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[ "substances are made of molecules & water is a kind of substance -> water is made of molecules", " water is made of molecules & temperature is a measure of kinetic energy of molecules -> the temperature of the water is a measure of the kinetic energy of molecules", " " ]

[ "as matter vibrates harder / faster , the volume of the sound produced will increase & a string is a kind of object made from matter -> as a string vibrates harder / faster , the volume of the sound produced will increase", " as a string vibrates harder / faster , the volume of the sound produced will increase & as a string of a musical instrument is plucked harder , the string will vibrate harder / faster -> as a string of a musical instrument is plucked harder, the volume of the sound will increase", " as a string of a musical instrument is plucked harder, the volume of the sound will increase & as a string of a musical instrument is plucked harder , the pitch produced will not change -> as the string of a musical instrument is plucked harder, the pitch will stay the same and the volume of the sound will increase", " as the string of a musical instrument is plucked harder, the pitch will stay the same and the volume of the sound will increase & a guitar is a kind of musical instrument -> as the string of a guitar is plucked harder, the pitch will stay the same and the volume of the sound will increase", " " ]

[ "there is a sound wave with large amplitude & there is a sound wave with small amplitude & as the amplitude of a sound wave increases , the volume of that sound wave will increase -> the sound wave with large amplitude would have a bigger volume than the sound wave with small amplitude", " the sound wave with large amplitude would have a bigger volume than the sound wave with small amplitude & volume is a property of sound and includes ordered values of quiet / normal / loud -> the sound wave with large amplitude would be louder than the sound wave with small amplitude", " there is a sound wave with large amplitude & as the amplitude of a sound wave increases , the amount of energy in that sound wave will increase & there is a sound wave with small amplitude -> the sound wave with large amplitude would have more energy than the sound wave with small amplitude", " the sound wave with large amplitude would be louder than the sound wave with small amplitude & the sound wave with large amplitude would have more energy than the sound wave with small amplitude -> the sound wave with large amplite would be louder and have more energy than the sound wave with small amplitude", " " ]

[ "a canyon wall is a kind of surface & echo is when sound reflects off of a surface -> sound can reflect off the canyon wall and produce an echo", " " ]

[ "a person speaking is a source of sound & echo is when sound reflects off of a surface -> the sound of a person speaking can reflect off of a surface and produce echo", " the sound of a person speaking can reflect off of a surface and produce echo & cave walls are a kind of surface -> if a person makes sound in the cave, then the sound will reflect off from the cave wall and produce echo", " " ]

[ "objects are made of matter & a rubber band is a kind of object -> a rubber band is made of matter", " a rubber band is made of matter & vibrating matter can produce sound -> vibrating the matter in the rubber band can produce sound", " vibrating the matter in the rubber band can produce sound & snapping a rubber band can cause the matter in the rubber band to vibrate -> snapping a rubber band will produce sound", " " ]

[ "vibrations are a source of sound & plucking a string can cause that string to vibrate -> plucking a string can be a source of sound through vibrations", " plucking a string can be a source of sound through vibrations & a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something -> plucking a string can produce sound through vibrations", " " ]

[ "a rubber band is a kind of object & objects are made of matter -> a rubber band is made of matter", " a rubber band is made of matter & vibrating matter can produce sound -> vibrating the matter in the rubber band can produce sound", " " ]

[ "tapping two objects together causes the particles in those objects to vibrate & glass is a kind of object & a fork is a kind of object -> tapping a fork against a glass causes the particles in the objects to vibrate", " tapping a fork against a glass causes the particles in the objects to vibrate & vibrations are a source of sound -> the vibration of the particles caused by tapping the fork on a glass is a source of sound", " the vibration of the particles caused by tapping the fork on a glass is a source of sound & a source of something produces that something -> the vibration of the particles caused by tapping the fork on a glass produces sound", " " ]

[ "the molecules in the wood begin to vibrate from the force of the book & molecules vibrating can cause sound -> the vibration of molecules can cause sound", " the vibration of molecules can cause sound & sound is made of sound waves -> the vibration of molecules can cause sound wave", " " ]

[ "sound energy is transferred by vibrational waves & intense sound energy can move objects -> insense sound energy can move objects by making them vibrate", " insense sound energy can move objects by making them vibrate & a thunder has intense sound energy -> a thunder can move objects by making them vibrate through intense sound energy", " a thunder can move objects by making them vibrate through intense sound energy & a window is a kind of object -> a thunder can move a window by making them vibrate through intense sound energy", " a thunder can move a window by making them vibrate through intense sound energy & a rattle is a kind of vibration -> a thunder can make a window rattle through intense sound energy", " " ]

[ "matter is made of particles & air is a kind of matter -> air is a matter made of air particles", " air is a matter made of air particles & sound requires matter to travel -> sound can travel through air", " vibration is a kind of motion & something requires motion to travel -> something can travel by vibrations", " sound can travel through air & something can travel by vibrations -> sound can travel through air by vibrating air", " " ]

[ "someone plays the flute & if a flute is played, then the air in the flute will vibrate -> the air in the flute will vibrate when the flute is played", " the air in the flute will vibrate when the flute is played & vibrations are a source of sound -> the vibrations of air in the flute are a source of sound when the flute is played", " " ]

[ "sound wave is a kind of wave & a wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source -> sound wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source", " sound wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source & spreading around is similar to spreading in all directions -> sound waves spread in all directions away from their source", " " ]

[ "sound requires matter to travel & a vacuum has no matter in it -> sound cannot travel through a vacuum", " " ]

