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= = = Reverse greenshoe = = = |
A reverse greenshoe is a special provision in an IPO prospectus, which allows underwriters to sell shares back to the issuer. If a 'regular' greenshoe is, in fact, a call option written by the issuer for the underwriters, a reverse greenshoe is a put option. |
Reverse greenshoe has exactly the same effect on the share price as a traditional option but is structured differently. It is used to support the share price in the event that the share price falls in the post-IPO aftermarket. In this case, the underwriter buys shares in the open market and then sells them back to the issuer, stabilizing the share price. |
In certain circumstances, a reverse greenshoe can be a more practical form of price stabilisation than the traditional method. |
= = = 1961 Oakland Raiders season = = = |
The 1961 Oakland Raiders season was the team's second in the American Football League. |
The Raiders tried to improve on their 6–8 record from 1960. The team failed to do so and finished last in the AFL West with a 2–12 record. |
The team was based out of Oakland, but they played their home games at San Francisco's Candlestick Park. |
The Raiders set an AFL record in 1961, posting a point differential of negative-221. The Raiders surrendered 36 rushing touchdowns, a pro football record. |
= = = Berlanga = = = |
Berlanga may refer to: |
= = = Voith Turbo-Transmissions = = = |
Turbo-Transmissions are hydrodynamic, multi-stage drive assemblies designed for rail vehicles using internal combustion engines. The first turbo-transmission was developed in 1932 by Voith in Heidenheim, Germany. Since then, improvements to turbo-transmissions have paralleled similar advances in diesel motors and today this combination plays a leading role worldwide, second only to the use of electrical drives. |
Turbo-transmissions serve as a hydrodynamic link which converts a motor's mechanical energy into the kinetic energy of a fluid, via a torque-converter and fluid coupling, before producing the final rotary output. Here, the fluid is driven through rotor blade canals at high flow-rates and low pressure. This is where turbo-transmissions differ from similar hydrostatic transmissions, which operate using low flow-rates and high pressure according to the displacement principle. |
Turbo-transmissions are hydrodynamic, multi-stage drive assemblies whose performance is based on the Föttinger principle of fluid dynamics. Torque-converters, fluid couplings and optional hydrodynamic retarders are the key components in these assemblies, which are ideally suited for powered rail vehicles. |
The first turbo-transmission from 1932 used a relatively simple design. It consisted of a single torque-converter for the start-up phase and a fluid coupling for the travel phase which were both mounted on a common shaft. A key feature of this turbo-transmission was the filling and emptying of the hydrodynamic circuit, a principle which was first used in Föttinger marine transmissions. This offered the advantages of frictionless start-ups, frictionless gear shifting with constant traction, freewheeling through emptying of the hydrodynamic circuit, and more efficient operation of the fluid coupling. |
Contrary to Föttinger however, Voith used low viscosity oil in the hydrodynamic circuit of its turbo-transmissions rather than water. In addition, various other improvements were made in the 1930s: The addition of a high-speed gear, a more compact housing, greater compatibility with different motor types, automation gear shifts, as well as cooling via a heat exchanger. |
In the 1960s the hydrodynamic retarder was also introduced as a third stage which complemented the torque-converter and fluid coupling. Together, all these engineering improvements had a common goal: To continually increase the transmission's performance rating without compromising its installation complexity or proven reliability. |
In 1969, the smaller T 211 turbo-transmission was developed as an alternative to hydro-mechanical bus transmissions, being designed for diesel railcars in the low power range of . Similar to the first turbo-transmission, the T 211 used a linked converter-coupling combination but it also had a high-speed gear for greater efficiency. Additionally, a reversing gear assembly was added and an optional hydrodynamic retarder could be installed if required. The converter had a hydrodynamic circuit diameter of , while the fluid coupling had a slightly smaller diameter of . And due to its high-speed gear, the main shaft could run significantly higher at 4,170 rpm. As a result, the T 211 r had reserve power, which was reflected by its reinforced mechanical components (gears, bearings and shafts) as well as the transmission controls. At the same time