amandakonet/climate_fever_adopted · Datasets at Hugging Face

claim_id int64 0 3.13k	claim stringlengths 26 406	evidence stringlengths 13 1.4k	evidence_label stringclasses 3 values	label stringclasses 3 values	category stringlengths 2 71
1,557	Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.	Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate system
568	The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.	The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2,871	'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.	Criticism of the MBH99 reconstruction in a review paper, which was quickly discredited in the Soon and Baliunas controversy, was picked up by the Bush administration, and a Senate speech by US Republican senator James Inhofe alleged that "manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1,867	Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."	Surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Water pollution
267	Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.	The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
3,121	"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.	"Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cloud
892	Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.	It is the only country in the world, other than Eritrea, to do so.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	United States
531	When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.	The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Energy policy of India
1,205	“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.	After initial rises in opinion polls following Brown becoming Prime Minister, Labour's popularity declined with the onset of a recession in 2008, leading to poor results in the local and European elections in 2009.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Gordon Brown
2,424	Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.	The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change in the Arctic
1,814	The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.	Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.	REFUTES	contradiction	Earth
419	But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.	Sopoaga said in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: Tuvalu's future at current warming, is already bleak, any further temperature increase will spell the total demise of Tuvalu ... For Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and many others, setting a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels is critical.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Tuvalu
1,188	Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience	Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Development communication
530	South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity.	Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	South Australia
3,052	"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years" (Judith Curry and David Rose)	Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,092	Polar bear numbers are increasing	The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Polar bear
2,502	Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.	Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific theory
2,940	Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading for cooler weather."	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
1,495	The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
268	Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.	Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Attribution of recent climate change
51	CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]	"Blaming cities for climate change?	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
3,121	"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.	It also includes prognosis, an awareness of what might happen next.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Situation awareness
104	Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.	Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide
2,058	Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.	"Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	La Niña
1,139	Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.	The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Coral bleaching
2,275	[…] Constant 24-7 media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem that way.”	This attracted considerable media coverage at the time.	SUPPORTS	entailment	2003 invasion of Iraq
199	In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.	The ongoing warming will increase risks and stresses to human societies, economies, ecosystems, and wildlife through the 21st century and beyond, making it imperative that society respond to a changing climate.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,577	Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.	The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Art Robinson
1,149	Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.	Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,619	Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.	"After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	West Side Highway
2,940	Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading for cooler weather."	Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,270	The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.	The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenland ice sheet
368	The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.	Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require "deep emissions reductions", "rapid", "far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society".	REFUTES	contradiction	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1,634	Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.	All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
197	Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.	Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Deforestation
455	Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.	"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
57	Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.	1250, during the European Middle Ages.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Medieval Warm Period
2,457	"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.	"Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000".	REFUTES	contradiction	Rio de Janeiro
320	Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.	One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	20th century
1,668	Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.	In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2,951	The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.	A Pell pseudoprime may be defined as a composite number n for which equation (1) above is true with P = 2 and Q = −1; the sequence Un then being the Pell sequence.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Lucas pseudoprime
576	‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.	Students taking maths and computer science examinations in the summer of 2017 were given an extra 15 minutes to complete their papers, after dons ruled that "female candidates might be more likely to be adversely affected by time pressure" "Archived copy".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	University of Oxford
1,685	Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.	Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,985	The North Pole is melting "a bit" but the South Pole is getting bigger.	Arctic sea ice "faces rapid melt", BBC.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	North Pole
2,897	A new article in Nature Geoscience describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes from GRACE data.	Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	GRACE and GRACE-FO
2,242	The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.	As more CO2 and heat are absorbed by the ocean, it is acidifying and ocean circulation can change, changing the rate at which the ocean can absorb atmospheric carbon.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
3,103	"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)	"Costing Climate Change".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
457	temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.	Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
938	We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.	A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
2,047	contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.	Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide
2,047	contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.	Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide
2,661	Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.	The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
702	‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.	The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Volcano
2,453	"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.	The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4 million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Mya.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ordovician
630	I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.	Some precipitation evaporates, some slowly percolates through soil, some may be temporarily sequestered as snow or ice, and some may produce rapid runoff from surfaces including rock, pavement, roofs, and saturated or frozen ground.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Flood
2,994	'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.	Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse effect
298	Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.	In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,776	If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.	"Climate change skepticism" and "climate change denial" refer to denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus on the rate and extent of global warming, its significance, or its connection to human behavior, in whole or in part.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change denial
2,520	According to the second law of thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."	Such a machine is called a "perpetual motion machine of the second kind".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Second law of thermodynamics
2,223	Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.	Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.	REFUTES	contradiction	Biodiversity
822	Climate policy must compete with other long-term threats for always-scarce resources.”	The white-tailed deer competes with other herbivores for limited food resources directly affecting the ecosystem, as well as indirectly affecting the area by altering habitats for small vertebrates and mammals.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
1,435	An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.	Furthermore, as algal blooms die, CO2 is produced, causing a more acidic environment, a process known as acidification.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Urbanization
1,712	The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.	Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,146	“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.	Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
764	[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.	NASA's Global Climate Change.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,192	The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."	The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	El Niño–Southern Oscillation
914	The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas	ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would "increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%" "Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications" (PDF).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Wind power
1,495	The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.	Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
2,333	"While major green house gas H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2 have little effect....	Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
1,713	The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.	Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Ocean acidification
2,729	89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.	This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Passive solar building design
586	The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).	On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 110 K. The intensity of sunlight on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the solar constant (1,370 W·m−2).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mercury (planet)
1,702	CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.	There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
997	Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes	The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,614	"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.	The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Keeling Curve
2,204	All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.	Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,435	An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.	For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500 ppm.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Ecology
1,093	Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.	Some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Ocean acidification
991	“Sea level rise is global.	Sea ice melt contributes very slightly to global sea level rise.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
3,064	No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.	Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
1,559	Clouds provide negative feedback.	Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Cloud
87	NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.	Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Instrumental temperature record
31	Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory	CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon tax
2,580	Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.	The volcano produces about 400,000 ± 100,000 tonnes per year (400,000 ± 100,000 t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2–0.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes.	REFUTES	contradiction	NW Rota-1
901	CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.	Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide
2,076	Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.	Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.	SUPPORTS	entailment	2014–15 North American winter
2,323	Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.	They invade Earth because Mars is dying, and they need a warmer planet to live.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Martian
2,219	The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.	Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hockey stick graph
1,604	CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.	It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.	REFUTES	contradiction	Greenhouse gas
3,047	The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).	The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year's total emissions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
181	Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.	All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Breathing
2,570	The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.	"Likely" means greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on expert judgement.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2,579	Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.	Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1,981	The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.	In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate change policy of the United States
2,219	The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.	These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century, with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Hockey stick graph
2,600	"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!	As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO 2 was about 0.45.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
60	So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases	Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,548	Polar bear numbers are increasing.	The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Polar bear
699	While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend	Similar climatic effects to "nuclear winter" followed historical supervolcano eruptions, which plumed sulfate aerosols high into the stratosphere, with this being known as a volcanic winter.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Nuclear winter
1,644	Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.	Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Water scarcity

