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= = = Kavar Lavan = = = |
Kavar Lavan (, also Romanized as Kāvar Lavān; also known as Kāvareh Lavān, Kāverlāvānd, and Kāwralawān) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 341, in 71 families. |
= = = Diwali (Jainism) = = = |
Diwali has a very special significance in Jainism. It marks the anniversary of "Nirvana" (final release) or liberation of Mahavira's soul, the twenty fourth and last Jain Tirthankara of present cosmic age. It is celebrated at the same time as the Hindu festival of Diwali. Diwali marks the end of the year for the Jains and it likewise remembers the passing commemoration of their 24th Tirthankara Mahavira and his achievement of moksha. |
Mahavira attained Moksha (liberation) on this day at Pawapuri on 15 October 527 BCE, on Chaturdashi of Kartika, as confirmed by "Tilyapannatti" of Yativrsabha. |
Mahavira, the 24th "Tirthankara" of this era, revitalised Jain dharma. According to tradition, the chief disciple of Mahavira, "Ganadhara" Gautam Swami also attained omniscience i.e. absolute or complete knowledge ("Kevala Jñāna") on this day, thus making Diwali one of the most important Jain festivals. |
Mahavira attained his nirvana at the dawn of the amavasya (new moon). According to the "Śvētāmbara" text "Kalpasutra", many gods were present there, illuminating the darkness. The following night was pitch black without the light of the gods or the moon. To symbolically keep the light of their master's knowledge alive: |
16 Gana-kings, 9 Malla and 9 Lichchhavi, of Kasi and Kosal, illuminated their doors. They said: "Since the light of knowledge is gone, we will make light of ordinary matter" ("गये से भवुज्जोये, दव्वुज्जोयं करिस्समो"). |
"Dipavali" was mentioned in Jain books as the date of the "nirvana" of Mahavira. In fact, the oldest reference to Diwali is a related word, dipalikaya, which occurs in Harivamsa Purana, written by Acharya Jinasena and composed in the Shaka Samvat era in the year 705. |
ततस्तुः लोकः प्रतिवर्षमादरत् प्रसिद्धदीपलिकयात्र भारते |<br> |
समुद्यतः पूजयितुं जिनेश्वरं जिनेन्द्र-निर्वाण विभूति-भक्तिभाक् |२० |<br> |
"tatastuḥ lokaḥ prativarśam ādarat" |
"prasiddha-dīpalikaya-ātra bhārate" |
"samudyataḥ pūjayituṃ jineśvaraṃ" |
"jinendra-nirvāṇa vibhūti-bhaktibhāk" |
Translation: The gods illuminated Pavanagari by lamps to mark the occasion. Since that time, the people of Bharat celebrate the famous festival of "Dipalika" to worship the Jinendra (i.e. Lord Mahavira) on the occasion of his nirvana. |
Dipalikaya roughly translates as "light leaving the body". Dipalika, which can be roughly translated as "splendiferous light of lamps", is used interchangeably with the word "Diwali". |
The Jain year starts with Pratipada following Diwali. Jain calendar is known as Vira Nirvana Samvat and their year 2501 started with Diwali of year 1974. The Jain business people traditionally start their accounting year from Diwali. The relationship between the Vir and Shaka era is given in Titthogali Painnaya and Dhavalaa by Acharya Virasena:<br> |
पंच य मासा पंच य वास छच्चेव होन्ति वाससया|<br> |
परिणिव्वुअस्स अरिहितो तो उप्पन्नो सगो राया|| |
Thus the Nirvana occurred 605 years and 5 months before the Saka era. |
On Diwali morning, Nirvan Ladoo is offered after praying to Lord Mahavira in all Jain temples across the world. The most important principle of Jains is Ahinsa or non violence, thus they tend to avoid firecrackers during Diwali as they cause harm to living organisms. Diwali is celebrated in atmosphere of austerity, simplicity, serenity, equity, calmness, charity, philanthropy and environment-consciousness. Jain temples, homes, offices, shops are decorated with lights and diyas. Relatives distribute sweets to each other. The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Swetambar jains observe two days of fasting in remembrance of the penance and sacrifice of Mahavira. In temples and homes, devotees sing and chant hymns and mantras from Jain religious texts in praise of the Tirthankar and congregate for a prayer and recite verses from the Uttaradhyayan Sutra which contain the last teachings of Mahavira. Jains pay visit to Pawapuri,Nalanda in Bihar on this special day to offer their prayers. The Jain year starts with Pratipada, next day of Diwali. |
= = = Perla Simons = = = |
Perla Simons Morales (born 15 March 1963 in San Pedro Sula) is a Honduran politician. She currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras, representing the Liberal Party of Honduras for Francisco Morazán. |
