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If you are a fan of the NFL and NOT a Patriots fan, then you can relate to this next statement. Tom Brady (TB12) is the single most disruptive cause of playoff and Superbowl dreams to be crushed, dismantled, and destroyed. This is equally true of the other (G.O.A.T.) who once dominated the NBA, Mr. Michael Jeffrey Jordan. To this day, players like the great Karl Malone, undoubtedly still has nightmares about the championships that got away due to his Airness’s greatness. If electronic components could dream, then they would also be prone to nightmares and those nightmares would be about electrostatic discharge (ESD). According to the ESD Association, 25% of all electronics that are ‘damaged for unknown reasons’ can be attributed to ESD. These damages cost the electronics industry an estimated $5 billion a year. So, the need for ESD protection and design considerations at every level cannot be overstated. What is ESD and What Causes the Phenomenon? ESD is a released electrical charge (static electricity) that is at rest. This is mainly created by an imbalance of electrons that stay on a specific surface, or in the environmental air. The imbalance of electrons, caused by an absence of or a surplus of electrons, causes an electrical field that is capable of influencing other objects at a distance. ESD also refers to what occurs when two objects with opposing charges come into contact with one another. If these two objects get close enough the voltage is discharged, creates a voltage spike, and generates an electromagnetic field. We experience the effects of ESD on a fairly regular basis. Studies have found that a typical human body can build up charges (called “electrostatic potential”) of between 500 and 2,500 volts during a single 8-hour workday. However, damage to an electronic component can occur at around 25 volts. The Importance of ESD Protection ESD failure is one of the most challenging reliability problems to integrated circuits (ICs) and other electronic systems. In fact, industrial statistics suggest that more than 30% of IC failures are caused by ESD or electro overstress (EOS) events, resulting in billions of dollars in losses annually to the industry. However, knowing that there is a problem and realizing the solution to the problem are not mutually exclusive. Furthermore, the current solutions in place are not a one-size-fits-all solution. Although these EMIs (electromagnetic interferences) may indeed pose an equal level of danger to electronic systems, their methods of attack are not uniform. Knowing what you can do to prevent EOS events saves time and money It is universally acknowledged that ESD protection is required for all ICs and other electronic products. However, not every precaution is equally effective for every ESD model encountered. I will elaborate further over the next few paragraphs, the different models and protection issues they pose. This will also further illustrate as I eluded to earlier, that a one size fits all approach is not warranted. Types of ESD Stress Models ESD may occur in various situations. In order to better address these concerns, these ESD stress models have been separated into three specific types or models. The three types of ESD stress models are the Human body model (HBM), machine model (MM), and the charged device model (CDM). These three elementary models are used in the industry to measure the ESD protection level of ICs and to evaluate the impact of ESD stress in different situations. Human Body Model HBM, as its name implies, represents ESD stress caused by the ESD phenomenon that occurs when an electrostatically charged human body contacts a chip and forms a discharge path. MM represents ESD stress caused by the phenomenon that occurs when a charged machine or tool with a static charge contacts the chip and forms a discharge path to the ground while on the production line. Charged Device Model The CDM is a scenario where the IC (integrated chip) is charged during fabrication, production or transportation. Furthermore, the charge transfer takes place between the inside and the outside of the IC after the IC comes into contact with any conductors or ground. ESD Protection Design in CMOS Technology Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection design is needed for integrated circuits in CMOS technology. The choice for ESD protection devices in CMOS technology includes diodes, MOSFETs, and silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR). However, these ESD protection devices come with some unwanted side effects. Simply put, they cause signal losses at high-frequency input/output (I/O) pads due to the parasitic capacitance. Therefore, to minimize the impacts of these ESD protection circuits on high-frequency performance, ESD protection circuits at I/O pads must be carefully designed. Once you are able to reduce parasitic capacitance, ESD protection circuits can be easily combined or co-designed with high-frequency circuits. As the operating frequencies of high-frequency circuits increase, on-chip ESD protection designs for high-frequency applications will continuously be an important design factor. CDM ESD Protection Design Challenges Over recent years, with the extensive use of automated machinery and equipment on production lines, CDM has proven to be the most destructive discharge mechanism of all ESD stress models. CDM has gradually become the most important concern in terms of ESD protection design. Creating an ESD safe environment will help increase reliability in testing One of the most important characteristics of CDM is the low impedance discharge path, which leads to an extremely rapid charge transfer. This particular attribute is what makes CDM such a concern in the design consideration for ESD protection in CMOS technology. Here’s why, during the CDM discharge, the rise time is very short (typically, 0.25-0.75ns), which requires short trigger times of CDM ESD protection designs. In addition, with the improvement of chip integration technology and the development of new packaging techniques, the equivalent parasitic capacitance of the chip increases. Thus, resulting in an increase in the amount of charge carried by the chip and this requires an increase in the protection capability of CDM ESD protection designs. In conclusion, the importance of ESD protection design for ICs in CMOS technology cannot be overstated. With the ever-increasing evolution and capabilities of ICs in terms of application and functionality, it is clear that designs for ESD protection must evolve as well. Cadence’s suite of design and analysis tools, will have designers and production teams working together towards the best ESD protection design for integrated circuits and any CMOS technology. Allegro PCB Designer is the layout solution you’ve been looking for and it can surely facilitate the best ESD protection design for all of your integrated circuit needs. If you’re looking to learn more about how Cadence has the solution for you, talk to us and our team of experts. About the AuthorFollow on Linkedin Visit Website More Content by Cadence PCB Solutions

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East End Park, located within the Winsted Green Historic District, is a long, narrow park at the northeast corner of the commercial downtown area of Winsted. It is bounded by Main Street on the south, a busy commercial highway. The park is slightly higher than Main Street and extends northward away from it. Two one-way streets, Park Place East and Park Place West border it on either side. It is set off from the surrounding streets by a low fence made of concrete masonry posts and iron rails (evident in a photograph taken at the turn of the 19th century). The park is shaded by many maple and oak trees and provides a lush contrast to the busy commercial area along the four-lane highway at its south end. Buildings along the east and west sides of the park are dense; 19th century dwellings and commercial structures, a church, a synagogue, and a 20th century three-story school building. The park is crossed north to south through the middle by a long concrete walkway. Along its path, from south to north, are a memorial drinking fountain, Civil War monument, bandstand, a late 19th century fountain, and Vietnam War Memorial. Other concrete paths cross the park from east to west. The east/west walkway nearest the southern end of the park is asphalt rather than concrete. At the south end of the park near Main Street is the Connecticut Historical Commission sign as is the monument for the flood victims who died in 1955. To the west of the Vietnam Memorial, three maple trees have been planted side by side commemorating the lives of three Winsted men killed in the war. The park serves an important commemorative function as indicated by the number and placement of memorials in East End Park. The masonry Civil War Monument, a Union Soldier on top of a square pedestal base, was erected in the early 20th century "in honor of the patriotism and to perpetuate the memory of the 368 brave men who went forth from this town from 1861 to 1865 and periled their all that the nation might live..." The Vietnam War memorial is of polished granite and includes the names of those who died. The existing bandstand on a raised masonry platform with railing is a recent addition and replaces an earlier one of much different design. Winsted's green, East End Park, is representative of Winsted's settlement in the last years of colonial America in its location of the grounds of the original public parade grounds. Yet today its park-like layout and surrounds reflect the town's rapid growth and prosperity in the industrial era. Winsted followed a trend popularized in the mid-19th century by converting the colonial parade ground into a shaded public park. With all the factories along Main Street, it would have been a welcome oasis then as it is today.

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Learning Enrichment (Secondary) provides support to students from Years 7 – 12. Students with special learning needs are identified by a professional diagnosis after consultations with parents, teachers and specialist professionals. Learning Enrichment supports the work of classroom teachers via the use of individualised programmes that have been implemented due to their reliability and proven educational success. Strategies are implemented to enhance individual learning, including different teaching methods and the use of technology. Support is also provided within the classroom for students who require extra assistance. Students are also challenged with learning extension programmes which challenge the students potential.

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Sprouts: What You Should Know Do sprouts carry a risk of illness? Like any fresh produce that is consumed raw or lightly cooked, sprouts carry a risk of foodborne illness. Unlike other fresh produce, seeds and beans need warm and humid conditions to sprout and grow. These conditions are also ideal for the growth of bacteria, including Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli. Have sprouts been associated with outbreaks of foodborne illness? Since 1996, there have been at least 30 reported outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with different types of raw and lightly cooked sprouts. Most of these outbreaks were caused by Salmonella and E. coli. What is the source of the bacteria? In outbreaks associated with sprouts, the seed is typically the source of the bacteria. There are a number of approved techniques to kill harmful bacteria that may be present on seeds and even tests for seeds during sprouting. But, no treatment is guaranteed to eliminate all harmful bacteria. Are homegrown sprouts safer? Not necessarily. If just a few harmful bacteria are present in or on the seed, the bacteria can grow to high levels during sprouting, even under sanitary conditions at home. What can industry do to enhance the safety of sprouts? In 1999, the FDA provided the sprout industry with guidance on reducing the risk of contamination of sprouts by harmful bacteria. The FDA and other Federal and state agencies continue to work with industry on detecting and reducing contamination and keeping contaminated sprouts out of the marketplace. What can consumers do to reduce the risk of illness? - Children, the elderly, pregnant women, and persons with weakened immune systems should avoid eating raw sprouts of any kind (including alfalfa, clover, radish, and mung bean sprouts). - Cook sprouts thoroughly to reduce the risk of illness. Cooking kills the harmful bacteria. - Request that raw sprouts not be added to your food. If you purchase a sandwich or salad at a restaurant or delicatessen, check to make sure that raw sprouts have not been added. Safe Eats: Fruits, Veggies, and Juices (FDA) Guidelines for safe eating during pregnancy include warnings about sprouts. Background on Previous Outbreaks Raw Alfalfa Spouts Linked to Salmonella Contamination (FDA) FDA recommendations to consumers in response to the Spring 2009 outbreak. Investigation of an Outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul Infections Linked to Raw Alfalfa Sprouts (CDC) Includes a map showing the number of cases by state in the Spring 2009 outbreak.

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Opioid Crisis Statistics Resources are available to assist you on your path to recovery. Enter your address, city or ZIP code to locate treatment centers nearest to you. PLEASE NOTE: Your personal information and the search criteria you enter into the locator are secure and anonymous. HHS does not collect or maintain any information you provide. Data Overview of the Opioid Epidemic Drug overdose deaths and opioid-involved deaths continue to increase in the United States. Deaths from drug overdose are up among both men and women, all races, and adults of nearly all ages. CDC One-Stop Location for Online Public Health Data Access statistical research data published by CDC, as well as reference materials, reports and guidelines on health-related topics SAMHSA Data Collections SAMHSA publishes data and reports on populations and facilities related to Mental Health and Substance abuse. Data helps SAMHSA and the nation assess the impact of the changes to US health care systems and identify and address behavioral health disparities. Vital Signs: Prescription Painkiller Overdoses A series of reports detailing various aspects of the health threat and what can be done to drive down the problem. Each issue includes a graphic fact sheet and website, a media release, and social media tools. Vital Signs: 2017-2018 Naloxone Prescription Data Did you know that the number of prescriptions for naloxone doubled from 2017 to 2018? Find more information about this stat and others in CDC’s Vital Signs Naloxone update. Monitoring the Future: 2017 Teen Survey Results on Drug and Alcohol Use and Attitudes Misuse of all prescription opioids among 12th graders has dropped dramatically in the past 15 years, from 9.6 percent in 2002 to 2.0 percent in 2017 despite high opioid overdose rates among adults. Trends in Opioid-related Healthcare Research AHRQ is increasing the evidence base with data and research and provides a forum where communities can share their tools for combating the issue of opioid misuse. Dramatic Increases in Maternal Opioid Use and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Use of opiates during pregnancy can result in a drug withdrawal syndrome in newborns called neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). There was a five-fold increase in the proportion of babies born with NAS from 2000 to 2012 - One in three Medicare Part D beneficiaries received a prescription opioid in 2016, - About 500,000 beneficiaries received high amounts of opioids, - Almost 90,000 beneficiaries are at serious risk, and - About 400 prescribers had questionable opioid prescribing patterns for beneficiaries at serious risk.

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CC-MAIN-2020-29

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Are Micropeptides Involved in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes? Type 2 Diabetes is a disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. Under normal conditions, the beta-cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a peptide hormone that promotes the uptake of glucose throughout the body. Approximately 90% of the entire diabetic population has Type II Diabetes and there is currently no cure. The exact regulatory mechanisms involved in the onset of this disease are still largely unknown. However, recent genomic studies have shown that large sections of the genome that were previously labeled as long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) do in fact code for functional proteins. A notable amount of research has been done in looking at the role of lncRNA in multiple diseases and organ systems, but this been understudied in pancreatic beta-cells. For the purposes of this study, I am studying the expression and function of micropeptides in rat INS-1 cells (pancreatic tumor). If one or more micropeptides are found to be involved in the mechanisms behind Type 2 Diabetes development, then they may be novel biomarkers that could improve the current methods of diagnosing the disease.

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CC-MAIN-2023-23

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Abstract With the decline of conventional oil production, developing and producing heavy oil resources efficiently is becoming more important. The Liaohe Heavy Oil Field steam operation is unique - it started with cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) operation that transitioned into a continuous steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) operation. With respect to oil production in China, this field is considered critical for heavy oil production and technology development. Cyclic steam injection was initially done through vertical wells. This had the benefit that it provided a good start-up of depletion chambers in the reservoir. These chambers then grew under gravity drainage after continuous steam injection (through the vertical wells) and continuous production through a set of horizontal wells was started. Controlled and deliberate transition from CSS to a gravity drainage process with the objective of optimizing energy intensity (GJ injected per unit volume oil produced) with control enabled through production and thermocouple data is a smart field operation which we refer to as a Reservoir Production Machine (RPM). In this paper, as a first step to understand the operation and its impact on the reservoir, we have history matched the CSS operation based on the injection and production data from field. The use of vertical steam injection wells (formerly the CSS wells) in combination with horizontal production wells operated in a SAGD mode of operation is explored. The history-matched model can be used to develop automated RPM technologies to optimize not only energy intensity but also emissions intensity. Introduction The cyclic steam - gravity drainage steam operation under study here is being operated in the Block Du84 in the Shu1 area located in the middle section of the Qishu upper step at the western slope in western depression of the Liaohe Basin. The overall structural feature is a structure dipping to the southeast with dip angle between 2 and 3º. The heavy oil target formation is the Guantao oil-layer of Block Du 84. This layer is a thick extra-heavy oil reservoir with relatively high porosity and high permeability (Yang and Zhou, 2006). The Guantao Formation is exposed to edge and top water zones with no bottom water in the area under study. Number of Pages Looking for more? Some of the OnePetro partner societies have developed subject- specific wikis that may help.

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-157810-MS

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The winning entry in the 1963 Gown of the Year competition, this ball gown is a sumptuous creation of French guipure lace embroidered with silk ribbon and hand-beaded with pearl crystals and French paillettes. Designed by Lorna White for local fashion house Hartnell of Melbourne, the dress represents a key point in Australian fashion history and tells a story of the age-old battle of art versus commerce. Lorna White, Melbourne The Melbourne fashion industry of the 1950s With the shadow of war receding, Melbourne was booming economically and the fashion business was now highly profitable. Imported European goods were highly valued, along with fine quality local design and manufacture. Social events had formalised dress codes, reflecting social values and an increased breadth of affluence across society. With the advent of television and suburban growth came an increased emphasis on home improvement, entertaining, and demonstrating one’s social position. Flinders Lane and Collins Street were the throbbing heart of the garment and textile industry, with many businesses owned by a tight-knit group of European families, including numerous post-war migrants who brought their own skills and aesthetic to the developing Australian fashion industry. Among these was Melbourne-born Ralph Samuel. Ralph had trained a jeweller prior to serving in the Second World War, and upon returning home in 1945 he joined his father-in-law Joseph Slonim's textile business, establishing the fashion house Hartnell of Melbourne. Ralph's passion was designing high-fashion evening gowns inspired by Hollywood goddesses and European high society, but early on his ambitions were stifled by a post-war shortage of luxury fabrics and strict government quotas on textile imports. Opportunity came in the guise of adversity when, in 1952, a large fire broke out in Hartnell's Flinders Lane workshop, resulting in 250,000 pounds worth of damage. Struggling to replace his lost textiles, Ralph had the idea to apply for a quota exemption, enabling him to buy the fabric he needed from Europe. He was approved, and in the process became one of the few local clothing manufacturers on the market with access to large amounts of top quality imported textiles. Ralph seized this advantage to establish Hartnell as a premium haute couture brand, using silks and laces from Europe's best fabric houses. Newspaper report on the fire, The Argus, 20 May 1952. Clippings from Hartnell’s of Melbourne Scrapbook, late 20th century, Melbourne, Australia. Jewish Museum of Australia Collection 10129. Reproduced courtesy of the Jewish Museum of Australia. The Gown of the Year The following year, 1953, marked the inaugural Gown of the Year competition. Organised by the Australian Mannequins and Models Guild, the Gown of the Year quickly became an important event in Melbourne's social calendar. It offered models an opportunity to hone their craft, designers and makers to stretch their creative and technical talents, and businesses an opportunity to build new markets. Throughout its 54-year history, the competition withstood many changes and controversies. Ultimately it was subject to the market forces of the time, with the 1963 Hartnell of Melbourne gown marking a pivotal moment in the story of both the competition and the Melbourne fashion industry. Left: Brighton local Margaret Cooke had this dress made for the 1958 Miss Summer Festival competition fundraiser. She took inspiration from a Women's Weekly article featuring photos of Gown of the Year entrants. Right: 'Glamor line-up at Gown of the Year', Women's Weekly, 27 August 1958. In the early years of the competition, couture houses, textile mills and models collaborated to create and show spectacular gowns. However, over time differing motivations led to clashes and disagreements. For businesses, entry was an opportunity to put the quality of their garments and designs on show with a view to gaining prestige and increasing commercial sales. Flush with the wealth of the post-war boom, they would invest substantial resources in producing a single dress. On the other hand, many in the Mannequins and Models Guild saw the purpose of the competition as rewarding technical and creative excellence. They believed that the gowns should be judged primarily upon creativity and ingenuity, and were frustrated by the lavish amounts of money and resources being spent on the competition, believing it led to an unequal playing field. Dress design, they felt, had become a servant to the fabric. Model Marien Brindley (right) wearing Hartnell of Melbourne's award-winning gown. Flair magazine, January 1964. Courtesy Tom McEvoy. Hartnell and Gown of the Year In 1963 Hartnell of Melbourne entered this stunning gown, given the name 'Directoire'. Designed by Lorna White to showcase a beautiful expensive imported lace from Marescot of Paris, it features intricate beadwork and superb workmanship. The judges remarked with delight at their difficulty in identifying the placement of the zip, which had been artfully concealed by overlapping lace segments. The dress reputedly took 300 hours to construct, with work beginning only four weeks before the ceremony. The finished product weighed 6 kilograms and cost an estimated 3000 pounds, an enormous financial outlay at the time. Such lavish creations had been common for Melbourne couture houses during the late 1950s and early 1960s. But by 1963, the industry was approaching a tipping point. Photos from Hartnell’s of Melbourne Scrapbook, late 20th century, Melbourne, Australia. Jewish Museum of Australia Collection 10129. Reproduced courtesy of the Jewish Museum of Australia. Left: Lorna White, Marien Brindley and Ralph Samuel holding their Gown of the Year trophies, Melbourne, November 1963. A new generation was now coming of age, young people with no interest in dressing like their parents, and a new set of designers was rising to meet the demand with fresh, modern and affordable styles. Established fashion houses that had previously been secure in their dominance were now under pressure to adapt to a vastly different landscape. Between the changing fashion market, tightening competition and rising manufacturing costs, Flinders Lane businesses were forced to think pragmatically. Most came to the conclusion that the Gown of the Year competition no longer made good commercial sense: for all the visibility it brought them, they could no longer justify spending hundreds of pounds creating a single dress that would not necessarily sell. 1963 was the last year most Flinders Lane fashion houses would participate in the competition. Ford Fairmont advertisement, Women's Weekly, 29 September 1965, featuring Hartnell of Melbourne's 1963 Gown of the Year. While the competition gave Hartnell opportunities for exposure, such as this one, it did not necessarily lead to more commercial sales. At Hartnell of Melbourne, Ralph Samuel recognised the need to shift with the times and embrace the emerging youth market, along with the importance of fostering young design talent. In addition to his own youth labels such as Miss Hartnell, helmed by his son Brian and designer Christine Hooker, he housed influential young designers such as Felicity Fitchett and others within Hartnell House. Left: Felicity Fitchett two-piece suit, Vogue, Winter 1962. Courtesy Tom McEvoy. Centre: Miss Hartnell gown, Woman’s Day, 9 October 1967; magazine clipping from Hartnell’s of Melbourne Scrapbook, late 20th century, Australia. Jewish Museum of Australia Collection 10129. Reproduced courtesy of the Jewish Museum of Australia. Right: Miss Hartnell advertisement, Flair magazine, February 1967. Courtesy Tom McEvoy. From 1964, the Gown of the Year competition moved in a new direction. The next few years were characterised by an increased emphasis on innovative use of inexpensive materials, such as wool and new synthetics, and novel modern design. Art and creativity were prioritised over commercial outcomes. This move was in line with a fashion industry and society that were evolving, with growing interest in youth style and ready-to-wear, high street fashion. We can see this progression in another Gown of the Year entrant in the Brighton Historical Society collection. Commissioned by the Australian Wool Board in 1966, it was designed by the Melbourne fashion house Jinoel and echoes in style the old-school glamour of earlier years, but takes a more experimental approach in its unconventional use of wool lace. Left: Jinoel, South Yarra, wedding dress, 1966. Wool, tulle, beads. Brighton Historical Society. Right: Brighton model Coral Knowles wearing the same Jinoel dress on her wedding day, 18 June 1966. Courtesy Coral Knowles. By 1969 the competition had firmly entered a new era, turning its focus to fostering rising, innovative talent and providing opportunities to students and non-professionals designers and makers. The tone of designs was young, fresh and modern, with appreciation for unusual fabric treatments, hand beading and fashionable shapes. This winning John Claringbold entry of 1969 is an excellent marker of the new direction of both the competition and the Australian fashion aesthetic. Its reported cost? Seven dollars. In the age-old battle or art versus commerce, ultimately neither side is right or wrong. Ralph Samuel and his colleagues' commercially-motivated investment in the early Gown of the Year competition enabled the creation of intricate and beautiful garments like Hartnell's 1963 gown, which remains a superb example of design and workmanship. After business trends led them to part ways with the competition, they went on to build a retail landscape of affordable, high quality and attractive clothing for everyday people. Meanwhile, the Gown of the Year remained as a forum for creative exploration and boundary-pushing, away from the constraints of commercial necessity. From its early days until its last, the competition provided a platform for many designers who became household names, including but not limited to: Hall Ludlow, Henry Haskin, Dame Zara Holt of Magg, Charlotte Blau (Charlotte of Fifth Avenue), Van Roth, Jinoel, House of Nefertiti, Aldo Terlato, and J’Aton designers Anthony Pittorino and Jacob Luppino. Art and commerce: both vital ingredients in shaping the Australian fashion landscape we know today. SDA Models Division, Australian Gown of the Year Couture Awards 2003: Celebrating 50 Years, 2003. Annabel Butler, 2019 Page design and additional photos by Jessica Curtain "Winning gown back in fashion", Brighton Southern Cross, 18 November 1987. "Best gown", Canberra Times, 13 November 1963. English, Bonnie and Pomazan, Liliana, Australian Fashion Unstitched: The Last 60 Years, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2010. Gigliuto, Helen (Gown of the Year entrant, winner and judge), personal interview, 28 November 2018. Joel, Alexandra, Parade: The story of fashion in Australia, Harper Collins, Sydney, 1998. Permezel, Barbara, A Crucible of Creative Fashion Talent: Australian Gown of the Year 1953 -1993, Shop Distributive and Allied Employees’ Association, Melbourne, 1993. Rosenthal, Lesley Sharon, Schmattes: Stories of fabulous frocks, funky fashion and Flinders Lane, Lesley Sharon Rosenthal, South Yarra, 2005. Samuel, Brian (son of Ralph Samuel and manager of Miss Hartnell), personal interview, 22 February 2019. Valenta, Tom, Remember Me, Mrs V?: Caring for My Wife: Her Alzheimer’s and Others’ Stories, Michelle Anderson, South Yarra, 2007. Wallis, Barbara, "The Gown of the Year: Second triumph for designer", Woman's Day, 2 December 1963. Thanks to Tom McEvoy, fashion historian and RMIT Masters student, for sharing his both his knowledge and image collection; to the staff of the Jewish Museum of Australia for providing access to their Hartnell of Melbourne collection; and to Helen Gigliuto and Brian Samuel for generously sharing their knowledge and recollections. This research was funded by a Local History Grant from Public Record Office Victoria. Brighton Historical Society Costume Collection Project, 2018-2019.

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Which is larger: 30% of 10, or 10% of 30? Are they the same? See more In a box of mangoes, 80% of them are high-quality while 20% are low-quality. If 10 low-quality mangoes are removed, then 96% of the rest will be high-quality. What is the total number of mangoes from the start? There are 100 people in a room, exactly 99% are physicist. How many physicist must leave the room to bring down the percentage of physicist to exactly 98%? If \(x=80\%\), then by what percent is \(x\) larger than \(x^2\)? There are 40 students in the classroom. If two students wearing both glasses and sweaters leave the classroom, then which of the following is a possiblity for the percentage of students who wear neither glasses nor sweaters?

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CC-MAIN-2017-04

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Architect student Ludvig Hofsten wanted to address the issues of rising sea levels and plastic waste in the ocean. He designed Villa Nemo, a project that sees the potential of living on water in the future; with both lifestyle and environmental benefits. ”Our cities are becoming fairly dense, and there’s less space to build new houses. Quite a lot of cities are starting to look at the possibility of building on water”, says Ludvig Hofsten. The core idea of Villa Nemo is to use plastic bottles from our oceans to build floating foundations for the houses, as well as for insulating the walls. Underwater turbines would utilise wave power to generate electricity, and sea water can be filtered directly for household use. There are lifestyle perks too, according to Ludvig Hofsten. There’s the potential for great views from your windows - and of course being able to move your house if the need arises. Being away from the noise pollution of a busy city, yet still being in a prime location, is another.

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CC-MAIN-2019-30

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For courses in Introduction to Fashion and Fashion Merchandising. Individuality in Clothing Selection and Appearance, Seventh Edition, provides a strong, multidisciplinary foundation for individual and family clothing choices. Balancing theory with actual applications, the authors present a broad base of knowledge at an introductory level for students' general education. Packed with activities, learning objectives, illustrations, and photographs, this user-friendly book meets the needs of future fashion professionals as well as students taking a single fashion course. Table of Contents I. INFLUENCES ON CONSUMER CLOTHING SELECTION. 1. Socio-Psychological Influences. 2. Cultural Influences. 3. Physical Influences. 4. Fashion Industry Influences. 5. Target Market Influences. II. DESIGN ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO CLOTHING SELECTION. 6. Design Elements: Space, Shape, Form, and Line. 7. Design Elements: Color. 8. Design Elements: Texture. 9. Design Principles. 10. Fabric Design. III. CONSUMER CLOTHING SELECTION ISSUES. 11. Clothing Fit. 12. Clothing Quality. 13. Clothing Care. 14. Wardrobe Strategies. 15. Clothing Purchasing Strategies. Purchase Info ? With CourseSmart eTextbooks and eResources, you save up to 60% off the price of new print textbooks, and can switch between studying online or offline to suit your needs. Once you have purchased your eTextbooks and added them to your CourseSmart bookshelf, you can access them anytime, anywhere. $57.99 | ISBN-13: 978-0-13-262597-5

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What Is It? Tremor is the shaky movements of your hands, limbs, head or voice that you can't control. Sometimes tremor is a normal reaction to a situation such as fear, fatigue or anger. It also can be a side effect of too much caffeine, a medication, or withdrawal from a drug or medicine. When tremor occurs during activities and there is no emotional or chemical cause, it can be a sign of a neurological disease called essential tremor. Essential tremor is different than Parkinson's disease, another neurological illness. Essential tremor is most noticeable when your body is in action, such as when you are writing, typing or pouring a beverage. In contrast, the tremors of Parkinson's are more noticeable at rest.

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What is happiness? Happiness is subjective. That means people interpret what happiness means in different ways. Mahatma Gandhi for example suggested “Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.” Thich Nhat Hanh, a Vietamese monk, urges us not to mistake excitement for happiness, suggesting instead that “True happiness is based on peace.” The Dalai Lama, on the other hand, describes happiness as something we can control by what we do, saying “Happiness is not something ready-made. It comes from your own actions.” There’s no exact science to being happy, and your own happiness is personal to you, but the good news is that research suggests it is possible to become happier with intentional activities (the things we do). And even better, studies suggest that happy, positive people overall tend to be healthier, live longer and may suffer less pain. It’s also well known that stress can be bad for our immune system. So, taking steps to boost your happiness could help you stay well. That’s more important than ever as we navigate new ways of living during COVID-19 times. Here are 7 simple steps that you can try to improve your happiness. 💡 Of course, there are medical, physical, and spiritual reasons why we might not be happy. These steps are not a substitute for professional care for people dealing with a mental health condition. If you have any concerns about your mental health you should make an appointment to discuss how you're feeling with your GP. 7 steps to cultivate happiness Counting your blessings is one of the strongest predictors of happiness. This can be easily achieved through keeping a gratitude journal. But don’t overdo it, once or twice a week is enough. Simply write down a few things that you are grateful for. This will remind you of the positive things in your life and draw focus away from the scary stuff. 2. Acts of kindness . People who volunteer or care for others are happier and less depressed and now more than ever that's what society needs. Caring can involve volunteering as part of an organised group or club, but it can be as simple as reaching out to another person and paying it forward. Holding on to feelings of resentment only serves to help us re-live those negative experiences which is detrimental to our wellbeing. The decision to forgive others releases us from this cycle. However, like anything else, it takes some work to become good at it. Nurture your relationships. Happy people devote a lot of time to their friends and family. In return, people who have close friends they can rely on in times of trouble are happier. One way to be a better friend is by showing a genuine interest in what others have to say and responding encouragingly. This is known as active constructive responding and is a powerful way to cultivate positive feelings and nurture your friendships. Regular exercise is linked with improved mental wellbeing. There is a consistent and positive relationship between exercise and feeling happy. People who work out even a little tend to be more cheerful than those who never exercise. Even simple things like taking a daily walk may help raise your mood. 6. Purpose and flow. Happy people often show commitment to lifelong goals and ambitions. This could be committing to a hobby or pastime, building a better world or having personally meaningful goals that are worthy of the effort. This sense of purpose can lead to increased levels of happiness. In the same vein, if we are deeply involved in an activity that is challenging but well suited to our skills, we experience a joyful state called “flow”. This is also known as being “in the zone”. Examples include when we are playing sports, teaching or playing an instrument. So perhaps now is the time to take up a new hobby, pick up the instrument gathering dust in the corner or get that job done in the house. Set yourself goals and fully immerse yourself in them. 7. Food and mood The food we eat can influence how we feel. For example, our brain needs healthy fats like those found in oily fish and nuts to keep working well. Protein is a vital source of amino acids needed to make chemicals in the brain that regulate thoughts and feelings. They are used for example to create hormones and other messengers that regulate blood sugar and satiety. Try to avoid foods which cause blood sugar to rise and fall rapidly, such as sweets, biscuits, sugary drinks, and alcohol and chocolate. Studies are focusing increasingly on the link between our brain and our microbiome - that’s the community of different bacteria that lives in our gut. It’s worth noting that 90% of serotonin - known as the happy hormone - is found in the gut. So eating foods that support a beneficial and diverse community of microbes - that's proteins, fibre and healthy fats, could be important. Take control of your happiness Why not try these steps and see if they make a difference to your mood? There are links to further reading below that could help too.

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The body parts that benefit the most by a regular routine of push-ups include the chest, shoulders, forearms and wrist area. Push-ups also help in developing a proper posture and a good torso. The primary reason behind push-ups gaining such popularity is the fact that it does not require any exercise equipment! Push-ups target six important muscles in the body - the pectoralis, triceps, deltoid, serratus anterior, abdominal and coracobrachialis. Muscles Targeted By Push-ups This muscle lies in the chest of the human body. The pectoralis major makes up most of the chest area in the male body, whereas in the female body it lies just under the breast. Under the pectoralis major lies the pectoralis minor - a thin triangular muscle. It is an adductor muscle which facilitates the upward lift and downward push movements in push-ups. The deltoid is a major shoulder-joint which works prominently during the upward movement of the push-up. Although weak as a set, the deltoid muscles are needed for the shoulder's motion to be proper. Well-defined deltoid muscles are the reason behind rounded, broad shoulders that bodybuilders usually have. The triceps lie at the back of the upper arm. Their primary function is to extend the arm outward. Triceps make up about 65% of the mass in the upper arm and are the most exerted muscle during push-ups. The intensity of strain on the triceps will depend on the type of push-ups one opts for. The serratus anterior muscle is located at the back of the chest, just under the armpit. If while performing push-ups, the scapula has a winged look, it means that the serratus muscle is weak or virtually inactive. A strong serratus suctions the scapula during the movement, eliminating the winged look. The serratus anterior is usually an inactive muscle, but performing push-ups cause these muscles to activate. A regular push-up routine will strengthen this muscle further. A strong serratus anterior muscle helps in smooth, forward movement of the shoulder blade during push-ups or other similar exercises. The coracobrachialis is a narrow muscle that runs from the shoulder blade to the biceps. It pulls the upper arm against the body during push-ups. A well-formed and worked coracobrachialis contributes in a big way while developing upper body strength. Abdominal muscles contract during push-ups to hold the body above the ground, while keeping the legs and the torso balanced and straight. Variations of Push-ups While normal push-ups work the shoulders with a little attention to other muscles, this variation impacts the chest and triceps more. How to Do Push-ups - Now slowly exhale and push your body up to the starting position. - Repeat this exercise after a brief pause of about 2 seconds. It is important to note that if you perform different variations of the exercise, the focus will shift to different muscle groups. Before you try any of the variations, it is recommended that you talk to your trainer so that you do not injure yourself.

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Even newly formed beaches aren’t free of oceanborne waste, as a study of the new beach at Pohoiki proves. A University of Hawaii at Hilo student surveyed three Big Island beaches last year to compare the concentration of microplastic waste fragments at each as a senior thesis project. “The question was, this was a brand-new beach, so I was curious to see how many microplastics there were,” said Nic Vanderzyl, currently an environmental educator with the Hawaii Wildlife Fund. “I wasn’t really expecting to find that much plastic at Pohoiki at all.” But Vanderzyl discovered that while Pohoiki had a lesser microplastic concentration than the other two beaches — Hilo Bay and Hapuna Beach — it still had significantly more plastic than he had initially expected. Vanderzyl said the concentration of microplastic fragments at the newly formed beach was approximately 20 fragments per a 50 gram handful of sand. Compared to the 52 fragments and 70 fragments per 50 grams at Hilo Bay and Hapuna Beach, respectively, the concentration was surprisingly high for such a young beach. “Microplastics tend to accumulate more in sand than in the water column,” Vanderzyl said. Therefore, when the lava from the Kilauea eruption dredged up sand from the ocean floor as the Pohoiki beach formed, it also dredged up thousands of minuscule pieces of plastic waste. The plastic particles found at Pohoiki were predominantly fiber particles, Vanderzyl said, fragments torn from synthetic fabrics such as polyester. Many of the fibers showed signs of substantial degradation, indicating that they were older fragments that have existed for some time. All three sites had high amounts of plastic fibers, but also other categories of plastics referred to as “fragments” and “nurdles.” The former are “secondary microplastics,” pieces broken off of deteriorating larger plastic items; the latter, which Vanderzyl assured is a real word, are grains of raw plastic that would be processed into consumer products. “That’s part of the problem with microplastics,” Vanderzyl said. “They break apart in the ocean and create more.” Where the Pohoiki beach differs from the other two beaches is the distribution of the plastic. Vanderzyl said microplastics tend to be found in higher concentrations at the backshore areas of the beach — “where people generally hang out, put up umbrellas, put down towels” — rather than in the sands below the high tide marks. However, Vanderzyl found no significant difference in plastic concentration at different sample elevations at the Pohoiki site, likely because of its relative youth. Vanderzyl said he wants to visit the Pohoiki beach again in December, one year after his initial survey of the site, to see how the plastic concentration has changed. While Vanderzyl said his findings will hopefully have pragmatic results — people cleaning beaches of plastic may decide to concentrate toward the backshores of beaches, where the most plastic can be found — he said the greater problem of eliminating microplastics will require a societal shift in the way we consume products. “Sometimes I’ll see something I want at a store and I reach over to it, and I realize it’s packaged in plastic,” Vanderzyl said. “And I think, ‘is it worth getting to eat these delicious Oreos when the plastic they’re in is going to go into a landfill basically forever?’” Vanderzyl said he hopes people can move beyond simple pushes toward transitioning to compostable plastics and eliminating single-use plastic products and instead focus their energy on simply not buying products that use plastic in their manufacture or packaging. “We can’t sit here and expect things to change on their own,” Vanderzyl said. “There needs to be a lot more hoopla.” Email Michael Brestovansky at email@example.com.