[ "blowing air into a whistle causes air to vibrate inside the whistle & vibrations are a source of sound -> the air vibrations inside the whistle are a source of sound", " the air vibrations inside the whistle are a source of sound & sound waves spread in all directions away from their source -> the air vibration inside the whistle causes the sound waves to spread in all directions", " " ]

[ "if the particles are closer to each other, then the vibrations of particles will travel faster & particles in solid are closest to each other among gas, liquid, and solid state of matter -> vibrations of particles will travel the fastest in solid state of matter", " vibrations of particles will travel the fastest in solid state of matter & sound travels through vibrations of particles -> sound travels fastest through solid", " if the particles are farther away from each other, then the vibrations of particles will spread slower & particles in gas are the farthest away from each other among gas, liquid, and solid state of matter -> vibrations of particles will travel the slowest in gas", " vibrations of particles will travel the slowest in gas & sound travels through vibrations of particles -> sound travels slowest through gas", " sound travels fastest through solid & sound travels slowest through gas -> sound travels fastest through solid and slowest through gas", " " ]

[ "iron is a kind of solid & sound travels fastest through solid -> sound will travel fastest in iron", " " ]

[ "a rock is usually a solid & sound travels fastest through solid -> sound travels fastest in a rock", " " ]

[ "removing hot objects from a heat source requires thermal insulators & an oven is a source of heat & a pan is a kind of object -> removing a hot pan from an oven requires a thermal insulator", " removing a hot pan from an oven requires a thermal insulator & potholders are used to remove hot pans from an oven -> potholders are used as a thermal insulator to remove a hot pan from an oven", " " ]

[ "steam is hot in temperature & a hot substance is a source of heat -> steam is a source of heat", " cooking food requires adding heat energy to the food & a source of heat can be used to heat something -> a source of heat can be used to cook food by adding heat energy to the food", " steam is a source of heat & a source of heat can be used to cook food by adding heat energy to the food -> steam can be used to cook food by adding heat to the food", " steam can be used to cook food by adding heat to the food & adding heat to something means trasferring heat to that something -> steam can be used to cook food by transferring heat to the food", " " ]

[ "if one object touches something then one is exposed to that something & a metal spoon is touching the pan -> the metal spoon is exposed to the pan", " the metal spoon is exposed to the pan & the pan is a source of heat -> the metal spoon is exposed to a source of heat", " a spoon sometimes is made of metal & metal is a thermal conductor -> a spoon is a kind of thermal conductor", " a spoon is a kind of thermal conductor & if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat then that conductor may become hot / warm -> if a spoon is exposed to a source of heat, then the conductor may become hot", " the metal spoon is exposed to a source of heat & if a spoon is exposed to a source of heat, then the conductor may become hot -> the metal spoon will become home", " " ]

[ "thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object & when a cooler object touches a warmer object , thermal conduction occurs -> heat flows from warmer object to cooler object through thermal conduction when two objects are touching", " " ]

[ "a spoon sometimes is made of metal & metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor -> a metal spoon is a thermal conductor", " a hot substance is a source of heat & soup is a kind of substance -> hot soup is a source of heat", " hot soup is a source of heat & a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup -> the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon", " a metal spoon is a thermal conductor & the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon & if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot -> the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction", " " ]

[ "a spoon sometimes is made of metal & metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor -> a metal spoon is a thermal conductor", " a hot substance is a source of heat & soup is a kind of substance -> hot soup is a source of heat", " hot soup is a source of heat & a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup -> the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon", " a metal spoon is a thermal conductor & the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon & if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot -> the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction", " " ]

[ "a spoon sometimes is made of metal & metal is a thermal / thermal energy conductor -> a metal spoon is a thermal conductor", " soup is a kind of substance & a hot substance is a source of heat -> hot soup is a source of heat", " hot soup is a source of heat & a metal spoon is placed in a pot of hot soup -> the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon", " a metal spoon is a thermal conductor & the hot soup will be a source of heat for the metal spoon & if a thermal conductor is exposed to a source of heat, then thermal conduction will make the thermal conductor become hot -> the metal spoon will be heated up by thermal conduction", " " ]

[ "thermal conduction is when materials conduct heat through those materials through collision of particles & thermal conduction is when heat flows from warmer object to cooler object -> thermal conduction is a heat exchange process involving the collision of particles", " " ]

[ "radiation is a kind of process & fire transfers heat through radiation & radiation is when heat is transferred through waves / particles -> fire transfers heat through waves in the process of radiation", " fire transfers heat through waves in the process of radiation & a campfire is a kind of fire -> the campfire transfers heat through waves in the process of radiation", " " ]

[ "the sun transfers heat energy from itself to the planets / earth through sunlight & the sun is the source of energy for life on earth -> the source of heat energy on earth is transferred from the sun to earth", " " ]

[ "sunlight is a kind of light & light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation -> sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic radiation", " sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic radiation & sunlight can shine through a window -> sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic radiation that can shine through a window", " sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic radiation that can shine through a window & electromagnetic radiation transfers heat and light energy by radiation -> sunlight can transfer heat and light energy through a window by radiation", " sunlight can transfer heat and light energy through a window by radiation & sunlight passes the windows of a car and heat up the car seat -> the car seat is heated by the sunlight by radiation", " " ]