however, the diameters of the converter, coupling and retarder remained unchanged. The overall flow rate within the hydrodynamic circuits was increased to accommodate the higher power rating of . At , the main shaft ran at just under 5,000 rpm which resulted in rotational speeds for the (empty) converter of 74 m/s when the vehicle reached its maximum speed. To ensure adequate cooling of the converter during high-speed operations, a stronger hydrodynamic fluid pump was installed, which supplied 3.5 l/s of oil through the heat exchanger during the travel phase and 9.0 l/s when in the braking phase, with the retarder rotor also serving as an additional circulating pump. When viewed from the outside this T 211 r transmission differed from its predecessor, the T 211 re.3 with , only slightly through the addition of a built-in electronic control unit and an enlarged air filter. |
In 1995, an entirely new transmission design was developed, the VT 611/612, for high-speed trains with tilting technology used by the Deutsche Bahn (German Railways). This new transmission concept used a converter-coupling-coupling design with an integrated hydrodynamic T 312 bre retarder and it had a power rating of 650 kW. To shorten the transmission's overall length, a twin shaft construction was used over the high gears, which was similar to the design used in reversing units. The electronic control unit was also built into the transmission. In addition, the transmission's reversing cylinders were operated hydraulically, which eliminated the need of having a compressed air supply on board. Five years later, the T 212 bre transmission was developed with a power rating of 460 kW. This transmission was similar in design, but unlike other large transmissions the T 212 bre could be mounted directly on the drive motor. This was a significant advantage, because it resulted in a very compact motor-transmission combination for high-speed trains which could travel at up to 200 km/h. The T 212 bre had the same hydrodynamic circuit dimensions as the T 211 r, but it had the further advantage of greater coupling efficiency for trains operating at only 50% of their maximum speed. For high-speed diesel trains this was important, because it permitted dramatically improved fuel consumption. |
In 1999, a new twin converter transmission, the L 620 reU2, was developed for high-performance, main-line locomotives. The new L 620 reU2 was equipped with both a start-up converter, having a diameter of 525 mm, as well as a travel-phase converter, having a diameter of 434 mm. The design of the new L 620 re U2 was based on its successful predecessor, the L 520 rzU2 which had a power rating of 1,400 kW. This new transmission however was rated significantly higher at 2,700 kW and therefore virtually all of its components had to be enlarged as well as reinforced. In the standard version of the transmission, two gears were mounted on the secondary shaft rather than using the idler wheel found in the older L 520 rzU2. As a result, the drive shaft's output speed could be adjusted to suit the locomotive's power requirements. The drive shaft's main bearing was also enlarged to 550 mm. In general, this new high-performance transmission clearly illustrated the enormous capability of hydrodynamic couplings. With a weight-to-power ratio of only 2.06 kg/kW, the new L 620 reU2 set a record for locomotive transmissions. By comparison, the similar L 520 rzU2 transmission had a far higher weight-to-power ratio of 2.4 kg/kW. In addition, a newly designed hydrodynamic retarder, the KB 385, was available as an optional component. At Vossloh, the locomotive manufacturer based in Kiel, these transmissions were installed in both its G1700 and G2000 main-line locomotives. Finally, the latest development is the LS 640 reU2 transmission which will be used for the first time in the Voith Maxima locomotive having 3,600 kW. The LS 640 reU2 is a so-called split turbo-transmission which uses two drive shafts from the L 620 reU2 to power both bogies of a six axle diesel locomotive. |
The operating conditions of rail vehicles are the key factors in determining the power requirements of both its motors and transmissions. These operating conditions cover: hauling loads for diesel locomotive, passenger capacities for diesel railcars, the topography of the rail line, and the climatic conditions when the vehicle is operated outside of Europe. The expected operating conditions are part of a vehicle's technical requirements and determine the follow points: |
