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It was this form that was etymologized by Eusebius. He interpreted "Maryām" as "mar-yam" (מר-ים) "drop of the sea", based on מר "mar", a rare biblical word for "drop" and ים "yam" "sea". |
St Jerome adopted this interpretation and translated the name into Latin as "stilla maris", "drop of the sea", but at some later stage a copyist transcribed this into "stella maris", "star of the sea", and this transcription error became widespread. |
Another opinion states that Jerome himself interpreted the name as meaning "star of the sea" or Stella Maris, by relating it to a Hebrew word for star, מאור (ma'or), from the verb אור ('or), to be light or shine. |
The etymologization of the name of Mary as "star of the sea" was widespread by the early medieval period. It is referenced in Isidore's "Etymologiae" (7th century). The plainsong hymn "Ave Maris Stella" ("Hail, Star of the Sea") dates from ca the 8th century. |
Paschasius Radbertus in the 9th century has an allegorical explanation of the name, writing that Mary is the "Star of the Sea" to be followed on the way to Christ, "lest we capsize amid the storm-tossed waves of the sea." |
In the medieval period, "stella maris" came to be used as a name of Polaris in its role as lodestar (guiding star, north star); it may have been used as such since Late Antiquity, as it is referred to as ἀειφανής "always visible" by Stobaeus in the 5th century, even though it was still some eight degrees removed from the celestial pole at that time. |
In the twelfth century, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux wrote: ""If the winds of temptation arise;" |
"If you are driven upon the rocks of tribulation look to the star, call on Mary; If you are tossed upon the waves of pride, of ambition, of envy, of rivalry, look to the star, call on Mary. Should anger, or avarice, or fleshly desire violently assail the frail vessel of your soul, look at the star, call upon Mary."" |
Anthony of Padua also wrote of Mary as Star of the Sea. |
Pope Pius XII in his encyclical, Doctor Mellifluus, also quoted Bernard of Clairvaux in saying; "Mary ... is interpreted to mean 'Star of the Sea.' This admirably befits the Virgin Mother.. (for) as the ray does not diminish the brightness of the star, so neither did the Child born of her tarnish the beauty of Mary's virginity." |
"Stella maris" was occasionally also used in reference to Christ. Robert Bellarmine (writing c. 1600) deprecated this use of the title, preferring the allegory of Christ as the morning star as the "brightest star of all", classing the less-bright polar star as "paltry" ("exigua").. |
The idea of Mary as a guiding star for seafarers has led to devotion to Our Lady, Star of the Sea in many Catholic coastal and fishing communities. Numerous churches, schools and colleges are dedicated to "Stella Maris, Our Lady Star of the Sea", or "Mary, Star of the Sea". |
Stella Maris Monastery, the foundation house of the Carmelite order was established on Mount Carmel, Israel, in the early thirteenth century. The abbey was destroyed several times, but a refounded Stella Maris monastery is still considered the headquarters of the order. |
Devotions to this title of Mary are found in the popular Catholic hymn, "Hail Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star" and the ancient prayer "Ave Maris Stella". The widely sung "Sicilian Mariners Hymn", O Sanctissima, also reflects this devotion. |
Our Lady, Star of the Sea is the patroness of the Netherlands. |
The Roman Catholic Church honors Our Lady, Star of the Sea, with a feast day assigned to September 27. |
The Apostleship of the Sea (AOS) is often known locally as Stella Maris, whom seafarers recognise for providing pastoral, practical and spiritual support via their port chaplains and ship visitors in ports around the world. Our Lady Star of the Sea is the patron of the AOS. |
The Apostleship of the Sea has for many years now, been commemorating the Feast of Stella Maris, Our Lady, Star of the Sea, with Mass each year in September for seafarers. It is a day to pray for all seafarers and give thanks for their contribution to global trade. The dates, times and venues of Stella Maris Masses for 2019 in England and Scotland can be found here . At a gathering during the Stella Maris Mass in Westminster Cathedral in 2016, Archbishop of Westminster Cardinal Vincent Nichols said, "Caring for seafarers is profoundly Christian thing to do". |
= = = Stone sealer = = = |