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The Longleaf Pine tree is native to several states here in the south including my state of Louisiana. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/longleaf/ . Once covering over 90 million acres this tree now only covers about 5% of this amount of acreage which is really troubling as these trees have grown here for 100 of years being adapted to this climate to the point of developing fire resistant bark. They have straight trunks which remain thin in comparison to other know trees as they grow in age. The fact that they are disappearing is alarming as plants tend to form an eco system together becoming partners if you will in environment in which the live. Some plants add nutrients that another plants will need or the right amount of shade/light for plants growing under them. We were given two seedlings of this tree from the Forestry table we visited yesterday and I could tell by the energy the lady put into telling us about the trees that it is a real goal of hers to see more of these trees replanted. So we are going to use the worksheet we got along with it to see how it grows and then see to it that it is carefully planted. https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Plants/Longleaf-Pine.aspxHas some very interesting facts about the Longleaf Pine if you are interested in learning more. Nature edges it's way along the blocks filling voids looking for strongholds not doubting they are there reclai... Koi fish swim in a bubbling pond hanging in shadows swimming under the wings of ducks alone at times looking for a ... Salmon swims on through currents strong jumping up stream by Karen Smith When I bought my Mobile home a couple of years ago I decided to put a small garden for tomatoes and hopefully other vegetables in the f...

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All developing societies confront the problem of accommodating a variety of groups that owe allegiance to - often ideologically - conflicting views and Pakistan is no exception. What distinguishes Pakistan from other South Asian countries, however, is the easy and abundant availability of weapons, the control of the state largely by a Punjabi-Mohajir elite in the earlier phase that led to ethnic tensions with other provinces. The failure of economic growth strategy made the state more dependant on Islam as a binding force for society and polity. This increased ethnic tensions as regional groups began to assert their cultural and nationalist agendas. The movements in Baluchistan and Rural Sindh were the result of provincial demands. Failure of successive regimes in fulfilling any of their stated developmental agendas led to a basic legitimisation crisis and all regimes, beginning Bhutto’s, began to promote Islam in the affairs of the State. General Zia took this policy further when he began promoting Islamists in the Pakistani Army, which was never done before as it was sought to be a relatively secular institution. The process of Islamisation of the State and the Afghan war were turning points in the role of Islamic orthodoxy in Pakistan. This also brought into Pakistan a more codified and strict Wahabi Islam from Saudi Arabia. The role of Pakistan as frontline state, serving American interests in the war against Communist Soviet Union, led to a major fall out for Pakistan and its society. America stopped its campaign to check the growth and export of heroin in the wake of larger strategic interests, which had a catastrophic impact on Pakistani society. The number of drug users in Pakistan today stands at 3. 2 million. This was one of the major offshoots of active involvement in the Afghan crisis and the state's decision, in the early eighties, to be a conduit for Western weapons bound for the war in Afghanistan. There have been a number of consequences of this involvement in Afghanistan, and many of these have fostered violent internal conflicts in Pakistan. They include: State support of these militant groups who were meant for external threats is likely to endanger the Pakistani establishment, as they seem to have acquired a relative autonomy over the years. The authoritarian character of the state whose formation and later development has led to the control of the institutions of the state in the hands of a select elite, where all dissent meets with violent suppression, have further fuelled violence in society. It is significant that Pakistan has spent nearly half of its 52 years of independence under military dictatorships. The crushing of the Baluch insurrection in 1973, with the use of overwhelming force, is a dramatic example of this military response. In this case, an estimated 55,000 tribal guerrillas were met with about 70,000 troops from the Pakistan Army before the revolt was quelled. The Air Force was used in these operations for bombing a large number of villages. These operations were also backed up by the bombing of villages in Baluchistan by the Iranian Air Force, ordered by the Shah of Iran. About 3,000 were killed on both sides in this civil war. Small groups of tribal guerrillas continue to operate from mountain bases in this province and frequent military expeditions are sent to quell these guerrilla groups. Sources of Major Ongoing Conflicts Sectarian Strife: The roots of the conflict can be traced to the use of religion by General Zia -ul- Haq (1977-88) as a tool for regime legitimisation. Devoid of a democratic constituency, Gen. Zia turned to the right wing Islamic elements for support. His attempt to create an Islamic polity and society was an attempt to gain legitimacy. These goals subsequently coalesced with the national security goal of building close linkages with the Afghan Mujahideen after the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979. During the eighties, consequently, a complex network developed between the Afghan mujahideen, domestic religious groups in Pakistan, and the Pakistani State, with a generous supply of weapons from the US. The combination of easy availability of arms and a growing motivated cadre resulted in the rapid spread of violence from Afghanistan to Pakistan itself. Religious scholars in Pakistan say militancy among the rival extremist groups intensified with shift from a broad support of Afghan groups fighting the Soviets to specific support of hard-line Islamic groups who were supported in the later phase after the Soviet withdrawal. The training camps established for training Afghan guerrillas underwent a change. . Establishment of just training centres gave way to growth of religious schools training students in Islamic ideology. Pakistan - particularly central and southern Punjab - served as the ground where young freedom fighters were trained; in Punjab, especially Southern Punjab, there have been problems because of Siraki language. Therefore this area provided even recruits for Islamic militancy. Almost the entire leadership of the militant Sunni outfit, the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, is made up of people who fought in Afghanistan. The conflict within Pakistan began in the 1980s, when a group of Deobandi militants formed the Anjuman Sipa-Sahaba(ASS) to wage war against the Shia landlords of the Jhang. This organisation was later rechristened as the Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP). The Shias formed the Sipah-e-Muhhamad (SMP) to counter the threat from Sunni militant Groups(1993) Sectarian Violence in Pakistan (1989-2002) An attempt was made in 1995 by moderate leaders to procure peace between these violent groups through the Milli Yakjehti Council (MYC), which brought about a temporary lull in violence. The respite was brief, as the SSP and the SMP failed to co-operate with the peace effort. However, the SSP’s leadership had joined the political mainstream, making an overt adherence to violence difficult. The extremist elements within the SSP, consequently, organised under the leadership of Riaz Basra to form the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ). There are also a number of other splinter groups engaged in this strife. These splinter groups formed alliances with other extremists and were supported by a large numbers of madarsas (religious schools or seminaries) across the country. In 1957, there were just about 150 such schools functioning in the country. The number now exceeds 5,500, with nearly 4,500 having come into existence after 1980. Half of these madarsas are in the Punjab. In May 1998, the Federal Cabinet was informed by the then Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharief, that about 100 madarsas were imparting military training. Press reports, however, suggest that over 750 madarsas were directly or indirectly connected with sectarian violence, and 810 of students of various madarsas were wanted in cases of terrorism. Patterns of retaliatory killings suggest some involvement of the Iranian establishment in the conflict, in solidarity and support of the Shia minority. Iranian diplomat Sadiq Ganji was gunned down in Lahore following the assassination of SSP founder Haq Nawaz Jhangvi in March 1990. Similarly the 1997 assassination of Jhangvi's successor Zia-ur-Rehman Farooqi and 26 others (killed in a bomb blast in the Lahore Sessions Court) saw the alleged revenge killing of Iranian diplomat Muhammad Ali Rahimi and six locals who were killed in an attack on the Iranian Cultural Centre in Multan. At the non-governmental level, several attempts have been made to end the sectarian conflict through the formation of peace councils which have largely failed due to inflexibility of militant bodies like the LJ which seek to impose their own brand of Islamic rule in Pakistan. The linkage between the madarsas and the militants is further established by the fact that most shoot-outs and bombings originate from or occur at mosques housing these schools. A significant proportion of those killed in sectarian violence are students in these schools. The provincial government in Punjab has had to face the main burden in dealing with this strife. Two major campaigns were initiated to round up suspects since the problem began. In February 1994, the Manzoor Wattoo government arrested over 200 suspects, but almost all were released on MYC's plea. A fresh initiative was undertaken by the Shahbaz Sharief administration when an estimated 700 suspects from all over the province were arrested. The erstwhile Nawaz Sharief government agreed upon a code of ethics on May 5 with most of the religious and sectarian groups. But the government failed to rope in the Lashkar-i-Jhangvi and the newly formed SMP, the real actors in the ongoing conflict. The move to call out the Pakistan Rangers and the Frontier Constabulary and banning pillion-riding once again were purely administrative steps which failed to yield desirable results. It now remains to be seen how the military administration deals with the situation. The roots of ethnic conflict in Pakistan, primarily concentrated in Karachi and other urban regions of Sindh, lie in the concentration of mohajirs (refugees) within a province where a common religion is too weak to build bonds with other population groups who were injected into the area at the time of Partition. Refugees from the Indian Punjab have been successfully integrated into Pakistani Punjab, owing to a common language and culture. (The term ‘mohajir’ refers to refugees who arrived in Pakistan from the areas that fell within the newly constituted India, in the aftermath of Partition. It derives its origin from the term Hijr, the flight of the prophet from Mecca to Medina, a journey that was undertaken to escape persecution due to religious beliefs). Refugees from other parts of India, however, did not undergo any comparable process of assimilation and were initially concentrated in Karachi, though they later moved to other urban provinces of Sindh, such as Hyderabad and Latifabad, as well. These refugees spoke Urdu and had a set of cultural and social values different from the native Sindhis. Unlike the Sindhis, the new mohajir society did not suffer from the restrictions imposed by a feudal order and hence adapted to modern education. Being in the forefront of the struggle for Pakistan, they were naturally in a dominant position and were ardent supporters of Pakistani nationalism, as opposed to the regional identities professed by the Sindhis, Pathans and Punjabis. Mohajir dominance in Pakistan’s politics was gradually eroded by the Punjabi bureaucratic-military clique, and Federal power gradually shifted to Punjab. This was followed by instances of Sindhi assertiveness, particularly provincial government initiatives, such as imposition of the Sindhi language in education and the adoption of the Sindh (Teaching, Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language) Act in 1972. These actions led to the first violent clashes involving mohajir groups. In 1985, when a mohajir girl was crushed to death under a bus, a fresh round of violence involving the mohajirs and Pathans began, since the latter were perceived to control the urban transport business. Subsequent police intervention led, for the first time, to clashes between the state and mohajir groups, a common occurrence since then. Until this time, ethnic clashes in Sindh were marked by animosity between Mohajirs on the one side and other ethnic minorities (Sindhis, Pathans) on the other. In 1986, Mohajir Quami Movement (MQM) leader Altaf Hussain provided a new direction to the ethnic strife. The agenda of MQM has been to get a better deal for the Mohajirs from the Punjabi centre and from the Sindhi provincial government, which it sees as oppressive. One of its important demands has been the change in quota policy which it feels is inimical to Mohajir interests. It has not been able to wrest substantive concessions despite using coercion, violence and terror tactics. But some of its demands that Mohajirs be declared as the fifth nationality have not been well received. It has managed to cut across red tape and solve some of the housing problems in the city of Karachi. Its support base is the lower middle class and it has been financed by middle class Mohajirs. Rather than targeting any specific minority group, the Punjabi dominated state bodies in Sindh were exclusively targeted by the Mohajirs. After this point, ethnic strife in Pakistan has largely involved the Mohajirs and state law enforcement agencies, including the army. As a consequence of disagreement between Afaq Ahmed and Altaf Hussain (the former being a close confidante of the latter) ostensibly on the issue of renaming the organisation, the movement split into two. The new faction which later on came to be identified with its proximity to the army was called the MQM(H). There have been a series of incidents of violence between the two factions in the past couple of years. Whenever there has been a killing, MQM (Altaf ) has often accused its rival organisation of masterminding the killings. Several bouts of violence have occurred after 1986, when Altaf Hussain first gave the call for a movement against the Punjabi dominated state. These include the reported spate of reprisal killings by drug barons in Karachi, where over one hundred persons lost their lives and several hundred were injured. Several connected instances of attacks on Sindhis and Mohajirs sparked riots in 1988, with Hyderabad bearing the brunt. According to a report, the "streets of Hyderabad were littered with bodies right from Hirabad to Latifabad". The riots claimed over 60 dead in just one day, and more than 250 deaths in this phase of rioting. In a backlash, more than 60 Sindhi speaking people were gunned down in Karachi. These killings provoked a massive police operation in the city, where over 4,000 policemen, according to press reports, and two thousand according to official sources, from all over the province surrounded the Pucca Qila locality and "fired at the house. This was for the first time in Pakistan's history that an operation been launched where thousands of people were besieged, and water and electric supply was disconnected. Appeals were made from mosques and newspapers offices were flooded with complaints, but nobody could move out as curfew had been imposed in the city". Failing to curb the protests, the police were removed and the army was called in. According to the list provided by a medical superintendent of Bhittai Hospital (Karachi), Dr. Shaiq Ali, 62 dead and 117 injured had been brought to the hospital. The dead also included women. Dr. Shaiq Ali was later murdered at his private clinic on Khai Road. The most tragic off-shoot of the Pacca Qilla operation is that, notwithstanding the marriage of convenience between the Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz (JSQM) and the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), a clear divide had taken place between the Urdu and Sindhi speaking people. There was only a trickle of internal migrations before the operation, but the operation triggered a mass exodus of population. The mohajirs migrated en masse from Qasimabad and the interior of Sindh into Hyderabad. Similarly, the Sindhis people moved to Qasimabad from Hyderabad and Latifabad. While dismissing the government of Benazir Bhutto in 1990, president Ghulam Ishaq Khan had charged that just in seven months from January to July, 1,187 people had been killed and 2,491 injured in Sindh against 99 killed and 166 injured in the other three provinces of Pakistan. This is indicative of the threat to stable regimes from unsettled political issues and extremist agendas. Moreover the ethnic violence has become a feature of the political life of Sindh in particular where the rural urban divide and MQM's control of the urban constituency has alienated them form the Sindhis who speak the sindhi language and have different cultural practices from the settlers in urban Sindh. Efforts to bring about even a common political agenda in rural Sindh amongst groups demanding separation has not borne fruit in concrete terms. The socio-economic agenda of the Jeay Sindh movement which has demanded a separation of Sindh at various points has been unclear though it does gravitate towards separation. In Pakistan one can easily say that religious and ethnic organisations representing their respective communities are increasingly using violent methods including terrorism and even democratic and legal tools to achieve the ends that they have set for themselves thereby resulting in increasing incidents of violence and terrorism the last decade. In the past ten years another important factor in the internal strife in Pakistan has been the impact of Afghan war in South Asia. Its ramifications include the growth of various Islamic groups that have been implicated in the running feuds between the Sunni and Shia organisations, and the drug Mafia operating in Pakistan which poses a threat to state security in the long run.

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Located in the Kotayk Province, roughly 17 miles southeast of the Armenian capital of Yerevan, is the village of Garni. This historical settlement has an ancient history that likely dates back to the construction of its fortress complex in the 3rd century BC. The area itself has been inhabited since the 3rd millennium BC. With a history so long, it should come as no surprise that its historical sites are some of the top things to do in Garni and Geghard, Armenia. Garni and its surrounding area are chock-full of fascinating historical sites sure to thrill any history buff. Garni’s ancient fortress complex, its churches and shrines, the world-famous Temple of Garni, and the nearby Geghard Monastery can all be easily visited within the same day. Nature-lovers will likely appreciate the beauty of the columnar basalt along the sides of the Garni Gorge. Foodies aren’t left out here, as there are ample opportunities to try traditional Armenian cuisine here as well. These are the top things to do in Garni and Geghard, Armenia. Visit Geghard Monastery Surrounded by the beautiful and imposing cliffs of the Azrat River Gorge less than five miles northeast of Garni is Geghard Monastery, also known as Geghardavank. While this UNESCO World Heritage Site is technically located in its namesake town, Geghard, it’s close enough to Garni to make it an easy addition to any Garni day trip itinerary. Geghard Monastery is made up of several structures, including caves, jhamatuns (lobby-like entrance areas contiguous to the west of medieval Armenian monasteries), constructed buildings, and more, which are arranged in and adjacent to the Azrat River Gorge cliffside. Though the main chapel at Geghard Monastery was built in 1215, the monastery itself dates back much further to the 4th century. It was founded by Gregory the Illuminator, the religious leader who converted Armenia from paganism to Christianity. He founded the monastery on top of a holy spring that was considered sacred even in pre-Christian times. The word “Geghardavank” translates to “Monastery of the Spear,” which is a direct reference to the Spear of Destiny, the artifact that pierced the side of Jesus Christ during the Crucifixion. That spear is thought to have been brought to Geghard Monastery by the Apostle Jude, along with other relics. The spear remained in the monastery from the 13th to 18th centuries but has since been moved to the Etchmiadzin Treasury. The monastery’s significance makes it one of the top things to do in Garni and Geghard. When you first arrive at Geghard Monastery, you’ll find street vendors selling rosaries and other religious items. There are also food vendors selling sweets and dried fruits. My favorite was the gata, a fluffy, Armenian sweet bread made with flour, honey, and sugar. It makes for a sweet and tasty snack before you explore the monastery. Check out my travel and lifestyle site, JetSet Lifestyle Blog! The Upper Jhamatun There are lots of different structures that make up the monastery. One of the most fascinating is a 13th century noble family tomb located inside the mountain. This beautiful mausoleum, called the Upper Jhamatun, can be reached by following a cave on the monastery’s second level whose walls are etched with carvings. The tomb was carved from the top down, so everything inside, including its stunning pillars, walls, and floor, were all hewn from one massive piece of rock. On its walls are Armenian historical records that were documented during the 13th century so they wouldn’t be lost during the frequent Mongol attacks of the time period. Records show that the tomb was completed in the year 1288. Interred in the tomb are the Armenian princes Merik and Grigor, though others were also buried there once. In addition to the tomb serving as their final resting place, it is also used as a music school. I could see why after witnessing a beautiful song performed by a group of singers there. The acoustics in the tomb are extraordinary and their performance gave me chills! Watching them sing was a privilege and one of my favorite things to do in Garni and Geghard. One of the monastery’s more well-known locations is Avazan Church, which was hewn from an ancient cave in the 13th century. The cave in which this rock-cut church was carved is home to a spring that has been a place of worship since Armenia’s pagan days. The church is cruciform, or cross-shaped, and was carved by the architect Galdzak, who also carved the other jhamatuns and rock-cut churches over the course of 40 years. It’s a little dark inside with light streaming down from a hole above. But after your eyes adjust, you can see the detailing in the wall carvings and columns. It was unlike anything I had ever seen. The design was breathtaking. In the back of the Avazan Church is the famous holy spring. It comes straight out of one of the rock walls and trickles down a groove that leads elsewhere. Dip your hands in near the source and take a sip. The water is cold and refreshing! Drinking the water from the holy spring should be high on the list of things to do in Garni and Geghard, Armenia! Rock-Cut Church and Katoghike Chapel To the left of the chamber with the holy water stream is another rock-carved church. This church was carved from a single piece of rock and features a cupola, as well as more intricate carvings on its walls. I could make out crosses, trees of life, and pomegranates, which I learned are a sign of fertility. Just outside the rock-cut church is Geghard Monastery’s main church, the Katoghike Chapel. Built in 1215 right against the mountainside, this beautiful church was constructed with specially-made corners to protect the building from seismic activity. Inside, you’ll find vibrant paintings of angels and Jesus Christ on the walls. Outside, on the southern side of the chapel, are more intricate carvings of pomegranate trees, their leaves intertwining with grapes. Seeing it is one of the most beautiful things to do in Garni and Geghard, Armenia! Check out the 5 Reasons Why You Must Visit Etchmiadzin, Armenia See the Temple of Garni Once you’ve finished up at the gorgeous Geghard Monastery, head on down to the village of Garni. There, you’ll find the magnificent Temple of Garni, a pre-Christian and pre-Hellenistic pagan temple dedicated to the Armenian sun god, Mihr. It’s the only free-standing colonnaded Greco-Roman structure in all of the former Soviet Union. The Temple of Garni is also considered a symbol of Armenia’s classical past. The History of the Temple of Garni Though the Temple of Garni is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the structure that stands on the site is not the original temple. The original was likely built by King Tiridates I in the 1st century AD. It was built without the use of cement. Instead, iron was used to unite the stones of the foundation. The temple survived the purge to get rid of pagan temples after Armenia made the shift from polytheism to Christianity, but collapsed during an earthquake in 1679. It was rebuilt from 1969 to 1975. The temple reminded me of ones I had seen during my many trips to Italy. It has 24 columns and steep steps leading up to a main hall and an altar. At the backside of the temple, you can bask in stunning views of the surrounding mountains and valleys. While you’re there, you may even get to listen to a musician play a pipe made from apricot trees called the duduk. Even rebuilt, the ancient history of the temple and surrounding area is apparent. Excavations have shown that the area has been inhabited since the 4th millennia BC. On the site, you’ll find an 8th-century stone inscribed in Aramaic by King Ardashir I, who wrote of uniting Garniani land with Ararat. Also nearby is the summer residence. Inside is a gorgeous mosaic from the 3rd century, which was made from 14 types of natural stones. It’s very colorful! After my visit, I understood why the Temple of Garni is considered a highlight of any trip to Armenia. It was my favorite site I’d visited in the country so far. It should be the cornerstone of things to do in Garni and Geghard, Armenia! Check out my VIDEO: Rila Bulgaria’s Most Famous Monastery Make Lavash at Garnitoun Restaurant With just a few days in Armenia under my belt by the time I visited Garni, I had already fallen in love with the cuisine. One of my favorite elements of Armenian cuisine is its bread, specifically the lavash. Lavash is a long, thin Armenian flatbread that is often eaten with various cheeses and herbs wrapped inside it. After trying it so many times, I got the chance to learn how to make it at Garnitoun Restaurant in Garni! First, I watched the baker at the restaurant make her lavash. She quickly rolled out the floured dough, spread it on a pillow, and sprayed it with water. Then, she slaps the dough to the inside wall of an oven called a tonir and lets it cook for a few minutes. She was a lavash-making machine! Then, it was my turn. I love food, but I admit, I’m not a cook. I didn’t quite get my lavash entirely inside the oven, but it still managed to cook. Unfortunately, I had some trouble pulling it out of the oven once it was ready, though. All in all, let’s just say I won’t be a professional lavash maker anytime soon. But that’s all right, because I prefer eating it to baking it anyway! Even if you’re not a cook, take some time to learn to make lavash when you visit Garnitoun Restaurant. It’s actually a lot of fun and a great way to learn more about Armenian culture and cuisine. It’s definitely one of the best things to do in Garni and Geghard, Armenia! Check out my VIDEO: Best Restaurants in Novi Sad, Serbia Dine at Garnitoun Restaurant After you make your lavash (or in my case, attempt to make lavash), head inside to the restaurant. It features an incredible dining hall with large windows that offer gorgeous views of the surrounding mountains and valleys. You also get an incredible look at the Temple of Garni. If you’re brave enough, step onto the glass floor near the edge of the terrace and get a good look at the valley floor far below! While you enjoy the views, be sure to indulge in some stunning, traditional Armenian food. Of course, I recommend starting with the lavash, which you can stuff with herbs, three different types of cheeses, cream, and even the cucumber and tomatoes from the Greek-style salad. Just trying the lavash is among the best things to do in Garni and Geghard, Armenia! The cheeses here are all so tasty and different from one another. Among them are a string cheese as well as one with herbs in it. The cheeses ferment in clay jars, which are placed underground. They range from mild to tangy and pungent. Combined with the fresh herbs in the lavash, they’re incredibly refreshing! As an eggplant fanatic, I can’t recommend the eggplant stuffed with cheese enough. It comes with a honey-like glaze on top and is unbelievable. I also suggest trying the greens with pomegranate seeds, which add a fruity pop to the earthy greens. You also must try the green bean omelet, which was perfect because the egg was still slightly runny while the beans were undeniably fresh. Don’t miss the dried fruit salad, either. The plums, apple, pomegranate, and apricots are amazing together! For your main course, my suggestion is to go with the barbecued trout. It’s so tender, it falls apart the moment you spear it on your fork. The meat is buttery and flaky, while everything from the flesh to the crispy skin is full of smoky, mouthwatering flavor. Just be careful, as it contains lots of small bones! Enjoy your meal with a 2018 VanArdi dry white wine. If you’ve ever had Spanish or Portuguese Albariño wine, the taste is very similar. It pairs so well with the foods and was the perfect cap to a delicious meal with my new friends from Armenia Travel! Having amazing food with amazing people is for sure, one of the best things to do in Garni and Geghard, Armenia. Check out my 5 Things to Do in Kalymnos, Greece That concludes my list of the top things to do on a day trip to Garni and Geghard, Armenia! This beautiful village and its surrounding area boasts some of the most remarkable historical sites I visited in Armenia. Spending a day there is something you must do when you visit this Western Asian country. Between the history and the incredible food, I was one happy traveler, and I think you will be, too. Book a trip to Yerevan, Armenia today to experience everything Garni has to offer! Special thanks to my friends at Armenia Travel for their kindness, hospitality, and for arranging my trip. I couldn’t have done it without them! Also, if you would like to visit Garni, please contact Lusine. NOTE: If you need to check the visa requirements of a particular country, click here. To apply for a visa, find up-to-date visa information for different countries, and calculate the cost of a particular visa, click here!

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Just in time for Let's Talk Month, SHIFT NC is launching Prepared: A Parent's Guide to Teen Relationships, an online tool to help parents of younger teens navigate changing conversations about relationships, sexual health, and safety. Designed for parents of 13- to 15-year-olds, Prepared is designed to help guide “The Birds and the Bees: Part 2.” SHIFT NC worked with more than 100 North Carolina parents to develop Prepared, and built the tool to respond to needs and sticking points identified by real parents. Prepared navigates parents through a “choose your own adventure” discussion about relationships and sexual health. Easily accessed on a smart phone or computer, this tool is a pocket guide for sometimes-awkward conversations. Prepared offers solutions for all types of parents: it includes conversation starters for those who are nervous to talk to their teen about relationships to those who are ready to talk about everything but just need a little guidance. Prepared also helps parents access information to deliver the message they want, whether it’s about abstinence, birth control, relationships, or something else. Why It Matters Research shows that parents are a really powerful influence on their teens - and that talking about sex is a great way to help teens be and stay healthy. Often times, though, parents worry that teens will interpret talking about sex as permission to have sex - when the opposite is true. - Teens say that parents are their #1 influence when it comes to decisions about sex and relationships - more than friends or the media. - Nine out of 10 teens say it would be easier to delay sex if they could have more open, honest conversations with their parents about these topics. Why Younger Teens? Prepared is aimed at supporting the “next” round of conversations about sexual health – the ones that come after “where babies come from” but before they’re too far into the teen years. Our background research process showed that these years were critical for setting the tone for healthy, productive conversations before they get too intense later in the teen years. We found that parents WANT to talk about sex and they KNOW it’s important, but they get stuck in a few places: - They feel AWKWARD - They aren’t sure what’s AGE-APPROPRIATE - They are worried their teen won’t LISTEN or that they won’t CONNECT Prepared tackles these sticking points by providing words of encouragement and age-appropriate talking points. Funding for Prepared was provided by Cone Health Foundation, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through grant opportunity DP00614115. SHIFT NC is deeply appreciative of their contributions. Thanks to the team at BCDC Ideas for helping develop Prepared! Thanks also to the 100+ parents who gave input and feedback throughout the development process.

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The results of the 2013–2016 atlas: an overview The state of birdlife reflects our relationship with nature and the environment. The fact that 39 % of Swiss breeding birds are on the 2010 Red List and a further 16 % are considered Near Threatened is a clear warning sign and an indication of the poor overall state of habitats. Thanks to the help of countless volunteers, the 2013–2016 breeding bird atlas documents the current distribution, abundance and altitudinal distribution of all breeding birds in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Together with the three previous atlases, it highlights the marked changes that have taken place in the Swiss avifauna in the past 20 to 60 years. Looking back over 60 years The greatest changes in bird communities since the 1950s have occurred in the lowlands. Among other factors, agricultural intensification has caused Grey Partridge, Little Owl, Common Hoopoe, Tree Pipit and Whinchat to all but disappear from lower altitudes. This trend has continued in the past 20 years and has now also progressed to medium and high altitudes. Species that breed in meadows and on arable land are particularly affected. But there have been positive changes since the 1950s as well: water quality in once polluted lakes and rivers has greatly improved, and new sanctuaries in shallow-water bays and adjacent reed stands provide better protection for breeding birds. These habitats have been newly colonised by several species, such as Tufted Duck, Gadwall, Yellow-legged Gull and Bearded Reedling. Nevertheless, the improvements were unable to prevent the disappearance of Common Snipe and Eurasian Curlew as breeding birds. Thanks to the decline in direct persecution and the ban on several environmental toxins, almost all raptors and owls occur in large numbers again – in some cases, such as the Red Kite, probably even the largest ever. Widespread species on the rise, migrants in decline The population trend of breeding birds in Switzerland, the Swiss Bird Index SBI®, shows a slightly positive overall trend. This is partly a consequence of the population growth in widespread species. Several rare and threatened birds, on the other hand, have become even scarcer, their index having declined to a low 55 % since 1990 (SBI® sub-index Red List). Most particularly, long-distance migrants that winter in sub-Saharan Africa are declining throughout Switzerland. They are more specialised and more affected by habitat and climate changes in their breeding and wintering grounds than residents and short-distance migrants, and are therefore more vulnerable. The fact that long-distance migrants have mainly disappeared from the Swiss lowlands, where the impact of human activity is especially strong, is an indication that the decline is largely «home-made». Woodland birds increasing 60 species, or almost a third of Swiss breeding birds, mainly occupy woodland, with several species also occurring in settlements where there are trees. The index for this group (SBI® sub-index Woodland) increased from 100 % in 1990 to 116 % in 2016. The 2013–2016 atlas shows that many woodland birds have benefited from near-natural forest management (more regeneration, fewer uniform spruce stands in the lowlands) as well as from the twofold increase in deadwood over 20 years and the expansion of forest area, especially in the Alps. However, the volume of deadwood remains small in forests on the Central Plateau and in the Jura. On the other hand, the overall timber stock has also increased, which means that there are fewer suitable habitats for species that depend on open and richly structured woodland, such as the Western Capercaillie. Dramatic loss of farmland birds For 25 years now, farmers have received substantial subsidies for ecological services. The farmland birds selected for special protection are listed in the federal government's «Environmental Objectives in Agriculture» (EOA). The index for this group (SBI® sub-index Target species EOA) declined from 100 % in 1990 to 42 % in 2016. The 2013–2016 atlas shows that there are fewer EOA species in large parts of the country today than there were 20 years ago. A closer look at areas where recent losses are small reveals that these areas already held few farmland species back in 1993–1996. Agricultural intensification is progressing to medium and high altitudes, with the result that nutrient-poor meadows are becoming scarcer and grass is mowed ever earlier in the year. Meadows cut so early in the season turn into ecological traps for ground breeders like Eurasian Skylark and Whinchat, as the nests are destroyed in the process. Thus, the implemented measures have not even slowed the pace of species loss, let alone halted it. Still, several positive examples demonstrate that species conservation is possible using the instruments available. Measures have not succeeded at a large scale because the importance of high-quality biodiversity promotion areas like wildflower strips has been underestimated, and because habitat connectivity projects are insufficiently oriented towards the needs of target species. Nevertheless, some species have increased in the lowlands, including Red Kite, Common Kestrel and Carrion Crow. But these are all highly adaptable species that build their nests in habitats adjacent to arable land (e.g. on forest edges), rather than in the fields, and do not depend on insects as a source of food. Wetlands and waterbodies: hotspots of species diversity under pressure The few remaining wetlands are now well protected and management has improved in many places. As a result, the populations of many wetland species have increased since the 1990s, but they remain small and unable to compensate for the losses that occurred in the past. Besides loss of area and isolation, the main problems relate to nutrient input and the human influence on wetland hydrology through water-level regulation and drainage. In addition, disturbance from human activities is increasing at these sites despite their protected status. Restorations can improve the situation, but a sufficiently large surface area, appropriate management and well-controlled visitor flow are essential if these areas are to attract rarer breeding birds such as Western Water Rail and Common Little Bittern. Only few species benefit from the growth of settlements The area covered by settlements in Switzerland increased by 23 % from 1985 to 2009. In the transition zones between settlements and farmland in particular, many ecologically valuable habitats (e.g. traditional orchards) have been lost to building development and the last semi-natural plots of land have disappeared. Only few birds benefit from the spread of settlements, even though species richness is often higher in settlements than in the intensively cultivated farmland that surrounds them. But settlements are becoming more densely built up and impervious surfaces are increasing, while the remaining green spaces are often over-maintained or contain few near-natural structures. Ruderal habitats and edge structures managed at low intensity, which would offer an abundant supply of seeds and insects, are more and more rare. Birds that nest on buildings, like Common Swift and Northern House Martin, also face difficulties, as they are highly dependent on the willingness of humans to tolerate their presence. Moreover, few new nest holes are created as a consequence of our modern «flawless» building design, and many existing nooks and crannies disappear when buildings are renovated. The Alps – a world in upheaval The Alps cover 60 % of the territory of Switzerland. Because of the large altitudinal gradient and diverse landscapes, many negative trends are somewhat mitigated in the Alps: species like Common Cuckoo or Common Redstart have practically disappeared from the Central Plateau, but still have substantial populations in the Alps. But the effects of agricultural intensification are becoming apparent here too, and the populations of Whinchat and Eurasian Skylark, for example, are in steep decline. Moreover, many open, often species-rich sites in areas of marginal economic importance have been abandoned and taken over by shrubs. Due to tourist infrastructure and leisure activities, fewer and fewer habitats are free from disturbance. Climate warming in the Alps is twice as great as the average for the northern hemisphere. The consequences are already evident, for example in the declining populations of Rock Ptarmigan and Ring Ouzel. Climate change causes many species to move to higher ground The climate in Switzerland has become much warmer in the past 30 years. Winters are shorter and spring vegetation develops earlier. This is one possible reason why Mediterranean species are becoming more common in Switzerland. Moreover, the altitudinal distribution of breeding birds shifted upwards by 24 m on average between 1993–1996 and 2013–2016. Almost two thirds of 71 relatively common species have seen an upward shift in average altitudinal distribution, 22 of them by more than 50 m. In contrast, only four species experienced a downward range shift of 50 m or more. A common pattern has emerged for 20 species with different habitat requirements (e.g. European Pied Flycatcher, Alpine Accentor, Tree Pipit) that is particularly alarming: their populations are decreasing at lower altitudes while increasing in the upper reaches of the range. This effect is expected to become even more pronounced in the future. Because surface area decreases with rising altitude, the described trend will eventually lead to population declines. Trend reversals thanks to species recovery programmes The conservation of certain threatened birds requires species-specific measures. Since 2003, the Swiss Species Recovery Programme for Birds has provided added support for the protection of selected bird species. The results of the 2013–2016 atlas confirm that the efforts have met with success. Some species benefit from the provision of artificial nest sites, such as Common Barn-owl, Common Tern, Common Hoopoe and Eurasian Jackdaw. Other species require targeted measures to improve habitat quality. The examples of Little Owl, Eurasian Wryneck and Middle Spotted Woodpecker show that this approach works. To secure the survival of these populations in the long term, conservation efforts must continue. Other species with declining populations will need to be included in the species recovery programme. Besides the necessary funds, meeting these urgent challenges requires mutual understanding and close collaboration between authorities, conservationists, land owners and land users. The 2013–2016 atlas shows encouraging trends for many bird species. Most of them are woodland birds that have benefited from the improvements in forest habitats. But this cannot mask the fact that many rare species have become even scarcer since 1993–1996 and that elaborate measures are needed to stop them from disappearing completely. Human activities have a growing impact on bird communities. Besides landscape change, disturbance from leisure pursuits in particular is increasing. Therefore, we need to create refuges for birds in the form of quiet zones and times. Semi-natural forest management must be continued and the volume of deadwood increased, especially on the Central Plateau and in the Jura. In farmland, much greater efforts are required to restore the ecological balance. Wetlands and waterbodies need to be protected from adverse influences (e.g. disturbance, nutrients, pesticides, drainage) and should benefit from more large-scale restoration projects. In settlements, open spaces and especially areas of high ecological value should be preserved, or replaced if they are used for construction. Building development outside of the building zones must be stopped. Valuable alternative habitats such as gravel pits and quarries need to be preserved even when exploitation has ended. Consumers can also make an important contribution to the conservation of our native biodiversity by consciously choosing to buy biodiversity-friendly and regional products. In our gardens and on our balconies, native plants, a rich variety of structures and the absence of pesticides go a long way in supporting native birdlife. The 2013–2016 atlas contains a wealth of data and points to the problems faced by breeding birds in Switzerland. We hope that the atlas can help to develop solutions and contribute to the successful recovery of threatened species.