Maximum speed, vehicle weight, acceleration rate and the railway slope all influence a motor's performance specifications. Added to that, the requirements of the auxiliary systems also need to be considered, such air-conditioning units, motor cooling systems, brake compressors and in some cases the need for a separate power supply to run the air-conditioning and heating systems of each passenger car. Here, a range of diesel motors can be selected, from large frame V-motors for locomotives to flat 6-cylinder sub-floor motors for motorized railcars or even the compact 12-cylinder motors often used by utility vehicles. For most modern motorized railcars, the preferred solution is a sub-floor mounted motor and transmission combination. |
In turbo-transmissions, the torque-converter is clearly the centerpiece of the entire construction and over the past decades its continuous improvements have been primarily responsible for satisfying the steadily increasing demands of diesel powered vehicles. Here, the goal of each improvement has been greater efficiency and better start-up performance, without compromising the start-up converter's dimensions as well as consistent loading of the travel-phase converter when in transit. Of the many different torque-converter designs, the single-stage converter using a centrifugal-flow turbine has proven to be the best. It has a relatively simple construction and due to the radial stability of its turbine the converter is well suited for high rpm operations. |
In the 1970s, thanks to new torque-converter developments with improved traction characteristics, (approaching the start-up traction) a two-converter transmission was designed to replace the previously used three-converter transmission. And even today, torque-converters are still being improved, although they have reached an advanced stage. Modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can now provide engineers with detailed information on the flow-patterns inside a rotating turbine wheel. Here, the oil-filled circuit in which the turbine turns is portrayed as computerized grid showing the flow characteristics at each grid intersection. For each of these points, the flow volume, speed, and pressure can be calculated. Later during the analysis phase, a three dimensional model of the circuit's flow pattern can be viewed and flow disruptions which reduce the converter's efficiency can be identified, such as: eddies, surface turbulence and mis-directed fluid-flows along the turbine wheel. In addition, aside from visualizing these flow disruptions engineers can also use CFD to calculate the resultant loss in converter efficiency. |
In the end, the relationship between changes in a converter circuit's flow-patterns and the efficiency of a torque-converter can then be used to identify potential improvement areas. To a large extent, the predicted values match well with the actual operational measurements, although some differences do occur due to the use of time-saving simplified simulations. Still, CFD allows the optimization of existing converters as well as the development of new virtual-converter types via computer. Afterwards the building of a prototype and the verification of the actual performance results concludes the development phase. |
= = = Seven Wonders of Portugal = = = |
The Seven Wonders of Portugal () is a list of cultural wonders located in Portugal. The creation of the list was supported by the Ministry of Culture and organized by the companies Y&R Brands S.A. and Realizar S.A. |
Initially 793 national monuments of Portugal were listed by Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico (IPPAR) as candidates, however in the first round of selections a board of experts reduced the number to 77. The contenders were further reduced to 21 finalist in four different categories by Conselho de Notáveis at the University of Évora. |
The six-month-long public elections started on 7 December 2006 to select the top seven wonders. Votes could be cast via internet, telephone and SMS. Results of the vote were announced on 7 July 2007 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, as were the results of the global New Seven Wonders of the World contest. |
Bibliography |
= = = Heart in Hand = = = |
The Heart in Hand or Heart-in-Hand is a symbol of a heart in an open palm, and is symbolic of charity, given from the heart. It is an easily recognizable symbol in the Northeastern United States and used by the Shakers as a pictoral reminder of the words of Mother Ann Lee, the founder of the Shaker sect, who promoted a simple life of hard work and spirituality, "Put your hands to work, and your hearts to God." The image is typical of the Shaker attitude, and also implies a loving welcome. |
A heart in hand has also been a symbol of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, a fraternal organization derived from English Oddfellows orders of the mid-18th century. These commonly display three linked rings representing friendship, love, and truth. |
The symbol originated as the seal of the Protestant Reformer John Calvin, and thus appears in the official seal of Calvin College with Calvin's motto,"My heart I offer to you LORD, promptly and sincerely." |
The symbol is also frequently associated with Amish communities. |
The symbol was also used as a chop mark in the woodblock prints of Gustave Baumann (Germ./Amer. 1881-1971). |
= = = Hariharapura = = = |
Hariharapura is a village located in the Koppa Taluk, Chikkamagaluru district in the state of Karnataka, India. The place has a Matt(Hindu Temple) of goddess Sharadamba on the banks of the River Tunga. The place is serene amidst forest, Arecanut farms and rice fields and surrounded by small hills. It is believed that Daksha performed "yagna" here. |
The name of the place is derived by the presence of two temples Hari & Hara located across each other. The four-hundred-year-old Shiva ( Hara ) temple is located upstream on the banks of the River Tunga, about a kilometer away from the Matth. This temple has intricate carvings on three sides depicting the entire Ramayana. |
Hariharapura also boasts of a 110-year-old bridge across the Tunga connecting it to Koppa. This bridge is believed to have been built by Sir M Visveswaraiah. Hariharapura is an ideal place to visit the surrounding places in the western ghat region. |
Built across the river Thunga, which is a small pedestrian bridge that leads to Chitrakoota where Prabodhini Gurukula can be found. The structure is unique for its cable suspension. The sight of Thunga in all her majesty is quite a view from this bridge. |
It is believed that the holy math of hariharapura was a consequence of Bhagavadpada Sri Adi Sankaracharya's visit to the village. During his visit, it is believed that he met young Krishna, hearing all information and moved by the divine vibrations of this place, chose to install Sri Chakra and consecrated Mother Sharadamba initiated Upadesha to Sri Krishna . And the SRI ADISHANKARACHARYA SHARADA LAKMINARASIMHA PEETAM came into existence. It is believed to be one of few Dharmapeetams established by Sri Adishankaracharya. |
The best time to visit largely depends on your interest. The rains in the month of June - September replenish the entire Malnad region and it is a feast to the eyes. Winter can get cold and misty and summers are hot but not humid. |
The nearest airport is Mangalore Airport is about 120 km from Hariharapura. There are direct buses from Bangalore to Shringeri that stops in Hariharapura and also private bus operated by Sugama/Nishmita travels available. Every 15 min Buses are available from Shivamogga to Shringeri, shivamogga is a better route from any where in India, Shivamogga good connectivity for road and rail transport. Shivamogga is nearest railway station which is 90 Km from Hariharapura and Udupi which has Konkan railway is around 75 km from Hariharapura. |
= = = Tejendra Khanna = = = |
Tejendra Khanna (born 16 December 1938) was the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi twice, from January 1997 to April 1998 and again from April 2007 - July 2013. He also served as Chancellor of Delhi Technological University, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Ambedkar University. |
Tejendra Khanna was born in Patna, Bihar on 16 December 1938. He earned his Master of Science (Physics) from Patna University and Master of Arts in Public Administration from University of California, Berkeley. |
He was a 1961 batch Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer. He held different administrative positions in Punjab. He was the Chief Secretary, Punjab during 1991-92 and conducted the 1992 February elections in Punjab as Chief Election Officer, which brought back an elected Government in the state after a long period of President’s Rule. |
He also held important positions in the Government of India. He served as Commercial Counselor, Indian High Commission, U.K. (1975–77), Chief Controller, Imports and Exports (1989–91), Secretary to Government of India, Ministry of Food (1992–93) and Commerce Secretary to Government of India (1993–96). |
Immediately on his retirement on 31.12.1996, he was appointed 16th Lt. Governor and Administrator of the National Capital and served in this capacity up to April 1998. He again served as Delhi's 19th Lt. Governor from 9 April 2007 to 8 July 2013. |
He was conferred an Honorary Doctorate Degree in Political Science, by the Wonkwang University on 2010 and a Doctorate Degree (Honoris Causa) by TERI University. |
= = = Ira G. Hersey = = = |
Ira Greenlief Hersey (March 31, 1858 – May 6, 1943) was a politician from Hodgdon, Maine, who served in the Maine House of Representatives, the Maine State Senate, and most notably in the United States Congress as a Representative for the U.S. State of Maine. |
Hersey was born on March 31, 1858 in Hodgdon, Maine. He attended the public schools and Ricker Classical Institute. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1880 and commenced practice in Houlton. |
He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Maine in 1886. He was elected a member of the Maine House of Representatives from 1909 to 1912. He served in the Maine Senate from 1913 to 1916 and was president of that body in 1915 and 1916. He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fifth and to the five succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1917 to March 3, 1929. He was chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings in the Sixty-sixth Congress, and was one of the managers appointed by the House of Representatives in 1926 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against George W. English, judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1928 to the Seventy-first Congress. |
He became judge of probate for Aroostook County, Maine, serving from 1934 until 1942, when he retired and moved to Washington, D.C.. He died on May 6, 1943 in Washington and he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Houlton, Maine. |
= = = Stephan Paßlack = = = |
Stephan Paßlack (born 24 August 1970) is a German former football defender. At international level, he represented Germany playing for the U-21 team, the B team and the first team with whom he earned four caps scoring one goal. |
Born in Moers, West Germany, Paßlack began his career as a youth player at local football club TV Asberg before eventually moving on to VfB Homberg where he played until 1986. He then went on to play for many more German clubs including 1. FC Köln, Eintracht Frankfurt and KFC Uerdingen 05 before gaining his first international cap in 1996 against Armenia while he was playing for Borussia Mönchengladbach. After staying with Mönchengladbach for three years, he left to play for 1860 Munich and then to 1. FC Nürnberg before finally ending his career in 2006 back with his old club KFC Uerdingen. |
= = = Counterirritant = = = |
A counterirritant is a substance which creates irritation or mild inflammation in one location with the goal of lessening discomfort and/or inflammation in another location. This strategy falls into the more general category of counterstimulation. |
Capsaicin, menthol (mint oil), methyl salicylate, and camphor are examples of counterirritants. |
The US Food and Drug Administration defines a counterirritant as "An externally applied substance that causes irritation or mild inflammation of the skin for the purpose of relieving pain in muscles, joints and viscera distal to the site of application. They differ from the anesthetics, analgesics, and antipruritic agents, however, in that the pain relief they produce results from stimulation—rather than depression—of the cutaneous sensory receptors and occurs in structures of the body other than the skin areas to which they are applied as for example, in joints, muscles, tendons and certain viscera. The use of these products dates from antiquity." |
= = = Arafa Nakuaa = = = |
Arafa Ammar Nakuaa () (born 23 January 1982 in Libya) is a Libyan football midfielder. He currently plays for Al-Ittihad. |
Nakuaa plays for the Libya national football team and made two substitute appearances at the 2009 African Championship of Nations |
= = = Recruitment advertising = = = |
Recruitment advertising, also known as Recruitment communications and Recruitment agency, includes all communications used by an organization to attract talent to work within it. Recruitment advertisements may be the first impression of a company for many job seekers. In turn, the strength of employer branding in job postings can directly impact interest in job openings. |
Recruitment advertisements typically have a uniform layout and contain the following elements: |
When faced with hiring many roles, corporate employers have many channels and options to choose from. The employer may: |
Each of these channels has its benefits and many firms will use a mix of some or all of the above options. |
The use of a specialist recruitment advertising agency enables organizations to receive professional advice on media, design and copywriting specifically related to the recruitment process. This enables their advertisement to stand out in the relevant publication and build an employer brand. Advertisers are also now able to use microsites to post most job content, allowing job postings to be more creative with minimal copy. Recruitment advertising has now developed into a specialty service where most leading organizations hire agencies for their expertise. |
The methodologies for recruiting talent are evolving. For example, sites have been developed for freelancers to bid on advertised jobs. These sites are normally free to join, but the agency will take between 10% and 25% of applicants' earnings. |