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Pressure is growing on educational institutions to increase the use of technology in the high school and college learning environment, according to the results of a new survey, which polled students, faculty, and IT administrators. The “Learn Now, Lecture Later” survey was conducted by CDW-G, a technology product and service provider for business, government and education, and gathered responses from 1,015 participants. The results highlight a mismatch between current educational instruction and the expectations of students. As technology has become more embedded in their out-of-school lives, students at both the secondary and post-secondary levels have begun to expect their learning experiences include laptops, smart phones, digital content, student response systems, and recorded lectures. Learning management systems were a priority for college-level students. Faculty members — whether high school or college instructors — said laptops, digital content, and tablets would aid the learning process, though budget constraints were cited as an obstacle. While slightly more than half of classes are lecture-based, fewer than 40% of students wanted to learn through that model, according to the survey. Only 23% of students in the survey results said they were satisfied with how instructors utilized class time, while 69% said technology should be leveraged to provide more learning tools in classes. Nearly half of the faculty respondents indicated they had shifted from the traditional lecture model of teaching while 20% indicated they were considering a change in the future. Though students were more likely to opt for technology-driven modes of learning, 11% reported they were being taught through hands-on projects but 17% indicated they would prefer this method. The survey also reported 8% were using distance and virtual learning as an educational tool, but 11% would prefer it. A meager 3% were being taught through one-on-one tutoring, but 8% wanted more of the method. The survey also found that digital content–course material presented online–had reached high levels of penetration among the respondents. About 74% of higher education students used digital content in comparison to 64% of high school students. For learning management systems (LMS), higher education student usage outnumbered high school student usage 72% to 40%, and the percentage comparison for recorded class lecture usage was 53% to 30%. At the instructor level, 80% of college faculty members had used digital content in connection with a course compared to 66% of high school teachers. It was 67% to 49% in the usage of LMS in favor of higher education faculty. Higher education faculty members were more likely to have participated in an online class, with 37% reporting that they had. The participation rate in online classes dropped to 15% of respondents who taught at the secondary level. Among IT professionals, 76% reported an increase in faculty requests for help with technology integration and related professional development although 87% of them indicated a need to upgrade its district or institution’s infrastructure for more technology in classrooms. The survey was conducted during May and June of this year. Follow Dustin Bass on Twitter @dbass_cmn

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The East of England has the fastest growing population in England and this is projected to continue. It has one of the highest total net migration rates of all the English regions. The total population was 5.8 million in mid-2010, 11 per cent of the population of England. The region had the highest percentage increase in population between 2001 and 2010 of all regions in England at 8.0 per cent, compared with the England average of 5.6 per cent. The 2008-based projections suggest the region may have almost 7.0 million residents by 2030 – 19.5 per cent more than in 2010. This is the largest projected increase of the English regions, compared with the England increase of 14.4 per cent. In 2009, the region had the highest total net migration rate of all English regions at 67 per 10,000 residents. Two-thirds of this was due to international migration. The region had the third highest net population increases due to both international (26,000) and inter-regional migration (13,000) in England. In mid-2010, 17.5 per cent of East of England residents were aged 65 and over, compared with 16.5 per cent for England as a whole. The projections suggest that by 2030 these percentages will rise to 23.2 per cent for the East of England compared with 21.7 per cent for the whole of England. The population density of 300 residents per sq km in mid-2010 was above the UK average of 260 but below the England average of 400. It was highest in Luton UA with 4,600 people per sq km and lowest in Kings Lynn and West Norfolk and Breckland local authority districts each with 100 people per sq km. Source: Office for National Statistics The geography used reflects the changes which took place in April 2009. Population estimates and projections are for 30 June each year. The mid-2010 population estimates are those published on 30 June 2011 and the 2008-based subnational population projections are those published on 27 May 2010. Migration data are for calendar years and were published on 25 November 2010. You may use or re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence, or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: firstname.lastname@example.org Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/code-of-practice/index.html or from the Media Relations Office email: email@example.com

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Today, an increasingly alarming health problem within Thai society is obesity, which is associated with a variety of related illnesses, including diabetes. Overweight people, with a body mass more than 35 kg/sq. meter, are 20-times more likely to suffer from diabetes than people with normal mass/area measurements. In addition, those with an enlarged abdominal area have an increased risk of diabetes, as the accumulation of fat cells around the waistline and abdomen cause insulin resistance. A recent study revealed that fat cells in overweight people release a hormone “adiponectin”, which is insulin resistant. Diabetic patients have a higher level of this hormone than people of a similar weight. The level of “adiponectin” in those of average body mass is lower than in overweight people. In addition to the “adiponectin” hormone, fat cells also release other hormones resulting in a higher risk of developing diabetes and other blood vessel-related illnesses. Overweight people tend to have a high-calorie/low fiber diet and either do not take enough exercise, or have insufficient body movement, in addition to having other health problems. Those with a high risk of developing diabetes, especially overweight people, can prevent, or slow down the progress of diabetes-related illnesses by changing their diets and adjusting their lifestyles. They should consume more food with high fiber content, and adapt to low calorie foods that have lower saturated fat and sugar contents. Regular exercise is required, aimed at reducing body weight by as much as 7%. Following this simple regimen will reduce the risk of diabetes by as much as 50%, compared to the 30% effectiveness of diabetic pills. To prevent acute and long-term side-effect illnesses developing and enable diabetic people with overweight problems to enjoy their lives, it is vital to keep diabetes in control by closely monitoring the body’s blood sugar level and other related symptoms. Overweight people’s blood sugar levels can be kept within normal range through daily calorie intake calculations. A well-balanced diet is essential and each meal should avoid foods with high saturated fat and high carbohydrate contents, which cause high blood sugar levels. Compulsory diet content includes vegetables and fruit, although sweet fruit should be avoided. Regular exercise is highly recommended, as it also helps reduce blood sugar and cholesterol levels, besides relaxing the mind and boosting insulin efficiency in the body. With no warning symptoms, diabetes is not usually detected at its early stages, thus people are not always aware of having the illness. Once detected, however, the disease has usually already damaged the pancreas, causing insulin resistance. This damage is difficult to recoup, so it is therefore advisable to try and prevent the condition developing, especially in those at high risk, rather than trying to cure it. For more information, please contact Internal Medical Center, or call the hospital’s Contact Center at 1719

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Glossary for Speech difficulties Medical terms related to Speech difficulties or mentioned in this section include: - Abscess: This is an area of puss collected in a cavity which is constituted by necrotised tissue - Adrenomyeloneuropathy: A form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy characterized by spinal cord dysfunction and brain involvement may or may not be present. Those with brain involvement suffer serious symptoms that can eventually lead to total disability and even death. - Alopecia: Partial or total loss of hair due to aging, an endocrine disorder, drug reaction, anticancer medication or skin disease. - Alopecia -- hypogonadism -- extrapyramidal disorder: A rare syndrome characterized by alopecia, progressive movement problems and a lack of gonadal function which affects puberty. - Binswanger Disease: Multi-infarct dementia, caused by damage to deep white matter. - Binswanger's Disease: A type of senile dementia characterized by chronic cerebrovascular disease. - Brain abscess: abscess in the brain may involve any of the lobes of the brain - Brain symptoms: Symptoms affecting the brain - Cerebrocostomandibular Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by a very small jaw, abnormal rib development and a small thorax as well as other abnormalities. - Chromosome 22q13 deletion: A very rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of chromosome 22 is missing at the q13 location which results in various abnormalities. - Communication symptoms: Symptoms related to problems with communication. - Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: A very rare degenerative brain disease that can be inherited, transmitted (eg in surgical transplants using infected tissue) or as a result of genetic mutations. The condition is fatal. - Deep voice: Deep or deepening voice as a symptom - Deletion 22q13: A very rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of chromosome 22 is missing at the q13 location which results in various abnormalities. - Developmental problems: Physical or mental development difficulty. - Difficulty speaking: Where one has a problem with communicating through speech - Dystonia: Dystonia is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary contractions of muscles in a repetitive, twisting manner. - Face symptoms: Symptoms affecting the face - Hoarse: Hoarseness or loss of voice - Metastatic nervous system cancer: CNS metastases are traditionally viewed as a late complication of systemic disease, for which few effective treatment options exist. - Mobius syndrome: A rare genetic condition characterized by defective cranial nerves (6th and 7th), deafness, facial nerve paralysis and other abnormalities. - Movement symptoms: Changes to movement or motor abilities - Musculoskeletal symptoms: Symptoms affecting muscles or bones of the skeleton. - Nerve symptoms: Symptoms affecting the nerves - Neuroacanthocytosis: An autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by tics, chorea, and personality changes - Nonaffective Psychosis: Any mental disorder that is characterised by a significant derangement of ones personality and a loss of ones touch with reality - Olivopontocerebellar atrophy type IV: A rare group of disorders caused by degeneration of certain specific parts of the brain (cerebellum, pons, inferior olives) and resulting in symptoms such as balance problems, loss of coordination and difficulties with speaking. - Oromandibular-limb hypogenesis spectrum: A rare disorder characterized by a spectrum of disorders. - Paraplegia -- brachydactyly -- cone-shaped epiphysis: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by paraplegia, short fingers and bone abnormalities. The paraplegia progresses slowly. - Polychondritis: A serious, progressive, episodic condition characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage in the body. The duration and severity of the episodes can vary. - Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A disorder characterized by reduced motor control, dementia and eye movement problems. - Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome: A rare genetic multi-system disorder characterized by skin, teeth, hair and/or nail abnormalities, reduced ability to sweat and oral clefts. - Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome: A rare congenital disorder characterized by very small stature, broad thumbs and toes, slanted palpebral fissures and hypoplastic maxilla. - Shy- Drager syndrome: also known as multiple system atrophy - Slurred speech: Slurring speech or difficulty articulating words - Speech impairment: Any impairment to ones ability to speek - Speech symptoms: Problems with speech or voice. - Voice symptoms: Symptoms affecting the voice - X-linked mental retardation craniofacial abnormal microcepahly club: An x-linked condition that is characterised by mental retardation and dysmorphic facies Conditions listing medical symptoms: Speech difficulties: The following list of conditions have 'Speech difficulties' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom. Select from the following alphabetical view of conditions which include a symptom of Speech difficulties or choose View All. Conditions listing medical complications: Speech difficulties: The following list of medical conditions have 'Speech difficulties' or similar listed as a medical complication in our database. » Next page: Speech disorders Medical Tools & Articles: Tools & Services: Forums & Message Boards - Ask or answer a question at the Boards:

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Oct. 3, 2006 Among patients with schizophrenia whose medication is changed because of ineffectiveness or harmful side effects, second-generation antipsychotic drugs do not appear to offer significant benefits compared to first-generation antipsychotic drugs, according to a report in the October issue of Archives of General Psychiatry, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. The findings run contrary to the widely held perception that second-generation antipsychotic agents are safer and more effective in treating patients with schizophrenia than the less-expensive first-generation class of medications. For almost 50 years, antipsychotic medications have been the primary method of treating schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder that causes a disconnect from reality and severe disturbances in thought, mood and behavior. Patients taking first-generation antipsychotics--so called because they were developed first--often relapse or develop severe side effects, including sedation (feeling tranquilized) and involuntary muscle movements, according to background information in the article. The development of second-generation antipsychotics was thought to be a major advance primarily because the drugs reduced such side effects. Claims that second-generation drugs are more effective than first-generation drugs have shifted treatment patterns away from first-generation medications, although research comparing the drug classes has had mixed results. Peter B. Jones, M.D., Ph.D., University of Cambridge and Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health NHS Trust, Cambridge, England, and colleagues studied 227 individuals age 18 to 65 with schizophrenia. "The key question was whether the additional acquisition costs of second-generation antipsychotics over first-generation antipsychotics would be offset by improvements in health-related quality of life or savings in the use of other health and social care services in people with schizophrenia for whom a change in drug treatment was being considered for clinical reasons, most commonly suboptimal efficacy or adverse effects," the authors write. The participants were randomly assigned to receive one class of drug or the other. Physicians determined which of the many first- or second-generation medications would be best for each patient. Participants were assessed before and 12, 26 and 52 weeks after the change in treatment using a quality of life scale, with higher scores reflecting a better quality of life. The researchers estimated that second-generation antipsychotics would produce a five-point improvement in quality of life scores compared with first-generation antipsychotics. Symptoms, side effects, treatment costs and satisfaction with the drug also were measured. Of the 227 patients, 118 (52 percent) were randomly assigned to take first-generation medications and 109 (48 percent) to second-generation medications. After 12 weeks, quality of life scores averaged 49.2 for the first-generation group and 46.6 for the second-generation group; after 26 weeks, 49.2 for first-generation and 50.4 for second-generation; and after one year, 53.2 for first-generation and 51.3 for second-generation. "Participants in the first-generation antipsychotic arm showed a trend toward greater improvements in Quality of Life Scale and symptom scores," the authors write. "Participants reported no clear preference for either drug group; costs were similar." Although surprising, these results align with other recent studies performed in the United States, they continue. "All the data suggest that careful prescribing of first-generation antipsychotics, at least in the context of a trial, is not associated with poorer efficacy or a greater adverse effect burden, both of which would translate into lower quality of life in the medium term," the authors conclude. "This suggests that despite recent policy statements and prescribing patterns, further randomized and other evaluations of second-generation antipsychotics would still be useful in establishing their role in the long-term management of schizophrenia and, likewise, the continued role of older drugs." Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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Members of each major party meet in closed sessions known as party conferences (or party caucuses) to elect floor leaders, make committee assignments, and set legislative agendas. The Democratic Leader serves as chair of the party conference, while the Republican party separates the positions, electing a chairperson for the party conference, apart from the Floor leader. Democratic Conference Chair: Senator Harry Reid Republican Conference Chair: Senator John Thune See a list of former Conference Chairs in the History section. The Senate created Democratic and Republican Policy Committees in 1947. Until 2000, the Democratic Policy Committee was chaired by the party floor leader, who also served as chair of the Democratic Conference. A co-chair position was added in 1989. In the 106th Congress, the majority leader dropped his co-chair status and the chair of the policy committee is now an elected post. The Republican Policy Committee elects its chairperson separate from the party floor leader. Democratic Policy Committee Chair: Senator Charles Schumer Republican Policy Committee Chair: Senator John Barrasso See a list of former Policy Committee chairs in the History section. Party Conference Secretaries Each party elects a Conference Secretary or Vice Chairman who is responsible for keeping the Minutes of the party conferences. Democrat Conference Secretary: Senator Patty Murray Republican Conference Vice-Chair: Senator Roy Blunt See a list of former Conference Secretaries in the History section.

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O' the Sun and West O' the Moon Why the Sea is Salt Why the Sea is Salt ONCE on a time, but it was a long, long time ago, there were two brothers, one rich and one poor. Now, one Christmas eve, the poor one had not so much as a crumb in the house, either of meat or bread, so he went to his brother to ask him for something with which to keep Christmas. It was not the first time his brother had been forced to help him, and, as he was always stingy, he was not very glad to see him this time, but he said, "I'll give you a whole piece of bacon, two loaves of bread, and candles into the bargain, if you'll never bother me again-but mind you don't set foot in my house from this day on." The poor brother said he wouldn't, thanked his brother for the help he had given him, and started on his way home. He hadn't gone far before he met an old, old man with a white beard, who looked so thin and worn and hungry that it was pitiful to see him. "In heaven's name give a poor man a morsel to eat," said the old man. "Now, indeed, I have been begging myself," said the poor brother, "but I'm not so poor that I can't give you something on the blessed Christmas eve." And with that he handed the old man a candle, a loaf of bread, and he was just going to cut off a slice of bacon, when the old man stopped him-"That is enough and to spare," said he. "And now, I'll tell you something. Not far from here is the entrance to the home of the underground folks. They have a mill there which can grind out anything they wish for except bacon; now mind you go there. When you get inside they will all want to buy your bacon, but don't sell it unless you get in return the mill which stands behind the door. When you come out I'll teach you how to handle the mill." So the man with the bacon thanked the other for his good advice and followed the directions which the old man had given him, and soon he stood outside the door of the hillfolk's home. When he got in, everything went just as the old man had said. All the hillfolk, great and small, came swarming up to him, like ants around an ant-hill, and each tried to outbid the other for the bacon. "Well!" said the man, "by rights, my old dame and I ought to have this bacon for our Christmas dinner; but, since you have all set your hearts on it, I suppose I must give it up to you. Now, if I sell it at all, I'll have for it that mill behind the door yonder." At first the hillfolk wouldn't hear of such a bargain and higgled and haggled with the man, but he stuck to what he said, and at last they gave up the mill for the bacon. When the man got out of the cave and into the woods again, he met the same old beggar and asked him how to handle the mill. After he had learned how to use it, he thanked the old man and went off home as fast as he could; but still the clock had struck twelve on Christmas eve before he reached his own door. "Wherever in the world have you been?" said his old dame. "Here have I sat hour after hour, waiting and watching, without so much as two sticks to lay together under the Christmas porridge." "Oh!" said the man, "I could not get back before, for I had to go a long way first for one thing and then for another; but now you shall see what you shall see." So he put the mill on the table, and bade it first of all grind lights, then a tablecloth, then meat, then ale, and so on till they had everything that was nice for Christmas fare. He had only to speak the word and the mill ground out whatever he wanted. The old dame stood by blessing her stars, and kept on asking where he had got this wonderful mill, but he wouldn't tell her. "It's all the same where I got it. You see the mill is a good one, and the mill stream never freezes. That's enough." So he ground meat and drink and all good things to last out the whole of Christmas holidays, and on the third day he asked all his friends and kin to his house and gave them a great feast. Now, when his rich brother saw all that was on the table and all that was in the cupboards, he grew quite wild with anger, for he could not bear that his brother should have anything. "'Twas only on Christmas eve," he said to the rest, "he was so poorly off that he came and begged for a morsel of food, and now he gives a feast as if he were count or a king." and he turned to his brother and said, "But where in the world did you get all this wealth?" "From behind the door," answered the owner of the mill, for he did not care to tell his brother much about it. But later in the evening, when he had gotten a little too merry, he could keep his secret no longer, and he brought out the mill and said: "There you see what has gotten me all this wealth," and so he made the mill grind all kinds of things. When his brother saw it, he set his heart on having the mill, and, after some talk, it was agreed that the rich brother was to get it at hay-harvest time, when he was to pay three hundred dollars for it. Now, you may fancy the mill did not grow rusty for want of work, for while he had it the poor brother made it grind meat and drink that would last for years. When hay-harvest came, the rich brother got it, but he was in such a hurry to make it grind that he forgot to learn how to handle it. It was evening when the rich brother got the mill home, and next morning he told his wife to go out into the hayfield and toss hay while the mowers cut the grass, and he would stay at home and get the dinner ready. So, when dinner time drew near, he put the mill on the kitchen table and said: "Grind herrings and broth, and grind them good and fast." And the mill began to grind herrings and broth; first of all the dishes full, then all the tubs full, and so on till the kitchen floor was quite covered. The man twisted and twirled at the mill to get it to stop, but for all his fiddling and fumbling the mill went on grinding, and in a little while the broth rose so high that the man was nearly drowning. So he threw open the kitchen door and ran into the parlor, but it was not long before the mill had ground the parlor full too, and it was only at the risk of his life that the man could get hold of the latch of the house door through the stream of broth. When he got the door open, he ran out and set off down the road, with the stream of herrings and broth at his heels, roaring like a waterfall over the whole farm. Now, his old dame, who was in the field tossing hay, thought it a long time to dinner, and at last she said: "Well! though the master doesn't call us home, we may as well go. Maybe he finds it hard work to boil the broth, and will be glad of my help." The men were willing enough, so they sauntered homewards. But just as they had got a little way up the hill, what should they meet but herrings and broth, all running and dashing and splashing together in a stream, and the master himself running before them for his life, and as he passed them he called out: "Eat, drink! eat, drink! but take care you're not drowned in the broth." Away he ran as fast as his legs would carry him to his brother's house, and begged him in heaven's name to take back the mill, and that at once, for, said he, "If it grinds only one hour more, the whole parish will be swallowed up by herrings and broth." So the poor brother took back the mill, and it wasn't long before it stopped grinding herrings and broth. And now he set up a farmhouse far finer than the one in which his brother lived, and with the mill he ground so much gold that he covered it with plates of gold. And, as the farm lay by the seaside, the golden house gleamed and glistened far away over the sea. All who sailed by put ashore to see the rich man in the golden house, and to see the wonderful mill the fame of which spread far and wide, till there was nobody who hadn't heard of it. So one day there came a skipper who wanted to see the mill, and the first thing he asked was if it could grind salt. "Grind salt!" said the owner, "I should just think it could. It can grind anything." When the skipper heard that, he said he must have the mill, for if he only had it, he thought, he need not take his long voyages across stormy seas for a lading of salt. He much preferred sitting at home with a pipe and a glass. Well, the man let him have it, but the skipper was in such a hurry to get away with it that he had no time to ask how to handle the mill. He got on board his ship as fast as he could and set sail. When he had sailed a good way off, he brought the mill on deck and said, "Grind salt, and grind both good and fast." And the mill began to grind salt so that it poured out like water, and when the skipper had got the ship full he wished to stop the mill, but whichever way he turned it, and however much he tried, it did no good; the mill kept on grinding, and the heap of salt grew higher and higher, and at last down sank the ship. There lies the mill at the bottom of the sea, and grinds away to this very day, and that is the reason why the sea is salt-so some folks say. Thorne-Thomsen, Gudrun. East O' the Sun and West O' the Moon. Chicago: Row, Peterson and Company, 1912.

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Thrombolytic drugs for heart attack Small blood vessels called coronary arteries supply blood and oxygen to the heart. - A heart attack can occur if a blood clot completely blocks one of these arteries. - Unstable angina refers to chest pain and other warning signs that a heart attack may happen soon. It is most often caused by blood clots in the arteries. Certain patients may be given drugs to break up the clot if the artery is completely blocked. These drugs are called thrombolytics, or clot busting drugs. - These drugs should be given within 3 hours of when the patient first felt chest pain. - The medicine is given through a vein (IV). - Blood thinners taken by mouth may be prescribed later to prevent more clots from forming. The main risk when receiving clot busting drugs is bleeding, especially bleeding in the brain. Thrombolytic therapy is not safe for people who have: - Bleeding inside the head or a stroke - Brain abnormalities, such as tumors or poorly formed blood vessels - Had a head injury within the past 3 months - A history of using blood thinners or a bleeding disorder - Had major surgery, a major injury, or internal bleeding within the past 3-4 weeks - Peptic ulcer disease - Severe high blood pressure Other treatments that may be done instead of thrombolytic therapy are: - Angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked arteries that supply blood to the heart. It is often the first choice treatment. - Heart bypass surgery to open narrowed or blocked arteries that supply blood to the heart may also be done. This procedure is also called "open heart surgery." Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed bythe American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(7):e1-e157. Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Halasyamani LK, et al. 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, writing on behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee. Circulation. 2008;117(20:296-329. Reviewed By: Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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E-assessment or Computer Aided Assessment (CAA) software can be used to create online assessments and surveys which can be automatically marked and the scores returned with feedback directly to the students. The following e-assessment software are supported: - Moodle Quizzes - Moodle provides a quiz tool that can be used for formative and summative assessment. It includes multiple choice and multiple response, true-false, short answer, and calculated questions. These questions are kept in a categorised database, and can be re-used within courses and even between courses. Quizzes can allow multiple attempts. Each attempt is automatically marked, and the tutor can choose whether to give feedback or to show correct answers. This module includes grading facilities. Please refer to these guidelines if using Moodle Quizzes for examinations. - Moodle Assignments - Assignments allow the tutor to specify a task that requires students to prepare digital content in any format and submit it by uploading it to the server. Typical assignments include essays, projects, reports and so on. This module includes grading facilities. - Turnitin - available via UCL Moodle, can be used as an academic writing tool to check citations and references to other sources. - Hot Potatoes - creates web-based exercises for self-assessment - LAPT - developed at UCL, LAPT uses certainty-based marking, to encourage better reflection and deeper learning. If you are considering using Moodle quizzes or similar tools for summative assessment please read our guidelines for good practice. Page last modified on 10 apr 13 10:38

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Using Health Data Applying Technology to Work Smarter Enter promotional code 05984 at checkout. Using Health Data addresses the enduring problem faced by most healthcare workers: the transformation and presentation of data into meaningful and accessible information. This practical new text will guide the manipulation of health data needed by the ‘doers’ and ‘users’ of health data. Using Health Data takes ‘real’ examples from healthcare practice to illustrate, demonstrate and provide advice. It also describes various quantitative quality control charting and plotting methods to enable the effective presentation of data. While the text addresses the fundamentals of data manipulation, the interactive companion website allows readers to practice transforming real data into meaningful information. Using Health Data will aid the reader in: - understanding how to transform qualitative data into quantitative measures; - linking data from multiple sources to create new information and - differentiating between different types of health data; administrative, for planning or resource scheduling; and clinical evidence. - concise and practical guide to using data for health students and practitioners - information is divided into accessible sections with clear and straightforward progression of skills - screen dumps, charts and graphs are integrated throughout - icons in the text direct readers to web-based activities - Tips and Tricks at end of each section, and FAQs at the end of the text - activities are built around real-world examples in healthcare "The reader is taken through the core functions of the programs clearly and logically...The book is useful for students and qualified staff who need Office to write letters, analyse basic data, create a database and give a presentation...This is a helpful source of information. Nursing Standard, 26 May 2010 "With a clear shift around the globe, in relation to data management and computer based patient management systems, this book will inform and practically engage those who want to learn more. With any computer base publication currency is limited but for those who want to safely experiment or need ideas of how to present information this book is likely to be very helpful." Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing By Heather Grain, School of Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia and Paula Procter, School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Sheffield, UK

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- Prayer and Worship - Beliefs and Teachings - Issues and Action - Catholic Giving - About USCCB Cities of Refuge. 1a When the LORD, your God, cuts down the nations whose land the LORD, your God, is giving you, and you have dispossessed them and settled in their cities and houses,b 2you shall set apart three cities* in the land the LORD, your God, is giving you to possess. 3You shall measure the distances and divide into three regions the land of which the LORD, your God, is giving you possession, so that every homicide will be able to find a refuge. 4This is the case of a homicide who may take refuge there and live: when someone strikes down a neighbor unintentionally and not out of previous hatred. 5For example, if someone goes with a neighbor to a forest to cut wood, wielding an ax to cut down a tree, and its head flies off the handle and hits the neighbor a mortal blow, such a person may take refuge in one of these cities and live. 6Should the distance be too great, the avenger of blood* might in hot anger pursue, overtake, and strike the killer dead, even though that one does not deserve the death penalty since there had been no previous hatred; 7for this reason I command you: Set apart three cities. 8c But if the LORD, your God, enlarges your territory, as he swore to your ancestors, and gives you all the land he promised your ancestors he would give, 9because you carefully observe this whole commandment which I give you today, loving the LORD, your God, and ever walking in his ways, then add three more cities to these three. 10Thus, in the land which the LORD, your God, is giving you as a heritage, innocent blood will not be shed and you will not become guilty of bloodshed.d 11However, if someone, hating a neighbor, lies in wait, attacks, and strikes the neighbor dead, and then flees to one of these cities, 12the elders of the killer’s own city shall send and have the killer taken from there, to be handed over to the avenger of blood and slain. 13Do not show pity, but purge from Israel the innocent blood, so that it may go well with you.e Removal of Landmarks. 14You shall not move your neighbor’s boundary markers* erected by your forebears in the heritage that will be allotted to you in the land the LORD, your God, is giving you to possess.f False Witnesses. 15g One witness alone shall not stand against someone in regard to any crime or any offense that may have been committed; a charge shall stand only on the testimony of two or three witnesses.h 16If a hostile witness rises against someone to accuse that person of wrongdoing, 17the two parties in the dispute shall appear in the presence of the LORD, in the presence of the priests and judges in office at that time,i 18j and the judges must investigate it thoroughly. If the witness is a false witness and has falsely accused the other,k 19you shall do to the false witness just as that false witness planned to do to the other. Thus shall you purge the evil from your midst. 20The rest shall hear and be afraid, and never again do such an evil thing as this in your midst.l 21Do not show pity. Life for life,* eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, and foot for foot!m * [19:2] Set apart three cities: the Israelites were to have at least six cities of refuge, three in the land east of the Jordan and three in the land of Canaan west of the Jordan (Nm 35:9–34); but since the three cities east of the Jordan had now been appointed (Dt 4:41–43), reference is made here only to the three west of the Jordan. The execution of this command is narrated in Jos 20. * [19:14] Move your neighbor’s boundary markers: a prohibition against furtively extending one’s property by moving a neighbor’s boundary stone. By accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. This link is provided solely for the user's convenience. By providing this link, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or

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Subject: Unidentified, Unusual Egg Case Location: Southern Michigan April 27, 2013 7:39 pm I found this unusual looking egg case, while hunting for fossils. It was in a crumbly, sedimentary boulder, along with dozens of sow bugs, which were exposed when I split the rock open. The eggs are visible as round bumps through the papery/silky covering. Was wondering if some type of spider made this, or another kind of arthropod such as the sow bugs? Signature: Chris O We do not recognize this thing, but we would not rule out a fungus. We are posting this as unidentified and we hope that either we or our readership might find and answer for you. Dear Daniel: After looking all over the internet for similar photos & an answer, I found a link on Bug Guide which has an almost identical photo of this type of egg sac. It appears to be the creation of a type of ground spider. Species mentioned during my searching are gnaphosid, zelotes and corrinidae. Here’s a link to the pic on Bug Guide: http://bugguide.net/node/view/181688/bgpage Thanks so much for following up on this posting.

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ATHENS, Ga. (AP) -- Rocket-powered nets and radio transmitters are among the tools University of Georgia researchers are using to determine what's behind the decline in the wild turkeys population of the southeast. Wildlife agencies have seen a regional decline in wild turkeys, and that there are about 7 million of the birds left. Encroaching development, chemical herbicide and natural predators could be factors in the population shift. Researchers told the newspaper that wildfires do not appear to be a leading cause in the decline. The wild turkey population dropped in the late 1800s and early 1900s, then rebounded in the second half of the 20th century as forests that were cut down in the 1900s grew back. |Get the ingredients you need to cook with Rach all week long.| |Full length exclusive concerts from hot artists.| |Take a break! Classic Pacman, Frogger, Asteroids and more. Sell almost anything locally.

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At first glance, an adult metallic starling looks completely black with bright red eyes. Upon closer inspection, a visitor is rewarded with an iridescent collage of blues, purples, and greens. If one lone metallic starling is something to give you pause, the polychromatic flock of over 60 starlings in the Owens Aviary at the San Diego Zoo is always a complete showstopper! The metallic starlings start their breeding season in early spring. For these months the starlings are only interested in nesting material (see October’s digital ZOONOOZ article on Owen’s Aviary for their nest-building shenanigans). Once the nests are fairly well built, we know we have only a few weeks—the incubation time for a metallic starling egg—before the flock switches from being crazy for nesting material to being batty for bugs! Adult metallic starlings are omnivores and eat everything from fruit and nectar to crickets, mealworms, ants, and wasps! Baby starlings, however, need a lot more protein than their parents, hence their dependence on bugs for the first few weeks. After being fed a diet of mealworms and crickets to help feather and muscle development, a growing chick is eventually brought fruit and pellets to pack on the ounces. About three weeks after hatching, the chick is ready to make its first flight. The chick has to scoot to the small hole of its enclosed nest, jump out, spread its wings, and try to land on a nearby perch. With a healthy set of lungs and a loud chirp, the chick is able to advertise its new location to Mom and Dad. The parents are still responsible for feeding the chick for a few more weeks as it learns how to eat a bug without one being placed directly into its gaping mouth! We start to see young starlings leaving their nests from the beginning of June through late August. When they first leave the nest, they have dark eyes, black-and-white streaked chests, and yellow markings on their bill. As they develop, they quickly lose their yellow markings and slowly get some red coloring in their eyes. It takes a full year before they trade in their streaked chests for smooth, glossy black ones and their dull, red eyes for brilliant ruby-colored ones. In September and October we see the starling colony settle down into its new routines. The newest members of the flock stick closely together and explore their huge exhibit free from their parents’ watchful eyes. The chicks from the previous summer have just attained their adult plumage; since they will be old enough to breed next spring, they do a lot of “showing off” for possible future mates. The adults that have just survived yet another crazy breeding season are able to take a breather and relax before the madness of nest-building season starts once again. No matter what time of year it is, be sure to check out the metallic starlings and their many avian neighbors in the Owen’s Aviary at the San Diego Zoo. Mike Grue is a senior keeper at the San Diego Zoo. Read his previous post, A Big Story for a Little Goose.