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Do masks help the spread of infection including COVID-19? If the mask is worn correctly, it creates a very good barrier against spray of spit or droplets. These respiratory droplets are a the reason for the spread of germs and viruses such as COVID-19. Masks can protect from people that come into close contact with you and are not showing any symptoms. The droplets can travel 1.5m when people sneeze or cough or even raise their voice. My child doesn't want to wear a mask Many young children feel uneasy about face masks and people with face masks. When kids can’t see a person’s whole face, a friendly smile, they can feel scared. To help them wear masks you should: Teach them how to wear a mask: - Cover the nose and mouth - Fit snugly on face and bridge of nose - make sure the ear loops or ties are secured behind the ears - Make sure comfortable and easy to breath Make it fun. You could find some colourful masks at your local pharmacy like the Medescan kids face masks with a unique print. A personal touch can help make masks a more normal part of their routine. Should children wear a mask when playing or during sports activity? According to the World Health Organisation: Children should not wear a mask when playing sports or doing physical activity such as running, jumping or playing in the playground so as to not affect their breathing. We encourage outdoor activity taking into account all critical health measures such as maintaining social distancing, limiting the number of children playing together and providing access to hand hygiene facilities and encouraging their use. Are masks harmful to my child? There are a few myths floating around regarding the use of face masks on children. - Wearing a mask should not make it harder for your child to breath. Masks are made from breathable material that lets air and oxygen pass through while blocking the harmful spray and droplets with germs. - Wearing a mask should not interfere with the child development. Oxygen continues to flow through and around the mask which is blocking the harmful spray and keeping your child safe. Remember. Masks should not be used on children under 2 years of age. All children wearing masks must be under direct adult supervision. Masks are a great asset that help reduce the spread of germs and dangerous viruses such as COVID-19. You should always consult your health practitioner if you have any concerns or questions regarding your child wearing a face mask.

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Cronyism is the term used when a person misused his/her authority by favoring some person on other due to the good personal/advantages relation with the former. This term and hence the issue has been in existence since time long. Biasness occurs not only in the professional world ,but have been found in other dimensions like government authorities, or any other sector where subjective views of superior decides the hiring, awarding of contracts, benefits etc. The popular term crony capitalism also emerges from this term .It is specialized case of cronyism that highlights the symbiotic relationship between government authority and large business houses in a country. There are numerous disadvantages of cronyism and it leads to feeling of resentment to the aggrieved party. Person who are deserving of the position, if denied the opportunity would have lesser motivation to give his/her 100% thereafter. It may also lead to people leaving the organization and adds to attrition rate of valuable resource. If such trend of cronyism is persistent and chronic in any company, it affects the overall productivity of the company and also its reputation in medium term if such cases come open in public. An appropriate example in this case would be as follows: • Let’s say Mr. X works for an organization as Branding and Communication Manager and there is an opening the company for Branding area head of a unit. Mr. X, along with the HR associated would need to recruit his deputy for the position. He has two options, Ms. Y, who has relevant experience in the field having working for 4 years in some project. CV also looks great with overall good grades in all parameters. Then there is Mr. Z, who is a fresh graduate from a college .He is an average student with average marks and no knowledge for the field. CV also looks very weak and on Prima fascia, candidate could easily be rejected for the particular post. But, He happens to be nephew of Mr. X. He, overriding the apprehensions from HR, Offered the job to his nephew and he gladly accepted it. This would be termed as a case of Cronyism.

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Difference between IDE and SCSI ?? hlhowell at pacbell.net Sat Feb 2 19:57:00 UTC 2008 On Sat, 2008-02-02 at 13:39 -0500, William Case wrote: > Can someone briefly explain to me the difference between an IDE (ATA) > and a SCSI device. After having done due diligence with google searches > etc., I am still in a quandary. Nothing I read seems to be consistent. > Every time I think I have it figured out, I read a reference that calls > for or lists IDE devices that I think should be a SCSI reference and > vice versa. Even going to the various standards sites doesn't clarify > it for me. In fact it makes it more confusing. > Therefore, can someone explain, in plain language, how I should use the > terms IDE or PATA, and SCSI correctly with regards to a current > computer? What specific attribute of a device or bus does each term > apply to? > Given below are some questions that spring to mind. They may be > mis-formed questions and therefore need not be answered, but they may > demonstrate where my confusion and misunderstanding are coming into > Does IDE refer to the physical device? > Or, specifically just to the bus used? > Or, to the driver for the device? > Or, the type of interface (plug)? > Does SCSI refer to a set of protocols used when designing the device? > Or, to a specific driver design? > Can you have an IDE device without SCSI? > Or, can you have a SCSI device without it being IDE? > Below, I have listed a few of the sites I have visited with the > definitions given to show I have found the history and some attempts at > an explanation. I long ago learnt that any manual's reference to IDE or > SCSI usually simply meant some reference to my hard drive. I am aware > it could also mean my CD or a DVD, but usually it is a reference to a > Integrated Drive Electronics, a computer hardware bus used primarily for > hard drives and optical drives (e.g. CD, DVD) > Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) is a standard interface for > connecting storage devices such as hard disks and CD-ROM drives inside > personal computers. > The standard is maintained by X3/INCITS committee T13. Many synonyms and > near-synonyms for ATA exist, including abbreviations such as IDE and > ATAPI. Also, with the market introduction of Serial ATA in 2003, the > original ATA was retroactively renamed Parallel ATA (PATA). > SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is a set of standards for > physically connecting and transferring data between computers and > peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, and > electrical and optical interfaces. SCSI is most commonly used for hard > disks and tape drives, but it can connect a wide range of other devices, > including scanners and CD drives. The SCSI standard defines command sets > for specific peripheral device types; the presence of "unknown" as one > of these types means that in theory it can be used as an interface to > almost any device, but the standard is highly pragmatic and addressed > toward commercial requirements. > Regards Bill IDE was one of the early standards. It evolved way early in the progress of computers: 1985: Control Data, Compaq Computer, and Western Digital collaborate to develop the 40-pin IDE interface. IDE stands for Intelligent Drive Electronics, more commonly known as Integrated Drive Electronics. This was the first attempt to standardize the interface between mass storage and computer systems. Actually, though, a similar interface was developed by several different companies around the 1978 timeframe. I owned a Northstar single density hard-sectored 5.25" disk system for my Altair 8080B that used a similar connector and controller around 1979. I still have it by the way. Basically the disks had little electronics on them. But they needed to move the head to different tracks, keep track of the disk position, write data to the disk, read data from the disk, change the data from a serial stream to a parallel word, and pass that word back to the computer. The IDE standard established the number of bits required to perform these functions, a means to establish which disk to boot from and a method to perform the dat transfer, along with all the stuff needed to control disk speed, sector count, and buffer the data. There was a half step between IDE and SCSI called ESDI. The design of the original IDE had some size limitation that prevented disks from growing to meet demands. I don't know too much about it any more, but I did work on some systems that had it: 1985: Western Digital produces the first ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface) controller board, which allows larger capacity and faster hard drives to be used in PCs. SCSI was developed to address shortcomings in ESDI and add multiple drive capability. I don't know for sure the drive count limitation on SCSI, but I believe it was 7 or 15 originally, due to addressing bit 1986: The official SCSI spec is released; Apple Computer's Mac Plus is one of the first computers to use it. SCSI is a serial system, or at least it can be. It allows virtually unlimited storage size, and has been implemented as a mother board in several systems, where the drives plug directly into the frame. In these cases the mother board also forms the means to permit hotplug, by establishing the mechanical order of contact and the buffering of the pins from spiking. SCSI was originally deployed by apple as noted in the article, but also in commercial applications. Sun Systems almost exclusively used SCSI due to speed and capacity needed for their workstations. Also the SCSI bus system was ideal for server systems where large quantities of data had to be stored and quickly retrieved. The standards for both are posted in the IEEE and ACM websites, along with lots of good papers on the processes. Look between the years 1979 and 1985 if you are interested in the evolutionary history of the two systems (and ESDI). More information about the users

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Master of Science (MS) Oil/Gas extraction have left Louisiana with a legacy of abandoned infrastructure across the State. Presently, the State has developed guidelines for the removal of abandoned vessels and abandoned on shore facilities. No such guidelines exist, however, for the network of abandoned pipelines present throughout the coastal zone of Louisiana. A pipeline removal was simulated in Lake Calcasieu, LA. The site was chosen because of the presence of many abandoned pipelines and previous work done on sight to remove the on shore infrastructure. In addition, the Calcasieu is an industrial water body, with potentially hazardous pollutants sequestered in the sediments of the lake bottom. Several industrial facilities discharge effluents into the water body, and a superfund site exists as a result. The sediment plume created during the perturbation event was monitored with triploid and diploid oysters to assess the toxicological consequences of the sediment plume. Oyster tissue was analyzed for alkanes, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, hexachlorabutadiene, trace metals and organo metals. No difference was seen among concentrations of analytes between diploid and triploid oysters. In addition, the condition index of diploid oysters matched those of the triploid oysters, suggest spawning did not occur during the field study. Test Cage 3 oysters were most affected by the perturbation event and displayed significant (p < .05) increases in total hydrocarbon concentration and in 13 of 16 metals tested. These increases corresponding with significant (p < .05) drop in the condition of Test cage 3 oysters 3 days following perturbation, from 6.6 to 4.8. No other Test Cage oysters displayed a clear response in body concentrations to the perturbation event. As such, the northern and southern range of the sediment plume can be demonstrated though analysis of the oyster tissue. Such data would be of critical importance in determining any deleterious affects to the aquatic ecosystem attributable to the sediment plume as a result of pipeline removal. Document Availability at the Time of Submission Release the entire work immediately for access worldwide. Wootten, Forest Christopher, "Toxicological monitoring and protocol development for abandoned pipeline removal in Louisiana" (2009). LSU Master's Theses. 3779.

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Basics of International Relations This workshop is designed to give basic knowledge in the concept of international relations to participants. It will focus on the development of international relations as a separate discipline of study, the origin of the modern international system, concept of power in international relation and globalisation. - Understand the concept, nature, scope and evolution of international relations. - Understand the origin and development of state and its role international relations.

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The Northeast Regional Climate Hub covers Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The Northern Forests Climate Sub Hub shares this footprint and represents people working and living in the forests of the Northeast. About 21 percent of land in these 12 states is farmland (6 percent of national total), and 62 percent is classified as timberland (total land area covered by trees is somewhat larger). The northeastern United States is home to about 175,000 farms that collectively produce agricultural commodities worth more than $21 billion per year. The most important commodities in the Northeast are dairy production and poultry, and about half of the field crops (including pasture) grown in the Northeast are for animal feed. Horticulture is a relatively large portion of total plant production in the Northeast, as are perennial fruits such as apples, pears, blueberries, and cranberries. Farms in the Northeast are on average smaller than in many other parts of the country, and a greater percentage of these are operated by women than in the rest of the United States. Organic production is relatively greater than in most other regions. More intense and higher rainfall totals increase the burden that agriculture and forest producers face in being able to conduct timely operations. The Northeast Regional Climate Hub is working across a range of crops, forests, and livestock production systems to assemble the available information into tools and practices that can increase the resilience of these systems to climate change. Practices that improve soil health and protect soils from erosion are of particular importance because healthy soils are a key to productivity and resilience. This vulnerability assessment reviews present knowledge of agricultural and forest susceptibility to climate variability in the Northeast and will serve as a guide to focus future adaptation work. We thank our Land Grant university partners for their leading role in this assessment, especially Daniel Tobin of Pennsylvania State University. We look forward to continuing to work with our partners to identify and encourage practical and cost-effective methods for increasing farm and forest resilience to climate variability and change. The Northeast Regional Climate Hub is working hard to assemble information that serves the needs of producers and increases the value of our research information in educational and outreach efforts. David Hollinger, Northeast Hub Lead Howard Skinner, Northeast Hub Co-Lead Christopher Swanston, Northern Forests Sub Hub Lead Each USDA Regional Climate Hub will be publishing a Vulnerability Assessment in 2015—stay tuned for your region in the coming months! http://climatehubs.oce.usda.gov/content/regional-vulnerability-assessments.

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Athens, Ga. - Successfully treating rabies can be a race against the clock. Those who suffer a bite from a rabid animal have a brief window of time to seek medical help before the virus takes root in the central nervous system, at which point the disease is almost invariably fatal. Now, researchers at the University of Georgia have successfully tested a new treatment on mice that cures the disease even after the virus has spread to the brain. They published their findings recently in the Journal of Virology. "Basically, the best way to deal with rabies right now is simple: Don't get rabies," said study co-author Biao He, a professor of infectious diseases in the UGA College of Veterinary Medicine. "We have vaccines that can prevent the disease, and we use the same vaccine as a kind of treatment after a bite, but it only works if the virus hasn't progressed too far. "Our team has developed a new vaccine that rescues mice much longer after infection than what was traditionally thought possible." In their mouse experiments, the animals were exposed to a strain of the rabies virus that generally reaches the brain of infected mice within three days. By day six, mice begin to exhibit the telltale physical symptoms that indicate the infection has become fatal. However, 50 percent of mice treated with the new vaccine were saved, even after the onset of physical symptoms on day six. "This is the most effective treatment we have seen reported in the scientific literature," He said. "If we can improve these results and translate them to humans, we may have found one of the first useful treatments for advanced rabies infection." He and his colleagues developed their vaccine by inserting a protein from the rabies virus into another virus known as parainfluenza virus 5, or PIV5, which is thought to contribute to upper respiratory infections in dogs but is completely harmless to humans. PIV5 acts as a delivery vehicle that carries the rabies protein to the immune system so it may create the antibodies necessary to fight off the virus. "This is only the beginning of our work," He said. "While these preliminary results are very exciting, we are confident that we can combine this new vaccine with other therapies to boost survival rates even higher and rescue animals even when symptoms are severe." Apart from being very effective in saving the infected mice, the researchers emphasized that their vaccine is much safer when compared to the best current treatment in mice, which uses a weakened version of the rabies virus. "It doesn't matter how we weaken the current vaccine, the virus inside it is still rabies," said study co-author Zhen Fu, a professor of pathology in the college. "That is not a concern with our PIV5 vaccine." The researchers will continue to perfect their vaccine's design and hope to move into more advanced animal trials soon. "There is an urgent need in many parts of the world for a better rabies treatment, and we think this technology may serve as an excellent platform," He said. "Ultimately, we just want to try to save more lives." Other study co-authors are Ying Huang, Zhenhai Chen and Junhua Huang from the College of Veterinary Medicine. Research reported in this release was supported by grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease under award numbers AI-051560 and AI-093369. For a full version of the paper in the Journal of Virology, see http://jvi. UGA College of Veterinary Medicine The College of Veterinary Medicine, founded in 1946 at UGA, is dedicated to training future veterinarians, conducting research related to animal and human diseases and providing veterinary services for animals and their owners. Research efforts are aimed at enhancing the quality of life for animals and people, improving the productivity of poultry and livestock, and preserving a healthy interface between wildlife and people in the environment they share. The college enrolls 114 students each fall out of more than 900 who apply. For more information, see http://www.

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Article Keyword Videos to Watch Click on the image to start the video. Images - Links - Articles USING GAMES TO TEACH ESL One of the challenges in teaching English as a second language is to make learning as effortless as possible. By making learning easy and fun, the instructor can ensure that the material imparted is received, understood and retained. Language is all about meaning and context. The best way for students to find meaning and context in what they are learning is if they experience it. Is it possible then to teach the English language by allowing the participants to experience it? Yes it is possible, through games. According to Lee Su Kim, author of Creative Games for Learning Class, using games in the classroom help students to sustain the effort of learning. More to the point, it fosters interaction. What is language but a means to communicate? Through these fun activities, instructors will be able to promote the practice of English. Real-learning is when even outside the learning place, the student will still be able to apply the subject matter. Instructors have to understand that the more relaxed the learning environment is, the less anxious the students will be. Hence, the easier the students will be able to assimilate what is being taught. However, the use of games in ESL instruction requires careful planning, design and execution. Games should not be used as ice breakers or time fillers only. They should be used as part of the instructional design. Games should be seen and used as a motivational tool. Below are a couple of suggested games and their application. Charades – The class can be divided into mini-groups. The white or black board should accordingly be divided depending on the number of groups there are. Each group should have an assigned person who will draw the given phrase and an assigned person who will shout the answer. The other members will act as coaches. The instructor will show a phrase to the representatives and the first group to guess the answer wins the round. The time allocated for each round should not be too long because this activity should foster information retrieval and information relaying. This activity should best be used as a review for idiomatic expressions. Guessing game – The instructor will write a word on a piece of paper and tape the piece of paper on the back of a student. The instructor should do the same for all the participants. The students should not know what word is posted on their backs. The instructor should then tell everyone that they can each ask three closed-ended questions (answerable by yes or no) from each of their peers in order to guess what the word is. This game is best used for students who already have a working knowledge of sentence structure. The game can serve as an introduction to question formulations, which essentially reverses word orders. About the Author: Brian Stocker is a former teacher and writer. He has travelled widely teaching English as a second language. Visit his website Games for ESL for Games and Activities for teaching and learing English as a second language.

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COVID-19 Vaccine Tested The investigational vaccine doesn’t contain any part of the actual coronavirus and cannot cause infection, but instead includes a short segment of lab-grown messenger RNA. Scientists on Monday gave the first-ever injection of an experimental coronavirus vaccine to volunteers in the US. Doses of mRNA-1273 into the arms of healthy participants at Kaiser Permanente Washington Research Institute (KPWHRI) this week began the first-stage study of a potential COVID-19 immunization. The initial trial involves 45 people aged 18 to 55, including tech company operations manager Jennifer Haller—the study’s first participant. “We all feel so helpless. This is an amazing opportunity for me to do something,” the 43-year-old Seattelite told the Associated Press before getting jabbed. She reportedly left the exam room with a smile, “feeling great.” The investigational vaccine, made by biotech company Moderna, does not contain any part of the actual coronavirus and cannot cause infection. It instead includes a short segment of lab-grown messenger RNA. Researchers are currently testing the safety of various doses to learn whether they produce an immune response. They will keep an eye on any side effects and draw blood samples to look for clues. “We don’t know whether this vaccine will induce an immune response or whether it will be safe. That’s why we’re doing a trial,” Kaiser Permanente study leader Lisa Jackson said in a statement to the AP. Efficiency in preventing COVID-19 will be determined at a later phase. Even if all goes well, a vaccine will not be available for widespread use for another 12 to 18 months, according to Anthony Fauci of the U.S. National Institute of Health. Still, “going from not even knowing that this virus was out there … to have any vaccine” in testing in about two months is unprecedented, Jackson said. KPWHRI’s vaccine research team previously conducted similar trials in the fight against “swine” (H1N1) and “bird” (influenza A) flu. This story originally appeared on PC Mag If you enjoy OfficialDivineA, sign up to our email list and we’ll notify you about new articles as soon they come out. No spam, we promise. Click on this link send us your love gift : https://officialdivinea.com/support-donate/ My Support Gift We are a top notch web design company, building affordable, stunning and high quality business websites. We understand that your business website is central to your brand identity, reputation and how clients Drive traffic to your website and get followers and likes to your social media account. Let WAO Host advertise, promote, and strengthen the presence of your business. We can certainly get your website on the first page of Google for more information. Visit www.waohost.com / Tell: 011 492 0828 / WhatsApp: 073 641 9751 / Email: Orders@waohost.com

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Dogs usually don't mind getting dirty and staying that way. In fact, many dogs seem overjoyed when they find trash, rotting vegetation or dead critters to roll around in -- the smellier the better! Most dog owners, on the other hand, would rather not share their space with smelly or dirty companion animals. Washing a dog properly is crucial to helping your dog get and stay clean. Gather together the necessary tools and supplies before you start the bathing process. You'll at least need a mild dog shampoo, a dog comb, a bristle brush, washcloths and dry towels in the bathing area. You might also need dog conditioner, a timer and detangler, as well as a water pitcher if your shower doesn't have a detachable shower nozzle spray. Have some yummy dog treats on hand to reward him for good behavior. Remove your dog's everyday collar. If you must restrain your doggy during his bath, use a nylon leash clipped to a nylon collar. Don't get leather collars wet or they could shrink and become too tight for your dog's neck. Give your dog a good combing to remove mats, tangles and loose fur. This helps reduce the amount of hair your pooch sheds during his bath and helps prevent future tangles. Snip off stubborn mats with scissors. Place a rubber bath mat on the bottom of your tub to keep your dog from slipping. Gently put large cotton balls in his ears to keep water out of the eardrums. Carefully lift your dog into the bathtub. Wet your dog's fur with lukewarm water. Start at his head and move down toward his tail until his coat is totally saturated down to his skin. Wipe the fur around his eyes, muzzle, ears and nose with a clean, damp washcloth. Pour dog shampoo into your hand. Use about a quarter-sized dollop for smaller dogs, and a golf ball-sized dollop for a bigger one. Working from his head down to his tail, gently massage the shampoo into his fur with your fingertips. Make sure the shampoo suds go through all of his fur down to his skin. Rinse your dog with lukewarm water until it runs clear. Knead his fur with your hands to help remove shampoo suds. Repeat the shampoo and rinse process, if needed. Follow up with a moisturizing conditioner if your dog is prone to dry skin or tangled fur. Remove excess water from your dog's fur by gently rubbing or blotting his hair with a clean towel. Allow your dog to air dry or help the drying process along by using a blow dryer set on the coolest setting. Don't hold the dryer too close to his fur or you risk burning him or drying out his skin. Give him a post-bath grooming session with a bristle brush. If your doggy's fur is prone to tangles, mist his hair with a detangler spray before the final brushing. Brush your dog from his head to his tail. Items You Will Need - Dog shampoo - Dog comb - Bristle brush - Dog conditioner, optional - Detangler, optional - Hair dryer, optional - Water pitcher - Dog treats - Nylon leash, optional - Nylon collar, optional - Rubber bath mat - Cotton balls - Bathe your dog only when he gets dirty or smelly, typically just once every one to three months. More frequent baths can strip the healthy oils from his skin and coat, leading to skin irritation, flaking and scratching. - Always give him yummy treats and praise him after his bath. This helps him associate bathing with good things. - Don't use human shampoo on your dog. Human shampoos dry out dog skin and can cause excessive irritation and scratching. - Make sure you rinse thoroughly because shampoo residue can cause dry skin and itching. - Don't forget to remove the cotton balls from his ears. - Ryan McVay/Photodisc/Getty Images

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CyberKnife: Indications And Evidences in India The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System is a non-invasive alternative to surgery for the treatment of both cancerous and non-cancerous tumors anywhere in the body, including the prostate, lung, brain, spine, liver, pancreas and kidney. The treatment – which delivers beams of high dose radiation to tumors with extreme accuracy – offers new hope to patients worldwide. Though its name may conjure images of scalpels and surgery, the CyberKnife treatment involves no cutting. In fact, the CyberKnife System is the world’s first and only robotic radiosurgery system designed to treat tumors throughout the body non-invasively. It provides a pain-free, non-surgical option for patients who have inoperable or surgically complex tumors, or who may be looking for an alternative to surgery. These high dose radiation beams can be given from any angle by precisely concentrating on the tumor while causing minimum damage to the nearby healthy tissue and significant structures such as optic nerve or spinal cord. Types of Conditions Treated by the CyberKnife Surgery yberKnife treats intracranial (skull base) benign and malignant tumors, as well as spine tumors and lesions of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. Some intracranial (head and brain) tumors and lesions that can be treated by CyberKnife are- - Acoustic neuroma - Anaplastic astrocytoma - Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) - Glioblastoma multiforme - Glomus jugulare tumor - Pituitary adenoma - Trigeminal neuralgia - Vestibular schwannoma Some, extracranial (outside of the head and brain) tumors and lesions that can be treated by CyberKnife are- - Colon cancer - Hepatocellular carcinoma - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - Non-small cell lung cancer - Ovarian cancer - Pancreatic cancer - Prostate cancer - Renal cell carcinoma - Squamous cell carcinoma - Small-cell lung cancer - Uterine cancer - Additionally, CyberKnife is capable of full-body targeting for- - Thoracic surgery (lung) - General surgery (liver, pancreas and breast) - Head and Neck surgery (laryngeal, nasopharyngeal, glossal) - Urological surgery Benefits of Cyberknife Surgery - No incisions - No recovery time - Zero or minimal side effects - Fewer treatments required - Outpatient procedure - Reduced risk of complications - Can treat recurrent tumors - Comfortable, fast and flexible – Cyberknife Treatment Procedures The CyberKnife system uses the combination of a robotics and image guidance to deliver concentrated and accurate beams of radiation to intracranial and extracranial targets, many of which are inoperable with sub- millimeter accuracy. The robotic arm is highly flexible, allowing access to tumors in difficult-to-reach locations. Step 1: Treatment Setup A special CT scan (called CT/Simulation) is acquired for every patient, and a MRI, if needed, is also acquired. Your physicians use the scans to identify the size, shape and location of the lesion/tumor along with the surrounding vital structures to be avoided. Making a Mask or Body Mold Depending on the need for treatment, a custom soft mask (for head/neck treatments) or body mold is formed and used to help minimize movement during the treatment and ensure your comfort. The process is simple and painless. The treatment of body (non-head) lesion/tumor using the CyberKnife System requires the implantation of gold seeds referred to as fiducial markers. These fiducial markers require a short outpatient procedure to implant 3-6 seeds in and/or around the tumor. This will enable CyberKnife System to track the tumor throughout the treatment. Lesions in the head and spine do not need this placement. Step 2: Treatment Planning Your previously obtained CT and MRI data are sent to the CyberKnife treatment-planning computer where the physicians’ team will use advanced software to customize the radiation beams that the robot will deliver to the tumor or lesion during your treatment. You do not need to be present during this step. Step 3: Treatment Delivery You will be asked to lie on the treatment table and will be fitted with the custom mask or body mold made for you earlier during the set-up process. In some cases a mild sedative will be given to you to help you relax, along with any other medication that may be needed during treatment. In some cases anesthesia may be required; this evaluation will be done prior to treatment. During treatment, you will need to lie still. You may sleep during the procedure. The length of treatment varies depending on the location of your lesion/tumor. The image guidance system periodically compares x-ray images to the CT scan to ensure the radiation is targeted accurately at the tumor. When your treatment session is completed, our nursing staff will do an assessment. When the nursing assessment has been completed, you will be released to home and may resume normal activity within 24 hours. Your physician will prescribe between 1 to 5 treatments. To maximize your healing, we might insert rest days between the treatment days, depending on the treatment site. As with any radiosurgery or radiation therapy procedure, your progress is likely to be monitored by follow up exams and imaging. When is Cyberknife a Suitable Treatment Option? Radiation therapy, surgery or chemotherapy are some of the traditional therapies that are used in combination with Cyberknife stereotactic radiosurgery. Following are the circumstances that requires Cyberknife system – When a patient does not want to go through a traditional surgery When a patient is unable to undergo a surgery Recurrence of a tumor close to a significant structure like the spine, that previously received maximum dose of radiation When surgery is not able to remove the entire diseased tissue When tumor is located near to a significant structure like optic nerves where performing a traditional surgery can increase the risk of damage to these structures When a surgical procedure is difficult to perform What is image-guided stereotactic radiosurgery? The CyberKnife system uses a distinctive radiosurgery device with a linear accelerator (Linac), which produces radiation mounted on a robotic arm. Through the use of image guided cameras, CyberKnife locates the position of the tumor. The Linac attached to the robotic arm is then used to deliver multiple beams of radiation while minimizing exposure to surrounding normal tissue. With sub-millimeter accuracy, CyberKnife is used to treat vascular abnormalities, tumors, functional disorders, and cancers of the body. Is CyberKnife safe? CyberKnife, does not present problems associated with traditional surgery. Mainly, there is no anesthesia or anesthesia after effects, the risk of infection and hemorrhaging are minimized. CyberKnife offers accurate precision within sub-millimeter distances and spares healthy tissues surrounding the targeted area. Through the use of continuous imaging, CyberKnife is able to compensate for patient movement, making uncomfortable head frames obsolete. Also, CyberKnife® uses a robotic arm as a radiation source, enabling many different body parts to be treated. This makes CyberKnife® much more convenient than the gamma knife, or other methods of stereotactic radiosurgery. After Treatment, when will my tumor or lesion disappear? The effects of radiosurgery occur gradually and over a period of time. The timeframe can range from days, months or even years depending on the medical condition targeted. Some tumors change slower than others and eventually disappear. Others simply stop growing and present no further cell growth or activity. After treatments patients typically are asked to get periodic images ( CT Scan or MRI) of their tumor(s) so that their physician can monitor the effectiveness of the radiation. How is a CyberKnife “Radiosurgery” treatment different from a traditional Radiation therapy treatment? Traditional Radiation therapy typically delivers Radiation to a wide field of tissues in the body resulting in the treatment of both the Tumor and a large amount of surrounding healthy tissues. This is necessary because traditional Radiation therapy systems do not account for Tumor motion and are therefore less accurate. These wide radiation fields often increase the possibility of damaging the normal tissues and increasing the risk of side effects following the radiation treatment. To reduce the number of side effects, clinicians were forced to rethink the way traditional Radiation therapy was delivered. As a result, overall Radiation dose was reduced and number of treatments was divided into 30 – 40 sessions, delivered over a period. Radiosurgery devices, such as CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System, are designed to deliver Radiation with extreme accuracy, targeting Tumor with minimal damage to the surrounding healthy tissues. The accuracy of the CyberKnife system allows clinicians to deliver very high doses of Radiation safely because the size of the Radiation field is small and includes only the Tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue. This allows for less damage to surrounding healthy tissue and for clinicians to complete treatment in 1 to 5 days as compared to weeks it takes in traditional radiation therapy. Through the use of continuous imaging, CyberKnife is able to compensate for patient movement, making uncomfortable head frames obsolete. Also, CyberKnife uses a Robotic arm as a radiation source, enabling many different body parts to be treated. This makes CyberKnife much more convenient than the Gamma Knife, or other methods of Stereotactic Radiosurgery. How does CyberKnife System differ from other radiosurgery systems? Unprecedented targeting accuracy Many tumors have proven to move during treatment delivery – even when the patient is immobilized. Using advanced robotic technology and the ability to track tumor motion throughout the treatment, CyberKnife system can deliver radiation with extreme accuracy by automatically correcting tumor movement in real-time. While other technologies rely on static images taken prior to treatment, CyberKnife system automatically tracks, detects, and corrects for even the slightest motion that might occur during treatment delivery. Unrivaled conformality& dose gradient Unconstrained by the clockwise / counterclockwise rotations of conventional radiotherapy systems, the robotic mobility of the CyberKnife system enables beams to be delivered from a very wide array of unique angles. By approaching the target from hundreds of different angles, CyberKnife system sculpts delivered dose precisely to the unique contours of the target, while limiting exposure to surrounding critical structures. Unparalleled healthy tissue sparing As the only system capable of delivering beams that move real-time with 3D respiratory motion, CyberKnife system significantly reduces treatment margins. With smaller treatment margins, CyberKnife system focuses the prescribed dose to the intended target — not the surrounding healthy tissue. Can the elderly and children be treated with the CyberKnife? Since CyberKnife is less risky than traditional surgery it can be a suitable option for the elderly or for pediatric cases. Age is not a crucial factor in excluding patients from CyberKnife treatments. In the case of young children, a pediatrician, anesthesiologist and nurse anesthesiologist may be consulted to ensure the safety and comfort of the child during treatment. How many times can one receive a CyberKnife treatment? The frequency of treatments depends on where the tumor is located and what type of tumor is being treated. Most cases receive multi-treatments or can be re-treated with the CyberKnife system. Is CyberKnife Radiosurgery cost effective? Cost studies have shown radiosurgery to be less expensive than conventional surgery because it eliminates lengthy post-surgical hospital stays, expensive medication and sometimes months of rehabilitation.

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Historically, the process of redaction - removing content from documents for national security, intellectual property, privacy or other reasons – has involved physical implements such as razors, grease-paint, magic-markers and photocopiers. Then came PDF. Once people were able to share documents without using paper the physical tools became obsolete. The need for redaction as a feature, however, exploded. Redaction differs from editing, which is key to understanding why redacting PDF differs from simply deleting text. To be useful, redaction must leave un-redacted content fully intact, but it must also account for the fact that a redaction has occurred, typically by introducing a colored box in place of the redacted content. The proliferation of websites emails, posts, documents and other content bearing (potentially) personally identifiable information (PII) and other sensitive material, from court records to medical information to trade secrets, Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests and government investigations, makes redaction a critical capability in managing digital content. Further, in an era where document distribution no longer requires physical paper; when it's possible to transfer millions of pages in seconds, and search them in even less time... it's hard not to notice that end users' ideas about redaction remain stapled firmly to the age of paper. We see this in the prototypical error users make when redacting digital documents – the use of a highlighter tool, which only changes background color, and doesn't actually result in redaction. Some users; even legal professionals using desktop computers for 20 years or more, even those who have always used digital documents, sometimes fail to understand the difference between highlighting and redacting. When they make this mistake, these users are confusing the color of the highlight for the functionality they'd expect from paper. It's an ironic testament to the success of PDF in representing paper documents in a digital context. It's time to stop thinking of documents as paper, and start thinking about them as PDF files! Of course, PDF is not the answer to all documents, or even most. It is, however, the only good answer in one extraordinarily horizontal use case: documents that require redaction. It's a big category, since almost any type of document (business records, correspondence, invoice, etc.) in any format (web page, email, word-processor, spreadsheet, scan, etc.) may require redaction. If your workflow might include redaction, then your format should be PDF. With tagged PDF, it's possible to have your source file information and semantics, and a rendering too. There's no (good) solution in HTML for the idea of removing specific content while leaving an indication of removal and somehow leaving other content undisturbed. One can imagine all-new XML constructs to handle the requirements of redaction workflows in HTML contexts, but it's not easy. Committing to a rendering is definitive; final, portable... and generic. PDF happens to have a standardized model, and it's already ubiquitous. Just a little extra support - most notably in tagged PDF - and the web could begin to integrate rendered content far more cleverly than is possible today. In a world where privacy needs demand solutions from content technology providers everywhere, PDF offers a universal, and universally-accepted solution. Since PDF content is reusable, it's possible to use PDF for critical document features (e.g., redaction) without loss of unredacted data. Alone among file formats, PDF explicitly includes redaction features, including new features added in the latest iteration of the PDF specification, PDF 2.0. Let's take a quick tour. Redaction annotations (introduced in PDF 1.7 back in 2006) are designed to allow users to mark content for redaction using familiar box-drawing or text-selection tools, manual or programmatic. Users may think of redaction annotations as "draft" or "candidate" redactions. The redaction annotation feature is completely described and fully standardized, any vendor can support the redaction annotations model in PDF. Redaction annotations added by one party, with one type of software, may be changed by another party, with different software. Interoperability is a key feature of PDF, and this principle extends throughout the specification. Redaction annotations are used by the redacting software to effect the desired redactions and remove the specified content. Of course, the annotations are themselves removed from the document during the final redaction process. In addition, software intended to perform redaction typically offers a "sanitization" process to eliminate metadata and other potentially sensitive information from the file. ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0) introduces two enhancements to the basic redaction model. Superficially modest, these features point the way towards flexible reuse of redacted content, including for accessibility purposes. Although the redaction annotations defined in PDF 1.7 allowed for exemption codes (such as "Grand Jury") to be included in the redacted version of the document, that specification did not provide for indicating any semantic information about such artifacts. In PDF 2.0, the new Artifact structure element type solves this problem by allowing redactions to be indicated in the logical content. The Artifact structure element type was introduced in PDF 2.0 to "...accommodate artifact content in cases that have positional context relative to real content within the structure tree." (ISO 32000-2:2017, 18.104.22.168.2). What is "positional context"? Think of line numbers in a contract. As a user, you'd like to be able to read the contract without being forced to also read the line numbers. But on the other hand, you need to know what line you are reading. You might also want to reflow the text and retain information about the line numbers. In PDF, content semantics are established by means of "tagged PDF" which establishes a logical ordering of the semantic content (headings, paragraphs, lists, etc.) in a structure tree, making it available for reuse. If we assume logical reading order in the structure tree, then using Artifact structure elements to enclose the line numbers associated with each line of text makes it possible to represent this use case in a reusable fashion. In PDF 2.0, achieving these objectives in PDF syntax means simply tagging the line numbers with an Artifact structure element with the appropriate subtype. The rest is up to supporting implementations, which may then choose to represent the line numbers to the end user, or not, as may be desired. Line numbers were the first and most obvious case considered for an "artifact with logical position with respect to real content", and are addressed via Artifact structure elements with subtype LineNum (see ISO 320000-2, Table 363). The second use case was redaction. On the same basis as line numbers, PDF 2.0 Artifact structure elements with subtype Redaction make it possible to semantically locate a redaction (or more properly, the content identifying a redaction) in the logical order of the PDF file. Well-tagged PDF 2.0 files make it possible for any (in principle) PDF content to be located, marked for redaction, and then redacted, with the redaction preserved for any downstream reuse. Much as a razor shows redactions via a hole in the paper, PDF redaction annotations and structure elements provide a significant improvement in the end product. Duff serves the PDF industry as ISO Project co-Leader and US TAG chair for both ISO 32000 (the PDF specification) and ISO 14289 (PDF/UA). As Executive Director of the PDF Association, Duff coordinates several working groups, speaks at a wide variety of industry events and promotes the advancement and adoption of PDF technology worldwide. An independent consultant, Duff Johnson is a veteran …

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I heard many times how someone claimed that TOK as a subject has no content of its own. TOK, they said, uses the content knowledge students already have from all their other subjects, and the purpose of TOK is to reflect on that knowledge. I understand where they are coming from, but I disagree. I think that perhaps the biggest problem with teaching IB TOK is that in many classrooms around the world TOK lessons take the form of an “interesting discussion” revolving around an “interesting video” or an “interesting article”. The teacher finds something that seems thought-provoking, like a TED talk or an article in a pop science magazine, comes up with a set of knowledge questions and shows up in class, expecting students to participate in discussions in response to these knowledge questions, and to learn about knowledge through this discussion. I think lessons organised in this way do our students a disservice. This is why, in a nutshell: - If students do not know knowledge concepts (such as truth, evidence, bias, paradigm shift), you cannot expect them to come up with these concepts by themselves - If students do not know how to construct abstract arguments, you cannot expect them to start spontaneously - In any lesson based purely on discussion some students will inevitably be overwhelmed and intimidated by others, and this will affect how they feel about themselves, the subject, you and even knowledge in general. Getting students to talk by exchanging opinions about a video or an article is not difficult. It is difficult to organise this discussion in a way that actually helps them understand second-order knowledge problems, and that actually develops their TOK skills. I think the worst thing that can happen is if students start engaging in first-order discussions about the thing that they just read or watched, and if they can’t tell the difference between a first-order discussion and a second-order discussion. Then such students will have many weeks of captivating conversations in their TOK classroom, but they will finish the course not clearly understanding what TOK actually is. They will not feel like they learned Theory of knowledge. I think this is exactly what frequently happens when teachers operate on the assumption that TOK has no content of its own. TOK does have its own content. It comes in the following forms: - Knowledge concepts (genetic ones such as bias, subjectivity, perspective, but also more specific ones such as consistency of axiomatic systems in mathematics or aesthetic judgment in the arts) - Key knowledge problems and existing perspectives (such as discovered versus invented in mathematics, approximation of truth versus problem-solving in natural sciences, reasons versus purposes in human sciences, and so on) If students are equipped with these concepts and conceptual understandings, they will be ready to have a genuinely TOK discussion, as opposed to simply voicing their opinions in response to “something interesting”. These concepts become the tools with which students do the thinking. Give them the tools first, then expect them to build something. An architect will never learn to construct buildings by walking around the city and discussing interesting buildings with other student architects. Walking around, observing and discussing is a useful method, but it is not effective if your young architects do not know what to look at and how to look at it. - Themantic Education’s Menu of lessons - Themantic Education’s Teacher Support Packs – fully developed lesson plans and activities Alexey Popov is a teacher of IB Psychology and Theory of Knowledge. He is an IB author, examiner and workshop leader. He also authored Oxford IB Psychology books. He currently lives in Hong Kong.

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What Does Schema Object Mean? A schema object in an Oracle database is a structure that describes how a database is stored. It includes information on tables, clusters, indexes, views, database links, functions and other important parts of a database. A schema object is associated with each database user and is stored in the tablespace of a database. Techopedia Explains Schema Object In Oracle databases, a schema object defines the structure of a database. It is associated with an individual user. The schema object is a logical structure, but does not have a one-to-one correspondence with files on the physical disk. A database may span multiple files on multiple drives. The schema is stored with the tablespace of each database. A schema object can be created and manipulated with SQL.

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Ancient Chinese herbal formulas for heart can produce nitric oxideAugust 19th, 2009 - 12:50 pm ICT by ANI Washington, Aug 19 (ANI): Ancient Chinese herbal formulas, primarily used for cardiovascular indications like heart disease, can produce large amounts of artery-widening nitric oxide, according to a study at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Nitric oxide is crucial to the cardiovascular system because it signals the inner walls of blood vessels to relax, which facilitates the flow of blood through the heart and circulatory system. The messenger molecule also eliminates dangerous clots, lowers high blood pressure and reduces artery-clogging plaque formation. The findings of the pre-clinical study by scientists in the university’s Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM) have revealed that ancient Chinese herbal formulas “have profound nitric oxide bioactivity primarily through the enhancement of nitric oxide in the inner walls of blood vessels, but also through their ability to convert nitrite and nitrate into nitric oxide,” said Dr. Nathan S. Bryan, Ph.D., the study’s senior author. Herbal formulas are a major component of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), which also include acupuncture and massage. “TCMs have provided leads to safe medications in cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The opportunity for Dr. Bryan’s work is outstanding given that cardiac disease is the No. 1 cause of death in the United States,” said Dr. C. Thomas Caskey. In the study, the researchers performed laboratory tests on DanShen, GuaLou and other herbs purchased at a Houston store to assess their ability to produce nitric oxide. Ancient Chinese herbal formulas used primarily for cardiovascular indications are made up of three to 25 herbs. The formulas can be administered as tablets, elixirs, soups and teas. The researchers said that Most Chinese herbal formulas marketed in the United States are not considered drugs, but are taken as dietary supplements and are not regulated as strictly as drugs. Scientists also tested the capacity of the store-bought TCMs to widen blood vessels in an animal model. “Each of the TCMs tested in the assays relaxed vessels to various degreesFurther studies should be considered in humans, particularly those with cardiac indications. Hopefully, we will have more data to report in the near future,” said the authors. The study will be published in an upcoming print issue of the journal Free Radical Biology and Medicine. (ANI) - Taking apples daily keeps cardio risks at bay - Jul 08, 2011 - Harnessing deadly fumes to reverse heart disease? - Aug 03, 2012 - Exercise protects heart via nitric oxide - May 05, 2011 - Blood vessel dysfunction linked to heart disease also plays role in Alzheimer's - Dec 03, 2010 - Nitric oxide can ward off deadly infections - Jul 24, 2011 - New proteins that regulate blood pressure, flow identified - Jul 08, 2010 - Powerful molecule regulator in blood pressure control system discovered - Mar 12, 2010 - Traditional Chinese medicines carry toxic compounds - Apr 16, 2012 - Exercise protects heart from injury through nitric oxide - May 05, 2011 - High fat diet damages arteries earlier than suspected - Apr 04, 2012 - Patients' own stem cells could be used as treatment for their heart disease - Nov 18, 2010 - Two glasses of champagne good for your heart - Dec 31, 2009 - Obese kids show signs of middle-aged heart disease - Oct 27, 2010 - Japan quake triggers sharp rise in heart disease - Aug 28, 2012 - Genetic switch that increases muscle blood supply identified - Mar 02, 2011 Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

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Learning Targets for Chapter 5: · To consider the nature of imperial systems in the classical era · To explore why empires developed in some regions but not in others · To show the important similarities and differences between imperial systems and the reasons behind them · To reflect on the significance that classical empires have for us today 1. Collect Big Picture Extra Credit Essay! 2. TEST over Chapter 5 "Eurasian Cultural Traditions." After test, read Chapter 6 Quiz on Monday.

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Sledgehammerista Overlordiin : Yhdysvaltojen ja Ison-Britannian sodanjohdon yhteistyö Normandian maihinnousun valmisteluissa 1941 - 1944 1University of Oulu, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History |Online Access:||PDF Full Text (PDF, 2.9 MB)| |Persistent link:|| http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514257049 Oulu : University of Oulu, |Publish Date:|| 2000-06-26 |Thesis type:||Doctoral Dissertation |Defence Note:||Esitetään Oulun yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Linnanmaan Kajaaninsalissa (L 6), 2. syyskuuta 2000 klo 12.15. Professor Ohto Manninen Docent Pekka Visuri This study offers a new perspective on the publicly well-known event Normandy invasion. However, this study concentrates on the preparation time of the invasion. The subject is co-operation and it is done by careful investigation of original sources. The minutes of American and British meetings and conferences can be regarded as the foundation stones of this research. The study covers the time December 1941 to the sixth June 1944. This is a natural choice to start because after Japan had attacked Pearl Harbour the United States joined the war and practically allied with Great Britain. Study ends On the 6th June 1944 the operation Overlord or the Normandy invasion started. The Normandy invasion is a famous military operation. However, the preparation time before the 6th June 1944, invasion and particularly the co-operation during the preparations are less known. There is a plethora of studies dealing with the co-operation but the sources of those studies are limited. Some studies have also aged, so a new fresh analysis is needed. The co-operation between the American and British war leaders can be described as a mixture of distrust, selfishness - especially on making decisions of strategy - and subjectivity. These two great allies did not find a real harmony in the preparations. Roosevelt was slow to act when the war events would have needed quick decisions. His style to arrange only few meetings with his most important soldier, General George C. Marshall, rendered the whole work of the United States military leadership. Churchill's imagination and quickly changing opinions frustrated his key man General Alan Brooke who, however usually managed to keep Churchill on line. One of the main problem in this co-operation was the lack of personal contact between Marshall and Brooke. The problems were solved many times by Field-marshal John Dill - the leader of British Joint Staff Mission in Washington. Dill reached the trust of every single person in the alliance. Harry Hopkins as president Roosevelt's close personal adviser was a great link between the president and Marshall. The battle of Stalingrad changed the position of view on the Normandy invasion planning. After Stalingrad Roosevelt thought the French invasion as a likely cornerstone of the American politics after the war. By Overlord the power of Soviet Union could at least be limited. General Dwight David Eisenhower as the Supreme Commander of Overlord operation lead the final preparations in spring 1944. Eisenhower had on several occasions a narrow margin to act because both political and military pressure. In spite of this he was successful and like Hopkins and Dill he was the main person to ensure that the co-operation worked. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. B, Humaniora © University of Oulu, 2000. This publication is copyrighted. You may download, display and print it for your own personal use. Commercial use is prohibited.

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"Weakness in woman." This is how 17 "leading medical specialists" categorized menopause in a 1943 health book. Attitudes and health care for menopause have improved over the decades, but are women getting the best care possible? Let's look at what natural health care providers can offer for menopause, as well as how society's perspective on it can help or hinder a menopausal woman. What is menopause? Women usually experience menopause, the cessation of the menstrual period, when they're about 50 years old. However, the decrease in hormones, called climacteric, is a long process that begins when a woman is in her 40's and ends during her 70's. Changes occur in four main hormones that orchestrate the menstrual cycle: estrogen, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). After a woman has menstruated for 30 years, fewer of her follicles (the layer of cells that surround each egg in the ovary) mature each month, and the ones that do are less sensitive to hormones. As a result, cycles shorten or become irregular. Estrogen levels decrease and FSH levels increase. After 10 years of slowing down, there comes a day when estrogen is so low that menstruation stops and menopause begins. Medically, a woman is considered menopausal when she has no period for six to 12 months after age 45. Although we recognize now that menopause is a natural part of life, not a disease or Weakness, it's difficult to erase years of myths and stereotypes. Menopause was basically ignored by doctors until the mid-nineteenth century. When it was finally acknowledged, many physicians spent the next 60 years perpetuating the image of the irascible menopausal woman. Even today, women are seen as overanxious about their health leading some doctors to judge "women's complaints" as emotionally based (1). Opinions about menopause vary between cultures. In Japan, for example, menopause is seen as a natural transition into the latter part of life. One survey reported under 10 percent of Japanese women have hot flushes, whereas some American physicians claim that 85 percent of their menopausal patients experience these symptoms (2). What causes menopausal symptoms? Psychologists may point to early, unresolved conflicts that resurface during climacteric as the cause. Sociologists emphasize life changes, such as the death of parents. Physicians list deficient estrogen levels as the reason (2). Most of us are familiar with the most common menopausal symptom: the hot flush or flash. Reddening of the head, neck and chest accompanied by heat and perspiration can last for seconds or half an hour. Flushes can plague a women for one, five or even 10 years. They are most severe at night, during stress or following alcohol consumption. Atrophic vaginitis, a dry, itching vagina, can also result from estrogen decline. This and a change or decrease in libido can temporarily alter a woman's sexual activity. However, when older married women are compared to older married men, the percentage who has sex is almost identical. A group of more subjective complaints has been labeled "menopausal syndrome". These include fatigue, nervousness, headaches, insomnia, depression, irritability, dizziness, palpitations, and joint and muscle pains. Some of these vague symptoms are blamed on hot flushes. For instance, wouldn't waking up in the middle of the night drenched in sweat give you insomnia, make you feel tired and subsequently irritable, nervous and perhaps give you headaches?

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"Its flesh was described as being like 'coarse, ill-coloured beef, entirely covered with fat and tallow and without the least resemblance or affinity to fish'. The skin, which was grey coloured and had an elastic texture was said to be about two inches thick in parts." The Natural History Society (Wernerian Society) of Edinburgh could not identify the carcass and decided it was a new species, probably a sea serpent. Later the anatomist Sir Everard Home in London dismissed the measurement, declaring it must have been around 36 feet, and deemed it to be a decayed basking shark (basking sharks can take on a 'pseudo plesiosaur" appearance during decomposition). In 1849 the Scottish professor John Goodsir in Edinburgh came to the same conclusion. The largest reliably recorded basking shark was 40 feet in length, so at 55 feet in length, the Beast of Stronsay still constitutes something of a cryptozoological enigma. The Stronsay beast was 55 feet long, as measured by three witnesses (one was a carpenter and the other two were farmers). It was 4 feet wide and had a circumference of approximately 10 feet. It had three pairs of 'paws' or 'wings'. It had skin that was smooth when stroked head to tail and rough when stroked tail to head. Its fins were edged with bristles and it had a 'mane' of bristles all down its back. The bristles glowed in the dark when wet. Its stomach contents were red. Yvonne Simpson, a geneticist from Orkney, has researched the evidence and suggests that the Stronsay Beast may indeed have been an unusually large basking shark, or possibly an unknown species of shark closely related to the basking shark. The drawings of the Stronsay Beast's decayed carcass are similar in shape and size to the popular image of the Loch Ness Monster. The third pair of appendages could be a male shark's clasps, but male sharks are generally smaller than the female of the same species. There is also the possibility that the creature may have been an oarfish which has shown quite similar disparities.

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Visit WebMD's Parkinson's Disease Health Center With Parkinson's Disease? Find Help Here Diagnosis: Get Information From the Cleveland Clinic Options: Get Information From the Cleveland Clinic for Clinical Trials? Check This Page Neurological Disorders Support Group Plan periods of rest. Be sure to get plenty of rest. You may need to plan at least one rest period every day. If you have swelling in your feet or ankles, elevate your legs when you are resting or sitting for prolonged periods. Avoid working long days. Rest between recreation and leisure activities. Conserve your energy. Using less energy with daily tasks can help you have more energy to do more activities during the day. You may need to cut down on some of your activities or use energy-saving devices or techniques. If daily self care or home care activities are too tiring, discuss this with your doctor. Energy Conserving Tips for Those With Parkinson's Disease Simplify your tasks and set realistic goals. Don't think you have to do things the same way you've always done them. Plan your activities (chores, exercise, and recreation) ahead of time. Space them out throughout the day. Do not schedule too many things to do in one day. Do the things that take more energy when you are feeling your best. If needed, rest before and after activities. If you become tired during an activity, stop and rest. You may need to finish it on another day or when you feel less tired. Do not plan activities right after a meal. Rest 20-30 minutes after each meal. Ask for help. Divide the tasks among family and friends. Get a good night's sleep and elevate your head when sleeping. Be careful not to nap too much during the day or you might not be able to sleep at night. If your doctor says it's ok, you may climb steps. You may need to rest part of the way if you become tired. Try to arrange your activities so you do not have to climb up and down stairs many times during the day. Avoid extreme physical activity. Do not push, pull, or lift heavy objects (more than 10 pounds) that require you to strain. Getting Dressed With Parkinson's Disease Get dressed while sitting in a chair that has armrests -- this will help you keep your balance. Roll from side to side to get pants over your hips. You can do this while sitting in a chair or lying down on your bed. Wear clothes that are loose fitting and have elastic waistbands. Choose wrap-around clothing instead of the pullover type. Also choose clothing that opens in the front, not the back so you don't have to reach behind you. Wear clothing with large, flat buttons, zippers, or Velcro closures. Use a button hook to button clothing. Use a dressing stick if you have shoulder weakness to get your coat or shirt on or off. Use a zipper pull or attach a leather loop on the end of the zipper to zip pants or jackets. Wear slip-on shoes or buy elastic shoelaces that allow you to slip your shoes on and off without untying the laces. Use devices such as a sock donner and long-handled shoehorn for additional assistance.

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Achieving optimum performance in a loose-housed farrowing system for sows: the effects of space and temperature MetadataShow full item record Piglet survival relies on interactive influences of the sow, her piglets and their environment. There are anumber of design challenges in a loose-housed farrowing and lactation system to optimise this dynamic,including achieving farrowing in the desired location (i.e. a protected nest area) and minimising crush-ings. The PigSAFE (Piglet and Sow Alternative Farrowing Environment) pen was developed with these challenges in mind. It has different areas to fulfil different biological and managerial needs, including asolid-floored nest area with piglet protection features (sloped walls, heated creep) intended for farrow-ing. Two hypotheses regarding pen design features to optimise farrowing location and improve pigletsurvival were tested: (i) greater space would improve maternal behaviour; and (ii) a heated nest-site would be more attractive to the farrowing sow. PigSAFE was adapted to give a LARGE treatment, 9.7 m2in total with a nest area of 4.0 m2, and a SMALL treatment, same design but 7.9 m2 in total with a nestarea of 3.3 m2. The nest floor was heated to either 30◦C (T30) or 20◦C (T20) from 48 h before until 24 hafter farrowing. A 2 × 2 factorial design saw 88 Large White × Landrace sows randomly assigned to space and temperature treatments. Generalised linear mixed models were used to analyse performance data.Farrowing location analysis involved dividing the pen into seven areas (L1–L7); L1 deemed the safestlocation for the piglets to be born (in the nest, furthest from dunging area, closest to creep) and L7 theleast protected (in the dunging area). Of all the piglets born 97% were born in the nest area. The majorityof sows started farrowing in L1 (56%), with 39% of remaining piglets being born in this location. There was a significant Space × Temperature interaction for farrowing location (P = 0.011) with SMALL T20 achieving the most L1 births. Temperature had no significant influence on piglet survival (Total mortalityP = 0.401; Live-born mortality P = 0.826). However space influenced mortality, with significantly greater live-born mortality when sows were afforded a larger farrowing space (LARGE = 18.1% vs. SMALL = 10.9%P = 0.028). There were no significant interactions between space and temperature for either total mor-tality (P = 0.394) or live-born mortality (P = 0.685). The overall design successfully promoted farrowingin the nest location, irrespective of nest size and floor temperature. The higher piglet mortality in the LARGE treatment suggests that the larger nest size was less protective for the piglets and thus a smaller nest, within an adequate total pen size for differentiation of functional areas, would be recommended. Journal Title/Title of Proceedings Applied Animal Behaviour Science Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This manuscript version is made available after the end of the 12 month embargo period under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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At the event to mark National American Indian Heritage Month at the EPA held in Washington, DC on November 4 Lobaugh was the featured speaker. His presentation followed a performance by Joanne Shenandoah whose music celebrated the the great influence Native people have had on environmental issues. Ms. Uhlig told the assembly of EPA workers that Mr. Lobaugh drafted the Endangered Species Act, followed by the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act which in turn led to the formation of the EPA; all of which took place during the Nixon administration. Literally millions of animals, plants and fishes can attribute their survival as specific species to the protection given to them by the federal statutes initiated by Mr. Lobaugh. While aboriginals viewed the earth as a living organism upon which sustainability was a key principle Columbus saw the land from a purely economic perspective Lobaugh said. The European explorers carried with them not only a conflicting philosophy about nature they also brought diseases which killed millions of Natives and made the colonization of the Americans possible Lobaugh observed. Lobaugh noted that the "attitude of conquest and subjugation extracted a heavy price" which began to change a generation ago a change began in what he said was a "reevaluation of our relationship to the environment" which in turn has brought the US closer to the native ideals of sustainability. But, he warned, there was cause for concern, noting that there are many who now want to retreat from the environmental standards set by law. He said that there are politicians and developers now claiming that environmental protection rules are an "attack upon our basic freedoms" which may well lead to a return to "conquest, subjugation and exploitation." Some, he warned, have gone so far as to demand the dismantling of the EPA.

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2 A chemical reaction is a process in which the physical and chemical properties of the original substances change as new substances with different physical and chemical properties are formed 3 Law of Conservation of Mass During a chemical or physical change, all mass remains the same.Mass is neither created nor destroyed. 4 Parts of a chemical reaction Subscript tells the # of atoms in moleculeCoefficient tells # of molecules in reaction2 H2 + O H2Ocoefficientcoefficientsubscript 5 Parts of a chemical equation Reactant is what goes into a chemical reactionProduct is what results in the reaction2 H2 + O H2Oproductreactantreactant 6 The ease with which atoms will form bonds is its bonding capacity. Capacity to reactThe ease with which atoms will form bonds is its bonding capacity.This capacity is directly related to the electrons and their placement and number within the energy levels. 7 What happens when a chemical reaction occurs? Atoms can form moleculesMolecules can break apart to form atomsMolecules can react with other molecules 8 Balancing Equations Start with the first atom on the reactants side Count the total number of atoms of the element on left and then on the rightAdd a coefficient in front of atom(s) or compounds where necessaryNever change a subscriptGo back through each atom and recheck and/or change until # are equal on both sides of the equation 9 Types of Chemical Reactions SYNTHESIS2 or more substances combineDECOMPOSITIONcomplex substance breaks downSINGLE - REPLACEMENTuncombined element replaces another element in a compoundDOUBLE - REPLACEMENTatoms of 2 compounds replace each other (a flip-flop) 10 synthesisSimple molecules or compounds combine to make a new and more complex substance2 H2 + O H2O 11 decompositionA complex substance breaks down into simpler substances2 H2O H2 + O2 12 single-replacement 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 Single element replaces another element within a compound2Na + 2H2O NaOH + H2 13 double-replacementDifferent atoms in two different compounds replace each otherMgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2CO3 14 In any chemical reaction: some energy is needed to start the change some energy is involved during the reaction 15 ACTIVATION ENERGY is what is needed to get a reaction started Ex: striking a match 16 Energy involved in the reaction can be either: Exothermic or Endothermic 17 Exothermic ex means out therm means heat energy is released during reactionthe energy in the reactants are higher than the productsEx: fireworks 18 Endothermic endo means in therm means heat energy is absorbed during reactionthe energy in the products are higher than the reactantsEx: chemical ice 19 Kinetics is the study of reaction rates In order to react, atoms must collide.In order for bonds to be broken, formed or reformed, particles must collide at precisely the correct angle with the proper amount of energy. 20 Four factors that influence the collision theory are . . . Rates of Chemical ReactionsThe more collisions, the faster the rate of the chemical reactionFour factors that influence the collision theory are . . . 21 concentration surface area temperature catalysts the amount of reactants presentsurface areaamount of exposed materialtemperaturehigher temperature causes atoms to display more energy & reaction rate is increasedcatalystsincreases speed by decreasing the activation energy needed, but does not enter the reactioncalled enzymes in living organisms

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Prebiotics and Probiotics What are probiotics? Beneficial, live bacteria that are in food What are prebiotics? The food for the probiotics. We cannot digest prebiotics, but the microbes in our gut can, in order to benefit the host (us!) What does this mean to ME? Your gut has a relatively set number of microbes. By increasing the amount of good microbes (bacteria) you put into your body (by consuming pre/probiotics), you increase the amount of good bacteria thereby pushing out the bad bacteria because there is no longer room for it in the gut! Where can I find pre/probiotics in my food? |Foods high in prebiotics||Foods high in probiotics| |Chicory root, Jerusalem artichoke, dandelian greens, garlic, leeks, raw onion, cooked onion, asparagus, banana||Live cultures (yogurt, kefir, kombucha), fermented foods/drinks (sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi-cabbage).| Health benefits of probiotics: - promotes immune function, protects gut surfaces, treats/prevents diarrhea, controls food allergies, lowers cholesterol, controls urogenital (yeast) infections, cancer prevention, reduces symptoms of celiac disease

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The Sun is merely one of some 200 billion stars that make up the Milky Way—and the Milky Way is only one of a billion galaxies in the known universe. Packed with fascinating facts and stunning photography, this book examines the Galaxy humans call home and travels light years away, to the domain of phenomena such as the Oort cloud. It is almost impossible to think about Italy without recalling its Renaissance art masterpieces, its spectacular landscapes, or its widely loved cuisine. Although these combined elements hint at a united Italian culture, Italy is truly a country comprised of individual regions, each with their own identities, histories, and traditions. Readers will follow Italy’s trajectory from a land of disparate barbarian kingdoms to a republic, discovering along the way the glories of the Medici period, the factors influencing Italy’s development into one of the world’s most industrialized countries, and the diverse society that makes up its population. The Earth’s capacity to sustain life increasingly depends on the actions of humans and our commitment to preserving the planet’s incredible biodiversity. Because its ecosystems are vulnerable to pollution, overuse, and numerous other damaging activities, plants and animals that rely on these regions to subsist are significantly threatened. This insightful volume examines various conservation measures, such as habitat management, that help control the extinction rates of numerous species. Tireless, incredible individuals whose work has been crucial to protecting the planet for future generations are highlighted. The universe has been both a subject of study and supplier of fresh mysteries. This book tackles a topic that is infinitely broad with extreme precision and careful organization, bringing the far reaches of the universe squarely into the hands and minds of readers. It takes a great deal of personal strength, charisma, and intelligence to lead others. Some leaders improve the lives of their fellow citizens while others rule with an iron fist, oblivious to the plight of others. This book covers the lives and agendas of leaders good and bad, those who history has justifiably vilified and others who will be cherished for years to come. Complementary and mutually reinforcing, political science and political philosophy lie at the heart of the study of governance. The concept of how government could or should operate in the abstract is the province of political philosophy, while political science concerns itself with the concrete. Readers will chronicle the history and development of both fields and introduces readers to the major thinkers-including Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Weber-whose works have informed the study of politics the world over. As neighbors and early rival nations, Portugal and Spain have been associated for much of their histories. Yet despite their geographic proximity on the Iberian Peninsula and shared past, each boasts distinct social, cultural, and economic identities. Readers will examine the evolution of each country, witnessing the rise of their earliest civilizations, their dramatic rivalry during the Age of Discovery, their days as empire-builders, their struggles through authoritarian regimes, and their emergence as independent nations and members of the European Union. In the 1950s and 1960s and on into the 1970s, the United States was involved in two wars fought far from home-one in aid of South Korea against the neighboring Communist North Korea, and a second waged through the jungles of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Both of these military engagements were a reaction to what the United States feared as being Communist takeovers, and were surrounded by a strong degree of political controversy. This book explores both wars in detail to help readers understand why the conflicts occurred and what their lasting effects have been. Crossing geographic and cultural boundaries at a time when much of the world remained uncharted was a challenge faced by ancient explorers. Long before the Golden Age of Exploration, an assortment of travellers ventured into the unknown, uncovering untapped riches of land and resources in the process. Readers will become familiar with the lives and journeys of these early explorers, whose number included dauntless leaders-Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Genghis Khan-who sought to establish vast empires and enterprising merchants such as Marco Polo. Starting at the dawn of the 20th century, writers began experimenting with literary styles as never before. As perhaps the most far-reaching movement, Modernism swept across both the United States and Europe and has been embodied in the works of such writers as Marcel Proust, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and T.S. Eliot. The existentialism of Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, Samuel Beckett’s absurdist writings, and the range of literary output from around the world also reflect the spirit of the period. The lives and works of these and other authors from across the globe are surveyed in this absorbing volume.

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Research: 1930s America 1. Copy & Paste the following questions to a Word Doc. (DO NOT paste with black background) 2. Type your name and class period at the top of your document. 3. Save As: 1930s Research 4. Use your research skills and US History knowledge to answer the following questions. 5. When you have finished, save, print, and put in notebook for tomorrow's open note Castle Learning (35 Questions). 1930’s America & John Steinbeck Research November 7th & 8th The Great Depression ~ The Dust Bowl ~ Migrant Workers of the 1930’s Life was a struggle in the 1930’s…for some, it was much more difficult to find work and feed a family. What caused our country to slip so far into economic ruin that people of all classes and professions lost everything? 1. America 1930s: What were 3 important “things” that happened in US politics and/or world events? 2. The Crash of 1929: Any study of the Great Depression has to start with the economy. List 5 facts about the crash. Think “credit” as in line of credit or credit card. When did stores start using credit? What were other causes of the Great Depression? 3. Dust Bowl Years—Who are they and why are these names important to this time period? Franklin D. Roosevelt 4. What is Black Tuesday, Dust Pneumonia, Okievilles and Hoovervilles. (Google them!!) 5. Explain FDR’s New Deal? 6. What is Social Security? Who started it and what was the purpose of it? 7. What is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and what purpose does it serve? 8. Why was life so difficult for the 1930’s migrant workers in the Midwest and California? How did it differ from people who lived in the urban areas like New York City and Los Angeles? 9. Describe Salinas, California (the valley, the town and the river) in the 1930’s? What kind of jobs were in Salinas during this time? (use Google and Google images) 10. UNDERSTANDING THE SETTING: Find a Salinas, California on a map where John Steinbeck grew up. Take note of the topography of the land. The setting is very important in our novel and Steinbeck wrote about the area where he grew up. Use GOOGLE MAPS! Now use the directions option to find the following: Salinas is located ________ miles northeast of the Monterey, California. Salinas is located ______miles south of the city known as the “City by the Bay”...San Francisco. Salinas is located approx. _____miles northwest of the Gabilan Mountain Range. Biographical Research: John Steinbeck 1. Who is John Steinbeck? 2. What kind of childhood and family upbringing did he have? What did he like to do as a young boy and what kind of family life did he have? 3. Where did he grow up? What type of area is that? (describe the industry, typical household income, etc.) 4. What/Who inspired him to be an author? 5. What is an advocate? What social issues or groups of people was Steinbeck an advocate for? 6. What were some common themes/subjects of his novels? 7. When was his first book published? 8. What was the first book he had published? 9. What kind of life did he live as an adult? 10. When did he die?

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CC-MAIN-2020-40

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Air Purifiers vs. Plants: Which Are Better? If you’re like the average American, you’ll spend more than 90 percent of your life indoors. But while sitting inside reduces the risk of being hit by a flying golf ball or falling into a river, it can pose another serious health and safety risk: air pollution. The chemicals used to manufacture common indoor items like drywall, rugs, furniture, mattresses, pressed-wood furniture, and paint can leach into the air for years. But although individuals with strong chemical sensitivities may immediately notice (and physically react) when a chemical-emitting item is brought into the room, for most, these chemicals are completely invisible and undetectable. Meanwhile, outdoor air pollution from factories, car exhaust, and farms can come indoors each time a door is opened or an air conditioner turns on. A high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter can remove many of these indoor impurities, improving your air quality and your health. But many of the benefits of HEPA filters are shared by household plants. When you’re comparing the two, which comes out ahead? Benefits of Air Purifiers HEPA air purifiers work by forcing the air in a room through an ultra-fine filter that traps small particles. If you’ve ever looked askance at a beam of sunlight in an empty room, you’ve likely seen millions of dancing dust mites, skin flakes, pollen, pet dander, and other tiny particles floating through the air. A HEPA filter reduces the number of these particles in any living space, taking some of the burden from your body’s own filters (from your nose hair to your bronchial cilia). Although you’ll need to occasionally change out your HEPA purifier’s filter (more frequently during heavy pollen season), most air purifiers are extremely quiet, low-maintenance, and energy-efficient. Benefits of Plants Without plant life, life, as we know it on Earth, would quickly cease. And houseplants, unlike HEPA filters, actually produce oxygen, rid the indoor air of excess carbon dioxide, and absorb airborne toxins through their leaves. But unless you live and work in a large greenhouse, it’s unlikely you can maintain enough plants to provide the same air-purifying benefits you can realize from a HEPA air purifier. And while plants can absorb toxic gases, they don’t have the same particle-zapping power as an air purifier. We’re the Heating Repair Experts in the Greater Charlotte Area Integrity Heating & Cooling serves both residential and commercial customers in nearly three dozen cities, towns, and neighborhoods in the greater Charlotte area. If you’d like the air you breathe to be cleaner, we can help. Give us a call today!Tags: Air Purifier, indoor air quality

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Net income margin is the net after-tax income of a business, expressed as a percentage of sales. It is used in ratio analysis to determine the proportional profitability of a business. It is especially useful when tracked on a trend line, to see if there are any spikes or dips in the long-run average net income margin. An outside analyst can use this information as part of an analysis to decide whether to recommend to investors whether a company's shares should be bought or sold. The net income margin formula is: Net income ÷ Sales For example, ABC International has net after-tax income of $50,000 and sales of $1,000,000. Its net income margin is calculated as follows: $50,000 Net income ÷ $1,000,000 Sales = 5% Net income margin A problem with this ratio is that the net income percentage is usually such a small percentage of the total activity of a business that it can be easily altered by one-time expenses. For example, an unexpected repair bill could take a large chunk out of the expected percentage. Another issue is that this ratio does not necessarily match the amount of cash flow generated by a business, especially if results are being presented using the accrual basis of accounting; consequently, it may be necessary to compare the net income margin to the cash flows information on the statement of cash flows. Net income margin is also known as net profit margin.

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This is probably the most common ammonite from the Inferior Oolite, but also one of the best-preserved, especially if cleaned or prepared well. Ammonites are one of the most frequently found fossils. They are extinct marine creatures – predators that moved through the water by jet-propulsion. We know this because the nautilus, the closest living relative to the ammonite, still survives today in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Find out more about ammonites on the molluscs pages.

