Datasets:

clinicalnlplab
/

PubmedQA_train

id stringlengths 9 14	conversations listlengths 2 2	text stringlengths 207 5.89k
PubmedQA187041	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the expression of tumor PD-L1 and changes in tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) populations in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with targeted MAPK inhibitors.', 'Ninety-three tumors were analyzed from 40 patients treated with a BRAF inhibitor alone (BRAFi; n = 28) or combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors (Combi; n = 12). Tumors were excised before treatment (PRE), early during treatment (EDT), and at progression (PROG). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for CD4, CD8, CD68, FOXP3, LAG3, PD-1, and PD-L1 and correlated with clinical outcome.', \"Patients' tumors that were PD-L1 positive at baseline showed a significant decrease in PD-L1 expression at PROG (P = 0.028), whereas patients' tumors that were PD-L1 negative at baseline showed a significant increase in PD-L1 expression at PROG (P = 0.008) irrespective of treatment with BRAFi or Combi. Overall PD-L1 expression highly correlated with TIL immune markers. BRAFi-treated patients showed significant increases in CD4(+), CD8(+), and PD-1(+) lymphocytes from PRE to EDT (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.017, respectively), and Combi-treated patients showed similar increases in CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes from PRE to EDT (P = 0.017, P = 0.021).\"] Do pD-L1 Expression and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Define Different Subsets of MAPK Inhibitor-Treated Melanoma Patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['To evaluate the expression of tumor PD-L1 and changes in tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) populations in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with targeted MAPK inhibitors.', 'Ninety-three tumors were analyzed from 40 patients treated with a BRAF inhibitor alone (BRAFi; n = 28) or combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors (Combi; n = 12). Tumors were excised before treatment (PRE), early during treatment (EDT), and at progression (PROG). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for CD4, CD8, CD68, FOXP3, LAG3, PD-1, and PD-L1 and correlated with clinical outcome.', "Patients' tumors that were PD-L1 positive at baseline showed a significant decrease in PD-L1 expression at PROG (P = 0.028), whereas patients' tumors that were PD-L1 negative at baseline showed a significant increase in PD-L1 expression at PROG (P = 0.008) irrespective of treatment with BRAFi or Combi. Overall PD-L1 expression highly correlated with TIL immune markers. BRAFi-treated patients showed significant increases in CD4(+), CD8(+), and PD-1(+) lymphocytes from PRE to EDT (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.017, respectively), and Combi-treated patients showed similar increases in CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes from PRE to EDT (P = 0.017, P = 0.021)."] Do pD-L1 Expression and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Define Different Subsets of MAPK Inhibitor-Treated Melanoma Patients? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA108693	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['There is an increased rate of chromosomal anomalies, in particular low-level sex chromosome mosaicism, in the female partners of couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).', 'Among 811 consecutive couples presenting for pre-ICSI chromosome analysis, chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 54 individuals, of which 26 were low-level sex chromosome mosaicism in the females. Attention was focused on the treatment course and outcome of ICSI in 20 couples with low-level sex chromosome mosaicism in the females actually embarking on ICSI treatment (group I, n = 38 ICSI treatment cycles). Applying a case-control design, each of the 20 couples was matched according to female age and source of spermatozoa to couples without a chromosomal abnormality in either of the partners (group II, n = 38 ICSI treatment cycles).', 'No significant differences were found between the groups in ovarian response, fertilization rate and number of embryos transferred. Pregnancy rates, as well as implantation and abortion rates did not differ significantly between the groups.'] Does low-level sex chromosome mosaicism in female partners of couples undergoing ICSI therapy significantly affect treatment outcome?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['There is an increased rate of chromosomal anomalies, in particular low-level sex chromosome mosaicism, in the female partners of couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).', 'Among 811 consecutive couples presenting for pre-ICSI chromosome analysis, chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 54 individuals, of which 26 were low-level sex chromosome mosaicism in the females. Attention was focused on the treatment course and outcome of ICSI in 20 couples with low-level sex chromosome mosaicism in the females actually embarking on ICSI treatment (group I, n = 38 ICSI treatment cycles). Applying a case-control design, each of the 20 couples was matched according to female age and source of spermatozoa to couples without a chromosomal abnormality in either of the partners (group II, n = 38 ICSI treatment cycles).', 'No significant differences were found between the groups in ovarian response, fertilization rate and number of embryos transferred. Pregnancy rates, as well as implantation and abortion rates did not differ significantly between the groups.'] Does low-level sex chromosome mosaicism in female partners of couples undergoing ICSI therapy significantly affect treatment outcome? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA36575	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['With the advent of transgenic crops, genetically modified, herbicide-resistant Brassica napus has become a model system for examining the risks and potential ecological consequences of escape of transgenes from cultivation into wild compatible species. Escaped transgenic feral B. napus and hybrids with compatible weedy species have been identified outside of agriculture and without the apparent selection for herbicide resistance. However, herbicide (glyphosate) exposure can extend beyond crop field boundaries, and a drift-level of herbicide could function as a selective agent contributing to increased persistence of transgenes in the environment.', 'The effects of a drift level (0·1 × the field application rate) of glyphosate herbicide and varied levels of plant competition were examined on plant fitness-associated traits and gene flow in a simulated field plot, common garden experiment. Plants included transgenic, glyphosate-resistant B. napus, its weedy ancestor B. rapa, and hybrid and advanced generations derived from them.', 'The results of this experiment demonstrate reductions in reproductive fitness for non-transgenic genotypes and a contrasting increase in plant fitness for transgenic genotypes as a result of glyphosate-drift treatments. Results also suggest that a drift level of glyphosate spray may influence the movement of transgenes among transgenic crops and weeds and alter the processes of hybridization and introgression in non-agronomic habitats by impacting flowering phenology and pollen availability within the community.'] Does glyphosate drift promote changes in fitness and transgene gene flow in canola ( Brassica napus ) and hybrids?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['With the advent of transgenic crops, genetically modified, herbicide-resistant Brassica napus has become a model system for examining the risks and potential ecological consequences of escape of transgenes from cultivation into wild compatible species. Escaped transgenic feral B. napus and hybrids with compatible weedy species have been identified outside of agriculture and without the apparent selection for herbicide resistance. However, herbicide (glyphosate) exposure can extend beyond crop field boundaries, and a drift-level of herbicide could function as a selective agent contributing to increased persistence of transgenes in the environment.', 'The effects of a drift level (0·1 × the field application rate) of glyphosate herbicide and varied levels of plant competition were examined on plant fitness-associated traits and gene flow in a simulated field plot, common garden experiment. Plants included transgenic, glyphosate-resistant B. napus, its weedy ancestor B. rapa, and hybrid and advanced generations derived from them.', 'The results of this experiment demonstrate reductions in reproductive fitness for non-transgenic genotypes and a contrasting increase in plant fitness for transgenic genotypes as a result of glyphosate-drift treatments. Results also suggest that a drift level of glyphosate spray may influence the movement of transgenes among transgenic crops and weeds and alter the processes of hybridization and introgression in non-agronomic habitats by impacting flowering phenology and pollen availability within the community.'] Does glyphosate drift promote changes in fitness and transgene gene flow in canola ( Brassica napus ) and hybrids? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA22579	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors have emerged as promising novel agents for combating cancerous disease. Nevertheless, the importance for farnesyl protein transferase enzymatic activity for cellular physiology of untransformed cells remains poorly investigated.', 'Peripheral blood monocytes, isolated from the blood of eight healthy volunteers, were treated with a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor (FTI 744,832) or vehicle control for 16 hr. Subsequently cells were challenged with different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), or phorbol esters for 10 min, after which the activation state of p42/p44 MAP kinase, p38 MAP kinase, and Jun-N-terminal kinase was investigated using Western blotting and phosphospecific antibodies.', 'We observed that farnesyl protein transferase inhibition abrogated activation of p38 MAP kinase by LPS, CSF-1, and phorbol esters. Also the activation of Jun-N-terminal kinase by LPS was not seen after farnesyl protein transferase inhibition. Finally, stimulation of p42/p44 MAP kinase with CSF-1 was strongly reduced by farnesyl protein transferase inhibition, whereas activation of p42/p44 MAP kinase by phorbol ester was only slightly effected.'] Does farnesyl protein transferase inhibition interfere with activation of MAP kinase family members in human peripheral blood monocytes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors have emerged as promising novel agents for combating cancerous disease. Nevertheless, the importance for farnesyl protein transferase enzymatic activity for cellular physiology of untransformed cells remains poorly investigated.', 'Peripheral blood monocytes, isolated from the blood of eight healthy volunteers, were treated with a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor (FTI 744,832) or vehicle control for 16 hr. Subsequently cells were challenged with different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), or phorbol esters for 10 min, after which the activation state of p42/p44 MAP kinase, p38 MAP kinase, and Jun-N-terminal kinase was investigated using Western blotting and phosphospecific antibodies.', 'We observed that farnesyl protein transferase inhibition abrogated activation of p38 MAP kinase by LPS, CSF-1, and phorbol esters. Also the activation of Jun-N-terminal kinase by LPS was not seen after farnesyl protein transferase inhibition. Finally, stimulation of p42/p44 MAP kinase with CSF-1 was strongly reduced by farnesyl protein transferase inhibition, whereas activation of p42/p44 MAP kinase by phorbol ester was only slightly effected.'] Does farnesyl protein transferase inhibition interfere with activation of MAP kinase family members in human peripheral blood monocytes? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA9910	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the association between the presence of phosphoinositide-phospholipase C beta1 (PI-PLCbeta1) mono-allelic deletion with the clinical outcome of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients.', 'PI-PLCbeta1, PI-PLCbeta4, and PI-PLCgamma1 cytogenetic investigations were performed on 80 newly diagnosed MDS patients (18 low risk, 26 intermediate 1, 18 intermediate 2, 18 high risk) comparing the results with the clinical outcome of the patients. Moreover, fluorescent in situ hybridization results were validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, PI-PLCbeta1 gene and protein expression were assessed by both real-time PCR and immunocytochemical experiments.', 'Collectively, 35 (43.75%) of 80 of the MDS patients showed a specific mono-allelic deletion of PI-PLCbeta1. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant association (P < .0001) between the PI-PLCbeta1 mono-allelic deletion and a higher risk of evolution into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), since 23 of 35 MDS patients (65.7%) bearing the PI-PLCbeta1 mono-allelic deletion evolved into AML. Even in multivariate analysis, the PI-PLCbeta1 mono-allelic deletion retained a higher significance, with a P < .001, as a prognostic factor of evolution into AML (odds ratio [OR] 1.83; 95% CI, 2.26 to 17.24; P = .00045). Finally, PI-PLCbeta1 deletion was related to an altered gene and protein expression.'] Is phosphoinositide-phospholipase C beta1 mono-allelic deletion associated with myelodysplastic syndromes evolution into acute myeloid leukemia?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['To evaluate the association between the presence of phosphoinositide-phospholipase C beta1 (PI-PLCbeta1) mono-allelic deletion with the clinical outcome of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients.', 'PI-PLCbeta1, PI-PLCbeta4, and PI-PLCgamma1 cytogenetic investigations were performed on 80 newly diagnosed MDS patients (18 low risk, 26 intermediate 1, 18 intermediate 2, 18 high risk) comparing the results with the clinical outcome of the patients. Moreover, fluorescent in situ hybridization results were validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, PI-PLCbeta1 gene and protein expression were assessed by both real-time PCR and immunocytochemical experiments.', 'Collectively, 35 (43.75%) of 80 of the MDS patients showed a specific mono-allelic deletion of PI-PLCbeta1. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant association (P < .0001) between the PI-PLCbeta1 mono-allelic deletion and a higher risk of evolution into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), since 23 of 35 MDS patients (65.7%) bearing the PI-PLCbeta1 mono-allelic deletion evolved into AML. Even in multivariate analysis, the PI-PLCbeta1 mono-allelic deletion retained a higher significance, with a P < .001, as a prognostic factor of evolution into AML (odds ratio [OR] 1.83; 95% CI, 2.26 to 17.24; P = .00045). Finally, PI-PLCbeta1 deletion was related to an altered gene and protein expression.'] Is phosphoinositide-phospholipase C beta1 mono-allelic deletion associated with myelodysplastic syndromes evolution into acute myeloid leukemia? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA115713	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Increased testicular apoptosis has been observed in maturation arrest and hyposper-matogenesis states in rodent models, but this process has not yet been characterized in humans. We hypothesized that increased cell death present with accelerated apoptosis is significant in pathophysiology of many male infertility states associated with abnormal spermatogenesis. We examined frequency of apoptotic bodies in human testis biopsy specimens from infertile men using morphometric analysis of hematoxylin and eosin stained paraffin sections.', 'Testis biopsy specimens were obtained for routine clinical purposes from azoospermic and severely oligozoospermic men and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Apoptotic bodies were identified using established morphometric criteria. Apoptotic indexes, defined as apoptotic bodies per total number of cells and per Sertoli cells, were calculated after counting all intratubular spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells in 20 tubules.', 'A total of 51 biopsies was performed in 50 men. Significantly increased apoptotic body per total cell and apoptotic body per Sertoli cell ratios were observed in maturation arrest and hypospermatogenesis states in comparison to Sertoli cell only and normal spermatogenesis (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test).'] Is apoptotic frequency increased in spermatogenic maturation arrest and hypospermatogenic states?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Increased testicular apoptosis has been observed in maturation arrest and hyposper-matogenesis states in rodent models, but this process has not yet been characterized in humans. We hypothesized that increased cell death present with accelerated apoptosis is significant in pathophysiology of many male infertility states associated with abnormal spermatogenesis. We examined frequency of apoptotic bodies in human testis biopsy specimens from infertile men using morphometric analysis of hematoxylin and eosin stained paraffin sections.', 'Testis biopsy specimens were obtained for routine clinical purposes from azoospermic and severely oligozoospermic men and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Apoptotic bodies were identified using established morphometric criteria. Apoptotic indexes, defined as apoptotic bodies per total number of cells and per Sertoli cells, were calculated after counting all intratubular spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells in 20 tubules.', 'A total of 51 biopsies was performed in 50 men. Significantly increased apoptotic body per total cell and apoptotic body per Sertoli cell ratios were observed in maturation arrest and hypospermatogenesis states in comparison to Sertoli cell only and normal spermatogenesis (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test).'] Is apoptotic frequency increased in spermatogenic maturation arrest and hypospermatogenic states? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA184090	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Zfp69 was previously identified by positional cloning as a candidate gene for obesity-associated diabetes. C57BL/6J and New Zealand obese (NZO) mice carry a loss-of-function mutation due to the integration of a retrotransposon. On the NZO background, the Zfp69 locus caused severe hyperglycaemia and loss of beta cells. To provide direct evidence for a causal role of Zfp69, we investigated the effects of its overexpression on both a lean [B6-Tg(Zfp69)] and an obese [NZO/B6-Tg(Zfp69)] background.', 'Zfp69 transgenic mice were generated by integrating the cDNA into the ROSA locus of the C57BL/6 genome and characterised.', 'B6-Tg(Zfp69) mice were normoglycaemic, developed hyperinsulinaemia, and exhibited increased expression of G6pc and Pck1 and slightly reduced phospho-Akt levels in the liver. During OGTTs, glucose clearance was normal but insulin levels were significantly higher in the B6-Tg(Zfp69) than in control mice. The liver fat content and plasma triacylglycerol levels were significantly increased in B6-Tg(Zfp69) and NZO/B6-Tg(Zfp69) mice on a high-fat diet compared with controls. Liver transcriptome analysis of B6-Tg(Zfp69) mice revealed a downregulation of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Specifically, expression of Nampt, Lpin2, Map2k6, Gys2, Bnip3, Fitm2, Slc2a2, Ppargc1α and Insr was significantly decreased in the liver of B6-Tg(Zfp69) mice compared with wild-type animals. However, overexpression of Zfp69 did not induce overt diabetes with hyperglycaemia and beta cell loss.'] Does the diabetes gene Zfp69 modulate hepatic insulin sensitivity in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Zfp69 was previously identified by positional cloning as a candidate gene for obesity-associated diabetes. C57BL/6J and New Zealand obese (NZO) mice carry a loss-of-function mutation due to the integration of a retrotransposon. On the NZO background, the Zfp69 locus caused severe hyperglycaemia and loss of beta cells. To provide direct evidence for a causal role of Zfp69, we investigated the effects of its overexpression on both a lean [B6-Tg(Zfp69)] and an obese [NZO/B6-Tg(Zfp69)] background.', 'Zfp69 transgenic mice were generated by integrating the cDNA into the ROSA locus of the C57BL/6 genome and characterised.', 'B6-Tg(Zfp69) mice were normoglycaemic, developed hyperinsulinaemia, and exhibited increased expression of G6pc and Pck1 and slightly reduced phospho-Akt levels in the liver. During OGTTs, glucose clearance was normal but insulin levels were significantly higher in the B6-Tg(Zfp69) than in control mice. The liver fat content and plasma triacylglycerol levels were significantly increased in B6-Tg(Zfp69) and NZO/B6-Tg(Zfp69) mice on a high-fat diet compared with controls. Liver transcriptome analysis of B6-Tg(Zfp69) mice revealed a downregulation of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Specifically, expression of Nampt, Lpin2, Map2k6, Gys2, Bnip3, Fitm2, Slc2a2, Ppargc1α and Insr was significantly decreased in the liver of B6-Tg(Zfp69) mice compared with wild-type animals. However, overexpression of Zfp69 did not induce overt diabetes with hyperglycaemia and beta cell loss.'] Does the diabetes gene Zfp69 modulate hepatic insulin sensitivity in mice? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA35088	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['It is increasingly recognized that the risk for HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID), such as syringe sharing, occurs in the context of relationships between (at least) two people. Evidence suggests that the risk associated with injection behavior varies with injection partner types.', 'We utilized longitudinal dyad-level data from a study of young PWID from San Francisco (2006 to 2013) to investigate the relationship-level factors influencing high-risk injecting within HCV-serodiscordant injection partners (i.e., individuals who injected together ≥5 times in the prior month). Utilizing data from 70 HCV-serodiscordant injection partnerships, we used generalized linear models to examine relationship-level predictors (i.e., partnership composition, partnership closeness, and partnership dynamics) of: (1) receptive syringe sharing (RSS); and (2) receptive cooker use (RCU), as reported by the HCV-negative injection partner.', 'As reported by the \"at-risk\" HCV-negative injection partner, receptive syringe sharing (RSS) and receptive cooker use (RCU) were 19% and 33% at enrollment, and 11% and 12% over all visits (total follow-up time 55 person-years) resulting in 13 new HCV-infections (incidence rate: 23.8/100 person-years). Person-level factors, injection partnership composition, and partnership dynamics were not significantly associated with either RSS or RCU. Instead, intimate injection partnerships (those who lived together and were also in a sexual relationship) were independently associated with a 5-times greater risk of both RSS and a 7-times greater risk of RCU when compared to injecting only partnerships.'] Are intimate injection partnerships at elevated risk of high-risk injecting : a multi-level longitudinal study of HCV-serodiscordant injection partnerships in San Francisco , CA?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['It is increasingly recognized that the risk for HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID), such as syringe sharing, occurs in the context of relationships between (at least) two people. Evidence suggests that the risk associated with injection behavior varies with injection partner types.', 'We utilized longitudinal dyad-level data from a study of young PWID from San Francisco (2006 to 2013) to investigate the relationship-level factors influencing high-risk injecting within HCV-serodiscordant injection partners (i.e., individuals who injected together ≥5 times in the prior month). Utilizing data from 70 HCV-serodiscordant injection partnerships, we used generalized linear models to examine relationship-level predictors (i.e., partnership composition, partnership closeness, and partnership dynamics) of: (1) receptive syringe sharing (RSS); and (2) receptive cooker use (RCU), as reported by the HCV-negative injection partner.', 'As reported by the "at-risk" HCV-negative injection partner, receptive syringe sharing (RSS) and receptive cooker use (RCU) were 19% and 33% at enrollment, and 11% and 12% over all visits (total follow-up time 55 person-years) resulting in 13 new HCV-infections (incidence rate: 23.8/100 person-years). Person-level factors, injection partnership composition, and partnership dynamics were not significantly associated with either RSS or RCU. Instead, intimate injection partnerships (those who lived together and were also in a sexual relationship) were independently associated with a 5-times greater risk of both RSS and a 7-times greater risk of RCU when compared to injecting only partnerships.'] Are intimate injection partnerships at elevated risk of high-risk injecting : a multi-level longitudinal study of HCV-serodiscordant injection partnerships in San Francisco , CA? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA203707	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The complement system, a major component of innate immunity, has recently been implicated in the mechanisms of fetal loss and placental inflammation in the anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome. Inhibition of complement has been proposed as an absolute requirement for normal pregnancy. Yet, pregnancy is characterized by a generalized activation of the innate immune system. This study was conducted to determine whether or not normal pregnancy is associated with complement activation in the maternal circulation.', 'Anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a and C5a) were determined in the plasma of normal pregnant (20-42 wks; n=134) and non-pregnant women (n=40). These complement split products (C3a, C4a and C5a) were measured using specific immunoassays. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis.', '1) The median plasma concentrations of C3a, C4a and C5a were significantly higher in normal pregnant women than in non-pregnant women (all p<0.001); 2) the concentration of C3a, C4a and C5a did not change with gestational age (p>0.05); and 3) the median plasma concentration of C3a had a positive correlation with the plasma C4a and C5a concentrations (r=0.36, p<0.001 and r=0.35, p<0.001, respectively).'] Is normal pregnancy characterized by systemic activation of the complement system?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['The complement system, a major component of innate immunity, has recently been implicated in the mechanisms of fetal loss and placental inflammation in the anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome. Inhibition of complement has been proposed as an absolute requirement for normal pregnancy. Yet, pregnancy is characterized by a generalized activation of the innate immune system. This study was conducted to determine whether or not normal pregnancy is associated with complement activation in the maternal circulation.', 'Anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a and C5a) were determined in the plasma of normal pregnant (20-42 wks; n=134) and non-pregnant women (n=40). These complement split products (C3a, C4a and C5a) were measured using specific immunoassays. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis.', '1) The median plasma concentrations of C3a, C4a and C5a were significantly higher in normal pregnant women than in non-pregnant women (all p<0.001); 2) the concentration of C3a, C4a and C5a did not change with gestational age (p>0.05); and 3) the median plasma concentration of C3a had a positive correlation with the plasma C4a and C5a concentrations (r=0.36, p<0.001 and r=0.35, p<0.001, respectively).'] Is normal pregnancy characterized by systemic activation of the complement system? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA160592	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication arising after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and valve replacement or repair surgeries. POAF has been associated with increased mortality, morbidity and cost.', 'The study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of POAF following CABG, valve or combination surgeries when perioperative ranolazine (1,000 mg preoperatively, then 1,000 mg twice daily for 7 days or until discharge) was or was not added to standard therapy.', 'A total of 205 patients were evaluated for POAF after CABG, valve or combination surgeries. POAF occurred less frequently in the ranolazine group compared with the non-ranolazine group in unmatched analysis (10.1 vs. 41.9 %, p < 0.0001). After adjusting for potential sources of bias through propensity-score matched-pair analysis and conditional logistic regression, ranolazine was an independent predictor of preventing POAF (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in bradycardia, new renal failure or neurological events between the two groups. Early, symptomatic hypotension occurred more frequently in the ranolazine group (p = 0.0004) although this difference did not persist after 72 h. No significant difference was found in the length of stay in the intensive care unit following cardiac surgery. While a significant difference was found in the hospital readmission rate for a cardiac cause within 30 days in the unmatched analysis (p = 0.046), this difference was nonexistent after matching (p = 0.39). No difference was found in 30-day cardiovascular mortality.'] Does short-course of ranolazine prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting and valve surgeries?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication arising after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and valve replacement or repair surgeries. POAF has been associated with increased mortality, morbidity and cost.', 'The study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of POAF following CABG, valve or combination surgeries when perioperative ranolazine (1,000 mg preoperatively, then 1,000 mg twice daily for 7 days or until discharge) was or was not added to standard therapy.', 'A total of 205 patients were evaluated for POAF after CABG, valve or combination surgeries. POAF occurred less frequently in the ranolazine group compared with the non-ranolazine group in unmatched analysis (10.1 vs. 41.9 %, p < 0.0001). After adjusting for potential sources of bias through propensity-score matched-pair analysis and conditional logistic regression, ranolazine was an independent predictor of preventing POAF (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in bradycardia, new renal failure or neurological events between the two groups. Early, symptomatic hypotension occurred more frequently in the ranolazine group (p = 0.0004) although this difference did not persist after 72 h. No significant difference was found in the length of stay in the intensive care unit following cardiac surgery. While a significant difference was found in the hospital readmission rate for a cardiac cause within 30 days in the unmatched analysis (p = 0.046), this difference was nonexistent after matching (p = 0.39). No difference was found in 30-day cardiovascular mortality.'] Does short-course of ranolazine prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting and valve surgeries? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA121333	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Biopsychosocial models are currently accepted for study of low back pain (LBP), but there is little evidence investigating socioeconomic status (SES) influence on disability, pain intensity, and physical impairment. The present study examined SES (income and education) and fear-avoidance model (fear-avoidance beliefs and pain catastrophizing) for their influence on disability, pain intensity and physical impairment.', 'Cohort study, where patients (n = 108) were referred to physical therapy for treatment of acute or sub-acute LBP and completed standard questionnaires.', 'SES had no statistically significant associations with disability, pain intensity, or physical impairment. Moderation analysis indicated that the interaction between fear-avoidance beliefs about work and SES accounted for significant amount of variance in disability scores (Beta = -0.24, t = -2.71, P = 0.008). The interaction indicated that people in the low SES group experienced a higher association of fear avoidance beliefs and disability at baseline, 4 weeks, and 6 months. Other moderation results between psychological factors and SES were not observed for pain intensity and physical impairment.'] Does socioeconomic status influence the relationship between fear-avoidance beliefs work and disability?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Biopsychosocial models are currently accepted for study of low back pain (LBP), but there is little evidence investigating socioeconomic status (SES) influence on disability, pain intensity, and physical impairment. The present study examined SES (income and education) and fear-avoidance model (fear-avoidance beliefs and pain catastrophizing) for their influence on disability, pain intensity and physical impairment.', 'Cohort study, where patients (n = 108) were referred to physical therapy for treatment of acute or sub-acute LBP and completed standard questionnaires.', 'SES had no statistically significant associations with disability, pain intensity, or physical impairment. Moderation analysis indicated that the interaction between fear-avoidance beliefs about work and SES accounted for significant amount of variance in disability scores (Beta = -0.24, t = -2.71, P = 0.008). The interaction indicated that people in the low SES group experienced a higher association of fear avoidance beliefs and disability at baseline, 4 weeks, and 6 months. Other moderation results between psychological factors and SES were not observed for pain intensity and physical impairment.'] Does socioeconomic status influence the relationship between fear-avoidance beliefs work and disability? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA108197	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Estradiol plays an important role in male reproductive health as a germ cell survival factor. Chlorpyrifos and carbaryl, nonpersistent insecticides to which the general population are commonly exposed, were recently shown to inhibit estradiol metabolism in vitro which could lead to altered hormone balance.', 'Subjects (N=322) were the male partners in couples presenting to a Massachusetts infertility clinic from years 2000-2003. 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), the major urinary metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, and 1- and 2-naphthol (1N and 2N), urinary metabolites of carbaryl and naphthalene, were measured in a spot urine sample from each subject. Estradiol, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and prolactin were measured in serum collected from subjects during the same clinic visit.', 'Using multiple linear regression, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in TCPY was associated with a 1.36 pg/mL decline (95% confidence interval=-2.91 to -0.22) in estradiol concentration. When estradiol and TCPY were divided into quintiles, there was a dose-dependent increase in the odds of being in the lowest estradiol quintile with increasing TCPY quintiles.'] Is circulating estradiol in men inversely related to urinary metabolites of nonpersistent insecticides?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Estradiol plays an important role in male reproductive health as a germ cell survival factor. Chlorpyrifos and carbaryl, nonpersistent insecticides to which the general population are commonly exposed, were recently shown to inhibit estradiol metabolism in vitro which could lead to altered hormone balance.', 'Subjects (N=322) were the male partners in couples presenting to a Massachusetts infertility clinic from years 2000-2003. 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), the major urinary metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, and 1- and 2-naphthol (1N and 2N), urinary metabolites of carbaryl and naphthalene, were measured in a spot urine sample from each subject. Estradiol, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and prolactin were measured in serum collected from subjects during the same clinic visit.', 'Using multiple linear regression, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in TCPY was associated with a 1.36 pg/mL decline (95% confidence interval=-2.91 to -0.22) in estradiol concentration. When estradiol and TCPY were divided into quintiles, there was a dose-dependent increase in the odds of being in the lowest estradiol quintile with increasing TCPY quintiles.'] Is circulating estradiol in men inversely related to urinary metabolites of nonpersistent insecticides? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA58949	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The use of oral calcium supplementation among the elderly for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and osteopenia is increasing. The incidence of aortic valve disease and coronary artery disease also is increasing. No study thus far has been done to demonstrate whether this affects the progression of calcification in both the valves and vasculature. We sought to determine whether ingestion of oral calcium supplementation has an effect on aortic valve calcification (AVC) and coronary artery calcification (CAC).', 'We performed an independent assessment of AVC, CAC, and calcium supplementation among patients enrolled in the Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Calcification study who were >60 years of age and had baseline and 4-year follow-up AVC data. In this population-based study of Olmsted County (Minnesota) residents, AVC and CAC scores were determined prospectively by electron beam computed tomography. We evaluated baseline demographic data and analyzed whether those patients using calcium supplementation had a higher rate of progression of both AVC and CAC.', 'We identified 257 patients (mean age, 67.8+/-5.2 years), 144 of whom were women. Twenty-five patients (all women) reported using calcium supplements. Analysis of the 144 women (25 taking calcium supplementation) showed there was no difference in the progression of AVC (mean difference in baseline and follow-up AVC score; no supplement versus supplement, 30+/-9 vs 39+/-28; P=.73) or CAC (mean difference in baseline and follow-up CAC score; no supplement vs supplement, 47+/-15 vs 112+/-22; P=.154). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to baseline AVC, serum calcium, renal function, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, or body mass index.'] Do oral calcium supplements affect the progression of aortic valve calcification or coronary artery calcification?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['The use of oral calcium supplementation among the elderly for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and osteopenia is increasing. The incidence of aortic valve disease and coronary artery disease also is increasing. No study thus far has been done to demonstrate whether this affects the progression of calcification in both the valves and vasculature. We sought to determine whether ingestion of oral calcium supplementation has an effect on aortic valve calcification (AVC) and coronary artery calcification (CAC).', 'We performed an independent assessment of AVC, CAC, and calcium supplementation among patients enrolled in the Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Calcification study who were >60 years of age and had baseline and 4-year follow-up AVC data. In this population-based study of Olmsted County (Minnesota) residents, AVC and CAC scores were determined prospectively by electron beam computed tomography. We evaluated baseline demographic data and analyzed whether those patients using calcium supplementation had a higher rate of progression of both AVC and CAC.', 'We identified 257 patients (mean age, 67.8+/-5.2 years), 144 of whom were women. Twenty-five patients (all women) reported using calcium supplements. Analysis of the 144 women (25 taking calcium supplementation) showed there was no difference in the progression of AVC (mean difference in baseline and follow-up AVC score; no supplement versus supplement, 30+/-9 vs 39+/-28; P=.73) or CAC (mean difference in baseline and follow-up CAC score; no supplement vs supplement, 47+/-15 vs 112+/-22; P=.154). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to baseline AVC, serum calcium, renal function, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, or body mass index.'] Do oral calcium supplements affect the progression of aortic valve calcification or coronary artery calcification? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA18897	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To analyze the characteristics of publications of Shanghai Journal of Stomatology (SJS) between 2001 and 2005.', 'By use of literature metrology, a comprehensive analysis of the publications of Shanghai Journal of Stomatology from 2001 to 2005 was made.', 'The number of articles published from 2001 to 2005 in Shanghai Journal of Stomatology was 208, the authors were from 4 countries and 23 states or provinces. The cooperative articles accounted for 90.40%, and the average paper author cooperating degree was 3.46. Authors with middle and high professional positions accounted for 90.93%. Authors with doctorate degree and master degree accounted for 72.59%, the average cited references were 8.11, with references from English literatures accounting for 65.28%.'] Do [ Analysis of the peer reviewed papers published in Shanghai Journal of Stomatology between 2001 and 2005 ]?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['To analyze the characteristics of publications of Shanghai Journal of Stomatology (SJS) between 2001 and 2005.', 'By use of literature metrology, a comprehensive analysis of the publications of Shanghai Journal of Stomatology from 2001 to 2005 was made.', 'The number of articles published from 2001 to 2005 in Shanghai Journal of Stomatology was 208, the authors were from 4 countries and 23 states or provinces. The cooperative articles accounted for 90.40%, and the average paper author cooperating degree was 3.46. Authors with middle and high professional positions accounted for 90.93%. Authors with doctorate degree and master degree accounted for 72.59%, the average cited references were 8.11, with references from English literatures accounting for 65.28%.'] Do [ Analysis of the peer reviewed papers published in Shanghai Journal of Stomatology between 2001 and 2005 ]? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA182165	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of postoperative peripheral absolute blood lymphocyte-to-monocyte (ALC/AMC) ratio in pancreatic resections for pancreatic carcinoma.', 'One hundred eleven patients who underwent pancreatic resection for pancreatic carcinoma were included in this study. We retrospectively examined perioperative findings as predictors of therapeutic outcome and the relation between postoperative ALC/AMC ratio and recurrence rate as well as overall survival of the patients with pancreatic carcinoma.', 'In univariate analysis, advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification (p=0.0002), intraoperative flesh-frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion (p=0.0395), increased in preoperative serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) (p=0.0051) and lower postoperative ALC/AMC ratio (p=0.0007) were positively associated with poor disease-free survival. Advanced TNM classification (p=0.0008), intraoperative FFP transfusion (p=0.0343), elevated postoperative serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.0165) and lower postoperative ALC/AMC ratio (p=0.0029), as well as decreased preoperative lymphocyte counts (p=0.0248) were positively associated with poor overall survival. In multivariate analysis, advanced TNM classification (p=0.007), intraoperative FFP transfusion (p=0.0197), increase in preoperative serum CA19-9 (p=0.0075) and lower postoperative ALC/AMC ratio (p=0.0051) were independent factors for poor disease-free survival. Advanced TNM classification (p=0.0083), lower postoperative ALC/AMC ratio (p=0.0070) and elevated postoperative serum CRP (p=0.0094) were independent factors for poor overall survival.'] Does postoperative peripheral absolute blood lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio predict therapeutic outcome after pancreatic resection in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of postoperative peripheral absolute blood lymphocyte-to-monocyte (ALC/AMC) ratio in pancreatic resections for pancreatic carcinoma.', 'One hundred eleven patients who underwent pancreatic resection for pancreatic carcinoma were included in this study. We retrospectively examined perioperative findings as predictors of therapeutic outcome and the relation between postoperative ALC/AMC ratio and recurrence rate as well as overall survival of the patients with pancreatic carcinoma.', 'In univariate analysis, advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification (p=0.0002), intraoperative flesh-frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion (p=0.0395), increased in preoperative serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) (p=0.0051) and lower postoperative ALC/AMC ratio (p=0.0007) were positively associated with poor disease-free survival. Advanced TNM classification (p=0.0008), intraoperative FFP transfusion (p=0.0343), elevated postoperative serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.0165) and lower postoperative ALC/AMC ratio (p=0.0029), as well as decreased preoperative lymphocyte counts (p=0.0248) were positively associated with poor overall survival. In multivariate analysis, advanced TNM classification (p=0.007), intraoperative FFP transfusion (p=0.0197), increase in preoperative serum CA19-9 (p=0.0075) and lower postoperative ALC/AMC ratio (p=0.0051) were independent factors for poor disease-free survival. Advanced TNM classification (p=0.0083), lower postoperative ALC/AMC ratio (p=0.0070) and elevated postoperative serum CRP (p=0.0094) were independent factors for poor overall survival.'] Does postoperative peripheral absolute blood lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio predict therapeutic outcome after pancreatic resection in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA22591	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The study was undertaken to evaluate whether raloxifene influences endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation in women.', 'In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study, 30 osteopenic but otherwise healthy postmenopausal women received either placebo (n = 15 with one dropout) or raloxifene (60 mg/d, n = 15). Brachial artery flow-mediated endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation was evaluated by ultrasound before and after 6 months of treatment, along with lipid and glucose metabolism. Endothelium-dependent dilatation was evaluated after a 4-minute block of artery blood flow through a cuff insufflated at suprasystolic blood pressure. Endothelium-independent vasodilatation was evaluated after sublingual nitroglycerin administration (400 microg).', 'Placebo did not modify any vascular or metabolic parameter. Raloxifene significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein levels (4.60 +/- 0.18 mmol/L vs 3.94 +/- 0.30 mmol/L, P <.015) but did not modify endothelium-dependent (21.6% +/- 4.6% vs 20.6% +/- 3.8%) or endothelium-independent vasodilatation (26.3% +/- 5.1% vs 32.0% +/- 5.5%).'] Does raloxifene influence flow-mediated endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation of osteopenic postmenopausal women?