Stone sealing is the application of a surface treatment to products constructed of natural stone to retard staining and corrosion. All bulk natural stone is riddled with interconnected capillary channels that permit penetration by liquids and gases. This is true for igneous rock types such as granite and basalt, metamorphic rocks such as marble and slate, and sedimentary rocks such as limestone, travertine, and sandstone. These porous channels act like a sponge, and capillary action draws in liquids over time, along with any dissolved salts and other solutes. Very porous stone, such as sandstone absorb liquids relatively quickly, while denser igneous stones such as granite are significantly less porous; they absorb smaller volumes, and more slowly, especially when absorbing viscous liquids. |
Natural stone is used in kitchens, floors, walls, bathrooms, dining rooms, around swimming pools, building foyers, public areas and facades. Since ancient times, stone has been popular for building and decorative purposes. It has been valued for its strength, durability, and insulation properties. It can be cut, cleft, or sculpted to shape as required, and the variety of natural stone types, textures, and colors provide an exceptionally versatile range of building materials. The porosity and makeup of most stone does, however, leave it prone to certain types of damage if unsealed. |
Staining is the most common form of damage. It is the result of oils or other liquids penetrate deeply into the capillary channels and deposit material that is effectively impossible to remove without destroying the stone. |
Salt Attack occurs when salts dissolved in water are carried into the stone. The two commonest effects are efflorescence and spalling. Salts that expand on crystallization in capillary gaps can cause surface spalling. For example, various magnesium and calcium salts in sea water expand considerably on drying by taking on water of crystallization. However, even sodium chloride, which does not include water of crystallization, can exert considerable expansive forces as its crystals grow. |
Efflorescence is the formation of a gritty deposit, commonly white, on the surface. Efflorescence is usually the result of mineral solutions in the capillary channels being drawn to the surface. If the water evaporates, the minerals remain as the so-called efflorescence. It also can be the result of chemical reaction; if badly prepared cement-based mortar is applied to maintain the stone in position, free calcium hydroxide may leach out. In the open air the lime reacts with carbon dioxide to form water-insoluble calcium carbonate that might take the form of powdery efflorescence or dripstone-like crusting. |
Acid Attack. Acid-soluble stone materials such as the calcite in marble, limestone and travertine, as well as the internal cement that binds the resistant grains in sandstone, react with acidic solutions on contact, or on absorbing acid-forming gases in polluted air, such as oxides of sulfur or nitrogen. Acid erodes the stone, leaving dull marks on polished surfaces. In time it may cause deep pitting, eventually totally obliterating the forms of statues, memorials and other sculptures. Even mild household acids, including cola, wine, vinegar, lemon juice and milk, can damage vulnerable types of stone. The milder the acid, the longer it takes to etch calcite-based stone; stronger acids can cause irreparable damage in seconds. |
Picture Framing occurs when water or grout moves into the edges of the stone to create an unsightly darkening or "frame" affect. Such harm is usually irreversible. |
Freeze-thaw Spalling results when water freezes in the surface pores. The general term is Frost weathering. The water expands on freezing, causing the stone to spall, crumble, or even to crack through. |
The longevity and usefulness of stone can be extended by sealing its surface effectively, so as to exclude harmful liquids and gases. The ancient Romans often used olive oil to seal their stone. Such treatment provides some protection by excluding water and other weathering agents, but it stains the stone permanently. |
During the renaissance Europeans experimented with the use of topical varnishes and sealants made from ingredients such as egg white, natural resins and silica, which were clear, could be applied wet and harden to form a protective skin. Most such measures did not last long, and some proved harmful in the long run. |
Modern stone sealers are divided into 3 broad types: |
= = = East Ham North (UK Parliament constituency) = = = |