[ "sunlight is a kind of light & light is a kind of electromagnetic wave -> sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic wave", " sunlight is a kind of electromagnetic wave & radiation is when electromagnetic waves transfers heat and light energy -> sunlight transfers heat and light energy through radiation", " sunlight transfers heat and light energy through radiation & the sun transmits light to earth through space -> the sun transfers heat and light energy to earth through space by radiation", " " ]

[ "lightning produces electromagnetic radiation of a wide range & lightning occurs during lightning storms / thunderstorms -> the lightning in the thunderstorms produces eletromagnetic radiation of a wide range", " the lightning in the thunderstorms produces eletromagnetic radiation of a wide range & electromagnetic radiation distorts the frequency of the radio waves -> the lightning in the thunderstorm will distort the frequency of the radio waves", " " ]

[ "tossing a ball in the air cannot form a source of vibration & a wave is formed by the vibration of the source spreading around from the source -> tossing a ball in the air cannot form a wave", " " ]

[ "interruption of a radio signal is similar to distortion of a radio signal & interruption of a radio signal causes a buzzing sound -> distortion of a radio signal causes a buzzing sound", " distortion of a radio signal causes a buzzing sound & radio signal is a kind of radio wave -> distortion of the radio waves causes a buzzing sound", " distortion of the radio waves causes a buzzing sound & electromagnetic radiation distorts the frequency of the radio waves -> electromagnetic radiation causes a buzzing sound by distorting the frequency of the radio waves", " electromagnetic radiation causes a buzzing sound by distorting the frequency of the radio waves & electromagnetic radiation is made of electromagnetic waves -> electromagnetic waves cause a buzzing sound by distorting the frequency of the radio waves", " " ]

[ "a surface is a kind of object & edge of a pond is a kind of surface -> edge of a pond is a kind of object", " edge of a pond is a kind of object & the waves in the pond strike the edge of the pond & if something strikes an object then that something may bounce off of that object -> the waves in the pond may bounce off the edge of the pond when they strike it", " the waves in the pond may bounce off the edge of the pond when they strike it & edge of a pond is a kind of surface & reflection is when a wave bounces off a surface and travels in the opposite direction relative to the angle of incidence -> reflection of the waves will happen when the waves strike the edge of the pond", " " ]

[ "sound waves transfer energy & x-rays transfer energy -> both sound waves and x-rays transfer energy", " " ]

[ "transverse waves cause objects to move perpendicular to the direction of the wave & a particle is a kind of object -> transverse waves cause particles to move perpendicular to the direction of the wave", " " ]

[ "if two balanced forces act on an object in opposite directions then that object will remain stationary & if vehicle is parked then that vehicle is stationary & a vehicle is a kind of object -> a parked vehicle is an example of two balanced forces acting on the vehicle", " a parked vehicle is an example of two balanced forces acting on the vehicle & a bus is a kind of vehicle -> a parked bus is an example of two balanced forces acting on the bus", " " ]

[ "wheels are a part of roller skates & a roller skate is a kind of vehicle -> a roller skate is a kind of vehicle with wheels", " a roller skate is a kind of vehicle with wheels & a wheeled vehicle is a kind of vehicle with wheels -> a roller skate is a kind of wheeled vehicle", " a roller skate is a kind of wheeled vehicle & a wheeled vehicle requires smooth surfaces -> a roller skate requires smooth surfaces", " blacktop is made of asphalt concrete & asphalt has a smooth surface -> a blacktop has a smooth surface", " a roller skate requires smooth surfaces & a blacktop has a smooth surface -> a roller skate can be used on a blacktop surface", " " ]

[ "skidding is when the tire of a vehicle slides on the road without rotating & if somethings slides on something else then that something is moving against that something else -> skidding is when the tire of a vehicle moves against the road without rotating", " friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other0 & a tire is a kind of object -> a tire and a road are kinds of objects", " skidding is when the tire of a vehicle moves against the road without rotating & a tire and a road are kinds of objects & friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other & a surface is a part of an object -> skidding causes friction between the tire and the road", " skidding causes friction between the tire and the road & friction causes the temperature of an object to increase -> friction causes the temperature of the tire to increase", " if the tire overheats, some chemical in the tire will vaporized & if the temperature of the tire keeps increasing, the tire will overheat -> if the temperature of the tire keeps increasing, some chemical in the tire will be vaporized", " friction causes the temperature of the tire to increase & if the temperature of the tire keeps increasing, some chemical in the tire will be vaporized -> friction causes some chemicals in the tire to vaporize", " friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other1 & a chemical is a kind of substance -> vaporizing a chemical causes smoke", " friction causes some chemicals in the tire to vaporize & vaporizing a chemical causes smoke -> friction causes the tire to produce smoke", " " ]

[ "friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other & as roughness of a surface increases , friction will increase -> as the roughness of a surface increases, friction on the moving object will increase", " as the roughness of a surface increases, friction on the moving object will increase & wood has a smooth surface & carpet has a rough surface -> friction on the moving object increases when it is moving from the wood surface to the carpet surface", " friction on the moving object increases when it is moving from the wood surface to the carpet surface & as the friction increases, friction will decrease the speed of the object more -> the speed of the moving object on the carpet will be decreased more than the moving objects on the wood surface", " " ]

[ "ground is a kind of object & a wagon is a kind of object -> a wagon and ground are kinds of objects", " a wagon and ground are kinds of objects & when the wagon is moving down the hill, it is moving against the ground & friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other -> friction occurs between the wagon and the ground", " friction occurs between the wagon and the ground & a wagon is a kind of object & friction causes the speed of an object to decrease -> friction causes the speed of the wagon to decrease", " friction causes the speed of the wagon to decrease & if the speed of an object keeps decreasing, the object will come to stop & a wagon is a kind of object -> friction causes the wagon to stop", " " ]