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D.W.'s Guide to Perfect Manners No summary available. Do unto Otters: (A Book about Manners) Mr. Rabbit wonders if he will be able to get along with his new neighbors, who are otters, until he is reminded of the golden rule. Will Sheila Share? Nana helps teach her toddler granddaughter to share. Emily's Sharing and Caring Book A picture book for toddlers about the importance of sharing and caring. Time to Say "Please"! Narrated by a group of friendly mice, an amusing book provides preschoolers with an introduction to manners through helpful demonstrations of when certain words and phrases, such as "excuse me" and "please," are used in social situations.

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Buried in Albert Einstein’s mail one spring day in 1953 lay a letter from an ordinary mortal, a 20-year-old high school dropout named John Moffat. Two more disparate correspondents would be hard to imagine. Moffat was an impoverished artist and self-taught physicist. Einstein was a mythic figure—the world’s most famous scientist. Moffat was living with his British father and Danish mother in Copenhagen. Einstein was at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Yet both men were outsiders. In his later years, Einstein had become increasingly isolated from the physics community, refusing to embrace the strange but powerful theory of quantum mechanics—with its particles that are also waves and that exist in no specific place until they’re observed. Nature, he argued, couldn’t be so perverse. So for nearly 30 years he had pursued a quixotic goal: the creation of a unified field theory to describe all the forces of nature and to demystify the quantum world. That was the occasion for Moffat’s letter. He thought he could offer Einstein some constructive criticism. “I wrote him to say that I wasn’t happy about what he was doing,” Moffat recalls. There was nothing unusual about this. Plenty of people sent letters to Einstein, not all of them rational. But in Moffat’s case something unexpected happened: Einstein wrote back. “Dear Mr. Moffat,” the reply began. “Our situation is the following. We are standing in front of a closed box which we cannot open, and we try hard to discover about what is and is not in it.” That closed box is the universe, of course, and no one had done more to pry off the lid than Einstein. Yet in the eyes of nearly all his colleagues he had contributed almost nothing of importance to physics for almost 20 years. Were they right? Did he squander his genius by chasing vainly after an ultimate theory? That is the conventional view. But at least a few physicists now argue that Einstein was far ahead of his time, raising questions that will challenge researchers for decades. “It’s often said that Einstein wasted his time later in life,” says Moffat, who went on to become a theoretical physicist. “This, of course, is erroneous. Einstein never wasted his time.” Einstein’s split with mainstream physics came at the very height of his career. In 1927, when he was 48, the world’s leading physicists gathered at a conference in Brussels to debate an issue that remains contentious to this day: What does quantum mechanics have to say about reality? Einstein had won the Nobel Prize in physics for research that showed that light consists of particles of energy—research that laid the groundwork for quantum mechanics. Yet he dismissed the new theory out of hand. At the conference, he clashed with the great Danish physicist Niels Bohr, launching a feud that would last until Einstein’s death in 1955. Bohr championed the strange new insights emerging from quantum mechanics. He believed that any single particle—be it an electron, proton, or photon—never occupies a definite position unless someone measures it. Until you observe a particle, Bohr argued, it makes no sense to ask where it is: It has no concrete position and exists only as a blur of probability. Einstein scoffed at this. He believed, emphatically, in a universe that exists completely independent of human observation. All the strange properties of quantum theory are proof that the theory is flawed, he said. A better, more fundamental theory would eliminate such absurdities. “Do you really believe that the moon is not there unless we are looking at it?” he asked. “He saw in a way more clearly than anyone else what quantum mechanics was really like,” British physicist Julian Barbour says. “And he said, ‘I don’t like it.’” In the years after the conference in Brussels, Einstein leveled one attack after another at Bohr and his followers. But for each attack Bohr had a ready riposte. Then in 1935 Einstein devised what he thought would be the fatal blow. Together with two colleagues in Princeton, Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolsky, he found what appeared to be a serious inconsistency in one of the cornerstones of quantum theory, the uncertainty principle. Formulated in 1927 by the German physicist Werner Heisenberg, the uncertainty principle puts strict limits on how accurately one can measure the position, velocity, energy, and other properties of a particle. The very act of observing a particle also disturbs it, Heisenberg argued. If a physicist measures a particle’s position, for example, he will also lose information about its velocity in the process. Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen disagreed, and they suggested a simple thought experiment to explain why: Imagine that a particle decays into two smaller particles of equal mass and that these two daughter particles fly apart in opposite directions. To conserve momentum, both particles must have identical speeds. If you measure the velocity or position of one particle, you will know the velocity or position of the other—and you will know it without disturbing the second particle in any way. The second particle, in other words, can be precisely measured at all times. Einstein and his collaborators published their thought experiment in 1935, with the title “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?” The paper was in many ways Einstein’s swan song: Nothing he wrote for the rest of his life would match its impact. If his critique was right, quantum mechanics was inherently flawed. Bohr argued that Einstein’s thought experiment was meaningless: If the second particle was never directly measured, it was pointless to talk about its properties before or after the first particle was measured. But although quantum physics eventually carried the day, it wasn’t until 1982, when the French physicist Alain Aspect constructed a working experiment based on Einstein’s ideas, that Bohr’s argument was vindicated. In 1935 Einstein was convinced that he had refuted quantum mechanics. And from then until his death 20 years later, he devoted nearly all his efforts to the search for a unified field theory.

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Cultures about to be lost are still being found. The new language discovered in India, Koro, leaves more questions than answers. From Discovery News: A team of linguists announced Tuesday that they have discovered a new and unique language, called Koro, in northeastern India, but immediately warned that it was highly endangered. Only around 800 people are believed to speak the Tibeto-Burman language, and few of them are under the age of 20, according to the researchers who discovered Koro during an expedition as part of National Geographic’s “Enduring Voices” project. The language, they said, has never been written down. Continues at Discovery News … From National Geographic:

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||This article may contain original research. (August 2009)| |This article does not cite any references or sources. (August 2009)| Electrical tape (or insulating tape) is a type of pressure-sensitive tape used to insulate electrical wires and other material that conduct electricity. It can be made of many plastics, but vinyl is most popular, as it stretches well and gives an effective and long lasting insulation. Electrical tape for class H insulation is made of fiberglass cloth. A wide variety of electrical tapes are available; some for highly specialized purposes. Electricians generally use only black tape for insulation purposes. The other colors are used to indicate the voltage level and phase of the wire. (In fact, the colored tape is referred to as "phasing tape".) This is done on large wire which is available only in black insulation. When wires are phased, a ring of tape is placed on each end near the termination so that the purpose of the wire is obvious. The following table describes this usage. |Tape color||Usage (U.S.)||Usage (U.K.)||Usage (International – new)| Low voltage, phase A Low voltage, neutral |Low voltage, phase B| |Red||Low voltage, phase B||Low voltage, phase A||Sheath, 415 V 3 phase| |Blue||Low voltage, phase C||Low voltage, phase C||Low voltage, neutral Sheath, 230 V |Brown||High voltage, phase A||Low voltage, phase A| |Orange||High voltage, phase B||Sheath, garden tools| |Yellow||High voltage, phase C||Low voltage, phase B||Sheath, 110 V site wiring| |Green with yellow stripe||Isolated ground||Earth| |White||Low voltage, neutral| |Grey||High voltage, neutral||Low voltage, phase C| Tape that is approved for electrical applications will carry an approval label from an agency such as Underwriters Laboratories. As it is easily torn by hand, can be written on, and generally removes from smooth surfaces cleanly, it is useful for a number of other applications such as labelling (including colour-coding) and temporarily attaching objects to one another. It can be torn by hand or cut with tools. The original electrical insulating tape was made of cloth tape impregnated with Chatterton's compound, an adhesive material manufactured using Gutta-percha. This type of tape was often used to insulate soldered splices on knob and tube wiring. In the early 1940s, vinyl plastic emerged as a versatile material for a wide range of applications, from shower curtains to cable insulation. A major ingredient in vinyl film was tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which was used as a plasticizer. Unfortunately, TCP tended to migrate, giving the surface of the vinyl film an oily quality and degrading every tape adhesive known. Research chemists and engineers at 3M set out to create a dependable, pressure-sensitive tape made of vinyl film that would have the required electrical, physical and chemical properties. Experiments were conducted combining new plasticizers with the white, flour-like vinyl resin. Finally, in January 1946, inventors Snell, Oace, and Eastwold of 3M applied for a patent for a vinyl electrical tape with a plasticizer system and non-sulfur-based rubber adhesive that were compatible. The first commercially available version of the tape was sold for use as a wire-harness wrapping. Interestingly, this original black tape wasn't black at all. Tapes formulated for high-temperature were yellow, and later versions were white. White tape, because of its instability in ultraviolet light, was eventually replaced with black tape, although colored vinyl tapes are still used as identification and marking tapes. Black became the standard industry color for vinyl standard tape, primarily because of its ultraviolet resistance. Thicknesses originally were 4 mil (100 µm), 8 mil (200 µm) and 12 mil (300 µm). These were standardized to 7 mil (180 µm) and 10 mil (250 µm) in 1948.

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Fa Hien at the ruins of Ashoka palace Wuyang, near modern Linfen, which used to be known as Pingyang (平阳), in Shanxi Province |Works||Foguoji or A Record of the Buddhist Countries.| Faxian (traditional Chinese: 法顯; simplified Chinese: 法显; pinyin: Fǎxiǎn; also romanized as Fa-Hien, Fa-hsien, Fa Xian, et al.) (337 – c. 422 CE) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled by foot all the way from China to India, visiting many sacred Buddhist sites in what are now Xinjiang, China, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and between 399 and 412 to acquire Buddhist scriptures. His journey is described in his important travelogue, A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Xian of his Travels in India and Ceylon in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. He visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II and is most known for his pilgrimage to Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautama Buddha in modern Nepal. Faxian claimed that demons and dragons were the original inhabitants of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). On Faxian's way back to China, after a two-year stay in Ceylon, a violent storm drove his ship onto an island that was probably Java. After five months there, Faxian took another ship for southern China but, again, it was blown off course and they ended up landed at Laoshan in what is now the Shandong peninsula in northern China, 30 km east of the city of Qingdao. He spent the rest of his life translating and editing the scriptures he had collected. He also wrote a book on his travels, filled with accounts of early Buddhism, and the geography and history of numerous countries along the Silk Roads at the turn of the 5th century CE. Faxian visited India in the early fifth century AD. He is said to have walked all the way from China across icy desert and rugged mountain passes. He entered India from the north-west and reached Pataliputra. He took back with him Buddhist texts and images sacred to Buddhism. Translation of Faxian's work The following is from the introduction to a translation of Faxian's work by James Legge: - Nothing of great importance is known about Fa-hien in addition to what may be gathered from his own record of his travels. I have read the accounts of him in the Memoirs of Eminent Monks, compiled in A.D. 519, and a later work, the Memoirs of Marvellous Monks, by the third emperor of the Ming dynasty (A.D. 1403-1424), which, however, is nearly all borrowed from the other; and all in them that has an appearance of verisimilitude can be brought within brief compass - His surname, they tell us, was Kung, and he was a native of Wu-yang in P’ing-Yang, which is still the name of a large department in Shan-hsi. He had three brothers older than himself; but when they all died before shedding their first teeth, his father devoted him to the service of the Buddhist society, and had him entered as a Sramanera, still keeping him at home in the family. The little fellow fell dangerously ill, and the father sent him to the monastery, where he soon got well and refused to return to his parents. - When he was ten years old, his father died; and an uncle, considering the widowed solitariness and helplessness of the mother, urged him to renounce the monastic life, and return to her, but the boy replied, "I did not quit the family in compliance with my father’s wishes, but because I wished to be far from the dust and vulgar ways of life. This is why I chose monkhood." The uncle approved of his words and gave over urging him. When his mother also died, it appeared how great had been the affection for her of his fine nature; but after her burial he returned to the monastery. - On one occasion he was cutting rice with a score or two of his fellow-disciples, when some hungry thieves came upon them to take away their grain by force. The other Sramaneras all fled, but our young hero stood his ground, and said to the thieves, "If you must have the grain, take what you please. But, Sirs, it was your former neglect of charity which brought you to your present state of destitution; and now, again, you wish to rob others. I am afraid that in the coming ages you will have still greater poverty and distress;—I am sorry for you beforehand." With these words he followed his companions into the monastery, while the thieves left the grain and went away, all the monks, of whom there were several hundred, doing homage to his conduct and courage. - When he had finished his noviciate and taken on him the obligations of the full Buddhist orders, his earnest courage, clear intelligence, and strict regulation of his demeanour were conspicuous; and soon after, he undertook his journey to India in search of complete copies of the [Vinaya-pitaka]. What follows this is merely an account of his travels in India and return to China by sea, condensed from his own narrative, with the addition of some marvelous incidents that happened to him, on his visit to the Vulture Peak near Rajagriha. - It is said in the end that after his return to China, he went to the capital (evidently Nanking), and there, along with the Indian Sramana Buddha-bhadra, executed translations of some of the works which he had obtained in India; and that before he had done all that he wished to do in this way, he removed to King-chow (in the present Hoo-pih), and died in the monastery of Sin, at the age of eighty-eight, to the great sorrow of all who knew him. It is added that there is another larger work giving an account of his travels in various countries. - Such is all the information given about our author, beyond what he himself has told us. Fa-hien was his clerical name, and means "Illustrious in the Law," or "Illustrious master of the Law." The Shih which often precedes it is an abbreviation of the name of Buddha as Sakyamuni, "the Sakya, mighty in Love, dwelling in Seclusion and Silence," and may be taken as equivalent to Buddhist. It is sometimes said to have belonged to "the eastern Tsin dynasty" (A.D. 317-419), and sometimes to "the Sung," that is, the Sung dynasty of the House of Liu (A.D. 420-478). If he became a full monk at the age.... of twenty, and went to India when he was twenty-five, his long life may have been divided pretty equally between the two dynasties. - Xian, Fa; tr. by James Legge (1886). A Record of Buddhistic kingdoms; being an account by the Chinese monk FA-HIEN of his travels in India and Ceylon, A.D. 399-414, in search of the Buddhist books of discipline. The Clarendon Press, Oxford. - Hien, Fa; Tr. from the Chinese by Herbert A Giles (1877). Record of the Buddhistic Kingdoms By Fa Hien(414 AD). Trubner & Co., London. - Online edition of the Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, University of Adelaide Library, Australia. - Buddhism in China - Fa Hien Cave - Silk Road transmission of Buddhism - Song Yun - Zhang Qian - Zheng He - This article incorporates text from The Medical times and gazette, Volume 1, a publication from 1867 now in the public domain in the United States. - The Medical times and gazette, Volume 1. LONDON: John Churchill. 1867. p. 506. Retrieved February 19, 2011.(Original from the University of Michigan) - Legge, James 1886. A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965. ISBN 0-486-21344-7 - Beal, Samuel. 1884. Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969. (Also contains a translation of Faxian's book on pp. xxiii-lxxxiii). - Hodge, Stephen "The Textual Transmission of the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana-sutra" (2009 & 2012), http://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/fileadmin/pdf/publikationen/The_Textual_Transmisssion_of_the_MPNS.pdf - A RECORD OF BUDDHISTIC KINGDOMS Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his Travels in India - Works by Faxian at Project Gutenberg - Extracts from James Legge's translation - Original Chinese text - PDF of Legge translation (appendix contains original Chinese text)

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Paul and the Sacraments What is the Role of the Sacraments of Baptism and the Eucharist in the Pauline Concept of Salvation? Incorporation and Union If for Paul these two sacraments involve a believer's participation in the saving works of Christ, what are the effects that they have in the life of the Christian? The first effect is an incorporation into and union with Jesus Christ that leads to the transformation of the participant. In Galatians 3:27, Paul writes, "For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on [or "clothed yourselves with"] Christ." A key point to note initially is that Paul does not say "put on the Lord", but specifically "put on Christ". This is an important distinction. If Paul had used Jesus' "divine" title of "Lord," he could be simply harkening to the overall redeeming action of God. Instead, by evoking the title "Christ," he is specifically linking one's Baptism with the work of the Christ, i.e. his crucifixion for our sakes (13). This is what one "puts on" at his Baptism. Furthermore, this language of "putting on" or "clothing yourself with" Christ evokes the imagery of the Baptism ritual itself as practiced in the early Church. When a convert was baptized, he first completely disrobed before his Baptism, and then "put on" his clothes after his Baptism (14). This imagery allowed the new Christian to see that he had begun a completely new life, one that was now "in Christ:" the disrobing represented a "death," and re-clothing represented the new life (15). Of course, the ritual of Baptism itself, with its immersion into water and rising out again also powerfully evokes the dying/rising theme. All of this symbolism existed to emphasize the important theological point: that one begins a new life through Baptism. But what is this "new life"? By reading Romans 6 in its context, it is possible to see that to which Paul is referring. In Romans 5, Paul is comparing Adam and Christ, and describing how Adam's transgression brings about sin and death, but Christ's "act of righteousness" leads to new life. The natural question then arises: how does one attach oneself to Christ's act, and thus to new life? Paul answers this in Romans 6:4-5, when he writes, "We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, so that as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life. For if we have been united with him in a death like his, we shall certainly be united with him in a resurrection like his." By dying with Christ in Baptism, we are incorporated into him, and thus are able to one day be incorporated into his resurrection (16). Christ's "act of righteousness" which leads to new life now applies to the baptized believer. Paul describes this incorporation as one of being baptized "into Christ (eis Christon)" (Rom 6:3, Gal 3:27). This language "pregnantly expresses the movement towards Christ that these initial experiences imply, the beginning of the Christian's condition...Torn from one's original condition, from one's natural inclinations, and from one's ethnic background, one is solemnly introduced 'into Christ' in faith and Baptism. Eis Christon denotes, then, the movement of incorporation." (Fitzmyer 1409). In the rite of Baptism, the initiate was separated from his old state of existence. Death to the old life is not the final goal; new life in Christ is. As Paul writes in the letter to the Colossians: "you were buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the working of God, who raised him from the dead." (Col 2:12). Baptism buries one with Christ, but its ultimate purpose for the participant to be raised with Christ to new life. This incorporation also occurs through the celebration of the Lord's Supper. In his first letter to the Corinthians, Paul urges his readers to "flee from idolatry" (1 Cor 10:14 NIV). They need to remove themselves completely from the old life that they lived before their Baptism. But he uses the imagery of the Eucharist to remind them of why they should no longer live an idolatrous life: "The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not a participation (koinonia) in the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not a participation (koinonia) in the body of Christ?... are not those who eat the sacrifices partners in the altar?" (1 Cor 10:16,18). When one participates in the Eucharist, one is re-incorporating himself into Christ, and thus away from pagan idols. The Eucharist re-activates, so to speak, the reality of new life that Baptism grants to the Christian.

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Monarchy is a type of government which no longer exists in any practical form in any major countries . There are, however, many monarchies kicking about , like England Monarchies are ruled in theory by a King or a Queen, or by both. The position of monarch is hereditory according to really complicated rules depending on whose country it's in. Monarchies tend to actually be governed by democratic means, like England for example.

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One of blog writer in "Chemistry Blog" namely Azmanam in his recent blog article entitled "How to Succeed in Organic Chemistry", has listed out some interesting points and called them as 6 truths of Organic chemistry, which every organic chemistry student must remember, are as follows. 1) Approach unknown reactions just like you should approach all reactions – Identify nucleophile(s) – Identify electrophile(s) – Nucleophiles attack electrophiles 2) Weaker Acid Wins – In and acid/base equilibrium, the equilibrium favors the side of the arrow with the weaker acid (the compound with the higher pKa) 3) Mind your charges – Make sure the net charge of all compounds is consistent throughout a mechanism 4) The 2nd Best Rule – The 2nd best resonance structure usually defines a functional group’s reactivity 5) When in doubt: Number Your Carbons! – When coupling 2 molecules, if it not readily obvious where the various atoms go in the product, number the carbon atoms in the starting material and map those numbers on to the product. 6) Carbonyls: THE CODE – There are only 3 elementary steps in a carbonyl addition mechanism. 1) Proton Transfer (always reversible) 2) Nucleophilic Addition to a Carbonyl (electrons go up onto oxygen) 3) Electrons Collapse Down from Oxygen (and kick out a good leaving group) The steps can be in any order and repeated, but those are the only 3 steps needed for addition to acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, and carboxylic acids (including aldol and Claisen reactions).

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Grade Range: 4-10 Resource Type(s): Web Link Date Posted: 8/7/2009 This online exhibition, produced by the Tenement Museum, allows students to play the role of an immigrant to New York City in the early twentieth century. Students will learn about the immigration experience by creating an indentity and making decisions about making a living and making a living in the Lower East Side. Video clips of an an actress playing the role of an immigrant add context and give students helpful advice. Panoramic photographs of rooms in a tenement apartment give students a unique perspective into the lives of immigrants in the early twentieth century. This website was a 2009 Museums and the Web Best of the Web Award nominee. United States History Standards (Grades 5-12)

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2. ἐν + Dative for Content Rare is the usage of the simple dative to denote the content that is used by a verb of filling. For ἐν + the dative, this usage is debatable. Normally, a verb of filling takes a genitive of content; rarely, a simple dative of content. However, we know of no clear examples in biblical Greek in which ἐν + the dative indicates content. We should, therefore, seek some other nuance in such instances, as in Eph 5:18 (discussed below ). Eph 5:18 πληροῦσθε ἐν πνεύματι be filled [with, by, in] [the] Spirit To see ἐν πνεύματι here as indicating content is grammatically suspect (even though it is, in many circles, the predominant view). Only if the flow of argument and/or the lack of other good possibilities strongly point in the direction of content would we be compelled to take it as such. There are no other examples in biblical Greek in which ἐν + the dative after πληρόω indicates content. Further, the parallel with οἴνῳ as well as the common grammatical category of means suggest that the idea intended is that believers are to be filled by means of the [Holy] Spirit. If so , there seems to be an unnamed agent. The meaning of this text can only be fully appreciated in light of the πληρόω language in Ephesians. Always the term is used in connection with a member of the Trinity. Three considerations seem to be key: (1) In Eph 3:19 the “hinge” prayer introducing the last half of the letter makes a request that the believers “be filled with all the fullness of God” (πληρωθῆτε εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ θεοῦ). The explicit content of πληρόω is thus God’s fullness (probably a reference to his moral attributes). (2) In 4:10 Christ is said to be the agent of filling (with v 11 adding the specifics of his giving spiritual gifts). (3) The author then brings his argument to a crescendo in 5:18: Believers are to be filled by Christ by means of the Spirit with the content of the fullness of God. Though only one of my two examples below is "Biblical Greek" (if you consider the Apocrypha to be Biblical), could these be considered instances "in which ἐν + the dative indicates content"? Ignatius to the Smyrneans, Salutation: Ἰγνάτιος, ὁ καὶ Θεοφόρος, ἐκκλησίᾳ θεοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ ἠγαπημένου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἠλεημένῃ ἐν παντὶ χαρίσματι, πεπληρωμένῃ ἐν πίστει καὶ ἀγάπῃ, ἀνυστερήτῳ οὔσῃ παντὸς χαρίσματος, θεοπρεπεστάτῃ καὶ ἁγιοφόρῳ, τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν Σμύρνῃ τῆς Ἀσίας, ἐν ἀμώμῳ πνεύματι καὶ λόγῳ θεοῦ πλεῖστα χαίρειν. Ignatius, who [is] also God-bearer, to the church of God the Father and of the beloved Jesus Christ, which has obtained mercy in every gift,, which has been filled with faith and love, not lacking in2 which is1 any gift, most worthy of God and bearing holy things, which is in Smyrna of Asia, in3 a blameless4 spirit5 and6 the word7 of God.8 abundant1 greetings2. - Brannan, R. (2011). Apostolic Fathers Greek-English Interlinear. Logos Bible Software. γυνὴ ἀνδρεία εὐφραίνει τὸν ἄνδρα αὐτῆς, καὶ τὰ ἔτη αὐτοῦ πληρώσει ἐν εἰρήνῃ. A loyal wife brings joy to her husband, and he will complete his years in peace. (NRSV)

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The “presidi” translates as “garrisons” (from the French word, “to equip”), as protectors of traditional food production practices Monday, March 23, 2009 The “presidi” translates as “garrisons” (from the French word, “to equip”), as protectors of traditional food production practices This past year, I have had rewarding opportunities to observe traditional food cultures in varied regions of the world. These are: Athabascan Indian in the interior of Alaska (the traditional Tanana Chiefs Conference tribal lands) in July, 2008 (for more, read below); Swahili coastal tribes in the area of Munje village (population about 300), near Msambweni, close to the Tanzania border in December, 2008-January, 2009 (for more, read below); and,Laikipia region of Kenya (January, 2009), a German canton of Switzerland (March, 2009), and the Piemonte-Toscana region of northern/central Italy (images only, February-March, 2009). In Fort Yukon, Alaska, salmon is a mainstay of the diet. Yet, among the Athabascan Indians, threats to subsistence foods and stresses on household economics abound. In particular, high prices for external energy sources (as of July, 2008, almost $8 for a gallon of gasoline and $6.50 for a gallon of diesel, which is essential for home heating), as well as low Chinook salmon runs for information click here, and moose numbers. Additional resource management issues pose threats to sustaining village life – for example, stream bank erosion along the Yukon River, as well as uneven management in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge. People are worried about ever-rising prices for fuels and store-bought staples, and fewer and fewer sources of wage income. The result? Villagers are moving out from outlying areas into “hub” communities like Fort Yukon -- or another example, Bethel in Southwest Alaska – even when offered additional subsidies, such as for home heating. But, in reality, “hubs” often offer neither much employment nor relief from high prices. In Munje village in Kenya, the Digo, a Bantu-speaking, mostly Islamic tribe in the southern coastal area of Kenya, enjoy the possibilities of a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and fish/oils. Breakfast in the village typically consists of mandazi (a fried bread similar to a doughnut), and tea with sugar. Lunch and dinner is typically ugali and samaki (fish), maybe with some dried cassava or chickpeas. On individual shambas (small farms), tomatoes, cassava, maize, cowpeas, bananas, mangos, and coconut are typically grown. Ugali is consumed every day, as are cassava, beans, oil, fish -- and rice, coconut, and chicken, depending on availability. Even with their own crops, villagers today want very much to enter the market economy and will sell products from their shambas to buy staples and the flour needed to make mandazis, which they in turn sell. Sales of mandazis (and mango and coconut, to a lesser extent) bring in some cash for villagers. A treasured food is, in fact, the coconut. This set of pictures show how coconut is used in the village. True, coconut oil now is reserved only for frying mandazi. But it also is used as a hair conditioner, and the coconut meat is eaten between meals. I noted also that dental hygiene and health were good in the village. Perhaps the coconut and fish oils influence this (as per the work of Dr. Weston A. Price). Photos L-R: Using a traditional conical basket (kikatu), coconut milk is pressed from the grated meat; Straining coconut milk from the grated meat, which is then heated to make oil; Common breakfast food (and the main source of cash income), the mandazi, is still cooked in coconut oil Note: All photos were taken by G. Berardi Thursday, February 19, 2009 Despite maize in the fields, it is widely known that farmers are hoarding stocks in many districts. Farmers are refusing the NCPB/government price of Sh1,950 per 90-kg bag. They are waiting to be offered at least the same amount of money as that which was being assigned to imports (Bii, 2009b). “The country will continue to experience food shortages unless the Government addresses the high cost of farm inputs to motivate farmers to increase production,” said Mr. Jonathan Bii of Uasin Gish (Bartoo & Lucheli, 2009; Bii, 2009a, 2009b; Bungee, 2009). Pride and politics, racism and corruption are to blame for food deficits (Kihara & Marete, 2009; KNA, 2009; Muluka, 2009; Siele, 2009). Clearly, what are needed in Kenya are food system planning, disaster management planning, and protection and development of agricultural and rural economies. Click here for the full text. Photos taken by G. Berardi Cabbage, an imported food (originally), and susceptible to much pest damage. Camps still remain for Kenya’s Internally Displaced Persons resulting from post-election violence forced migrations. Food security is poor. Lack of sustained recent short rains have resulted in failed maize harvests. Friday, January 16, 2009 Today I went to a lunch time discussion of sustainability. This concept promoted development with an equitable eye to the triple bottom line - financial, social, and ecological costs. We discussed the how it seemed relatively easier to discuss the connections between financial and ecological costs, than between social costs and other costs. Sustainable development often comes down to "green" designs that consider environmental impacts or critiques of the capitalist model of financing. As I thought about sustainable development, or sustainable community management if you are a bit queasy with the feasibility of continuous expansion, I considered its corollaries in the field of disaster risk reduction. It struck me again that it is somewhat easier to focus on some components of the triple bottom line in relation to disasters. The vulnerability approach to disasters has rightly brought into focus the fact that not all people are equally exposed to or impacted by disasters. Rather, it is often the poor or socially marginalized most at risk and least able to recover. This approach certainly brings into focus the social aspects of disasters. The disaster trap theory, likewise, brings into focus the financial bottom line. This perspective is most often discussed in international development and disaster reduction circles. It argues that disasters destroy development gains and cause communities to de-develop unless both disaster reduction and development occur in tandem. Building a cheaper, non-earthquake resistant school in an earthquake zone, may make short-term financial sense. However,over the long term, this approach is likely to result in loss of physical infrastructure, human life, and learning opportunities when an earthquake does occur. What seems least developed to me, though I would enjoy being rebutted, is the ecological bottom line of disasters. Perhaps it is an oxymoron to discuss the ecological costs of disasters, given that many disasters are triggered natural ecological processes like cyclones, forest fires, and floods. It might also be an oxymoron simply because a natural hazard disaster is really looking at an ecological event from an almost exclusively human perspective. Its not a disaster if it doesn't destroy human lives and human infrastructure. But, the lunch-time discussion made me wonder if there wasn't something of an ecological bottom line to disasters in there somewhere. Perhaps it is in the difference between an ecological process heavily or lightly impacted by human ecological modification. Is a forest fire in a heavily managed forest different from that in an unmanaged forest? Certainly logging can heighten the impacts of heavy rains by inducing landslides, resulting in a landscape heavily rather than lightly impacted by the rains. Similar processes might also be true in the case of heavily managed floodplains. Flooding is concentrated and increased in areas outside of levee systems. What does that mean for the ecology of these locations? Does a marsh manage just as well in low as high flooding? My guess would be no. And of course, there is the big, looming disaster of climate change. This is a human-induced change that may prove quite disasterous to many an ecological system, everything from our pine forests here, to arctic wildlife, and tropical coral reefs. Perhaps, we disaster researchers, need to also consider a triple bottom line when making arguments for the benefits of disaster risk reduction. Tuesday, January 13, 2009 This past week the Northwest experienced a severe barrage of weather systems back to back. Everyone seemed to be affected. Folks were re-routed on detours, got soaked, slipped on ice, or had to spend money to stay a little warmer. In Whatcom and Skagit Counties, there are hundreds to thousands of people currently in the process of recovering and cleaning-up after the floods. These people live in the rural areas throughout the county, with fewer people knowing about their devastation and having greater vulnerability to flood hazards. Luckily, there are local agencies and non-profits who are ready at a moment’s call to help anyone in need. The primary organization that came to the aid of the flood victims was the American Red Cross. The last week I began interning and volunteering with one of these non-profits, the Mt. Baker American Red Cross (ARC) Chapter. While I am still in the process of getting screened and officially trained, I received first-hand experience and saw how important this organization is to the community. With the flood waters rising throughout the week, people were flooded out of their homes and rescued from the overflowing rivers and creeks. As the needs for help increased, hundreds of ARC volunteers were called to service. Throughout the floods there have been several shelters opened to accommodate the needs of these flood victims. On Saturday I was asked to help staff one of these shelters overnight in Ferndale. While I talked with parents and children, I became more aware of the stark reality of how these people have to recover from having all their possessions covered in sewage and mud and damaged by flood waters. In the meantime, these flood victims have all their privacy exposed to others in a public shelter, while they work to find stability in the middle of all the traumas of the events. As I sat talking and playing with the children, another thought struck me. Children are young and resilient, but it must be very difficult when they connect with a volunteer and then lose that connection soon after. Sharing a shelter with the folks over the weekend showed a higher degree of reality and humanity to the situation than the news coverage ever could. I posted this bit about my volunteer experience because it made me realize something about my education and degree track in disaster reduction and emergency planning. We look at ways to create a more sustainable community, and we need to remember that community service is an important part of creating this ideal. Underlying sustainable development is the triple bottom line (social, economy, and environment). Volunteers and non-profits are a major part of this social line of sustainability. Organizations like the American Red Cross only exist because of volunteers. So embrace President-elect Obama’s call for a culture of civil service this coming week and make a commitment to the organization of your choice with your actions or even your pocketbook. Know that sustainable development cannot exist with out social responsibility. Thursday, January 8, 2009 Its been two days now that schools have been closed in Whatcom County, not for snow, but for rain and flooding. This unusual event coincides with record flooding throughout Western Washington, just a year after record flooding closed I5 for three days and Lewis County businesses experienced what they then called an unprecedented 500 year flood. I guess not. There are many strange things about flood risk notation, and this idea that a 500 year flood often trips people up. They often believe a flood of that size will happen only once in 500 years. On a probabilistic level, this is inaccurate. A 500 year flood simply has a .2% probability of happening each year. A more useful analogy might be to tell people they are rolling a 500 sided die every year and hoping that it doesn’t come up with a 1. Next year they’ll be forced to roll again. But, this focus on misunderstandings of probability often hides an even larger societal misunderstanding . Flood risk changes when we change the environment in which it occurs. If a flood map tells you that you are not in the flood plain, better check the date of the map. Most maps are utterly out of date and many vastly underestimate present flood risk. There are several reasons this happens. Urban development, especially development with a lot of parking lots and buildings that don’t let water seep into the ground, will cause rainwater to move quickly into rivers rather than seep into the ground and slowly release. Developers might complain that they are required to create runoff catchment wetlands when they do build. They do, but these requirements may very well be based upon outdated data on flood risk. Thus, each new development never fully compensates for its runoff, a small problem for each site but a mammoth problem when compounded downstream. Deforesting can have the same effect, with the added potential for house-crushing and river-clogging mudslides. Timber harvesting is certainly an important industry in our neck of the woods. Not only is commercial logging an important source of jobs for many rural and small towns, logging on state Department of Natural Resource land is the major source of funding for K-12 education. Yet, commercial logging, like other industries, suffers from a problem of cost externalization. When massive mudslides occurred during last year’s storm, Weyerhaeuser complained that it wasn’t it’s logging practices, but the fact that it was an unprecedented, out of the blue, 500 year storm that caused it. While it is doubtful the slides would have occurred uncut land, that isn’t the only fallacy. When the slide did occur, the costs of repairing roads, treatment plants, and bridges went to the county and often was passed on to the nation’s tax payers through state and federal recovery grants. Thus, what should have been paid by Weyerhaeuser, 500 year probability or not, was paid by someone else. Finally, there is local government. Various folks within local governments set regulations for zoning, deciding what will be built and where. Here is the real crux of the problem. Local government also gets an increase in revenue in the form of property, sales, and business income taxes. Suppress the updating of flood plain maps, and you get a short term profit and often, a steady supply of happy voters. You might think these local governments will have to pay when the next big flood comes, but often that can be avoided. Certainly, they must comply with federal regulations on flood plain management to be part of the National Flood Insurance program, but that plan has significant leeway and little monitoring. Like the commercial logging, disaster-stricken local governments can often push the recovery costs off to individual homeowners through the FEMA homeowner’s assistance program, and off to state and federal agencies by receiving disaster recovery and community development grants and loans. Certainly, some communities are so regularly devastated, and are so few resources, that disasters simply knock them down before they can given stand up again. But others have found loopholes and can profit by continuing to use old food maps and failing to aggressively control flood plain development. What is it going to take to really change this system and make it unprofitable to profit from bad land use management? Here’s a good in-depth article on last year’s landslides in Lewis County. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008048848_logging13m.html An interesting article on the failure of best management practices in development catchment basins can be found here: Hur, J. et al (2008) Does current management of storm water runoff adequately protect water resources in developing catchments? Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 63 (2) pp. 77-90. Monday, December 29, 2008 It’s difficult to imagine a more colorful book, celebrating locally-grown and –marketed foods, than David Westerlund’s Simone Goes to the Market: A Children’s Book of Colors Connecting Face and Food. This book is aimed at families and the foods they eat. Who doesn’t want to know where their food is coming from – the terroir, the kind of microclimate it’s produced in, as well as who’s selling it? Gretchen sells her pole beans (purple), Maria her Serrano peppers (green), Dana and Matt sell their freshly-roasted coffee (black), Katie her carrots (orange), a blue poem from Matthew, brown potatoes from Roslyn, yellow patty pan squash from Jed, red tomatoes (soft and ripe) from Diana, and golden honey from Bill (and his bees). This is a book perfect for children of any age who want to connect to and with the food systems that sustain community. Order from firstname.lastname@example.org.