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['The study was undertaken to evaluate whether raloxifene influences endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation in women.', 'In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study, 30 osteopenic but otherwise healthy postmenopausal women received either placebo (n = 15 with one dropout) or raloxifene (60 mg/d, n = 15). Brachial artery flow-mediated endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation was evaluated by ultrasound before and after 6 months of treatment, along with lipid and glucose metabolism. Endothelium-dependent dilatation was evaluated after a 4-minute block of artery blood flow through a cuff insufflated at suprasystolic blood pressure. Endothelium-independent vasodilatation was evaluated after sublingual nitroglycerin administration (400 microg).', 'Placebo did not modify any vascular or metabolic parameter. Raloxifene significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein levels (4.60 +/- 0.18 mmol/L vs 3.94 +/- 0.30 mmol/L, P <.015) but did not modify endothelium-dependent (21.6% +/- 4.6% vs 20.6% +/- 3.8%) or endothelium-independent vasodilatation (26.3% +/- 5.1% vs 32.0% +/- 5.5%).'] Does raloxifene influence flow-mediated endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation of osteopenic postmenopausal women? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA106955	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway that is mediated by T-helper 2(TH2) cells. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) can aggravate asthmatic lung inflammation by activating dendritic cells (DCs) to promote TH2 differentiation. TSLP promoter polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to bronchial asthma in Japanese population. We sought to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TSLP gene are associated with asthma in Chinese Han population.', 'To analyze the polymorphism of the two SNPs Rs2289276 and Rs2289278 in TSLP gene and to evaluate the association between the two SNPs and asthma susceptibility in Chinese Han population by using case-control study.', 'five hundred and thirty one asthmatic patients and 540 age-sex matched normal controls were collected and DNA were extracted from peripheral blood, then the genotypes of SNPs Rs2289276 and Rs2289278 in TSLP gene were detected with polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), genotype and allele frequencies were calculated and analyzed with Chi-square test.', 'Frequencies of CC/CT/TT genotypes at Rs2289276 site were 0.4706/0.4392/0.0902 in the asthmatic patients and 0.5604/0.3800/0.0595 in the healthy controls. Frequencies of CC/CG/GG genotypes at Rs2289278 site were 0.6502/0.2966/0.0532 in the asthmatic patients and 0.5795/0.3428/0.0777 in the healthy controls. The genotype and allele frequencies of the two SNPs in asthma patients were significantly different from those in the healthy controls. Rs2289278 C allele was correlated with decreased FEV(1): FVC (P ≤ .05).'] Are two single nucleotide polymorphisms in TSLP gene associated with asthma susceptibility in Chinese Han population?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway that is mediated by T-helper 2(TH2) cells. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) can aggravate asthmatic lung inflammation by activating dendritic cells (DCs) to promote TH2 differentiation. TSLP promoter polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to bronchial asthma in Japanese population. We sought to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TSLP gene are associated with asthma in Chinese Han population.', 'To analyze the polymorphism of the two SNPs Rs2289276 and Rs2289278 in TSLP gene and to evaluate the association between the two SNPs and asthma susceptibility in Chinese Han population by using case-control study.', 'five hundred and thirty one asthmatic patients and 540 age-sex matched normal controls were collected and DNA were extracted from peripheral blood, then the genotypes of SNPs Rs2289276 and Rs2289278 in TSLP gene were detected with polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), genotype and allele frequencies were calculated and analyzed with Chi-square test.', 'Frequencies of CC/CT/TT genotypes at Rs2289276 site were 0.4706/0.4392/0.0902 in the asthmatic patients and 0.5604/0.3800/0.0595 in the healthy controls. Frequencies of CC/CG/GG genotypes at Rs2289278 site were 0.6502/0.2966/0.0532 in the asthmatic patients and 0.5795/0.3428/0.0777 in the healthy controls. The genotype and allele frequencies of the two SNPs in asthma patients were significantly different from those in the healthy controls. Rs2289278 C allele was correlated with decreased FEV(1): FVC (P ≤ .05).'] Are two single nucleotide polymorphisms in TSLP gene associated with asthma susceptibility in Chinese Han population? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA167755	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain. However, GABA is found not only in peripheral neuronal tissue, but also in many peripheral non-neuronal tissues, and is thought to have important physiological functions in addition to neurotransmission. We previously reported that GABA participates in chondrocyte proliferation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of GABA on the proliferation of a gastric cancer cell line, KATO III.', 'Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to examine the expression of the GABA synthesis enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and that of the GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor subunits. The production of GABA was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The proliferative effect of GABA on KATO III cells was analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay, and the activation status of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK]-1/2, Jun-N-terminal kinase, and p38) and the expression of cyclin D1 were analyzed by western blotting.', 'KATO III cells expressed GAD and GABA. More than five GABA(A) receptor subunits, including the pi subunit, were expressed in KATO III cells; however, GABA(B) receptor subunits were not seen. The addition of GABA to the medium promoted KATO III proliferation, and maximum proliferative effects were observed in the presence of 10 or 1 microM GABA. The addition of 1 microM GABA predominantly activated ERK-1/2 among the three MAP kinases in addition to increasing cyclin D1 expression.'] Are proliferative effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on the gastric cancer cell line associated with extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain. However, GABA is found not only in peripheral neuronal tissue, but also in many peripheral non-neuronal tissues, and is thought to have important physiological functions in addition to neurotransmission. We previously reported that GABA participates in chondrocyte proliferation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of GABA on the proliferation of a gastric cancer cell line, KATO III.', 'Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to examine the expression of the GABA synthesis enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and that of the GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor subunits. The production of GABA was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The proliferative effect of GABA on KATO III cells was analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay, and the activation status of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK]-1/2, Jun-N-terminal kinase, and p38) and the expression of cyclin D1 were analyzed by western blotting.', 'KATO III cells expressed GAD and GABA. More than five GABA(A) receptor subunits, including the pi subunit, were expressed in KATO III cells; however, GABA(B) receptor subunits were not seen. The addition of GABA to the medium promoted KATO III proliferation, and maximum proliferative effects were observed in the presence of 10 or 1 microM GABA. The addition of 1 microM GABA predominantly activated ERK-1/2 among the three MAP kinases in addition to increasing cyclin D1 expression.'] Are proliferative effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on the gastric cancer cell line associated with extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA107437	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Estimates suggest that the drug discovery and development processes take between 10 and 15 years, with costs ranging between US$500 million and $2 billion. A growing number of bacteria have become resistant to approved antimicrobials. For example, the Gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii has become multidrug resistant (MDR) and is now an important pathogen to the US military in terms of wound infections. Industry experts have called for a 'disruptive' transformation of the drug discovery process to find new chemical entities for treating drug-resistant infections. One such attempt is drug 'repurposing' or 'repositioning' - that is, identification and development of new uses for existing or abandoned pharmacotherapies.\", 'Using a novel combination of screening technologies based on cell growth and cellular respiration, we screened 450 US FDA-approved drugs from the NIH National Clinical Collection against a dozen clinical MDR A. baumannii (MDRAb) isolates from US soldiers and Marines. We also screened the collection against a diverse set of select agent surrogate pathogens.', 'Seventeen drugs showed promising antimicrobial activity against all MDRAb isolates and select agent surrogates; three of these compounds - all rifamycins - were found to be effective at preventing growth and preventing cellular respiration of MDRAb and select agent surrogate bacteria when evaluated in growth prevention assays, highlighting the potential for repurposing.'] Do repurposing screens identify rifamycins as potential broad-spectrum therapy for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and select agent microorganisms?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ["Estimates suggest that the drug discovery and development processes take between 10 and 15 years, with costs ranging between US$500 million and $2 billion. A growing number of bacteria have become resistant to approved antimicrobials. For example, the Gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii has become multidrug resistant (MDR) and is now an important pathogen to the US military in terms of wound infections. Industry experts have called for a 'disruptive' transformation of the drug discovery process to find new chemical entities for treating drug-resistant infections. One such attempt is drug 'repurposing' or 'repositioning' - that is, identification and development of new uses for existing or abandoned pharmacotherapies.", 'Using a novel combination of screening technologies based on cell growth and cellular respiration, we screened 450 US FDA-approved drugs from the NIH National Clinical Collection against a dozen clinical MDR A. baumannii (MDRAb) isolates from US soldiers and Marines. We also screened the collection against a diverse set of select agent surrogate pathogens.', 'Seventeen drugs showed promising antimicrobial activity against all MDRAb isolates and select agent surrogates; three of these compounds - all rifamycins - were found to be effective at preventing growth and preventing cellular respiration of MDRAb and select agent surrogate bacteria when evaluated in growth prevention assays, highlighting the potential for repurposing.'] Do repurposing screens identify rifamycins as potential broad-spectrum therapy for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and select agent microorganisms? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA78046	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To assess the genotypic diversity in patients with Stargardt disease and to characterise epidemiological and genotypic predictors of phenotype.', 'Retrospective, cross-sectional study of 112 patients with Stargardt disease. We evaluated the correlation between age at presentation, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and ABCA4 genotypes.', 'Mean age at presentation was 30 ± 16 years (range 6-78 years) for the 112 patients of 104 families. 98 of 90 families had a probable molecular diagnosis. We found that BCVA is not related to age of presentation in a linear or polynomial manner; that BCVA of patients presenting in the first decade was significantly worse than those presenting in later decades (p=0.04); that patients who harboured two or more mutations presented earlier and had worse BCVA than those with no or 1 mutation identified by any method of testing (n=112, p=3.29 × 10(-6)) or by full sequencing (n=32, p=0.02); that 16 patients with c.5882G>A allele demonstrated better BCVA than the remaining patients (p=0.01); and that 10 patients with the c.5461-10T>C mutation presented earlier (p=0.02 × 10(-5)) and had more severe disease.'] Does predictors of visual acuity and genotype-phenotype correlate in a cohort of patients with Stargardt disease?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['To assess the genotypic diversity in patients with Stargardt disease and to characterise epidemiological and genotypic predictors of phenotype.', 'Retrospective, cross-sectional study of 112 patients with Stargardt disease. We evaluated the correlation between age at presentation, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and ABCA4 genotypes.', 'Mean age at presentation was 30 ± 16 years (range 6-78 years) for the 112 patients of 104 families. 98 of 90 families had a probable molecular diagnosis. We found that BCVA is not related to age of presentation in a linear or polynomial manner; that BCVA of patients presenting in the first decade was significantly worse than those presenting in later decades (p=0.04); that patients who harboured two or more mutations presented earlier and had worse BCVA than those with no or 1 mutation identified by any method of testing (n=112, p=3.29 × 10(-6)) or by full sequencing (n=32, p=0.02); that 16 patients with c.5882G>A allele demonstrated better BCVA than the remaining patients (p=0.01); and that 10 patients with the c.5461-10T>C mutation presented earlier (p=0.02 × 10(-5)) and had more severe disease.'] Does predictors of visual acuity and genotype-phenotype correlate in a cohort of patients with Stargardt disease? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA116871	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Primary mediastinal large cell lymphoma (PMLCL) is an emerging entity. New parameters can help define it.', 'Retrospective analysis of medical records from 35 patients treated at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1985 to 1990. Immunohistochemical evaluation of tissue specimens. Determination of survival (S) and time to treatment failure (TTF).', 'The median age was 34 years and 69% were females. Eight-three percent presented with symptoms of mediastinal involvement. While 100% of the patients presented with bulky mediastinal disease and 72% had elevated pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase, only 6% presented with an elevated pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin. The lymphoma cells lacked CD21 staining. For the 18 patients treated initially at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, S and TTF curves rates after doxorubicin-based regimens (plus radiotherapy in 14 cases) were 72% and 61%, respectively, at 5 years follow-up (median, 42 months). Four out of six patients who received autologous bone marrow transplant as salvage therapy are currently alive without disease at follow-up times of 21, 25, 32, and 54 months.'] Is primary mediastinal large cell lymphoma characterized by an inverted pattern of large tumoral mass and low beta 2 microglobulin levels in serum and frequently elevated levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Primary mediastinal large cell lymphoma (PMLCL) is an emerging entity. New parameters can help define it.', 'Retrospective analysis of medical records from 35 patients treated at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1985 to 1990. Immunohistochemical evaluation of tissue specimens. Determination of survival (S) and time to treatment failure (TTF).', 'The median age was 34 years and 69% were females. Eight-three percent presented with symptoms of mediastinal involvement. While 100% of the patients presented with bulky mediastinal disease and 72% had elevated pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase, only 6% presented with an elevated pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin. The lymphoma cells lacked CD21 staining. For the 18 patients treated initially at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, S and TTF curves rates after doxorubicin-based regimens (plus radiotherapy in 14 cases) were 72% and 61%, respectively, at 5 years follow-up (median, 42 months). Four out of six patients who received autologous bone marrow transplant as salvage therapy are currently alive without disease at follow-up times of 21, 25, 32, and 54 months.'] Is primary mediastinal large cell lymphoma characterized by an inverted pattern of large tumoral mass and low beta 2 microglobulin levels in serum and frequently elevated levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA49158	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The yeast Orm1/2 proteins regulate ceramide biosynthesis.', 'Depletion of the mammalian Orm1/2 homologues, ORMDL1-3, eliminates the negative feedback of exogenous ceramide on ceramide biosynthesis in HeLa cells.'] Do mammalian ORMDL proteins mediate the feedback response in ceramide biosynthesis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['The yeast Orm1/2 proteins regulate ceramide biosynthesis.', 'Depletion of the mammalian Orm1/2 homologues, ORMDL1-3, eliminates the negative feedback of exogenous ceramide on ceramide biosynthesis in HeLa cells.'] Do mammalian ORMDL proteins mediate the feedback response in ceramide biosynthesis? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA10767	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Membrane-stabilizing effects may be part of glucocorticoid action during high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. The present study investigates the mode of action of dexamethasone megadoses on rat liver lysosomal membranes.', 'Following intravenous administration of dexamethasone in rats, the release of beta-glucuronidase from liver lysosomes was assessed ex vivo as a marker for lysosomal membrane integrity.', 'Dexamethasone megadoses significantly inhibited beta-glucuronidase release 10 min post-administration by 38% (3 mg/kg dexamethasone) and 33% (10 mg/kg dexamethasone) at corresponding dexamethasone liver concentrations of 3.9 x 10(-5) mol/kg and 15.1 x 10(-5) mol/kg, respectively. Comparable inhibition of beta-glucuronidase release (34% for 3 mg/kg and 38% for 10 mg/kg) was observed 24 h after administration of dexamethasone, although dexamethasone liver concentrations had already declined to 0.09 x 10(-5) mol/kg and 0.19 x 10(-5) mol/kg, respectively. A 2-h oral pretreatment of rats with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 486 (10 mg/kg) did not alter immediate (10 min) stabilization by dexamethasone (3 mg/kg). but almost completely prevented lysosomal membrane protection 24 h after dexamethasone injection.'] Do dexamethasone megadoses stabilize rat liver lysosomal membranes by non-genomic and genomic effects?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Membrane-stabilizing effects may be part of glucocorticoid action during high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. The present study investigates the mode of action of dexamethasone megadoses on rat liver lysosomal membranes.', 'Following intravenous administration of dexamethasone in rats, the release of beta-glucuronidase from liver lysosomes was assessed ex vivo as a marker for lysosomal membrane integrity.', 'Dexamethasone megadoses significantly inhibited beta-glucuronidase release 10 min post-administration by 38% (3 mg/kg dexamethasone) and 33% (10 mg/kg dexamethasone) at corresponding dexamethasone liver concentrations of 3.9 x 10(-5) mol/kg and 15.1 x 10(-5) mol/kg, respectively. Comparable inhibition of beta-glucuronidase release (34% for 3 mg/kg and 38% for 10 mg/kg) was observed 24 h after administration of dexamethasone, although dexamethasone liver concentrations had already declined to 0.09 x 10(-5) mol/kg and 0.19 x 10(-5) mol/kg, respectively. A 2-h oral pretreatment of rats with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 486 (10 mg/kg) did not alter immediate (10 min) stabilization by dexamethasone (3 mg/kg). but almost completely prevented lysosomal membrane protection 24 h after dexamethasone injection.'] Do dexamethasone megadoses stabilize rat liver lysosomal membranes by non-genomic and genomic effects? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA203203	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The HIV-1 accessory factor Vif is necessary for efficient viral infection in non-permissive cells. Vif antagonizes the antiviral activity of human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3 proteins that confer the non-permissive phenotype by tethering them (APOBEC3DE/3F/3G) to the Vif-CBF-β-ElonginB-ElonginC-Cullin5-Rbx (Vif-CBF-β-EloB-EloC-Cul5-Rbx) E3 complex to induce their proteasomal degradation. EloB and EloC were initially reported as positive regulatory subunits of the Elongin (SIII) complex. Thereafter, EloB and EloC were found to be components of Cul-E3 complexes, contributing to proteasomal degradation of specific substrates. CBF-β is a newly identified key regulator of Vif function, and more information is needed to further clarify its regulatory mechanism. Here, we comprehensively investigated the functions of EloB (together with EloC) in the Vif-CBF-β-Cul5 E3 ligase complex.', 'The results revealed that: (1) EloB (and EloC) positively affected the recruitment of CBF-β to Vif. Both knockdown of endogenous EloB and over-expression of its mutant with a 34-residue deletion in the COOH-terminal tail (EloBΔC34/EBΔC34) impaired the Vif-CBF-β interaction. (2) Introduction of both the Vif SLQ → AAA mutant (VifΔSLQ, which dramatically impairs Vif-EloB-EloC binding) and the Vif PPL → AAA mutant (VifΔPPL, which is thought to reduce Vif-EloB binding) could reduce CBF-β binding. (3) EloB-EloC but not CBF-β could greatly enhance the folding of full-length Vif in Escherichia coli. (4) The over-expression of EloB or the N-terminal ubiquitin-like (UbL) domain of EloB could significantly improve the stability of Vif/VifΔSLQ/VifΔPPL through the region between residues 9 and 14.'] Are interactions between HIV-1 Vif and human ElonginB-ElonginC important for CBF-β binding to Vif?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['The HIV-1 accessory factor Vif is necessary for efficient viral infection in non-permissive cells. Vif antagonizes the antiviral activity of human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3 proteins that confer the non-permissive phenotype by tethering them (APOBEC3DE/3F/3G) to the Vif-CBF-β-ElonginB-ElonginC-Cullin5-Rbx (Vif-CBF-β-EloB-EloC-Cul5-Rbx) E3 complex to induce their proteasomal degradation. EloB and EloC were initially reported as positive regulatory subunits of the Elongin (SIII) complex. Thereafter, EloB and EloC were found to be components of Cul-E3 complexes, contributing to proteasomal degradation of specific substrates. CBF-β is a newly identified key regulator of Vif function, and more information is needed to further clarify its regulatory mechanism. Here, we comprehensively investigated the functions of EloB (together with EloC) in the Vif-CBF-β-Cul5 E3 ligase complex.', 'The results revealed that: (1) EloB (and EloC) positively affected the recruitment of CBF-β to Vif. Both knockdown of endogenous EloB and over-expression of its mutant with a 34-residue deletion in the COOH-terminal tail (EloBΔC34/EBΔC34) impaired the Vif-CBF-β interaction. (2) Introduction of both the Vif SLQ → AAA mutant (VifΔSLQ, which dramatically impairs Vif-EloB-EloC binding) and the Vif PPL → AAA mutant (VifΔPPL, which is thought to reduce Vif-EloB binding) could reduce CBF-β binding. (3) EloB-EloC but not CBF-β could greatly enhance the folding of full-length Vif in Escherichia coli. (4) The over-expression of EloB or the N-terminal ubiquitin-like (UbL) domain of EloB could significantly improve the stability of Vif/VifΔSLQ/VifΔPPL through the region between residues 9 and 14.'] Are interactions between HIV-1 Vif and human ElonginB-ElonginC important for CBF-β binding to Vif? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA78290	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Serum creatinine is the most commonly used screening test for renal failure. We hypothesized that serum creatinine would underestimate the degree of renal failure in elderly people because they have a reduced muscle mass. If so, this would lead to underrecognition and thus suboptimal care of patients with severe renal failure.', 'We conducted a retrospective medical record review of all patients 65 years or older in an outpatient academic family medicine practice. The glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Cockcroft and Gault formula and was used to evaluate the testing characteristics of serum creatinine for the detection of renal failure.', 'We screened 1510 patients, 854 (56.6%) of whom met the inclusion criteria. Renal failure (glomerular filtration rate, </=50 mL/min) was present in 28.9% of the patients, and severe renal failure (Cockcroft and Gault formula glomerular filtration rate, </=30 mL/min) was present in 6.4%. A serum creatinine level of greater than 1.7 mg/dL (>150 micro mol/L) had a sensitivity of 12.6% and a specificity of 99.9% for the detection of renal failure. For the detection of severe renal failure, the sensitivity was 45.5%, with a 99.1% specificity. Only 15 (27.3%) of the 55 patients with severe renal failure were referred to a nephrologist. Moreover, 34 (85%) of the 40 nonreferred patients with severe renal failure were incompletely evaluated regarding the metabolic complications associated with kidney dysfunction.'] Is serum creatinine an inadequate screening test for renal failure in elderly patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Serum creatinine is the most commonly used screening test for renal failure. We hypothesized that serum creatinine would underestimate the degree of renal failure in elderly people because they have a reduced muscle mass. If so, this would lead to underrecognition and thus suboptimal care of patients with severe renal failure.', 'We conducted a retrospective medical record review of all patients 65 years or older in an outpatient academic family medicine practice. The glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Cockcroft and Gault formula and was used to evaluate the testing characteristics of serum creatinine for the detection of renal failure.', 'We screened 1510 patients, 854 (56.6%) of whom met the inclusion criteria. Renal failure (glomerular filtration rate, </=50 mL/min) was present in 28.9% of the patients, and severe renal failure (Cockcroft and Gault formula glomerular filtration rate, </=30 mL/min) was present in 6.4%. A serum creatinine level of greater than 1.7 mg/dL (>150 micro mol/L) had a sensitivity of 12.6% and a specificity of 99.9% for the detection of renal failure. For the detection of severe renal failure, the sensitivity was 45.5%, with a 99.1% specificity. Only 15 (27.3%) of the 55 patients with severe renal failure were referred to a nephrologist. Moreover, 34 (85%) of the 40 nonreferred patients with severe renal failure were incompletely evaluated regarding the metabolic complications associated with kidney dysfunction.'] Is serum creatinine an inadequate screening test for renal failure in elderly patients? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA90332	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Detecting heart failure (HF) patients at risk is a relevant clinical problem. Our goal was to define associations of clinical HF-markers and exercise parameters with respect to their prognostic power in HF-patients.', 'We performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in 103 ischemic HF-patients. CPET-parameters included peak VO(2), VO(2) at AT, peak oxygen pulse, minimal CO(2) and O(2) equivalents, VE/VCO(2) and s1, a motivation-independent and submaximal parameter representing the initial slope of the VCO(2)/VO(2)-curve that has not been described in HF-patients so far.', 'Median follow-up was 668 days. The combined endpoint of cardiovascular death and rehospitalization due to HF occurred in 14 patients. Patients with/without events differed significantly regarding their age, NYHA-class, LVEF and NT-proBNP serum-levels. Patients with events had significantly lower peak VO(2)- and higher s1-values. NT-proBNP serum-levels, NYHA-class and LVEF were significantly correlated with peak VO(2). Only age, peak VO(2) and s1 were independent predictors of adverse events. Using multivariate analysis, s1 was a strong and independent parameter with good sensitivity and specificity.'] Is the initial slope of the VCO2/VO2-curve ( s1 ) in cardiopulmonary exercise testing a strong and independent predictor of outcome in patients with previous myocardial infarction?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Detecting heart failure (HF) patients at risk is a relevant clinical problem. Our goal was to define associations of clinical HF-markers and exercise parameters with respect to their prognostic power in HF-patients.', 'We performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in 103 ischemic HF-patients. CPET-parameters included peak VO(2), VO(2) at AT, peak oxygen pulse, minimal CO(2) and O(2) equivalents, VE/VCO(2) and s1, a motivation-independent and submaximal parameter representing the initial slope of the VCO(2)/VO(2)-curve that has not been described in HF-patients so far.', 'Median follow-up was 668 days. The combined endpoint of cardiovascular death and rehospitalization due to HF occurred in 14 patients. Patients with/without events differed significantly regarding their age, NYHA-class, LVEF and NT-proBNP serum-levels. Patients with events had significantly lower peak VO(2)- and higher s1-values. NT-proBNP serum-levels, NYHA-class and LVEF were significantly correlated with peak VO(2). Only age, peak VO(2) and s1 were independent predictors of adverse events. Using multivariate analysis, s1 was a strong and independent parameter with good sensitivity and specificity.'] Is the initial slope of the VCO2/VO2-curve ( s1 ) in cardiopulmonary exercise testing a strong and independent predictor of outcome in patients with previous myocardial infarction? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA161951	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a glycoprotein that inhibits nuclear factor-κB's regulatory effects on inflammation, skeletal, and vascular systems, and is a potential biomarker of atherosclerosis and seems to be involved in vascular calcifications. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between OPG, left ventricular function, and microvascular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).\", 'After successful revascularization, noninvasive assessment of coronary flow reserve (CFR) was performed in the distal part of the left anterior descending artery in 183 patients with first AMI. We performed low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography to assess viability and finally we assessed the ventriculoarterial coupling (VAC). Plasma OPG was determined by ELISA.', \"Plasma OPG concentrations were higher in patients with impaired microcirculation (CFR<2) than in patients without [median (first; third quartile), 1.939 (1.366; 2.724) vs. 1.451 (0.925; 2.164) ng/l; P=0.001]. OPG was associated with CFR both in linear regression single-variable analysis (P=0.001) and in multivariable analysis adjusting for possible confounders (P=0.024).Eighty-seven patients had resting wall motion abnormalities and 28 patients fulfilled the criteria for viability. In the group with low OPG 20 patients had viability, and in patients with high OPG only eight patients had viability (P=0.03).Both the E/A ratio (1.22±0.65 vs. 1.06±0.39; P=0.04) and the E/e' ratio (10.4±3.1 vs. 12.2±4.6; P=0.002) indicated worse diastolic function in patients with increased levels of OPG.Overall, an increase in the VAC point was observed in the population (1.11±0.6). The VAC point was higher in patients with increased OPG compared with low OPG (1.01±0.51 vs. 1.2±0.67; P=0.03).\"] Is microvascular dysfunction associated with plasma osteoprotegerin levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ["Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a glycoprotein that inhibits nuclear factor-κB's regulatory effects on inflammation, skeletal, and vascular systems, and is a potential biomarker of atherosclerosis and seems to be involved in vascular calcifications. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between OPG, left ventricular function, and microvascular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).", 'After successful revascularization, noninvasive assessment of coronary flow reserve (CFR) was performed in the distal part of the left anterior descending artery in 183 patients with first AMI. We performed low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography to assess viability and finally we assessed the ventriculoarterial coupling (VAC). Plasma OPG was determined by ELISA.', "Plasma OPG concentrations were higher in patients with impaired microcirculation (CFR<2) than in patients without [median (first; third quartile), 1.939 (1.366; 2.724) vs. 1.451 (0.925; 2.164) ng/l; P=0.001]. OPG was associated with CFR both in linear regression single-variable analysis (P=0.001) and in multivariable analysis adjusting for possible confounders (P=0.024).Eighty-seven patients had resting wall motion abnormalities and 28 patients fulfilled the criteria for viability. In the group with low OPG 20 patients had viability, and in patients with high OPG only eight patients had viability (P=0.03).Both the E/A ratio (1.22±0.65 vs. 1.06±0.39; P=0.04) and the E/e' ratio (10.4±3.1 vs. 12.2±4.6; P=0.002) indicated worse diastolic function in patients with increased levels of OPG.Overall, an increase in the VAC point was observed in the population (1.11±0.6). The VAC point was higher in patients with increased OPG compared with low OPG (1.01±0.51 vs. 1.2±0.67; P=0.03)."] Is microvascular dysfunction associated with plasma osteoprotegerin levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA43557	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In chronic schizophrenia and chronic bipolar disorder, gamma band (30-100 Hz) auditory steady-state electroencephalogram responses (ASSRs) are reduced in power and phase locking, likely reflecting neural circuit dysfunction. Here we examined whether gamma ASSR deficits are also present at first hospitalization for psychosis.', 'Subjects were 16 first episode schizophrenia patients (SZ), 16 first episode affective disorder patients (AFF) (13 with bipolar disorder), and 33 healthy control subjects (HC). Stimuli were 20-, 30-, and 40-Hz binaural click trains. The ASSR phase locking and evoked power were analyzed with the Morlet wavelet transform.', 'At 40-Hz stimulation, SZ and AFF had significantly reduced phase locking compared with HC. This deficit was more pronounced over the left hemisphere in SZ. Evoked power at 40 Hz was also reduced in the patients compared with HC. At 30-Hz stimulation phase locking and evoked power were reduced in both patient groups. The 20-Hz ASSR did not differ between groups, but phase locking and evoked power of the 40-Hz harmonic of the 20-Hz ASSR were reduced in both SZ and AFF. Phase locking of this 40-Hz harmonic was correlated with total positive symptoms in SZ.'] Are gamma-band auditory steady-state responses impaired in first episode psychosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['In chronic schizophrenia and chronic bipolar disorder, gamma band (30-100 Hz) auditory steady-state electroencephalogram responses (ASSRs) are reduced in power and phase locking, likely reflecting neural circuit dysfunction. Here we examined whether gamma ASSR deficits are also present at first hospitalization for psychosis.', 'Subjects were 16 first episode schizophrenia patients (SZ), 16 first episode affective disorder patients (AFF) (13 with bipolar disorder), and 33 healthy control subjects (HC). Stimuli were 20-, 30-, and 40-Hz binaural click trains. The ASSR phase locking and evoked power were analyzed with the Morlet wavelet transform.', 'At 40-Hz stimulation, SZ and AFF had significantly reduced phase locking compared with HC. This deficit was more pronounced over the left hemisphere in SZ. Evoked power at 40 Hz was also reduced in the patients compared with HC. At 30-Hz stimulation phase locking and evoked power were reduced in both patient groups. The 20-Hz ASSR did not differ between groups, but phase locking and evoked power of the 40-Hz harmonic of the 20-Hz ASSR were reduced in both SZ and AFF. Phase locking of this 40-Hz harmonic was correlated with total positive symptoms in SZ.'] Are gamma-band auditory steady-state responses impaired in first episode psychosis? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA37017	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Negative effects of dehydration on the human brain and cognitive function have been reported. In this study, we examined the effects of dehydration on pain thresholds and cortical activations in response to pain, compared with rehydration with an oral rehydration solution (ORS) by functional magnetic resonance imaging.', \"Five healthy adult men were subjected to dehydration and rehydration on 2 different days. The condition on the first day was randomly assigned to each subject. They completed a 40-minute exercise protocol using a walking machine after 12 hours of fasting under both conditions. For rehydration, the subjects consumed up to 3000 mL ORS starting from the night before the test day. After exercise, a painful stimulus (cold pressor test) was applied to the subjects' medial forearm in a magnetic resonance imaging scanning gantry, and pain-evoked brain activation was analyzed.\", 'On the rehydration day, each of the subjects consumed an average of 2040 mL (range; 1800-2500 mL) ORS. Physiological data revealed that subjects when dehydrated lost more weight from exercise than subjects when rehydrated had a larger heart rate increase, a higher tympanic temperature, and a higher urine osmolality. Subjective data revealed that the subjects reported significantly stronger thirst while dehydrated than while rehydrated with ORS, although the levels of hunger and anxiety and mood did not significantly differ between conditions. The cold pressor test robustly activated the pain-related neural network, notably the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and thalamus. Such activations in the dehydrated subjects were greater than those in the rehydrated subjects in terms of peak and cluster, accompanied by a decrease in pain threshold (P = 0.001).'] Does dehydration enhance pain-evoked activation in the human brain compared with rehydration?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Negative effects of dehydration on the human brain and cognitive function have been reported. In this study, we examined the effects of dehydration on pain thresholds and cortical activations in response to pain, compared with rehydration with an oral rehydration solution (ORS) by functional magnetic resonance imaging.', "Five healthy adult men were subjected to dehydration and rehydration on 2 different days. The condition on the first day was randomly assigned to each subject. They completed a 40-minute exercise protocol using a walking machine after 12 hours of fasting under both conditions. For rehydration, the subjects consumed up to 3000 mL ORS starting from the night before the test day. After exercise, a painful stimulus (cold pressor test) was applied to the subjects' medial forearm in a magnetic resonance imaging scanning gantry, and pain-evoked brain activation was analyzed.", 'On the rehydration day, each of the subjects consumed an average of 2040 mL (range; 1800-2500 mL) ORS. Physiological data revealed that subjects when dehydrated lost more weight from exercise than subjects when rehydrated had a larger heart rate increase, a higher tympanic temperature, and a higher urine osmolality. Subjective data revealed that the subjects reported significantly stronger thirst while dehydrated than while rehydrated with ORS, although the levels of hunger and anxiety and mood did not significantly differ between conditions. The cold pressor test robustly activated the pain-related neural network, notably the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and thalamus. Such activations in the dehydrated subjects were greater than those in the rehydrated subjects in terms of peak and cluster, accompanied by a decrease in pain threshold (P = 0.001).'] Does dehydration enhance pain-evoked activation in the human brain compared with rehydration? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA190787	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Selective nerve root blocks or transforaminal epidural injections are used for diagnosis and treatment of different spinal disorders. A clear consensus on the use of selective nerve root injections as a diagnostic tool does not currently exist. Additionally, the effectiveness of this procedure as a diagnostic tool is not clear. A systematic review of diagnostic utility of selective nerve root blocks was performed and published in January 2005, which concluded that selective nerve root injections may be helpful as a diagnostic tool in evaluating spinal pain with radicular features, but its role needs to be further clarified.', 'To evaluate and update the accuracy of selective nerve root injections in diagnosing spinal disorders.', 'A systematic review of selective nerve root blocks for the diagnosis of spinal pain.', 'A systematic review of the literature for clinical studies was performed to assess the accuracy of selective nerve root injections in diagnosing spinal pain. Methodologic quality evaluation was performed utilizing Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and Quality Assessment Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy (QUADAS) criteria. Studies were graded and evidence classified into 5 levels: conclusive, strong, moderate, limited, or indeterminate. An extensive literature search was performed utilizing resources from the library at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, PubMed, EMBASE, BioMed, and Cochrane Reviews. Manual searches of bibliographies of known primary and review articles, and abstracts from scientific meetings within the last 2 years were also reviewed.', 'There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of selective nerve root injections as a diagnostic tool for spinal pain. There is insufficient research for stronger support, but the available literature is supportive of selective nerve root injections as a diagnostic test for equivocal radicular pain. There is moderate evidence for use in the preoperative evaluation of patients with negative or inconclusive imaging studies. The positive predictive value of diagnostic selective nerve root blocks is low, but they have a useful negative predictive value.'] Does an updated systematic review of the diagnostic utility of selective nerve root block?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Selective nerve root blocks or transforaminal epidural injections are used for diagnosis and treatment of different spinal disorders. A clear consensus on the use of selective nerve root injections as a diagnostic tool does not currently exist. Additionally, the effectiveness of this procedure as a diagnostic tool is not clear. A systematic review of diagnostic utility of selective nerve root blocks was performed and published in January 2005, which concluded that selective nerve root injections may be helpful as a diagnostic tool in evaluating spinal pain with radicular features, but its role needs to be further clarified.', 'To evaluate and update the accuracy of selective nerve root injections in diagnosing spinal disorders.', 'A systematic review of selective nerve root blocks for the diagnosis of spinal pain.', 'A systematic review of the literature for clinical studies was performed to assess the accuracy of selective nerve root injections in diagnosing spinal pain. Methodologic quality evaluation was performed utilizing Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and Quality Assessment Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy (QUADAS) criteria. Studies were graded and evidence classified into 5 levels: conclusive, strong, moderate, limited, or indeterminate. An extensive literature search was performed utilizing resources from the library at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, PubMed, EMBASE, BioMed, and Cochrane Reviews. Manual searches of bibliographies of known primary and review articles, and abstracts from scientific meetings within the last 2 years were also reviewed.', 'There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of selective nerve root injections as a diagnostic tool for spinal pain. There is insufficient research for stronger support, but the available literature is supportive of selective nerve root injections as a diagnostic test for equivocal radicular pain. There is moderate evidence for use in the preoperative evaluation of patients with negative or inconclusive imaging studies. The positive predictive value of diagnostic selective nerve root blocks is low, but they have a useful negative predictive value.'] Does an updated systematic review of the diagnostic utility of selective nerve root block? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA93092	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The pregnancy-specific disorder preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Activin A has been suggested as a potential biomarker of the disease, but whether it plays a role in the pathology of preeclampsia or is just a manifestation of the disease is not fully understood.', 'The objective of the study was to examine the roles of Activin A on placental trophoblast cells under pathological conditions of preeclampsia.', 'Placental and plasma productions of Activin A in healthy pregnant women and preeclamptic patients were compared by using clinical samples obtained from Peking University First Hospital during November 2005 to November 2007. The role of Activin A at pathological doses was investigated in human trophoblast cells.', \"Plasma and placental productions of Activin A were significantly higher in preeclamptic patients when compared with normal pregnant subjects in a Chinese Han population. Treatment of trophoblast cells with high doses of Activin A resulted in a significant increase in cell apoptosis. This effect was blocked not only by silencing Activin A's receptor activin receptor-like kinase 4 but also by knockdown of Nodal's receptor ALK7. Important to note was that Activin A could significantly increase Nodal expression in trophoblast cells, and knockdown of Nodal resulted in evident blockage on Activin A-induced trophoblast cell apoptosis.\"] Do high levels of activin A detected in preeclamptic placenta induce trophoblast cell apoptosis by promoting nodal signaling?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['The pregnancy-specific disorder preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Activin A has been suggested as a potential biomarker of the disease, but whether it plays a role in the pathology of preeclampsia or is just a manifestation of the disease is not fully understood.', 'The objective of the study was to examine the roles of Activin A on placental trophoblast cells under pathological conditions of preeclampsia.', 'Placental and plasma productions of Activin A in healthy pregnant women and preeclamptic patients were compared by using clinical samples obtained from Peking University First Hospital during November 2005 to November 2007. The role of Activin A at pathological doses was investigated in human trophoblast cells.', "Plasma and placental productions of Activin A were significantly higher in preeclamptic patients when compared with normal pregnant subjects in a Chinese Han population. Treatment of trophoblast cells with high doses of Activin A resulted in a significant increase in cell apoptosis. This effect was blocked not only by silencing Activin A's receptor activin receptor-like kinase 4 but also by knockdown of Nodal's receptor ALK7. Important to note was that Activin A could significantly increase Nodal expression in trophoblast cells, and knockdown of Nodal resulted in evident blockage on Activin A-induced trophoblast cell apoptosis."] Do high levels of activin A detected in preeclamptic placenta induce trophoblast cell apoptosis by promoting nodal signaling? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA78688	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Poor sleep quality, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep apnea are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clinical correlates of these problems are poorly understood.', \"This study was to find out the prevalence and correlates of insomnia and subjects with 'high risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)' in adults with chronic kidney disease.\", 'One hundred and four adults with CKD were included. Their demographic data, details regarding kidney disease and hemodialysis (HD) were recorded. Presence of insomnia and its severity was assessed. They were screened for sleep apnea using a validated questionnaire.', 'Average age was 54.17 (± 12.96) years. 89.4% had stage 5 nephropathy and 78.8% subjects were on regular HD. Males outnumbered females. Insomnia was reported by 35.5%. Among these, 50% had chronic insomnia. Insomnia subjects had higher prevalence of diabetes (P = 0.01) and depression (P < 0.001). Fifty-one percent subjects were at \"high risk for sleep apnea\". They had higher prevalence of diabetes (P < 0.001), coronary disease (P = 0.02), insomnia (P = 0.008), and experienced daytime symptoms of insomnia (P < 0.001). However, in the logistic regression, only male gender (odds ratio, OR = 13.59) and daytime symptoms of insomnia (OR = 7.34) were found to be associated with \"higher risk for sleep apnea\".'] Does prevalence and correlate of insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea in chronic kidney disease?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Poor sleep quality, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep apnea are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clinical correlates of these problems are poorly understood.', "This study was to find out the prevalence and correlates of insomnia and subjects with 'high risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)' in adults with chronic kidney disease.", 'One hundred and four adults with CKD were included. Their demographic data, details regarding kidney disease and hemodialysis (HD) were recorded. Presence of insomnia and its severity was assessed. They were screened for sleep apnea using a validated questionnaire.', 'Average age was 54.17 (± 12.96) years. 89.4% had stage 5 nephropathy and 78.8% subjects were on regular HD. Males outnumbered females. Insomnia was reported by 35.5%. Among these, 50% had chronic insomnia. Insomnia subjects had higher prevalence of diabetes (P = 0.01) and depression (P < 0.001). Fifty-one percent subjects were at "high risk for sleep apnea". They had higher prevalence of diabetes (P < 0.001), coronary disease (P = 0.02), insomnia (P = 0.008), and experienced daytime symptoms of insomnia (P < 0.001). However, in the logistic regression, only male gender (odds ratio, OR = 13.59) and daytime symptoms of insomnia (OR = 7.34) were found to be associated with "higher risk for sleep apnea".'] Does prevalence and correlate of insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea in chronic kidney disease? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA169857	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Recent studies have shown the anti diabetic effects of oral sodium tungstate treatment in several animal models of diabetes based on short-term experiments. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of long-term tungstate treatment of streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats.', 'Tungstate was administered to the drinking water of rats for eight months.', 'The treatment resulted in a reduction in serum glucose concentrations in diabetic rats, but no change in glycaemia was detected in healthy rats. Alterations in the hepatic glucose metabolism due to diabetes were almost completely counteracted by tungstate treatment. The partial recovery of glucokinase activity, not found in diabetic animals, normalised glycogen and glucose 6-phosphate concentrations. Tungstate treatment also restored pyruvate kinase activity and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentrations. In healthy rats, tungstate treatment did not modify the majority of the hepatic parameters studied. Moreover, tungstate treatment prevented diabetes-induced morphological changes in the kidney and ocular lens and also reduced mortality. Furthermore, no hypoglycaemic episodes or undesirable side effects were observed in treated diabetic or healthy rats. In addition, there is no evidence of intolerance developing after prolonged use.'] Is tungstate an effective antidiabetic agent in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats : a long-term study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Recent studies have shown the anti diabetic effects of oral sodium tungstate treatment in several animal models of diabetes based on short-term experiments. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of long-term tungstate treatment of streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats.', 'Tungstate was administered to the drinking water of rats for eight months.', 'The treatment resulted in a reduction in serum glucose concentrations in diabetic rats, but no change in glycaemia was detected in healthy rats. Alterations in the hepatic glucose metabolism due to diabetes were almost completely counteracted by tungstate treatment. The partial recovery of glucokinase activity, not found in diabetic animals, normalised glycogen and glucose 6-phosphate concentrations. Tungstate treatment also restored pyruvate kinase activity and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentrations. In healthy rats, tungstate treatment did not modify the majority of the hepatic parameters studied. Moreover, tungstate treatment prevented diabetes-induced morphological changes in the kidney and ocular lens and also reduced mortality. Furthermore, no hypoglycaemic episodes or undesirable side effects were observed in treated diabetic or healthy rats. In addition, there is no evidence of intolerance developing after prolonged use.'] Is tungstate an effective antidiabetic agent in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats : a long-term study? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA104643	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The ability of intestinal helminths to manipulate the immune system of their host towards a Th2 response has been proposed to modulate auto-immune and allergic diseases.', 'This initial study investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of S. mansoni and soluble egg antigen (SEA) in a murine model of colitis.', 'Colitis was induced in female NMRI mice by 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7\\xa0days, either 9\\xa0weeks post-infection with S. mansoni or during treatment with SEA. In addition to clinical signs of colitis, colon histology, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry of leukocytes were performed. Colon cytokines were measured using a quantitative real-time technique.', 'Infection with cercariae of S. mansoni attenuated DSS-induced colitis. Clinical symptoms such as weight loss and shortening of colon length were significantly prevented. Histological scores and cell infiltration were affected and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colons of infected DSS colitis mice was reduced. In contrast, application of SEA failed to improve colitis, even though some findings like earlier manifestation of inflammation and local induction of Th2 cytokines were similar to the effects of cercarial infection.'] Does schistosoma mansoni infection but not egg antigen promote recovery from colitis in outbred NMRI mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['The ability of intestinal helminths to manipulate the immune system of their host towards a Th2 response has been proposed to modulate auto-immune and allergic diseases.', 'This initial study investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of S. mansoni and soluble egg antigen (SEA) in a murine model of colitis.', 'Colitis was induced in female NMRI mice by 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7\xa0days, either 9\xa0weeks post-infection with S. mansoni or during treatment with SEA. In addition to clinical signs of colitis, colon histology, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry of leukocytes were performed. Colon cytokines were measured using a quantitative real-time technique.', 'Infection with cercariae of S. mansoni attenuated DSS-induced colitis. Clinical symptoms such as weight loss and shortening of colon length were significantly prevented. Histological scores and cell infiltration were affected and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colons of infected DSS colitis mice was reduced. In contrast, application of SEA failed to improve colitis, even though some findings like earlier manifestation of inflammation and local induction of Th2 cytokines were similar to the effects of cercarial infection.'] Does schistosoma mansoni infection but not egg antigen promote recovery from colitis in outbred NMRI mice? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA16489	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The SA14-14-2 Japanese encephalitis (JE) live attenuated vaccine is licensed for use only in China, and has provided excellent efficacy in reducing the incidence of JE. The humoral immune response related to the JE vaccination has been well characterized, however cellular immune responses are less well known.', 'Thirty-four healthy males who had recently received inoculation with the SA14-14-2 live attenuated vaccine were recruited. Serum samples from these subjects were analyzed for cytokine and chemokine levels using the FlowCytomix method.', 'Eighteen of 34 subjects were positive for JE virus-specific IgG antibodies. Levels of interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and MIP-1β were significantly higher in the vaccinees than in a control group (p<0.0001, p<0.0001, p=0.021, and p<0.0001, respectively). IL-6 was detectable in 64.7% of vaccinees, but was not detectable in any of the controls. IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ were detected in very few subjects or were undetectable in both groups.'] Do cytokine and chemokine responses to Japanese encephalitis live attenuated vaccine in a human population?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['The SA14-14-2 Japanese encephalitis (JE) live attenuated vaccine is licensed for use only in China, and has provided excellent efficacy in reducing the incidence of JE. The humoral immune response related to the JE vaccination has been well characterized, however cellular immune responses are less well known.', 'Thirty-four healthy males who had recently received inoculation with the SA14-14-2 live attenuated vaccine were recruited. Serum samples from these subjects were analyzed for cytokine and chemokine levels using the FlowCytomix method.', 'Eighteen of 34 subjects were positive for JE virus-specific IgG antibodies. Levels of interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and MIP-1β were significantly higher in the vaccinees than in a control group (p<0.0001, p<0.0001, p=0.021, and p<0.0001, respectively). IL-6 was detectable in 64.7% of vaccinees, but was not detectable in any of the controls. IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ were detected in very few subjects or were undetectable in both groups.'] Do cytokine and chemokine responses to Japanese encephalitis live attenuated vaccine in a human population? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA114775	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Whether minimal microvascular resistance of the myocardium is affected by the presence of an epicardial stenosis is controversial. Recently, an index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) was developed that is based on combined measurements of distal coronary pressure and thermodilution-derived mean transit time. In normal coronary arteries, IMR correlates well with true microvascular resistance. However, to be applicable in the case of an epicardial stenosis, IMR should account for collateral flow. We investigated the feasibility of determining IMR in humans and tested the hypothesis that microvascular resistance is independent of epicardial stenosis.', 'Thirty patients scheduled for percutaneous coronary intervention were studied. The stenosis was stented with a pressure guidewire, and coronary wedge pressure (P(w)) was measured during balloon occlusion. After successful stenting, a short compliant balloon with a diameter 1.0 mm smaller than the stent was placed in the stented segment and inflated with increasing pressures, creating a 10%, 50%, and 75% area stenosis. At each of the 3 degrees of stenosis, fractional flow reserve (FFR) and IMR were measured at steady-state maximum hyperemia induced by intravenous adenosine. A total of 90 measurements were performed in 30 patients. When uncorrected for P(w), an apparent increase in microvascular resistance was observed with increasing stenosis severity (IMR=24, 27, and 37 U for the 3 different degrees of stenosis; P<0.001). In contrast, when P(w) is appropriately accounted for, microvascular resistance did not change with stenosis severity (IMR=22, 23, and 23 U, respectively; P=0.28).'] Does epicardial stenosis severity affect minimal microcirculatory resistance?