East Ham North was a parliamentary constituency centred on the East Ham district of London, which was in Essex until 1965. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system. |
The constituency was created by the Representation of the People Act 1918 for the 1918 general election. It was abolished for the February 1974 general election. |
1918–1950: The County Borough of East Ham wards of Manor Park, Plashet East, and Plashet West. |
1950–1974: The County Borough of East Ham wards of Kensington, Little Ilford, Manor Park, Plashet, and Woodgrange. |
= = = Clifford Joy Rogers = = = |
Clifford Joy "Doc" Rogers (December 20, 1897 – May 18, 1962) was an American politician who served as the 22nd Governor of Wyoming from January 3, 1953 until January 3, 1955. He was a Republican |
Rogers also served as State Treasurer of Wyoming twice (1946-1950, 1958-1962). As secretary of state, he succeeded to the Wyoming governorship when Governor Frank A. Barrett resigned in 1953 to join the United States Senate. Seeking a full term, Rogers lost in the 1954 Republican primary to Milward Simpson. Rogers was born in Clarion, Iowa. |
= = = RPM Challenge = = = |
The RPM Challenge is a creative challenge offered yearly to musicians, similar to other time-based challenges such as NaNoWriMo (the National Novel Writing Month held each November). |
RPM invites musicians to create a whole album of music, 10 songs or 35 minutes, in the month of February. It is not a contest, so there is no winner. The challenge functions solely to give musicians a needed push towards finishing original material and help them achieve a sense of satisfaction. The challenge is open to all participants regardless of style, solo artists or groups, country of origin, language or theme. The albums are then made available for streaming and sharing via an online jukebox, and a listening party is held. |
The rules for the RPM challenge are simple. As it is not a contest, there is no monitoring or enforcement of the rules, aside from the March 1 deadline. |
While the rules are simple, a number of informal guidelines seem to also have been instituted either by being implied in the official rules, or through consensus of the participants. |
The challenge was begun in 2006 by staff at the Portsmouth NH alternative newspaper The Wire. The event was promoted in the paper, and CDs for that and subsequent years were dropped off or mailed to the Wire offices. Approximately 220 bands and solo performers from throughout the New Hampshire seacoast and surrounding area signed up, and produced a total of 165 CDs. In early March of that year a wrap-up and listening party was held, beginning at the Portsmouth Music Hall, and moving out to several other venues, including The Press Room, the Red Door, and the now defunct Muddy River Smokehouse. |
In 2007, several well-known websites and media outlets picked up the story, and participation increased to over 2400 acts from such varied locations as Tokyo, Auckland, Montreal, Antarctica and Oslo. Participants represented every continent, and turned in over 850 completed albums for the March 1 deadline. Listening parties were held in Portsmouth NH, Georgia, and the UK. |
In subsequent years, the challenge has followed a similar pattern and comparable participation. Kickoff events and listening parties are scheduled worldwide. 2011's Portsmouth listening party was held on March 26. |
An informal gathering often takes place on the morning of March 1, as local participants hand deliver CDs and meet up at the Friendly Toast restaurant, just downstairs from the Wire offices. |
= = = Neil Gordon Munro = = = |
Neil Gordon Munro (1863–1942) was a Scottish physician and anthropologist. Resident in Japan for almost fifty years, he was notable as an early archaeologist and one of the first Westerners to study the Ainu people of Hokkaido. |
Educated in the University of Edinburgh Medical School M.B., C.M. 1888 and M.D. 1909, he traveled in India before settling in Yokohama as director of Yokohama Juzen Hospital which was one of the largest western-style hospitals in Asia in 1893. From 1930 until his death he lived among the Ainu in Nibutani village in Hokkaido. Film footage he took of the local people survives. |
Between 1908 and 1914 he sent more than 2,000 objects (including archaeological ceramics, metalwork, shells, bones and stone tools; musical instruments, Buddhist objects and Ainu material) to the Royal Scottish Museum (today's National Museum of Scotland) in Edinburgh. He authored several volumes, among them "Coins of Japan" (1904), "Prehistoric Japan" (1908), and "Ainu Creed and Cult" (with H Watanabe & B Z Seligman, 1962). |