[ "as the friction increases, the resistance on the object to move will increase & as roughness of a surface increases , friction will increase -> as the roughness of a surface increases, the resistance on the object to move will increase", " as the roughness of a surface increases, the resistance on the object to move will increase & wood has a smooth surface & carpet has a rough surface -> the resistance on the object to move on the carpet will be larger than on the wood", " the resistance on the object to move on the carpet will be larger than on the wood & a toy car is a kind of object -> the resistance on the toy car object to move on the carpet is larger than on the wood", " the resistance on the toy car object to move on the carpet is larger than on the wood & as the resistance on the object to move increase, the object will move slower -> the toy car will move slower on the carpet than on the wood", " " ]

[ "a ramp is a kind of object & a block is a kind of object -> a block and a ramp are kinds of objects", " a block and a ramp are kinds of objects & sliding is a kind of moving & a block is sliding down a ramp & friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other -> friction occurs between the block and the ramp", " friction occurs between the block and the ramp & friction causes the speed of an object to decrease & a block is a kind of object -> friction causes the speed of the block to decrease", " " ]

[ "pool balls are moving on the surface of the felt of the pool table & a pool table is a kind of object & a pool ball is a kind of object & friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other -> friction will occur between the pool ball and the felt of the pool table", " friction will occur between the pool ball and the felt of the pool table & friction causes the speed of an object to decrease & a pool ball is a kind of object -> friction will cause the speed of the pool balls to decrease", " " ]

[ "friction causes the temperature of an object to increase & heat means temperature increases -> friction causes an object to heat", " friction causes an object to heat & oil is used to decrease the friction among parts in the car engine -> oil can be used to decrease the heat among parts in the car engine produced by friction", " " ]

[ "ramp is a kind of surface & as roughness of a surface increases , friction will increase -> as roughness of the ramp increases, friction will increase", " as roughness of the ramp increases, friction will increase & putting a rough paper on the ramp will increase the roughness of the ramp -> putting a rough paper on the ramp will increase the friciton of the ramp", " " ]

[ "a ball is a kind of object & gravity pulls objects towards planets & gravity is a kind of force -> gravity is the force that pulls the ball towards the planet", " " ]

[ "gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet & marble is a kind of object / material & gravity is a kind of force -> gravity is the force that causes the marble to be pulled down on a planet", " " ]

[ "a rock is a kind of object & gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet & gravity is a kind of force -> gravity is the force that causes rocks to be pulled down on the planet", " " ]

[ "gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet & gravity is a kind of force & a ball is a kind of object -> gravity is the force that pulls the ball towards the planet", " " ]

[ "gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet & gravity is a kind of force & a ball is a kind of object -> gravity is the force that pulls the ball towards the planet", " " ]

[ "gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet & gravity is a kind of force & marble is a kind of object / material -> gravity is the force that causes the marble to be pulled down on a planet", " gravity is the force that causes the marble to be pulled down on a planet & sinking means moving down -> gravity is the force that causes the marble to sink", " " ]

[ "gravity is a kind of force & gravity causes objects that have mass / substances to be pulled down / to fall on a planet & a pencil is a kind of object -> gravity is the force that causes the pencial to be pulled down on a planet", " " ]

[ "a decrease is a kind of change & as the mass of an object decreases , the force of gravity on that object will decrease -> as the mass of an object changes, the force of gravity on that object will change", " as the mass of an object changes, the force of gravity on that object will change & if something changes when something else changes, then that something depends on that something else -> the force of gravity depends on the mass of an object", " " ]

[ "the mass of an object causes the gravitational force exerted by that object & if something causes something else then that something else depends on that something -> the gravitational force on an object depends on the mass of the object", " " ]

[ "if something causes something else then that something else depends on that something & the mass of an object causes the gravitational force exerted by that object -> the gravitational force on an object depends on the mass of the object", " " ]

[ "flying an object requires lift to oppose the object 's weight & a glider is a kind of object -> flying a glider requires lift to oppose the weight of the glider", " " ]

[ "a cloth is a kind of object & a plastic strip is a kind of object -> a cloth and a plastic strip are kinds of object", " a cloth and a plastic strip are kinds of object & there is a negatively-charged piece of cloth & there is a negatively-charged plastic strip & charge is a property of an object and includes ordered values of negatively-charged / neutral / positively-charged -> the piece of cloth and plastic strip have the same charge of negative charge", " a cloth is a kind of object & a plastic strip is a kind of object -> a cloth and a plastic strip are kinds of object", " the piece of cloth and plastic strip have the same charge of negative charge & a cloth and a plastic strip are kinds of object & if two objects have the same electrical charge then those two objects will repel each other when they are close to each other -> the negatively-charged plastic strip and negatively-charged piece of cloth will repel each other", " " ]

[ "if battery in an electromagnet is active then the nail in the electromagnet will become magnetic & the student connects the wire wrapping an iron nail to a battery -> the iron nail will become magnetic", " the iron nail will become magnetic & a nail is a kind of object & magnetic attraction pulls two objects together -> the iron nail will attract another iron nail because the iron nail is magnetic", " " ]