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Whether minimal microvascular resistance of the myocardium is affected by the presence of an epicardial stenosis is controversial. Recently, an index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) was developed that is based on combined measurements of distal coronary pressure and thermodilution-derived mean transit time. In normal coronary arteries, IMR correlates well with true microvascular resistance. However, to be applicable in the case of an epicardial stenosis, IMR should account for collateral flow. We investigated the feasibility of determining IMR in humans and tested the hypothesis that microvascular resistance is independent of epicardial stenosis.', 'Thirty patients scheduled for percutaneous coronary intervention were studied. The stenosis was stented with a pressure guidewire, and coronary wedge pressure (P(w)) was measured during balloon occlusion. After successful stenting, a short compliant balloon with a diameter 1.0 mm smaller than the stent was placed in the stented segment and inflated with increasing pressures, creating a 10%, 50%, and 75% area stenosis. At each of the 3 degrees of stenosis, fractional flow reserve (FFR) and IMR were measured at steady-state maximum hyperemia induced by intravenous adenosine. A total of 90 measurements were performed in 30 patients. When uncorrected for P(w), an apparent increase in microvascular resistance was observed with increasing stenosis severity (IMR=24, 27, and 37 U for the 3 different degrees of stenosis; P<0.001). In contrast, when P(w) is appropriately accounted for, microvascular resistance did not change with stenosis severity (IMR=22, 23, and 23 U, respectively; P=0.28).'] Does epicardial stenosis severity affect minimal microcirculatory resistance? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA183596	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We hypothesized that spontaneous inspiratory effort transmitted to the pleural space during airway pressure release ventilation would result in increased lung perfusion after surgery for tetralogy of Fallot or following a cavopulmonary shunt as a consequence of transient decreases in intrapleural pressure.', 'Prospective crossover cohort study.', 'A tertiary care cardiac pediatric intensive care unit.', 'Children after tetralogy of Fallot repair, cavopulmonary shunt, or Fontan operation.', 'Lung perfusion and cardiac output were measured during airway pressure release ventilation and pressure control ventilation with pressure support, both with and without spontaneous ventilation. Oxygen consumption was measured (mass spectrometer) and lung perfusion/cardiac output calculated (Fick equation). Constant levels of CO₂ and mean airway pressure were targeted in all study phases.', 'Twenty patients were enrolled in the study, nine after repair of tetralogy of Fallot and 11 after a cavopulmonary shunt. In the absence of spontaneous ventilation, there were no differences in lung perfusion or any of the measured gas exchange or hemodynamic parameters. In the presence of spontaneous ventilation for all patients, mean pulmonary blood flow increased from 2.4 to 2.9 L·min⁻¹M⁻² (p = .02). Oxygen delivery increased from 594 to 774 mL/min/m² (p = .05) in the patients with tetralogy of Fallot patients and from 473 to 518 L·min⁻¹M⁻² (p = .07) in the cavopulmonary shunt group.'] Does airway pressure release ventilation improve pulmonary blood flow in infants after cardiac surgery?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['We hypothesized that spontaneous inspiratory effort transmitted to the pleural space during airway pressure release ventilation would result in increased lung perfusion after surgery for tetralogy of Fallot or following a cavopulmonary shunt as a consequence of transient decreases in intrapleural pressure.', 'Prospective crossover cohort study.', 'A tertiary care cardiac pediatric intensive care unit.', 'Children after tetralogy of Fallot repair, cavopulmonary shunt, or Fontan operation.', 'Lung perfusion and cardiac output were measured during airway pressure release ventilation and pressure control ventilation with pressure support, both with and without spontaneous ventilation. Oxygen consumption was measured (mass spectrometer) and lung perfusion/cardiac output calculated (Fick equation). Constant levels of CO₂ and mean airway pressure were targeted in all study phases.', 'Twenty patients were enrolled in the study, nine after repair of tetralogy of Fallot and 11 after a cavopulmonary shunt. In the absence of spontaneous ventilation, there were no differences in lung perfusion or any of the measured gas exchange or hemodynamic parameters. In the presence of spontaneous ventilation for all patients, mean pulmonary blood flow increased from 2.4 to 2.9 L·min⁻¹M⁻² (p = .02). Oxygen delivery increased from 594 to 774 mL/min/m² (p = .05) in the patients with tetralogy of Fallot patients and from 473 to 518 L·min⁻¹M⁻² (p = .07) in the cavopulmonary shunt group.'] Does airway pressure release ventilation improve pulmonary blood flow in infants after cardiac surgery? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA23637	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Circadian rhythms play an integral role in human behavior, physiology and health. Individual differences in daily rhythms (chronotypes) can affect individual sleep-wake cycles, activity patterns and behavioral choices. Diurnal preference, the tendency towards morningness or eveningness among individuals, has been associated with interpersonal variation in circadian clock-related output measures, including body temperature, melatonin levels and clock gene mRNA in blood, oral mucosa, and dermal fibroblast cell cultures.', 'Here we report gene expression data from two principal clock genes sampled from hair follicle cells, a peripheral circadian clock. Hair follicle cells from fourteen individuals of extreme morning or evening chronotype were sampled at three time points. RNA was extracted and quantitative PCR assays were used to measure mRNA expression patterns of two clock genes, Per3 and Nr1d2.', 'We found significant differences in clock gene expression over time between chronotype groups, independent of gender or age of participants. Extreme evening chronotypes have a delay in phase of circadian clock gene oscillation relative to extreme morning types. Variation in the molecular clockwork of chronotype groups represents nearly three-hour phase differences (Per3: 2.61 hours; Nr1d2: 3.08 hours, both: 2.86) in circadian oscillations of these clock genes.'] Does diurnal Preference predict Phase Differences in Expression of Human Peripheral Circadian Clock Genes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['Circadian rhythms play an integral role in human behavior, physiology and health. Individual differences in daily rhythms (chronotypes) can affect individual sleep-wake cycles, activity patterns and behavioral choices. Diurnal preference, the tendency towards morningness or eveningness among individuals, has been associated with interpersonal variation in circadian clock-related output measures, including body temperature, melatonin levels and clock gene mRNA in blood, oral mucosa, and dermal fibroblast cell cultures.', 'Here we report gene expression data from two principal clock genes sampled from hair follicle cells, a peripheral circadian clock. Hair follicle cells from fourteen individuals of extreme morning or evening chronotype were sampled at three time points. RNA was extracted and quantitative PCR assays were used to measure mRNA expression patterns of two clock genes, Per3 and Nr1d2.', 'We found significant differences in clock gene expression over time between chronotype groups, independent of gender or age of participants. Extreme evening chronotypes have a delay in phase of circadian clock gene oscillation relative to extreme morning types. Variation in the molecular clockwork of chronotype groups represents nearly three-hour phase differences (Per3: 2.61 hours; Nr1d2: 3.08 hours, both: 2.86) in circadian oscillations of these clock genes.'] Does diurnal Preference predict Phase Differences in Expression of Human Peripheral Circadian Clock Genes? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA11472	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The role of growth factors in ovarian cancer development and progression is complex and multifactorial. We hypothesized that new growth factors may be identified through the molecular analysis of ovarian tumors as they exist in their native environment.', 'RNA extracted from microdissected serous low malignant potential (LMP) and invasive ovarian tumors was used to construct cDNA libraries. A total of 7300 transcripts were randomly chosen for sequencing, and those transcripts were statistically evaluated. Reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the findings in tumor tissue samples. Ovarian cancer cell lines were used to test gene effects on monolayer growth, proliferative capacity, and density-independent growth.', 'Analysis of the pooled library transcripts revealed 26 genes differentially expressed between LMP and invasive ovarian cancers. The granulin-epithelin precursor [GEP/PC-cell derived growth factor (PCDGF)] was expressed only in the invasive ovarian cancer libraries (P < 0.028) and was absent in the LMP libraries (0 of 2872 clones). All of the invasive tumor epithelia, 20% of the LMP tumor epithelia, and all of the stroma from both subsets expressed GEP by reverse transcription-PCR. Immunohistochemical staining for GEP was diffuse and cytosolic in invasive ovarian cancer tumor cells compared with occasional, punctate, and apical staining in LMP tumor epithelia. Antisense transfection of GEP into ovarian cancer cell lines resulted in down-regulation of GEP production, reduction in cell growth (P < 0.002), decrease in the S-phase fraction (P < 0.04), and loss of density-independent growth potential (P < 0.01).'] Is the granulin-epithelin precursor/PC-cell-derived growth factor a growth factor for epithelial ovarian cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['The role of growth factors in ovarian cancer development and progression is complex and multifactorial. We hypothesized that new growth factors may be identified through the molecular analysis of ovarian tumors as they exist in their native environment.', 'RNA extracted from microdissected serous low malignant potential (LMP) and invasive ovarian tumors was used to construct cDNA libraries. A total of 7300 transcripts were randomly chosen for sequencing, and those transcripts were statistically evaluated. Reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the findings in tumor tissue samples. Ovarian cancer cell lines were used to test gene effects on monolayer growth, proliferative capacity, and density-independent growth.', 'Analysis of the pooled library transcripts revealed 26 genes differentially expressed between LMP and invasive ovarian cancers. The granulin-epithelin precursor [GEP/PC-cell derived growth factor (PCDGF)] was expressed only in the invasive ovarian cancer libraries (P < 0.028) and was absent in the LMP libraries (0 of 2872 clones). All of the invasive tumor epithelia, 20% of the LMP tumor epithelia, and all of the stroma from both subsets expressed GEP by reverse transcription-PCR. Immunohistochemical staining for GEP was diffuse and cytosolic in invasive ovarian cancer tumor cells compared with occasional, punctate, and apical staining in LMP tumor epithelia. Antisense transfection of GEP into ovarian cancer cell lines resulted in down-regulation of GEP production, reduction in cell growth (P < 0.002), decrease in the S-phase fraction (P < 0.04), and loss of density-independent growth potential (P < 0.01).'] Is the granulin-epithelin precursor/PC-cell-derived growth factor a growth factor for epithelial ovarian cancer? OUTPUT:
PubmedQA128158	[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['CD26 is highly expressed on lung epithelial cells as well as on immune cells. Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation induces a further increase of CD26 expression. CD26-deficient rat strains exhibit blunted clinical courses in models of experimental asthma.', '(1) To investigate the involvement of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the surfactant system in a rat model of genetic CD26 deficiency. (2) To investigate regulatory mechanisms dependent on the endogenous CD26 expression. (3) To investigate the impact of CD26 on surfactant protein (SP)-levels under inflammatory conditions.', 'Wild-type and CD26-deficient F344 rats were sensitized to and challenged with OVA. Subsequently, airway inflammation, SP levels as well as surface tension of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were evaluated.', 'CD26 deficiency led to decreased airway inflammation, e.g. reduced numbers of eosinophils and activated T cells in the BAL. Remarkably, the CD26-deficient rats exhibited a significantly increased influx of FoxP3(+) Tregs into the lungs and increased IL-10-secretion/production by draining lymph node cells in culture experiments. Furthermore, in OVA-challenged CD26-deficient rats, the increase of the expression of the collectins SP-A and SP-D as well as of the surface tension-active SP-B was significantly less pronounced than in the CD26-positive strain. Only in the wild-type rats, functional alterations of the surfactant system, e.g. the increased surface tension were obvious after OVA challenge.'] Is reduced airway inflammation in CD26/DPP4-deficient F344 rats associated with altered recruitment patterns of regulatory T cells and expression of pulmonary surfactant proteins?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]	TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer. INPUT: ['CD26 is highly expressed on lung epithelial cells as well as on immune cells. Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation induces a further increase of CD26 expression. CD26-deficient rat strains exhibit blunted clinical courses in models of experimental asthma.', '(1) To investigate the involvement of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the surfactant system in a rat model of genetic CD26 deficiency. (2) To investigate regulatory mechanisms dependent on the endogenous CD26 expression. (3) To investigate the impact of CD26 on surfactant protein (SP)-levels under inflammatory conditions.', 'Wild-type and CD26-deficient F344 rats were sensitized to and challenged with OVA. Subsequently, airway inflammation, SP levels as well as surface tension of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were evaluated.', 'CD26 deficiency led to decreased airway inflammation, e.g. reduced numbers of eosinophils and activated T cells in the BAL. Remarkably, the CD26-deficient rats exhibited a significantly increased influx of FoxP3(+) Tregs into the lungs and increased IL-10-secretion/production by draining lymph node cells in culture experiments. Furthermore, in OVA-challenged CD26-deficient rats, the increase of the expression of the collectins SP-A and SP-D as well as of the surface tension-active SP-B was significantly less pronounced than in the CD26-positive strain. Only in the wild-type rats, functional alterations of the surfactant system, e.g. the increased surface tension were obvious after OVA challenge.'] Is reduced airway inflammation in CD26/DPP4-deficient F344 rats associated with altered recruitment patterns of regulatory T cells and expression of pulmonary surfactant proteins? OUTPUT: