religion * December 17 – Pope Cais succeeds Eutychian as the 28th pope of Rome. Births ------ * Eusebius of Vercelli, Christian bishop and saint (d. 371) * Ge Hong, Chinese scholar and philosopher (d. 343) Deaths ------ * December 7 – Etychian, bishop of Rome * Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (b. 224) * Shan Tao, Chinese scholar and politician (b. 205) * Sima You (or **Dayou**), Chinese prince (b. 248) * Sima Zhou (or **Zijiang**), Chinese prince (b. 227)

283

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/283

Year **282 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Luscinus and Papus** (or, less frequently, **year 472 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 282 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia Minor * The city of Pergamum in Asia Minor ends its allegiance to Lysimachus. Its ruler, Philetaerus, transfers his allegiance, as well as the important fortress of Pergamon and his treasury, to Seleucus, who allows him a far larger measure of independence than he had hitherto enjoyed. #### Roman Republic * The Battle of Populonia is fought between Rome and the Etruscans. The Romans are victorious and, as a result, the Etruscan threat to Rome is sharply diminished. * The Magna Graecia city of Thurii appeals to Rome for help against the native Italian tribes. Though the Roman Senate hesitates, the plebeian Assembly decides to respond. Thurii is saved, but Tarentum, jealous of Rome's interference, attacks and sinks some Roman ships entering its harbour. Roman envoys, sent to protest, are mistreated. * Rome declares war on Tarentum. King Pyrrhus of Epirus declares his willingness to come to the aid of Tarentum. Tarentum also looks for support from the Samnites and other Italian tribes in southern Italy. #### Egypt * Arsinoe, daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, marries Ptolemy II of Egypt as part of the alliance between Thrace and Egypt against Seleucus. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Ptolemy I Soter, Macedonian military general who served under Alexander the Great and became ruler of Egypt (born c.367)

282 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/282_BC