[ "a soccer ball is a kind of ball & a ball is a kind of object -> a soccer ball is a kind of object", " a soccer ball is a kind of object & a soccer player kicks a soccer ball & if an object is kicked then force is exerted on that object -> a force is exerted on the soccer ball through the kick", " a soccer ball is a kind of ball & a ball is a kind of object -> a soccer ball is a kind of object", " a force is exerted on the soccer ball through the kick & a soccer ball is a kind of object & as force exerted on an object increases , distance travelled will increase -> the force of the kick can affect the distance travelled by the soccer ball", " " ]

[ "a rock is a kind of object & a lever is used for lifting / moving heavy objects -> a lever can be used for lifting a heavy rock", " " ]

[ "pedalling a bicycle requires moving the pedals in a circular motion & pedals are part of a bicycle for pedalling -> the pedals are the part of a bicycle that moves in circular motion", " " ]

[ "an inclined plane increases the distance over which an object travels & an inclined plane decreases the force required to move an object to a different altitude -> an inclined plane increases the distance the object travels and decrease the force needed to move the object", " " ]

[ "speed is a measure of distance travelled by an object divided by time & race is when vehicles / humans compete in speed -> the speed of the race is measured by dividing the distance travelled by time", " " ]

[ "unbalanced force causes objects to move & a book is a kind of object & a book on the table starts to move horizontally -> an unbalanced force is applied on the book", " " ]

[ "40 m/s describes the speed of an object & north / northward is a kind of direction & velocity is a measure of a speed in a direction -> 40 m/s north describes the velocity of an object", " " ]

[ "humans have been on earth for 300000 years & insects have been on earth for 400000000 years & fish have been on earth for 419000000 years & reptiles have been on earth for 370000000 years -> humans have been on earth for the shortest amount of time among insects, reptiles, and fish", " " ]

[ "mammals give birth to live young & monkeys give birth to live young -> a monkey is a kind of mammal", " mammals give birth to live young & bats give birth to live young -> a bat is a kind of mammal", " mammals give birth to live young & mice give birth to live young -> a mouse is a kind of mammal", " a monkey is a kind of mammal & a bat is a kind of mammal & a mouse is a kind of mammal -> mouse, monkey, and bat are all mammals", " " ]

[ "trout is a kind of fish & gills are a part of trout -> gills are a part of a fish", " " ]

[ "different kinds of trees keep or lose their leaves at different rates & the rate at which trees keep or lose their leaves is a characteristic of trees -> the rate at which trees keep or lose their leaves is a characteristic of trees that is different for different kinds of trees", " the rate at which trees keep or lose their leaves is a characteristic of trees that is different for different kinds of trees & a characteristic of something that is different for different kinds of that something is a distinct characteristic of that something -> that rate at which a kind of tree keeps or loses its leaves is a distinct characteristic of that kind of tree", " that rate at which a kind of tree keeps or loses its leaves is a distinct characteristic of that kind of tree & the rate at which a tree loses its leaves is used to catergorize trees -> distinct characteristics of trees are used to catergorize trees", " the kind of fruit produced by trees is a chracteristic of trees & different kinds of trees produce different types of fruit -> the kind of fruit produced by trees is a characteristic of trees that is different for different kinds of trees", " the kind of fruit produced by trees is a characteristic of trees that is different for different kinds of trees & a characteristic of something that is different for different kinds of that something is a distinct characteristic of that something -> the type of fruit a kind of tree produces is a distinct characteristic of that kind of tree", " distinct characteristics of trees are used to catergorize trees & the type of fruit a kind of tree produces is a distinct characteristic of that kind of tree -> the type of fruit a tree produces can be used to catergorize trees", " " ]

[ "fungi have no chlorophyll & fungi can be multicellular -> fungi have no chlorophyll and fungi can be multicellular", " fungi have no chlorophyll and fungi can be multicellular & fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue -> fungi have no chlorophyll and fungi can be multicellular and fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue", " fungi have no chlorophyll and fungi can be multicellular and fungi absorb nutrients from decaying tissue & a fungus is a kind of organism -> fungi are organisms that have no chlorophyll, can be multicellular, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue", " fungi are organisms that have no chlorophyll, can be multicellular, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue & fungi are part of the biological kingdom fungi -> the biological kingdom fungi contains organisms that have no chlorophyll, can be multicellular, and absorb nutrients from decaying tissue", " " ]

[ "a whale is a kind of mammal & a cat is a kind of mammal -> a cat and a whale are both mammals", " a cat and a whale are both mammals & mammal is a kind of class of animal -> a cat and a whale are part of the same class of animals", " an animal is a kind of living thing & living things in the same class are more closely related than living things in different classes -> animals in the same class are more closely related than animals in different classes", " a cat and a whale are part of the same class of animals & animals in the same class are more closely related than animals in different classes -> a cat is more closely related to a whale than to animals of a different class", " " ]

[ "an animal is a kind of living thing1 & if two things have the same features then those two things are alike -> if two things have different features then those two things are different", " if two things have different features then those two things are different & if things can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something -> things are distinguishable by their features", " an animal is a kind of living thing0 & a bird is a kind of animal -> a bird and a mammal are both kinds of animals", " a bird and a mammal are both kinds of animals & an animal is a kind of living thing -> a bird and a mammal are both kinds of things", " things are distinguishable by their features & a bird and a mammal are both kinds of things -> mammals and birds are distinguishable by their features", " a bird is a kind of object & a mammal is a kind of object -> a mammal is a kind of object and a bird is a kind of object", " a mammal is a kind of object and a bird is a kind of object & the parts of an object are features of that object -> the parts of a mammal / bird are features of the mammal / bird", " feathers are a part of a bird & fur is usually part of a mammal -> fur is a part of mammals and feathers are a part of birds", " the parts of a mammal / bird are features of the mammal / bird & fur is a part of mammals and feathers are a part of birds -> fur is a feature of mammals and feathers are a feature of birds", " mammals and birds are distinguishable by their features & fur is a feature of mammals and feathers are a feature of birds -> fur can be used to distinguish mammals from birds", " " ]