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Medical exams, whether they're for school, a sport, or camp, are usually pretty straightforward. Many parts of the exam make sense to most guys: The scale is used to weigh you, the stethoscope is used to listen to your heartbeat. But why does the doctor need to touch and feel your testicles? Isn't there a better, less embarrassing way to check things out? When you are healthy and going for a physical exam, the doctor is interested in finding out specific things about your body and your health. He or she will check your height and weight, take your temperature, and take your blood pressure. The doctor will listen to your heart and lungs and will probably examine your eyes, ears, nose, and throat, and may also test your reflexes by tapping your knees and ankles. For all these parts of the exam, the doctor relies on tools and equipment to get the information that's needed. However, for other parts of your body, the doctor's sense of touch and training are the key to knowing how things should feel. During the physical, the doctor will touch your belly to feel for any problems with your liver or spleen. He or she may also feel the lymph nodes in your neck, armpits, and groin to detect if there is any swelling, which can indicate an infection or other problem. And your doctor will also need to feel your testicles and the area around them to be sure they're developing properly and there are no problems. Two possible problems that can affect teen guys are hernias and — rarely — testicular cancer. A hernia can occur when a part of the intestine pushes out from the abdomen and into the groin or scrotum (the sac of skin that the testicles hang in). Some people believe that this can only happen when a person lifts something heavy, but usually this isn't the case. Most hernias occur because of a weakness in the abdominal wall that the person was born with. If a piece of intestine becomes trapped in the scrotum, it can cut off the blood supply to the intestine and cause serious problems if the situation isn't quickly corrected. A doctor is able to feel for a hernia by using his or her fingers to examine the area around the groin and testicles. The doctor may ask you to cough while pressing on or feeling the area. Sometimes, the hernia causes a bulge that the doctor can detect; if this happens, surgery almost always repairs the hernia completely. Although testicular cancer is unusual in teen guys (it occurs in 3 out of 100,000 guys between the ages of 15 and 19 in the United States), it is the second most common cancer seen during the teen years. It is the most common cancer in guys 20 to 34 years of age. It's very important for your doctor to examine your testicles at least once a year. When doing so, your doctor will grasp one testicle at a time, rolling it gently between his or her thumb and first finger to feel for lumps and also checking whether the testicle is hardened or enlarged. The doctor also will explain how to do testicular self-exams. Learning how to examine yourself at least once a month for any lumps or bumps on your testicles is very important. A tumor (growth or bump) on the testicles could be cancer. Knowing how your testicles feel when they're healthy will help you know when something feels different and possibly abnormal down there. Noticing any new testicular lumps or bumps as soon as possible gives the best chances for survival and total cure if it turns out to be cancer. Finally, keep in mind that even though it might feel weird to have a doctor checking out your testicles, it's no big deal to him or her. Sometimes when a doctor is examining that area, you might get an erection — this is something you can't control. It's a normal reaction that happens frequently during genital exams on guys. If it happens, it won't upset or bother the doctor, so there's no need to feel embarrassed.

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A new study from Carnegie Mellon University shows that analyzing data from Twitter yields the same results as conducting a public opinion poll. We're willing to bet it probably costs less, takes less time and annoys fewer people, as well. A CMU team from the computer science department looked at sentiments expressed in a billion Twitter messages between 2008 and 2009. The researchers then use simple text analysis methods to filter out updates about the economy and politics and determine if the overall sentiment of the update was positive or negative. The CMU team found that people's attitudes on consumer confidence and presidential job approval were similar to the results generated by well-reputed, telephone-conducted public opinion polls, such as those conducted by Reuters, Gallup and pollster.com. For at least some topics, CMU Assistant Professor Noah Smith thinks this kind of passive information gathering could work. “With seven million or more messages being tweeted each day, this data stream potentially allows us to take the temperature of the population very quickly,” Smith said. “The results are noisy, as are the results of polls. Opinion pollsters have learned to compensate for these distortions, while we’re still trying to identify and understand the noise in our data. Given that, I'm excited that we get any signal at all from social media that correlates with the polls.” The CMU researchers did notice that Twitter sentiments had much more day-to-day variation compared to data gathered from traditional polling data. To compensate, the team averaged the Twitter results over a number of days; at that point, the results were generally quite similar to polling data. For example, on Twitter as in life, consumer confidence slumped in 2008 and started to revive last spring. And Twitter updates showed the same general decrease in presidential job performance approval through 2009 as was seen in traditional polls. There were a few discrepancies — enough that the CMU folks don't recommend using Twitter to poll for election results just yet. Still, researchers hope that better natural language processing (NLP) techniques will make Twitter and other social media a valuable source of public opinion information in the future. The paper is available online (use the left column to navigate to the "papers" section, and scroll down to "From Tweets to Polls: Linking Text Sentiment to Public Opinion Time Series"), for those who'd like to dig deeper. What do you think: Could Twitter and other social media eventually replace public opinion polls? Would you rather have a researcher mining your public stream of updates for information or calling your phone to get the same information? [img credit: tsevis]

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WOULD YOU FIND INFORMATION ABOUT DRONGOS AND TODIES? The 520-page book, "Birds of the World" (2006, Johns Hopkins University Press) by Les Beletsky, is a well-structured, thorough coverage of every group of birds on the planet. Each chapter has superb illustrations of selected species and focuses on a basic overview of a major group, such as "Hummingbirds" or "Pigeons and Doves." For example, the hummingbird chapter explains that the more than 300 nectar-eating species are found only in the New World, from elevations of 13,000 feet to sea level. The largest are eight inches long; the smallest weighs "no more than a large paper clip." Included among the 22 illustrations in the chapter are bizarre yet exquisite members of the hummingbird family such as the long-tailed sylph, crimson topaz, and red-billed streamertail. As for motmots, I can now state categorically that eight of the 10 species of these absolutely gorgeous long-tailed birds occur in Central America. One illustration shows a 15-inch-long turquoise-browed motmot with red, green, and blue coloring and a blue and black tuft at the end of its tail. I agree with the author's assessment that the motmot is "saddled with a ridiculous name." Todies consist of a family of five look-alike species of the West Indies, including Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. These short, fat little birds are described as "emerald green above, with ruby red throats, and whitish underparts tinged with yellow or pink." Clearly a tody would be a great bird to add to your life list. And finally, kites versus falcons? My short answer was correct, though far from complete. Both are indeed raptors, predatory birds of prey, but technically they belong in separate families. Kites are classified with the more than 200 species of hawks and eagles in a family group known as the accipiters. I like the author's description of accipiters: "fierce-looking birds with hooked, pointed bills, and powerful feet with hooked, sharp claws (talons)." Falcons are a smaller group of 61 species that have the same arsenal but generally have more pointed wings, a sleeker appearance, and greater speed. A source of confusion about the two families is that the graceful Mississippi kite of the Southeast is often described as "falcon-shaped," whereas the American kestrel (a falcon) is called a "sparrow hawk" in many areas. Among the best-known of all the raptors is the peregrine falcon, which almost went extinct because of our overuse of the pesticide DDT. However, the species has recovered to a point that their daredevil high dives at speeds of greater than 100 mph to catch pigeons can be seen today in some U.S. cities. know a lot more about the 9,800 species and 200 families of birds than I did last week, as can anyone who has a copy of "Birds of the World."

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The Brazilian Supreme Court's recognition of same-sex unions in early May marks the latest victory for gay rights in Latin America. The Court's ruling grants equal legal rights to same-sex civil unions as those enjoyed by married heterosexuals, including retirement benefits, joint tax declarations, inheritance rights, and child adoption. An Unlikely Victory As the world's largest Roman Catholic country, Brazil was an unlikely venue for such a promising gay rights victory. The Roman Catholic Church has actively fought proposals for same-sex unions in Brazil, arguing that the Brazilian Constitution defines a "family entity" as "a stable union between a man and a woman."2 The Catholic Church responded to the recent ruling with outrage. As Archbishop Anuar Battisti put it, the Supreme Court's decision marked a "frontal assault" on the sanctity of the family.3 The Catholic Church is losing its power in Brazil, which helped pave the way for the Supreme Court's recent decision in favor of homosexuals. Nevertheless, homophobia retains a tenacious grip on Brazilian society. Despite the fact that the nation boasts the world's largest gay pride parade, the LGBT movement has been unable to achieve fundamental progress and quell discrimination at a societal level. For instance, Marcelo Cerqueira, the head of the Gay Group of Bahia, claims the country is "number one when it comes to assassination, discrimination and violence against homosexuals."4 Additionally, in a disconcerting report, the Gay Group of Bahia found that 260 Brazilian gay people were murdered in 2010, exemplifying the level of hostility towards homosexuals.5 Because of this discriminating environment, gay rights activists traditionally have had little success in Brazil. Most notably, Congress disregarded proposals for gay rights legislation for nearly ten years. The Supreme Court’s recent ruling was therefore a major turning point after a history of protracted, unsuccessful struggles. The judicial decision was made in response to two lawsuits, one of which was filed by Rio de Janeiro Governor Sérgio Cabral and the other by the Office of the Attorney General. While Congress repeatedly ignored requests for equal rights for gay Brazilian citizens, the Supreme Court argued that "Those who opt for a homosexual union cannot be treated less than equally as citizens."6 In this way, by appealing to the judicial system, the LGBT movement was able to achieve success despite deep-seated hostility throughout Brazilian society and in other branches of the government. Latin America's Gay Rights Revolution Professor Omar Encarnación of Bard College calls the recent string of gay rights legislation in Latin America a "gay rights revolution."7 Brazil's ruling came on the heels of several other noteworthy gay rights victories in Latin America, such as Uruguay’s legalization of same-sex civil unions in 2007. Shortly thereafter, in 2010, Argentina became the first Latin American nation and eighth nation worldwide to legalize gay marriage. Other landmark decisions in the past few years include Uruguay's decision to allow all men and women, regardless of sexual orientation, to serve in the military and Mexico City's legalization of same-sex civil unions. The recent surge in gay rights victories throughout Latin America is altogether stunning, considering the region has generally been regarded as very homophobic. The Catholic Church has traditionally been a formidable enemy to gay rights movements in the region, but the secularization of much of Latin America has led to the impressive expansion of opportunities for gay rights movements. Yet this success of gay rights movements throughout Latin America cannot be attributed solely to the declining importance of religion in the region. It is equally important, if not more so, to recognize the vital roles played by gay activist groups and the dynamic strategies these groups employ. For instance, gay rights groups in Brazil were able to reverse legislation banning gays from the workplace by forming partnerships with progressive businesses. In recent years, the use of social media has provided much of the gay movement's momentum by enhancing activist groups' ability to communicate and spread information. For instance, as Javier Corrales notes, by simply posting a video of a hate crime in San Juan or of a gay wedding in Argentina on YouTube, gay rights groups have been able to reach thousands of people and garner support.8 These innovative strategies have brought success despite a notably hostile environment towards homosexuals. Through a comparison with the United States, we can see how remarkable the success of gay rights in Latin America has been. Latin America is marked by a much more homophobic environment than the US, according to a survey conducted by Mitchell Seligson and Daniel Moreno Morales.9 However, although the US has lower levels of societal discrimination towards gays, it is hard to imagine that the United States would completely legalize same-sex civil unions or gay marriage on a national scale. The fact that this legalization occurred in several Latin American nations, despite the formidable opposition there, makes these recent rulings even more significant. Furthermore, the recent victories for gay rights exemplify the considerable progress toward the region's consolidation of democracy. The three Latin American countries that have now legalized same-sex unions—Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay—were each ruled by repressive military regimes just over two decades ago. Even Colombia, which is one of the region's worst human rights violators, granted same-sex unions equal rights regarding social security benefits and inheritance rights in 2007. The fact that gay liberation movements have been successful in these unlikely places is a testament to how far these countries have progressed in recent years. Marilia Brocchetto and Luciani Gomes. "Same-sex unions recognized by Brazil's high court." 5 May 2011. Yana Marull. "Brazil top court recognizes same-sex civil unions." American Free Press. 5 May 2011. Omar Encarnación. "A Gay Rights Revolution in Latin America." Americas Quarterly. 17 May 2011. Javier Corrales. "Latin American Gays: The Post-Left Leftists." Americas Quarterly. 19 March 2010. Mitchell A. Seligson and Daniel E. Moreno Morales, "Gay in the Americas," Americas Quarterly, Winter 2010.

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Field Trip Introduction In the fall of 2011 ten students and their two professors embarked on a geographical journey to the isolated Hawaiian islands, but specifically, to the island of Hawai`i. What we saw and did there was not only fun, but provided us with a valued learning experience that we will all positively cherish for the rest of our lives. We spent the majority of our days traveling around the island, and making stops at locations of physical and cultural significance within the realm of geography. These stops included state and national parks, beautiful beaches, local businesses, historic sites, and any other places our professors deemed relevant learning opportunities. This weblog chronicles our ten day adventure throughout the island, as seen through the eyes of a geographer. Banner photo by Ezra Zeitler

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By Elliot Mamet On June 23rd, 1972, President Nixon signed Title IX into law. Nearly 40 years later, the passage of Title IX is viewed as an unequivocal milestone in the struggle to protect, defend and expand civil liberties. As we celebrate Title IX’s 40th birthday, it is worth reflecting on its significance, as well as on the challenges that lie ahead. Title IX mandates that federally funded institutions may not exclude or discriminate from an educational program or activity on the basis of sex. The law leverages federal funds in order to require equal opportunity for men and women. There are exceptions to Title IX (like sororities or the Boy Scouts), although in general, Title IX has applied quite broadly and unilaterally to different institutions. Through Title IX, the doors have opened a little wider for equal opportunity in the United States. Title IX shattered the stereotype that women are too “fragile” or “weak” to play sports, but Title IX goes so much further than sports. By prohibiting discrimination based on non-conformity with gender stereotypes, Title IX has been used as an effective tool for defending the civil rights and civil liberties of LGBT students. Additionally, Title IX prohibits discrimination and harassment based on students’ gender identity, change of sex, and/or transgender status. Yet even with these successes, enforcing Title IX still has its challenges. One important concern for policymakers is applying Title IX in a way that is conscious of the diversity of gender expression. In a society where gender and sexual orientation mean different things to different people, self-identifying as the normative “male” or “female” can be difficult . A sound approach to Title IX regulation would prioritize meeting the needs of participants in a particular sport or program. Federally funded institutions should allow students to participate in programs and sports based on the gender with which they identify, in a way that is conscious to individual needs. In this way, programs and activities could act as a safe space where program leaders are more sensitive to the diversity of gender expression. Looking back at the past 40 years under Title IX, it is clear that Title IX has grown to reflect a fundamental mindset—that human institutions, whether the soccer team or a PhD program—shouldn’t shut out certain categories of people a priori . If the Declaration of Independence and the Emancipation Proclamation mean anything at all to us today, surely they must be interpreted as another step on our quest to “make declarations of freedom real ,” as Martin Luther King Jr. said. And surely, in its own way, Title IX reflects that quest. It is today, nearly 40 years after Title IX was passed into law, that Title IX’s lessons must be heeded with the utmost resolve. Elliot Mamet is the summer Colorado College Public Interest Fellow at the ACLU of Colorado. He is an incoming sophomore at Colorado College, a four-year, private liberal arts school, where he is studying political science.

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TRUE OR FALSE: Cold weather is bad for batteries. FALSE: Batteries like the cold. Lower average battery temperature means longer life expectancy. A typical baggage tractor battery weighs well over 3,000 pounds, which is too much mass to lower the internal temperature over the course of a day or two. Hopefully, the battery is being used and charged, which generates heat and maintains temperature. And even if the internal temperature drops, the electrolyte in a charged battery will not freeze. So in most cases, even freezing temperatures don’t make any difference at all, and possibly they even help. There is some bad news, however: - Lower internal battery temperature means lower capacity: A cold battery could deliver as little as half the capacity of a warm battery. And probably at a time when the tractor is demanding more power to do the same work. - Some chargers shut off before cold batteries reach 100 percent state-of-charge: In this case the electrolyte can stratify, leaving mostly water on top and create the possibility of freezing. Unlikely, but possible. What To Do Don’t let a tractor sit on the ramp for days. Keep charging and discharging. And make sure you charge to 100 percent and equalize charge regularly to keep the electrolyte properly mixed.

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Cost of Solar Energy In today’s highly technological world, many people are turning to more affordable sources of energy. This includes renewable energy such as water, wind, and solar powered sources. If you want to receive the same great energy services at half the cost, consider investing in solar energy. Solar energy is heat and light energy harnessed from the sun. But what are the costs of solar energy and how much can it actually save you? When considering any alternative energy project, you should think about the cost of the materials and initial installation as well as the energy savings. As far as materials are concerned, you will probably be paying about $6-$9 per watt. The size of your house doesn’t matter, but you should examine your current electric bill to decide how much energy you use each month. You also need to see how much direct sunlight your home receives. If you do decide to install solar panels, you will be saving yourself thousands of dollars in the long run. You can even save up to 80% on your initial overall cost. Tax rebates and other incentives often cover the cost of solar energy panel installation. You will also be adding value to your home by installing solar panels. If you plan on living in your house for more than five to eight years, your investment will start paying you. By installing your solar panels, you will also be able to guard yourself against increased energy costs in the upcoming years. You will also be able to have the security of an efficient energy source even during the times that the grid is down. Your savings in electricity bills will probably pay for your system in less than ten years and you’ll most likely end up recouping your investment three times over during the lifetime of your solar panel system. Taking this all into consideration, why would you not invest in solar power? The initial investment may be a bit costly, but you will be saving thousands upon thousands of dollars by using solar energy.

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Wednesday, 21 December 2011 19:50 An ATM card is a plastic card issued by a financial institution that allows the card holder to get basic financial services from an automated teller machine. These services include: deposits, withdrawals up to a specified limit per day, and account balance inquiries. An ATM card requires that a personal identification number (PIN) be used in order to access the account. A debit card is a plastic card issued by a financial institution that can be used like a credit card. The difference is that a credit card allows the card holder to borrow money for a purchase, and a debit card makes an electronic payment immediately from the card holder's checking account or savings account. A debit card is also called a "check card" or a "cash card." Many financial institutions issue an ATM/Debit Card. This card has the functionality of both an ATM Card and a Debit Card. Do you have an ATM or debit card, and how often do you use it? Don't forget to include your Aware Teens Username when you respond so you can be entered to win the monthly rewards points for commenting on the blog!

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Homeowners, gardeners and landscape architects all know the importance a healthy lawn has on the overall appearance and quality of their spaces. To keep their grasses beautifully colored, a specially formulated fertilizer is specifically fed to their grasses. This provides the plants with necessary nutrients and water storage, which is mandatory for continued growth during the different months. Grass fertilizers are specifically formulated to help maintain a healthy balance of nutrients and water storage that grasses need to properly develop. These fertilizers are split into three main categories where they work to meet the needs of those particular plants: warm season, cool season and seedling fertilizers. Knowing the type of grasses in one's lawn is important to protect and maintain beautifully designed landscapes. Blue grasses and rye grasses are examples of cold season grasses that do well in temperate climates. They require fertilization during the cool months, just before and after winter sets in. Mid-spring feedings on these grasses help promote thicker, greener foliage that many gardeners prefer. They also require one to two light feedings of fertilizer in the early fall to keep the production of roots active without encouraging top growth, which can be dangerous when frosts begin. Some grasses, like Bermuda grass, start developing in late spring and early summer months. During this period, they need fertilization to help increase the production of foliage and root growth. Each species requires a different amount of fertilization and it is important for gardeners to research the specific watering schedules and fertilizer types that their grasses require before planting. Although warm grasses go dormant during the winter months, lightly feeding these plants once a month while dormant will often allow the warm grasses to prepare for spring warm-up. Due to the climate of the areas closer to the equator, some lawns are able to stay green all year. This means that the grasses will also require regular feeding throughout the entire year to maintain optimum health and color. Summer can be a difficult time for gardeners who are unsure about feeding their warm season grasses. Time-release fertilizers help in the management of these grasses and won't damage or burn the grass as long as enough water is available. Before fertilizing, be sure to acknowledge that more maintenance is required to control diseases and the growth of grasses the more often they are fed. Never fertilize cool grasses during the summer. Seedlings require a different fertilizer to grow properly. They need high amounts of macronutrients, phosphorus and potassium to properly develop and become rooted. Starter fertilizers need to be worked into the soil to give seedlings a healthy beginning. It is important that gardeners don't use weed fertilizers, which contain chemicals that can kill new grasses before they can establish them within new soils.

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How to reduce Exercise induced asthma Is asthma hitting you during morning jog? When doing physical work do you suddenly start gasping air? If the answer is yes, then you may have exercise induced asthma. But don’t worry. You’re not alone. Nearly one in ten people have this type of asthma. In 1984 Olympics, nearly 20 percent Olympians suffered from exercise induced asthma. How to get rid of exercise induced asthma Close your mouth: While exercising if you open your mouth to gasp air, back of your throat gets dried and cool, and this triggers asthma. So please shut your mouth and breathe through nose only. Go for swimming: Swimming is the best exercise for asthma. Due to the high humidity your mouth doesn’t get dried. But if you’re not a great fan of swimming, go for basketball, tennis and golf which are also equally effective. Go slow: Don’t start your exercise session like a horse with high speed running. First do some warm up exercise, then little jogging and gradually increase your speed. See to that you are able to breathe in equal intervals. Carry medicines: Always have asthma medicines in your gym bag. Take your medicines 15 minutes before start. People with exercise induced asthma mostly use short- and long-acting beta2-agonist bronchodilator inhalers. Cromolyn sodium (inhalation) is also used widely.

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Jonas Salk, with both eloquence and simplicity, once stated that there are two primary approaches to treating ill people. He said that there are therapeutic techniques that directly impact specific symptoms, and there are methods that stimulate the body's own immune and defense system. Whereas conventional medical treatments today tend to focus on the former goal of treating or controlling symptoms, various natural therapeutics primarily attend to the latter goal of augmenting the person's own inherent defenses. Although the direct treatment of symptoms often has immediate effects, its benefits tend to be short-term. Because such therapeutic interventions do not usually strengthen the person's own defenses, the individual remains prone to recurrence of their problem. In contrast, therapeutic methods that strengthen a person's immune and defense system has longer term benefit and can prevent recurrence, but the benefit is sometimes achieved more slowly. These generalizations about therapeutic methods are, however, just that, generalizations. There are plenty of exceptions, but these generalizations create a useful framework from which to evaluate the benefits and limitations of various therapeutic approaches. Homeopathy and Immune Response Homeopathy obviously fits into the class of therapeutic methods that augment the body's own defenses. The basis of homeopathy, called the principle of similars, suggests that a microdose of a substance will heal whatever pattern of symptoms this substances causes in large dose. This principle is also observed in the use of vaccinations and allergy treatments, though homeopathic medicines are both considerably smaller and safer in dose and more individualized to the person they are being used to treat. Although homeopathic medicines are thought to stimulate the body's own defenses, how they do so remains a mystery. One study published in the European Journal of Pharmacology1 showed that a homeopathic medicine, Silicea, stimulated macrophages (macrophages are a part of the body's immune system which engulf bacteria and foreign substances). How or why Silicea was able to have this action or why exceedingly small doses of it are so active is unknown. In the same way that physicians and pharmacologists do not understand how many drugs work, we do not understand how homeopathic medicine actually work. Homeopathic medicine do not simply stimulate the body's immune system to treat ill people, for they can also calm it when this is necessary for the healing of the individual. An example of this latter effect was observed in a study of the homeopathic treatment of people with rheumatoid arthritis, a condition which is considered an autoimmune illness. People with auto-immune ailments suffer because their body's immune system is over-active and it attacks the person's own cells, not just bacteria, viruses, or foreign substances. This study on 46 people with rheumatoid arthritis showed that those given an individualized choice of homeopathic medicine got considerably more relief than those given a placebo.2 A total of 82% of those people given a homeopathic medicine experienced relief of pain, while only 21% of those given a placebo got a similar degree of relief. Homeopathy and Infectious Diseases Toward the end of Louis Pasteur's life, he had come to realize that germs may not be the cause of disease afterall, but instead are probably the results of disease. In other words, various bacteria and other infective organisms may be present when there is some type of disease, but infection tends to establish itself primarily when a person's own defenses are compromised sufficiently to make him susceptible to the infection.