She is the only African-Honduran deputy in the Congress. Was first elected in 2006. |
= = = Carol Kelso = = = |
Carol Kelso (born May 26, 1945) is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. |
Kelso was born on May 26, 1945 in Fort Smith, Arkansas. She graduated from Iowa City High School in Iowa City, Iowa and Iowa State University and would later move to Green Bay, Wisconsin. Kelso is married with two children. |
Kelso was first elected to the Assembly in 1994. She later served as Executive of Brown County, Wisconsin. Kelso is a Republican. |
= = = Korani-ye Hashem Soltan = = = |
Korani-ye Hashem Soltan (, also Romanized as Korānī-ye Hāshem Solţān) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 15 families. |
= = = Korani-ye Olya = = = |
Korani-ye Olya (, also Romanized as Korānī-ye ‘Olyā, Korānī-e ‘Olyā, and Korrānī-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Korānī-ye Bālā, Korrānī, and Kūrānī) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 184, in 40 families. |
= = = Korani-ye Sofla = = = |
Korani-ye Sofla (, also Romanized as Korānī-ye Soflá, Korānī-e Soflá, and Korrānī-ye Soflá; also known as Korānī-ye Pā'īn and Korrāni) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 535, in 129 families. |
= = = Ali Akbar, Kermanshah = = = |
Ali Akbar (, also Romanized as ‘Alī Akbar; also known as Alīavar) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 269, in 61 families. |
= = = Robert E. Drake = = = |
Robert Edwin Drake (October 11, 1923 – January 12, 2006) was an American intelligence official who was Deputy Director of the National Security Agency from 1978 to 1980 during which time he was the highest ranking civilian in the agency. |
He joined the Armed Services Security Agency in 1949 and eventually the newly created National Security Agency in 1952. With the NSA he served in overseas offices in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Hawaii. He also served in the position of Chief of the Soviet and East European Analytic Group and Deputy Director for Operations. Retiring from the NSA in 1978, he returned to independent consulting work. For his intelligence work he received the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal, National Security Agency Meritorious and Exceptional Civilian Service awards, the Defense Department Distinguished Civilian Service Award and the Central Intelligence Agency Distinguished Service Medal. |
He was an alumnus of Carleton College, Minnesota, George Washington University and the National War College. |
He died of heart failure in 2006, aged 82. |
= = = Typhoon (1940 film) = = = |
Typhoon is a 1940 American Technicolor south seas adventure film directed by Louis King and starring Dorothy Lamour and Robert Preston. It was nominated for an Oscar for Best Visual Effects (Farciot Edouart, Gordon Jennings, Loren L. Ryder). |
A young girl abandoned on a South Seas island falls in love with a worthless seafarer. |
= = = Mirza Kuseh = = = |
Mirza Kuseh (, also Romanized as Mīrzā Kūseh) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 9 families. |
= = = Manuchehrabad, Kermanshah = = = |
Manuchehrabad (, also Romanized as Manūchehrābād) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 618, in 137 families. |
= = = Moradabad, Kermanshah = = = |
Moradabad (, also Romanized as Morādābād) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 224, in 49 families. |
= = = Mario Edgardo Segura = = = |
Mario Edgardo Segura Aroca (born 7 October 1966) is a Honduran engineer and politician. He currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the Liberal Party of Honduras for El Paraíso. |
= = = Luciano Albertini = = = |
Luciano Albertini (30 November 1882 – 6 January 1945) was an Italian actor, film producer and film director. After initially appearing in Italian films, he moved to Germany following the First World War. In 1921 he founded a production company Albertini-Film in partnership with Ernst Hugo Correll. During the Weimar era he appeared in a number of silent thriller and adventure films. |
= = = Murian = = = |
Murian (, also Romanized as Mūrīān, Mūrīyān, and Mūreyān; also known as Mūrīān-e Şaleḩābād, Hūrīān, and Şāleḩābād) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 297, in 55 families. |
= = = Fordcroft Anglo-Saxon cemetery = = = |