[ "plants are a kind of eukaryote0 & a fungus is a kind of eukaryote -> fungi are eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by absorption", " plants are a kind of eukaryote & animals are a kind of eukaryote -> plants and animals are both eukaryotes", " plants and animals are both eukaryotes & if two things are both something else, then they are different kinds of that something else -> plants and animals are different kinds of eukaryotes", " plants obtain nutrients through the method of photosynthesis & animals obtain nutrients through the method of consumption -> plants and animals use different methods to obtain nutrients", " plants and animals are different kinds of eukaryotes & plants and animals use different methods to obtain nutrients -> different kinds of eukaryotes use different methods for obtaining nutrients", " eukaryotes are a kind of thing & if things can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something -> if eukaryotes can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something", " different kinds of eukaryotes use different methods for obtaining nutrients & if eukaryotes can be identified as different because of something then they are distinguishable by that something -> different kinds of eukaryotes are distinguishable by how they obtain nutrients", " fungi are eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by absorption & different kinds of eukaryotes are distinguishable by how they obtain nutrients -> fungi are distinguishable from other eukaryotes because they obtain nutrients by absorption", " plants are a kind of eukaryote1 & a fungus is a kind of organism -> fungi are kinds of organisms that are part of the biological kingdom fungi", " fungi are distinguishable from other eukaryotes because they obtain nutrients by absorption & fungi are kinds of organisms that are part of the biological kingdom fungi -> organisms from the biological kingdom fungi are distinguishable from other eukaryotes because they obtain nutrients through absorption", " " ]

[ "the structure of an organism 's anatomy is used to classify the organism into the appropriate taxonomic rank & inherited characteristics can deterimne the structure of an organism's anatomy -> inherited characteristics can be used to classify an organism into the apropriate taxonomic rank", " genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of a living thing & an organism is a living thing -> genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of an organism", " inherited characteristics can be used to classify an organism into the apropriate taxonomic rank & genes are able to determine the inherited characteristics of an organism -> genes can be used for classifying organisms", " genes can be used for classifying organisms & genes are made of dna -> dna can be used for classifying organisms", " dna can be used for classifying organisms & dna is a kind of molecule -> molecules are used for classifying organisms", " " ]

[ "an earthworm does not have an internal skeleton & an invertebrate organism does not have an internal skeleton -> an earthworm is a kind of invertebrate organism", " " ]

[ "non-mammals do not nurse their offspring & a mammal usually nurses its offspring -> only mammals nurse their offspring", " glands that make milk are only used for making milk & milk is generally only used for nursing offspring -> glands that make milk are only useful for nursing offspring", " only mammals nurse their offspring & glands that make milk are only useful for nursing offspring -> glands that make milk are parts of only a mammal", " " ]

[ "an animal is a kind of organism & animals are a part of the biological kingdom animalia -> animals are kinds of organisms that are part of the biological kingdom animalia", " animals are kinds of organisms that are part of the biological kingdom animalia & an animal is a kind of eukaryote -> the organisms in the kingdom animalia are eukaryotes", " the organisms in the kingdom animalia are eukaryotes & eukaryotes are a part of the biological domain eukaryota -> the organisms in the kingdom animalia belong to the domain eukaryota", " " ]

[ "an odd number of toes is a property of rhinoceroses & an odd number of toes is a property of horses -> horses and rhinoceroses both have an odd number of toes", " horses and rhinoceroses both have an odd number of toes & number of toes is a property of bone structure -> rhinoceroses and horses have a similar bone structure", " a rhinoceros is a kind of animal & a horse is a kind of animal -> a rhinoceros and a horse are kinds of animals", " rhinoceroses and horses have a similar bone structure & a rhinoceros and a horse are kinds of animals -> rhinoceroses and horses are kinds of animals that have similar bone structures", " rhinoceroses and horses are kinds of animals that have similar bone structures & if two species of animal have a similar bone structure then those two species probably evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history -> the bone structure of rhinoceroses and horses indicate that they might have evolved from a common ancestor", " if two species of animal have a similar bone structure then those two species probably evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history0 & rhinoceroses and horses have similar digestive systems -> rhinoceroses and horses have similar characteristics", " rhinoceroses are a kind of organism & horses are a kind of organism -> rhinoceroses and horses are kinds of organisms", " rhinoceroses and horses have similar characteristics & rhinoceroses and horses are kinds of organisms -> rhinoceroses and horses are kinds of organisms that have similar characteristics", " rhinoceroses and horses are kinds of organisms that have similar characteristics & if two species of animal have a similar bone structure then those two species probably evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history1 -> the characteristics of rhinoceroses and horses indicate that they might share a common ancestor", " the bone structure of rhinoceroses and horses indicate that they might have evolved from a common ancestor & the characteristics of rhinoceroses and horses indicate that they might share a common ancestor -> rhinoceroses and horses might share a common ancestor", " " ]