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In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right...to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.Amendment VI By affording a right to assistance of counsel, the Founders specifically meant to reject the English practice of prohibiting felony defendants from appearing through counsel except upon debatable points of law that arose during trial. After the Glorious Revolution in England (1688), Parliament passed a statute allowing those accused of treason to appear through counsel. The Framers clearly meant to extend the right to be heard through counsel to cases of felony as well as treason. History does not speak so clearly to the related but distinct question of whether a defendant who is too poor to retain private counsel has the right to a lawyer paid at public expense. Self-representation appears to have been common at the time of the Founding, but representation by professional lawyers became more frequent during the first half of the nineteenth century. Some of the nineteenth-century treatise writers assumed that the legal profession would not permit poverty to deny legal assistance to defendants in serious cases. There were some instances of litigation over the question of whether volunteer lawyers for the poor would have an action for fees against the public authorities. The common practice thus seems to have been that members of the bar would represent indigent criminal defendants, motivated by public spirit, a thirst for trial experience, or the attendant publicity. In some places such lawyers were compensated at public expense. While there can be no doubt that the Framers valued the right to counsel, their primary purpose lay in removing legal obstacles to representation by lawyers privately retained by defendants who could afford lawyers. Not until 1938 did the Supreme Court hold that the Sixth Amendment required court-appointed counsel for defendants too poor to afford private counsel, or a knowing and intelligent waiver of court-appointed counsel by the accused. Johnson v. Zerbst (1938). The Sixth Amendment, however, applied only in federal cases. As late as 1963, several poorer states, all in the South, refused to provide appointed counsel for all indigent felony defendants, many, if not most, of whom were black. Prior to 1963, the Supreme Court had addressed the question of counsel for the indigent accused persons in state cases under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, rather than under the Sixth Amendment, which deals specifically with the right to counsel. In the state cases, beginning with Powell v. State of Alabama in 1932, the Court read due process to require appointed counsel in capital cases, and in felony cases when they presented special needs for legal advice. The modern law interpreting the Right-to-Counsel Clause really begins with the 1963 decision in Gideon v. Wainwright, holding that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the right-to-counsel guarantee of the Sixth Amendment, making it applicable in state as well as federal cases. Gideon left open at least three important questions. First, when does the right to counsel arise? Second, are there offenses so minor that the government need not provide appointed counsel? Third, how competently must defense counsel perform to satisfy constitutional standards? In the years since Gideon, the Court has held that the right to counsel arises with the institution of formal proceedings by way of indictment, information, complaint, or arraignment. Thus, whatever rights to counsel a suspect enjoys after arrest but before the filing of the charge (a timing decision largely within the control of the authorities) come, not from the Sixth Amendment, but from other sources, such as the Miranda rights derived from the Fifth Amendment Self-Incrimination Clause. Once the Sixth Amendment right to counsel has attached, the accused has the right to the presence of counsel during all subsequent critical stages of the case, including the preliminary hearing, pretrial motions, interrogation, plea negotiations, and of course the trial itself. The right to counsel ends with a final judgment of the trial court. The Supreme Court has declared that the right to counsel on appeal arises from the Equal Protection Clause, not the Sixth Amendment. As to the level of criminal charge that triggers the right to counsel, the courts have never complied with the literal meaning of the Sixth Amendment. In this instance, at least, "all" does not mean "all criminal prosecutions": it means some. Petty offenses have been adjudicated without counsel from the time of the Founding to this day. The traditional understanding of petty offenses included misdemeanors punishable by less than six months in jail. The modern Supreme Court has held that no offense can be deemed petty for purposes of the exception to the right to counsel if the accused does in fact receive a sentence that includes incarceration, howsoever brief. As for the standard of representation, the Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington (1984) adopted a two-step test for ineffective assistance of counsel claims. To set aside a plea, verdict, or sentence on account of defective lawyering, the defendant must show that defense counsel's performance fell outside the range of professional competence and that counsel's performance prejudiced the defendant so as to call the reliability of the proceedings into question. In the first prong of the test, the courts indulge a presumption of competence; many vital decisions (e.g., whether to accept a plea bargain, whether to call the defendant as a witness) are so problematic that they are classified as unreviewable tactical choices. In the second prong, the burden lies on the defendant to show that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, there is a fair probability that the results of the proceedings might have been different. Prejudice against the right to effective assistance of counsel is presumed only from the actual or constructive denial of counsel, an actual conflict of interest that impairs counsel's performance, or arbitrary interference by court ruling or statute with counsel's presentation of the defense. Lack of sufficient resources for indigent defense, in and of itself, does not constitute a violation of the Sixth Amendment. That question is left to Congress and the state legislatures to address. - Donald A. Dripps - Professor of Law - University of San Diego School of Law

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Tell a friend Create an account Sign in now Count to 5: Represent numbers (up to 5) Comparing: Compare groups (fewer or more) Size: Long and short Size: Light and heavy Money: Pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters ...and 37 more skills! See all pre-K skills Numbers and counting beyond 20: Count groups of ten Patterns: Similar patterns Subtracting: Subtract with pictures - numbers up to 5 Fractions: Identify halves, thirds, fourths Measurement: Holds more or less ...and 118 more skills! See all kindergarten skills Counting and number patterns: Ordinal numbers Comparing: Comparing numbers up to 100 Estimating: Estimate to the nearest ten Money: Compare money amounts Time: Months of the year ...and 150 more skills! See all first-grade skills Names of numbers: Ordinal numbers up to 100th Properties: Fact families Geometry: Flip, turn, and slide Fractions: Compare fractions ...and 207 more skills! See all second-grade skills Place values: Place value names Mixed operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division word problems Mixed operations: Multi-step word problems Money: Add and subtract money amounts Decimals: What decimal number is illustrated? ...and 222 more skills! See all third-grade skills Division: Divide by 1-digit numbers: complete the table Algebra: Simplify expressions using order of operations and parentheses Geometry: Open and closed shapes and qualities of polygons Fractions and mixed numbers: Patterns of equivalent fractions Fractions and mixed numbers: Fractions of a number ...and 207 more skills! See all fourth-grade skills Decimals: Convert fractions to decimals Multiply decimals: Multiply a decimal by a one-digit whole number Multiply decimals: Multiply two decimals using grids Coordinate graphs: Coordinate graphs as maps Consumer math: Sale prices ...and 263 more skills! See all fifth-grade skills Exponents and square roots: Evaluate exponents Consumer math: Which is the better coupon? Consumer math: Percents - calculate tax, tip, mark-up, and more Algebra: Add and subtract like terms Divide fractions: Divide fractions and mixed numbers ...and 275 more skills! See all sixth-grade skills Exponents and square roots: Square roots of perfect squares Consumer math: Find the percent: tax, discount, and more Number sequences: Arithmetic sequences Single-variable equations: Solve one-step linear equations Probability: Make predictions ...and 249 more skills! See all seventh-grade skills Scientific notation: Multiply numbers written in scientific notation Measurement: Convert rates and measurements: customary units Coordinate graphs: Distance between two points Geometry: Volume and surface area of spheres Monomials and polynomials: Multiply and divide monomials ...and 266 more skills! See all eighth-grade skills Absolute value equations and inequalities: Solve absolute value inequalities Direct and inverse variation: Write direct variation equations Linear functions: Standard form: graph an equation Radical expressions: Add and subtract radical expressions Rational functions and expressions: Simplify rational expressions ...and 254 more skills! See all algebra skills Congruent triangles: Hypotenuse-Leg Theorem Quadrilaterals: Properties of trapezoids Similarity: Similarity of circles Circles: Tangent lines Circles: Inscribed angles ...and 165 more skills! See all geometry skills Don't see your level? More advanced topics are on their way. to be notified when new courses are ready. Terms of Service Tell Us What You Think © 2013 IXL Learning. All rights reserved.

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Articles in art The Latest Cambodia Hip Hop Series Khmer romanization refers to the representation of the Khmer (Cambodian) language using letters of the Latin (Roman) alphabet. Romanization of Khmer is usually applied to Khmer proper nouns such as names of people and geographical names as in a gazetteer. Khmer numerals are characters used for writing numbers for several languages in Cambodia, most notably Cambodia's official language, Khmer. They date back to at least the oldest known epigraphical inscription of the Khmer numerals in 604 AD, found on a stele in Prasat Bayang, Cambodia, located not far from Angkor Borei. Khmer grammar is generally a Subject Verb Object (SVO) language with prepositions. Although primarily an isolating language, lexical derivation by means of prefixes and infixes is common. Dialects are sometimes quite marked. Notable variations are found in speakers from Phnom Penh (which is the capital city), the rural Battambang area, the areas of Northeast Thailand adjacent to Cambodia such as Surin province, the Cardamom Mountains, and in southern Vietnam. The dialects form a continuum running roughly north to south. The speech of Phnom Penh, considered the standard, is mutually intelligible with the others but a Khmer Krom speaker from Vietnam, for instance, may have great difficulty communicating with a Khmer native to Sisaket Province in Thailand. The Khmer script (អក្ខរក្រមខេមរភាសា; âkkhârâkrâm khémârâ phéasa, informally aksar Khmer; អក្សរខ្មែរ) is used to write the Khmer language which is the official language of Cambodia. Khmer (ភាសាខ្មែរ), or Cambodian, is the language of the Khmer people and the official language of Cambodia. It is the second most widely spoken Austroasiatic language (after Vietnamese), with speakers in the tens of millions. Khmer has been considerably influenced by Sanskrit and Pali, especially in the royal and religious registers, through the vehicles of Hinduism and Buddhism. It is also the earliest recorded and earliest written language of the Mon-Khmer family, predating Mon and by a significant margin Vietnamese. As a result of geographic proximity, the Khmer language has influenced, and also been influenced by; Thai, Lao, Vietnamese and Cham many of which all form a pseudo-sprachbund in peninsular Southeast Asia, since most contain high levels of Sanskrit and Pali influences. Most temples in Cambodia fall into mainly Hindu and Buhdist categories. The Buddhist temples in Cambodia are mostly pagodas. Pagodas are built in any province, district of Cambodia. The Hindu temples are mostly built in some of provinces in Cambodia. Cambodia faces some serious problems in its schools due to a shortage of classrooms, an increase in the number of students and deterioration of school buildings. Unlike many places around the world, where schools abound but teachers are few, the education bottleneck in Cambodia is the lack of buildings. One of the most powerful long term answers to child prostitution and poverty in Cambodia is to construct and jump start schools in some of the most remote and poverty stricken areas of the country. The roads standard in Cambodia is managed by Ministry of Public Works and Transport, of Cambodia. The Ministry is mandated to "Build, maintain and manage all the transportation infrastructure such as roads, bridges, ports, railways, waterways and buildings" in the nation. Ministry offices are located in Phnom Penh. News in art Between 1.7 and 2.2 million people, almost a quarter of Cambodia's population, died between 1975 and 1979 under the ultra-Maoist Khmer Rouge regime. Pol Pot, the architect of the "Year Zero" revolution, died in 1998, but his sidekicks are now on trial ... catched This house, commissioned in 1965 by the National Bank of Cambodia to house its employees, is one of Molyvann's "100 houses" whose design was based on traditional Khmer homes. It eventually fell into a state of disrepair. Molyvann is most proud of his ... catched PHNOM PENH: To dedicate to former king His majesty Norodom Sihanouk who passed away on October 15, 2012 at the age of 90, the national bank of Cambodia released a... catched - Thousands of Cambodians attended 100 –day funeral ceremony of late king father Norodom Sihanouk - Architect turned artist mixes canvas and camera - Six-year-old allegedly strangled for jewellery - Cambodia, US leader focus on democracy and debt deal - Cambodia’s first animation school brings India to Angkor - Thief slips between the croupiers - Former King Norodom Sihanouk, father of Nation’s statue will be displayed near Independence Monument

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- The use of self-learning modules to facilitate learning of basic science concepts in an integrated medical curriculumMohammed K Khalil Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA Anat Sci Educ 3:219-26. 2010..05). In conclusion, the use of SLMs in an integrated basic science curriculum has the potential to individualize the teaching and improve the learning of basic sciences... - Evaluation of cognitive loads imposed by traditional paper-based and innovative computer-based instructional strategiesMohammed K Khalil University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA J Vet Med Educ 37:353-7. 2010..0001, df=76, for two-tailed distribution. Consistent with cognitive load theory, innovative computer-based instructional strategies decrease extraneous cognitive load compared with traditional paper-based instructional strategies... - Insights gained from the analysis of performance and participation in online formative assessmentJonathan D Kibble Medical Education, University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA Teach Learn Med 23:125-9. 2011..Online quizzes are simple, cost-effective methods to provide formative assessment, but their effectiveness in enhancing learning and performance in medical education is unclear...

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Couple is a system of forces whose magnitude of the resultant is zero and yet has a moment sum. Geometrically, couple is composed of two equal forces that are parallel to each other and acting in opposite direction. The magnitude of the couple is given by Where are the two forces and is the moment arm, or the perpendicular distance between the forces. Couple is independent of the moment center, thus, the effect is unchanged in the following conditions. - The couple is rotated through any angle in its plane. - The couple is shifted to any other position in its plane. - The couple is shifted to a parallel plane. In a case where a system is composed entirely of couples in the same plane or parallel planes, the resultant is a couple whose magnitude is the algebraic sum of the original couples.

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Europe's strongest economic and industrial power, Germany is also the most populous European country outside Russia. Fertile northern plains stretch south from the North and Baltic Seas changing to central highlands and then rising to the rugged Schwarzwald (Black Forest) in the southwest and to the Alps in the far south. Germans are highly urbanized; about 86 percent live in cities and towns. With one of the world's lowest birthrates, Germany is a magnet for foreign workers—some 7.3 million immigrants live here. Some German industry is well known (Daimler Chrysler, Siemens, and Volkswagen); some, like Transrapid (the maglev railway) and Nordex wind turbines, represent new environment-friendly technology. "Wir sind ein Volk—We are one people," sang crowds on November 9, 1989, as East Germans breached the Berlin Wall. A year later, just after midnight on October 3, 1990, Germany was reborn. One people, divided since the end of World War II, had one country again. Yet German unity is relatively new. Disparate Germanic principalities did not come together until 1871, when the king of Prussia became kaiser (emperor) of Germany. The Berlin Wall went up in 1961 to stop East Germans from fleeing west. Rejoining two populations after 45 years of separation has been difficult. The economy in eastern Germany remains weak—the population is declining as young people go west for jobs. A bright spot in the east is Berlin as the construction boom continues in Germany's capital and largest city; tourists come to see the innovative architecture, including the Reichstag building with its glass dome. A founding member of the European Union, Germany stands to gain from increased trade with the 2004 addition of the Czech Republic, Poland, and others to EU membership. Before its unification in 1871, Germany was a loose confederation of states, the largest of which was Prussia. And although all of the states adopted one national identity after unification, to this day they are aware of their individual traditions and histories. Germany is now divided into 16 states, the boundaries of which were largely determined after the Second World War. Each of the states has its own capital and regional government. In some areas, people speak regional dialects of German that non-locals find difficult to understand: Plattdeutsch in the North, Sächsisch in parts of the East and Bayerisch in the South, to name a few. Travelling between Bavaria in the South, Lower Saxony in the North and Rhineland in the West, you will see many differences in food, attitudes and culture and to really get the most out of a trip to Germany, it is well worth getting to know these variations. Southern Germany, for instance, is predominantly rural and Catholic and feeds the touristic stereotype of fairytale castles and timber-framed houses in quaint old towns. The north of the country, on the other hand, is more urbanised and mainly Protestant. Even stronger than the North-South division is the East-West division which grew up over 40 years of separate history. Here, the differences are less folksy and more social, political and economic. Text source: National Geographic Atlas of the World, Eighth Edition, 2004

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The transmission speed of an asynchronous communications channel. Technically, it refers to the maximum number of changes that can occur per second in the electrical state of a communications circuit. Often baud is used interchangeably with bits per second. All computer data is composed of tiny electrical pulses called Bits (short for binary digits). Each pulse represents a single digit of data. A group of eight bits is called a byte. Bytes are measured in units of a thousand, thus kilobyte. A system with a computer, modem, and phone line that acts as a central point for information exchange. It can be used for electronic mail and for storing files that can be downloaded. Stands for compact disc/read-only memory. A high density storage medium on which electronic data is etched and read by a laser beam. A form of computer-based communications that emulates a face-to-face conference where people meet to discuss issues of common concern. Computer conferences Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines. OCR for page 285 --> Appendix C Glossary B BAUD RATE The transmission speed of an asynchronous communications channel. Technically, it refers to the maximum number of changes that can occur per second in the electrical state of a communications circuit. Often baud is used interchangeably with bits per second. BIT/BYTE All computer data is composed of tiny electrical pulses called Bits (short for binary digits). Each pulse represents a single digit of data. A group of eight bits is called a byte. Bytes are measured in units of a thousand, thus kilobyte. BULLETIN BOARD A system with a computer, modem, and phone line that acts as a central point for information exchange. It can be used for electronic mail and for storing files that can be downloaded. C CD-ROM Stands for compact disc/read-only memory. A high density storage medium on which electronic data is etched and read by a laser beam. COMPUTER CONFERENCE A form of computer-based communications that emulates a face-to-face conference where people meet to discuss issues of common concern. Computer conferences OCR for page 285 --> include a ''messaging" module to simulate the private discussions that often take place at meetings but they also permit communication among multiple users and allow flexible treatment of conference comments. D DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS) Databases are organized collections of information. They are used to file, search, and retrieve data. DESKTOP PUBLISHING (DTP) Publishing by means of a personal computer. DTP is the product of technological advances in personal computing, print graphics, and computer-generated typography. It synthesizes the capabilities of typesetting, graphic design, book production, and platemaking in one integrated, cost-effective hardware and software configuration. E ELECTRONIC MAIL Computer-based messaging. The transmission of letters and messages from computer to computer over a network. F FIDONET A robust network of individual computerized bulletin board services that uses regular dial-up phone lines and high-speed modems to move electronic messages. FILE SERVER A high-performance personal computer that serves all the users of a local area network. It provides access to files and software. FLOPPY DISK A magnetic storage medium. The floppy disk is compact, light, and portable. You can input or output data or software applications between a floppy disk and the computer. FTP File Transfer Protocol. Allows users to exchange files between their workstations and remote computers connected to the Internet. It is most useful for retrieving files from public archives that are scattered around the Internet. G GATEWAY A device that connects two dissimilar LANs or that connects a LAN to a WAN, a server, or a mainframe. It reformats the data so that it is acceptable for the new network before passing it on. OCR for page 285 --> H HARD DISK A hardware component used for storing software, applications, and data. It has a higher capacity and faster speed than a floppy. Hard disks are sealed units not usually meant to be removed from the computer. HARDWARE The central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other equipment associated with a computer system. I INTERACTIVE Used to refer to applications that engage the computer user by prompting for certain responses and then reacting to those responses in what seems like original ways. INTERNET A system of interconnected computer networks. Provides access to computers, electronic mail, bulletin boards, databases, and discussion groups, all using the TCP/IP protocol. L LEASED LINE A dedicated private telephone line between two locations. Leased lines are often used to connect mid-sized local networks to an Internet service provider. LOCAL-AREA NETWORK (LAN) A method of connecting computers, peripherals, and communications equipment within a restricted locality, such as a building or campus. M MEGAHERTZ (MHz) A unit of measurement, equal to one million electrical vibrations or cycles per second, commonly used to measure the clock speeds of computers. MICROPROCESSOR Hardware component responsible for the basic elements of computer processing: arithmetic, logic, and control. The microprocessor is an integrated circuit chip—a dense network of microscopic electrical pathways etched into highly refined sand, or silicon. MODEM A device that connects a computer to a telephone line and converts the digital data from the computer into analog (sound) frequencies. The modem sends the sounds through the phone line to a receiving computer's modem, which then turns the sounds back into a digital form that can be displayed on the receiving computer's screen. (MODEM is a contraction of modulator/ demodulator.) OCR for page 285 --> MONITOR The video display terminal (VDT); the part of the personal computer system that looks like a TV screen. It allows the user to see text and graphics as it is entered into the computer. MS-DOS An operating system for microcomputers. Short for Microsoft disk operating system, DOS has been perhaps the most common set of programs for controlling the microcomputer. N NETWORK Individual computers linked in such a way that users can share software and hardware (for example, printers) and communicate with each other. O ONLINE The "state" of being connected, either via a modem or a dedicated line, to a distant database or to another computer. OPERATING SYSTEMS The master program that controls the computer hardware and applications. Also called the system software. P PACKET A "bundle" of data. In some types of electronic communications, data is broken into small chunks that traverse the networks independently. PACKET-SWITCHING NETWORK A wide-area network that achieves high data transmission speeds by dividing information into sections, called packets. The packets are then transmitted by the most efficient route and reassembled at their destination. PERIPHERALS Hardware components that are not essential to the basic operation of the computer but that may be necessary to perform certain applications. Peripheral hardware includes printers, scanners, and modems. POINT The lowest level of the Fidonet hierarchy. Points are connected to hubs and hubs to hosts in order to move mail through the system. OCR for page 285 --> POLL A method by which a central computer calls or "polls" another computer to see if that computer has electronic messages to transmit. Polls can be set up to automatically call another computer when the rates are lower or when traffic is minimal. R RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) The computer's short-term memory or the electronic "work space" in which software, programs, and data reside while they are active. RESOLUTION A measurement, usually expressed in linear dots per inch (dpi), of the sharpness of an image generated by an output device such as a printer or monitor. ROUTER A device that connects networks that use the same protocols together and passes information among them. S SCANNER Hardware device that allows the transfer of photographs, graphic images, or text to the computer. Scanners convert the image to a form than can be manipulated and stored by the computer. SOFTWARE The applications, data, and operating systems associated with computer systems. SPREADSHEETS An electronic means of organizing, storing, and presenting numeric information in formats that allow for easy calculations. The most common means of handling numeric information. T TCP/IP Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol. Connotes a full-time, interactive Internet connection. TELNET The Internet standard protocol for remote terminal connection service used for logging into and searching other computers connected to the Internet. It allows your computer to interact with a remote timesharing system at another site as if your terminal were connected directly to the remote computer. OCR for page 285 --> U UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS) Device that insures a steady and clean supply of electricity to the computer. A sudden loss of or change in power can destroy data and cause damage to a computer. UPSs give the user time to exit from all active applications and save all current data in the event of a power outage. UNIX An operating system for a wide variety of computers, from mainframes to personal computers. It supports multi-tasking and is suited to multi-user environments. V VIRUS A program designed to enter a computer without the user's knowledge and perform tasks that can be destructive to the data and software stored in the computer. W WINDOW A rectangular, on-screen frame through which you can view a document, worksheet, or other application. WINDOWS A windowing environment and application program interface for MS-DOS that brings to IBM compatible computers some of the graphical user interface features of the Macintosh computers. WORD PROCESSOR The single most universal application for personal computers. Word processing programs convert computers into writing and editing machines. Word processing easily allows revisions, formatting, and corrections. WYSIWYG Pronounced wizzy-wig, an acronym for What You See is What You Get. A term used in desktop publishing that means that what you see on the computer screen is exactly what you get on paper when you print.

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At first, McCarthyism was a partisan affair. Wisconsin’s junior senator rocketed to political stardom in February 1950, when he told the Republican Women’s Club in Wheeling, West Virginia, that Harry Truman’s State Department was infested with Communists. As that year’s midterm campaign progressed, Joe McCarthy’s staff helped doctor a photo of Maryland Democrat Millard Tydings, making him appear to be huddled with former U.S. Communist Party chief Earl Browder. PRESIDENT Roosevelt’s overwhelming victory promises to change the face of American political life. Even those expert observers who predicted a landslide did not envisage the unprecedented majority, both in popular vote and the electoral college, that he rolled up. As early as eleven o’clock on election night, when the first returns indicated a Roosevelt victory in every one of the doubtful states, and a popular majority of perhaps 9,000,000, leading Republican politicians and newspapers began to concede that their cause was hopeless; only the incredible John D. M.

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Students will soon find fewer hot dogs and more apples and broccoli on their school lunch menus thanks to new federal nutrition guidelines announced Wednesday. The new meal requirements will raise standards for the first time in more than 15 years and will help improve the health and nutrition of nearly 32 million kids that participate in school meal programs every school day. “When we send our kids to school, we expect that they won’t be eating the kind of fatty, salty, sugary foods that we try to keep them from eating at home,” said First Lady Michelle Obama in a news release announcing the improvements. “We want the food they get at school to be the same kind of food we would serve at our own kitchen tables.” The first lady unveiled the changes with U.S. Department of Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack while visiting with students at an Alexandria, Va., elementary school. According to the secretary’s post on the USDA Blog, the new guidelines will ensure students are offered both fruits and vegetables every day of the week; substantially increase offerings of whole grain-rich foods; limit milk offerings to only fat-free or low-fat varieties; limit calories; and reduce the amounts of saturated fat, trans fats and sodium. The healthier meal requirements are a key component of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, which was championed by the first lady as part of her Let’s Move campaign and other health advocates, including APHA. The changes will be phased in over the next three years starting in the fall. You can view a sample menu before and after the changes here. Would you eat from this menu?

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Be the first to post a comment! To write a comment please log in or register. Nicolas Poussin was a French painter who was the founder and greatest practitioner of 17th-century French classical painting. His work symbolizes the virtues of logic, order, and clarity, and it has influenced the course of French art up to the present day. Poussin was of peasant extraction, born near Les Andelys, Normandy, in June 1594. He studied painting in Paris and perhaps also Rouen. In 1624 he went to Rome, where, except for an 18-month sojourn in Paris from 1640 to 1642, he lived for the rest of his life. His early work in Rome reflects the crowded compositions and animated surfaces of mid-16th century Mannerism. About 1630 his style began to change as he drew away from the emerging exuberant baroque style and devoted himself entirely to his passion for the antique, concentrating on biblical and mythological subjects. At first his paintings, such as the Plague at Ashdod (1630-1631, Musée du Louvre, Paris), had the rich, glowing color of the Venetian artist Titian, but after 1633 Poussin moved steadily toward more sober, cool tonalities. His compositions became more serene and his figures more sculptural, echoing the mature paintings of Raphael, while he attempted to depict emotion through easily readable gestures, poses, and facial expressions, as in Adoration of the Golden Calf (1634?, National Gallery, London). Poussin journeyed to Paris in 1640 with some reluctance, although the trip earned him the enduring patronage of wealthy bourgeois collectors and also cemented his relations with the French Académie Royale, which later elevated his style to the status of formal doctrine. His paintings of the next decade, from 1643 to 1653, such as Holy Family on the Steps (1648, National Gallery, Washington, D.C.), following his return to Rome, are the purest embodiment of French classicism. They are characterized by calm, structured composition, cool colors, hard, clear lighting, and a feeling of solemnity. During his last years, from 1653 to 1665, Poussin's style developed and changed. He minimized the actions and facial expressions of his subjects but maintained the emotional intensity of his paintings. Allegory, symbolism, and mysticism played an even greater role than before; his scenes were still, yet vital and intensely personal. Paintings like the Arcadian Shepherd (1656?, Musée du Louvre), in which he attained a monumental simplification and almost supernatural calm, went beyond the illustration of historical events to become symbols of eternal verities. Poussin's belief that art should appeal to the mind rather than to the eye—that it should present the most noble and serious human situations in an orderly manner devoid of trivial detail or sensuous allure—became the basis of the French academic style of the 17th century. Until the 20th century he remained the dominant inspiration of such classically oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David, Jean August Dominique Ingres, and Paul Cezanne. He died in Rome on November 19, 1665. After logging in the following functions will be available: - Uploading new artworks, artists and museums - Posting exhibitions, glossary and library entries - Adding comments, blogging, voting - Adding new infos to objects - Recording your game-scores to the Hall of Fame You can also use TerminArtors Social Connect to log in.

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Mark Steinhoff and colleagues (Sept 27, p 918)1 propose a modification of WHO's guidelines for the presumptive treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. They suggest a modified guideline whereby pharyngeal exudate or large cervical nodes would indicate antibiotic treatment. In their series, this criteria brings sensitivity from 12% to 84% and specificity from 94% to 40%, and increases the proportion of children with sore throat and pharyngeal erythema who receive antibiotics from 7·53% to 65·63%. We believe that the implications of this proposal should be looked at from a broader public-health perspective. The incidence of symptomatic pharyngitis in the age-group investigated (2—13 years) can be estimated to range from 18 000 per 100 000 children under 14 years per year2 to at least twice as much. Usually about 33% of these cases are culture positive for β-haemolytic group A streptococci,1 but in about half of these cases the bacteria would not have an aetiological role. Thus, the incidence of streptococcal pharyngitis can vary from 3000 to 6000 per 100 000 children per year. The incidence of rheumatic heart disease—the main target of primary prevention—is estimated to range from 9 to 24 per 100 000 children under 14 years in developing countries.2 In the most favourable scenario, assuming the highest incidence of rheumatic heart disease and 100% effectiveness of the antibiotic treatment, 12 000 children will have to be treated to deal with 2000 cases of streptococcal pharyngitis, and to ultimately prevent 24 episodes of rheumatic heart disease—ie, 500 treated patients for one prevented case of rheumatic heart disease. In the less favourable scenario, 24 000 cases must be treated to prevent nine cases of rheumatic heart disease—ie, 2640 for one. It is true that there are additional benefits from an aggressive treatment strategy, represented by the prevention of suppurative complications and shortening of illness in the cases due to group A β-haemolytic streptococci. However, the individual (allergic reactions including ana-phylaxis) and ecological (selection of resistant strains, selection of other pathogens due to less competition by eradicated streptococci) effects of such a widespread use of antibiotics must also be taken into account. Experience gained so far shows that the two main factors responsible for the decrease of rheumatic heart disease in developing countries are better housing conditions, particularly less crowding, and penicillin treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. However, in countries with limited resources, the cost implications of different strategies for prevention of rheumatic heart disease, including different criteria for presumptive treatment of pharyngitis, must be carefully considered.5 The extensive antibiotic-based primary prevention strategy for rheumatic heart disease advocated by Steinhoff and colleagues implies substantial financial and human resources, and it may be that, in terms of overall health outcomes, a more cost-effective use of these resources can be made in other areas of child health. It is likely that the conclusions of such analysis will differ from country to country because of the different epidemiological features of rheumatic heart disease and, most of all, different priority scenarios for child health.

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WHITEFISH CREEK. Whitefish Creek rises near Alanreed in southern Gray County (at 39°12' N, 100°47' W) and flows southeast for twenty-two miles to its mouth on the Salt Fork of the Red River, in eastern Donley County (at 34°60' N, 100°36' W). In 1879 Whitefish Creek and its tributaries were occupied by the Quarter Circle Heart Ranch, but in 1880 Alfred Rowe added them to his RO Ranch. The area is flat to rolling with local escarpments. The soils are deep, fine, sandy loams that support hardwood forests, brush, and grasses at the head. The creek later reaches a flat area with local shallow depressions, where clay and sandy loam soils support water-tolerant hardwoods, conifers, and grasses. Pauline D. and R. L. Robertson, Cowman's Country: Fifty Frontier Ranches in the Texas Panhandle, 1876–1887 (Amarillo: Paramount, 1981). Pauline D. and R. L. Robertson, Panhandle Pilgrimage: Illustrated Tales Tracing History in the Texas Panhandle (Canyon, Texas: Staked Plains, 1976; 2d ed., Amarillo: Paramount, 1978). The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."WHITEFISH CREEK," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rbw80), accessed June 16, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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|"Companies that market bottled water as being safer than tap water are defrauding the American public." - The U.S. FDA Bottled water has become a multi-billion-dollar business. It's now the fastest growing segment of the entire beverage industry and the most profitable of all Millions and millions of dollars are spent each week on advertising campaigns to give consumers the perception that bottled water comes from pristine mountain springs or pure underground aquifers. The truth is that bottled water is often little more than tap water in a bottle. THERE ARE NO GOVERNMENT STANDARDS THAT REQUIRE BOTTLED WATER TO BE ANY BETTER, PURER OR SAFER THAN TAP WATER! Most bottled water is bottled and sold within the same state to avoid federal regulations. There are no assurances or government requirements that bottled water be of any higher quality than tap water. In March of 1999, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) released a report called "Bottled Water, Pure Drink or Pure Hype?" This report points out that that 60% to 70% of all bottled water is completely exempt from the FDA's bottled water standards, because it is bottled and sold within the same state. Unless the water is transported across state lines, there are no federal regulations that govern its quality! Here are some quotes from the NRDC report: City tap water can have no confirmed E-coli or fecal coliform bacteria. FDA bottled water rules include no such prohibition (a certain amount of any type of coliform bacteria is allowed in City tap water, from surface water, must be filtered and disinfected. In contrast, there are no federal filtration or disinfection requirements for bottled Most cities using surface water have had to test for Cryptosporidium or Giardia, two common water pathogens, that can cause diarrhea and other intestinal problems, yet bottled water companies do not have to do this. City tap water must meet standards for certain important toxic or cancer-causing chemicals, such as phthalate (a chemical that can leach from plastic, including plastic bottles); some in the industry persuaded the FDA to exempt bottled water from the regulations regarding these chemicals. The Natural Resources Defense Council report concluded that, "therefore, while much tap water is indeed risky, having compared available data, we conclude that there is no assurance that bottled water is any safer than tap water." The reality of bottled water is that you pay from $1 to $4 a gallon for the perception of higher quality, when in fact the quality of bottled water is at best an Quality home water treatment is by far the most economical, the most convenient and the best way to produce truly healthy, great-tasting water. Home filtration is better quality at one-tenth the Why Choose Filtered Water?

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The following methods of training are for building an athlete’s "Work Capacity" which will help the athlete train harder and longer to get greater results. These types of training methods are to be used at the beginning of training and only used up to 4 weeks. Then methods of training would be changed to a more traditional concept of training. After completing the first month of training you would start a more traditional and sport specific program, and then two to three workouts per month you would go back and address the "Work Capacity". Understand that this method of Work Capacity will only develop athletes for so long and more sports specific concepts need to be implemented.

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Old Abe (1861? – March 28, 1881), bald eagle, was the mascot of the 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the American Civil War and is the screaming eagle mascot depicted on the insignia of the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division....That storied creature is for Abe Sauer just some absurdity that Awl readers should laugh at. Laugh at the stupid people in Wisconsin who think there's some meaning embodied in the carcass of a bird. Company C named the eagle after President Abraham Lincoln, and designed a special perch on which they carried the bird into battle. Old Abe participated in the Second Battle of Corinth (in which the 8th Wisconsin lost half of its men) and the Siege of Vicksburg, among other battles. In battle, Old Abe quickly became legendary, screaming and spreading his wings at the enemy. Confederate troops called him the "Yankee Buzzard" and made several attempts to capture him but never succeeded. Several times he lost feathers to bullets and saw his handlers get shot out from under him. When passing by, Generals Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, and William Rosecrans were known to doff their hats to the eagle. In 1864, Old Abe returned to Wisconsin with several veterans who did not reenlist. Nevertheless, he remained famous and was invited to, among other events, the 1880 Grand Army of the Republic National Convention, and the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. When not at public events, his caretaker kept him in the Wisconsin State Capitol. Crushing ignorance from Abe Sauer. IN THE COMMENTS: "But Old Abe's carcass indeed is gone."

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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2005 March 11 Explanation: The classic appearance of the popular Ring Nebula (aka M57) is understood to be due to perspective - our view from planet Earth looks down the center of a roughly barrel-shaped cloud of gas. But graceful looping structures are seen to extend even beyond the Ring Nebula's familiar central regions in this false-color infrared image from the Spitzer Space Telescope. Of course in this well-studied example of a planetary nebula, the glowing material does not come from planets. Instead, the gaseous shroud represents outer layers expelled from a dying, sun-like star. By chance, spiral galaxy IC 1296 is also visible in the upper right of this Spitzer view toward the constellation Lyra. The central ring of the Ring Nebula is about one light-year across and 2,000 light-years away. However, galaxy IC 1296 much bigger and hence farther away ... about 200 million light-years distant. Authors & editors: NASA Web Site Statements, Warnings, and Disclaimers NASA Official: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply. A service of: LHEA at NASA / GSFC & Michigan Tech. U.