Fordcroft Anglo-Saxon cemetery was a place of burial. It is located in the town of Orpington in South East London, South-East England. Belonging to the Middle Anglo-Saxon period, it was part of the much wider tradition of burial in Early Anglo-Saxon England. Fordcroft was a mixed inhumation and cremation ceremony. |
Archaeologists affiliated with the local Orpington Museum began excavating in 1965, expecting to find evidence of Romano-British occupation, but after discovering the cemetery decided to focus on it. Excavation continued for four seasons, ending in 1968. |
The site was located in Orpington, close to the border with St. Mary Cray. It sits between Bellefield Road and Poverest Road, near to the junction with the A224 road. The source of the River Cray lies half a mile south of the cemetery, while the river itself passes by 200 metres away from the site. The plot of land on which it was discovered was 1/8 of an acre in size. The soil is largely brick-earth, resting on the Flood Plain gravel which covers the valley floor. |
The nearest settlement that is known to be long-established is the farmstead of Poverest, the name of which can be traced to the early-14th century. |
The area remained agricultural land lying between the two villages until the mid-19th century, when increasing development led to the area becoming suburban. Several Victorian cottages had been built atop the cemetery, but were demolished during the following century, when the site became "overgrown with weeds and littered with rubbish" prior to excavation. |
With the advent of the Anglo-Saxon period in the fifth century CE, the area that became Kent underwent a radical transformation on a political, social, and physical level. In the preceding era of Roman Britain, the area had been administered as the "civitas" of "Cantiaci", a part of the Roman Empire, but following the collapse of Roman rule in 410 CE, many signs of Romano-British society began to disappear, replaced by those of the ascendant Anglo-Saxon culture. Later Anglo-Saxon accounts attribute this change to the widescale invasion of Germanic language tribes from northern Europe, namely the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Archaeological and toponymic evidence shows that there was a great deal of syncretism, with Anglo-Saxon culture interacting and mixing with the Romano-British culture. |
The Old English term "Kent" first appears in the Anglo-Saxon period, and was based on the earlier Celtic-language name "Cantii". Initially applied only to the area east of the River Medway, by the end of the sixth century it also referred to areas to the west of it. The Kingdom of Kent was the first recorded Anglo-Saxon kingdom to appear in the historical record, and by the end of the sixth century, it had become a significant political power, exercising hegemony over large parts of southern and eastern Britain. At the time, Kent had strong trade links with Francia, while the Kentish royal family married members of Francia's Merovingian dynasty, who were already Christian. Kentish King Æthelberht was the overlord of various neighbouring kingdoms when he converted to Christianity in the early seventh century as a result of Augustine of Canterbury and the Gregorian mission, who had been sent by Pope Gregory to replace England's pagan beliefs with Christianity. It was in this context that the Polhill cemetery was in use. |
Kent has a wealth of Early Medieval funerary archaeology. The earliest excavation of Anglo-Saxon Kentish graves was in the 17th century, when antiquarians took an increasing interest in the material remains of the period. In the ensuing centuries, antiquarian interest gave way to more methodical archaeological investigation, and prominent archaeologists like Bryan Faussett, James Douglas, Cecil Brent, George Payne, and Charles Roach Smith "dominated" archaeological research in Kent. |
The Fordcroft cemetery contained a mixture of cremation and inhumation burials. The two forms of burial were interspersed within the cemetery, leading excavators to believe that they were contemporary with each other. Archaeologists have discovered a total of 19 cremations and 52 inhumations from the site. Due to the grave goods found at the site, Tester suggested that the site was probably active as a place of burial between "circa" 450 and 550 CE. He noted that culturally, the artefacts and forms of burial were similar to those found around the Thames Valley. |