[ "a frog is a kind of amphibian & a tadpole is a kind of young / baby frog -> a tadpole is a kind of young amphibian", " a tadpole is a kind of young amphibian & metamorphosis is when an amphibian changes from an immature form to an adult form -> an example of metamorphosis is when a tadpole changes from a an immature form to and adult form", " the immature form of a frog is called a tadpole & the adult form of a tadpole is called a frog -> the imature form of a frog is called a tadpole and the adult form of a tadpole is called a frog", " an example of metamorphosis is when a tadpole changes from a an immature form to and adult form & the imature form of a frog is called a tadpole and the adult form of a tadpole is called a frog -> an example of metamorphosis is when a tadpole changes from a tadpole into a frog", " " ]

[ "young amphibians undergo metamorphosis & a frog is a kind of amphibian -> frogs undergo metamorphosis", " " ]

[ "a nest contains eggs & birds sit in nests -> birds sit on eggs", " birds sit on eggs & sitting on something provides warmth to that something -> a bird sitting on an egg provides warmth to that egg", " an egg may contain a young animal & an animal requires warmth for survival -> an egg requires warmth to survive", " a bird sitting on an egg provides warmth to that egg & an egg requires warmth to survive -> a bird sits on an egg to provide it with warmth for survival", " " ]

[ "the cocoons being created occurs during the the pupa stage in a life cycle & incomplete metamorphosis is when an insect reaches the adult stage without being a pupa -> most insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis do not build a cocoon", " most insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis do not build a cocoon & the life cycle of a moth is different from other insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis -> a moth builds a cocoon", " " ]

[ "a caterpillar is kind of a young butterfly & a butterfly is a kind of insect -> a caterpillar is a kind of insect", " a caterpillar is a kind of insect & metamorphosis is when an insect changes from an immature form to an adult form -> an example of metamorphosis is when a caterpillar changes from an immature form to an adult form", " the immature form of a butterfly is called a caterpillar & the adult form of a caterpillar is called a butterfly -> a caterpillar is the immature form of a butterfly and a butterfly is the adult form of a caterpillar", " an example of metamorphosis is when a caterpillar changes from an immature form to an adult form & a caterpillar is the immature form of a butterfly and a butterfly is the adult form of a caterpillar -> an example of metamorphosis is a caterpillar changes from a caterpillar into a butterfly", " " ]

[ "a butterfly is a kind of insect & metamorphosis is when an insect changes from an immature form to an adult form -> metamorphosis is when a butterfly changes from an immature form to an adult form", " the immature form of a butterfly is called a caterpillar & the adult form of a caterpillar is called a butterfly -> the adult form of a caterpillar is a butterfly and the immature form of a butterfly is a caterpillar", " metamorphosis is when a butterfly changes from an immature form to an adult form & the adult form of a caterpillar is a butterfly and the immature form of a butterfly is a caterpillar -> metamorphosis is when a butterfly changes from caterpillar to a butterfly", " " ]

[ "reproduction occurs during adulthood & an example of reproduction is laying eggs -> laying eggs occurs during adulthood", " laying eggs occurs during adulthood & adulthood is a stage in the life cycle process -> laying eggs occurs during the adult stage in the life cycle", " laying eggs occurs during the adult stage in the life cycle & a female insect lays eggs -> a female insect lays eggs during the adult stage of an insect 's life cycle", " " ]

[ "a cat is a kind of mammal & mammals give birth to live young -> a cat gives birth to live young", " a cat gives birth to live young & to give birth to live young means to undergo live birth -> a cat undergoes live birth", " a cat undergoes live birth & live birth means developing inside the mother instead of an egg -> a cat develops inside its mother", " " ]

[ "larger means increased size & growth means size increases -> things that grow become larger", " things that grow become larger & leaves undergo growth -> growth causes leaves to become larger", " " ]

[ "an organism requires energy for growth and repair & a human is a kind of organism -> a human requires energy for growth and repair", " nutrients are a source of energy for living things & food contains nutrients -> food is a source of energy for living things", " food is a source of energy for living things & a human is a kind of living thing -> food is a source of energy for humans", " a human requires energy for growth and repair & food is a source of energy for humans -> humans require energy from food for growth and repair", " " ]

[ "food contains nutrients for living things & nutrients are a source of energy for living things -> food is a source of energy for living things", " food is a source of energy for living things & a living thing requires energy to grow and heal -> a living thing requires food to get energy to grow and heal", " a living thing requires food to get energy to grow and heal & living things eat their food source -> eating food is used to get energy by living things", " " ]

[ "food contains nutrients for living things & nutrients are a source of energy for living things -> food is a source of energy for living things", " food is a source of energy for living things & an animal is a kind of living thing -> food is a source of energy for animals", " " ]

[ "as the amount of available water decreases , tree-growth rings will become narrower & width is a property of size / shape and includes ordered values of narrow / wide -> as the amount of available water decreases, the width of tree-growth rings becomes narrower", " as the amount of available water decreases, the width of tree-growth rings becomes narrower & if something causes something else then the result of that something else indicate the properties of that something -> the width of a tree-growth ring indicates the amount of available water", " the width of a tree-growth ring indicates the amount of available water & a tree growing a tree-growth ring occurs once per year -> the width of tree-growth rings indicate the amount of water available during the year they were formed", " the width of tree-growth rings indicate the amount of water available during the year they were formed & dry environments result in narrow tree-growth rings -> a narrow tree-growth ring indicates a dry year", " " ]