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IN an announcement about the opening of the Spider Pavilion at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, I recently referred to spiders as insects. It brought this response from a reader in Whittier: "Spiders are not insects! Insects have six legs." The reader is correct. Spiders have eight legs. Although insects and spiders are both arthropods, spiders belong to a distinct class, Arachnida. Unfortunately, the term became known almost exclusively as a root for a word concerning the pathological fear of spiders: arachnophobia. If you know a sufferer, pass the Valium, because this is the season for arachnophiles. For a few weeks, no Angeleno need go to a museum to see one of the great wonders of nature. Our gardens will be jumping with arachnids. Even seldom-spotted spiders will be tossing draglines across walkways and dangling at face-height in search of their last big fat fly of the season. The orb weavers of the Los Angeles Basin will be spinning their last and most glorious webs of the year. Spiders are so conspicuous in autumn that far and away the most calls that entomologists get concern them, says James Hogue, collections manager for the biology department at Cal State Northridge and one of the region's most respected entomologists. The sheer volume at the Natural History Museum was one of the things that gave Brian Brown, curator of the entomology section there, the idea of conducting an area-wide spider survey. Homeowners could collect spiders, send them in to the museum and, for the first time, scientists would get a picture of the most frequently spotted spiders in the L.A. area. For the four years of the study, it has fallen largely to the museum's arachnid specialist, Janet Kempf, to open the post. There have been spiders in vials, spiders in alcohol, smashed spiders, live spiders crawling gratefully out of envelopes, young spiders that she took home and fed until she could identify them. So far she has cataloged 3,919 spiders and counting. Of these, 32 families and more than 175 species have emerged, she says. People collecting more than 50 spiders in their homes and gardens average 30 different species. A schoolchild in Torrance even discovered a brown widow, an African relative of our black widow. Rather than send Kempf any of the spiders from my garden in central Los Angeles (done right, this requires capturing and killing them by popping the subjects in a jar, freezing them and dropping them in alcohol), I invited her and Hogue over to see what they could find as dawn light came glinting across dew-studded webs. Strung across the front window was the classic circular, spoked web of a common orb weaver. The spider had retreated to the day position up at the corner, with one foot on a silk line to feel for the sudden movement of an insect landing. Neither Kempf nor Hogue needed to see the spider close up to wager that it was a member of the \o7Neoscona \f7genus. "You can often tell the spider by its web," says Hogue. This one lacked the whitish zigzagging or "stabilamenta," an insect lure that reflects ultraviolet light that would have identified it as another common genus, the \o7Argiope\f7, or golden orb weaver. Although all spiders can spin, says Kempf, not all make orbs. Through the house, inside the kitchen, up in the ceiling next to the porch door, there were yellow sac spiders, \o7Cheiracanthium \f7\o7mildei\f7 to arachnologists -- smart little arachnids with more random-looking webs, waiting for dusk, when flies, moths and gnats might stray inside. It can give a respectable bite if you grab or poke it, but most of us know better. Evidently yellow sacs came from Europe, probably in the furniture or plant shipments. Sharing the ceiling with the yellow sacs were what most of us call daddy long legs, but which aren't, says Hogue. They're cobweb or cellar spiders, or \o7Pholcus phalangioides\f7, which also emigrated from Europe. Real daddy long legs, he explains, are native, and though arachnids, they are actually not spiders. They are their own order, the Opiliones. Unlike spiders, which make silk to trap prey, have fangs to bite them and venom to paralyze them, real daddies have no fangs, no venom, no silk, and they do not live in ceilings, but outside in grass, where they recycle organic matter. A smashed worm and fallen fruit is their idea of dinner. According to "Insects of the Los Angeles Basin" by Hogue's father, Charles, we have several local genera: \o7Protolophus singularis\f7 and \o7Leuronychus pacificus\f7, or, in more common terms, harvestmen or \o7aranas patronas\f7.

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Smoking is and has been a staple of free cultures throughout history. It has been a long established element of what was once thought of as the art of being a well-rounded gentleman, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1800's, it was not uncommon for a young gentleman to hire a smoking tutor of sorts to teach him the art of smoking, with the course considered a success when the student was able to blow smoke rings. Most gentlemens' clubs were a haven for smokers of all ranks, be it pipes, cigars, or cigarettes. Many clubs featured their own humidours, as well as a nice variety of smoking jackets to choose from. As to ill health effects, one must keep in mind that the tobaccos of the 1800's and earlier 1900's were not sprayed with the poisonous toxins more modern tobaccos are. Nor were cigarette tobaccos doused in dangerous chemicals as they are now, in order to give the leaf a longer shelf life (not to mention the fillers which have also come into play). The modern anti-smoking studies were more political than they were factual, with the methods and models being geared to achieve results which had already been decided upon. Many factors were blatantly ignored. For example, the addition of chemicals I just mentioned were not considered in analysing the effects of tobacco. Nor were unseen (non-tobacco related) airborn particulates and toxins. The occupational hazards of many test subjects (such as those working in construction or plants where heavy pollutants and chemicals were present) were not taken into consideration nor differentiated from those who were not exposed to such things. And the fact that, regardless of the cavalier approach to these studies, pipe smokers were found-- statistically-- to outlive non-smokers by two to three years was ignored, if not suppressed. Many studies showed so-called "secondhand smoke" to be of a negligible threat, and far less a health risk than the pollution and particulates one breathes on a daily trek through a city, or even when mowing the lawn or firing up charcoal in a grill. I'm not saying smoking is the healthiest choice in the world, nor am I saying it's without some risk to one's health, depending on the choice of pipes, cigars, or cigarettes and the frequency with which one partakes of their tobacco. But as one who works in the field of healthcare, I can say it is not the "evil" ogre the anti-tobacco forces would have us believe. One must keep in mind smoking is an easy target and a perfect control for behaviour modification efforts. I've actually known several lady pipe smokers. One of the most famous historically was Rachel Jackson, Andrew Jackson's wife. According to the story, she found one of his pipes lying around one day when he was off to war and decided to try it. I think a lot of it is simply a matter of preference and perception. Smoking a pipe or really enjoying a quality cigar requires patience, time, and an ability to relax. Cigarettes are far easier to pop in one's mouth and light up on the go, and they're a lot faster than the alternative. Then there's the notion that pipes and cigars are more of a masculine element. Even in today's "progressive" society, most folks don't think of pipe and cigar smoking as something women would prefer, yet the few women who are independently minded enough to give them a try find they're just as good at it as we men are. And bear in mind it wasn't that long ago that cigarettes were also thought of as decidedly masculine, and few women dared light one up in public. I think, had it not been for the radical anti-tobacco pogrom our government decided to undertake, we might now see a lot more women joining the ranks of the more traditional pipe/cigar smoker, which ironically is a far healthier choice than cigarettes. My supervisor is every bit the feminine lady, yet she regularly enjoys a good cigar and a glass of bourbon. In time we may see more women moving away from cigarettes and into the ranks of pipe and cigar afficionados, but with all the hype and misinformation (as well as the manufactured stigma associated with smoking in general) about tobacco, who knows what the future holds?

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The Presidents of the United States, 1789-1914/James Madison James Madison Also in this chapter … Dorothy, wife James Madison, fourth president of the United States, born in Port Conway, Va., March 16, 1751; died at Montpelier, Orange County, Va., June 28, 1836. His earliest paternal ancestor in Virginia seems to have been John Madison, who, in 1653, took out a patent for land between the North and York rivers on Chesapeake bay. There was a Capt. Isaac Madison in Virginia in 1623–'5, but his relationship to John Madison is matter of doubt. John's son, named also John, was father of Ambrose Madison, who married, August 24, 1721, Frances, daughter of James Taylor, of Orange County, Va. Frances had four brothers, one of whom, Zachary, was grandfather of Zachary Taylor, twelfth president of the United States. The eldest child of Ambrose and Frances was James Madison, born March 27, 1723, who married, September 15, 1749, Nelly Conway, of Port Conway. The eldest child of James and Nelly was James, the subject of this biography, who was the first of twelve children. His ancestors, as he says himself in a note furnished to Dr. Lyman C. Draper in 1834, "were not among the most wealthy of the country, but in independent and comfortable circumstances." James's education was begun at an excellent school kept by a Scotchman named Donald Robertson, and his studies, preparatory for college, were completed at home under the care of the Rev. Thomas Martin, clergyman of the parish. He was graduated at Princeton in 1772, and remained there another year, devoting himself to the study of Hebrew. On returning home, he occupied himself with history, law, and theology, while teaching his brothers and sisters. Of the details of his youthful studies little is known, but his industry must have been very great; for, in spite of the early age at which he became absorbed in the duties of public life, the range and solidity of his acquirements were extraordinary. For minute and thorough knowledge of ancient and modern history and of constitutional law he was unequalled among the Americans of the Revolutionary period; only Hamilton, and perhaps Ellsworth and Marshall, approached him in this regard. For precocity of mental development he resembled Hamilton and the younger Pitt, and, like Washington, he was distinguished in youth for soundness of judgment, keenness of perception, and rare capacity for work. Along with these admirable qualities, his lofty integrity and his warm interest in public affairs were well known to the people of Orange, so that when, in the autumn of 1774, it was thought necessary to appoint a committee of safety, Madison was its youngest member. Early in 1776 he was chosen a delegate to the State convention, which met at Williamsburg in May. The first business of the convention was to instruct the Virginia delegation in the Continental congress with regard to an immediate declaration of independence. From the painting by Gilbert Stuart, owned by T. Jefferson Coolidge Next came the work of making a constitution for the state, and Madison was one of the special committee appointed to deal with this problem. Here one of his first acts was highly characteristic. Religious liberty was a matter that strongly enlisted his feelings. When it was proposed that, under the new constitution, "all men should enjoy the fullest toleration in the exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience," Madison pointed out that this provision did not go to the root of the matter. The free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience, is something which every man may demand as a right, not something for which he must ask as a privilege. To grant to the state the power of tolerating is implicitly to grant to it the power of prohibiting, whereas Madison would deny to it any jurisdiction whatever in the matter of religion. The clause in the bill of rights, as finally adopted at his suggestion, accordingly declares that "all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience." The incident illustrates not only Madison's liberality of spirit, but also his precision and forethought in so drawing up an instrument as to make it mean all that it was intended to mean. In his later career these qualities were especially brilliant and useful. Madison was elected a member of the first legislature under the new state constitution, but he failed of re-election because he refused to solicit votes or to furnish whiskey for thirsty voters. The new legislature then elected him a member of the governor's council, and in 1780 he was sent as delegate to the Continental congress. The high consideration in which he was held showed itself in the number of important committees to which he was appointed. As chairman of a committee for drawing up instructions for John Jay, then minister at the court of Madrid, he insisted that, in making a treaty with Spain, our right to the free navigation of the Mississippi river should on no account be surrendered. Mr. Jay was instructed accordingly, but toward the end of 1780 the pressure of the war upon the southern states increased the desire for an alliance with Spain to such a point that they seemed ready to purchase it at any price. Virginia, therefore, proposed that the surrender of our rights upon the Mississippi should be offered to Spain as the condition of an offensive and defensive alliance. Such a proposal was no doubt ill-advised. Since Spain was already, on her own account and to the best of her ability, waging war upon Great Britain in the West Indies and Florida, to say nothing of Gibraltar, it is doubtful if she could have done much more for the United States, even if we had offered her the whole Mississippi valley. The offer of a permanent and invaluable right in exchange for a temporary and questionable advantage seemed to Mr. Madison very unwise; but as it was then generally held that in such matters representatives must be bound by the wishes of their constituents, he yielded, though under protest. But hardly had the fresh instructions been despatched to Mr. Jay when the overthrow of Cornwallis again turned the scale, and Spain was informed that, as concerned the Mississippi question, congress was immovable. The foresight and sound judgment shown by Mr. Madison in this discussion added much to his reputation. His next prominent action related to the impost law proposed in 1783. This was, in some respects, the most important question of the day. The chief source of the weakness of the United States during the Revolutionary war had been the impossibility of raising money by means of Federal taxation. As long as money could be raised only through requisitions upon the state governments, and the different states could not be brought to agree upon any method of enforcing the requisitions, the state governments were sure to prove delinquent. Finding it impossible to obtain money for carrying on the war, congress had resorted to the issue of large quantities of inconvertible paper, with the natural results. There had been a rapid inflation of values, followed by sudden bankruptcy and the prostration of national credit. In 1783 it had become difficult to obtain foreign loans, and at home the government could not raise nearly enough money to defray its current expenses. To remedy the evil a tariff of five per cent. upon sundry imports, with a specific duty upon others, was proposed in congress and offered to the several states for approval. To weaken as much as possible the objections to such a law, its operation was limited to twenty-five years. Even in this mild form, however, it was impossible to persuade the several states to submit to Federal taxation. Virginia at first assented to the impost law, but afterward revoked her action. On this occasion Mr. Madison, feeling that the very existence of the nation was at stake, refused to be controlled by the action of his constituents. He persisted in urging the necessity of such an impost law, and eventually had the satisfaction of seeing Virginia adopt his view of the matter. The discussion of the impost law in congress revealed the antagonism that existed between the slave-states and those states which had emancipated their slaves. In endeavoring to apportion equitably the quotas of revenue to be required of the several states, it was observed that, if taxation were to be distributed according to population, it made a great difference whether or not slaves were to be counted as population. If slaves were to be counted, the southern states would have to pay more than their equitable share into the treasury of the general government; if slaves were not to be counted, it was argued at the north that they would be paying less than their equitable share. Consequently at that time the northern states were inclined to maintain that the slaves were population, while the south preferred to regard them as chattels. The question was settled by a compromise that was proposed by Mr. Madison; according to this arrangement the slaves were rated as population, but in such wise that five of them were counted as three persons. In 1784 Mr. Madison was again elected to the Virginia legislature, an office then scarcely inferior in dignity, and superior in influence, to that of delegate to the Continental congress. His efforts were steadfastly devoted to the preparation and advocacy of measures that were calculated to increase the strength of the Federal government. He supported the proposed amendment to the articles of confederation, giving to congress control over the foreign trade of the states; and, pending the adoption of such a measure, he secured in that body the passage of a port bill restricting the entry of foreign ships to certain specified ports. The purpose of this was to facilitate the collection of revenue, but it was partially defeated in its operation by successive amendments increasing the number of ports. While the weakness of the general government and the need for strengthening it were daily growing more apparent, the question of religious liberty was the subject of earnest discussion in the Virginia legislature. An attempt was made to lay a tax upon all the people of that state "for the support of teachers of the Christian religion." At first Madison was almost the only one to see clearly the serious danger lurking in such a tax; that it would be likely to erect a state church and curtail men's freedom of belief and worship. Mr. Madison's position here well illustrated the remark that intelligent persistence is capable of making one person a majority. His energetic opposition resulted at first in postponing the measure. Then he wrote a "Memorial and Remonstrance," setting forth its dangerous character with wonderful clearness and cogency. He sent this paper all over the state for signatures, and in the course of a twelvemonth had so educated the people that, in the election of 1785, the question of religious freedom was made a test question, and in the ensuing session the dangerous bill was defeated, and in place thereof it was enacted "that no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess and, by argument, maintain their opinions in matters of religion, and that the same shall in nowise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities." In thus abolishing religious tests Virginia came to the front among all the American states, as Massachusetts had come to the front in the abolition of negro slavery. Nearly all the states still imposed religious tests upon civil office-holders, from simply declaring a general belief in the infallibleness of the Bible, to accepting the doctrine of the Trinity. Madison's "Religious Freedom Act" was translated into French and Italian, and was widely read and commented upon in Europe. In our own history it set a most valuable precedent for other states to follow. The attitude of Mr. Madison with regard to paper money was also very important. The several states had then the power of issuing promissory notes and making them a legal tender, and many of them shamefully abused this power. The year 1786 witnessed perhaps the most virulent craze for paper money that has ever attacked the American people. In Virginia the masterly reasoning and the resolute attitude of a few great political leaders saved the state from yielding to the delusion, and among these leaders Mr. Madison was foremost. But his most important work in the Virginia legislature was that which led directly to the Annapolis convention, and thus ultimately to the framing of the constitution of the United States. The source from which such vast results were to flow was the necessity of an agreement between Maryland and Virginia with regard to the navigation of the Potomac river, and the collection of duties at ports on its banks. Commissioners appointed by the two states to discuss this question met early in 1785 and recommended that a uniform tariff should be adopted and enforced upon both banks. But a further question, also closely connected with the navigation of the Potomac, now came up for discussion. The tide of westward migration had for some time been pouring over the Alleghanies, and, owing to complications with the Spanish power in the Mississippi valley, there was some danger that the United States might not be able to keep its hold upon the new settlements. It was necessary to strengthen the commercial ties between east and west, and to this end the Potomac company was formed for the purpose of improving the navigation of the upper waters of the Potomac and connecting them by good roads and canals with the upper waters of the Ohio at Pittsburg—an enterprise which, in due course of time, resulted in the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. The first president of the Potomac company was George Washington, who well understood that the undertaking was quite as important in its political as in its commercial bearings. At the same time it was proposed to connect the Potomac and Delaware rivers with a canal, and a company was organized for this purpose. This made it desirable that the four states—Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania—should agree upon the laws for regulating interstate traffic through this system of water-ways. But from this it was but a short step to the conclusion that, since the whole commercial system of the United States confessedly needed overhauling, it might perhaps be as well for all the thirteen states to hold a convention for considering the matter. When such a suggestion was communicated from the legislature of Maryland to that of Virginia, it afforded Mr. Madison the opportunity for which he had been eagerly waiting. Some time before he had prepared a resolution for the appointment of commissioners to confer with commissioners from the other states concerning the trade of the country and the advisableness of entrusting its regulation to the Federal government. This resolution Mr. Madison left to be offered to the assembly by some one less conspicuously identified with federalist opinions than himself; and it was accordingly presented by Mr. Tyler, father of the future president of that name. The motion was unfavorably received and was laid upon the table, but when the message came from Maryland, the matter was reconsidered and the resolution passed. Annapolis was selected as the place for the convention, which assembled on September 11, 1786. Only five states—Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York—were represented at the meeting. Maryland, which had first suggested the convention, had seen the appointed time arrive without even taking the trouble to select commissioners. As the representation was so inadequate, the convention thought it best to defer action, and accordingly adjourned after adopting an address to the states, which was prepared by Alexander Hamilton. The address incorporated a suggestion from New Jersey, which indefinitely enlarged the business to be treated by such convention; it was to deal not only with the regulation of commerce, but with "other important matters." Acting upon this cautious hint, the address recommended the calling of a second convention, to be held at Philadelphia on the second Monday of May, 1787. Mr. Madison was one of the commissioners at Annapolis, and was very soon appointed a delegate to the new convention, along with Washington, Randolph, Mason, and others. The avowed purpose of the new convention was to "devise such provisions as shall appear necessary to render the constitution of the Federal government adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and to report to congress such an act as, when agreed to by them and confirmed by the legislatures of every state, would effectually provide for the same." The report of the Annapolis commissioners was brought before congress in October, in the hope that congress would earnestly recommend to the several states the course of action therein suggested. At first the objections to the plan prevailed in congress, but the events of the winter went far toward persuading men in all parts of the country that the only hope of escaping anarchy lay in a thorough revision of the imperfect scheme of government under which we were then living. The paper-money craze in so many of the states, the violent proceedings in the Rhode Island legislature, the riots in Vermont and New Hampshire, the Shays rebellion in Massachusetts, the dispute with Spain about the navigation of the Mississippi, and the consequent imminent danger of separation between north and south, had all come together; and now the last ounce was laid upon the camel's back in the failure of the impost amendment. In February, 1787, just as Mr. Madison, who had been chosen a delegate to congress, arrived in New York, the legislature of that state refused its assent to the amendment, which was thus defeated. Thus, only three months before the time designated for the meeting of the Philadelphia convention, congress was decisively informed that it would not be allowed to take any effectual measures for raising a revenue. This accumulation of difficulties made congress more ready to listen to the arguments of Mr. Madison, and presently congress itself proposed a convention at Philadelphia identical with the one recommended by the Annapolis commissioners, and thus in its own way sanctioned their action. The assembling of the convention at Philadelphia was an event to which Mr. Madison, by persistent energy and skill, had contributed more than any other man in the country, with the possible exception of Alexander Hamilton. For the noble political structure reared by the convention it was Madison that furnished the basis. Before the convention met he laid before his colleagues of the Virginia delegation the outlines of the scheme that was presented to the convention as the "Virginia plan." Of the delegates, Edmund Randolph was then governor of Virginia, and it was he that presented the plan, and made the opening speech in defence of it, but its chief author was Madison. This "Virginia plan" struck directly at the root of the evils from which our Federal government had suffered under the articles of confederation. The weakness of that government had consisted in the fact that it operated only upon states and not upon individuals. Only states, not individuals, were represented in the Continental congress, which accordingly resembled a European congress rather than an English parliament. The delegates to the Continental congress were more like envoys from sovereign states than like members of a legislative body. They might deliberate and advise, but had no means of enforcing their will upon the several state governments; and hence they could neither raise a revenue nor preserve order. In forming the new government, this fundamental difficulty was met first by the creation of a legislative body representing population instead of states, and secondly by the creation of a Federal executive and a Federal judiciary. Thus arose that peculiar state of things so familiar to Americans, but so strange to Europeans that they find it hard to comprehend it: the state of things in which every individual lives under two complete and well-rounded systems of laws—the state law and the Federal law—each with its legislature, its executive, and its judiciary, moving one within the other. It was one of the longest reaches of constructive statesmanship ever known in the world, and the credit of it is due to Madison more than to any other one man. To him we chiefly, owe the luminous conception of the two co-existing and harmonious spheres of government, although the constitution, as actually framed, was the result of skilful compromises by which the Virginia plan was modified and improved in many important points. In its original shape that plan went further toward national consolidation than the constitution as adopted. It contemplated a national legislature to be composed of two houses, but both the upper and the lower house were to represent population instead of states. Here it encountered fierce opposition from the smaller states, under the lead of New Jersey, until the matter was settled by the famous Connecticut compromise, according to which the upper house was to represent states, while the lower house represented population. Madison's original scheme, moreover, would have allowed the national legislature to set aside at discretion such state laws as it might deem unconstitutional. It seems strange to find Madison, who afterward drafted the Virginia resolutions of 1798, now suggesting and defending a provision so destructive of state rights. It shows how strongly he was influenced at the time by the desire to put an end to the prevailing anarchy. The discussion of this matter in the convention, as we read it to-day, brings out in a very strong light the excellence of the arrangement finally adopted, by which the constitutionality of state laws is left to be determined through the decisions of the Federal supreme court. In all the discussions in the Federal convention Mr. Madison naturally took a leading part. Besides the work of cardinal importance which he achieved as principal author of the Virginia plan, especial mention must be made of the famous compromise that adjusted the distribution of representatives between the northern and the southern states. We have seen that in the congress of 1783, when it was a question of taxation, the south was inclined to regard slaves as chattels, while the north preferred to regard them as population. Now, when it had come to be a question of the apportionment of representation, the case was reversed: it was the south that wished to count slaves as population, while the north insisted that they should be classed as chattels. Here Mr. Madison proposed the same compromise that had succeeded in congress four years before; and Mr. Rutledge, of South Carolina, who had supported him on the former occasion, could hardly do otherwise than come again to his side. It was agreed that in counting population, whether for direct taxation or for representation in the lower house of congress, five slaves should be reckoned as three individuals. In the history of the formation of our Federal Union this compromise was of cardinal importance. Without it the Union would undoubtedly have gone to pieces at the outset, and it was for this reason that the northern abolitionists, Gouverneur Morris and Rufus King, joined with Washington and Madison and with the pro-slavery Pinckneys in subscribing to it. Some of the evils resulting from this compromise have led historians, writing from the abolitionist point of view, to condemn it utterly. Nothing can be clearer, however, than that, in order to secure the adoption of the constitution, it was absolutely necessary to satisfy South Carolina. This was proved by the course of events in 1788, when there was a strong party in Virginia in favor of a separate confederacy of southern states. By South Carolina's prompt ratification of the constitution this scheme was completely defeated, and a most formidable obstacle to the formation of a more perfect union was removed. Of all the compromises in American history, this of the so-called "three-fifths rule" was probably the most important: until the beginning of the civil war there was hardly a political movement of any consequence not affected by it. Mr. Madison's services in connection with the founding of our Federal government were thus, up to this point, of the most transcendent kind. We have seen that he played a leading part in the difficult work of getting a convention to assemble; the merit of this he shares with other eminent men, and notably with Washington and Hamilton. Then, he was chief author of the most fundamental features in the constitution, those which transformed our government from a loose confederacy of states into a Federal nation; and to him is due the principal credit for the compromise that made the adoption of the constitution possible for all the states. After the adjournment of the convention his services did not cease. Among those whose influence in bringing about the ratification of the constitution was felt all over the country, he shares with Hamilton the foremost place. The "Federalist," their joint production, is probably the greatest treatise on political science that has ever appeared in the world, at once the most practical and the most profound. The evenness with which the merits of this work are shared between Madison and Hamilton is well illustrated by the fact that it is not always easy to distinguish between the two, so that there has been considerable controversy as to the number of papers contributed by each. According to Madison's own memorandum, he was the author of twenty-nine of the papers, while fifty-one were written by Hamilton, and five by Jay. The question is not of great importance. Very probably Mr. Madison would have had a larger share in the work had he not been obliged, in March, 1788, to return to Virginia, in order to take part in the State convention for deciding upon the ratification of the constitution. The opposition in Virginia was strong and well organized, and had for leaders such eminent patriots as Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee. The debates in the convention lasted nearly a month, and for a considerable part of this time the outlook was not promising. The discussion was conducted mainly between Madison and Henry, the former being chiefly assisted by Marshall, Wythe, Randolph, Pendleton, and Henry Lee, the latter by Mason, Monroe, Harrison, and Tyler. To Mr. Madison, more than to any one else, it was due that the constitution was at length ratified, while the narrowness of the majority—89 to 79—bore witness to the severity of the contest. It did not appear that the people of Virginia were even yet convinced by the arguments that had prevailed in the convention. The assembly that met in the following October showed a heavy majority of anti-Federalists, and under Henry's leadership it called upon congress for a second National convention to reconsider the work done by the first. Senators were now to be chosen for the first U. S. senate, and Henry, in naming Richard Henry Lee and William Grayson, both anti-Federalists, as the two men who ought to be chosen, took pains to mention James Madison as the one man who on no account whatever ought to be elected senator. Henry was successful in carrying this point. The next thing was to keep Mr. Madison out of congress, and Henry's friends sought to accomplish this by means of the device afterward known as "gerrymandering"; but the attempt failed, and Madison was elected to the first national house of representatives. His great knowledge, and the part he had played in building up the framework of the government, made him from the outset the leading member of the house. His first motion was one for raising a revenue by tariff and tonnage duties. He offered the resolution for creating the executive departments of foreign affairs, of the treasury, and of war. He proposed twelve amendments to the constitution, in order to meet the objection, urged in many quarters, that that instrument did not contain a bill of rights. The first ten of these amendments were adopted and became part of the constitution in the year 1791. [Fac-simile letter from James Madison to Mrs. Margaret Harrison Smith] The first division of political parties under the constitution began to show itself in the debates upon Hamilton's financial measures as secretary of the treasury, and in this division we see Madison acting as leader of the opposition. By many writers this has been regarded as indicating a radical change of attitude on his part, and sundry explanations have been offered to account for the presumed inconsistency. He has been supposed to have succumbed to the personal influence of Jefferson, and to have yielded his own convictions to the desires and prejudices of his constituents. Such explanations are hardly borne out by what we know of Mr. Madison's career up to this point; and, moreover, they are uncalled for. If we consider carefully the circumstances of the time, the presumed inconsistency in his conduct disappears. The new Republican party, of which he soon became one of the leaders, was something quite different in its attitude from the anti-Federalist party of 1787–'90. There was ample room in it for men who in these critical years had been stanch Federalists, and as time passed this came to be more and more the case, until after a quarter of a century the entire Federalist party, with the exception of a few inflexible men in New England, had been absorbed by the Republican party. In 1790, since the Federal constitution had been actually adopted, and was going into operation, and since the extent of power that it granted to the general government must be gradually tested by the discussion of specific measures, it followed that the only natural and healthful division of parties must be the division between strict and loose constructionists. It was to be expected that anti-Federalists would become strict constructionists, and so most of them did, though examples were not wanting of such men swinging to the opposite extreme of politics, and advocating an extension of the powers of the Federal government. But there was no reason in the world why a Federalist of 1787–'90 must thereafter, in order to preserve his consistency, become a loose constructionist. It was entirely consistent for a statesman to advocate the adoption of the constitution, while convinced that the powers specifically granted therein to the general government were ample, and that great care should be taken not to add indefinitely to such powers through rash and loose methods of interpretation. Not only is such an attitude perfectly reasonable in itself, but it is, in particular, the one that a principal author of the constitution would have been very likely to take; and no doubt it was just this attitude that Mr. Madison took in the early sessions of congress. The occasions on which be assumed it were, moreover, eminently proper, and afford an admirable illustration of the difference in temper and mental habit between himself and Hamilton. The latter had always more faith in the heroic treatment of political questions than Madison. The restoration of American credit in 1790 was a task that demanded heroic measures, and it was fortunate that we had such a man as Hamilton to undertake it. But undoubtedly the assumption of state debts by the Federal government, however admirably it met the emergency of the moment, was such a measure as might easily create a dangerous precedent, and there was certainly nothing strange or inconsistent in Madison's opposition to it. A similar explanation will cover his opposition to Hamilton's national bank; and indeed, with the considerations here given as a clew, there is little or nothing in Mr. Madison's career in congress that is not thoroughly intelligible. At the time, however, the Federalists, disappointed at losing a man of so much power, misunderstood his acts and misrepresented his motives, and the old friendship between him and Hamilton gave way to mutual distrust and dislike. Mr. Madison sympathized with the French revolutionists, though he did not go so far in this direction as Jefferson. In the debates upon Jay's treaty with Great Britain he led the opposition, and supported the resolution asking President Washington to submit to the house of representatives copies of the papers relating to the negotiations. The resolution was passed, but Washington refused on the ground that the making of treaties was intrusted by the constitution to the president and the senate, and that the lower house was not entitled to meddle with their work. At the close of Washington's second administration Mr. Madison retired for a brief season from public life. During this difficult period the country had been fortunate in having, as leader of the opposition in congress, a man so wise in counsel, so temperate in spirit, and so courteous in demeanor. Whatever else might be said of Madison's conduct in opposition, it could never be called factious; it was calm, generous, and disinterested. About two years before the close of his career in congress he married Mrs. Dolly Payne Todd, a beautiful widow, much younger than himself; and about this time he seems to have built the house at Montpelier, which was to be his home during his later years. But retirement from public life, in any real sense of the phrase, was not yet possible for such a man. The wrath of the French government over Jay's treaty led to depredations upon American shipping, to the sending of commissioners to Paris, and to the blackmailing attempts of Talleyrand, as shown up in the X. Y. Z. despatches. In the fierce outbursts of indignation that in America greeted these disclosures, in the sudden desire for war with France, which went so far as to vent itself in actual fighting on the sea, though war was never declared, the Federalist party believed itself to be so strong that it proceeded at once to make one of the greatest blunders ever made by a political party, in passing the alien and sedition acts. This high-handed legislation caused a sudden revulsion of feeling in favor of the Republicans, and called forth vigorous remonstrance. Party feeling has, perhaps, never in this country been so bitter, except just before the civil war. MONTPELIER, PIEDMONT, VA., THE HOME OF JAMES MADISON, NOW OWNED BY COL. WILLIAM DUPONT A series of resolutions, drawn up by Mr. Madison, was adopted in 1798 by the legislature of Virginia, while a similar series, still more pronounced, drawn up by Mr. Jefferson, was adopted in the same year by the legislature of Kentucky. The Virginia resolutions asserted with truth that, in adopting the Federal constitution, the states had surrendered only a limited portion of their powers; and went on to declare that, whenever the Federal government should exceed its constitutional authority, it was the business of the state governments to interfere and pronounce such action unconstitutional. Accordingly, Virginia declared the alien and sedition laws unconstitutional, and invited the other states to join in the declaration. Not meeting with a favorable response, Virginia renewed these resolutions the next year. There was nothing necessarily seditious, or tending toward secession, in the Virginia resolutions; but the attitude assumed in them was uncalled for on the part of any state, inasmuch as there existed, in the Federal supreme court, a tribunal competent to decide upon the constitutionality of acts of congress. The Kentucky resolutions went further. They declared that our Federal constitution was a compact, to which the several states were the one party and the Federal government was the other, and each party must decide for itself as to when the compact was infringed, and as to the proper remedy to be adopted. When the resolutions were repeated in 1799, a clause was added, which went still further and mentioned "nullification" as the suitable remedy, and one that any state might employ. In the Virginia resolutions there was neither mention nor intention of nullification as a remedy. Mr. Madison lived to witness South Carolina's attempt at nullification in 1832, and in a very able paper, written in the last year of his life, he conclusively refuted the idea that his resolutions of 1798 afforded any justification for such an attempt, and showed that what they really contemplated was a protest on the part of all the state governments in common. Doubtless such a remedy was clumsy and impracticable, and the suggestion of it does not deserve to be ranked along with Mr. Madison's best work in constructive statesmanship; but it certainly contained no logical basis for what its author unsparingly denounced as the "twin heresies" of nullification and secession. In 1799 Mr. Madison was again elected a member of the Virginia assembly, and in 1801, at Mr. Jefferson's urgent desire, he became secretary of state. In accepting this appointment, he entered upon a new career, in many respects different from that which he had hitherto followed. His work as a constructive statesman, which was so great as to place him in the foremost rank among the men that have built up nations, was by this time substantially completed. During the next few years the constitutional questions that had hitherto occupied him played a part subordinate to that played by questions of foreign policy, and in this new sphere Mr. Madison was not, by nature or training, fitted to exercise such a controlling influence as he had formerly brought to bear in the framing of our Federal government. As secretary of state, he was an able lieutenant to Mr. Jefferson, but his genius was not that of an executive officer so much as that of a lawgiver. He brought his great historical and legal learning to bear in a paper entitled, "An Examination of the British Doctrine which subjects to Capture a Neutral Trade not open in the Time of Peace." But the troubled period that followed the rupture of the treaty of Amiens was not one in which legal arguments, however masterly, counted for much in bringing angry and insolent combatants to terms. In the gigantic struggle between England and Napoleon the commerce of the United States was ground to pieces as between the upper and the nether millstone, and in some respects there is no chapter in American history more painful for an American citizen to read. The outrageous affair of the "Leopard" and the "Chesapeake" was but the most flagrant of a series of wrongs and insults, against which Jefferson's embargo was doubtless an absurd and feeble protest, but perhaps at the same time pardonable as the only weapon left us in that period of national weakness. Affairs were drawing slowly toward some kind of crisis when, at the expiration of Jefferson's second term, Mr. Madison was elected president of the United States by 122 electoral votes against 47 for Cotesworth Pinckney, and 6 for George Clinton, who received 113 votes for the vice-presidency, and was elected to that office. The opposition of the New England states to the embargo had by this time brought about its repeal, and the substitution for it of the act declaring non-intercourse with England and France. By this time many of the most intelligent Federalists, including John Quincy Adams, had gone over to the Republicans. In 1810 congress repealed the non-intercourse act, which, as a measure of intimidation, had proved ineffectual. Congress now sought to use the threat of non-intercourse as a kind of bribe, and informed England and France that if either nation would repeal its obnoxious edicts, the non-intercourse act would be revived against the other. Napoleon took prompt advantage of this, and informed Mr. Madison's government that he had revoked his Berlin and Milan decrees as far as American ships were concerned; but at the same time he gave secret orders by which the decrees were to be practically enforced as harshly as ever. The lie served its purpose, and congress revived the non-intercourse act as against Great Britain alone. In 1811 hostilities began on sea and land, in the affair of Tippecanoe and of the "President" and "Little Belt." The growing desire for war was shown in the choice of Henry Clay for speaker of the house of representatives, and Mr. Madison was nominated for a second term, on condition of adopting the war policy. On June 18, 1812, war was declared, and before the autumn election a series of remarkable naval victories had made it popular. Mr. Madison was re-elected by 128 electoral votes against 89 for DeWitt Clinton, of New York. The one absorbing event, which filled the greater part of his second term, was the war with Great Britain, which was marked by some brilliant victories and some grave disasters, including the capture of Washington by British troops, and the flight of the government from the national capital. Whatever opinion may be held as to the character of the war and its results, there is a general agreement that its management, on the part of the United States, was feeble. Mr. Madison was essentially a man of peace, and as the manager of a great war he was conspicuously out of his element. The history of that war plays a great part in the biographies of the military and naval heroes that figured in it; it is a cardinal event in the career of Andrew Jackson or Isaac Hull. In the biography of Madison it is an episode which may be passed over briefly. The greatest part of his career was finished before he held the highest offices; his renown will rest chiefly or entirely upon what he did before the beginning of the 19th century. After the close of his second term in 1817, Mr. Madison retired to his estate at Montpelier, where he spent nearly twenty happy years with books and friends. This sweet and tranquil old age he had well earned by services to his fellow-creatures such as it is given to but few men to render. Among the founders of our nation, his place is beside that of Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, and Marshall; but his part was peculiar. He was pre-eminently the scholar, the profound, constructive thinker, and his limitations were such as belong to that character. He was modest, quiet, and reserved in manner, small in stature, neat and refined, courteous and amiable. In rough party strife there were many who could for the moment outshine him. He was not the sort of hero for whom people throw up their caps and shout themselves hoarse, like Andrew Jackson, for example; but his work was of a kind that will be powerful for good in the world long after the work of the men of Jackson's type shall have been forgotten. The full-page portrait of Madison in this chapter is from a painting by Gilbert Stuart. A satisfactory biography of Madison is still to be desired. His interesting account of the Federal convention is published in Elliot's "Debates on the State Conventions" (4 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1861). See also the "Madison Papers" (3 vols., Washington, 1840), and the "History of the United States by Henry Adams. Vols. V to IX, Madison's Administration, 1809–1817" (New York, 1890, 1891). A complete edition of his writings, edited by Gaillard Hunt, in 9 octavo volumes, appeared in New York in 1900–1910. For biographies there is the cumbrous work of William C. Rives (3 vols., Boston, 1859–'68), and the sketch by Sydney Howard Gay in the "American Statesmen" series (Boston, 1884). His wife, Dorothy Payne, born in North Carolina, May 20, 1772; died in Washington, D. C., July 12, 1849, was a granddaughter of John Payne, an English gentleman who migrated to Virginia early in the 18th century. He married Anna Fleming, granddaughter of Sir Thomas Fleming, one of the early settlers of Jamestown. His son, the second John Payne, Dorothy's father, married Mary Coles, first cousin to Patrick Henry. Dorothy was brought up as a Quaker, and at the age of nineteen married John Todd, a Pennsylvania lawyer and member of the Society of Friends. Mr. Todd died in the dreadful yellow-fever pestilence at Philadelphia in 1793. Some time in 1794 Mrs. Todd met Mr. Madison, and in September of that year they were married, to the delight of President Washington and his wife, who felt a keen interest in both. Their married life of forty-two years was one of unclouded happiness. Mrs. Madison was a lady of extraordinary beauty and rare accomplishments. Her "Memoirs and Letters" (Boston, 1887) make a very interesting book.