1,557

Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate system

568

The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.

The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

2,871

'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.

Criticism of the MBH99 reconstruction in a review paper, which was quickly discredited in the Soon and Baliunas controversy, was picked up by the Bush administration, and a Senate speech by US Republican senator James Inhofe alleged that "manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1,867

Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

Surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Water pollution

267

Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.

The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

3,121

"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

"Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cloud

892

Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.

It is the only country in the world, other than Eritrea, to do so.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

United States

531

When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Energy policy of India

1,205

“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.

After initial rises in opinion polls following Brown becoming Prime Minister, Labour's popularity declined with the onset of a recession in 2008, leading to poor results in the local and European elections in 2009.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Gordon Brown

2,424

Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change in the Arctic

1,814

The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.

REFUTES

contradiction

Earth

419

But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

Sopoaga said in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: Tuvalu's future at current warming, is already bleak, any further temperature increase will spell the total demise of Tuvalu ... For Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and many others, setting a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels is critical.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Tuvalu

1,188

Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Development communication

530

South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity.

Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

South Australia

3,052

"...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years" (Judith Curry and David Rose)

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,092

Polar bear numbers are increasing

The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Polar bear

2,502

Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific theory

2,940

Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading for cooler weather."

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

1,495

The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

268

Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.

Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Attribution of recent climate change

51

CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

"Blaming cities for climate change?

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

3,121

"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

It also includes prognosis, an awareness of what might happen next.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Situation awareness

104

Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide

2,058

Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

"Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

La Niña

1,139

Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.

The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Coral bleaching

2,275

[…] Constant 24-7 media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem that way.”

This attracted considerable media coverage at the time.

SUPPORTS

entailment

2003 invasion of Iraq

199

In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.

The ongoing warming will increase risks and stresses to human societies, economies, ecosystems, and wildlife through the 21st century and beyond, making it imperative that society respond to a changing climate.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,577

Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.

The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Art Robinson

1,149

Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,619

Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.

"After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

West Side Highway

2,940

Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading for cooler weather."

