Datasets:
bnsapa
/
cybersecurity-ner

Dataset card Viewer Files Community
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[ "Figure", "1", "describes", "this", "infection", "process", "and", "the", "main", "behaviors", "of", "RuMMS", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10 ]
1001
[ "On", "April", "3", ",", "2016", ",", "we", "still", "observed", "new", "RuMMS", "samples", "emerging", "in", "the", "wild", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1002
[ "The", "earliest", "identified", "sample", ",", "however", ",", "can", "be", "traced", "back", "to", "Jan.", "18", ",", "2016", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1003
[ "Within", "this", "time", "period", ",", "we", "identified", "close", "to", "300", "samples", "belonging", "to", "this", "family", "(", "all", "sample", "hashes", "are", "listed", "in", "the", "Appendix", ")", "." ]
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1004
[ "After", "landing", "on", "the", "victim", "’", "s", "phone", ",", "the", "RuMMS", "apps", "will", "request", "device", "administrator", "privileges", ",", "remove", "their", "icons", "to", "hide", "themselves", "from", "users", ",", "and", "remain", "running", "in", "the", "background", "to", "perform", "a", "series", "of", "malicious", "behaviors", "." ]
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1005
[ "So", "far", "we", "have", "identified", "the", "following", "behaviors", ":", "Sending", "device", "information", "to", "a", "remote", "command", "and", "control", "(", "C2", ")", "server", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1006
[ "Contacting", "the", "C2", "server", "for", "instructions", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1007
[ "Sending", "SMS", "messages", "to", "financial", "institutions", "to", "query", "account", "balances", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1008
[ "Uploading", "any", "incoming", "SMS", "messages", "(", "including", "the", "balance", "inquiry", "results", ")", "to", "the", "remote", "C2", "server", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1009
[ "Sending", "C2-specified", "SMS", "messages", "to", "phone", "numbers", "in", "the", "victim", "’", "s", "contacts", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1010
[ "Forward", "incoming", "phone", "calls", "to", "intercept", "voice-based", "two-factor", "authentication", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1011
[ "Each", "of", "these", "behaviors", "is", "under", "the", "control", "of", "the", "remote", "C2", "server", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1012
[ "In", "other", "words", ",", "the", "C2", "server", "can", "specify", "the", "message", "contents", "to", "be", "sent", ",", "the", "time", "period", "in", "which", "to", "forward", "the", "voice", "call", ",", "and", "the", "recipients", "of", "outgoing", "messages", "." ]
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1013
[ "As", "part", "of", "our", "investigation", "into", "this", "malware", ",", "we", "emulated", "an", "infected", "Android", "device", "in", "order", "to", "communicate", "with", "the", "RuMMS", "C2", "server", "." ]
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1014
[ "During", "one", "session", ",", "the", "C2", "server", "commanded", "our", "emulated", "device", "to", "send", "four", "different", "SMS", "messages", "to", "four", "different", "phone", "numbers", ",", "all", "of", "which", "were", "associated", "with", "Russian", "financial", "institutions", "." ]
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1015
[ "At", "least", "three", "of", "the", "messages", "were", "intended", "to", "check", "a", "user", "’", "s", "account", "balance", "at", "the", "institution", "(", "we", "could", "not", "confirm", "the", "purpose", "of", "the", "fourth", ")", ".Through", "additional", "research", ",", "we", "identified", "several", "forum", "posts", "where", "victims", "complained", "of", "funds", "(", "up", "to", "600", "rubles", ")", "were", "transferred", "out", "of", "their", "accounts", "after", "RuMMS", "infected", "their", "phones", "." ]
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1016
[ "We", "do", "not", "know", "exactly", "how", "many", "people", "have", "been", "infected", "with", "RuMMS", "malware", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10 ]
1017
[ "However", ",", "our", "data", "suggests", "that", "there", "have", "been", "at", "least", "2,729", "infections", "between", "January", "2016", "and", "early", "April", "2016", ",", "with", "a", "peak", "in", "March", "of", "more", "than", "1,100", "infections", "." ]
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1018
[ "Smishing", ":", "The", "Major", "Way", "To", "Distribute", "RuMMS", "We", "have", "not", "observed", "any", "instances", "of", "RuMMS", "on", "Google", "Play", "or", "other", "online", "app", "stores", "." ]
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1019
[ "Smishing", "(", "SMS", "phishing", ")", "is", "currently", "the", "primary", "way", "threat", "actors", "are", "distributing", "the", "malware", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1020
[ "The", "process", "starts", "when", "an", "SMS", "phishing", "message", "arrives", "at", "a", "user", "’", "s", "phone", "." ]
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1021
[ "An", "example", "SMS", "message", "is", "shown", "in", "Figure", "1", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1022
[ "The", "message", "translates", "roughly", "to", "“", "You", "got", "a", "photo", "in", "MMS", "format", ":", "hxxp", ":", "//yyyyyyyy.XXXX.ru/mms.apk.", "”", "So", "far", "we", "identified", "seven", "different", "URLs", "being", "used", "to", "spread", "RuMMS", "in", "the", "wild", "." ]
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1023
[ "All", "of", "the", "URLs", "reference", "the", "file", "“", "mms.apk", "”", "and", "all", "use", "the", "domain", "“", "XXXX.ru", "”", ",", "which", "belongs", "to", "a", "top", "five", "shared", "hosting", "platform", "in", "Russia", "(", "the", "domain", "itself", "has", "been", "obfuscated", "to", "anonymize", "the", "provider", ")", "." ]
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1024
[ "The", "threat", "actors", "registered", "at", "least", "seven", "subdomains", "through", "the", "hosting", "provider", ",", "each", "consisting", "of", "eight", "random-looking", "characters", "(", "asdfgjcr", ",", "cacama18", ",", "cacamadf", ",", "konkonq2", ",", "mmsmtsh5", ",", "riveroer", ",", "and", "sdfkjhl2", "." ]
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1025
[ ")", "As", "of", "this", "writing", ",", "no", "files", "were", "hosted", "at", "any", "of", "the", "links", "." ]
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1026
[ "The", "threat", "actors", "seem", "to", "have", "abandoned", "these", "URLs", "and", "might", "be", "looking", "into", "other", "ways", "to", "reach", "more", "victims", "." ]
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1027
[ "Use", "of", "a", "shared", "hosting", "service", "to", "distribute", "malware", "is", "highly", "flexible", "and", "low", "cost", "for", "the", "threat", "actors", "." ]
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1028
[ "It", "is", "also", "much", "harder", "for", "network", "defenders", "or", "researchers", "to", "track", "a", "campaign", "where", "the", "infrastructure", "is", "a", "moving", "target", "." ]
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1029
[ "Many", "top", "providers", "in", "Russia", "offer", "cheap", "prices", "for", "their", "shared", "hosting", "services", ",", "and", "some", "even", "provide", "free", "30-day", "trial", "periods", "." ]
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1030
[ "Threat", "actors", "can", "register", "subdomains", "through", "the", "hosting", "provider", "and", "use", "the", "provider", "’", "s", "services", "for", "a", "short-period", "campaign", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1031
[ "A", "few", "days", "later", "they", "can", "cancel", "the", "trial", "and", "do", "not", "need", "to", "pay", "a", "penny", "." ]
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1032
[ "In", "addition", ",", "these", "out-of-the-box", "hosting", "services", "usually", "provide", "better", "infrastructure", "than", "the", "attackers", "could", "manage", "to", "construct", "(", "or", "compromise", ")", "themselves", "." ]
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1033
[ "RuMMS", "Code", "Analysis", "All", "RuMMS", "samples", "share", "the", "same", "behaviors", ",", "major", "parts", "of", "which", "are", "shown", "in", "Figure", "1", "." ]
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1034
[ "However", ",", "the", "underlying", "code", "can", "be", "quite", "different", "in", "that", "various", "obfuscation", "mechanisms", "were", "adopted", "to", "evade", "detection", "by", "anti-virus", "tools", "." ]
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1035
[ "We", "used", "a", "sample", "app", "named", "“", "org.starsizew", "”", "with", "an", "MD5", "of", "d8caad151e07025fdbf5f3c26e3ceaff", "to", "analyze", "RuMMS", "’", "s", "code", "." ]
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1036
[ "Several", "of", "the", "main", "components", "of", "RuMMS", "are", "shown", "in", "Figure", "2", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1037
[ "The", "activity", "class", "“", "org.starsizew.MainActivity", "”", "executes", "when", "the", "app", "is", "started", "." ]
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1038
[ "It", "first", "starts", "another", "activity", "defined", "in", "“", "org.starsizew.Aa", "”", "to", "request", "device", "administrator", "privileges", ",", "and", "then", "calls", "the", "following", "API", "of", "“", "android.content.pm.PackageManager", "”", "(", "the", "Android", "package", "manager", "to", "remove", "its", "own", "icon", "on", "the", "home", "screen", "in", "order", "to", "conceal", "the", "existence", "of", "RuMMS", "from", "the", "user", ":", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "”", "org.starsizew.MainActivity", "”", "will", "start", "the", "main", "service", "as", "defined", "in", "“", "org.starsizew.Tb", "”", ",", "and", "use", "a", "few", "mechanisms", "to", "keep", "the", "main", "service", "running", "continuously", "in", "the", "background", "." ]
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1039
[ "The", "class", "“", "org.starsizew.Ac", "”", "is", "designed", "for", "this", "purpose", ";", "its", "only", "task", "is", "to", "check", "if", "the", "main", "service", "is", "running", ",", "and", "restart", "the", "main", "service", "if", "the", "answer", "is", "no", "." ]
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1040
[ "The", "class", "“", "org.starsizew.Tb", "”", "also", "has", "a", "self-monitoring", "mechanism", "to", "restart", "itself", "when", "its", "own", "onDestroy", "API", "is", "triggered", "." ]
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1041
[ "Other", "than", "that", ",", "its", "major", "functionality", "is", "to", "collect", "private", "device", "information", ",", "upload", "it", "to", "a", "remote", "C2", "server", ",", "and", "handle", "any", "commands", "as", "requested", "by", "the", "C2", "server", "." ]
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1042
[ "All", "those", "functions", "are", "implemented", "in", "asynchronous", "tasks", "by", "“", "org.starsizew.i", "”", "." ]
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1043
[ "The", "class", "“", "org.starsizew.Ma", "”", "is", "registered", "to", "intercept", "incoming", "SMS", "messages", ",", "the", "arrival", "of", "which", "will", "trigger", "the", "Android", "system", "to", "call", "its", "“", "onReceive", "”", "API", "." ]
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1044
[ "Its", "major", "functionality", "is", "also", "implemented", "through", "the", "call", "of", "the", "asynchronous", "task", "(", "“", "org.starsizew.i", "”", ")", ",", "including", "uploading", "the", "incoming", "SMS", "messages", "to", "the", "remote", "C2", "server", "and", "executing", "any", "commands", "as", "instructed", "by", "the", "remote", "attacker", "." ]
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1045
[ "C2", "Communication", "The", "C2", "communication", "includes", "two", "parts", ":", "sending", "information", "to", "the", "remote", "HTTP", "server", "and", "parsing", "the", "server", "’", "s", "response", "to", "execute", "any", "commands", "as", "instructed", "by", "the", "remote", "attackers", "." ]
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1046
[ "The", "functionality", "for", "these", "two", "parts", "is", "implemented", "by", "doInBackground", "and", "onPostExecute", "respectively", ",", "two", "API", "methods", "of", "“", "android.os.AsyncTask", "”", "as", "extended", "by", "class", "“", "org.starsizew.i", "”", "." ]
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1047
[ "Figure", "3", "." ]
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1048
[ "Method", "doInBackground", ":", "to", "send", "information", "to", "remote", "C2", "server", "As", "seen", "from", "the", "major", "code", "body", "of", "method", "doInBackground", "shown", "in", "Figure", "3", "(", "some", "of", "the", "original", "classes", "and", "methods", "are", "renamed", "for", "easier", "understanding", ")", ",", "there", "are", "three", "calls", "to", "HttpPost", "with", "different", "contents", "as", "parameters", "." ]
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1049
[ "At", "line", "5", ",", "local", "variable", "v4", "specifies", "the", "first", "parameter", "url", ",", "which", "can", "be", "changed", "by", "the", "remote", "C2", "server", "later", "." ]
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1050
[ "These", "URLs", "are", "all", "in", "the", "form", "of", "“", "http", ":", "//", "$", "C2.", "$", "SERVER.", "$", "IP/api/", "?", "id=", "$", "NUM", "”", "." ]
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1051
[ "The", "second", "parameter", "is", "a", "constant", "string", "“", "POST", "”", ",", "and", "the", "third", "parameter", "is", "a", "series", "of", "key-value", "pairs", "to", "be", "sent", ",", "assembled", "at", "runtime", "." ]
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1052
[ "The", "value", "of", "the", "first", "item", ",", "whose", "key", "is", "“", "method", "”", "(", "line", "7", ")", ",", "indicates", "the", "type", "of", "the", "contents", ":", "install", ",", "info", "and", "sms", "." ]
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1053
[ "The", "first", "type", "of", "content", ",", "starting", "with", "“", "method=install", "”", ",", "will", "be", "sent", "when", "the", "app", "is", "started", "for", "the", "first", "time", ",", "including", "the", "following", "device", "private", "information", ":", "Victim", "identifier", "Network", "operator", "Device", "model", "Device", "OS", "version", "Phone", "number", "Device", "identifier", "App", "version", "Country", "The", "second", "type", "of", "information", "will", "be", "sent", "periodically", "to", "indicate", "that", "the", "device", "is", "alive", "." ]
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1054
[ "It", "only", "has", "two", "parts", ",", "the", "method", "indicated", "by", "word", "“", "info", "”", "and", "the", "victim", "identifier", "." ]
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1055
[ "The", "third", "type", "of", "information", "will", "be", "sent", "when", "RuMMS", "intercepts", "any", "SMS", "messages", ",", "including", "the", "balance", "inquiry", "results", "when", "it", "contacts", "the", "SMS", "code", "of", "a", "particular", "financial", "service", "." ]
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1056
[ "Method", "onPostExecute", "parses", "the", "response", "from", "the", "above", "HTTP", "session", "and", "executes", "the", "commands", "provided", "by", "the", "remote", "attacker", "." ]
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1057
[ "As", "seen", "from", "the", "code", "in", "Figure", "5", ",", "the", "commands", "RuMMS", "supports", "right", "now", "include", ":", "install_true", ":", "to", "modify", "app", "preference", "to", "indicate", "that", "the", "C2", "server", "received", "the", "victim", "device", "’", "s", "status", "." ]
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1058
[ "sms_send", ":", "to", "send", "C2-specified", "SMS", "messages", "to", "C2-specified", "recipients", "." ]
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1059
[ "sms_grab", ":", "to", "upload", "periodically", "the", "SMS", "messages", "in", "the", "inbox", "to", "C2", "server", "." ]
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1060
[ "delivery", ":", "to", "deliver", "specified", "text", "to", "all", "victim", "’", "s", "contacts", "(", "SMS", "worming", ")", "." ]
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1061
[ "call_number", ":", "to", "forward", "phone", "calls", "to", "intercept", "voice", "based", "two-factor", "authentication", "." ]
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1062
[ "new_url", ":", "to", "change", "the", "URL", "of", "the", "C2", "server", "in", "the", "app", "preference", "." ]
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1063
[ "ussd", ":", "to", "call", "a", "C2-specified", "phone", "number", "." ]
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1064
[ "Figure", "5", "." ]
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1065
[ "Method", "onPostExecute", ":", "to", "handle", "instructions", "from", "remote", "C2", "Figure", "6", "shows", "an", "example", "response", "sent", "back", "from", "one", "C2", "server", "." ]
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1066
[ "Note", "that", "inside", "this", "single", "response", ",", "there", "is", "one", "“", "install_true", "”", "command", ",", "one", "“", "sms_grab", "”", "command", "and", "four", "“", "sms_send", "”", "commands", "." ]
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1067
[ "With", "the", "four", "“", "sms_send", "”", "commands", ",", "the", "messages", "as", "specified", "in", "the", "key", "“", "text", "”", "will", "be", "sent", "immediately", "to", "the", "specified", "short", "numbers", "." ]
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1068
[ "Our", "analysis", "suggests", "that", "the", "four", "short", "numbers", "are", "associated", "with", "Russian", "financial", "institutions", ",", "presumably", "where", "a", "victim", "would", "be", "likely", "to", "have", "accounts", "." ]
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1069
[ "Figure", "6", "." ]
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1070
[ "Example", "Response", "in", "JSON", "format", "In", "particular", ",", "short", "number", "“", "+7494", "”", "is", "associated", "with", "a", "payment", "service", "provider", "in", "Russia", "." ]
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1071
[ "The", "provider", "’", "s", "website", "described", "how", "the", "code", "7494", "can", "be", "used", "to", "provide", "a", "series", "of", "payment-related", "capabilities", "." ]
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1072
[ "For", "example", ",", "sending", "text", "“", "Balance", "”", "will", "trigger", "a", "response", "with", "the", "victim", "’", "s", "wallet", "balance", "." ]
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1073
[ "Sending", "text", "“", "confirm", "1", "”", "will", "include", "proof", "of", "payment", "." ]
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1074
[ "Sending", "text", "“", "call", "on", "”", "will", "activate", "the", "USSD", "payment", "confirmation", "service", "." ]
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1075
[ "During", "our", "investigation", ",", "we", "observed", "the", "C2", "server", "sending", "multiple", "“", "balance", "”", "commands", "to", "different", "institutions", ",", "presumably", "to", "query", "the", "victim", "’", "s", "financial", "account", "balances", "." ]
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1076
[ "RuMMS", "can", "upload", "responses", "to", "the", "balance", "inquiries", "(", "received", "via", "SMS", "message", ")", "to", "the", "remote", "C2", "server", ",", "which", "can", "send", "back", "additional", "commands", "to", "be", "sent", "from", "the", "victim", "to", "the", "provider", "’", "s", "payment", "service", "." ]
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1077
[ "These", "could", "include", "resetting", "the", "user", "’", "s", "PIN", ",", "enabling", "or", "disabling", "various", "alerts", "and", "confirmations", ",", "and", "confirming", "the", "user", "’", "s", "identity", "." ]
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1078
[ "RuMMS", "Samples", ",", "C2", ",", "Hosting", "Sites", ",", "Infections", "and", "Timeline", "In", "total", "we", "captured", "297", "RuMMS", "samples", ",", "all", "of", "which", "attempt", "to", "contact", "an", "initial", "C2", "server", "that", "we", "extracted", "from", "the", "app", "package", "." ]
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1079
[ "Figure", "7", "lists", "the", "IP", "addresses", "of", "these", "C2", "servers", ",", "the", "number", "of", "RuMMS", "apps", "that", "connect", "to", "each", "of", "them", ",", "and", "the", "example", "URL", "used", "as", "the", "first", "parameter", "of", "the", "HttpPost", "operation", "(", "used", "in", "the", "code", "of", "Figure", "3", ")", "." ]
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1080
[ "This", "indicates", "that", "multiple", "C2", "servers", "were", "used", "in", "this", "campaign", ",", "but", "one", "(", "37.1.207.31", ")", "was", "the", "most", "heavily", "used", "." ]
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1081
[ "Figure", "7", "." ]
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1082
[ "RuMMS", "samples", "and", "C2", "servers", "Figure", "8", "shows", "how", "these", "samples", ",", "C2", "servers", "and", "hosting", "websites", "are", "related", "to", "each", "other", ",", "including", "when", "they", "were", "compiled", "or", "observed", "." ]
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1083
[ "In", "the", "quadrant", ",", "the", "smaller", "boxes", "in", "blue-gray", "represent", "particular", "apps", "in", "the", "RuMMS", "family", ",", "while", "the", "bigger", "boxes", "in", "deep-blue", "represent", "C2", "servers", "used", "by", "some", "RuMMS", "apps", "." ]
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1084
[ "The", "dotted", "arrows", "represent", "the", "use", "of", "a", "particular", "C2", "server", "by", "a", "specific", "app", "to", "send", "information", "and", "fetch", "instructions", "." ]
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1085
[ "In", "this", "figure", "we", "have", "11", "RuMMS", "samples", ",", "all", "of", "which", "were", "hosted", "on", "the", "website", "as", "shown", "in", "the", "“", "y", "”", "axis", "." ]
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1086
[ "The", "dates", "on", "the", "“", "x", "”", "axis", "show", "the", "dates", "when", "we", "first", "saw", "these", "apps", "in", "the", "wild", "." ]
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1087
[ "This", "figure", "demonstrates", "the", "following", "interesting", "information", ":", "The", "time", "range", "when", "threat", "actors", "distributed", "RuMMS", "on", "those", "shared-hosting", "websites", "is", "from", "January", "2016", "to", "March", "2016", "." ]
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1088
[ "Threat", "actors", "used", "different", "websites", "to", "host", "different", "payloads", "at", "different", "times", "." ]
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1089
[ "This", "kind", "of", "“", "moving", "target", "”", "behavior", "made", "it", "harder", "to", "track", "their", "actions", "." ]
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1090
[ "The", "same", "websites", "have", "hosted", "different", "RuMMS", "samples", "at", "different", "dates", "." ]
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1091
[ "C2", "servers", "are", "shared", "by", "multiple", "samples", "." ]
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1092
[ "This", "matches", "our", "observations", "of", "C2", "servers", "as", "shown", "in", "Figure", "7", "." ]
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1093
[ "Figure", "8", "." ]
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1094
[ "RuMMS", "samples", ",", "hosting", "sites", ",", "C2", "servers", "from", "Jan.", "2016", "to", "Mar", "." ]
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1095
[ "2016", "We", "do", "not", "know", "exactly", "how", "many", "people", "have", "been", "infected", "with", "RuMMS", "malware", ";", "however", ",", "our", "data", "suggests", "that", "there", "are", "at", "least", "2,729", "infections", "with", "RuMMS", "samples", "from", "January", "2016", "to", "early", "April", "2016", "." ]
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1096
[ "Figure", "9", "shows", "the", "number", "of", "RuMMS", "infections", "recorded", "in", "the", "last", "four", "months", "." ]
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1097
[ "When", "we", "first", "observed", "the", "malware", "in", "January", ",", "we", "recorded", "380", "infections", "." ]
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1098
[ "In", "February", ",", "we", "recorded", "767", "infections", "." ]
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1099
[ "In", "March", ",", "it", "peaked", "at", "1,169", "infections", "." ]
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