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Amon Leopold Goeth Former SS-Hauptsturmführer and commandant of the Plaszow labor camp Amon Leopold Goeth in Polish custody as a war criminal. After the war, Goeth was brought in front of the Polish Supreme Court and charged with committing mass murder during the liquidation of Plaszow and the Szebnie ghetto. He was found guilty and executed in Krakow in 1946. Photo credit: Instytut Pamieci Narodowej/Institute of National Memory A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida © 1997-2013.

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GENEVA, SWITZERLAND – The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded Friday 12 October to the European Union in a surprise move that reminds the EU of what it has achieved, at a time when there is heated debate over its current problems. The prize was given, the Norwegian Nobel Committee says on its web site, to acknowledge that “The union and its forerunners have for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe. “In the inter-war years, the Norwegian Nobel Committee made several awards to persons who were seeking reconciliation between Germany and France. Since 1945, that reconciliation has become a reality. The dreadful suffering in World War II demonstrated the need for a new Europe. Over a seventy-year period, Germany and France had fought three wars. Today war between Germany and France is unthinkable. This shows how, through well-aimed efforts and by building up mutual confidence, historical enemies can become close partners.” But the award is likely to be the latest in a series of controversial ones, reports the Financial Times on CNN, and “The EU award is also likely to provoke sharp debate in Norway where anti-EU feelings are running at an all-time high with a poll last year suggesting 72 per cent of Norwegians would say no to joining the 27-country club.”

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For Immediate Release Office of the Press Secretary October 3, 2003 Fire Prevention Week, 2003 By the President of the United States of America More than 1.7 Million fires strike American homes, parks, and businesses each year. This devastation costs lives, causes injuries, ruins property, and disrupts businesses. While fires are powerful and destructive, many fires are preventable. During Fire Prevention Week, we join with our Nation's first responders to help prevent fires and ensure the safety of our homes and communities. As the official sponsor of Fire Prevention Week, the National Fire Protection Association is joining forces with the Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency and the United States Fire Administration to emphasize the importance of being prepared to protect ourselves, our families, and our communities. This year's Fire Prevention Week theme is "When Fire Strikes: Get Out! Stay Out!" Across our country, most fire-related deaths occur where people feel safest -- in their own homes. National surveys reveal that most Americans underestimate the risk of fire in their homes and lack an emergency response plan. Fires can grow quickly, and individuals may have as few as 2 minutes to evacuate. Working smoke detectors give people more time to escape fires. At least 94 percent of American homes are equipped with smoke alarms, yet most home fire deaths happen in homes where smoke alarms are not working. By installing and maintaining working smoke alarms on every level of the home, having a fire emergency response plan, and evacuating if the alarm sounds, families and individuals can be ready to respond to a fire. This week also reminds us of the dangers that brave first responders face as they risk their lives to fight fires and protect our communities, our people, and our natural resources. Our fire services respond to more than 20 million emergency calls a year. Americans are grateful for their courage, skill, and commitment to public safety, and we honor the sacrifice of those who have been injured or killed in their efforts to protect us. Through fire safety and prevention, we can save lives, including those of our firefighters and other first responders. NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim October 5 through October 11, 2003, as Fire Prevention Week. On Sunday, October 5, 2003, in accordance with Public Law 107-51, flags will be flown at half staff on all Federal office buildings in honor of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service. I urge all Americans to protect their homes by installing smoke detectors where needed and regularly checking their existing smoke detectors. These small efforts will help make our communities safer for all. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this third day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-eighth. GEORGE W. BUSH # # #

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— — — — Previous Chapter: What is a Contract? — — — — Disputes and Contingencies So, contracts are legal documents that obligate the signers to particular courses of actions in the event of enumerated contingencies. What about disagreements? After all, as a legal document, it’s always possible contract could wind up in court – one of the reasons that disputes are hell, particularly if not tended to immediately. Disputes in contractual matters usually arise for one of two reasons: either one party failed to live up to their obligations specified in the contract, or the two parties disagree about what the provisions in the contract mean. The former case isn’t something you can do anything about, other than making sure you live up to the contracts you sign your name to, and taking legal action against those who fail to live up to their end of the deal if they fail to respond to more civil communication (when it’s worth the bother to you – lawsuits are a pain in the ass). The latter case is a nightmare. The possibility of a nasty dispute caused by an honest misunderstanding is a major reason for the proverb “never do business with friends.” This kind of dispute causes drama, factionalism, and fractured relationships and communities. It happens because two people talk through a deal and agree on the terms, but they figure that they’re doing a trade with a friend, so there are some unspoken-but-well-understood conditions to the deal. For example, if George is having a bad week and blows a deadline with Fred, he figures Fred will understand. After all, Fred is a friend, and George would be similarly understanding if the situation were reversed. Contingencies often wind up ruling the deal. A publishing contract, for example, does not obligate a publisher to publish your book, it only grants them the right to do so under very specific circumstances. Publishers can, and do, kill books after part or all of an advance has been paid, for contingent reasons. They may be dissatisfied with the final manuscript, their staff might turn over, or their offices in the World Trade Center could collapse during business hours (this is the reason that Scott Sigler wound up podcasting his work. His publisher was in one of those towers, and the parent company decided not to continue the imprint. All the authors were left hanging, with no recourse but their reversion clauses). It’s bad enough when contingencies ruin a deal legitimately, but things can get worse. Boilerplate contracts often contain contingency clauses that are obfuscatory, or that appear to say one thing but, due to a later sentence, mean another thing entirely. Worse still are contracts where the contingencies and specific details of the deal don’t make it into the contract at all. This last case is pretty common in the world of freelancing, particularly among friends. The contingencies and fine details are discussed verbally, but never made part of the inked contract. Later on, when disputes arise, each party remembers a version of events that is most convenient to them. This can happen even when both parties are entirely honest, when they care about the relationship, and when they share similar goals for the project. It’s human nature to shade memories to conform to bias, and the memories themselves are paraphrases of the past, not quotations from it. It’s a limitation of our brains that we have to cope with. For example, let’s say that you and I discuss a delivery date for a graphic design project, and it’s a last minute job. It’s Friday, and you need the project by Tuesday, but I need certain materials to do the job. Let’s say I need a two-day lead time, and I say so verbally. You might hear “two days” and forget the part where I say “once I receive the materials,” so you might start your mental stopwatch from the time you mail the supplies, not the time I receive them. You’re more likely to do this if you’re someone who only hires graphic designers occasionally and you’ve never done a deal like this before. Now, let’s say that the contract we sign has a 48hr clause, but it escapes my notice that the contract doesn’t specify which 48hrs we’re talking about. What’s likely to happen when the mail gets delayed due to inclement weather? Of if the usual mailman is sick and misdelivers the package? What if the job is important enough that an unexpected delay could cost you thousands of dollars, or more? You see how easily problems can snowball from minor mistakes into friendship-ruining arguments? Protecting Yourself and Your Partner From Drama We see that verbal understandings – or worse, nonverbal understandings (i.e. assumptions) – make for fiascos. However, if you’re pedantic and specific in a contract it can leave you and your partner(s) feeling straightjacketed, mistrusted, and threatened (because most people are intimidated by contracts and legal language). So how much specificity is really necessary? Is the amount different with a stranger vs. a friend? The woman who taught me contracts hammered into my head something that solves this impasse. She calls it the Third Cousins Rule. It goes like this: Let’s say your family and mine are both having family reunions in the same public park. It’s a perfectly pleasant afternoon until a meteor hits, killing everyone except for our third cousins, who were both not invited because they’re fairly stupid, annoying, or malicious. These third cousins inherit everything, and they have to complete the deal drawn up in our contract. They can’t ask us about verbal or unspoken understandings. They have only the contract to go on. Obviously, they can only proceed if the contract is drawn up in such a way that they will be able to understand every part of the deal, and if the contract protects each of them from the other’s less-than-honorable intentions. Of course, nothing like that happens in the real world. Contracts are executed by the people who sign them…aren’t they? Don’t I wish! That meteor strikes all the time. Every time a company merges, or goes out of business, or management changes; every time a freelancer gets sick, or folds; every time a client goes bankrupt and his debts are adjudicated by the court, this situation happens. Somebody’s unqualified third cousin inherits the mess. Sometimes, the contract ends up in court in front of another kind of third cousin: a judge. The judge, who has no context except for the contract itself and whatever conflicting stories he hears from the parties to the contract, must decide what will happen to the deal. The Third Cousins Rule means simply this: Your contract should be as specific and all-inclusive as possible. It should outline the basic structure of the deal, outline contingencies, pedantically spell out the niggling details, and be structured so that the average person can understand the plain meaning of the deal without consulting a lawyer (this last part isn’t always possible, but it is nonetheless something to strive for). Above all, it should have the minimum possible level of ambiguity. Following the Third Cousins Rule doesn’t just help you out in court, it can help keep your relationship with your business partner from deteriorating when a minor dispute arises. If you’ve negotiated and signed a contract that conforms to the Third Cousins Rule, the chances are very good that you will be able to pull the contract out, read it through together, and find the resolution to your dispute in its pages in plain language. It also ensures that everyone is signing the same deal in their minds, as well as on paper. Everyone is, so to speak, on the same page. Minimizing confusion is a simple and vastly underutilized way of maximizing good will – and it also shows respect for the other party. Best of all, the Third Cousins Rule provides maximal protection without impugnment. By explaining that you have to protect yourself from your partner’s third cousin in the event of death, catastrophe, or hostile takeover, and that he should seek to protect himself in the same measure, you establish a base for negotiation that defuses a great deal of the adversarial nature of negotiations. If your partner thinks such things are silly to worry about, remind him that more people die in car accidents every year than were killed in the entire Vietnam war. If you’re freelancing long enough, you will do business with someone who dies, or someone whose company is bought out or goes bankrupt, before the contract term finishes. You should be protected in that eventuality. So should your prospective partner. Next time, we’ll explore The Narrowness Principle.

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I'm having some trouble with this proof problem. Anyone have any ideas? "Let p be an integer other than 0, +/- 1 with this property: Whenever b and c are integers such that p | bc, then p | b or p | c. Prove p is prime. [Hint: If d is a divisor of p, say p = dt, then p | d or p | t. Show that this implies d = +/- p or d = +/- 1.] I know how to prove p *can be* a prime, however I've been unable to prove p *must* be a prime. I was thinking of using gcd(p, b) = p if p | b (and vice versa). Then p = pn + bm. But I'm unable to come up with anything. In the hint it claims to show this is true if d is a divisor of p, but I'm not sure how to even get there. Any help would be appreciated!

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The baking industry is chock full of old ovens, many of which have been around for 20, 30, 40 and even 50 years. The baking industry also is full of new ovens with old designs. Although ovens may appear shiny on the outside, their baking chambers and control systems merely are repeats of old designs with slight modifications at best. However, a new breed of ovens slowly is infiltrating the baking industry. These ovens apply the latest advancements in electronic controls and challenge common design theories. These ovens bake, control and manage energy consumption better than old ovens. More importantly, they solve common problems that plague most ovens in the industry. When purchasing your next oven, make sure it addresses the following issues: 1) Baking chamber: For years, baking chambers have been painted steel finishes. But is this necessarily the most efficient method? One oven manufacturer says no, and has designed an oven that uses stainless steel in its baking chamber to improve the radiant heating process. 2) Burners and ignition systems: As energy prices continue to skyrocket, any measure designed to save energy pays big dividends. As ovens are major consumers of energy, bakers should examine new ovens carefully to ensure that they have the capabilities to monitor burners. In older ovens, if a burner fails to ignite, gas continues to be sent to the burner. New ovens feature control systems that automatically turn the burners’ valves off if they do not ignite, which reduces gas consumption. In addition, ovens with advanced electronic controls also alert operators that a burner is malfunctioning. A baker also should make sure an oven’s burners are electronically controlled through PLC’s, which provide independent burner controls. This measure reduces gas consumption by shutting off and turning on burners during the bake cycle to maintain consistent temperatures throughout the oven. 3) Controls: Oven control is one of the most important aspects of baking, and one of the biggest advancements in new ovens. Whereas old ovens use switches to control baking, new ovens feature encoder control systems that are controlled through a PLC. This allows bakers to change an oven parameter automatically through a PLC, instead of manually modifying switches. "Your operator has more control over the oven, hence more even baking and less energy usage," one oven manufacturer says. Ovens with operator interfaces used in conjunction with PLC’s also provide bakers enhanced controls to better manage product changeovers. "One of the biggest oven issues in the industry is product changeovers," one oven manufacturer says. "If you have to change your oven, you have to change your burner rates and there can be a lot of time between changeovers." Operator interfaces give bakers the opportunity to use recipe management systems. These systems allow bakers to set up baking profiles in an oven to automatically change from one product to the next with a push of a button. In addition, one new oven also features a tray tracking system that monitors when the last tray of a product run is going through the oven. As the last tray goes through each zone, the oven automatically starts adjusting zone temperature for the next run. Problem Solver Quick Tip Operator interfaces give bakers the opportunity to use recipe management systems. When programmed, these systems allow bakers to set up baking profiles in an oven to automatically change from one product to the next with a push of a button.

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Photograph courtesy NASA The Jules Verne ATV burns up over the Pacific Ocean in 2008. Photograph courtesy Jesse Carpenter and Bill Moede, ESA/NASA. Published June 21, 2011 A spacecraft stuffed with garbage—including astronaut urine—will tumble back to Earth Tuesday, becoming a fireball over a remote section of the Pacific Ocean. The European Space Agency launched the unmanned craft, called the Johannes Kepler automated transport vehicle (ATV), in February to deliver several tons of cargo to the International Space Station, including food, supplies, fuel, and oxygen. The glorified space freighter isn't designed to safely return to Earth, so during the past four months space fliers on the ISS have crammed the 450-million-euro (640-million-dollar) canister with 1.3 tons of junk. "They pretty much filled it to the brim, mostly with packing material from inside modules recently delivered to the space station," said Kelly Humphries, a NASA spokesperson at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Other garbage inside the ATV includes dirty clothes, food containers, broken equipment, and pretty much anything else the crew no longer wants on board. "There's also containers of processed urine from the water-recycling system. It's nasty stuff," Humphries said. Spaceship to Become Dazzling Fireball The Johannes Kepler ATV successfully undocked from the ISS Monday around 10:50 a.m. ET (16:50 CEST). If all goes as planned, two burns of propellant will slow the Johannes Kepler until it drops toward Earth, ultimately disintegrating somewhere northeast of New Zealand around 4:50 p.m. ET (22:50 CEST) on Tuesday. Upon reentry, the craft should put on a dazzling display like that of the Jules Verne ATV, Kepler's older brother, which exploded into a shimmer on September 29, 2008. But, as with the Jules Verne, no one except maybe a few unlucky fish should be in harm's way of the debris shower. A black, cone-shaped device called the reentry breakup recorder will monitor the stresses endured during the spacecraft's demise. At about 60,000 feet (18,288 meters) above the surface, the recorded will beam data to land before smacking into the ocean—a fall it probably won't survive. "That information will help us learn more about how spacecraft break up in general and develop better ones in the future," Humphries said. Kepler Gave ISS a Needed Boost ESA's ATV is the roomiest disposable spacecraft design in existence, at 1,700 cubic feet (48 cubic meters). Russia's expendable Progress spacecraft, by comparison, has only 233 cubic feet (6.6 cubic meters) of pressurized cargo space. (See a picture of Progress 41 undocking.) The next ATV, to be named after physicist Edoardo Amaldi, is currently scheduled to launch in February 2012. Humphries added that the Johannes Kepler did more than deliver crucial supplies and serve as an 11-ton garbage can for the space station. As the ISS moves in low-Earth orbit, the thin outer wisps of our planet's atmosphere drag on the 460-ton orbital laboratory and gradually slow it down. With gentle thrusts of its boosters June 3, 12, and 15, the docked ATV lofted the nearly 440-ton ISS into an orbit 237 miles (381 kilometers) above Earth—about 20 miles (32 kilometers) higher up than it had been before. "Kind of like a car, the space station has a sweet spot," Humphries said. "This [added boost] puts it right into that sweet spot so we don't need to use as much fuel to keep it in orbit." A new species of dinosaur-era reptile is rewriting the books on the evolution of so-called sea monsters, a new study claims. The world's highest peak has been shedding snow and ice for the past 50 years, possibly due in part to global warming, new research shows. Detailed scans capture transformation. Celebrating 125 Years Connect With Nat Geo Special Ad Section Shop National Geographic Great Energy Challenge Blog - Stichting Rootbox: Sustainable Design Through Collaboration, With or Without Wind Turbine - Turkey’s Celal Bayar Still Sun-Powered, With Smaller Panels - Hungary’s Kecskemét College: Boosting Power, But Keeping Light - Aston University Plies the Power of Wood - Universidad Ceu Cardenal Herrera Takes Inspiration From Nature

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Print friendly version Charles Bonnet syndrome Other Names for this Disease See Disclaimer regarding information on this site. Some links on this page may take you to organizations outside of the National Institutes of Health. Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) refers to the presence of visual hallucinations in individuals with visual acuity loss without having psychosis or dementia. The condition is likely caused by the brain continuing to interpret images, even in their absence. Underlying conditions of vision loss associated with Charles Bonnet syndrome are diverse (including conditions such as macular degeneration and stroke) and may affect the eye, optic nerve, or brain. Hallucinations often resolve if the underlying vision deficit is corrected and can also remit in some individuals with static or progressive vision loss. Treatment is individualized. - Victoria S Pelak. Visual release hallucinations (Charles Bonnet syndrome). UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; 2012. - Bou Khalil R, Richa S. [Psychiatric, psychological comorbidities of typical and atypical Charles-Bonnet syndrome]. Encephale. December 2011. - Charles Bonnet syndrome. Lighthouse International. http://www.lighthouse.org/about-low-vision-blindness/vision-disorders/charles-bonnet-syndrome/. Accessed July 15, 2011. - P. Ricard. Vision loss and visual hallucinations: the Charles Bonnet syndrome. Community Eye Health. March 2009. On this page - Lighthouse International, a leading resource in helping people overcome the challenges of vision loss, contains information on Charles Bonnet syndrome. Click on the link to review the information. - PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Charles Bonnet syndrome. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.

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The Founding Fathers were well read in the areas of economics, political separation of powers, and the rule of law with an in-depth knowledge of history. Understanding their background may be why W.C. Skousen in "The Five Thousand Year Leap" commented, The American Founders recognized that the moment government is authorized to start leveling the material possessions of the rich in order to have an ‘equal distribution of goods,’ the government thereafter has the power to deprive ANY of the people of their ‘equal’ rights to enjoy their lives, liberties, and property. To prevent redistribution of goods from occurring, the Founding Fathers created a limited government with minimal regulations, stressing the importance of the right of private property. They understood it was the individual’s right to acquire and possess property, and that private property and liberty were inseparable. When the government confiscates through illegitimate means private property, the fruit of intellectual or physical labor, it enslaves and denies liberty. The system of private property is the most important guarantee of freedom, both for those who have property and those who do not. Private property divides the means of production among many people acting independently, ensuring that no one person has complete control over everyone. If the means of production were invested in the hands of “society as a whole” or a dictator, whoever exercises the control has complete power over people. The principle of private property for the Founding Fathers was imperative to prevent the slide into socialism, which had been earlier tried in the Plymouth Colony under William Bradford and abandoned as counterproductive to individual freedom and liberty. To understand the danger socialism presents for people, one needs to know what socialism is. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines socialism as, “any of various theories or systems of social organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy.” Ayn Rand said: Socialism is the doctrine that man has no right to exist for his own sake, that his life and his work do not belong to him, but belong to society, that the only justification of his existence is his service to society, and that society may dispose of him in any way it pleases for the sake of whatever it deems to be its own tribal, collective good. The essential characteristic of socialism is the denial of individual property rights… To deny property rights means to turn men into property owned by the state. Whoever claims the “right” to “redistribute” the wealth produced by others is claiming the “right” to treat human beings as chattel. Does socialism sound like what the Founding Fathers intended? Classical socialism seeks social justice, greater equality and security. People can agree that they are important issues. The question is, “How does socialism plan to achieve the goals of social justice, greater equality, and security?” When the individual purposes to be just and treat others equally, he does willingly and from his own resources. What if the government, “to redistribute the wealth,” forces him to act in a way that harms him; does forceful redistribution appear just and right?

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The first assignment of the quarter involves field practice in observing a public space and enumerating its various texts. For this exercise, we define text broadly and liberally as not only traditional, written textual elements but also as any non-traditional agents of communication. We chose the Husky Union Building (HUB) on the UW campus because it was close and accessible to everyone. Additionally, we reasoned that observing the same space would allow everyone to experience, and report on, very different types of texts... thus learning from one another. Your assignment is to compile a list of 15-20 types of communication texts that you find at the HUB. By texts we mean more than just written language. Texts can be signs and other written artifacts, but they can also be other forms of communication like arrangements of furniture, architecture, lighting, seating, etc. - anything that somehow communicates a message. Spend a couple of hours over the next week documenting some examples. Be creative in what and how you document. Take notes, pictures, look for existing artifacts; collect whatever you can think of. Explore, this is an investigative process. The following short reports were turned in by each student. In addition to listing the types of texts that were encountered, we asked students to identify themes and patterns, speculate on possible motives, and reflect on their own research methods. Finally, because we emphasized engagement and fun, we pasted examples of individual students' reports into a unified document. The resultant document included everyone's observations

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A new study adds to growing evidence that the complications of diabetes may extend to the brain, causing declines in memory, attention and other cognitive skills. The new research showed that over the course of about a decade, elderly men and women with diabetes — primarily Type 2, the form of the disease related to obesity and inactivity — had greater drops in cognitive test scores than other people of a similar age. The more poorly managed their disease, the greater the deterioration in mental function. And the declines were seen not just in those with advanced diabetes. The researchers found that people who did not have diabetes at the start of the study but developed it later on also deteriorated to a greater extent than those without the disease. “What we’ve shown is a clear association with diabetes and cognitive aging in terms of the slope and the rate of decline on these cognitive tests,” said Dr. Kristine Yaffe, a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the University of California, San Francisco. “That’s very powerful.” While correlation does not equal causation and the relationship between diabetes and brain health needs further study, the findings, if confirmed, could have significant implications for a large segment of the population. Nationwide, nearly a third of Americans over the age of 65, or roughly 11 million people, have diabetes. By 2034, about 15 million Medicare-eligible Americans are expected to have the disease. Previous studies have shown that Type 2 diabetes correlates with a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia later in life. But how one leads to the other has not been well understood. While some scientists speculate that inflammation and vascular damage caused by chronically high blood sugar levels over many years is the culprit, findings from research have been inconsistent. And until now, little was known about the effect, if any, that newly diagnosed diabetes would have on cognitive function. In the new study, published in Archives of Neurology, Dr. Yaffe and her colleagues relied on extensive data from the Health, Aging and Body Composition project, or Health ABC, a long-running study of white and black older adults living in Pittsburgh and Tennessee. The researchers looked at 3,069 people, many of them in their 70s. When the study began, 23 percent of the subjects had diabetes. And 5 percent were free of diabetes at the outset but went on to develop it later. While the researchers did not distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, they said that given the average age of the subjects, about 74, most if not all had Type 2 diabetes. Over the course of the research, the subjects were repeatedly given cognitive tests that looked at things like their memory, their coordination, dexterity and ability to concentrate, as well as their overall mental health. At the start of the study, those who already had diabetes had slightly lower baseline scores than the subjects who did not have the disease. But nine years later, the gap in cognitive test scores had widened significantly between those with and without diabetes. The differences remained even after the researchers adjusted their results for the effects of age, race, sex and education. They also found that the subjects who were free of diabetes at the beginning of the study but developed it later on had scores that fell between those of the other two groups. The researchers then delved further by looking at the effect of poor glucose control. In this case, they took measures of something called glycosylated hemoglobin. Unlike traditional blood sugar tests, which provide a momentary snapshot of a person’s glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin gives doctors a much broader picture, providing an idea of blood sugar management over the course of weeks. It is considered one of the best ways for doctors to assess the progress of diabetes treatment. In the new study, higher measures of the compound, which indicate poorer control of blood glucose levels, were the best predictor of cognitive decline. The findings suggest that more aggressive approaches to managing and especially preventing diabetes in midlife or before may help stave off mental declines in large segments of the population. But Dr. Yaffe warned that doctors should be cautious about lowering blood sugar levels too far in elderly diabetics, since they are especially vulnerable to the effects of hypoglycemia. “There’s this idea that the better your glucose control, the better off you are in terms of trying to prevent complications of diabetes,” she said. “But in older people it’s a slippery slope. The elderly are more sensitive to hypoglycemia, they’ve got other medications that may interact, and they’ve got other conditions.” “When you lower their blood sugar levels too aggressively,” she added, “you might do more harm than good.”

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Racism can be a tough thing to study. In situations where all things appear even, they might not be even at all. For example, in situations where employers are refusing to hire minority candidates, the argument could sometimes be made (although maybe not successfully) that there are extenuating circumstances. A truly successful study of race should be made in a laboratory of sorts. The only difference between two people should be skin color. Well, thanks to the internet, the great equalizer, we do have such a situation, eBay. Three Yale and Harvard researchers conducted a study called, “Race Effects on Ebay.” The results? Americans are racist. Even when selling the exact same items, buyers responded more favorably to white people than to black. From Good Technology: The researchers auctioned off moderately priced baseball cards, which were photographed held in either a dark black hand or a white hand. Though the cards themselves were the same, cards held in a black hand sold for about 20 percent less than cards held in a white hand. What’s more, “the race effect was more pronounced in sales of minority player cards.” The eBay study mimics a similar one from 2010. While that experiment, from the Centre for Economic Policy Research, focused on iPods sold via general online classified ads, the results were sadly the same: Black sellers received fewer responses and fewer cash offers than white sellers, and the cash offers they did receive were significantly lower. Beyond that, buyers corresponding with black sellers “exhibited lower trust,” according to the researchers. In other words, they were far less likely to accept delivery by mail (44 percent) and far more likely to object to the idea of making a long-distance payment (56 percent). The 2010 study also found that there were regional discrepancies. The Northeast part of the U.S. was the worst, where black people received 32% fewer offers. The Midwest had a 23% gap and the South, 15%. There was virtually no difference in the West.

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With the increasing awareness of the importance of breast screening for early detection of cancer, breast imaging has found a place in today--s diagnostic armamentarium. The common imaging modalities are mammography, ultrasound and MRI. Mammography is the investigation of choice and is an essential part of screening programmes in the West. Mammography and ultrasound are corroborative and are generally done together. MRI finds a place in the evaluation of dense breasts and in multi-centric cancer, said Dr Padmaja Canumalla, Specialist Radiologist, Zulekha Hospital, Dubai. The high risk factors in breast cancer are patients with mother/sister having cancer breast or cancer ovary, patients on HRT, patients over 60 years, late motherhood and short lactation. Screening mammography has been proved to have a place in the early detection of breast cancer. The American Cancer Society Recommendations are: --Physical exam regularly after 20 years age --Base line exam -- between 35 and 39 years --Annual/biannual exam -- between 40 and 49 years --Yearly after 50 years Breast reporting has been standardised by the American College of Radiologist so that there is good understanding between the reporting radiologist and the treating clinician. Reporting is done based on the breast lexicon and every report is given a category of the BIRADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System). This allows a uniform standard interpretation of the report. According to the RCR guidelines, mammography is not recommended for generalised lumpiness, long standing nipple retraction and cyclical breast pain associated with periods. The factors which protect from breast cancer are: --Four or more hours of exercise per week results in about 40 per cent reduction in breast cancer risk. --Physical exercise in adolescence was associated with significantly delayed breast cancer onset. --Healthy weight at menarche and at 21 years significantly delayed breast cancer onset. --Women who average 1.5 drinks per day have a 30 per cent increase in risk. --Radiation is dangerous for young women, especially if they have not completed breast development. --

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http://www.classicalmedicinejournal.com/the-classical-medicine-journal/tag/prevention

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Dental health begins in the womb. Researchers have found that babies born to women who consume cheese and other dairy products during pregnancy are likely to have better dental health than babies born to non-dairy-consumers. A new study published in the Nutrition Journal went beyond previous studies examining the importance of calcium in the development of a fetus. Researchers at the Fukuoka University, University of Tokyo and Osaka City University took their study one step further; they wanted to find the long-term effects of prenatal cheese and dairy consumption on an infant’s tooth development. Researchers tracked 315 Japanese mother-and-child pairs, recording prenatal diets and dental examinations of children between 41 and 50 months of age. The study, believed to be the first of its kind, found a strong connection between both cheese and total dairy consumption during pregnancy and decreased risk of childhood dental caries, such as tooth decay and cavities. The children of women who consumed more cheese during pregnancy had fewer dental problems than women who didn’t. Similar findings were uncovered for prenatal dairy consumption. Researchers believed that the link between prenatal dairy consumption and dental health in children was related to calcium, which might influence tooth mineralization during fetal development, increasing acid-resistance in tooth enamel. While cheese proved to be the best option for improved pediatric dental health, researchers had no immediate explanation for their finding. “In the current study, the risk reduction associated with maternal intake of cheese during pregnancy did not appear to be confounded by calcium intake,” researchers said in the report. “Thus, components of cheese other than calcium might be responsible for the protective effects of maternal cheese intake against dental caries in children.”

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News15 Million in U.S. Have COPD, a Lung Disease Breo Ellipta Approved for COPD Pediatric Diseases and ConditionsAcute Bronchitis in Children Lower Respiratory Disorders Bronchitis is an inflammation of the breathing tubes (airways) that are called bronchi, which causes increased production of mucus and other changes. Although there are several different types of bronchitis, the two most common are acute and chronic. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infectious agents such as bacteria or viruses. It may also be caused by physical or chemical agents--dusts, allergens, and strong fumes, including those from chemical cleaning compounds or tobacco smoke. Acute asthmatic bronchitis may happen as the result of an asthma attack, or it may be the cause of an asthma attack. Acute bronchitis is usually a mild, and self-limiting condition with complete resolution of symptoms and return of normal lung function. Acute bronchitis may follow the common cold or other viral infections in the upper respiratory tract. It may also occur in people with chronic sinusitis, allergies, or those with enlarged tonsils and adenoids. It can be serious in people with pulmonary or cardiac diseases. Pneumonia is a complication that can follow bronchitis. The following are the most common symptoms for acute bronchitis. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Back and muscle pain Early--dry, nonproductive cough Later--abundant mucus-filled cough Shortness of breath The symptoms of acute bronchitis may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Consult your doctor for a diagnosis. Acute bronchitis is usually diagnosed by completing a medical history and physical examination. Many tests may be ordered to rule out other diseases, such as pneumonia or asthma. The following tests may be ordered to help confirm a diagnosis: Chest X-rays. Diagnostic tests that use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. Arterial blood gas. This test is used to analyze the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. Pulse oximetry. An oximeter is a small machine that measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. To obtain this measurement, a small sensor (like a Band-Aid) is taped onto a finger or toe. When the machine is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. The sensor is painless and the red light does not get hot. Cultures of nasal discharge and sputum. Tests used to find and identify the microorganism causing an infection. Lung (pulmonary function) tests. Diagnostic tests that help to measure the ability of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide appropriately. The tests are usually performed with special machines that a person must breathe into. Specific treatment for acute bronchitis will be determined by your doctor based on: Your age, overall health, and medical history Extent of the disease Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies Expectations for the course of the disease Your opinion or preference In most cases, antibiotic treatment is not necessary to treat acute bronchitis, since most of the infections are caused by viruses. If the condition has progressed to pneumonia, then antibiotics may be appropriate. Most of the treatment is designed to address the symptoms, and may include: Analgesics, such as acetaminophen, for fever and discomfort Increased fluid intake Increase in humidity Avoidance of exposure to secondhand smoke Antihistamines should be avoided in most cases because they dry up the secretions and can make the cough worse.

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Country/Date of Origin: England/1500s There are two sizes of the Manchester Terrier, the standard and the toy. Both spring from the same stock, one of the oldest strains of British terrier. In the Manchester district of England the breed was developed for "poor man's sports": rat killing and rabbit coursing. Judicious crossings of the now extinct Black and Tan Terrier and Whippets gave the Manchester what was wanted in a rat and rabbit dog: the fire and courage of the terrier and the speed of the little greyhounds. In 1923 the American Kennel Club adopted the name of Manchester Terrier. Until 1959 the toy and the standard were registered as two separate breeds although interbreeding between the two breeds was permitted. Since that date they have been registered as a single breed with two varieties. A single litter may have both varieties; those under 12 pounds being shown as toys and the larger ones as standards.

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http://www.dog.com/dog-breeds/manchester-terrier/

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The Galt Museum and Archives digs into the southern Alberta landscape this fall in the new special exhibit “Uncovering Secrets: Archaeology in southern Alberta.” The exhibit features 15 local and area sites holding the secrets to stories of the past including the North West Mounted Police post at Fort Macleod, Paleo-Indian hunting sites more than 11,000 years old, more recent aboriginal habitation and hunting locations, coal mining towns from the early 1900s, ranches in the Porcupine Hills and the original site of Fort Whoop-Up. “People have lived in southern Alberta for thousands of years,” curator Wendy Aitkens said. “Blackfoot oral tradition preserves ancient stories of their people; written records tell us stories of native and non-native inhabitants from the last 200 years. But to discover unknown or forgotten stories, or to add to known stories, archaeologists dig under layers of soil sometimes to a depth of several metres, study artifacts stored in museums, analyze artwork created on stone, and compile previous research. Their findings enrich our knowledge of people who lived in southern Alberta.” Archaeologists, volunteers, and students methodically uncover artifacts using small trowels and fine brushes, record the location and relationship to one another, gather information about the soil in which the objects are found, analyze all of the data, and propose theories regarding their findings. Archaeologists also study paintings and carvings left on stone, prehistoric rock configurations placed on the prairie, and movement patterns along ancient trails. “Archaeological sites are often found by land owners, hikers, and children who report their findings to the Archaeological Survey in Edmonton,” Aitkens said. “Others are discovered when archaeologists are hired to conduct a survey of a road or pipeline route or proposed building location. In ‘Uncovering Secrets’ we also examine who really owns what is found and highlight provincial laws and regulations to help people understand what they need to do when they locate an artifact.” “Uncovering Secrets: Archaeology in southern Alberta” examines 15 sites, some well known to local and area residents and visitors, and others more obscure, including Cluny Fortified Village, Fincastle Bison Kill and Processing Site, Fletcher Bison Kill Site, Fort Macleod North West Mounted Police Barracks, Fort Whoop-Up, Indian Battle Park, Kajewski Métis Cabins, Lille Coal Mine Town, Massacre Butte, New Oxley Ranche, Old North Trail, Stone Features including the Majorville Medicine Wheel and Noble Point effigy, Wally’s Beach, and Writing-on-Stone Áísínai’pi National Historic Site. “Uncovering Secrets: Archaeology in southern Alberta” runs Oct. 6 – Jan. 13 and officially opens Sunday, Oct. 21 at 2 p.m. with a presentation featuring fascinating stories about local archaeology, followed by a ribbon cutting.

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- Comprehensive Sexual and Reproductive Health - Family Planning - Women, Girls, and HIV - Maternal Health - U.S. Foreign Policy & Funding - Watch: Making U.S. Foreign Assistance Work for Women and Girls in Ethiopia - Female Condoms and U.S. Foreign Policy - Family Planning Policy Restrictions and HIV - U.S. Global Health Initiative - Global Gag Rule - Helms Amendment - Foreign Assistance Budget - Foreign Assistance Reform - Kemp-Kasten Amendment - Abstinence & Fidelity - Anti-Prostitution Pledge - Advocacy and Foreign Assistance - Why Women and Girls? Family Planning Policy Restrictions and HIV Attacks on international family planning funding and policy hinder the progress of U.S. efforts to provide effective HIV prevention, care, and treatment through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) strategy. Here are three big threats: Reduced Funding for International Family Planning: Insufficient funding for voluntary family planning services reduces access to some of the most basic tools for HIV prevention and treatment. Family planning providers are at the center of the HIV pandemic. They have the skills and the opportunity to provide quality, rights-based, comprehensive services that integrate and link HIV/AIDS, maternal health, and voluntary family planning; address gender-based violence; support comprehensive sex education; and engage men and boys. How insufficient funding for family planning affects the fight against HIV/AIDS: - Cuts to family planning funding would result in increased unintended pregnancies, abortions, and maternal deaths among women, including those living with HIV. - Funding cuts to family planning would weaken global efforts to combat gender-based violence, stigma, and gender inequality, which drive the HIV/AIDS epidemic. - Reproductive health programs (including family planning) are often the point of entry for those seeking testing and treatment for HIV. Without sufficient funds, the reach of these programs is limited. - Effective integration and linking of HIV/AIDS, maternal health, and voluntary family planning depends on robust funding for all three services. Insufficient funding for one program area compromises overall health outcomes. Eliminating the U.S. contribution to UNFPA: UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) is the largest multilateral provider of voluntary family planning and maternal health services globally. UNFPA also provides critical HIV/AIDS services, such as promoting comprehensive female and male condom programming and integrating HIV services within reproductive health programming (including family planning). How eliminating the U.S. contribution to UNFPA affects the fight against HIV/AIDS: - UNFPA reaches countries that U.S. family planning and PEPFAR funding do not. Eliminating the U.S. contribution would decrease access to HIV/AIDS, family planning, and other reproductive health services worldwide. Imposing the Global Gag Rule (or Mexico City Policy): The Global Gag Rule prohibits foreign organizations receiving U.S. family planning funds from using their own non-U.S. funds to provide information about abortion, to offer referrals or services for legal abortion, or to advocate for the legalization or decriminalization of abortion. How imposing the Global Gag Rule affects the fight against HIV/AIDS: - The Global Gag Rule has resulted in reproductive health programs (including family planning) losing access to U.S.-donated contraceptives and significant financial resources, causing staff and service reductions. - The Global Gag Rule puts the lives of women living with HIV at risk. Women living with HIV who are seeking voluntary abortion services stake their lives on access to honest information from their health providers, including provision of or referral to safe, legal abortion services. - The New York Times: High Court Weighs Dispute Over AIDS Funding April 22, 2013 - Huffington Post: The Right to Fight AIDS April 22, 2013 - U.S. spends N450bn on Nigeria’s health sector programmes in 10 yrs – Envoy April 18, 2013 - Alicia Keys campaigns for HIV education April 16, 2013 - United States Announces $10 Million in Support for G-8 Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative April 11, 2013 - Reuters: Prostitution policy splits NGOs in top court AIDS case April 10, 2013 - Huffington Post: Why the Global Fund Is a Terrific Investment April 8, 2013 - As anti-prostitution pledge heads to Supreme Court, public health leaders file brief against it April 4, 2013 - US Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-Based Violence Globally: What Does it Mean for SRH? The 2012 United States Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-Based Violence Globally is the country’s first comprehensive, multi-sector approach to gender-based violence. What does it mean for sexual and reproductive health? - Fact Sheet: U.S. National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security The United States National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security (NAP) was issued by executive order by President Barack Obama in 2011. What does it say about sexual and reproductive health and rights? - U.S. Global HIV Policy: Combination Prevention This paper outlines why the U.S. must support a true combination prevention strategy, one that scales up proven biomedical tools, integrates sexual and reproductive health services into HIV prevention, and addresses social barriers to HIV prevention. - Infographic: AIDS-free Generation? Not Without Women We can't create an AIDS-free generation without women: Visualize the numbers. - GHI Implementation and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Guatemala: A Progress Report A preliminary analysis of the U.S. Global Health Initiative in Guatemala finds that resource and policy constraints are a barrier to progress. - GHI Implementation and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Ethiopia: A Progress Report A preliminary analysis of the implementation of the U.S. Global Health Initiative in Ethiopia finds that a focus on women and girls is already making a difference. - Sexual and Reproductive Rights and the U.S. Global Health Initiative The U.S. Global Health Initiative (GHI) is a comprehensive policy approach that seeks to strengthen and increase the efficiency of existing U.S. global health programs. - What Does Family Planning Have to do With HIV? Everything. Voluntary family planning is an indispensible component of HIV prevention and treatment. - Americans for UNFPA - Center for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA) - Center for Reproductive Rights (CRR) - International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) - International Women’s Health Coalition (IWHC) - PEPFAR Watch - Population Action International (PAI) - Prevention Now! - Reproductive Health Matters

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Memory loss (amnesia) is unusual forgetfulness. You may not be able to remember new events, recall one or more memories of the past, or both. Forgetfulness; Amnesia; Impaired memory; Loss of memory; Amnestic syndrome Normal aging may cause some forgetfullness. It's normal to have some trouble learning new material, or needing more time to remember it. However, normal aging does NOT lead to dramatic memory loss. Such memory loss is due to other diseases. Sometimes, memory loss may be seen with depression. It can be hard to tell the difference between memory loss and confusion due to depression. Some types of memory loss may cause you to forget recent or new events, past or remote events, or both. You may forget memories from a single event, or all events. Memory loss may cause you to have trouble learning new information or forming new memories. The memory loss may be temporary (transient), or permanent. Memory loss can be caused by many different things. To determine a cause, your doctor or nurse will ask if the problem came on suddenly or slowly. Many areas of the brain help you create and retrieve memories. A problem in any of these areas can lead to memory loss. Causes of memory loss include: - Alcohol or use of illicit drugs - Not enough oxygen to the brain (heart stopped, stopped breathing, complications from anesthesia) - Brain growths (caused by tumors or infection) - Brain infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis, or HIV/AIDS - Brain surgery, such as surgery to treat seizure disorders - Cancer treatments, such as brain radiation, bone marrow transplant, or after chemotherapy - Certain medications - Certain types of seizures - Depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia when symptoms have not been well controlled - Dissociative disorder (not being able to remember a major, traumatic event; the memory loss may be short-term or long-term) - Drugs such as barbiturates or benzodiazepines - Electroconvulsive therapy (especially if it is long-term) - Encephalitis of any type (infection, autoimmune disease, chemical/drug induced) - Epilepsy that is not well controlled with medications - Head trauma or injury - Heart bypass surgery - Illness that results in the loss of, or damage to, nerve cells (neurodegenerative illness), such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, or multiple sclerosis - Long-term alcohol abuse - Migraine headache - Mild head injury or concussion - Nutritional problems (vitamin deficiencies such as low vitamin B12) - Permanent damage or injuries to the brain - Transient global amnesia - Transient ischemic attack (TIA) A person with memory loss needs a lot of support. It helps to show them familiar objects, music, or photos. Write down when the person should take any medication or complete any other important tasks. It is important to write it down. If a person needs help with everyday tasks, or safety or nutrition is a concern, you may want to consider extended care facilities, such as a nursing home. What to Expect at Your Office Visit The doctor or nurse will perform a physical exam and ask questions about the person's medical history and symptoms. This will almost always include asking questions of family members and friends. They should come to the appointment. Medical history questions may include: - Can the person remember recent events (is there impaired short-term memory)? - Can the person remember events from further in the past (is there impaired long-term memory)? - Is there a loss of memory about events that occurred before a specific experience (anterograde amnesia)? - Is there a loss of memory about events that occurred soon after a specific experience (retrograde amnesia)? - Is there only a minimal loss of memory? - Does the person make up stories to cover gaps in memory (confabulation)? - Is the person suffering from low moods that impair concentration? - Time pattern - Has the memory loss been getting worse over years? - Has the memory loss been developing over weeks or months? - Is the memory loss present all the time or are there distinct episodes of amnesia? - If there are amnesia episodes, how long do they last? - Aggravating or triggering factors - Has there been a head injury in the recent past? - Has the person experienced an event that was emotionally traumatic? - Has there been a surgery or procedure requiring general anesthesia? - Does the person use alcohol? How much? - Does the person use illegal/illicit drugs? How much? What type? - Other symptoms - What other symptoms does the person have? - Is the person confused or disoriented? - Can they independently eat, dress, and perform similar self-care activities? - Have they had seizures? Tests that may be done include: Cognitive therapy, usually through a speech/language therapist, may be helpful for mild to moderate memory loss. See: Dementia - homecare for information about taking care of a loved one with dementia. Kirshner HS. Approaches to intellectual and memory impairments. In: Gradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, eds. Neurology in Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2008:chap 6. Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, and Department of Anatomy at UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

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Grassland in Mabi County destroyed by glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF). This area used to be farmland, now it's covered with black glacial deposits after the glacial lake burst. Global warming causes Himalayan glaciers to melt at an unprecedented rate, making GLOF more frequent. Latest research (2009) indicates that in the Chinese Himalayas region, there are currently 143 glacial lakes and 44 of them are very high risk of bursting. © © Greenpeace / Du Jiang

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http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/multimedia/slideshows/climate-energy/scenes-climate-change-china/Destroyed-Grassland-in-China/?tab=5

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It’s no secret that Facebook is a huge distraction. For a lot of teens, it’s easy to become a little bit obsessed with checking their Newsfeed and updating their statuses. How many times have you gone on the computer with good intentions to do your homework, and instead found yourself on the site? Research has now found that using Facebook at least once during a 15-minute study period is linked to lower grades for students in middle school, high school and college. But that’s not all: the use of Facebook is also linked to narcissism and psychological disorders such as mania and aggressive tendencies. Also, teens who use media and technology every day are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety. WTH? According to researchers, the best way to continue using Facebook and doing good in school is to allow one minute tech breaks every 15 minutes. It might sound crazy, but researchers say that when kids know they can go online for at least one minute, they’re less distracted and more focused on their work. WDYT, gURLs? How often do you go on Facebook? Do you think it’s affected your grades at all? Are you surprised that using technology so often can lead to depression and anxiety? Will this new research make you think twice before you go online? Discuss below! Oh, and when you’re NOT studying, make sure to “Like” gURL.com on Facebook. K?

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Help us save Thymelaea hirsuta - known in Arabic as 'mitnan' 'Mitnan' (Thymelaena hirsuta) is a perennial evergreen shrub that grows in the Mediterranean coastal plain, the Sinai and various other Saharo-Arabian deserts. It has been used for centuries for rope-making. You can help Kew safeguard this plant for our future by adopting a seed for yourself, or as a gift for £25. In ideal conditions the roots of 'mitnan' (Thymelaea hirsuta) can descend to a depth of about 3.5 m, while the plant may grow to 2 m with an average height of 120 cm. 'Mitnan' produces clusters of yellow flowers at the ends of young twigs from March through July. Its branches are used for making rope by braiding them into a kind of cable. Conserving 'mitnan' in Jordon Most examples of 'mitnan' that we found during our collecting trip to Jordon were growing in the vicinity of the international heritage site of Petra. As 'mitnan' is dioecious (male and female flowers are borne on separate plants), enough pollinators must be available to secure fruit set and seed formation. Both sexes of these plants produce clusters of yellow flowers at the end of young twigs from March to July. One concern for the future of this species is that its habitat in Jordon is constantly disturbed by the large number of tourists visiting the site. This could hinder the growth of newly formed seedlings needed to replenish the population. 'Mitnan' is suitable for cultivation in rock gardens and alpine glasshouses. It requires full sun, well-drained soil and protection from winter rain. This species is not currently grown at Kew Gardens, but specimens of wood and string made from it are held in Kew's Economic Botany Collection, located behind-the-scenes. Collecting 'mitnan' in Jordan When you walk out of Wadi Moussa, the village built at the entrance to Petra, there are some signs of the local marvels lying on the other side of the rocks. Walking down a rocky canyon, or Siq as it is called locally, there is the hint of what appears to be a head in the face of the cliffs. It is only when you reach the end of the Siq that you can make out the façade of a building hewn out of the rocks. It looks like a beautiful lady wearing a chador. From this magnificent place you can turn right and walk past more façades including a theatre and tombs on the higher rocks. An easy climb takes you up the hill to the high place of sacrifice, with open views across the region. Going down into the valley, where it is impossible to hide from the sun, a sparse collection of desert vegetation offers another impressive aspect to the site. Many plant species that are adapted to the harsh conditions of the very hot sandy desert flourish in the loessial wadi beds. Making rope and other useful things with 'mitnan' 'Mitnan' (Thymelaea hirsuta) is primarily used for making rope, a craft that is practiced by local inhabitants, especially older people who still retain this skill. The most direct method is simply to braid branches into a kind of cable. This 'cable' may been used to anchor tents during sandstorms. Finished 'mitnan' rope is strong enough to haul a man out of a well, secure a tent, hobble an animal, saddle a donkey, yoke a camel and carry water buckets or jugs on a camel’s back. The camel yoke represents an uncommon use of 'mitnan' rope - row upon row of twisted and braided white inner bark is sewn onto a padded pillow. This rests on a 'mitnan' support, made of an entire young shrub whose branches have been parted and bound into a wishbone shape by strips of rag. 'Mitnan' serves the Bedouins in a variety of other ways as well, such as making a partridge trap. The moist roots of the plant are used for parts of the trap that must be both flexible and strong. When sowing summer crops they also affix a branch of 'mitnan' to the back of a plough where it sweeps sand over the furrow to shield freshly-sown seeds from the sun's direct rays. Women too, often use 'mitnan' when watering their flocks, using fibres to make a bucket-rope with which they can draw water from the well. Ibn-al Bitar (12th century C.E.) attributed medicinal properties to the leaves as an antidote to pinworms, as well as a 'powerful hydragogue, cathartic and expectorant'. Dried and powdered leaves were also used to treat inflammation of the skin and the bark for healing wounds. It was further reported that in order to remove flies from their tents, Arabs would dip 'mitnan' (Thymelaea hirsuta) in sugared water and then hang it in the tent. The formation of the numerous, crowded small leaves and flowers on the branch provided a large landing area for flies attracted to the sweet sugar. At night, Bedouin people would cover the plant with a dress or cloak and remove both the 'mitnan' and the flies from the tent. 'Mitnan' is still used for medicinal purposes. As a method for removing rotten teeth for instance, which doesn’t seem to have been reported in much detail in the literature. To do this, the plant leaves are boiled in water and the resulting brew swished around the mouth and spat out along with the dead tooth. Other medicinal uses include an eye curative and a treatment for paralysis. 'Mitnan' is also used to prevent abortion in camels. The leaves of the plant are pounded and mixed with a little salt, made into a poultice,and then applied to the camel's cervix after impregnation in the hope that the cervix will contract, preventing the camel from aborting its foetus (Bailey and Danin 1981: 153; also cited by Schmidt and Stavisky 1983). Later, researchers managed to isolate stigmasterol from 'mitnan'. Stigmasterol is a steroid used to synthesise progesterone, a hormone used in the treatment of recurrent abortion in humans (Schmidt and Stavisky 1983: 318). You can adopt this seed for yourself, or as a gift for £25. When you Adopt a Seed, you'll receive a personalised certificate, featuring your plant species, as a downloadable PDF document you can print off, and regular updates over the year from the Millennium Seed Bank. For an additional £2, you can have an Adoption Pack posted (either to you, or direct to a gift recipient) featuring a certificate and a full colour picture of your species (UK only). Keep up to date with events and news from Kew

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Women’s Education – Women’s Empowerment: Celebrating Women’s History Month March 1, 2012 - March 31, 2012 Women’s Education–Women’s Empowerment Women’s History Month raises awareness of the essential and influential roles women play in the development of our shared history. Women’s History Week was recognized by Congress in 1981, and in 1987, Congress designated the month of March to the celebration of Women’s History in perpetuity. Each year, the National Women’s History Project identifies a theme that highlights the myriad ways in which women have contributed to community–building and nation–building. The theme for 2012 is “Women’s Education–Women’s Empowerment,” which recognizes the essential role higher education has played in granting women political, economic, and social agency–and the biases, stereotypes, and pseudoscience women have faced to be educated equally with men. Once considered too fragile of mind and body for intense intellectual pursuits, women now outnumber men in many colleges and universities around the United States. Many opponents of women’s education saw higher education as unfeminine and diminished women’s chances for marriage. Women’s colleges began opening in the nineteenth century and offered women educational opportunities previously unimagined. Co–education was considered controversial by many, and courses of study for women were often restricted to a few fields, particularly in the humanities and areas that would be considered most useful for the domestic sphere. Sex stereotyping in male–dominated fields such as the sciences also prevented many women from undertaking such courses of study. Many American colleges and universities did not become co–educational until the mid–twentieth century, and educational opportunities offered to men were not extended to women until the passage of Title IX of the Education Codes of the Higher Education Act Amendments in 1972 (enacted in 1977), which prohibits gender discrimination by federally funded institutions. Bylaws, constitution, and amendments, 1876–1886 Delaware College admitted its first female students in September 1872. During this first period of co–education, a group of nine women students formed a literary club in 1876 called the Pestalozzi Literary Society, named in honor of Swiss educational reformer Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827). The society’s stated purposes were to encourage companionship and advance literary pursuits among the College’s female students. The Pestalozzians promoted social and political causes on campus and in Delaware, particularly women’s rights; the group brought women’s rights activist Belva Lockwood (1830–1917) to speak on campus and sponsored a lecture by Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906). Shown here is a volume containing the Pestalozzi Literary Society’s constitution, bylaws, amendments, membership roster, and presidential oath. Beneath Thy Guiding Hand: A History of Women at the University of Delaware. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press, 1994. From the first period of co–education in the nineteenth century to the opening of the Women’s College of Delaware in 1914 to full co–education in 1945, the history of women at the University of Delaware has been neither simple nor straightforward. Hoffecker’s book recounts the roles female students, faculty and administrators have occupied and held throughout the University’s history, as well as the contributions these women have made to the development of the University as an institution of higher education. Members of Tassel, 1951 Tassel was an all–female honorary society established at the newly co–educational University of Delaware in the early 1950s. Women from the junior class were chosen each year for outstanding scholarship, leadership, and service. In 1960, Tassel joined Mortar Board, the national honors society for women, which later included male members after the passage of the Civil Rights Act. History of the Women’s College of the University of Delaware, 1914–1938. Reprinted from Delaware Notes, 1947. Winifred Robinson (1867–1962) acquired a Ph.D. in botany in 1912 and held teaching and administrative positions at Vassar and the University of Wisconsin Summer School before becoming the first dean of the Women’s College. She served as dean from the school’s opening in 1914 until her retirement at the age of 70 in 1938. Dean Robinson was a powerful force in shaping the new and experimental enterprise of women’s public higher education in Delaware.

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CentOS uses both font systems and they use different folders: http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/s1-x-fonts.html Red Hat Enterprise Linux uses two subsystems to manage and display fonts under X: Fontconfig and xfs. The newer Fontconfig font subsystem simplifies font management and provides advanced display features, such as anti-aliasing. This system is used automatically for applications programmed using the Qt 3 or GTK+ 2 graphical toolkit. For compatibility, Red Hat Enterprise Linux includes the original font subsystem, called the core X font subsystem. This system, which is over 15 years old, is based around the X Font Server (xfs). On CentOS5/Redhat it seems that XFS gets its fonts from the X config file /etc/X11/fs/config which points to /usr/share/X11/fonts, and fontconfig gets its config from /etc/fonts/font.conf which points to /usr/share/fonts. By default neither font system sees the fonts from the other system. Seems that RH wants to move to fontconfig but still has some things that use XFS. Why they didnt just put all the fonts in 1 folder and pointed everything there so that both font systems had all the same fonts is a mystery.

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Perhaps the most overlooked aspect of gardening is pH. pH is very important in hydroponic as well as regular "soil" gardening. pH is measured on a scale of 1-14 with 7 being "neutral". Acids are lower than 7 and alkalis (bases) are above 7. A plant grown in a hydroponic or soil garden must have a pH balance to the specific plant's optimal pH range or the plant will suffer. At best, if the pH range is not compatible with the plant, the plant will grow poorly, be more susceptible to disease, have lower yields or have blossoms that aren't as brilliant or fragrant. At worst, if the pH range is not compatible with the plant, "The Death Penalty" is the verdict. An unbalanced pH will cause a condition known as "nutrient lockout". This is a condition where the plant loses its ability to absorb some of the essential elements required for healthy growth. When the pH of a plant is unbalanced and nutrient lockout occurs the plant mimics classic plant guide deficiencies or excesses due to certain elements being deprived from the plant. A good example is where a suffering plant has an unbalanced pH and is showing classic signs of a nitrogen deficiency; the leaves at the bottom of the plant are yellowed and falling off. So what do you do? Naturally you increase the amount of nitrogen in your nutrient solution even though it already has an adequate level. The problem is that your plant has nutrient lockout and can't absorb that nitrogen because of the unbalanced pH of the nutrient solution. The result is that your plant dies from nitrogen deficiency or is extremely stunted or stressed. All plants have a particular pH level that produces optimum results. This pH level varies from plant to plant, but generally most plants prefer slightly acidic growing conditions (between 6.0 - 6.5), although most plants can still survive in an environment with a pH of 5.0 to 7.5. Pure water has a balance of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions and is therefore pH neutral (pH of 7.0). When the water is less than pure it can have a pH either higher or lower than 7.0. When you are growing hydroponically checking and adjusting pH is a simple matter. Checking and adjusting pH when growing in soil is more complicated and involves other procedures not covered in this article. There are several ways to check the pH of the nutrient solution in your hydroponic system. Paper test strips are the most inexpensive way to check the pH of a nutrient solution with liquid pH test kits costing a little more. Both of these products rely on a pH sensitive dye that changes color when dipped into or mixed with nutrient solution. The resultant color is then compared to a color chart to determine the pH range of the solution being checked. Both of these products are relatively inexpensive, but can be hard to read, because the differences in colors can be subtle thus making them somewhat inaccurate and are more for 'ball parking" your pH level. Other issues for color comparisons are affected by the nutrient solution being checked already being colored from the various nutrients and supplements added to the solution. The most accurate way to check pH is to use a digital meter. Digital meters come in a huge array of sizes and prices and are very handy and easy to use. You simply dip the electrode into the nutrient solution for a few moments and the pH value is displayed on a LCD display. Digital pH meters are very accurate and fast. They need to be cared for properly or they will quit working. The glass bulb electrode must be kept clean and wet at all times. To ensure accuracy pH meters should be calibrated on a regular basis, as the meters can "drift". The tip needs to be stored in an electrode storage solution or in a buffer solution. The tip should never be allowed to dry out. Several products used by the hobby gardener to adjust pH can be found at your local hydroponic supply store. The pH adjusters are diluted to a level that is reasonably safe and easy to use. Many of the products have phosphoric acid (to lower pH), and potassium hydroxide (to raise pH). Both of these chemicals are relatively safe, although they can cause burns and should never come in contact with the eyes. Always add the nutrients and supplements to the water before checking and adjusting the pH of your nutrient solution. The nutrients lower the pH of the water due to its elemental makeup. After adding nutrients and supplements and mixing the solution, check the pH using. If the pH needs to be adjusted, add the appropriate adjuster. Use small amounts of pH adjuster until you get familiar with the process. Recheck the pH and repeat the above steps until the pH level is reached. The pH of the nutrient solution will have a tendency to rise as the plants use the nutrients so the pH needs to be checked periodically (and adjusted as necessary). To start out I suggest that you check pH on a daily basis. Each system will change pH at a different rate depending on a variety of factors such as the type of growing medium used; the weather, and the kind of plants and even the age of the plants all affect the pH. And you thought pH was just to keep your pools, spas, and hot tubs clear and clean smelling. Don and Sandy Landers are owners of Dream Garden Hydroponics, LLC.