= = = Hortus deliciarum = = = |
Hortus deliciarum (Latin for "Garden of Delights") is a medieval manuscript compiled by Herrad of Landsberg at the Hohenburg Abbey in Alsace, better known today as Mont Sainte-Odile. It was an illuminated encyclopedia, begun in 1167 as a pedagogical tool for young novices at the convent. It is the first encyclopedia that was evidently written by a woman. It was finished in 1185, and was one of the most celebrated illuminated manuscripts of the period. The majority of the work is in Latin, with glosses in German. |
Most of the manuscript was not original, but a compendium of 12th century knowledge. The manuscript contained poems, illustrations, and music, and drew from texts by classical and Arab writers. Interspersed with writings from other sources were poems by Herrad, addressed to the nuns, almost all of which were set to music. The most famous portion of the manuscript are its 336 illustrations, which symbolised various themes, including theological, philosophical, and literary. These works are well regarded. |
In 1870, the manuscript was burnt and destroyed when the library housing it in Strasbourg was bombed during a siege on the city. It is possible to reconstruct parts of the manuscript because portions of it had been copied in various sources; Christian Maurice Engelhardt copied the miniatures in 1818, and the text was copied and published by Straub and Keller between 1879 and 1899. |
"Hortus deliciarum" is one of the first sources of polyphony originating from a convent. The manuscript contained at least 20 song texts, all of which were originally notated with music. Those that can be recognized now are from the conductus repertory, and are mainly note against note in texture. The notation was in semi-quadratic neumes with pairs of four-line staves. Two songs survive with music intact: "Primus parens hominum", a monophonic song, and a two-part work, "Sol oritur occasus". |
= = = Coral Square = = = |
Coral Square is an enclosed shopping mall in Coral Springs, Florida. It opened in 1984, and is currently managed by Simon Property Group, who owns 97.2% of it. The mall also has 117 shops and eateries, and was built by the Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation like the Miami International Mall and the Boynton Beach Mall for which they are similar in layout. |
Anchor stores include JCPenney, two Macy's stores that were formerly Burdines and Jordan Marsh, Sears and Kohl's, which opened in 2011 in a building that was previously occupied by Lord & Taylor, Mervyns, and Dillard's. |
The mall underwent a major renovation in 1995, and again in late 2008. |
On November 26, 2016 a shop owner shot and wounded an employee, then turned the gun on himself and killed himself. Coral Springs Fire Department took the wounded to a nearby hospital, where they were expected to be ok. The mall was closed for the morning then reopened later in the afternoon with heavily armed Coral Springs Police Officers. |
= = = Hollywood, County Wicklow = = = |
Hollywood, (), is a village in west County Wicklow, Ireland. It is situated on the Wicklow Gap road, near its junction with the N81 national secondary road. It is located approximately 30 minutes from Co. Dublin, by car. It is known for its pre-1950's themed fair which takes place in August of every year. A population of less the 100 people registered in the 2002 Census, though the community draws from a larger area which consists of about 500 people. |
"Cillín Chaoimhín" is the associated Irish name for Hollywood; its literal translation being Kevin's Small Church. Another, older Irish name is "Cnoic Rua", literally meaning "Red Hill". This may be a reference to the red berries of holly trees on the hills above the village or it may in fact be a reference to the presence of Wicklow heather. Another possibility is that the original name for Hollywood may have been Holy Wood, as a reference to Saint Kevin's passage through. |
The village has an association with 6th Century Saint Kevin and many pilgrims passed through, following in Saint Kevin's footsteps, on their way to the monastic settlement at Glendalough, until the practice ceased in the early 1900s. Local landmarks include Saint Kevin's Chair, and Saint Kevin's Cave. Saint Kevin's Way is a 30 km pilgrim path from Hollywood to Glendalough, and is connected to the Wicklow Mountains National Park. |
The Church of Ireland in the village church has a vaulted roof from the 17th century. About 3 km northeast of the village is Poulaphouca, where the Liffey cascades in three stages. The Poulaphouca Reservoir (also known as "Blessington Lakes"), which cover about or 20 km², were formed 50 years ago by the building of the Poulaphouca Dam and hydroelectric power station, and today serve the purpose of providing the power and water that supply County Dublin. |
The Bronze Age Piper's Stones, are 3.5 km to the southwest of Hollywood on the N81. The site is signposted. |
Hollywood, like its namesake in California, has a connection to the entertainment industry. It has provided a setting for several films, including King Arthur, Dancing At Lughnasa, and Michael Collins. An imitation of the iconic Hollywood Sign overlooks the village from a nearby hill. |
Gaelic games are represented through the local club, Hollywood GAA, which plays in the Wicklow Senior Football Championship. |
= = = Cryogenic treatment = = = |
A cryogenic treatment is the process of treating workpieces to cryogenic temperatures (i.e. below ) in order to remove residual stresses and improve wear resistance on steels and even composites. In addition to seeking enhanced stress relief and stabilization, or wear resistance, cryogenic treatment is also sought for its ability to improve corrosion resistance by precipitating micro-fine eta carbides, which can be measured before and after in a part using a quantimet. |
The process has a wide range of applications from industrial tooling to the improvement of musical signal transmission. Some of the benefits of cryogenic treatment include longer part life, less failure due to cracking, improved thermal properties, better electrical properties including less electrical resistance, reduced coefficient of friction, less creep and walk, improved flatness, and easier machining. |
Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process where the material is slowly cooled to very low temperatures. By using liquid nitrogen, the temperature can go as low as −196 °C. It can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of certain materials, such as steels or tungsten carbide. In tungsten carbide (WC-Co), the crystal structure of cobalt is transformed from softer FCC to harder HCP phase whereas the hard tungsten carbide particle is unaffected by the treatment. |
Cryogenic machining is a machining process where the traditional flood lubro-cooling liquid (an emulsion of oil into water) is replaced by a jet of either liquid nitrogen (LN2) or pre-compressed carbon dioxide (CO2). Cryogenic machining is useful in rough machining operations, in order to increase the tool life. It can also be useful to preserve the integrity and quality of the machined surfaces in finish machining operations. Cryogenic machining tests have been performed by researchers since several decades, but the actual commercial applications are still limited to very few companies. Both cryogenic machining by turning and milling are possible. |
Cryogenic rolling or "", is one of the potential techniques to produce nanostructured bulk materials from its bulk counterpart at cryogenic temperatures. It can be defined as rolling that is carried out at cryogenic temperatures. Nanostructured materials are produced chiefly by severe plastic deformation processes. The majority of these methods require large plastic deformations (strains much larger than unity). In case of cryorolling, the deformation in the strain hardened metals is preserved as a result of the suppression of the dynamic recovery. Hence large strains can be maintained and after subsequent annealing, ultra-fine-grained structure can be produced. |
Comparison of cryorolling and rolling at room temperature: |
= = = List of mosques in the United States = = = |
This is a list of notable mosques in the United States. |
A mosque, also called masjid in Arabic, is defined as any place that Muslims pray facing Mecca, not necessarily a building. By that meaning, there were mosques in the United States by 1731 or earlier. Job ben Solomon (1701–1773), an African-American Muslim kidnapped into slavery, was documented by his slave narrative memoir to have prayed in the forest of Kent Island, Maryland, where he was brought during 1731–33. |
Some sources assert that what is likely the first American mosque building was a mosque in Biddeford, Maine that was founded in 1915 by Albanian Muslims. A Muslim cemetery still existed there in 1996. |