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Researchers coat titanium with polymer to improve integration of joint replacements Research at the Georgia Institute of Technology shows that coating a titanium implant with a new biologically inspired material enhances tissue healing, improves bone growth around the implant and strengthens the attachment and integration of the implant to the bone. "We designed a coating that specifically communicates with cells and we're telling the cells to grow bone around the implant," said Andrés García, professor and Woodruff Faculty Fellow in Georgia Tech's Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience. Details of the new coating appear in the July issue of the journal Biomaterials. The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Arthritis Foundation and the Georgia Tech/Emory National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center on the Engineering of Living Tissues. Total knee and hip replacements typically last about 15 years until the components wear down or loosen. For many younger patients, this means a second surgery to replace the first artificial joint. With approximately 40 percent of the 712,000 total hip and knee replacements in the United States in 2004 performed on younger patients 45-64 years old, improving the lifetime of the titanium joints and creating a better connection with the bone becomes extremely important. Current clinical practice includes roughening the surface of the titanium implant or coating it with a flaky, hard-to-apply ceramic that bonds directly to bone. In collaboration with Georgia Tech School of Chemistry and Biochemistry professor David Collard, graduate students Tim Petrie and Jenny Raynor, and research technician Kellie Burns, García coated the titanium with a thin, dense polymer. "Our coating consists of a high density of polymer strands, akin to the bristles on a toothbrush, that we can then modify to present our bio-inspired, bioactive protein," explained García. In this case, the polymer presented controlled amounts of an engineered protein that mimics fibronectin, a protein in the body that acts as a binding site for cell surface receptors called integrins. It is important to control the integrins binding to the titanium implant because integrins provide signals that direct bone formation. Therefore, controlling integrin binding to the titanium will result in targeted signals that enhance bone formation around the implant. To bind integrins to titanium, researchers previously coated titanium with a small biological signal containing the sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) that binds to integrins. However, this region alone binds many different integrin receptors and with much less affinity than the full fibronectin protein. "It has been common to mimic only very small sections of fibronectin, but when you take a small section and ignore the rest of the molecule you lose specificity and activity, and therefore signaling is impaired," said García. For that reason, García engineered a much longer region of the same type of fibronectin that included the RGD peptide sequence as well as new sections also known to have sites that participate in integrin binding. To evaluate the in vivo performance of the coated titanium in bone healing, chemists Raynor and Collard coated the surfaces of tiny clinical-grade titanium cylinders with the polymer brushes. Then engineers Petrie and García modified them with peptide sequences. Two-millimeter circular defects were drilled into a rat's tibia bone and the cylinders were pressed into the holes. They tested three types of coatings: uncoated titanium, titanium coated with the RGD peptide and titanium coated with different densities of the engineered fibronectin fragment. To investigate the function of these novel surfaces in promoting bone growth, the researchers quantified osseointegration, or the growth of bone around the implant and strength of the attachment of the implant to the bone. Analysis of the bone-implant interface four weeks later revealed extensive and contiguous bone matrix and a 70 percent enhancement in the amount of contact between the implant and bone with the titanium implants coated with the engineered fibronectin fragment over the uncoated or RGD-coated titanium. García and Petrie tested the fixation of the implants by measuring the amount of force required to pull the implants out of the bone. The study showed significantly higher mechanical fixation of the implants coated with the engineered fibronectin fragment over the implants with the other coating and uncoated titanium. In addition to total joint replacements, García is studying how to fill large gaps between bones, which sometimes occur after a traumatic injury or tumor removal. "We are developing a strategy to present peptides that encourage the surrounding bone to grow in and fill in around the gap," said García. By improving communication with the body's cells, García can control the integration and healing response of the body to any implanted device. Currently, most become encapsulated by a collagen sheath, which affects the performance and long-term viability of the device. García aims to use these biomaterials to help integrate devices implanted in the body. Source: Georgia Institute of Technology

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Argument Diagramming[Enter Course] This course provides an introduction to exploring and understanding arguments by explaining what the parts of an argument are, and how to break arguments into their parts and create diagrams to show how those parts relate to each other. Argument diagramming is a great visual tool for evaluating claims that people make. By the end of the course, you will be able to think critically about arguments or claims and determine whether or not they are logical. This skill can be used in a variety of situations, such as listening to the news, reading an article, or making a point in a meeting. This is an introductory course and may be useful to a broad range of students. Additional Course Details - Topics Covered: - Creating Argument Diagrams, Evaluating Arguments, and Argument Diagramming for Interpreting Public Arguments and Longer Texts. - Estimated Time to Complete Course: - This course provides a two-week exploration of the task of Argument Diagramming. - Additional Software or Materials Required: - You will need Flash and Java installed. These programs are free. More detailed information is provided in the course under “Test and Configure Your System.” - Maintenance Fee (per student): - Free for both independent learners and academic students. - Course Last Updated Date: - August 2011 - Changes in This Update Include: - Addition of instructional material and activities on Creating Argument Diagrams, including the integration of iLogos, an argument diagramming software created by Dr. Matthew Easterday at Northwestern University, providing practice opportunities in the construction of argument diagrams. - Addition of modules about 1) evaluating arguments and 2) rhetorical features of arguments. The current version of this course contains 3 modules: - Creating Argument Diagrams - Evaluating Arguments - Argument Diagramming for Interpreting Public Arguments and Longer Texts - Module 1 - Introduces the concept of argument diagramming as a way to visually represent the content and structure of an argument. It focuses on basic vocabulary and methods for determining argument structure. Each section of the module has a set of exercises for which students receive hints if they are stuck, and immediate feedback on their answers. Module 1 also introduces iLogos, the built-in argument diagramming software. This software allows students to build argument diagrams easily and quickly. - Module 2 - Introduces basic logical concepts such as validity and strength, and explores ways of evaluating arguments according to these logical standards. Arguments are classified as either deductive or non-deductive. In the section on deductive arguments, students are introduced to common argument forms, such as modus ponens, and common logical fallacies, such as the fallacy of affirming the consequent. In the section on non-deductive arguments, students are introduced to 4 basic argument types: statistical arguments, inductive arguments, abductive arguments, and arguments by analogy. - Module 3 - Builds on the skills that are introduced in Module 1, to introduce ways to tackle longer, more complex arguments. Students are introduced to basic rhetorical vocabulary and classifications, such as genre and exigence. Students are taught, through examples and tips, how to use these classifications to build a reasonable representation of the content and structure of arguments embedded in longer texts.

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Exercise and the Immune System Physical activity has many health benefits, one of which is to boost the immune system and its fight against respiratory viral infections. Research shows that physical activity has an acute and chronically beneficial effect on our immune response and potentially reduces risk and severity of respiratory viral infection. With the current situation in Hong Kong, it is important to enhance our immune system and reduce the risk of infection through a lifestyle with regular moderate physical activity. In light of the current public health issues HKU Centre For Sports And Exercise has had to close its facilities for a period of time. Despite such, CSE encourages all staff and student to continue to be physically active to keep our immune system strong and our body healthy. Exercise Videos for Home Based Training Sedentary individuals or those who haven’t exercised in a long time should listen to your body and seek medical advice if needed.

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Work Step by Step Natural gases contain methane. When methane is burned, it loses its identity during the combustion and becomes carbon dioxide and water; therefore, this is a chemical change. You can help us out by revising, improving and updating this answer.Update this answer After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback.

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Definition - What does Claims Representative mean? Claims representatives are people who work for insurance companies to investigate and settle claims. They examine the facts, damages incurred, and evaluate whether a loss is covered and legitimate. One of their most important roles is making sure fraudulent claims do not get paid out. As for eligible claims, they also calculate the benefit amount to pay out to policyholders. Insuranceopedia explains Claims Representative Claims representatives serve an important purpose in the insurance business because they are basically the gatekeepers between the insured and the insurer. They act as the filter through which legitimate claims get paid out and fraudulent or non-qualifying claims do not. If a claims representative needs more information about a particular claim to make a decision, then they can investigate further. For example, they might call doctors, employers, or others involved in the policyholder's claim to get more relevant information to help them determine the legitimacy of a claim and amount of damages incurred.

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This lesson is the 3rd lesson for the unit outline which centers on of the necessity for rules. Students have had the opportunity to play a variety of games: physical, social, intellectual all the while discussing what makes a quality game. 5.7.5 Discuss the meaning of the American creed that calls on citizens to safeguard the liberty of individual Americans within a unified nation, to respect the rule of law, and to preserve the Constitution 5.7.3 Understand the fundamental principles of American constitutional democracy, including how the government derives its power from the people and the primacy of individual liberty. Students apply what they learn in the visual arts across subject areas. They develop competencies and creative skills in problem solving, communication, and management of time and resources that contribute to lifelong learning and career skills Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects K-5 College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening K-5 Comprehension and Collaboration 1. Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. 2. Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally. 3. Evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric. After having the opportunity to play all the games, students will respond to the following question: Write about a rule that recurs throughout the games. What rules were the most important as well as what rules were unnecessary and why. Were there any unfair rules? If so, why was it unfair? Students might also write a letter to another group … 1. Teacher reviews types of games played over the past days and/or in their past focusing on what makes games successful. Chart 2. Teacher breaks students into groups (selective homogenous grouping by teacher). 3. Teacher hands out a prepared box of materials (dice, scarf, yarn, measurement tool, bin ) to each group of students. Allow exploration time. Teacher should be actively listening for comments to share with entire group. 4. Pose questions: What might I have given you these materials? Accept responses. Think about what we have been discussing and doing these past few days. Accept all responses. 5. Teacher then brings groups together. Invites students to create a game of their choice using 4/5 objects. Each group will follow the same guidelines but all will have different outcomes. Refer to chart in #1. 6. Show game guideline (see attached) 7. Students will need plenty of time to explore, discuss, create, brainstorm, review, revise. Teacher moves from group-group gauging progress, facilitating as needed. 8. It may be wise to continue lesson over two days in order to let students have quality time to think about the project (Rome wasn’t built in a day!) 9. Students complete game plan, share among the class with each group having the opportunity to play everyone else’s game. Special Needs of students are considered in this lesson: Teacher model, visual aids Outline of Unit Plan: Unit Name: Out of Many, One

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When multiple sclerosis (MS) makes getting around difficult, using a cane can help keep you mobile. Professional guidance from either a physical or occupational therapist is important when picking a cane, because choosing the wrong one — or using it incorrectly — can make matters worse. “It may be time to investigate using a cane when walking becomes unsteady due to problems with balance, coordination, spasticity, or weakness,” says Debra Frankel, MS, an occupational therapist and vice president of programs, services, and clinical care at the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS). If you’ve fallen or hesitate to do activities because you’re worried about your walking, Frankel suggests seeing a physical therapist for a gait analysis and to decide which cane — or other mobility device — is best suited to your needs. How to Pick the Right Cane The right cane for you depends on how much support you need. Three types of canes are available: - Single point cane. This is the most common type of cane and has just one point that hits the ground, Frankel says. It's an option if you need help with balance but minimal support. Look for a rubber or ice-grip tip for walking on slippery surfaces, she adds. - Quad cane. This cane comes with four points at the base, offering more support, says Susan Kushner, MS, PT, academic coordinator of clinical education at the Graduate School of Physical Therapy at Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania in Slippery Rock. However, to use it safely, all four points need to be in contact with the ground at all times. “If only two or three legs are touching, that can throw you off a bit,” she says. Quad canes need to be used very slowly and carefully, Kushner advises. - HurryCane. This cane, for which you may have seen advertisements on TV, has a flexible joint above a tripod base. The HurryCane's three-point base stays in contact with the ground while the cane moves and, Kushner says, offers a little more stability. However, she adds, “A lot of people like them, but they're not for everybody. One patient told me it throws her off too much.” Another consideration is the material a cane is made of, since it determines the weight and portability of the cane. - Wooden canes. These look attractive, and many people prefer them, but they're not adjustable and can be heavy, as well, Frankel says. - Metal canes. Often made of aluminum, metal canes are generally adjustable. Some models easily fold up and fit in a tote bag or briefcase. Canes come with different handgrip options, too. “A larger, foam-covered, offset grip may be easier to grasp," Frankel says. "An ergonomically designed grip can reduce pain in the hand and wrist.” Making Sure the Cane Fits You Using a hand-me-down cane from grandma isn’t a good idea if it is too short or too tall for you, Kushner says. An ill-fitting cane can cause back, shoulder, elbow, or wrist pain. To assess whether a cane is the right height, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons offers these guidelines: - When you are standing up straight with your arms at your sides, the top of your cane should reach the crease of your wrist. - When you hold your cane by the handgrip, your elbow should be slightly bent. Using the cane correctly is important, too. “People think you use it on your weaker side, but that’s not correct,” Kushner says. If your left leg is weak, for example, you use it on your right side to provide added support. Getting Over Psychological Roadblocks Lisa Cohen, 46, a New York City-based life coach for women with MS and author of the book Overcome the BS of MS, was diagnosed with MS in 2001. A bad exacerbation in 2009 caused left-sided weakness and spasticity, and Cohen started having trouble walking. She began using a single point cane occasionally, but after about a year had to use it all the time. “Having to accept that I did need to use the cane was difficult for me,” Cohen says. “I really couldn’t put one foot in front of the other because I wasn’t stable — and that was hard to accept.” That’s not an uncommon reaction, Frankel says. People sometimes see using a cane as a reminder of limitations imposed by MS, but she adds that "if you can overcome any resistance, you will find using a cane improves the quality of your life.” Cohen couldn’t agree more: “The truth of the matter is I couldn’t walk down the street without it. I am very aware of that. The cane enables me to get out — period — and without the fear of falling and getting hurt.”

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DHRTARASTRA INQUIRES FROM SANJAYA At the beginning of the Bhagavad-gita, Dhrtarastra says, “O Sañjaya, after my sons and the sons of Pandu assembled in the place of pilgrimage at Kuruksetra, desiring to fight, what did they do?” Dhrtarastra was blind from birth. Unfortunately, he was also bereft of spiritual vision. He knew very well that his sons were equally blind in the matter of religion, and he was sure that they could never reach an understanding with the Pandavas, who were all pious since birth. So there had to be a fight. However, because the battle had been arranged to be fought at Kuruksetra, a place of worship even for the denizens of heaven, Dhrtarastra became very fearful about the influence of the holy place on the outcome of the battle. Sañjaya, understanding Dhrtarastra’s motive in asking about the situation on the battlefield, wanted to encourage the despondent king, and thus he assured him that his sons were not going to make any sort of compromise under the influence of the holy place. PAINTING BY JADURANI – DEVI DASI (1979)

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Telecoms Could Cut China's CO2 Levels A study has revealed that vast savings could be made on carbon emissions in China by implementing low-carbon telecommunications solutions. According to the report the World Wildlife Fund, emissions savings from Chinese telecom solutions in 2008 are estimated to be the same as the total carbon dioxide emissions of countries like Sweden, Denmark and Finland. Commenting on the research, Jianzhou Wang, the president of China Mobile Communications Corporation, said: "We are happy to present this joint report with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) that clearly demonstrates the important role of the mobile telecom sector in helping China to move towards a low carbon economy." He added: "Many of our solutions are transformative and help people get better service with dramatically reduced emissions." China's expanding economy has often been discussed in context with climate change as the size of the country means that it has a major affect on worldwide emissions. According to WWF, increasing the number of people working online could save an estimated 340 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions in China in 2020, by cutting down on the number of commuters. Return to green news headlines View Green News Archive

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As a reliable Southern California Teen Drug and Alcohol Rehab Treatment Center, we seek to educate our clients regarding the relationship between alcoholism and depression. Does depression cause alcoholism? Can alcoholism trigger depression? According to a study conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 30-50% of individuals with alcoholism also suffer from depression. At Teen Drug Addiction, we believe that by learning more about these two conditions, treatment and prevention can be more effective. Please read on to learn more. Does depression cause alcoholism? According to research conducted by UCSF Gallo Scientists, drinking alcoholic beverages releases brain endorphins which makes alcohol addicting. Endorphins, also known as the happy chemical, are activated in the nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex – the parts of the brain responsible for feelings of reward and pleasure. Therefore, the more a depressed person drinks, the more “happy” they get, and the more they forget their problems and concerns at least temporarily. Alcohol makes a depressed person a little less sad and depressed. However, the effects of alcohol are temporary that urge a depressed person to drink more and more, which can lead to alcoholism. Can alcoholism trigger depression? However, the American Psychological Association also states that alcoholism can worsen the symptoms of depression, and it can trigger it as well. Alcohol is a depressant and while it can trigger the release of endorphins, the “happy” effects that alcohol can bring are only temporary. Constant alcohol consumption can lead to a disruption in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. When this disruption occurs, it can result in mood disorders and depression. Furthermore, alcoholism can lead to impaired emotional processing, it can take a toll on personal relationships, and it can lead to financial problems – all of which can also lead to depression. At Teen Drug Addiction, we want to provide our help to teenagers who are suffering from alcoholism and depression. In providing Teen Rehabilitation in Los Angeles, California, we want to help them get out of this vicious cycle. To learn more about how we can help, please call our Teen Treatment Center in Los Angeles at 888-294-0977 for more details. - Alcoholism and Psychiatric Disorders. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2017, fromhttps://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh26-2/90-98.htm - O’Brien, J. (2012, January 11). Study Offers Clue As to Why Alcohol is Addicting. Retrieved September 26, 2017, fromhttps://www.ucsf.edu/news/2012/01/11298/study-offers-clue-why-alcohol-addicting - Understanding Alcohol Use Disorders and Their Treatment. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2017, fromhttp://www.apa.org/helpcenter/alcohol-disorders.aspx

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2 Where We’re Going…There are 2 benchmarks associated with cells at the middle school level.They are… 3 BenchmarksSCI.III.1.MS.1- Demonstrate evidence that all parts of living things are made of cells.SCI.III.1.MS.2- Explain why and how selected specialized cells are needed by plants and animals. 4 Important Concepts From SCI.III.1.MS.1 Types of living things…(each of the 5 kingdoms)MoneransProtistsFungiPlantsAnimalsParts of organisms…(fungi, plants, animals)Cells->Tissues->Organs->Organ Systems->OrganismsCommon plant/animal cells…Onion skin cells (plant cells)Cheek cells (animal cells)Single Celled Organisms…(Protists)ParameciumAmoebaEuglenaTools…MicroscopeMagnifying glass/hand lens 5 Important Concepts From SCI.III.1.MS.2 Specialized functions of cells including…ReproductionPhotosynthesisTransportMovementDisease-fightingSpecialized plant cells including…Root cellsLeaf cellsSpecialized animal cells including…Red blood cellsWhite blood cellsMuscle cellsBone cellsNerve cellsEgg/sperm cells 6 Cells…Cells are the smallest units that carry out the activities of life in organisms.Some are complete organisms , such as unicellular bacteria and protozoa. (Kingdom Monera and Protista)Others are specialized components of multicellular organisms. (Kingdom Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae) 7 Size of Cells…Some cells, like bacteria are incredibly small, (.2 micrometer)Other cells, like the nerve cells that run down a giraffe’s leg can be up to 2 meters long. 8 Cells…Members of Kingdom Monera are too small to be seen with our classroom microscopes, but we will take a peek at some members of Kingdom Protista in the not too distant future. Both of these Kingdoms contain only unicellular members.Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, and Kingdom Animalia have specialized cells that are part of a larger organism. 9 Cell Types Cells can be either Prokaryotic-no membrane around nuclear material. “Naked DNA” (bacteria-Kingdom Monera only)Eukaryotic –have a nucleus with a membrane around it. (all others-Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae & Animalia)All Eukaryotic cells have similar internal structures.Like You!...Get it….Eukaryotic…Like “Eu”…. 10 Inside Cells…We will look at cells in the near future, but in order to understand completely, first you should know a few things like…how to look inside a cell, (microscopes),how cells work (cell theory)what to look for inside a cell (organelles). 11 Microscopes A simple microscope has one lens. By combining 2 lenses, you can get an image that is larger than the image produced with only one lens.We use compound light microscopes that have two lenses. They let light pass through the specimen and lenses to enlarge the image and bend light toward your eye. 12 Early MicroscopesEarly microscopes did not produce clear images, so the discovery of the cell had to wait for microscope technology to improve before that could happen.Think about it. Glass was not even widely available or used in homes until the 1600’s. It’s difficult to make lenses without glass. 13 MicroscopesBefore we can look at microscopic things we need to be familiar with microscopes.Please see the diagram and function of the parts of the microscope that your teacher has given.Be prepared for a test on Thursday, June 1st. You MUST PASS THE TEST BEFORE you can USE a microscope. 14 Microscope HistoryHans and Zacharias Janssen were father and son lens grinders.They produced the first compound microscope (2 lenses). 15 Microscope HistoryIn 1665, Robert Hooke looked at cork through a microscope, and observed hollow roomlike structures.He called them “cells” because they reminded him of the rooms that monks lived in. 16 Microscope HistoryA few years later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch fabric merchant and amateur scientist, looked at blood, rainwater & scrapings from teeth.He noted that some seemed to move, and realized that he was looking at living things. 17 Microscope HistoryEventually the observations and discoveries of many scientists led to Cell Theory.Today we continue to learn new things and build upon this body of knowledge. 18 Cell Theory Cell theory states that… 1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms.3. All cells have evolved from other cells. 19 What’s Inside a Cell?Organelles are very similar to human organs in that they help perform specific functions. The organelles just have stranger names.So that you’re not too confused as we continue, here’s a glimpse at the big picture.Link to organelle diagram.Another Link to organelle diagram.Interactive Cell DiagramSeveral handouts of cells. Pass out. Use overhead transparencies as well. 20 Cell Organelle Overview Video Clips… Types of CellsThe Living Cell: Structure and FunctionIntroduction to the Cell 21 Inside Cells…You will need to know the functions of the following cellular organelles…vacuoleNucleusCell membraneCell wallCytoplasmMitochondriaGolgi bodiesLysosomesChloroplastsChlorophyllEndoplasmic Reticulum 22 Organelles…A cell membrane is a structure that forms the outer boundary of the animal cell and allows only certain materials to move into (food & oxygen) and out of (wastes) cells.It can be thought of as a “bag” that holds the rest of the stuff inside the cell.Link to cell membrane photo 23 Organelles…Cytoplasm is the gel-like material inside the cell. (Like jello or a raw egg white)It is a mixture of proteins, fats, carbohydrates (sugars), salts, water and other substances.The structures within the cytoplasm of cells are organelles .cytoplasm moves around within the cell, organelles can come into contact with one another, allowing certain processes to occur. This movement of the cytoplasm is called cyclosis. 24 Organelles… Each organelle has a responsibility or function. Mitochondria break down food for energy.They can be thought of as the “powerhouse of the cell.”Link to mitochondria photoLink to another mitochondria photoLink to mitochondria diagram 25 Organelles Vacuoles store food, water, waste materials. They can be thought of as the “Stomach of the cell”.Video of vacuole contracting 26 OrganellesEndoplasmic Reticulum is involved in the movement of material.It can be thought of as the “highway of the cell”.Link to photo of ERLink to diagram of ER 27 OrganellesThe rough endoplasmic reticulum contains on it smaller organelles called ribosomes.Ribosomes make proteins.They are part of the “manufacturing centers” of the cell.Look back at the ER images to see if you can see the ribosomes. 28 Organelles Golgi Bodies are also associated with the ER. Golgi bodies act as a transport, packaging materials into vesicles and sending them off either to other organelles or for removal.They can be thought of as the “post office” of the cell.Link to photo & diagram of golgi bodies 29 OrganellesLysosomes contain powerful digestive enzymes that are used to destroy invading matter and unwanted cellular material.They can be thought of as the “garbage trucks” or “recycling centers” of the cell.Link to lysosome picture. 30 Organelles Nucleus is the largest organelle in the eukaryotic cell. It directs all of the activities of the cell, and can therefore be thought of as the “brain of the cell.”It also contains the chromosomes, which carry the code for the inherited characteristics of the cell.Link to nucleus/chromosome photo 31 OrganellesCell walls are only part of plant cells. They function in providing structure; a skeleton of sorts for the plant.Link to cell wall picture. 32 OrganellesPlant cells are also unique in that they contain chloroplasts which convert light energy into food.Chloroplasts are generally green because they contain the green pigment chlorophyll.Link to chloroplasts/chlorophyll picture. 33 Animal Cells – Human Cheek Cell We will be looking at some animal cells. You’re an animal and you have cells all over. We will take a look at cells from the inside of your cheek.Look at some photos of human cheek cells here… 34 Plant Cells- Onion Cell We will be looking through the microscope at some plant cells. Onion cells are a typical plant root cell.Click here to see some photos. 35 Plant Cell- Elodea Leaf Cell The elodea leaves that we will look at represent typical plant leaf cells.Look at some photos of them here… 36 Kingdom Protista- Unicellular Organisms We will look at a few Protists.Protists are classified according to how they move. They use the following…PseudopodiaFlagellumCiliaYou will see examples on the next few pages.Make jello cell models.Create and take test. 37 Amoeba Amoeba are one member of Kingdom Protista. Protists are classified according to how they move.Amoeba move by using pseudopodia or streaming cytoplasm.They are predators and hunt for and devour microscopic prey.This is what an amoeba looks like.Label me (ditto)Label me (answers) 38 Euglena Euglena is another member of Kingdom Protista. Euglena move by rotating a long whip-like appendage called a flagella.VideoPhotoDiagram 39 Paramecium Paramecium are another type of Protist. Paramecium move by waving their short cilia like little oars.VideoPhotoDiagram 40 Cells -> Tissues ->Organs -> Systems ->Organisms According to one of the benchmarks that were presented at the beginning of this section, we will o look at some specialized eukaryotic cells.Specifically…Red blood cellsWhite blood cellsMuscle cellsBone cellsNerve cellsEgg/sperm cells 41 Red Blood CellsThe function of red blood cells is to nourish other cells by carrying food and oxygen to them, and to cleanse other cells by carrying away wastes.They are part of your circulatory system as well as your immune system.Red blood cells look like this…PhotographDiagram 42 White Blood Cells / Leukocytes The function of white blood cells (Leukocytes) is to protect the other cells by battling anything that threatens them.They are part of your circulatory system, and part of your immune system.Here are what white blood cells look like.PhotographDiagram 43 Muscle CellsThe function of muscle cells is to expand and contract. This may either move the body (with the help of the skeleton), or transport fluids (blood) throughout the rest of the body.They are part of your musculoskeletal system.Check out what muscle cells look like.Muscle cell photo/diagram siteVideo 44 Bone CellsThe function of bone cells is to provide structure for bones. Bones then provide structure for the rest of the body.They are part of the musculoskeletal system.This is what bone cells look like.Photodiagram 45 Nerve CellsThe function of nerve cells is to provide a route for electrical stimulation throughout the body.They are part of your nervous system.This is what nerve cells look likePhotoDiagramLabel Me (Ditto)Label Me Answers 46 Egg CellsThe function of egg cells is reproduction. This promotes survival of the species.They are part of the reproductive system.They look like this…EggPhotoDiagramLabel Me (ditto) / Label Me (answers) 47 Are We Done??? I think that covers everything. Be ready for an Organelle Quiz on Friday, June 9th…..be sure to add it to your agenda.Let’s go back to the beginning of this power point and review.

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As the world hurtles forward in the realm of technology, it’s important to stay informed about the cutting-edge innovations that are shaping our future. From artificial intelligence to biotechnology, the world of emerging technologies is a landscape of endless possibilities. In this article, we will delve into the key concepts and trends surrounding future technologies that are poised to revolutionize various industries. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning: Powering Automation - AI and machine learning are transforming industries by enabling computers to learn and make decisions, leading to advanced automation and data analysis. 2. Internet of Things (IoT): Connected Everything - IoT involves interconnecting everyday objects through the internet, enabling them to collect and exchange data, paving the way for smart homes and cities. 3. 5G Connectivity: Supercharging Communication - 5G promises ultra-fast wireless communication, supporting innovations like remote surgeries, autonomous vehicles, and enhanced virtual reality experiences. 4. Biotechnology: Advancing Health and Medicine - CRISPR gene editing, personalized medicine, and bioinformatics are driving breakthroughs in disease treatment, prevention, and diagnostics. 5. Renewable Energy Technologies: Sustainable Power Sources - Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are becoming more efficient and accessible, accelerating the transition to clean and renewable energy sources. 6. Quantum Computing: Computing in Another Dimension - Quantum computers leverage the principles of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems that are beyond the capabilities of classical computers. 7. Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR): Changing Realities - AR enhances the real world with digital information, while VR immerses users in entirely virtual environments, revolutionizing industries from gaming to education. 8. Blockchain Technology: Secure and Transparent Transactions - Blockchain ensures secure, transparent, and tamper-proof transactions, disrupting industries like finance, supply chain, and more. 9. Space Exploration and Colonization: Beyond Our Planet – Space tourism, lunar colonies, and Mars missions are no longer science fiction, as advancements in space technology make them closer to reality. 10. Autonomous Vehicles: Shaping Transportation – Self-driving cars and drones are set to revolutionize transportation, promising increased safety and efficiency. 11. Renewable Materials and Green Innovations: Eco-Friendly Solutions – Innovations in materials science are leading to biodegradable plastics, sustainable textiles, and eco-friendly construction materials. 12. Robotics and Automation: Transforming Industries – Robots are entering industries from manufacturing to healthcare, enhancing productivity and efficiency. 13. Edge Computing: Processing at the Source – Edge computing enables data processing closer to the source, reducing latency and improving real-time decision-making. 14. Nanotechnology: Small Wonders, Big Impact – Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale, offering potential breakthroughs in medicine, electronics, and more. 15. Ethical Considerations: Navigating the Future – As these technologies advance, ethical considerations around data privacy, AI ethics, and responsible innovation become increasingly important. Staying informed about emerging technologies is crucial for understanding the rapidly changing world around us. As you explore the frontiers of AI, IoT, biotechnology, and more, remember that these innovations hold the power to reshape industries, improve lives, and contribute to a more connected and sustainable future. By staying curious, embracing change, and remaining vigilant about ethical considerations, you can navigate the exciting landscape of emerging technologies and be prepared to embrace the innovations that lie ahead. The Future of Money: Adapting to Changing Financial Landscapes The concept of money has evolved throughout human history, and as we venture into the future, the transformation of currency and financial systems continues at an unprecedented pace. As technological advancements reshape the way we conduct transactions, manage wealth, and interact with financial institutions, it’s crucial for individuals to understand and adapt to these changes. In this article, we will explore the shifting paradigms of money and how people must embrace flexibility and adaptability to thrive in the ever-changing financial landscapes. Digital Currencies: Beyond Traditional Cash - Digital currencies, such as cryptocurrencies and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), are challenging the traditional notion of physical cash. 2. Cryptocurrencies: A New Financial Frontier - Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum offer decentralized and borderless transactions, but their volatility requires careful consideration. 3. Blockchain Technology: Transparency and Security - Blockchain, the underlying technology of many cryptocurrencies, ensures transparent and secure transactions, impacting industries beyond finance. 4. Cashless Societies: The Rise of Digital Transactions - Many societies are transitioning to cashless economies, where mobile payments and digital wallets are becoming the norm. 5. Fintech Innovations: Redefining Financial Services - Fintech startups are revolutionizing banking, lending, investing, and personal finance management. 6. Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Financial Empowerment - DeFi platforms offer individuals direct control over their finances, from borrowing and lending to trading and earning interest. 7. Financial Inclusion: Reaching the Unbanked - Emerging technologies are enabling greater financial access and inclusion for underserved populations worldwide. 8. Robo-Advisors and AI: Automated Financial Management - AI-driven robo-advisors provide personalized investment advice and portfolio management, democratizing wealth management. 9. Changing Work Landscape: Gig Economy and Digital Payments – The gig economy and remote work are reshaping how people earn income and receive payments. 10. Education and Literacy: Navigating Financial Tech – Developing financial literacy and understanding emerging technologies are vital for making informed financial decisions. 11. Privacy and Security: Safeguarding Digital Assets – As financial transactions go digital, individuals must prioritize cybersecurity and protect sensitive information. 12. Regulatory Challenges: Navigating Legal Frameworks – Governments and regulatory bodies are grappling with how to regulate and tax digital currencies and new financial technologies. 13. Economic Equality: Bridging the Gap – Technological advancements should be harnessed to address economic disparities and ensure equal access to financial opportunities. 14. Cultural Shifts: Adapting Mindsets – Embracing change and adopting new financial technologies may require shifts in cultural attitudes towards money and finance. 15. Lifelong Learning: Staying Relevant – Continuous learning is key to staying informed about evolving financial technologies and maintaining financial well-being. The future of money promises exciting opportunities and challenges as we witness the transformation of traditional financial systems. Adapting to these changes requires an open mindset, a commitment to continuous learning, and a willingness to embrace new technologies. By understanding the evolving landscape of digital currencies, fintech innovations, and changing work dynamics, individuals can position themselves to thrive in the future of finance. As we navigate these uncharted territories, it is essential to prioritize financial literacy, privacy, and ethical considerations to ensure a secure and prosperous financial future for all.

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Key Ideas about this Work of Art - Mosaics were important symbols of wealth and social status in Roman houses. - This mosaic was most likely placed in a small room inside a home or bath house. It could also have been part of a larger mosaic that decorated a dining room or reception hall. - This mosaic was made with white marble tiles and colorful glass pieces called tesserae (the plural form of tessera). Tesserae are usually small, square tiles used in mosaic work. This mosaic features interwoven squares and flower designs that are framed by a geometric pattern. Houses for Roman citizens were more than places to eat and sleep. They were also places for conducting important business and maintaining social and political connections. To impress their guests, wealthy Roman citizens decorated their homes with delicately designed mosaic floors. This mosaic does not have a focal point in its design. This makes it difficult to determine what type of room or structure it may have decorated. The mosaic’s size suggests that it may have covered the floor of a small room inside a home or a bath house. It is also possible that this mosaic was part of a larger piece that decorated a dining room or reception hall. Early mosaic production was simple and practical. Craftspeople used pebbles to create a durable surface. By the fourth century BCE, a variety of colored stones and decorative patterns were used in mosaic work. Roman artists invented a technique that made mosaics look more like paintings. This involved using tesserae, which are small, square pieces of cut stone, glass, or tile. This mosaic is an example of the creative use of tesserae. The artist created it by arranging white marble tiles and colorful glass pieces into symmetrical patterns. The mosaic’s design includes six geometric shapes (called Solomon’s knots) that are each enclosed in a hexagon and framed by a pattern called simple guilloche. tags: function, pattern, shapes, math, geometry, order, part/whole, place, variation Resources for Teachers: - Watch a video to see how Roman mosaics were made. - Read an article about a typical Roman atrium house and learn how it was used to reflect the owners’ social status. - Explore a website dedicated to the study of Roman mosaics. Resources for Students:

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Parvovirus (Parvovirus B19) The Parvoviridae family includes a large number of small, genetically-compact DNA viruses known collectively as parvoviruses. Parvovirus B19 was the first pathogenic human parvovirus to be discovered and it is best known for causing the childhood illness called fifth disease. Have questions about a product? Contact us to learn more about Meridian’s molecular or immunoassay reagent portfolio. We want to hear from you! Request a Sample Aside from a characteristic rash, which is seen in both pediatric and adult patients, parvovirus B19 also causes fever, headaches, sore throat, arthralgias and anemia. In healthy individuals, this anemia is mild and of short duration, but in individuals with weakened immune systems the resulting anemia can be severe and long-lasting. It is particularly dangerous to pregnant women during mid-trimester, since it can cause hydrops fetalis, severe fetal anemia and possibly lead to miscarriage or stillbirth. Parvovirus B19 spreads through respiratory secretions (such as saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus) when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It is highly contagious and a significant increase in the number of cases is seen every three to four years. Outbreaks are common, especially in nurseries and schools where both children and pregnant woman are at risk. The detection of an acute infection by serologic IgM testing is critical to prevent outbreaks, and detection of IgG indicates the immune status of an individual (which is particularly important for pregnant women). Human B19 encodes a number of nonstructural proteins, including the major protein, NS1, and two structural proteins, VP1 and VP2. During an acute infection, B19-specific antibodies to both linear and conformational epitopes are produced against VP1 and VP2. Specifically, IgG antibodies are formed against the linear epitopes of the C-terminal end of VP1 early in infection. These antibodies remain for about 6-12 months after which they significantly decline. In contrast, antibodies to the linear epitopes at the N-terminal end of VP1 and the entire VP2 protein are detectable for life. IgM/IgG assays for B19 usually include detection of both the VP1 C-terminal (IgM response) and VP1 N-terminal and VP2 proteins (IgG response). In addition, detection of the B19 NS1 can be used as a supplement in case of borderline results by VP2. Get In Touch With A Specialist Have questions about a product? Want to learn more about Meridian’s molecular or immunoassay reagent portfolio? We want to hear from you!

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As summer wanes, a lusty crop ripens along the branches of local oaks. These substantial seeds soon fall and elicit complaints from tidy-minded folk upset by the bullet-like acorns shed across lawns and scattered over sidewalks. For alert gardeners, however, the moment presents a chance to harness a force of nature. Within each capsule lies miraculous power: the capacity to change windswept prairie sun to gentle shade, to fundamentally alter the surface of the planet for generations. What might become thousands of majestic trees now hangs on branches and lies on the ground, ready for gathering. It is, of course, an act of faith to plant an oak from seed, knowing that it will be years before its shade extends very far. The truth is, those magical packages, the acorns, can grow quite readily, and the deeply spreading root systems that make oaks so adaptable and well suited to the nutrient-poor soils and uncertain climate of this region often develop best when initiated by direct seeding. Gardeners can also participate in the selection process by gathering acorns from particularly good parents. If you find an exceptional spreading live oak, a flaming, burnished Spanish oak, or a giant-leafed bur oak growing successfully in a local garden, their progeny may be better investments than large trees of unknown pedigree or provenance. Several beautiful native oaks adapt to gardens with alkaline soils. In their habitats, these trees seem to ripen acorns from west to east, with oaks of the Chihuahuan desert, such as Chisos red oak (Quercus gravesii) and silverleaf oak (Q. hypoleucoides), usually shedding in late August. These elegant species, common to the Davis Mountain region and elsewhere in far western Texas, are both worthy of garden space. In central Texas, where I garden, the Lacey oak (Q. laceyi), with smoky blue-gray foliage turning yellow in fall, and Vasey oak (Q. pungens var. vaseyi) usually ripen seed in September, followed by escarpment live oak (Q. fusiformis), chinquapin oak (Q. muhlenbergii), and Texas red, or Spanish, oak (Q. buckleyi) between Halloween and Thanksgiving. The chinquapin and the Spanish oak often drop acorns as their foliage turns to autumnal russet, making it easy to select the best color forms. The behemoth bur oak (Q. macrocarpa) usually releases its mammoth acorns in late November as it sheds coarse, lobed leaves, followed by the Mexican white, or “Monterrey,” oak (Q. polymorpha; see “Worth Growing,” below). All of these oaks offer powerful landscape forms, often defining a scene with their majestic proportions or rugged character, sometimes springing from a tall, single bole, sometimes growing as a romantic, multistemmed “mott” (an early Texan term derived from the Spanish mota, or clump). These are reasons enough to have them in gardens. The reasons to gather acorns and engage in the long process of watching over several years as a young tree develops from its earliest cotyledon stage to an incipient giant, may seem more obscure to gardeners in the present era of self-conscious landscape designs and “extreme makeovers.” But it shouldn't, for any real garden is more about process and relationship than a certain result, and the joy, as with our own lives, lies in the growing. WORTH GROWING: Mexican white oak, Quercus polymorpha This evergreen oak ranges from the mountains of Guatemala northward through the sierras of eastern Mexico, growing at progressively lower elevations until it reaches its northernmost stand in a small grove along the Devil's River in southwest Texas. It has become a popular landscape tree over the last decade, valued for its speedy growth, adaptability to dry, rocky soil, and good, magnolia-like form when young. True to its botanical name, this mostly Mexican species varies in character and leaf shape. Some trees exhibit attractive purplish new growth, and the oblong leaves often display a bright yellow petiole. These variable oaks may become briefly deciduous in late winter or in response to unusual cold. Another beautiful Mexican oak, Quercus germana, is similar. Hardy in USDA Zones 7b–11

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - often shortened to CBT, is a directive form of counselling and psychological therapy that focuses on understanding how our thoughts affect our behaviour. It is based on the belief that feelings result from our thoughts and if dysfunctional or negative, result in conditions like anxiety, depression and related self-destructive action behaviour. | We all experience times when we are worry about something and go over and over it in our minds. We know how this makes us feel emotionally and in our bodies. The negativity spreads. When these associations are so strong or a person's behaviour is destructive, self-deprecating or simply undermining us having a great life because we feel negative all the time, CBT can help. If this is what is happening to you, CBT can help you identify your typical thought patterns, challenge them and help you develop new connections. Thus, new thoughts can be established. For example, You can be helped to look for solutions rather than saying 'I have no choice' or 'This always happens to me'. New thoughts can be encouraged such as 'What do I need to do now to change this?' 'How can I look at this differently?' Asking more positive, solution-focused questions results in a greater sense of emotional wellbeing. Over time, this will become a more natural way of thinking, resulting in more positive feelings and subsequent actions which serve you more effectively. Many psychodynamic psychotherapists balk at CBT, believing it to be too technique-driven with scant attention paid to the lived experience of individuals. Constant re-framing of an individual's thought patterns might be considered by more phenomenologically-oriented therapists to ignore the value of the inter-subjective interaction between psychotherapist and client. The focus on 'doing something to' the client' through re-framing of thoughts and intentions, rather than 'being something with' the client, is seen as limiting in helping clients understand their worldview. However, upon closer examination, CBT has associations with more existentially- oriented therapies in that it acknowledges the choice of the individual in creating and changing their worldview. Despite the seemingly, technique-driven approach to re-framing and re-directing a client's thoughts and therefore feelings and behaviour, it has the potential to empower the individual to see their part in creating their world. Thus, CBT and more existential-phenomenologically-oriented therapies might be closer in orientation than at first assumed. By allowing an individual to sufficiently explore their lived experience and offering pathways to experience change through CBT interventions, clients are empowered to move forward and engage with the possibilities of being and doing something different. That is the role of all psychotherapies; to increase an individual's choice and wellbeing beyond just acknowledging, experiencing and reflecting on their behaviour. I often include elements of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in my work with clients. I include this within a philosophical way of working based on the belief that life is challenging and we have choice of how to respond - often we deny we have choice or fail to see where it exists. CBT works well within this because it puts you in the driving seat - you can become the captain of your own mind - and literally 'You become what you think about'. Related Articles - Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Therapy, Therapies, Therapist,

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“Tell them about the dream Martin,” the great gospel singer Mahalia Jackson called out to Dr. King during his speech at the March on Washington. Martin heard her, put his notes away, and told them about the dream. That’s one of the bright moments, one of the many as an expression of the incredibly rich and deep African-American culture. I mean, this was the culture that invented blues, gospel, and jazz, and that alone ranks it with Athenian Greece and Renaissance Italy in terms of contribution to human artistic and cultural achievement. Add contributions to politics (non-violence), religion (Church), and language (Black English/Ebonics) and it would be a sad thing indeed if white Americans lived oblivious to the glory in their midst.

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Just so it’s clear in your mind: comets are dirty snowballs, asteroids are rocks. Got the difference? Wait… not so fast. Scientists studying the cometary dust picked up by NASA’s Stardust spacecraft, and they’re finding it’s surprisingly asteroid like. When Stardust flew past comet Wild 2 in 2006, scientists knew they would be scooping up materials created with the very formation of the solar system. But they didn’t think the dust from Wild 2 would resemble meteorites more than ancient, unaltered comet. Comets are thought to contain large amounts of primitive material in the Solar System. Both the ancient ices that formed out of the stellar disk, but also the rain of interstellar material falling into the Solar System. According to researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the particles that fell off Wild 2 formed very close to the Sun when it was young. They had been baked and blasted by the intense ultraviolet radiation of a newly forming star. Furthermore, they didn’t find the kind of primordial materials and ices that should have been present on an ancient comet like Wild 2. “The material is a lot less primitive and more altered than materials we have gathered through high altitude capture in our own stratosphere from a variety of comets,” said LLNL’s Hope Ishii, lead author of the research that appears in the Jan. 25 edition of the journal, Science. “As a whole, the samples look more asteroidal than cometary.” But Wild 2 is clearly a comet and not an asteroid. It’s got a tail; what could be more cometlike? It’s a reminder that there isn’t a clearly defined line between the two objects – there’s a continuum between them. The researchers were expecting to see very specific minerals in the Stardust samples that should be coming from comets: glass with embedded metal and sulfides, and sliver-like whiskers of the crystallin silicate enstatite. They found only a single sample of enstatite in their samples and it was oriented the wrong way. There were similar minerals found, but the researchers realized that they were being created when particles from the comet slammed into the Stardust collector. They were able to recreate this process in the lab. For future studies, the researchers are hoping to get their hands on larger-grained materials, called micro-rocks. These would suffer less alteration from the impact with the Stardust collectors. Original Source: LLNL News Release

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A Patient’s Guide to Kyphoplasty Patients with osteoporosis are prone to compression fractures in the spine bones, or vertebrae. The bone cracks under pressure, causing it to collapse in height. More than 700,000 such fractures occur every year in the United States. The fracture angles the spine forward and produces a hunchbacked appearance, called kyphosis. Patients with this condition are subject to debilitating pain, disturbed sleep, decreased lung and intestinal function, and difficulty completing routine activities. Kyphoplasty restores the size and strength of the fractured vertebra. This realigns the spine and reduces pain. Nearly 95 percent of patients get immediate relief of pain with this procedure. This guide will help you understand - why the procedure becomes necessary - what surgeons hope to achieve with kyphoplasty - what to expect during recovery What parts of the spine are involved? The main section of each spine vertebra is a large, round structure called a vertebral body. Compression fractures cause the front portion of this round bone to collapse in height. Because the back section of the bone stays intact, the damaged vertebral body becomes wedge-shaped. It is this wedge shape that angles the spine forward into kyphosis. The vertebral body is the main structure treated in the kyphoplasty procedure. Related Document: A Patient’s Guide to Thoracic Spine Anatomy What do surgeons hope to achieve with this procedure? In the past, surgeons used standard open surgical procedures to fix compression fractures from osteoporosis. Open procedures require larger incisions to give the surgeon more room to operate. The results of open surgery for this condition have generally been poor, mainly because operating on bones that are weak and soft from osteoporosis is difficult. In addition, some aging adults with fractures may not be physically able to tolerate such a surgery. Kyphoplasty gives surgeons a way to fix the broken bone without the problems associated with open surgery. Unlike open surgery, which involves an incision and the use of larger instruments, kyphoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure. It requires a small opening in the skin and small instruments. This lessens the chance of bleeding, infection, and injury to muscles and soft tissues. The goal of kyphoplasty is to return the fractured vertebra as close as possible to its normal height. This is done by inflating a balloon inside the fractured bone to restore the vertebral body to its normal size. Special cement is then injected into the bone, fixing it in place. The cement strengthens the broken vertebra and stiffens it in its original height and position. This reduces pain and spine deformity (kyphosis), enabling patients to get back to normal activities. Related Document: A Patient’s Guide to Spinal Compression Fractures How will I prepare for the procedure? The decision to proceed with kyphoplasty must be made jointly by you and your surgeon. You should understand as much about the procedure as possible. If you have concerns or questions, talk to your surgeon. Kyphoplasty is normally done on an outpatient basis, meaning patients go home the same day as the surgery. You shouldn’t eat or drink anything after midnight the night before. What happens during the procedure? The patient lies on his or her stomach. To begin, the surgeon cleans the skin on the back with an antiseptic. Then the skin over the problem area is numbed using an anesthetic. Patients may also receive general anesthesia to put them to sleep during the procedure. Two small openings are made in the skin on each side of the spinal column. Long needles are inserted through the openings. The needles are passed completely through the back of the spinal column into the fractured vertebral body. These needles serve as guides while the surgeon drills two holes into the vertebral body. The surgeon uses a fluoroscope to make sure the needles and drill holes are placed in the right spot. A fluoroscope is a special X-ray television that allows the surgeon to see your spine on a screen. The device works like a video, though the images are in the form of an X-ray. Metal objects show up clearly on X-rays. The needle is easy for the surgeon to see on the fluoroscope screen. This helps the surgeon know the needle goes into the correct spot. A hollow tube with a deflated balloon on the end is then slid through each drill hole. The balloons are inflated with air. This restores the height of the vertebral body and corrects the kyphosis deformity. Next, the surgeon removes the balloon and injects bone cement into the hollow space formed by the balloon. A chemical reaction in the cement causes it to harden in about 15 minutes. This fixes the bone in its corrected height and position. Bandages are then applied over the small incisions. What might go wrong? Serious complications from kyphoplasty are rare, involving less than five percent of cases. As with other procedures, however, complications can occur. Some of the most common complications of kyphoplasty include - problems with anesthesia - cement leakage - ongoing pain This is not intended to be a complete list of the possible complications. Problems with Anesthesia Problems can arise when the anesthesia given during surgery causes a reaction with other drugs the patient is taking. In rare cases, a patient may have problems with the anesthesia itself. In addition, anesthesia can affect lung function because the lungs don’t expand as well while a person is under anesthesia. Be sure to discuss the risks and your concerns with your anesthesiologist. Thrombophlebitis (Blood Clots) hip/hip_arthroplasty/hip_complication01.swf" rel="lightframe">View animation of pulmonary embolism Thrombophlebitis, sometimes called deep venous thrombosis (DVT), can occur after any operation. It occurs when the blood in the large veins of the leg forms blood clots. This may cause the leg to swell and become warm to the touch and painful. If the blood clots in the veins break apart, they can travel to the lung, where they lodge in the capillaries and cut off the blood supply to a portion of the lung. This is called a pulmonary embolism. (Pulmonary means lung, and embolism refers to a fragment of something traveling through the vascular system.) Most surgeons take preventing DVT very seriously. There are many ways to reduce the risk of DVT, but probably the most effective is getting you moving as soon as possible. Two other commonly used preventative measures include - pressure stockings to keep the blood in the legs moving - medications that thin the blood and prevent blood clots from forming Infection following spine procedures is rare but can be a very serious complication. Some infections may show up early, within the first few days after the procedure. Infections on the skin’s surface usually go away with antibiotics. Deeper infections that spread into the bones and soft tissues of the spine are harder to treat. They may require surgery to treat the infected portion of the spine. The cement used in kyphoplasty is squeezed into the fractured vertebra in liquid form. Because it is injected at low pressure, cement leakage during kyphoplasty is rare. If some of the cement happens to leak out of the vertebra, it usually doesn’t cause any problems. Only rarely does a cement leak cause pressure on the spinal cord or nearby nerves. In these cases, surgery may be required to remove the pressure. Many patients get nearly complete relief of symptoms from kyphoplasty. As with any procedure, however, you should expect some pain afterward. If the pain continues or becomes unbearable, talk to your surgeon about treatments that can help control your pain. What happens after surgery? Patients are monitored in the recovery room for two to three hours after the procedure before going home. You are instructed to move your back only carefully and comfortably. Some patients who are feeling extra pain or other problems after kyphoplasty may need to stay in the hospital overnight. Patients rarely need to wear a brace after kyphoplasty, since bone cement immediately improves the strength and stiffness in the fractured vertebra. What should I expect as I recover? The cement used to fix the broken vertebra hardens quickly, within about 15 minutes. As a result, people often find it easier to do daily activities within one week. Pain also decreases rapidly, and most people require less pain medication within two weeks. Despite these improvements, most orthopedists consider that it takes about three months for the bone to heal after kyphoplasty. Patients are encouraged to walk and do moderate activity as they recover. However, they should avoid strenuous exertion until their surgeon approves resuming normal levels of activity. When the fracture was from osteoporosis, the doctor will suggest ways to prevent future problems. Patients may be prescribed medications and supplements (calcium and vitamin D) to maximize bone health. Lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and taking up exercising, may also be discussed. Related Document: A Patient’s Guide to Osteoporosis Patients who continue to have problems with posture and pain or who have lost muscle tone and strength may need the help of a physical therapist. These patients typically need to attend therapy sessions for four to six weeks. The goal of therapy is to safely advance strength and function. The therapist may use treatments such as heat or ice, electrical stimulation, and massage to help calm pain. Gentle exercise is used to improve strength of the spine and limbs. Patients begin learning how to move safely using healthy postures to reduce strain on the healing back. Exercises for the heart and lungs improve stamina and help with pain control. As the therapy sessions come to an end, the therapist helps patients get back to the activities they enjoy. Ideally, patients are able to resume normal activities. They may need guidance on which activities are safe or how to change the way they go about their activities. When treatment is well under way, regular visits to the therapist’s office will end. The therapist will continue to be a resource. But patients are in charge of doing their exercises as part of an ongoing home program.

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At the bottom of each window is a mode line, which describes what is going on in the current buffer. When there is only one window, the mode line appears right above the echo area; it is the next-to-last line in the frame. On a graphical display, the mode line is drawn with a 3D box appearance. Emacs also usually draws the mode line of the selected window with a different color from that of unselected windows, in order to make it stand out. The text displayed in the mode line has the following format: cs:ch-fr buf pos line (major minor) On a text terminal, this text is followed by a series of dashes extending to the right edge of the window. These dashes are omitted on a graphical display. The cs string and the colon character after it describe the character set and newline convention used for the current buffer. Normally, Emacs automatically handles these settings for you, but it is sometimes useful to have this information. cs describes the character set of the text in the buffer (see Coding Systems). If it is a dash (‘-’), that indicates no special character set handling (with the possible exception of end-of-line conventions, described in the next paragraph). ‘=’ means no conversion whatsoever, and is usually used for files containing non-textual data. Other characters represent various coding systems—for example, ‘1’ represents ISO Latin-1. On a text terminal, cs is preceded by two additional characters that describe the coding systems for keyboard input and terminal output. Furthermore, if you are using an input method, cs is preceded by a string that identifies the input method (see Input Methods). The character after cs is usually a colon. If a different string is displayed, that indicates a nontrivial end-of-line convention for encoding a file. Usually, lines of text are separated by newline characters in a file, but two other conventions are sometimes used. The MS-DOS convention uses a carriage return character followed by a linefeed character; when editing such files, the colon changes to either a backslash (‘\’) or ‘(DOS)’, depending on the operating system. Another convention, employed by older Macintosh systems, uses a carriage return character instead of a newline; when editing such files, the colon changes to either a forward slash (‘/’) or ‘(Mac)’. On some systems, Emacs displays ‘(Unix)’ instead of the colon for files that use newline as the line separator. The next element on the mode line is the string indicated by ch. This shows two dashes (‘--’) if the buffer displayed in the window has the same contents as the corresponding file on the disk; i.e., if the buffer is unmodified. If the buffer is modified, it shows two stars (‘**’). For a read-only buffer, it shows ‘%*’ if the buffer is modified, and ‘%%’ otherwise. The character after ch is normally a dash (‘-’). default-directory (see File Names) for the current buffer is on a remote machine, ‘@’ is displayed instead. fr gives the selected frame name (see Frames and Graphical Displays). It appears only on text terminals. The initial frame’s name is ‘F1’. buf is the name of the buffer displayed in the window. Usually, this is the same as the name of a file you are editing. See Using Multiple Buffers. pos tells you whether there is additional text above the top of the window, or below the bottom. If your buffer is small and all of it is visible in the window, pos is ‘All’. Otherwise, it is ‘Top’ if you are looking at the beginning of the buffer, ‘Bot’ if you are looking at the end of the buffer, or ‘nn%’, where nn is the percentage of the buffer above the top of the window. With Size Indication mode, you can display the size of the buffer as well. See Optional Mode Line Features. line is the character ‘L’ followed by the line number at point. (You can display the current column number too, by turning on Column Number mode. See Optional Mode Line Features.) major is the name of the major mode used in the buffer. A major mode is a principal editing mode for the buffer, such as Text mode, Lisp mode, C mode, and so forth. See Major Modes. Some major modes display additional information after the major mode name. For example, Compilation buffers and Shell buffers display the status of the subprocess. minor is a list of some of the enabled minor modes, which are optional editing modes that provide additional features on top of the major mode. See Minor Modes. Some features are listed together with the minor modes whenever they are turned on, even though they are not really minor modes. ‘Narrow’ means that the buffer being displayed has editing restricted to only a portion of its text (see Narrowing). ‘Def’ means that a keyboard macro is currently being defined (see Keyboard Macros). In addition, if Emacs is inside a recursive editing level, square brackets (‘[…]’) appear around the parentheses that surround the modes. If Emacs is in one recursive editing level within another, double square brackets appear, and so on. Since recursive editing levels affect Emacs globally, such square brackets appear in the mode line of every window. See Recursive Editing Levels. You can change the appearance of the mode line as well as the format of its contents. See Optional Mode Line Features. In addition, the mode line is mouse-sensitive; clicking on different parts of the mode line performs various commands. See Mode Line Mouse Commands. Also, hovering the mouse pointer above mouse-sensitive portions of the mode line shows tooltips (see Tooltips) with information about commands you can invoke by clicking on the mode line.

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Just 24pc of European computer users use cloud services, despite cloud computing being one of the fastest-growing segments in technology, a new survey suggests. Cloud computing enables users to store data and software remotely, rather than on a hard drive or server. The survey by nonprofit trade association Business Software Alliance (BSA) also reveals that 65pc of European computer users have "never heard of it" or only "heard the name" cloud computing. Familiarity with cloud computing varies across the European single market, the survey also showed. In the UK and Greece, 24pc of PC users said they had high levels of familiarity with cloud computing, whereas 9pc of PC users in Poland and 10pc in France reported the same level of familiarity with the technology. Of those European computer users who are familiar with cloud computing, 86pc use cloud applications for personal use and 29pc use them for business reasons. The most commonly used cloud applications in Europe are email (79pc), online word processing (36pc) and photo storage and online games (35pc).

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OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) affects the brain and behaviors of a client causing excessive anxiety. This disorder encompassing both obsessive and compulsive behaviors, and tendencies, take up a lot of extra time from an individual that can be better utilized on healthy behaviors. Examples of obsessive compulsive behaviors otherwise referred to a rituals or patterns of behaviors involve: - Hand washing - Counting steps - Counting colors in a pattern, or a room - Arranging and ordering books - Repetitive actions or behaviors over and over - Religious practices - Bedtime or early morning routines - Exercise routines In OCD, compulsive behaviors are done with the desire to decrease or remove anxiety or anxious thoughts and feelings. Obsessions are the repetition of usually unreasonable fears, thoughts and ideas replaying in the mind over and over. for more information on OCD, check out the website https://iocdf.org/about-ocd/.

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The term 'gavotte' designates a more or less inconsistent genre of court dances originating in France and inspired in rural dances. It was popular during the late 16th century in the court of Louis XIV: many gavottes were composed by Lully, Rameau and Gluck. The dance was usually written in a 4/4 or 2/2 meter, though some gavottes have been written in 9/8 or 5/8. During the 19th century, a popular column dance called 'the gavotte' arose, but had no relation to the court dance. |Gavotte||Jean Baptiste Lully||Solo Instrument and Piano||Baroque| |Gavotte and Variations||Jean-Philippe Rameau||Piano||Baroque| |Gavotte in G major, HWV 491||Georg Friedrich Händel||Harpsichord||Baroque|

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See what questions a doctor would ask. Vitiligo: A condition which is characterized by chronic pigmentary changes to the skin seen by white patches. See detailed information below for a list of 10 causes of Vitiligo, Symptom Checker, including diseases and drug side effect causes. Review causes of types of Vitiligo in more specific categories: Listed below are some combinations of symptoms associated with Vitiligo, as listed in our database. Visit the Symptom Checker, to add and remove symptoms and research your condition. Some of the possible treatments listed in sources for treatment of Vitiligo may include: Review further information on Vitiligo Treatments. Real-life user stories relating to Vitiligo: Some of the comorbid or associated medical symptoms for Vitiligo may include these symptoms: Research the causes of these more general types of symptom: Research the causes of these symptoms that are similar to, or related to, the symptom Vitiligo: Psoriasis often undiagnosed cause of skin symptoms in children: Children who suffer from the skin disorder called psoriasis can often go undiagnosed. The main problem is that psoriasis is rare in children, and not often seen by physicians for this reason....read more » Other ways to find a doctor, or use doctor, physician and specialist online research services: Other medical conditions listed in the Disease Database as possible causes of Vitiligo as a symptom include: Vitiligo (vit-ill-EYE-go) is a pigmentation disorder in which melanocytes (the cells that make pigment) in the skin, the mucous membranes (tissues that line the inside of the mouth and nose and genital and rectal areas), and the retina (inner layer of the eyeball) are destroyed. As a result, white patches of skin appear on different parts of the body. The hair that grows in areas affected by vitiligo u (Source: excerpt from Questions and Answers about Vitiligo: NIAMS) Vitiligo (vit-ill-EYE-go) is a pigmentation disorder in which melanocytes (the cells that make pigment)... (Source: excerpt from Questions and Answers about Vitiligo: NIAMS) A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. - (Source - Diseases Database) An acquired skin disease characterized by patches of unpigmented skin (often surrounded by a heavily pigmented border) - (Source - WordNet 2.1) Usually progressive, chronic pigmentary anomaly of the skin manifested by depigmented white patches that may be surrounded by a hyperpigmented border. - (Source - CRISP) The list below shows some of the causes of Vitiligo mentioned in various sources: This information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of Vitiligo. Of the 10 causes of Vitiligo that we have listed, we have the following prevalence/incidence information: The following list of conditions have 'Vitiligo' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom. Select from the following alphabetical view of conditions which include a symptom of Vitiligo or choose View All. Ask or answer a question about symptoms or diseases at one of our free interactive user forums. Medical story forums: If you have a medical story then we want to hear it. Medical Conditions associated with Vitiligo: Hypopigmentation (71 causes), Skin color changes (2348 causes), Whitening (69 causes), Skin symptoms (5992 causes), Pigmentation symptoms (305 causes), Skin color symptoms (2348 causes), Paleness (536 causes), Skin problems (3422 causes) Symptoms related to Vitiligo: White skin (69 causes), Skin pigmentation changes (72 causes), Skin rash (461 causes), Skin symptoms (5992 causes), Alezzandrini syndrome, Candidiasis familial chronic mucocutaneous, Autosomal dominant, With thyroid disease, Dermatomyositis, Polyendocrine deficiency syndrome type 2, Schrander-Stumpel, Theunissen, Hulsmans syndrome, Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with combined immunodeficiency, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome, Whitaker syndrome Doctor-patient articles related to symptoms and diagnosis: These general medical articles may be of interest: Search Specialists by State and City

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My two-year-old son often wakes up in the night to discover that he's rolled away from us. Not liking that, he'll start to cry. If he gets himself too worked up, it can be a pain to put him back to sleep. But there's a little trick that we've discovered that works like magic. If you say a word he knows, he repeats it. If you keep saying words he knows, he'll keep repeating you. He'll do this until he falls back asleep—often mid-word. He's very accustomed to repeating after us. Because he's learning Chinese, English, and Japanese, we often have him repeat something he says in one language to a person with whom he should be speaking another language (Japanese with my wife, English with me, and Chinese with caregivers). So if I'm the one whose trying to get him back to sleep, I'll say something like "Albert, 'dog'." If he's not feeling too annoyed, he'll simply repeat the word. If, on the other hand, he's feeling annoyed, he'll try to negate whatever word you say—but still while repeating the word. Earlier tonight, he did the latter. I said a word, such as "nose", and he replied with a trilingual pidgin of "noseない爸爸". ない nai is Japanese for "there is no" and 爸爸 bāba is Chinese for "dad". So literally what he was saying was "There's no nose, dad". However, what he really meant was "I don't give a crap about 'nose', dad!" (I know this because even when I use his own body parts as vocab sources—nose, hair, ear, etc.—he says they don't exist.) Each time after he said that, I said, e.g., "Say 'No nose, daddy'" and he'd say "No nose, daddy" just the same. (As an aside, he knows what we want him to do when we say "Say x", although he's never said "Say x" himself.) The one thing you can't do is say words that will trigger him to do something other than sleep. Words like "eat" and "drink" will lead him to want to, unsurprisingly, eat and drink. Likewise, if he wants his mother and she's not there, words like "mama" are not going to be productive. But pretty much anything else goes.

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The health benefits of a green home This article was originally published by BrightLeaf Homes as "The Health Benefits of a Certified-Green Custom Home" on May 15, 2018, and is partially reproduced with permission. View the full article. The home is where the heart is, so it's best to make sure your home is healthy. How so? Green construction, or energy-efficient home building, is more than just being environmentally conscious and eco-friendly. The materials, technology and practices used to build green is also healthier for your mind, your body and your family. Building better homes means improving quality of life With better products, such as low-emission materials, a radon mitigation system, sealed combustion appliances, the Indoor airPLUS program and an improved scientific approach to building, certified green homes can have a positive impact on your family's health. Improved heating, ventilation, insulation and air sealing also contribute to reducing risks and symptoms of respiratory disease, asthma, cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression, stress and infectious disease, and more. Check out the infographic below to see just how your new build home works to keep you and your family healthy.

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Building Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, &and smart contracts by building decentralized applications using Ethereum About This Video Ethereum enables the development of efficient, smart contracts that contain code. These smart contracts can interact with other smart contracts to make decisions, store data, and send Ether to others. This course provides you with a clear approach to building cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, and decentralized applications. Throughout the course, we walk you through a detailed step-by-step process to build advanced Ethereum projects. Each project will teach you just enough about Ethereum to be productive right away. You will learn how tokenization works, how to think in a decentralized way, and how to build Blockchain-based distributed computing systems. You will build interesting projects with Ethereum such as wallets, copyright, secure data sharing, and more. By the end of this video, you will be able to tackle Blockchain challenges by implementing projects end-to-end using the full power of the Ethereum Blockchain The code bundle for this video course is available at: https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Ethereum-Projects

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Back in the 1700’s an English mathematician and Presbyterian minister named Thomas Bayes published two works in his life, one on math and the other on theology. Mr. Bayes never published the work he is most remembered for yet Bayes Theorem has been widely applied from mathematics to bioethics. On the face of it Bayes Theorem isn’t that complicated. Essentially what the math symbols say is that predicting the future likelihood of any event is based on the present likelihood of that event and whatever evidence (test results) you have that might alter prediction of that future event. Breast cancer offers a concrete example. To keep things simple, ignoring familiar cancer risk, the prevalence of breast cancer increases with age. A 75-year-old woman has a greater chance of breast cancer than does a 40-year-old woman all other things being equal. A clinician may do an examination in women these ages and find a lump yet the post-examination odds of breast cancer are going to be less in the 40-year-old woman because the pre-examination odds were lower to begin with. Small numbers multiplied by typically small factors (the technical term is Likelihood ratios) render small results. If my odds for a disease are 1:1000 and a physical examination finding or test only contributes a multiplier (a.k.a. Likelihood ratio) of 2 then the odds of the disease remain low. Thought of differently, if my Likelihood ratio was 10 (and that’s an uncommonly good test) the change in probability of my subject having the outcome of interest increases 45%. That sounds like a lot but a 45% increase of a very small number is still a very small number. Healthy people are well…healthy. The prevalence of many diseases just aren’t so common to make meager test characteristics add up to much diagnostic clarity. Herein lies the problem of screening healthy people. Among the sick some tests don’t improve upon what could be fairly well estimated based on cheaper studies. Bladder testing among low risk women is a good example. In this setting, basic office examinations have been shown to be as effective in predicting suitability for surgical treatment as expensive testing. Mr. Bayes was a genius. Recently the American Board of Internal Medicine conveniently culled together the Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question based on the evidence-based recommendations of specialty societies representing 500,000 physicians (check it out at http://www.abimfoundation.org/Initiatives/Choosing-Wisely.aspx). Among the recommendations submitted by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists was to not treat mild cervical dysplasia that is less than 2 years duration and not to screen for ovarian cancer in asymptomatic women at average risk. The reasoning behind these and the many other excellent society recommendations can often be traced back to Bayes Theorem. Either the prevalence of the disease is rare or the test/treatment performance is poor or both rendering Bayes equation to calculate it’s just not worth the effort. Indeed, beyond the cost of testing, false positive tests cause a lot of harm to a lot people every year. Dancing gorillas say a lot about another problem with testing. In a recent study researchers snuck the image of a dancing gorilla on a radiograph that was later reviewed by radiologists. The radiologists did their job and reported what clinically they saw in the radiograph but when asked about the dancing gorilla they were stumped. Few saw the dancing gorilla. Is this really that surprising? Not really. There is collusion between our eyes and brain such that what we see is what our brain says is to be seen. Dan Gilbert’s book, Stumbling on Happiness nicely describes research supporting this eye-brain conspiracy. The problem of dancing primates is that a test might not always clarify one diagnosis or another but merely confirm the plan already hatched in the mind of the person ordering the test. Such seems to be the case for a young woman I saw who had undergone three procedures to treat her bladder problem. She had undergone the usual testing to justify the procedures done. Surprisingly none of the tests confirmed the diagnosis pursued in doing the procedures. In other words, the tests didn’t matter. This scenario could be helped with a better understanding of Mr. Bayes theorem. For this young woman, is a troublesome bladder problem common such that three procedures would prove ineffective? Not so much. Herein was a red flag that the pre-test odds might make any test result suspect inspiring needed diagnostic and therapeutic caution. Understanding how common a disease is in your population can help you see the dancing gorilla. I have surely abused some treasured statistical concept in my simplification of what can quickly become very complex. For example I have mixed odds and probabilities as if they are synonyms. They are related but importantly different. I also haven’t mentioned that tests results can be combined. Pre-test disease prevalence multiplied by test 1 and test 2 and test 3 may offer a remarkably good prediction for the presence of a given disease. Nonetheless Bayes theorem says a lot about the limits of evidence-based medicine even if it is at the heart of many of its recommendations. The “art” of medicine may be a clinician’s capacity to understand the prevalence of a given condition among her population. Good medicine will always rely on the merger of common sense and science and in a way this is what Bayes Theorem is saying. Mr. Bayes’ ideas on conditional probability were not immediately embraced by his mathematics peers. Many clinicians would not embrace statistical methods in their daily practice. I am reminded of George Santayana who said, “Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” In health care, for both patient and practitioner, Mr. Santayana’s sentiment echo Mr. Bayes theorem and could as much be reconfigured as, those who do no appreciate mathematics are doomed to spend lots of money.

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Children’s brains develop well into their 20’s. Mental health plays a critical role in shaping a person’s social, emotional and cognitive development, all parts of a healthy brain. Caring for a child’s mental health is just as important as caring for his or her physical health. Many parents are generally unaware of the fact that children’s emotions and behaviors can be signs that they are struggling with their mental health. In fact, some behaviors can be symptoms of diagnosable emotional, mental or behavioral health disorders that warrant intervention and treatment by a professional. The problem is that it can be difficult to know when behaviors are signs of concern and when they are simply typical phases or stages of development. Just like physical health, mental health lies on a continuum. When observing your child’s behaviors, ask yourself the following questions: - How is my child functioning at home, at school, or with friends - Is my child’s behavior impairing his or her ability to function in any one of the major areas of life? - Is my child functioning in a way that is typical for a child his or her age? - How frequent are the behaviors I am concerned about? - Do they happen daily, weekly, or on a regular basis? If you are not sure, consider keeping a log to track how often they occur. - How long does the behavior last? What is the duration of a particularly concerning episode? For instance, does an angry outburst last much longer than seems reasonable under the circumstances that triggered it? - How intense is my child’s behavior? - Is my child reacting in a way that is out of proportion in intensity to the situation that triggered the reaction? Know the warning signs. Long-lasting and severe mood swings, excessive fears, and worries, extreme behavioral changes, disturbing physical changes, self-harm, or an inability to concentrate are common signs of an emotional disorder.

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Navajo jewelry symbols have allowed artists to maintain and further the tribe’s history and spiritual belief through craft and expression. Much of the jewelry sold today features Native American Indian symbols that have passed through generations, even dating back to prehistoric times. The Navajo have a long and complex history of using symbols, many of which centered around healing, spirituality and creation. For instance, the horny toad is considered to be a protection figure, while the often seen swirl symbol represents the emergence and migration of the Navajo people. Mother Earth and Father Sky are often depicted as man and woman, although the interpretation of varies. Sometimes, the bodies appear more triangular, while the features are more square in other examples. First Woman is also depicted in several ways and is considered a central figure in the Navajo creation story. Artists often use their own personal interpretation of Navajo jewelry symbols. Like other tribes, the Navajo use various animals in their artwork, notably the turtle or tortoise. The turtle represents water, which is scarce in many parts of the Navajo homeland and therefore has been considered an important symbol of the preciousness of life. The coyote is an important, and sometimes feared symbol in the Navajo culture. It is seen as a trickster and an omen that bad things could happen. According to Navajo legend, skinwalkers often take the form of coyotes to perform their evil deeds. The bear signifies strength, leadership and protection in Navajo jewelry symbols. Snakes are also frequently seen, but do not carry the same negative connotations connected to western culture and Christianity. The Navajo see the snake as a powerful healing symbol or fertility sign.

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Life release is a traditional Buddhist practise of saving the lives of beings that were destined for slaughter. This practise is performed by all schools of Buddhism: Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana. It is known as "Tsethar" in Tibetan Buddhism. While this practise of life release may naturally need to be spontaneous to successfully save an endangered life, life release can also be planned. Planning often involves purchasing an animal directly from a slaughterhouse or a fishermen; this can often take place on auspicious days in the Buddhist calendar in order for the merit of the act to be multiplied thousands of times. Animals are blessed before being safely returned to their natural environment as prayers are made and often dedicated to someone who is ill or has died, with the belief that person will benefit too from this dedication. In Tibet an animal is often marked by a ribbon to indicate that the life of the animal has been liberated, with the general understanding that it will be allowed to die of natural causes. The practise in Tibetan Buddhism has been championed in recent times by Chatral Rinpoche, Dilgo Khyentse Yangsi Rinpoche and Ogyen Trinley Dorje. Although this is seen to be the traditional way of carrying out this practise, Ogyen Trinley Dorje has commented that the meaning is broad and that people can use their intelligence to expand the practise in other ways; indicating that planting one tree may be more beneficial that carrying out Tsethar for many beings. It is increasingly recognized that animal release has the potential for negative environmental impacts, including as a pathway for the introduction of invasive species into non-native environments. This may lead to biodiversity loss over time. For example, competition from American Red-eared slider turtles released in China's lakes has been reported to cause death of native turtles. Further, some animals are captured for the explicit purpose of being released, or are released into environments where they are unable to survive. - Tsethar - The Practice of Saving Lives - Tsethar for Taklung Tsetrul Rinpoche[dead link] - What is Life Release? - Karma Triyana Dharmachakra - The Buddhist Practice of Releasing Lives to Freedom - Shambhala Times Community News Magazine » A Yak’s Tale of Liberation - Shiu, Henry; Stokes, Leah (2008). "Buddhist Animal Release Practices: Historic, Environmental, Public Health And Economic Concerns". Contemporary Buddhism. 9 (2). doi:10.1080/14639940802556529. - "Mercy Release". Humane Society International. - 中外乌龟混战致死大量乌龟续：还原大战经过 （The source of this article is: Li, Li (李丽) (2015-06-02), "梁子湖突现上百只死龟. 专家分析：中外乌龟大战所致 (Hundreds of turtles emerge from the Liangzi Lake. Experts say: the cause is a conflict between Chinese and foreign turtles)", 楚天都市报. Liangzi Lake is located in eastern Hubei.)

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A Guide to Bycatch Reduction in Tropical Shrimp-Trawl Fisheries Bycatch is the unwanted or non-target part of the catch taken by fishermen. It is either discarded at sea or used for human or animal consumption. The capture of bycatch may pose a threat to species diversity and ecosystem health because this part of the catch is usually unregulated. In tropical shrimp-trawl fisheries, bycatch often consists of juvenile food-fish species and is therefore a threat to food security and sustainable fisheries production. Bycatch is a global problem that must be addressed. 01 Mar 2010 Small island developing States

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BC: Copyright 2011 Newtons Laws of Motion Publisher: Speedy Classics ISBN:20000017785 2: 1661: Isaac attends Trinity College | 1666: Saw an apple fall at Woolsthrope Manor | 1727: Sir Isaac Newton dies. | 1666: Discovered calculus, developed theory of colours, and constructed a reflecting telescope. | Scientist | Astronomer 3: 1642: Isaac Newton was born | 1665: Attends Cambridge Univeristy | 1693: Had a mental breakdown. | Mathematician | Genius 4: Once upon a time there was a panda named Isaac Newton who lived in a red, wooden cabin. I saac was a curious creature who loved staring out his winow day after day, just thinking. One bright blue day he was eating his fruit loops when an apple feel from his tree. "Wow, I wonder why that apple fell?" said Isaac 5: He thought and he thought but he didn't have an answer. "I will think harder and work better and sooner or later I will be able to come up with a conclusion!" He researched day and night until he got his very own first law of motion! 6: Now the first law of motion by our very own Isaac Newton is the law of Inertia! Inertia is a pretty big word to know what it means. Lets give an example of this thing we call "inertia" | Inertia is when something that is staying in place will stay in place until something or someone moves it. For example, when you're sleeping and your mom or dad tells you to wake up, you don't to move right? That us what we like to call, inertia. 7: 1st Law | States: | Every body remains at a constant velocity unless acted upon by and external unbalanced force. This means that items/ objects that are at rest ( no movement ) will never move unless something pushes or pulls on it. 8: Issac was so impressed with himself, he wanted to know what other laws there were out there. Plus he ate more fruity cereal! Isaac though of how an object will change velocity if it is pushed or pulled on. "Hmm, I think I'll try to calculating this one! I saac conducted a formula that would answer his question. "I've got it! F= M*A." My oh my this is harder than the first law, but he could break it down! 9: F= M*A for example, is when you go on the top of a building, and you drop a plastic today and pencil, and see which hits the floor first? | The plastic toy is the right answer because it has more weight, or mass, so it falls faster, which hits the ground before the pencil. 10: 2nd Law | States: | A body of mass M subject to a net force F undergoes an acceleration, A. Alternatively, the total force applied on a body is equal to the time derivative of linear momentum of the body. (This just means that the more heavier the object, the more force you need for it to move, and the lighter the object, the less force. F= M*A is just an equation that gives us the exact relationship between force, mass,and acceleration. 11: See that wasn't so hard was it? Now Isaac had two laws of motion. Would he come up with a third? | Of course he did! Issac discovered for every action, there is an equal or opposite reaction. | Isaac+Cat=Friends Isaac+Slap+Cat=Cat+Slap+Issac (+Angry cat) EQUAL OPPOSITE REACTION! 12: 3rd Law | States: | There is a pair of forces acting upon the two interacting objects. (This means that every tome you put force on an object, like pushing or pulling, the reaction will equal the same amount of force in the opposite direction.) 13: The most common example of the third law is fish. Yes really, fish. Whenever a fish swims through the water, its fins move back and forth. When it does that, it pushes water, and the water will react, making the fish move forward and able to swim in the water. | SWIM!!! 14: That is all of Isaac Newton's laws. So when Panda Isaac Newton made these laws, he was happy as can be. He got famous, along with intelligence, and getting lots of money! 15: Now how cool would it be to be Isaac? Why don't you give it a try! If you research and take the time you could very well be the next Isaac Newton! That is the end of our story today, until next time! Be safe and remember, learning can be fun if you willing to make it! THE END!

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Question: I’m in 8th grade and get home-schooled by my parents. They’ve been giving me assignments to use Sky Lights for answering science questions. This time I’m supposed to ask you a question. So here it is: Why does February only have 28 days, when the other months have 30 or 31? Thank you in advance for your help. — JT, Utica, New York Answer: Great question JT. The answer relates to the original Roman calendar, established by Romulus around 753 BC. These days we use a modified version of that calendar in most (but not all) of the countries on Earth. Watch the animation above for a few orbits to get an idea of what happens as Earth goes around the Sun. Remember that one orbit around the Sun is what we call one year. And one rotation (spin) of the Earth is what we call one day. [Note: The animation is NTS, and shows Earth spinning 30 times in one year for demonstration purposes. Having it spin 365 times in one year would make it harder to see what’s happening. And watching it might make you dizzy.] When Romulus created that calendar (with the help of his astronomers), they knew there were going to be some problems with the number of days and months. What causes those problems is the fact that Earth doesn’t spin around exactly 360 times in one year. If it did, we could have 12 months each with 30 days. The fact that it’s even close to 360 is pure coincidence. For example, a “year” on Mars has 687 days (counting Earth days) and 668 days (counting Mars days). Because Mars spins more slowly than Earth, one day on Mars lasts about 24 hours and 40 minutes. It gets even weirder with some other planets — on Venus, the day is longer than the year! The problem faced by calendar makers is that one year on Earth lasts 365.2422 (Earth) days. Try dividing that up evenly. You can’t. So calendar makers just got as close as they could. Some months have 30 days, some have 31 days, but then there’s still 28.2422 days left over, and you have to put them somewhere. February got stuck with that odd number of days simply because it was the last month in the Roman calendar. Their first month was March, chosen because the Spring Equinox occurs in that month. And the first day of Spring was important for agricultural, military, and religious purposes. It seemed as good a place as any to “start” their year. You’ll notice that 28.2422 days is pretty close to 28.25 days. That’s why, every four years, we add a leap day to keep up, and February gets 29 days. It’s a little more complicated than that, but if you want to know more about leap years see my post from December 26, 2011. It goes into more detail about leap years, and uses the same animation as this post. You might well ask: Why do we need to divide the year into 12 months? That’s another good question, and the answer is: There are (approximately) 12 Full Moons in one year. I discussed that in my August 22, 2012 post. I hope you get a good grade on this assignment. There’s other good ideas for home-schoolers on my For Educators page. Best wishes for success with all your lessons. And I also hope you noticed that I didn’t say “good luck.” Next Week in Sky Lights ⇒ The Setting Crescent Moon

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Find someone who is a great mingling activity which gets students on their feet and forces them to interact one-on-one with their classmates. I often do one of these on the first day with a new class as they can serve as a great ice-breaker activity. See below for printable examples and templates. How to run a find someone who activity First, give each student a copy of the question sheet and emphasise that they should not write on the worksheet until the activity has started. Now, running through each row at a time, elicit from the students the question that they will need to ask in order to find someone whose name they can write in the name column. Brainstorm examples of follow up questions which they can ask to find out a little more for the extra information column. I usually leave a couple of blank rows at the bottom of the question sheet and ask the class to come up with their own ideas for the last two items. The students should now get up and mingle with their classmates and try to find one person whose details they can write in the appropriate row. Be sure to model the activity because there’s plenty of room for students to misinterpret the instructions. To discourage the students from only talking to their immediate neighbours, I usually tell them that they can only have the same person twice. But this depends on the group size. Feel free to join in the activity yourself, in fact, I find students are often a little bit reluctant to get up and join in, so starting off yourself will encourage them to follow your lead. When everybody has finished, usually after 15-20 minutes, go through each of the questions and ask students who they have found and any extra information they have discovered.

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As a human service professional, you will develop working relationships with clients who have encountered various social problems. Therefore, it is important for counselors to plan, design, and conduct research that reflect ethical principles and address specific problems. Clients are identified as individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Therefore, when addressing specific social problems, it is important to understand that clients’ right to privacy and confidentiality is a key component for the helping profession. Although you may be a human service worker or social worker who adheres to confidentiality as a professional ethical standard, you may work with other professionals who may not respect and/or honor the privacy of clients. As you read the following case study, be sure to identify specific ethical principles, social problems, and research implications (plans/topics that would address the issues): Ann works as a licensed social worker for a non-profit human service agency located in a rural area. Her primary duties include counseling individuals and small groups. The staff consists of an executive director, a psychologist, supervisor of social work services, teachers, and child care workers. The agency contracts with the local child protective service agency to provide services to parents and families whose child(ren) have been placed in foster care due to child abuse or neglect. The parents who receive services are court ordered to complete a treatment plan to include counseling (individual and/or group) in order to regain custody of their child(ren). The agency provides intense family preservation services Monday to Friday from 8:30 – 4:30 to include individual and group counseling, parenting classes, and educational services. Jasmine is a nineteen year old mother of a two year old daughter who was placed in foster care due to maltreatment and “failure to thrive.” She attends therapeutic group sessions twice weekly with Ann, along with other parents whose children were also placed in foster care. Jasmine divulges to her caseworker (child protective services) that she tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). She is also a Type II diabetic who tests her glucose levels in the bathroom during breaks. Ann’s co-workers are aware that Jasmine uses a glucometer several times during the day to monitor her diabetes while she receives services at the agency. The executive director, Mary, becomes very angry when she is informed (not by Ann) that Jasmine is HIV positive. During a treatment team staffing, the executive director suggests that Ann speak privately with Jasmine in order to persuade her to inform the other clients (who attend group sessions with Jasmine) that she is HIV positive. The executive director states that Jasmine places the staff and the other clients at risk when she pricks her finger to test her glucose level. Mary also states that if Jasmine refuses to inform her group members of her HIV status, it is Ann’s obligation as the agency’s social worker to disclose Jasmine’s private information (during a group session) to the other clients who attend the group sessions. Mary, the executive director, is not a trained counselor or social worker but she believes that it will be therapeutic for Jasmine and the clients if she shared her HIV status with the group. Please respond to the following: For this paper read the ethical dilemma (case) case scenario outlined above to develop a hypothetical ethical dilemma response and demonstrate an appropriate ethical decision making process. The case scenario also includes various social problems for which you will identify and describe how you would develop and/or conduct a research plan to address these issues. You will address several substantial areas in your analysis: •Identify and discuss in depth a specific social problem in the case study.. •Identify both the dilemma and individuals involved.. •Summarize the main ethical concerns presented in the dilemma, including references to specific ethical standards.. •Provide application of human service profession theories and competencies.. •Outline the decision making process you would use if you were the professional worker.. •Describe a research topic and/or plan you would formulate to address the social problem identified in the case study.. •American Counseling Association •National Association of Social Workers •Principles for (AMHCA) American Mental Health Counselors Associations •Ethical Standards for Human Service Professionals •National Association of Social Workers’ Code of Ethics Carefully review the ACA Code of Ethics and Ethical Standards for Human Service Professionals as you read Part IV & V of the ACA Code of Ethics Casebook Finalize your analysis (paper) so it is a polished academic discussion on professional ethical standards, relevant research on the social problem identified in the case study, and ethical decision making. Your response should be between 5 to 7 pages, and should include a title page, be 12-font and double spaced. The title and references pages will not be considered as part of the page count for this assignment. Be sure to use APA style citation for citing any sources to support your claims. At least six references from journals or approved websites such as those of the US government, research organizations, universities, etc need to be used for this paper. Ethical Issues and Social Problems Analysis Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Ethical Issues and Social Problems Analysis At times human service professional will have no choice to make decisions with possible ethical consequences at some point in their career. The decision might be about their own conduct, their colleagues or clients. Sometimes the decisions will be easy to make due to the available clear guidelines and no harm will result. Other decisions might be difficult to make because of unclear guidelines and circumstances and if the decisions are wrong, there will be harmful consequences to those who are involved. Consequences will surface now and again that will directly affect the human service professional. For example, in the scenario, somebody breaches the confidentiality principle by disclosing Jasmine’s health statuses to the Executive Director without Jasmine’s consent. Ann is told to discuss the issue with Jasmine to persuade her to share her status with the rest of the members if she does not; it is Ann’s obligation to disclose Jasmines private information to the rest of the agency. Ann is put on an ethical dilemma of either to also breach the confidentiality principle in case Jasmine declines to disclose her own status. Starting to discuss the issue with Jasmine will also put her in an ethical dilemma of what to do since her private information has been leaked to the executi...

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Sowing Seeds Indoors There are a number of advantages to starting your seeds indoors: - You can get a jump on the growing season by starting seeds several weeks before the last frost date (see 'When to Start Your Seeds' below). Some vegetables take a long time to mature and early sowing assures a good crop. - Starting from seed offers you a wider selection of plants than can be found in most garden centers. More unusual and cherished varieties are often only available as seed. Over the last decade, many interesting and unusual seed varieties have become available, especially heirlooms. - Many seed companies are catering to our desire to try a little bit of everything: besides the popular mesclun salad mix, companies now offer a variety of seed mixes such as 'gourmet beet blend' and 'gaggle of gourds' that include a tasty and colorful assortment of new and heirloom varieties. - Starting from seed is a cost-efficient way to grow a large variety of herbs, flowers and vegetables. The price of a seed packet is just a fraction of store-brought plants. Finally it is simply rewarding to plant seeds and watch them grow. Passionate gardeners and good cooks wait with eager anticipation as their summer harvest begins its seasonal cycle. When to Start Your Seeds When sowing seeds either indoors or out, it is important to know the average date of the last spring frost for your area. In New York City, this date is approximately May 15th. Perennials should be planted ten to twelve weeks before this date; most annuals can be planted four to six weeks before the last frost, and the dates for vegetables range from four to ten weeks, depending on what you are planting. There are many types of seed-starting containers to choose from depending on your needs and preferences. Containers can be costly and elaborate or simple and inexpensive. You can use milk cartons, egg cartons and Styrofoam cups. Whatever you use, make sure that your container has drainage holes. If you are starting a large number of seeds, you can use plastic trays or flats. Popular seed-starting containers are made of peat fiber or processed cow manure (Cowpots). These can be planted directly in the ground, allowing your seedlings to be transplanted without disturbing their roots. A good planting medium for seed starting should be porous and well-draining. It should also be free of pests and weed seeds. Many seed-starting mixes are available at garden supply stores. Most are made of sphagnum peat, vermiculite, and/or perlite. Look for mixes that are designated for seed starting; some of the other mixes on the market are too heavy for the purpose. First, moisten (not soak) the growing medium, either using warm water in a spray bottle or dampening it in a bucket. The mix should be damp but not soggy. When sowing seed in flats do so sparingly so that there will be plenty of room for the seedlings to grow. When sowing seed in smaller containers, make sure to plant 2 to 3 seeds per container as germination rate is never 100%. Follow instructions on the labels for planting depth. Most seeds need to be planted at a depth of 2 to 3 times the diameter of the seed. When planting large seeds, create a small furrow by pressing a ruler ¼ inch into the mix. Cover seeds lightly with either vermiculite or the potting medium. Some seeds, however, need light to germinate. Simply place those on top of the medium and gently press them in. After planting, mist the surface of the mix. Covering the tray with a plastic dome or a clear plastic bag helps to keep moisture in; remove the cover once the seedlings have germinated. Seeds will not germinate if they are too dry, too wet or too cold. Initially, they prefer a temperature of 70 degrees F while germinating. Placing them on top of the refrigerator in your home is a good place to start the germination process. Check your seeds every day. If the top of the mix feels dry, water gently. Either water from below by filling a tray with an inch of water and laying the flat in it to soak up the water, or water from above by attaching a rose to your watering can to break the pressure of the water. The best way to water in a uniform manner is to start pouring away from the seed flats and then make a sweeping motion over the flats or containers. Care of Seedlings Seedlings grow best in full sun. A south-facing window in your home is ideal. As the seedlings grow, keep the soil moist but not wet. The temperature should stay in the range of 60 to 70 degrees F. When the first two true leaves appear, thin the seedlings by removing all but the strongest from your trays. When seedlings have two sets of true leaves they are ready for the garden. When transplanting, be careful to disturb the roots as little as possible; transplanting is enough of a shock. When handling seedlings, always hold them by the leaves and not the stems. If you damage the stem the plant will probably not recover. Hardening Off Plants The term hardening off refers to a one to two-week period of exposure and acclimation to outdoor weather conditions before planting in the outdoor garden. On warm days, place the plants outdoors in a protected area, and bring them in at night. Protecting your plants from wind and intense direct sunlight is important.

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The Deadliest Fall 18 December 2004 Emergency hospital during 1918 influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas (source: National Museum of Health and Medicine, AFIP). A bout of the flu can be mild. In young, healthy adults, many infections pass unnoticed. But sometimes the influenza virus evolves into a strain that decimates its victims. The worst known strain swept the world in the Fall of 1918, infecting 500-1000 million and killing 40-100 million, about 2-5% of people. There are several theories about where the pandemic began, but the likeliest origin was in Haskell County, Kansas, in the United States. People in the sparsely populated county, where farmers raised pigs, poultry, cattle, and grain, began suffering from influenza in late January 1918. Unusually for flu, it was young, healthy adults who were hardest hit. Victims fell ill suddenly, many progressing to pneumonia and dying, often within days. Within weeks, however, the epidemic ended. The natural geographic isolation of this community normally might have contained the fatal flu in a sort of unintentional quarantine, but the First World War intervened. Men were uprooted from their home towns and congregated in huge numbers in army camps for training and then shipping out to other camps or to fight in Europe. The destination for men from Haskell County was Camp Funston, part of Fort Riley, Kansas, where the first influenza case was reported in early March. As soldiers moved among camps, the virus spread. Within two months, the epidemic spread to most of the army camps and most of the largest cities in the United States. As American soldiers went to France, so did the virus, spreading first from the port of Brest. The flu then spread worldwide. The pandemic reached its height in the Fall of 1918. Spain was affected early, and because Spain was not fighting in the World War, there was no wartime censorship, and news of the outbreak became widely known, leading to the flu being called the Spanish Flu in many countries. In Spain, however, it was called French Flu or the Naples Soldier. In India, about 12 million people died of flu. In some US cities, people died so quickly that morticians couldn't cope with the bodies. According to Jessie Lee Brown Foveaux, who worked in the Fort Riley laundry during the epidemic: "They were piling them up in a warehouse until they could get coffins for them." The disease started with cough, then headache. Temperature, breathing and heart rate increased rapidly. In the worst cases, pneumonia came next, the lungs filling with liquid, drowning the patients and turning them blue from lack of air. Patients bled from every orifice: mouths, noses, ears, eyes. Those who survived often suffered temporary or permanent brain damage. Several million developed encephalitis lethargica, in which victims were trapped in a permanent sleeplike and rigid state, as portrayed in the 1990 movie "Awakenings." In others, normal thought processes were impaired. During negotiations to end World War I, US President Woodrow Wilson was struck with flu, and people around him noted that his mental abilities never fully recovered. The French leader George Clemenceau had wanted harsher punishment of Germany than Wilson had desired. Clemenceau may have convinced Wilson in his weakened state to accept such harsh terms, which may have been one of the factors causing World War II. Since flu is highly contagious early in the illness, even before symptoms appear, strict quarantine may be necessary to stop its spread during an epidemic. Australia kept its 1918 flu death rate relatively low by enforcing quarantines. However, in many parts of the world, public health officials hesitated to impose such measures, giving the disease time to gain a foothold. In the US city of Philadelphia, a rally of half a million people was planned in September 1918 to sell bonds to fund the war, at just the time when the flu started to infect residents. Although doctors warned the public health director to cancel the rally, he wanted to meet the city's quota to raise money for the war and refused to cancel the event. Within days after the rally, half a million city residents caught the flu. Why was the 1918 flu so deadly? The influenza virus wasn't preserved at the time of the outbreak, at least on purpose. But in the late 1990s researchers Ann Reid, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, and their colleagues extracted and sequenced the genetic material of the virus, RNA, from tissue of victims who died in the pandemic. They used bits of lung that were preserved in formalin from victims on army bases or from victims buried in permafrost in the Alaskan village of Brevig Mission, where flu killed 85% of adults. Comparisons with known flu viruses in humans, pigs, and birds suggest that some genes of the 1918 virus came from birds or an unknown animal source. Other scientists then were able to show that the amino acid sequence of hemagglutinin protein from the 1918 virus had several changes from other flu viruses that may have helped it to easily bind and invade human cells, and that made the virus look different enough from earlier flu virus strains that people had no immunity. The possibility exists that another flu pandemic will sweep the world like the one in 1918. In 2004, an H5N1 influenza virus has killed millions of birds and at least 30 people in southeast Asia. So far this virus strain has not evolved the ability to pass directly from human to human, but that possibility becomes more likely as the bird flu pandemic continues and humans remain in contact with chickens, ducks, and other birds. The virus has killed two-thirds of people reported to be infected. Dr. Tim Uyeki, an epidemiologist for the US Centers for Disease Control, says, "you have the ingredients in Asia right now for a public health disaster." But since sequences of this bird flu virus are known, it may be possible to develop a vaccine or set of vaccines to protect against it. At a special meeting of influenza experts on November 11th and 12th, World Health Organization influenza program chief Klaus Stohr said, "It is not only possible, but also important, that influenza pandemic vaccines be made available... and there's a shared responsibility needed to make that happen…. We have a huge window of opportunity now." Larry Baum. "The Deadliest Fall" — , 16 November 2004 John Barry. "The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications" — , 20 January 2004 Ann Reid et al. "Origin and evolution of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus hemagglutinin gene" — , 16 February 1999 World Health Organization. "Avian Influenza" — , 2004

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Zeezok Publishing's Z-Guide to Luther is a great way to incorporate media into your study of the Reformation. Beginning with his vow to become a monk if the Lord spares his life during a thunderstorm Martin Luther continues on a spiritual journey throughout his life. He struggles to reconcile his own longing for personal consecration with the dishonesty and hypocrisy which characterize the church's hierarchy. Charged with heresy he must confront the cardinals and princes at the Diet of Worms. Kidnapped on his way home his fate is unknown. Will his capturers kill him or hold him for ransom? Watch Luther to learn more about the life of Martin Luther Father of the Reformation. This Z-Guide contains a topic overview a movie synopsis and ten learning activities based on this exciting film. Learn more about Luther's life and work the Ninety-Five Theses and other leaders of the reformation. Design a relic for Frederick the Wise or study the martyrs who were willing to die for their faith. Evaluate your own beliefs with the Worldview Activity probe the directors mind with The Filmmakers Art activity and get the entire family involved with the For Family Discussion section at the end of the guide. Choose those activities which best fit your students course objectives areas of interest or time schedule. Contains a printable pdf file of the complete study guide. It does not include the movie. This file is licensed to the original purchaser and is not to be resold. Permission is not granted for district-wide school-wide system-wide classroom or co-op use. (Movie sold separately.) This Z-Guide is based on the movie Luther (2003). You can view a trailer for the movie below.

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Job Description and Jobs - 1) Draws blood from patients or donors in hospital, blood bank, or similar facility for analysis or other medical purposes: Assembles equipment, such as tourniquet, needles, disposable containers for needles, blood collection devices, gauze, cotton, and alcohol on work tray, according to requirements for specified tests or procedures. - 2) Verifies or records identity of patient or donor and converses with patient or donor to allay fear of procedure. - 3) Applies tourniquet to arm, locates accessible vein, swabs puncture area with antiseptic, and inserts needle into vein to draw blood into collection tube or bag. - 4) Withdraws needle, applies treatment to puncture site, and labels and stores blood container for subsequent processing. - 5) May prick finger to draw blood. - 6) May conduct interviews, take vital signs, and draw and test blood samples to screen donors at blood bank. Is being a "PHLEBOTOMIST" your very best career choice? Our Career Interest Test will show you which careers match your interests. Our Free Personality Test will show you which careers match your personality and why. Click here for "PHLEBOTOMIST" Jobs See the Future Outlook and Educational Requirements for "PHLEBOTOMIST" Our Most Popular Products End Of Job Description for: "PHLEBOTOMIST" Job Number: 7373

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11:30AM-12:30PM, Wednesday, December 1, 2010 Prof. Justin DiAngelo, Hofstra University Title: Genomes, Heterochromatin and the Dot Chromosome: Comparative Genomics in Drosophila In all eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is packaged into a structure called chromatin. There are two major types of chromatin: euchromatin, which is usually found in gene-rich areas of the genome and is associated with active gene expression and heterochromatin, which is thought to be found in gene-poor areas and around genes that are not being expressed. The fourth chromosome of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (also known as the dot chromosome), is unusual in that it has many characteristics of heterochromatin, although the gene density is similar to that found on other euchromatic chromosomes. Interestingly, the dot chromosome of Drosophila virilis, a species that diverged from Drosophila melanogaster about 40-60 million years ago, is largely euchromatic, even though it is similar in size to the D. melanogaster dot chromosome and contains some of the same genes. Therefore, to understand why these chromosomes have different chromatin structures, we are taking a comparative genomics approach to identify the genetic elements (i.e., intact genes, nucleotide repeat regions, repetitive elements, etc.) found on the dot chromosomes of different species of Drosophila. To do this, we have joined the Genomics Education Partnership, a consortium that consists of faculty and students at primarily undergraduate institutions, including Hofstra University. GEP undergraduates have improved the accuracy of more than 2.4 million bases of draft genomic sequence from several species of Drosophila and have produced hundreds of gene models using evidence-based manual annotation. These analyses have led us to conclude that specific genetic elements play a role in controlling overall chromatin packaging and can give us insight into evolution of these species at the molecular level. Dr. DiAngelo received his B.S. in Biological Sciences from the University of Delaware and his Ph.D. in Cell and Molecular Biology from the University of Pennsylvania. He then went on to do postdoctoral research in the Department of Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania. This is his first year as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biology at Hofstra. In addition to being involved in comparative genomics research, Dr. DiAngelo is also interested in understanding how fat storage is regulated using Drosophila as a model system. For more information about this colloquium, please contact Habib M. Ammari at email@example.com

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If you plan to use gcov to help optimize your code, you must first compile your program with two special GCC options: ‘-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage’. Aside from that, you can use any other GCC options; but if you want to prove that every single line in your program was executed, you should not compile with optimization at the same time. On some machines the optimizer can eliminate some simple code lines by combining them with other lines. For example, code like this: if (a != b) c = 1; else c = 0; can be compiled into one instruction on some machines. In this case, there is no way for gcov to calculate separate execution counts for each line because there isn't separate code for each line. Hence the gcov output looks like this if you compiled the program with optimization: 100: 12:if (a != b) 100: 13: c = 1; 100: 14:else 100: 15: c = 0; The output shows that this block of code, combined by optimization, executed 100 times. In one sense this result is correct, because there was only one instruction representing all four of these lines. However, the output does not indicate how many times the result was 0 and how many times the result was 1. Inlineable functions can create unexpected line counts. Line counts are shown for the source code of the inlineable function, but what is shown depends on where the function is inlined, or if it is not inlined at all. If the function is not inlined, the compiler must emit an out of line copy of the function, in any object file that needs it. If fileA.o and fileB.o both contain out of line bodies of a particular inlineable function, they will also both contain coverage counts for that function. When fileA.o and fileB.o are linked together, the linker will, on many systems, select one of those out of line bodies for all calls to that function, and remove or ignore the other. Unfortunately, it will not remove the coverage counters for the unused function body. Hence when instrumented, all but one use of that function will show zero counts. If the function is inlined in several places, the block structure in each location might not be the same. For instance, a condition might now be calculable at compile time in some instances. Because the coverage of all the uses of the inline function will be shown for the same source lines, the line counts themselves might seem inconsistent.

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Enlarge/Reduce 5e Spell The Halfling had a glint of mischief in his eye when taunting the Orc. “Why don’t you pick on someone your own size?” With a flick of his hand, the Halfling was suddenly towering over the Orc. What is Enlarge/Reduce Spell? The spell’s text from the Basic Rules reads: “You cause a creature or an object you can see within range to grow larger or smaller for the duration. Choose either a creature or an object that is neither worn nor carried. If the target is unwilling, it can make a Constitution saving throw. On a success, the spell has no effect. If the target is a creature, everything it is wearing and carrying changes size with it. Any item dropped by an affected creature returns to normal size at once.“ Enlarge/Reduce 5e Stats |Casting Time||1 Action| |Classes||Sorcerer, Wizard, Artificer| |Components||Verbal, Somatic, Material*| How Does Enlarge/Reduce Work? Enlarge/Reduce doubles or shrinks by half the size of an item or creature. It also multiplies the weight by 8x or reduces it by 8x. Finally, creatures that have Enlarge/Reduce cast upon them are considered either one size larger or smaller. If the target creature is unwilling, then it must make a Constitution saving throw to avoid the effects of the spell. Is Enlarge Reduce a Good Spell? The standard use most players use the Enlarge/Reduce spell is so that a player can grapple something they typically won’t be able to. The extra damage is pretty weak and doesn’t make it worthwhile, so you’ll have to use your imagination if you want to get the most mileage out of it. The key factor when coming up with a creative use for the Enlarge/Reduce spells is the weight change. Multiplying the weight of an object by 8 times can mean the difference between a trebuchet rock smacking into a wall and one-shotting an entire castle. You could also shrink a bunch of larger rocks down to pebble size and use a sling to fling mini boulders at people. The extra 1d4 damage that it adds to weapons is pretty minimal, so using it for other effects is probably going to be the best idea. An idea that a lot of players have (that I personally wouldn’t allow as a DM) is using it on a door. It’s technically not against the rules, but it seems like gaming the system. Technically, if you shrink a door it’ll just fall out of its hinges and the party can walk through any locked door. Which Classes Can Use Enlarge Reduce Sorcerers, Wizards, and Artificers are the only classes that have Enlarge/Reduce on their spell lists, but there are other classes like the Bard or Warlock that can add additional spells to their list through feats or special abilities.

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The brown marmorated stink bug is an invasive pest from Asia that is a growing threat to commercial and hobby farms in North America. The first was initially reported in Pennsylvania in the late 1990s and likely arrived via shipping containers either from China, Korea or Japan, the native homeland of this pest. Over the last two decades, its population has spread like wildfire, becoming established in nearly half of the United States and even in some southern portions of Canada. Its quick spread is due to a low rate of natural predators in North America and an abundance of suitable food sources —the perfect scenario for the success of any invasive species. Spot The Stink Bug Identifying this stink bug species can be tricky, as there are also several native stink bugs, such as the brown stink bug or rough stink bug, which have similar coloration and physical features. Like most stink bugs, adult brown marmorated stink bugs have shield-shaped bodies, and they reach from a 1/2 to 5/8 inch when fully grown. The word marmorated refers the streaked, marble-like appearance of their brown bodies, and you’ll also find a black-and-white banded border on both sides of the rear half of the abdomen. When comparing this species to similar looking natives, look for alternating light and dark bands on the antenna, which is unique to the Asian insect, and a brownish-gray or white underside with no green hues. Additionally, the front of the head is more blunted than that of its native relatives, and it has smooth shoulders with no small spines or sharp corners. Damage In The Garden The brown marmorated stink bug feeds on a wide range of fruits and seed pods and has long been a pest in Asia. Upon arriving in North America, it encountered a multitude of acceptable host plants in local gardens and orchards, being particularly drawn to these crops: - most types of beans - sweet corn It’s also attracted to a wide range of ornamental plants. The damage depends on the individual crop, but their feeding on fruit often causes pockmarks and distortions to the skin, making the fruit unmarketable and causing the flesh underneath to become hard and pithy. Secondary infections are also quite common in fruits and vegetables after feeding occurs. Brown marmorated stink bugs are an important crop pest, and much work—including that of StopBMSB.org—is being done to control its spread. Have you encountered a stink bug problem in your garden? Let us know what you’re doing to keep it under control.

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Kerala state is undoubtedly the fore runner among the Indian States in building up new and innovative systems and methods for decentralisation and local democracy. It is more than a decade, since the historic constitutional amendments, declaring local governments as a statutory third stratum of governments was approved by the Indian Parliament. Kerala was first among the Indian States to take full advantage of the opportunities opened up by adopting a “big bang” approach to democratic decentralisation. Vijayalakshmi, V (2003). The strategy was to devolve more than a quarter of the State’s development budget to local governments and then learn by doing. The necessary conditions for decentralisation had been substantially laid down in the state with the great strides made in literacy, especially that of women, and in the process of surmounting caste and class barriers through social reform movements, land reforms, the wide public distribution of essential commodities through fair price shops and a host of public action measures. Decentralisation in Kerala was looked upon as a practical measure for administrative reforms to improve delivery of public services sensitive to the local needs. Isaac, Thomas, T.M (2000), Vijayanand, S.M (2001). The achievements of Kerala in decentralisation have been acknowledged, with the Government of India, declaring that the Kerala State has the best Panchayati Raj System in the country for which the first ever national award for decentralisation was awarded to the state. The decentralisation experiments in Kerala had been a massive action research programme. Information Kerala Mission (IKM) a sequel to it was grown from within this mass campaign with the participation of multiple stakeholders consisting of academicians, local government leaders, planners, professionals, administrators, development practitioners and voluntary workers. The object of the mission was to computerise all local governments in the state, which now counts to 1223. This holistic and human centred Information Communication Technology project aimed at strengthening decentralised planning and local democracy through good governance, improved service delivery, sharing of best practices and building up community knowledge bases for decentralised planning and local area development. Participatory software development, developing learner centred, locale specific training and handholding strategies, and networking of local level small and medium enterprises for employment generation and sustenance are components of the project. Today, the IKM provides the much required database support for better decision making in development projects, offers improved public services and responsive local administration and imparts necessary skills to the community to use Information Communication Technologies (ICT) for transparency, participation and judicious decision-making in several local governments. Being the first of its kind in the country the efforts of the mission had been pioneering and many of the methodologies tried out highly interdisciplinary and innovative. The project aims at building convergence and synergies with the various other developmental initiatives taken up in the context of decentralisation like ‘Akshaya’, a programme for e-inclusion, ‘Kudumbashree’,a micro credit centred gender oriented empowerment mission of community based organisations primarily of poor women for local economic development etc. The project strives for strengthening the citizen charters of the local governments and helps them implement the citizen charters for fairness and equal opportunity cutting across barriers of religion, class, creed caste, colour and gender. By helping local government initiatives, promoting holistic resource management perspectives and strengthening local governments it aims at building up sustainability from both economic and environmental point of view. The project has already started touching upon the lives of the thirty million people in Kerala through a human centred application of Information Communication Technologies, for fast and effective service delivery, transparency and empowerment of the citizen, efficient back-end processing, improved and fair decision making, responsive administration and good governance all leading to stronger and efficient local governments in the state, thus making decentralised planning and local democracy more meaningful Background and Introduction of the Project Decentralisation in Kerala had identified grass root level planning as an entry point for mass mobilisation and empowerment. In 1997, it was decided by the Government to earmark 1/3rd of the state plan budget to local governments. This was sought to be utilised for preparing grass root level plans to be prepared in a participatory manner reflecting the felt needs of the community. During the second year of the preparation of the local government plans (1997-1998) the need for a comprehensive database on local government plan projects was realised within the decentralisation campaign. This would facilitate consolidation of the plan processes and make effective monitoring also possible. By then the campaign had arrived at several negotiated practices and processes for participatory planning. An extensive citizen interface was made mandatory for approval of local government plans and beneficiaries. In this context of a broadening citizen interface a need to simplify administration in order to make it more responsive, efficient and citizen friendly also emerged. The new processes of participatory developmental planning increased the workload of local government personnel substantially. Additional workload of the local government personnel was sought to be balanced by automating various local government processes. Decentralisation had created a unique paradox in the matter of expertise. It was at the grass root level that the largest chunk of plan resources was made available for planning and resolution of citizen problems through decentralisation. However the staff in the civil service available at this level were the junior most, who lacked the experience of planning and developmental administration. Building up Expert Support Systems and Decision Support System was looked upon as a possible mechanism for tackling the lack of talent in the short run. The relevance of application of ICT in the context of decentralisation had emerged from these concrete necessities. The task of the mission was to arrive at an appropriate choice of Information Communication Technology to meet the multifarious requirements cited above, viz - Evolving a comprehensive database on participatory planning and monitoring. - Simplification of administration to make it more responsive, efficient and citizen friendly. - Handling additional workload in local governments without additional manpower. - To tackle lack of expertise in developmental planning and administration through Decision Support Systems and Administrative System. The mission group had evolved a human centred strategy of ICT application which looked forward to provide very simple interfaces to the layman for transparency, empowerment and participation. Demystification of technology was inevitable to rope in the local government leaders and a section of the less qualified and relatively older local government personnel. The mission launched a unique and very comprehensive participative system study on local government systems followed by a participative and user centred software development and deployment strategy. The project is managed by a state level mission group consisting of a dedicated team of professionals well versed in technology and domain aspects. The policy affairs of the mission are looked after by an Implementation Committee headed by the Minister for Local Self Government. The executive head of the mission is the Executive Mission Director. The mission team has six departments organised functionally viz. (i) Corporate Management, (ii) Software Development, (iii) Line of Business Expertise, Data Analysis and Content Management; (iv) Technical Support and Infrastructure Management, (v) Quality Assurance, and (vi) Implementation. The decentralisation programme in Kerala has evolved several fora for consultation of the state government with local governments like the State Development Council (SDC) and fora of local governments like Municipal Chairmen’s Chamber and Panchayat Associations. All the above fora are actively involved in running the project. The mission is actively backed by the 1223 local governments. In Corporations, Municipalities and District Panchayats specific intervention programmes, local body wise were planned as their own projects. Total computerisation in pilot Grama Panchayats were also implemented as local government programmes. Apart from these, state level programmes have also been implemented like: - Implementation of Janasevanakendrams in 58 urban local governments. - Implementing hospital kiosks in 182 hospitals in 5 Corporations. - Fast track programme for computerisation of 53 Municipalities and 5 Corporations. - Fast track programme for first phase computerisation of 541 Grama Panchayats having computers already. These programmes run by the state government are also organised with active participation of the heads of local governments and local government leaders. Objectives of the project The objectives of IKM include: - Establishing efficient and responsive systems for good governance in local governments - Establishing a mechanism for improving public service delivery through newly created channels for alternative service delivery, with comprehensive citizen interface mechanisms and through appropriately developed community information systems on the one hand, along with a Government Process Re-engineering (GPR) driven back-end computerisation programme covering various local government functions like monitoring of developmental projects, human resource management, grievance redressal, accounting and budgeting, financial management, and establishing a holistic social security network on the other. - Developing an integrated micro-level resource based developmental information system, which would facilitate meaningful decentralised planning. - Establishing a network interconnecting the local governments and related institutions, providing trained manpower for operationalising the hardware and software, and for handholding and providing continued technical support through district level and state level helpdesks to ensure that the network and applications are up and running throughout. The objectives and strategies indicated above were evolved through extensive consultation with the various stakeholders and partners. Specifically prior to launch of the programme, planned interactions were initiated with local government leaders, local government personnel, activists and developmental practitioners. Interactions were also held with professionals throughout the state, on the methodology of implementation. The consultations helped the mission to arrive at a rapid appraisal of the felt needs at the local level for the application of Information Communication Technology as well as the system improvements sought for improving public service delivery at the front end and transaction processing at the back end . The outcome of the consultations was placed before the Implementation Committee of IKM which finally approved the objectives and strategy for implementation. Scope of the Project The impact of decentralisation has been substantial in the social services sector, whereas it has not been effective in the productive sectors of the economy and in areas of local economic development. Achieving better results in local economic development and in the productive sector requires extensive capability building, establishing comprehensive resource based developmental information systems, adapting developing new models for enhancing production and productivity trying them out, improving, generalising and replicating them. Building upon ICT based knowledge frameworks encompassing data, voice and video would help local governments handle these complex tasks. In the social services sector the challenges are primarily second generation problems of maintaining quality and sustenance, leaving out some hotspots of ethnic minorities and marginalised sections where quantitative issues remain. Focused intervention in these pockets and handling the second generation problems is the overall strategy. The knowledge networks spelt out earlier and devising tools for improving participation of the local community in real life problem solving are the ICT targets in this segment. One of the weaknesses of the Kerala Local Government system is the tendency to over politicise issues and to handle polemics in a highly polarised manner. This weakness can be addressed through extensive capability building of the stakeholders and through improving the quality of peoples’ participation in local government functioning. Reporting systems and information systems have to be geared up drastically to strengthen the existing systems in the public sphere - Grass root level fora like Grama Sabhas, Ward Sabhas, and neighbourhood groups called Oorukuttams and Ayalkuttams. - The fora of elected members viz., the Mayor’s Chamber, the Chairmen’s Chamber and the Panchayat Associations. - The community mechanisms like social audit. - Systems for participation of Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in development and good governance. - Quasi judicial mechanisms like Ombudsman and appellate tribunals etc. Given the fiscal crisis faced by the state, the local governments would soon start facing serious challenges in finding resources for strengthening their infrastructure as well as in improving public services. Confidence in the service offerings in return of the taxations has to be created to improve local resource mobilisation. This would require quantum leaps in financial management, accountability, service delivery and infrastructure management performance. Devising performance benchmarks, monitoring them and ensuring information flows are critical among these tasks. The mission would have to address these also in their governance tools and information systems. (Initiation date, no. of years project has been running) - August 1999 – Formation of the Mission - June 2000 – System study document in 7 volumes (appx. 3000 pages) covering all aspects of the local governments prepared with the participation of the local government personnel. - September 2000 – Pilots initiated in 5 Grama Panchayats - December 2002 – Jan 2003 – Janasevanakendrams inaugurated in Kozhikode, Kochi, Thrissur and Kollam Corporations - January 2003 – Full fledged pilot initiated in Vellanad Grama Panchayat. - March 2004 – The hospital kiosk programme conceptualised and detailed programme finalised in consultation with the Mayors and the Directorate of Census Operations-Kerala - October 2004 – Janasevanakendram established in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, thus covering all the 5 Municipal Corporations - March 2005-July 2005 – Janasevanakendrams established in all the 53 Municipalities thus covering all the urban local governments in Kerala - July 2005 – Second full fledged pilot initiated in Thalikulam Grama Panchayat - July 2005-March 2006 – Establishment of 110 Hospital Kiosks in 5 Corporations for the quick registration of births and deaths, and delivery of certificates within 24 hours Project Geographical Coverage The projects covers all local governments in the state including three tier panchayats ie. District Panchayats, Block Panchayats and Grama Panchayats, Corporations and Municipalities. The following institutions viz. State Planning Board, District Planning Offices, Directorate of Urban Affairs, Regional Directorate of Urban Affairs, Directorate of Panchayats, Offices of the Deputy Director of Panchayats, Rural Development Commissionerate and the Offices of the Additional Development Commissioner are also covered. See Figure 2 which shows the spatial distribution of institutions linked to the local government network in Kerala through the Information Kerala Mission programme. The civic services envisaged as a part of the programme almost covers the entire gamut of services to be offered statutorily by the local governments under the third, fourth and fifth schedules of the Kerala Panchayati Raj Act and the first schedule of the Kerala Municipality Act 1994. The list of services has also been refined further as a part of the service delivery programme. A listing of services is provided in Annexure 1. Almost the entire population of the state - for availing various services provided by the local governments and for obtaining information on the developmental programme and service offering of the local governments. The users shall also include local government leaders and staff in local government institutions. The hardware vendors/ support agencies, Information Kerala Mission. Hewlett Packard, Acer, Wipro, Microsoft, Computer Associates Kudumbashree, Kerala State IT Mission, Centre for Development Advanced Computing (CDAC). Experts from various walks of local government functioning, retired personnel from local governments who have involved themselves in product or information system design and implementation. Networking with global ICT networks and local government fora is envisaged. IKM is currently working on a Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF) project for sharing best practices.