[ "living things require water for survival & water is a kind of natural resource -> water is a kind of resource that living things require for survival", " water is a kind of resource that living things require for survival & when available resources decrease in an environment , organisms have to conserve those resources -> when the availability of water decreases in an environment, living things in that environment must conserve water to survive", " a dry environment is low in availability of water & a desert environment is a dry environment -> a desert environment is low in availability of water", " when the availability of water decreases in an environment, living things in that environment must conserve water to survive & a desert environment is low in availability of water -> living things in a desert environment must conserve water to survive", " " ]

[ "an animal being born when temperatures are warm has a positive impact on that animal 's survival & an animal being born when food is available has a positive impact on that animal 's survival -> an animal being born when food is available and temperatures are warm has a positive impact on that animal's survival", " spring has warm temperatures / weather & spring increases the amount of available food in an environment -> spring has warm temperatures and an increased availability of food in an environment", " an animal being born when food is available and temperatures are warm has a positive impact on that animal's survival & spring has warm temperatures and an increased availability of food in an environment -> being born in the spring has a positive impact on an animal's survival", " " ]

[ "the opposite of the same is different & two birds are not in the same taxonomic family -> two birds are in different taxonomic families", " two birds live in environments with similar characteristics & environments with similar characteristics place similar environmental pressures on the organisms in them -> two birds developed under similar environmental pressures", " if two things are thousands of miles apart then those two things are separate from each other & two birds developed thousands of miles apart -> two birds developed separate from each other", " two birds developed under similar environmental pressures & two birds developed separate from each other -> two birds developed in separate environments under similar environmental pressures", " two birds are in different taxonomic families & two birds developed in separate environments under similar environmental pressures -> two birds from different taxonomic families developed in separate environments under similar environmental pressures", " a bird is a kind of organism & a species is a group of a certain kind of organism -> a species can be a group of a certain kind of bird", " a species can be a group of a certain kind of bird & convergent evolution is when two species in different taxonomic families develop in different places under similar environmental pressures -> convergent evolution can be when two kinds of birds in different taxonomic families develop in different places under similar environmental pressures", " two birds from different taxonomic families developed in separate environments under similar environmental pressures & convergent evolution can be when two kinds of birds in different taxonomic families develop in different places under similar environmental pressures -> an example of convergent evolution is two birds from different taxonomic families developing in separate environments under similar environmental pressures", " " ]

[ "seasons cause change to the environment & winter is a kind of season -> the winter season can cause change to the environment", " the winter season can cause change to the environment & usually plants die or become dormant during the winter -> an example of a seasonal change is plants dying or becoming dormant in the winter", " eating food is used to get nutrients by animals & an animal requires enough nutrients to survive -> an animal needs to eat food for nutrients", " an animal needs to eat food for nutrients & plants are a source of food for animals -> an animal can eat plants for nutrients", " an example of a seasonal change is plants dying or becoming dormant in the winter & an animal can eat plants for nutrients -> an example of seasonal change is some animals' food dying in the winter", " seasons cause change to the environment0 & if an animal relies on plants for food then that animal must store enough food to last through the winter -> an example of preparing is an animal storing food to last through the winter", " an example of seasonal change is some animals' food dying in the winter & an example of preparing is an animal storing food to last through the winter -> an example of preparing for seasonal change is an animal storing food for the winter", " an example of preparing for seasonal change is an animal storing food for the winter & a squirrel is a kind of animal -> an example of preparing for seasonal change is a squirrel storing food for the winter", " an example of preparing for seasonal change is a squirrel storing food for the winter & nut is a kind of food -> an example of preparing for seasonal change is an squirrel storing nuts for the winter", " " ]

[ "as number of organisms in a group increases , the chance of survival of each organism will increase & offspring are a kind of group of organisms -> as the number of offspring an animal has increases , the number of offspring surviving will increase", " as the number of offspring an animal has increases , the number of offspring surviving will increase & some animals have offspring by laying eggs -> as the number of eggs laid by an animal increases , the number of eggs that will hatch will increase", " " ]

[ "a wolf is a kind of animal & establishing a territory requires keeping other animals away -> establishing a territory can require keeping other wolves away", " howling is a kind of sound & sound can be used for communication by animals -> howling is used for communication by animals", " howling is used for communication by animals & a wolf is a kind of animal -> howling can be used for communication by wolves", " a wolf is a kind of animal & a warning is used to warn animals -> a warning can be used to warn wolves", " a warning can be used to warn wolves & warning is a kind of communication -> warning is a kind of communication that can be used to warn wolves", " howling can be used for communication by wolves & warning is a kind of communication that can be used to warn wolves -> howling is used to warn other wolves by wolves", " animals usually keep away from danger or problems & warning can be used to indicate danger or problems -> warning can be used to keep animals away", " warning can be used to keep animals away & a wolf is a kind of animal -> warning can be used to keep wolves away", " howling is used to warn other wolves by wolves & warning can be used to keep wolves away -> howling is used by wolves to keep other wolves away", " establishing a territory can require keeping other wolves away & howling is used by wolves to keep other wolves away -> howling is used by wolves to establish a territory", " " ]

[ "an animal requires warmth for survival & winter means environmental temperature decreases -> animals must move to a warmer environment in the winter", " animals must move to a warmer environment in the winter & migration is when animals move themselves from a cooler climate to a warmer climate for the winter -> an example of migration is moving to a warmer climate in the winter", " an example of migration is moving to a warmer climate in the winter & birds fly south for the winter -> an example of migration is birds flying south in the winter", " " ]