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,270

The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.

The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenland ice sheet

368

The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.

Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require "deep emissions reductions", "rapid", "far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society".

REFUTES

contradiction

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1,634

Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.

All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

197

Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Deforestation

455

Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

57

Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

1250, during the European Middle Ages.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Medieval Warm Period

2,457

"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

"Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000".

REFUTES

contradiction

Rio de Janeiro

320

Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.

One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

20th century

1,668

Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.

In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

2,951

The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.

A Pell pseudoprime may be defined as a composite number n for which equation (1) above is true with P = 2 and Q = −1; the sequence Un then being the Pell sequence.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Lucas pseudoprime

576

‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.

Students taking maths and computer science examinations in the summer of 2017 were given an extra 15 minutes to complete their papers, after dons ruled that "female candidates might be more likely to be adversely affected by time pressure" "Archived copy".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

University of Oxford

1,685

Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,985

The North Pole is melting "a bit" but the South Pole is getting bigger.

Arctic sea ice "faces rapid melt", BBC.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

North Pole

2,897

A new article in Nature Geoscience describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes from GRACE data.

Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

GRACE and GRACE-FO

2,242

The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

As more CO2 and heat are absorbed by the ocean, it is acidifying and ocean circulation can change, changing the rate at which the ocean can absorb atmospheric carbon.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

3,103

"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)

"Costing Climate Change".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

457

temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.

Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

938

We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.

A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

2,047

contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide

2,047

contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide

2,661

Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.

The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

702

‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Volcano

2,453

"The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.

The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4 million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Mya.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ordovician

630

I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

Some precipitation evaporates, some slowly percolates through soil, some may be temporarily sequestered as snow or ice, and some may produce rapid runoff from surfaces including rock, pavement, roofs, and saturated or frozen ground.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Flood

2,994

'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.

Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse effect

298

Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,776

If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.

"Climate change skepticism" and "climate change denial" refer to denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus on the rate and extent of global warming, its significance, or its connection to human behavior, in whole or in part.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change denial

2,520

According to the second law of thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

Such a machine is called a "perpetual motion machine of the second kind".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Second law of thermodynamics

2,223

Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.

Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.

REFUTES

contradiction

Biodiversity

822

Climate policy must compete with other long-term threats for always-scarce resources.”

The white-tailed deer competes with other herbivores for limited food resources directly affecting the ecosystem, as well as indirectly affecting the area by altering habitats for small vertebrates and mammals.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)

1,435

An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Furthermore, as algal blooms die, CO2 is produced, causing a more acidic environment, a process known as acidification.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Urbanization

1,712

The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,146

“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

764

[…]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.

NASA's Global Climate Change.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,192

The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

914

The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas

ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would "increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%" "Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications" (PDF).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Wind power

1,495

The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

2,333

"While major green house gas H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2 have little effect....

Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

1,713

The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Ocean acidification

2,729

89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Passive solar building design

586

The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).

On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 110 K. The intensity of sunlight on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the solar constant (1,370 W·m−2).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mercury (planet)

1,702

CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

997

Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes

The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,614

"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Keeling Curve

2,204

All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.

Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,435

An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500 ppm.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Ecology

1,093

Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.

Some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Ocean acidification

991

“Sea level rise is global.

Sea ice melt contributes very slightly to global sea level rise.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

3,064

No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

1,559

Clouds provide negative feedback.

Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Cloud

87

NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.

Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Instrumental temperature record

31

Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon tax

2,580

Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.

The volcano produces about 400,000 ± 100,000 tonnes per year (400,000 ± 100,000 t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2–0.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes.

REFUTES

contradiction

NW Rota-1

901

CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide

2,076

Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.

Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.

SUPPORTS

entailment

2014–15 North American winter

2,323

Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

They invade Earth because Mars is dying, and they need a warmer planet to live.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Martian

2,219

The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.

Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hockey stick graph

1,604

CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.

It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.

REFUTES

contradiction

Greenhouse gas

3,047

The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).

The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year's total emissions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

181

Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.

All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Breathing

2,570

The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.

"Likely" means greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on expert judgement.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2,579

Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.

Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

1,981

The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate change policy of the United States

2,219

The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.

These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century, with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Hockey stick graph

2,600

"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!

As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO 2 was about 0.45.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

60

So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases

Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,548

Polar bear numbers are increasing.

The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Polar bear

699

While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend

Similar climatic effects to "nuclear winter" followed historical supervolcano eruptions, which plumed sulfate aerosols high into the stratosphere, with this being known as a volcanic winter.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Nuclear winter

1,644

Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.

Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Water scarcity