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Write well overview training Embed Size (px) Transcript of Write well overview training - 1.Introduction to WriteWell St. Clair County RESA 499 Range Road Marysville, MI 48040 810-364-8990 www.sccresa.org 2. Agenda/Outcomes To learn about the structure of WriteWell sessions and units of study. To explore the WriteWell curriculum online resources. 3. Grounding Activity Think-Pair-ShareWhat: Allows for individual reflection and small group discussion; gets all voices in the room; sets the stage for the day Why: Write a response to the following question: What are your strengths as a writing teacher? Share with a partner How: 4. Writing is the foundation of reading; it may be the most basic way to learn about readingwhen writers read, they use insights they have acquired when they compose when our students write, they learn how reading is put together because they can do it. They learn the essence of print. When Writers Read, Jane Hansen, 1987 5. Expect students to compose arguments (6+) and opinions (K-5), informative/explanatory pieces, and narrative texts. Focus on the use of reason and evidence to substantiate an argument or claim. Emphasize ability to conduct research short projects and sustained inquiry. Require students to incorporate technology as they create, refine, and collaborate on writing. Include student writing samples that illustrate the criteria required to meet the standards (See Appendix C for writing samples). Common Core State Standards: Writing 6. Common Core State Standards: Writing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jt_2jI010WU&feature=related 7. Appendix C Appendix C: Annotated writing samples that illustrate the criteria required to meet Common Core State Standards for particular types of writingargument, informative/explanatory text and narrativein a given grade. Each of the samples exhibits at least the level of quality required to meet the Writing standards for that grade. http://www.corestandards.org/assets/Appendix_C.pdf 8. Imagine Students who want to write Students who do write Teachers who want to teach writing Teachers who teach writing vs. assign writing 9. Kelly Gallagher, Author and Teacher http://www.kellygallagher.org/index.html Assigning writing is easy. Teaching writing is really hard. We need to teach our students to read like writers and write like readers. 10. Current Research 70% of all students in grades 4-12 are low achieving writers. 9th grade students in the lowest 25% of their class are twenty times more likely to drop out. 50% of high school graduates are not ready for college level composition courses. 11. The most effective strategy to improve writing Increase the amount and quality of writing. 12. What is the WriteWell Curriculum? It is a carefully sequenced, coherent K-12 writing curriculum designed to: span the grade levels meet the needs of all students increase writing proficiency at every grade use effective, researched based instructional practices 13. WriteWell Philosophy of Writing Only teach what writers do. Teach the writer not the piece of writing. Writing is telling what you see and what you think about it. It is both external and internal. We learn about writing through describing writing not by having someone prescribing writing. 14. Why WriteWell? Increase writing proficiency for life endeavors Increase test scores Coordinate and refine writing instruction Create a unified writing program K-12 Increase use of research-based instructional practices during writing instruction 15. Who Developed WriteWell? St. Clair County K-12 ELA general education and special education teachers St. Clair County RESA ELA consultants Victoria Les and Jeff Beal St. Clair County literacy leaders 16. How was WriteWell Developed? Create skill, author, and genre units of study for each grade that are 1-5 week(s) long Develop one-page lessons Use writers workshop approach that requires 45 to 60 minutes of daily instruction Create common assessments and evaluation tools for each grade level Create differentiated lessons 17. How is WriteWell Packaged? WriteWell is a web-based, password-protected curriculum at the St. Clair County RESA website Curriculum includes interactive PDFs, is downloadable, and is continuously updated Includes embedded websites 18. WriteWell Follows Writers Workshop Format Mini-Lesson (10-15 min.) Independent Practice with Conferring (30-40 min.) Sharing ( 5-10 min.) 19. Successful Implementation of Writers Workshop How Often Everyday Everyday Everyday How Long KDG 45 minutes 1st Grade 45 minutes extending to 60 minutes 2nd 12th Grades 60 minutes When Beginning the first day of school A single block of time at the same time everyday Management Same format used everyday Same rules and procedures used everyday Keep it simple Why Consistency Consistency Consistency 20. Writing Mini-Lesson 10-15 Minutes Connection Students learn the importance of todays instruction Students hear the teaching point Teach Students are shown how writers go about doing the teaching point Engage Students practice what writers do Teacher model Class model Students work Link Students hear the teacher reinforce todays lesson Students are reminded that todays lesson can be used everyday when they write 21. Independent Practice with Conferring 30-40 Minutes Students work independently while the teacher meets with small groups or individual students Conferring Talking Cards Possible mid-workshop teaching point Occur naturally when the teacher notices something that needs clarification or further explanation to help students as they write 22. Conferring Research Ask What are you working on as a writer? Have the student read aloud his/her work Decide Synthesize what is learned Decide what to compliment: What has this child done that I can name and make a fuss over? Decide what to teach: What does this child use but misuse? or What is nearly there in his or her writing that I can help them with right now? Compliment Point out writing strategies the child used well Say I like how you(give specific example) Teach Teach only one thing Teach to the compliment Teach to todays teaching point Negotiate a strategy When choosing your teaching point think: Of all the options I have, what can I teach that will make the biggest difference for this writer? 23. Conferring Look Fors What to look for when deciding what to confer about Structure Focused Beginning, middle, end Moves across time or space Meaningful Writer cares about it Reader learns from it Narrative strategies Conventions that enhance All caps WOW Bold Wow End marks Wow!!! Italics Wow! Stacked Words - One! Two! Three! 24. Sharing 5-10 Minutes Notice Question Personal Connection Compliment and Suggestion (glow & grow) Partner Small Group Whole Group 25. New Language Minilessons 26. Language Minilesson Key Points Aligned to CCSS Weekly concepts taught approximately five minutes a day Follows Jeff Andersons format PowerPoint to match each weekly lesson 27. MEAP and WriteWell Moved below the line for those who would still like to use it Test Prep Units of Study embedded in units (starting in grade 2) Generate many seed ideas in writers notebook What Should I Write About? section Target! Aim! Score! (beginning, middle, end) CD with Student Writing & MEAP Released Anchor Papers: http://tinyurl.com/cvraun 28. New Pre and Post Assessments Same Assessment to be given at the beginning of the year and the end of the year Use to show growth See Sample 29. Rubrics 30. WriteWell Units of Study Across the Grades Scope and Sequence Includes the products and processes in GLCEs Aligns with Common Core State Standards (continued alignment Summer 2012) Target! Aim! Score! Target! Aim! Score! is part of the WriteWell curriculum Designed to prepare your students for success on statewide assessments 31. Table of Contents Target! Grade Level Goals Units of Study Getting Ready for Statewide Assessments Notebooking Author, Genre, and Skill units Score! Formative assessments Determine students ability to write on demand Rubrics Narrative Informational Peer Response to the student writing sample http://www.sccresa.org/toolsforschools/curriculumtools/writewell/introductiontowritew ell/writewell2ndgrade/ 32. Three Types of Units Genre Author Study Skill 33. Navigating the Website WriteWell http://www.sccresa.org/toolsforschools/curricul umtools/writewell/ Select logo Enter school log in and password: Temporary Log in: Temporary Password: 34. www.sccresa.org 35. How Units of Study Tend to Go Immerse in the genre Identify distinguishing features of the genre Choose an idea to write about Choose a mentor text to help you write Plan your draft Draft long and fast Revise Edit Publish/Celebrate 36. Structure of a Unit Example Unit K-12 units formatted the same Unit Review What do you notice? 37. Student Examples: Digital Presentations http://animoto.com/play/4CwCrdpw36QIT 5TjyI9SCA 1st Grade http://portal.sliderocket.com/AXBTH/child- abuse 7th Grade http://prezi.com/43h_edm9y4t4/big-bird/ 7th Grade 38. Teachers Teaching WriteWell Video Library All grade levels Various lessons Kindergarten 2nd grade 10th grade 39. Online Exploration Skim & Scan the Units Review the Table of Contents Log In and Select Your Grade 40. Lunch Break 41. "A writer's notebook works just like an incubator; a protective place to keep your infant idea safe and warm, a place for it to grow while it is too young, too new, to survive on its own." Ralph Fletcher 42. Notebooking http://www.sccresa.org/t oolsforschools/curriculu mtools/writewell/ 100-page composition book Number front pages only Plastic stick-on tabs Copy of Notebook Sections handout 43. What Should I Write? Three Times you laughed really hard Times you were in physical pain Memorable Moments Topics that interest you Circle the one that you could tell the best story about Tell your story to a partner Write your story in the writing section of your notebook Share 44.

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HORSES, HOWE & WHY SERIES Article #1: Horses and Their Herd Instincts by Wil & Beverly Howe Equestrian Connection, 1988 We feel the most important key to putting the horse and human in the "Proper Perspective" is the understanding of the horse’s psychology, their instincts. What motivates them to do the things they do, and how we relate to this behavior when handling the horse? First of all, the horse, equus, is a herd animal. In the natural, their family order is a herd where each horse is a born follower guided by a dominant figure, a lead stallion or lead mare. Have you ever noticed how in a pasture situation, with several head, there is a leader or "bully" who dominates all the horses, and there is a "low horse" on the totem pole who always gets picked on? If you remove the lead horse or "bully," what do they do? They whinny and make a fuss in the absence of their leader and immediately the second-in-command of the herd takes over and the pecking order is re-established. This constant struggle for leadership is apparent in our daily handling of the domesticated horse, the so-called push and shove of "who is the boss?" Second, horses are a prey animal and we must understand their reaction to fear. In the wild, the horse has no defense from a predator but to flee and outrun its pursuer. It will only fight back when cornered. If there is a way out, it will take it and run. The horse is truly a scaredy cat. This is why horses will often spook, bolt, and run from any situation they are unfamiliar with. This response to flee is panic, and it can take over the horse’s nervous system causing them to run with no regard to bodily harm. They will avoid any form of pressure at all cost if there is an element of fear. The horse’s reactionary thought impulses, which we as the handlers are most concerned with, are influenced by the signals they get from their environment through their vision. This is a complex subject and we will go into further detail in a later article. A horse’s vision is the main factor in its ability to comprehend. From factors related to their vision, we have found that a horse’s brain seems to function one side at a time. Horses can be governed by their strong side. Much like we are right- or left-handed, horses are too. To break that one-sidedness, they must be taught on both sides. This is why you will see a horse refuse to take a lead, or turn one way, or be hard to approach and catch on its off side. Only through repeated conditioning will a horse perform right or left equally as well. Horses are creatures of habit. They learn from performing a task over and over. Whether the exposure to repetition comes from a mare nuzzling and disciplining her young or the daily training that takes place at a stable, the learning process is the same. A situation repeated more than twice becomes habit. This is why a horse can so quickly pick up things, right or wrong. They do not know the difference between a good habit and a bad habit. They can tuck their heads or throw them, be submissive and mannerly or aggressive and ornery. Behavior must be taught. Any problem with a horse is a direct result of patterning: repeatedly allowing or promoting a type of behavior from a horse. The above factors lead us to the question of equine intelligence, an area where most people have been mis-informed. All of us have been exposed to these misleading examples of smart, loyal, and loving horses found in books, movies and television. Black Beauty, My Friend Flicka, Trigger, Mr. Ed, and The Black Stallion are but a few. These misconceptions are the cause of much grief when a novice horseperson finds out that their horse really isn’t an animal to be totally trusted. In general, you can steal the attention of any horse with a cup of oats, but a well-trained dog is impossible to coax. That is a difference that some people refuse to face. We believe the emotional relationship between an owner and his or her horse is only on the part of the human. A horse can be sold and placed in another environment and never give a second thought for its past owner, as some would like to think. The love and the loss is only what we feel. A horse can buck you off and break your bones and while you are in the hospital, the horse would feel no remorse or emotion regarding the incident. They are "here and now" creatures who are only concerned with their next meal and their own kind. We feel a horse will never "grow up and know better." They are as a two- or three-year-old child mentally who needs a leader and is not capable of taking care of itself outside in the wild. Like any child, they are only a product of their environment. Now that horses have been domesticated and forced to be conformed to society's modern ways, much is asked of this animal to cope. But cope they must, for they are dependent on us; their future and well-being lies in our hands. Mankind, who has dominion over all the animals, has the obligation to manage and treat the horse, the greatest and most versatile animal to ride, with proper respect. Man must use but not abuse. On the same note, these creatures of such strength and potential danger must fit into our world as well and abide by our rules. We must keep this in the "PROPER PERSPECTIVE" in order to survive. If your child weighed 1,000 pounds, you wouldn’t let him sit on your lap, slap you in fun, or run rampant in the house. Neither should we allow our horses to run over and "buffalo" us. Remember, who is the boss? Learning to understand the way a horse's mind works allows us to deeper appreciate and love our horses for what they are. It helps us to recognize the fact they need us as that important dominant figure in their lives and not to expect too much from our relationship with them. For more in-depth information on horses and their herd instincts, order Video #1.

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Did you know? Santa was an outlaw. Santa was once like Robin Hood! Santa's Grumpy Elf tells all about Santa Claus! Did you know Santa Claus was an outlaw in Massachussetts from 1659 to 1856! That's almost 200 years! Today, Sunday, March 3, 2024, Santa Claus is 1,753 years, 2 months, 26 days, 19 hours and 55 minutes old! So who is Santa Claus anyway? Well, Santa has a very long (and interesting) history. Would you like to learn more about Santa's history? Then keep reading! I'm Santa's Grumpy Elf. I know all about Santa Claus' story and I will tell you all about him. Santa has not always appeared the way we think of him today. The first well-known gift-giver was a true person--St. Nicholas. He lived in Myra (today we know it as Turkey) in about 300 A.D. Born an only child of a wealthy family, he was orphaned at an early age when both parents died of the plague. He grew up in a monastery and at the age of 17 became one of the youngest priests ever. Many stories are told of his generosity as he gave his wealth away in the form of gifts to those in need, especially children. Legends tell of him either dropping bags of gold down chimneys or throwing the bags through the windows where they landed in the stockings hung from the fireplace to dry. Some years later Nicholas became a bishop--hence the bishop's hat or miter, long flowing gown, white beard and red cape. After his death he was elevated to sainthood. Eventually the Catholic Church started celebrating Christmas and St. Nicholas became an important part of the season. When the Reformation took place, the new Protestants no longer wanted St. Nicholas as their gift-giver. He was too closely tied to the Catholic Church. So, Santa adapted for each country or region. In France he was known as Pere Noel. In England he was Father Christmas (always depicted with sprigs of holly, ivy or mistletoe). Germany knew him as Weihnachtsmann (Christmas man). When the communists took over in Russia and outlawed Christianity, the Russians began to call him Grandfather Frost, who wore blue instead of the traditional red. To the Dutch, he was Sinterklaas (which eventually was mispronounced in America and became Santa Claus). Santa wore every color of the rainbow back then --sometimes even in black. But he always had a long white beard and carried gifts for the children. The Santa we know today had his beginnings in 1823 with Clement C. Moore's "A Visit from St. Nicholas" in which he described St. Nicholas as "chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf". Forty years later, Thomas Nast, a political cartoonist, created a different illustration each year of Santa for the cover of Harper's Weekly. His Santa was a plump, jolly old fellow with a white beard and smoking a long stemmed pipe. In 1863, during the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln asked Nast to do an illustration showing Santa with the Union troops. Many historians say this was one of the most demoralizing moments for the Confederate army....seeing Santa side with the North. In the South, by 1863, the Union had blockaded their ports and very little was able to get through. Southern families explained to their children that even "Santa" could not get through the blockade. Finally, from 1931 to 1964, Haddon Sundblom created a new Santa each Christmas for Coca-Cola ads. These appeared world-wide on the back covers of Post and National Geographic magazines. This is the Santa we know and love today with a red suit trimmed with white fur, leather boots and belt, long white beard carrying a pack of toys. I'm Santa's Grumpy Elf. You wanted to know how old Santa Claus is? Well, if you really must know: In years, Santa Claus is 1,753 years old! (That doesn't seem that old for an elf!) In months, Santa Claus is 21,039 months old! (Oh my, that is a pretty big number.) In days, Santa Claus is 640,358 days old! (Well, the days do fly by when you're having fun!) In hours, Santa Claus is 15,368,611 hours old! (OK, OK! That does sound REALLY old!) In minutes, Santa Claus is 922,116,715 minutes old! (Now you're just being silly!) In seconds, Santa Claus is 55,327,002,921 seconds old! (Well, they do say to make every second count!) Answers to more questions about Santa, Mrs. Claus, the elves and reindeer!

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There are a lot of apps for toddlers and preschoolers that succeed at this, but not so many for older kids. The percentage of apps that successfully present edu-tainment definitely decreases as the age group rises. Enter Math Guardians, which is a very strong attempt at merging a "fighting" video game (not real fighting, cartoonish fighting with dinosaurs, robots and robot dinosaurs) with mental math practice. We haven't reviewed it yet, but at first look Math Guardians (Math Guardians Mini on the iPhone/iPod) looks very cool. As a huge Godzilla fan "as a kid," any app that features using mental math to charge up a character named Rage Bunny in prep for a fight with giant metallic butterfly named Venom Beauty, works for me. It also features a "must-have" feature for developers trying to emulate games of choice for the older set: the ability to unlock more powerful characters. BATTLE WITH THE POWER OF MATH! For the first time ever, real-time battles and math training merge to present Math Guardians, an arcade-style math fighting game! Set in a world where the native creatures defend their planet from an invading mechanical alien force, the game features 2D fighting in glorious HD with simple directional taps and uses in-game arithmetic to charge up attacks. Awesome boss battles, dynamic animation, unlockable creatures with unique attacks, and a leaderboard integrated with Game Center encourage players to bring their A+ game! - Redefining FUN and learning by encouraging players to practice math. - Test your skills in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division fighting awesome enemy bosses. - Simple 2D fighter gameplay using only directional taps. - Unique attacks like flames and electricity for each creature present the player with different playing styles. - Eight playable creatures with different special attacks. - Six dynamic stages for battle. - Math practice mode for honing arithmetic skills. - Campaign Story Mode - An interactive “Getting Started” tutorial Math Guardians is at its core an app that is designed to train and speed up you or or kid's mental arithmetic skills. The game is aimed at ages eight and above (all the way to adults). All creatures are unlockable through a series of challenges; the game has no in-app purchases. If you would like to purchase Math Guardians please support Smart Apps for Kids by using these link buttons: Mini Lite (Free/iPhone)

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MONOSACCHARIDES AND DISACCHARIDES (the sugars) are sometimes called POLYSACCHARIDES (starches and fibers) are sometimes called hexoses (sugars with six atoms of carbon) Most of the monosaccharides important in nutrition are These compounds are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples of monosaccharides. Most, but not all of these have a ratio of one carbon molecule to one water molecule. This provides nearly all the energy the human brain uses daily. single sugars and the most important in nutrition. sugars composed of pairs of monosaccharides. large molecules composed of chains of monosaccharides. Glucose, fructose and galactose are the 3 of the 6 most important________in nutrition and are monosaccharides. Maltose, sucrose and lactose These are 3 of the 6 most important sugars in nutrition and are disaccharides. Commonly known as blood sugar and serves as an essential energy source for all the body's activities. The sweetest of the sugars and is found in fruit, honey, and saps. This monosaccharide occurs naturally as a single sugar in only a few foods. A chemical reaction in which water is released as two reactants combine to form one larger product. This reaction splits a molecule into two, with H added to one and OH to the other. The three ____________important in nutrition all have the same number and kinds of atoms, but in different arrangements. The ______________ are pairs of the three monosaccharides linked together. The disaccharide __________, consists of two glucose units and is produced whenever starch breaks down. Fructose and glucose together form __________. Depending on extent to which it is refined, this product becomes brown, white, and powdered sugars found at grocery stores. The combination of galactose and glucose makes the disaccharide ____________, the principal carbohydrate of milk. These are made of carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H). The atom ________ can form 4 chemical bonds. The atom ________ can form 2 chemical bonds. The atom ________ can form 1 chemical bond. Glucose, fructose and galactose (monosaccharides) and maltose, sucrose, and lactose (disaccharides), The six sugars important to nutrition are: Sugars are derived primarily from _______. milk and milk products The sugars, lactose and its component galactose come from: Two monosaccharides can be linked together by a __________ reaction to form a disaccharide and water. A disaccharide can be broken into its two monosaccharides by a ____________ reaction using water. These contain many glucose units and, in some cases, a few other monosaccharides strung together. glycogen, starches, and fibers Three types of polysaccharides important in nutrition are: A storage form of energy in the body A storage form of energy in plants These provide structure in stems, trunks, roots, leaves and skins of plants. glycogen and starch Both ________ and _________ are built of glucose units. These are composed of a variety of monosaccharides and other carbohydrate derivatives. This carbohydrate is found to only a limited extent in meats and not at all in plants. Food is not a significant source of this carbohydrate. This carbohydrate performs an important role in the body; it stores glucose for future use. liver and muscles Glycogen is an animal polysaccharide composed of glucose; manufactured in the __________ and __________ as a storage form of glucose. Plant cells store glucose as __________. These molecules are packed side by side in grains such as wheat or rice, in root crops an tubers such as yams and potatoes, and in legumes such as peas and beans. All starchy foods come from _________. These are the richest food source of starch, providing much of the food energy for people all over the world. These are the structural parts of plants and thus are found in all plant-derived foods - vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes. Dietary fibers differ from starches in that the bonds between their monosaccharides cannot be ________ _____ by digestive enzymes in the body. Because dietary fibers pass through the body, they contribute no monosaccharides, and therefore little or no _________. glucose, fructose and galactose The 3 monosaccharides are ____________, ____________, and _________________. maltose, sucrose and lactose The 3 disaccharides are _____________, _______________, and ______________. Glucose + Glucose = Glucose + Fructose = Glucose + Galactose = glycogen, starches and fibers The 3 polysaccharides are __________, _______________, and ____________. Amylose and amylopectin are _____________. ___________ can be soluble and insoluble. Glycogen is a polysaccharide, but not a dietary source of ________________. The short chains of glucose units that result from the breakdown of starch are known as ____________. In the mouth, thoroughly chewing high-fiber foods slows eating and stimulates the flow of ___________. The salivary enzyme is ____________. Because food is in the mouth for a short time, very little carbohydrate digestion takes place there; it begins again in the ________ ___________. A _______ is a portion of food swallowed at one time. _________ is the feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal. This determines how much time passes between meals. ____________ is an enzyme that hydrolyzes amylose. Amylase is a _____________, an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates. The ________ ___________ performs most of the work of carbohydrate digestion. The enzyme that hydrolyzes maltose is _________. The enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose is _________. The enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose is _________. A major carbohydrate-digesting enzyme, _________ ________ is released through the pancreatic duct and into the small intestine. maltase, sucrase and lactase. The specific enzymes that break down specific disaccharides are _________, __________ and ___________. Starches and sugars are called ___________ ____________ because human digestive enzymes break them down for the body's use. Fibers are called ____________ _____________ because human digestive enzymes cannot break their bonds. sugars and starches Within one to four hours after a meal, all the _______ and _______ have been digested. Only _______ remain in the digestive tract and this delays absorption of other nutrients and also delays gastric emptying. Most fiber passes intact through the digestive tract to the _______ ___________. It is here that bacterial enzymes digest fiber. ________ holds water; regulates bowel activity; and binds substances such as bile, cholesterol, and some minerals, carrying them out of the body. Glucose is unique in that it can be absorbed to some extent through the lining of the _______, but for the most part, nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine. As blood from the small intestine circulates through the ______, cells there take up fructose and galactose and convert them to other compounds, most often to glucose. In the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, the body breaks down starches into the disaccharide _________. When monosaccharides arrive at the ________, they are converted mostly to glucose to provide energy for the cells' work. The ________ help to regulate the passage of food through the GI system and slow absorption of glucose, but they contribute little, if any, energy. Everything comes into the blood looking like _________. Lactase activity is highest immediately after ______. Only about 30% of people in the world retain enough lactase to digest and absorb ________ efficiently throughout adult life.

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Middle children are MORE successful: That's the surprising finding of new research. So is it true about your family? For decades, conventional wisdom has held that middle children — those born in between older and younger siblings — tend to have a hard time growing up. Within their families, they are said to be neglected, underestimated and misunderstood. Their place in the birth order is seen as one of disadvantage, since they do not receive the same attention given by their parents to their siblings who, as first and last-borns, are showered with particularly intense attention. Consequently, and according to the long-established stereotype, they supposedly become withdrawn, resentful and lacking in confidence. Stuck in the middle: First and last-born children supposedly receive more parental attention than siblings born in the middle (Posed by models) Middle children, so the thinking goes, are far more likely to become outsiders who enjoy nothing like the success or happiness of their brothers and sisters. This kind of analysis seemed to be reinforced by a recent study which revealed that eldest children are, on average, more prosperous than their younger siblings. Indeed, when I began work on my new book about middle children, written with Dr Catherine Salmon, I was amazed at how much ill-feeling we encountered — not just in interviews we conducted with many middle children, but also in dozens of internet forums, where a host of middle children said they had in some way been abandoned by their parents. A host of middle children said they had been abandoned by their parents, but much of this indignation is misplaced. But much of this indignation is misplaced. For, as we discovered during our research, the stereotype does not correspond to reality. Far from being doomed to failure and loneliness, middle children are more likely than their siblings to be successful and enjoy strong social lives and flourishing careers. The apparent disadvantages they endure in childhood turn out to be beneficial, in many cases giving them the attributes of empathy, independence, articulacy and creativity. Many of our biggest celebrities, such as the film star Julia Roberts, are ‘middles’. Rising to the top: Billionaire Bill Gates had the disadvantage of being a middle child One of the most successful entrepreneurs of modern times, the Microsoft genius Bill Gates, is also a middle. His remarkable ability to think outside the box and take moderate risks are attributes often found in middle-borns. And consider this: of all the U.S. Presidents since 1787, no fewer than 52 per cent were middle children. This is not only a far higher proportion than the numbers in the overall population, but also confounds a conventional belief that eldest sons are always the strongest personalities and therefore natural-born leaders. The list of presidential middles includes political giants such as Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Teddy Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy. In fact, Kennedy, during his brilliant but all-too-brief career, displayed several of the qualities associated with high-achieving middle children: communication skills, a gift for friendship, a powerful sense of justice, coolness under pressure and an ability to negotiate. This was reflected in his handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, when he saved mankind from possible nuclear annihilation. Tony Blair is also a middle child and, whatever you think of his politics, his mix of charisma, eloquence and empathy were crucial both in bringing Labour back to power and in negotiating the peace deal in Northern Ireland. Beating the odds: U.S. Presidents Abraham Lincoln (left) and John F. Kennedy succeeded in the cutthroat world of politics But another aspect of middle children’s personalities is an eagerness to please — born out of their efforts in childhood to gain attention — which can mean they are too easily influenced by friends. More than half of U.S. presidents were 'middles' That could certainly be said of Tony Blair over the Iraq War, when he seemed to be guided more by George W. Bush than by his country’s national interests. The importance of a child’s position in the family birth order has long been recognised. A vast number of studies show it is almost as crucial as genetic influences. But traditionally, the problem lies in the interpretation of the data, with too much emphasis put on the negative consequences of arriving in the middle. The age gap between siblings can make an enormous difference to their personality and behaviour. Typically, siblings born within five years of each other will be most affected, as they vie for parental attention. Eager to please: Tony Blair is a middle child but George W. Bush is not. Did that fact play a part in their relationship? There is, of course, little doubt that middle children can be marginalised within families during their formative years. Eldest children are treated very differently, partly because their parents are going through the child-rearing experience for the first time, and partly because they initially have no sibling rivals, so they receive all of their parents’ attention. They become the focus for all their parents’ hopes and fears, the prototype for the rest of the family. Middles are independent and fair-minded In contrast, by the time the third — or fourth — child arrives, parents tend to be far more relaxed about child rearing. The family unit is already well established. So the youngest is often indulged, even spoilt, not least because the parents have often decided that this child will be their last. This sense of indulgence often persists even when the youngest has grown up. Even adults in their 40s can be regarded by the family as ‘the baby’, an attitude that does nothing for their natural resilience. Yet the sense of indifference from parents and isolation that ‘middles’ feel as children can actually serve them well in later life. The trials they go through, such as having to speak up to ensure they are not ignored, are good preparation for adulthood. As our research found, middle children tend to have high degrees of patience, perhaps because they spend so much of their time in childhood waiting their turn. Not just a pretty woman: Julia Roberts is one of the most highly paid actresses in Hollywood They have to bide their time and wait while the first-born gets to star in the school nativity play, or they wait while the last-born’s paraphernalia is piled into the car. So they learn the art of delayed gratification, one of the true measures of civilised behaviour. Interacting with those older and younger than them, they also learn the art of compromise. Less egocentric than the pioneering eldest or the coddled youngest, middles generally have a high degree of empathy, loyalty and the ability to see other people’s point of view. That is perhaps why, contrary to the received wisdom, they are more successful at relationships. In one of our studies, we found that 80 per cent of middle-borns remain faithful to their partners, compared to 65 per cent of first-borns and just 53 per cent of last-borns — perhaps because the latter are used to getting their own way, which, as we know, doesn’t always happen in a serious relationship. We also discovered that, for all their fidelity to their spouses, middles are often open-minded about sex and non-judgmental about others’ behaviour. But there is a downside to this. Because middles are sandwiched between siblings and so have always had to try to please everyone as the diplomat of the family, they dislike confrontation and may shy away from frank discussions about serious problems in a relationship — a lack of honesty that can store up problems for the future. Agents of change: Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King are typical of middle children who are determined to confront injustice Understandably, middles are less attached to family hierarchies than their siblings, probably because they may not have such warm memories of family life. They often attach more weight to friendships and to the opinions of their peers than those of their elders. They tend to be less close to their parents and, in contrast to their siblings, are more likely to move away from the neighbourhood where they grew up. But that does not mean they do not want families of their own. In our groundbreaking study of 300 siblings, we found that 99 per cent of middles want to have their own children, and revel in the sprawling, noisy exuberance of family life. Tellingly, despite the experience of their childhoods, they do not favour their own middle children but instead lay a great emphasis on fairness between all their offspring. Indeed, this attachment to fairness is one of the most striking features of middle children. That is perhaps why so many of the more ambitious of them become reforming politicians or agents for social change — because they are determined to confront injustice. The hero of the anti-apartheid struggle Nelson Mandela, the American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, the Polish campaigner against Soviet tyranny, Lech Walesa, and the architect of Egypt’s peace with Israel in the Seventies, Anwar Sadat, were all middles. Along with fairness, middles can also be robustly independent, partly as a result of having to strive to find their own niche within the family structure. They are often infused with a freedom of spirit, a desire to break with conformity, which is why they can be so successful in the creative arts — just look at the careers of the great actor Richard Burton or the writer Ernest Hemingway. So there is no need for despondency or resentment among middle children. Their position, with its road to independence, has perhaps put them in the luckiest position of all. - Katrin Schumann is an educational consultant and co-author of The Secret Power Of Middle Children. Most watched News videos - Alexis Ohanian says goodbye to guests after marrying Serena - Off-duty cop wrestles with hysterical driver ranting at motorist - Married teacher makes students have sex with her for better grades - Hero forces man off subway after punching woman in the face - Hilarious moment parrot talk turns on the lights using Alexa - Leeann Tweeden: Al Franken 'mashed his lips against my face' - Man shot dead by police after holding wife to gunpoint - Gaia Pope's family believe there's still hope of finding her alive - Robert Mugabe 'falls asleep' in first appearance since 'coup' - 10-year-old gives the greatest best man speech at dads wedding - Dallas Cowboys owner caught making 'black girl' joke in 2013 - We'll get you back: Gaia Pope's dad makes emotional appeal

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