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Micro-Supercapacitors set for future use “Just think how often your fancy new mobile phone or computer has become little more than a paperweight because the battery lost its zeal for doing its job,” says John Chmiola, a chemist with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). “At a time when cellphones can do more than computers could do at the beginning of the Clinton presidency, it would be an understatement to say that batteries have not been holding up their end of the mobile device bargain.” Chmiola is a staff scientist in the Advanced Energy Technologies Department of Berkeley Lab’s Environmental Energy Technologies Division. His research is aimed at addressing this problem of relatively short-lived portable energy storage devices. Chmiola believes he has found a solution in electrochemical capacitors, which are commonly referred to as “supercapacitors” because of their higher energy storage densities than conventional dielectric capacitors and higher abuse tolerance than batteries. In a paper published in the April 23, 2010 issue of the journal Science, titled “Monolithic Carbide-Derived Carbon Films for Micro-Supercapacitors,” Chmiola and Yury Gogotsi of Drexel University, along with other co-authors, describe a unique new technique for integrating high performance micro-sized supercapacitors into a variety of portable electronic devices through common microfabrication techniques. By etching electrodes made of monolithic carbon film into a conducting substrate of titanium carbide, Chmiola and Gogotsi were able to create micro-supercapacitors featuring an energy storage density that was at least double that of the best supercapacitors now available. When used in combination with microbatteries, the power densities and rapid-fire cycle times of these micro-supercapacitors should substantially boost the performance and longevity of portable electric energy storage devices. “The prospect of integrating batteries and supercapacitors with the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) they power represents a conceptual leap forward over existing methods for powering such devices,” Chmiola says. “Furthermore, since the same fabrication processes that produced the devices needing the electrical energy also produced the devices storing that energy, we provide a framework for potentially increasing the density of microelectronic devices and allowing improved functionality, reduced complexity, and enhanced redundancy.” The two principal systems today for storing electrical energy are batteries and supercapacitors. Batteries store electrical energy in the form of chemical reactants and generally display even higher energy storage densities than supercapacitors. However, the charging and discharging of a battery exact a physical toll on electrodes that eventually ends the battery’s life after several thousand charge-discharge cycles. In supercapacitors, energy is stored as electrical charge, which does not impact electrodes during operation. This allows supercapacitors to be charged and discharged millions of times. “We have known for some time that supercapacitors are faster and longer-lasting alternatives to conventional batteries,” Gogotsi says, “so we decided to see if it would be possible to incorporate them into microelectronic devices and if there would be any advantage to doing so.” Chmiola and Gogotsi chose titanium carbide as the substrate in this study because while all metal carbides can be selectively etched with halogens so that a monolithic carbon film is left behind, titanium carbide is readily available, relatively inexpensive and can be used at the same temperatures as other microfabrication processes. “Plus, we have a body of work on titanium carbide precursor carbons that provided us with a lot of data to draw from for understanding the underlying science,” Chmiola says. The process started with titanium carbide ceramic plates being cut to size and polished to a thinness of approximately 300 micrometers. The titanium was then selectively etched from one face of the plate using chlorine at elevated temperatures, a process that is similar to current dry-etching techniques for MEMS and microchip fabrications. Chlorinating the titanium removed the metal atoms and left in place a monolithic carbon film, a material with a proven track record in supercapacitors produced via the traditional “sandwich construction” technique. “By using microfabrication techniques to produce our supercapacitors we avoided many of the pitfalls of the traditional method,” says Chmiola, “namely poor contact between electro-active particles in the electrode, large void spaces between particles that don’t store charge, and poor contact between the electro-active materials and the external circuitry.” The electrical charge storage densities of the micro-supercapacitors were measured in two common electrolytes. As promising as the results were, Chmiola notes the impressive figures were achieved without the “decades of optimization” that other electronic devices have undergone. This, he says, “hints at the possibility that the energy density ceiling for microfabricated supercapacitors is, indeed, quite high.” Adds Gogotsi, “Given their practically infinite cycle life, micro-supercapacitors seem ideal for capturing and storing energy from renewable resources and for on-chip operations.” The next step of the work is to scale down the size of the electrodes and improve the dry etching procedure for removing metal atoms from metal carbides to make the process even more compatible with commercial microfabrication technology. At Berkeley Lab, Chmiola is working on the development of new electrolytes that can help increase the energy storage densities of his micro-supercapacitors. He is also investigating the factors that control the usable voltage window of different electrolytes at a carbon electrode. “My ultimate goals are to increase energy stored to levels closer to batteries, and preserve both the million-plus charge-discharge cycles and recharge times of less than five minutes of these devices,” says Chmiola. “I think this is what the end users of portable energy storage devices really desire.” Co-authoring the Science paper with Chmiola and Gogotsi were Celine Largeot, Pierre-Louis Taberna and Patrice Simon of Toulouse University in France. Berkeley Lab is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory located in Berkeley, California. It conducts unclassified scientific research and is managed by the University of California. Visit our website at http://www.lbl.gov. Source: Berkeley Lab /... The Institute of Nanotechnology puts significant effort into ensuring that the information provided on its news pages is accurate and up-to-date. However, we cannot guarantee absolute accuracy. Consequently, the Institute of Nanotechnology disclaims any and all responsibility for inaccuracy, omission or any kind of deficiency in relation to the news items and articles hosted herein. - 17 May 2013NanoSustain Factsheet and Case Studies - 16 May 2013Making Gold Green: New Non-Toxic Method for Mining Gold - 13 May 2013Cold atoms for quantum technology - 02 May 2013Quantum information: Computing with a single nuclear spin in silicon - 30 April 2013LESL launches start up challenge to celebrate 25th anniversary - View All

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Hi....to my understanding.... nanoscale Au can be produced by various techniques...to name a few VCLDI, EEW, Chemical route, phyiscal methods etc.... all these techniques doesnt yield nanoparticles of same size, shape, purity etc.... generally depending on the applications the synthesizing techniques is chosen...and each technique has its own temp requirements.... and finally one technique which most widely used for nano colloid preparation is thru reduction of Au(CN)3.. and this process is room temperature....on the other hand plasma process will require higher end temperature.... do correct me if i am wrong... sorry for the delayed reply... i was suffering from chicken pox and was nt in the lab for couple of weeks... by the way... as for as mechnical grinding is concern... we have nt tried in the my lab..i mean gold mech. grinding.. bt then.. as such there is no much important is given to temperature... furthermore since gold is very very ductile metal...mech grinding will and should be done in cryo condition in order have significant size reduction... I am working on interaction of gold nanoparticles with microtubules which are one of the cytoskeletal protein that have important role in some disease. we purified this protein from the brain and hope to find a way to improve memory. if you are interested contact me Welcome! Nanopaprika was cooked up by Hungarian chemistry PhD student in 2007. The main idea was to create something more personal than the other nano networks already on the Internet. Community is open to everyone from post-doctorial researchers and professors to students everywhere. There is only one important assumption: you have to be interested in nano! The invertion of 10G optical transceiver has greatly increase the networking speed, for the science behind the transceiver, please check website and learn about CWDM SFP transceiver, www.fiberoptictransceiver.net The XFP (10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable) is a standard for transceivers for high-speed computer network and telecommunication links that use optical fiber.please visit www.xfptransceiver.com for more info

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LONG BEACH, Calif. — NASA's 23-year-old Hubble Space Telescope is still going strong, and agency officials said Tuesday they plan to operate it until its instruments finally give out, potentially for another six years at least. After its final overhaul in 2009, the Hubble telescope was expected to last until at least 2015. Now, NASA officials say they are committed to keeping the iconic space observatory going as long as possible. "Hubble will continue to operate as long as its systems are running well," Paul Hertz, director of the Astrophysics Division in NASA's Science Mission Directorate, said here at the 221st meeting of the American Astronomical Society. Hubble, like other long-running NASA missions such as the Spitzer Space Telescope, will be reviewed every two years to ensure that the mission is continuing to provide science worth the cost of operating it, Hertz added. In fact, Hubble supporters hope it will continue to run even after its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), is launched — an event planned for 2018. "We are not planning to arbitrarily end the operation of Hubble when JWST is launched," Hertz said during a NASA Town Hall Meeting at the AAS conference. "It may be great if we get at least one year of overlap between JWST and Hubble." [Building the James Webb Space Telescope (Photos)] The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in April 1990, and has since been upgraded five times by astronauts in orbit. Its last space shuttle servicing mission in May 2009 left the scope with two new instruments, including a wide-field camera and a high-precision spectrograph to spread out light into its constituent wavelengths. The space telescope is named after the late astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953), who proved that the universe is expanding. "It's working better than ever, 23 years in," Dan Coe, an astronomer working with Hubble at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Md., told Space.com. "We're still pushing the frontier." Coe agreed that overlap time with both Hubble and James Webb operating simultaneously would be ideal. Such a plan would allow the observatories to work on complementary projects and provide crosschecks between the two telescopes' measurements. How long Hubble can run also depends on NASA's budget, which, like funding for all federal agencies, is uncertain given the economic challenges in the United States. "It all comes down to money," Coe said. Funding the development of the James Webb Space Telescope is currently taking up almost half of NASA's total budget of $1.3 billion for astrophysics in 2013, Hertz said. Space news from NBCNews.com Teen's space mission fueled by social media - Buzz Aldrin's vision for journey to Mars - Giant black hole may be cooking up meals - Watch a 'ring of fire' solar eclipse online - Teen's space mission fueled by social media The observatory has an estimated price tag of $8.7 billion, and will cost about $628 million in 2013 alone. In contrast, Hubble will cost about $98 million in 2013. - Celestial Photos: Hubble Space Telescope's Latest Cosmic Views - Hubble Telescope’s Hidden Treasures Revealed | Video - Most Amazing Hubble Discoveries © 2013 Space.com. All rights reserved. More from Space.com.

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North Broad a street of dreams during short-lived golden age November 20, 2012By Shai Ben-Yaacov "I'm told this street is respectable," says one character in Edith Wharton's novel The Age of Innocence. "It's not fashionable," comes the reply. That's pretty much how it was on North Broad Street in the late 19th century. The industrial revolution had begun, and Philadelphia was known as the "Workshop of the World," making textiles, locomotives and beer. On WHYY-FM, NewsWorks Tonight's Nov. 20 show is devoted to North Broad Street "After the Civil War, Philadelphia was really going full blast," said Robert Morris Skaler, forensic architect and author of Philadelphia's Broad Street South and North. "They were making all kinds of things. North Broad Street was a great place for people to live, because it hadn't been developed yet." Skaler's book is filled with images from this golden age of North Broad, an age capped by the construction of the grand Lorraine Apartments, which are now the abandoned Divine Lorraine Hotel. He describes what made the area so desirable. "It was big and wide," he said. "About six carriages could go side-by-side, so it was a great street to jump on your carriage and go all the way out, perhaps to Diamond, and then make a left and head out to the park — and also the fact that there were so many churches on the street that, on a nice Sunday afternoon, it was packed. People walking back and forth — it's almost like a Boardwalk kind of thing going on." The rise of new money So the street became populated by the so-called nouveau riche — those who made, rather than inherited their money. Skaler says some of them included Michael Bouvier, the ancestor of Jacquelyn Bouvier Kennedy, department store owners, Alice Gimble, and industrialist Henry Disston and his son, along with P.A.B. Widener and William Elkins. "You get these huge houses built along there," said Skaler. "Their stables were in the back streets unlike Rittenhouse Square, where the stables and the houses were all mixed up together." Rittenhouse Square, of course, was where old money lived in Philadelphia. A passage from a book called North of Broad, published by an anonymous author during the time period, is telling. "By the way, what's your locality? Is it north or south of Market?" he asked anxiously. "I don't know," answered Helen. "It's on Grafton Street, about a mile from Girard College." "Oh dear, dear," said he, in a distressed tone. "That is all wrong. It should be two miles or two miles and a fraction at least, if my memory serves. An inch or more makes all the difference in the world your social position in Philadelphia." A north-south rivalry Nowhere does this conflict play out more succinctly than in the battle for cultural superiority of the day. What South Broad Street had in the Academy of Music, North Broad emulated in the Metropolitan Opera House, built by the famous Oscar Hammerstein. In the 2000 WHYY-TV documentary A Walk Up Broad Street, architect Hy Myers said the Met represented efforts to one-up the establishment. "The Academy of Music had 3,100 seats," said Myers. "The Met, 4,100 — a thousand more. The proscenium of the Academy, 50 feet wide. [Hammerstein] made his a hundred feet wide. The Academy was made of brownstone on the front. He decided to make his white, marble and white brick, because he wanted his to be bigger in appearance, more glamorous in appearance." On the Met's opening night, Nov. 17, 1907, the two venues had a showdown. "Hammerstein's Metropolitan Opera House opened with Carmen and a cast of 700," Skaler said. "That same night, the Academy of Music opened its season with the great tenor Enrico Caruso." "Now Philadelphia society doesn't know where to go," said Myers. "'Shall I go to the Academy? Shall I go to the Met?' They do both!" At intermission, the audience left the Academy, rushed to the waiting carriages and cars, and headed north on Broad Street to arrive at the Met in time to see the second half of Carmen. Hammerstein purposely delayed the opera's intermission, thus filling all his 4,000 seats. However, Skaler said, it was a hollow victory. Within five years, the Met went bankrupt. Around 1920, he said, the subway was built beneath Broad Street. "And the racket and noise from them ripping up Broad Street probably got a lot of people to move. And of course the subway stops come in, and those areas become commercial, and neighborhoods change." A little later, industry started to sputter because of the Great Depression. Philadelphia's Baldwin Locomotive Works shut down, laying off 17,000 people. "We'd love to get a new industry in Philadelphia that might give us 2- or 3,000 [jobs]," said Myers. "So this was a big loss for Philadelphia, and it was the first signs that the 'Workshop of the World' that was Philadelphia was just beginning to fray at the edges and change." That change would signify the end of North Broad Street's gilded opulence. All historical images are from Philadelphia's Broad Street South and North, by Robert Skaler courtesy of Arcadia Publishing.

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Lyndon Johnson on Foreign Policy He also tried to get the best brains available to help settle any problem. He likes to remain in personal control of most situations. He had little respect for American relations with other nations after the Truman Administration. The basic trouble, Pres. Johnson believed was that the US is a nation easily misunderstood by foreign leaders, and that it had failed to make itself clear. Of the Latin American regional group, the Organization of American States, LBJ said on an occasion when he knew his words would be repeated, "It couldn't pour piss out of a boot if the instructions were written on the heel." The OAS had been notoriously indecisive and ineffective, but one OAS diplomat remarked that it "made us think that your President does not consider us too important." The UN Mekong project "would make TVA look like a minor operation." The Mekong project seized Johnson's mind and emotions. Here was a chance to build something. While in Southeast Asia, the Vice President saw to it that he learned everything he could about the Mekong development program. Meeting with its planning committee in Bangkok, he let them know, "I am a river man. All my life I've been interested in rivers and their development." "There's been talk years, planning for years. When do we get some action?" The Mekong project was just the sort of program to fill out and underline the emerging lines of LBJ's thinking about the world. The law of history marched with his phrases. What do "the ordinary men and women of North Vietnam and South Vietnam--of China and India--of Russia and America"--want? "They want what their neighbors also desire: food for their hunger; health for their bodies; a chance to learn; progress for their country; and an end to the bondage of material misery." Johnson was with them, he wanted them to know. He intended to expand and speed up the sending of American farm surpluses to "the needy in Asia." He proposed a "greatly expanded" co-operative program for social up-building in Southeast Asia, with the aid of the US, the UN, and the USSR. Nothing was happening to bear out the prediction made in the 1954 campaign that election of a Democratic Congress would give birth to a regressive "cold war" between the executive and legislative branches of the government. "The objectives of foreign policy should be to promote and preserve the security and the integrity of the US. From the very beginning of this Congress, the Democratic leadership made it clear that they would support the President in any effort to obtain those objectives." "That promise was fulfilled. It was fulfilled in the Formosa Resolution when the President sought to draw a line against Chinese Communist aggression. It was fulfilled in the approval of the Paris pacts, which laid the cornerstone for the defenses of Europe against communism." |Other past presidents on Foreign Policy:||Lyndon Johnson on other issues:| George W. Bush(R,2001-2009) George Bush Sr.(R,1989-1993) John F. Kennedy(D,1961-1963) Past Vice Presidents: Natural Law Party

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- from the old French sonder, meaning to measure the depth. Soundings are what the marine surveyors of the Coast and Geodetic Survey obtained, day in and day out, all day long as small ships and survey boats steered their lines to the rhythm of "On the next! Stand-byyyy! MARK IT!' members of the survey team would read the depth, measure the angles to determine the position of the boat, and plot that position with a three-arm protractor on the boat sheet and print the depth to boot. Then the cycle would start again. Millions of soundings were obtained this way to make the charts that led mariners safely to our shores for the first century and a half of the Coast Survey's existence. Then came the age of electronics. the Coast Surveyors as they sound our waterways from Maine to Texas and California to Alaska.... Pole to Sea Beam

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The Reptiles of Nauru1 By Buden, Donald W Abstract: Eleven species of reptiles are reported from Nauru in the first systematic treatment of the herpetofauna. Four of the species are marine; the seven others include six lizards (four geckos, two skinks) and one snake. Gehyra mutilata (Wiegman), G. oceanica (Lesson), Pelamis platura (Linnaeus), and Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin) are recorded on Nauru for the first time. With the exception of Emoia arnoensis Brown & Marshall, which is endemic to eastern Micronesia, the herpetofauna consists of species that range widely among the west-central Pacific Ocean islands. The only known record of E. arnoensis from Chuuk possibly is based on a misassigned locality, in which case the range of the species would be limited to the Marshall Islands, Nauru, and Kosrae. There is no evidence to suggest that habitat modification on Nauru stemming largely from more than a century of phosphate mining has reduced the number of reptile species. LITTLE IS KNOWN of the fauna of the island republic of Nauru. The island’s small size, remote location, and ecological impoverishment all doubtlessly have contributed to the paucity of zoological investigations, leaving a gap in our knowledge of the biodiversity of this area of the Pacific. Information on the reptiles is especially scanty; the herpetofauna has never been reviewed systematically. Waite’s (1903) list of reptiles from Nauru included only two species (both skinks): Lygosoma cyanurum [=Emoia cyanura (Lesson)] and L. atrocostatum (=E. arnoensis Brown & Marshall). Much later, Brown (1991) described E. arnoensis nauru based largely on material collected by H. Cogger in 1983. In addition, Bauer and Henle (1994) included Nauru in a list of locality records for the geckos Hemidactylus frenatus Dumeril & Bibron and Lepidodactylus lugubris (Dumeril & Bibron), and Webb (1994) reported on the unusual occurrence of a crocodile. Reports on sea turtles from Nauru consist only of a few passing remarks largely lacking in substantive detail. In this study I include an annotated list of all the species of reptiles recorded on Nauru, and it is based on personal observations, specimens I recently collected, data from museum specimens and catalogs, gleanings from the literature, and information provided by local residents. Nauru (0[degrees] 30′ S, 166[degrees] 56′ E) is a small (21 km^sup 2^) raised atoll island in the west-central Pacific Ocean (Figure 1). It is approximately 2,100 km northeast of New Guinea; the nearest island is Banaba (=Ocean Island) 300 km to the east. The climate is equatorial; the average monthly temperature ranges from 27 to 29[degrees]C, and the average annual rainfall is 2,098 mm, with the wettest months being December to April. A narrow, coastal belt roughly 100 to 300 m wide abuts a scarp that rises to approximately 30-40 m in most areas to form the edge of a central plateau; the maximum elevation is 72 m at Command Ridge. Approximately 10,000 islanders reside mainly along the coast and in a small settlement centered about a brackish lake (Buada Lagoon) in a low area of the plateau in the southwestern part of the island. The coastal vegetation consists largely of strand, scrub, scattered coconut trees, and a variety of ornamentals and fruit trees. Much of the original vegetation of the central plateau was stripped away during a century of phosphate mining, leaving behind a skeletal landscape of limestone pinnacles about 4-8 m high from around which the topsoil and phosphate deposits were removed. Many areas have since regenerated to a karstic scrubland with small pockets of residual forest dominated by tomano trees, Calophyllum inophyllum L., and strangler fig, Ficus prolixa G. Forst. The most extensive remnant forest areas are on the gentler slopes of the scarp and at its base. In describing the impact of human activities on the environment of Nauru, Thaman (1992:153) stated ”long habitation; almost a century of open-cast phosphate mining; continuous bombing, destruction, and displacement of the people during World War II; rapid urbanization; and the abandonment of agriculture and subsistence activities on Nauru have arguably produced one of the most severely modified natural and cultural floras on earth.” Further descriptions of the physiognomy and vegetation of Nauru are provided by Manner et al. (1984), Thaman et al. (1994), and Morrison and Manner (2005). MATERIALS AND METHODS I visited Nauru during 12-25 December 2006 and 29 March-5 April 2007 to conduct surveys of birds, reptiles, butterflies, and dragonflies; the 81 specimens of reptiles collected (by hand) were fixed in 10% formalin, washed, transferred to 35% isopropanol, and deposited in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM); the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ); the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM); and the Natural History Museum, London (NHM). Terms of abundance used to appraise overall status are based largely on my visual surveys: common (at least 30, but often many more, sightings per day under optimum conditions), fairly common (approximately 10-30 encounters per day), uncommon (up to 10 per day, and unrecorded on some days), scarce (usually no more than five per day and may be unrecorded on many days), vagrant (unexpected on geographic grounds and known only from one or two records). Surveys were conducted during different times of the day under a variety of sunny and cloudy conditions but not during rain. Snout-vent length in Emoia arnoensis was measured with a millimeter rule to the nearest whole millimeter. Values in Table 1 are rounded to the nearest tenth resulting in some totals greater than 100%. Crocodylus cf. porosus Schneider A ”small” and presumably young crocodile first observed by swimmers at a beach on Nauru on 18 September 1994 was captured and brought to the local police station where it was observed by many people (Webb 1994:13); the specimen was not saved. Webb (1994) indicated that the animal was photographed, but no photograph was examined by him nor by any other members of the Crocodile Specialist Group in Australia (C. Manolis, pers. comm.). The nearest population of crocodiles, and the most likely source of the Nauru record, is C. porosus in the Solomon Islands, over 1,000 km to the southwest. Chelonia mydas Linnaeus and Eretmochelys imbricata Linnaeus There are no well-documented specimen records of turtles on Nauru. Several reports that mention turtles in passing lack substantive detail, but some refer to at least two species, the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, and the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata. Hambruch (1915:197), for example, included ”gru en schildkro te” (green turtle) and ”echte schildkro te” (true turtle? =hawksbill?) in a list of animals recorded on Nauru; his accompanying illustrations (Hambruch 1915: figs. 281 and 282) are unidentifiable as to species. Ernest Stephen was marooned on Nauru sometime during the 1870s at the age of 14 and spent most of his life on the island. In his recollections of Naruan customs and beliefs (written around 1902 or 1903: Wedgwood in Stephen 1936), he remarked that ”turtles rarely visit the island; [and that] at first the natives would not eat them, for they thought that they were spirits of their departed” (Stephen 1936:57). Thaman and Hassall (1998:24) stated that ”both the hawksbill and green turtles . . . are occasionally present . . . [and that] some beaches were reportedly once nesting areas although this is no longer the case.” In addition, Fiji Customs reported the importation of a small amount of worked tortoiseshell [presumably from E. imbricata] from Nauru in 1978 (Groombridge and Luxmoore 1989). I saw no turtles on Nauru, but several residents told me that turtles occasionally visited the island, and that one had been captured not too long before as it was crossing the circumferential road; the species was unidentified. Gehyra mutilata (Weigmann) The stump-toed or mutilating gecko occurs naturally from India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia to China, Papua New Guinea, and the Indo-Australian archipelago (Lever 2003). It is widespread in the Pacific (McCoy 1980, Zug 1991). The absence of allozyme protein variation between the Pacific Basin populations and those in the ancestral home of the species in southern Asia supports a hypothesis of a relatively recent and probable human-assisted dispersal into Oceania (Fisher 1997). Gehyra mutilata is scarce on Nauru; one collected under flaking bark of a Calophyllum tree in a small patch of forest on 17 December and another on a tree trunk at night in the Buada Lagoon settlement on 18 December 2006 are the only records. It was the only gecko not encountered in edificarian habitats, including buildings, walls, and other such structures constructed by humans (Table 1), but is usually found in such habits elsewhere in Micronesia (pers. obs.). Gehyra oceanica (Lesson) The oceanic gecko is widespread in the Pacific and is common on Nauru. It was observed in edificarian and ruderal habitats as well as in remnant forest and often in small colonies occupying a building or a single tree. Seven were collected from the outside walls of a house and adjacent buildings in Nibok District, all within a 15-min span shortly after sunset on 13 December. Hemidactylus frenatus Dumeril & Bibron Native to Asia, the house gecko has colonized much of Oceania since World War II, often outcompeting or otherwise displacing other species (Hunsaker 1966, Petren et al. 1993, Case et al. 1994). It is common on Nauru, especially on the cement walls of buildings, where it was regularly observed feeding on insects drawn to lights. It was frequently encountered also on tree trunks in the settlements as well as in more remote areas of the island. The time of its introduction to Nauru is unknown. The earliest specimen record I found is usnm 200470, collected by R. V. Wood on 18 April 1976 and accompanied by the annotation that the species was ”common everywhere in forest,” which indicates that it was already well established. The record mentioned in Bauer and Henle (1994) is based on this specimen (A. Bauer, pers. comm.). Lepidodactylus lugubris (Dumeril & Bibron) The mourning gecko is widespread in the Pacific (Gibbons 1985). It is common on Nauru, being especially numerous in edificarian habitats and less frequently encountered in forest patches on tree trunks at night and under flaking bark during the day. Bauer and Henle (1994) and Bauer (pers. comm.) recorded it first on Nauru based on a specimen in the Australian Museum (ams R-7109). The collector and collection date are unknown, but the specimen was presented by A. H. S. Lucas and registered into the ams collection in 1919 and could have been collected any time before that date (R. Sadlier, pers. comm.). Emoia arnoensis Brown & Marshall The Arno Atoll skink is endemic to eastern Micronesia: the nominate form in the Marshall Islands and eastern Caroline Islands, and E. a. nauru on Nauru. Cogger (in Brown 1991) found E. a. nauru only in a small forest of Ficus trees and in the dense surrounding shrub growth, and mainly on the aerial roots of trees. I saw no more than 20 during a total of 3 weeks on Nauru and no more than six in one day. They were most frequently encountered on cement and stone walls that were bordered by dense thickets of shrubs, vines, and weeds alongside a road in a semiresidential area on the southwestern rim of the plateau. Others were seen among limestone pinnacles, on aerial roots of Ficus trees, and on the trunks of fallen trees throughout the island. The majority of those I encountered were extremely wary and typically sought refuge in abundantly available holes in the ground, or rock faces, which were always close by. In contrast, N. and B. Vander Velde (pers. comm.) stated that examples of the nominate subspecies they encountered in the Marshall Islands were readily approached and could be easily captured by hand. In snout-vent length, the 23 adults of the nominate subspecies from the Caroline and Marshall islands that Brown (1991) examined ranged from 73.0 to 85.5 mm, and the 13 E. a. nauru ranged from 69.8 to 91.0 mm. The six specimens I collected on Nauru are larger than any reported by Brown (1991) and ranged from 92 to 101 mm (ave. 95.2 mm). Most of the others I saw were of similar size, with only two or three that might have been considered juveniles. Emoia cyanura (Lesson) This is the most common lizard on Nauru, being especially numerous in the coastal belt, along stone walls, and in leaf litter under shady forest trees. On two separate occasions, individuals I observed foraging along the waterline at the beach ran into tide pools at my approach and swam several meters to the opposite side. Pelamis platura (Linnaeus) The yellow-bellied sea snake is the most widely distributed of all sea snakes, ranging from the east coast of Africa through the Indian and Pacific oceans to the west coast of the Americas (Pickwell and Culotta 1980, Heatwole 1999). It is pelagic and seldom encountered along shorelines. Collection data for the only two (and previously unreported) records for Nauru are incomplete. One fluid- preserved specimen in the Nauru Hospital laboratory was said by current hospital staff to have been found in driftwood that was washing ashore sometime during the early to mid-1990s. Several islanders, including hospital staff, told me of another sea snake (presumably another P. platura) that was found on or near the shore approximately 2-3 yr before but was not saved. Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin) The Brahminy blind snake, native to Southeast Asia, is considered ”the most successful disperser in the snake world . . . [and] the most probable [dispersal] mechanism is in the root balls of ornamental (more recently) or food (historically) plants transported by humans” (Crombie and Pregill 1999:66). It is established in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including various Pacific islands (Gibbons 1985). The flattened, mummified remains of a Brahminy blind snake I found approximately 150 m east of the Odn Aiwo Hotel, on the road to Buada Lagoon, 31 March 2007, is the only record for Nauru. The specimen (MCZ R-185647) is in very poor condition but identifiable on the basis of size, coloration, and scutellation (20 scale rows and shape of rostral, with ca. 330 middorsal scales); identification was confirmed by Van Wallach (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University). Two resident islanders told me of seeing what are almost certainly ( based on their descriptions) additional examples of this species, referring to small, shiny black, wormlike animals, with a pointed or spine- tipped tail. With the exception of the occasional yellowbellied sea snake (Pelamis platura), at least two species of sea turtles, and a vagrant crocodile (Crocodylus cf. porosus), all of which are marine, the herpetofauna of Nauru consists of six species of lizards (four geckos, two skinks) and one blind snake, Ramphotyphlops braminus (Table 2). The crocodile represents an unusual extralimital record. The only other extralimital records, and presumed examples of long- distance dispersal of salt water crocodiles in Micronesia, include one C. porosus adult captured in Pohnpei on 21 March 1971 (Allen 1974) and another near Ailinglaplap Atoll in the Marshall Islands in October 2004 (Manolis 2005; N. Vander Velde, pers. comm.). The nearest population of crocodiles is roughly 1,500 km and 2,000 km to the south and southwest (in the Papua New Guinea/Solomon Islands region) of Pohnpei and the Marshall Islands, respectively. Amphibians do not occur on Nauru, although the hospital laboratory has two fluidpreserved cane toads, Bufo marinus (Linnaeus). These are without accompanying data but were said by hospital staff to have been found at the airport in cargo arriving on a flight from Saipan or Kosrae sometime around the mid-1990s. The blind snake is known definitely from only one salvaged road- killed specimen but is probably more numerous than the single record indicates; its cryptic habits make assessment difficult. Five of the six species of lizards on Nauru are widespread in Oceania. The four geckos live to different degrees commensally with humans, and all may have reached Nauru with human assistance. Fisher (1997) presented molecular evidence supporting a hypothesis of natural dispersal of Gehyra oceanica in the southern Pacific but not to the exclusion of human-assisted transport. Three of the geckos are common, but Gehyra mutilata is scarce; its low numbers are possibly due to a negative impact of the presence of Hemidactylus frenatus (see, for example, Buden and references cited therein). Of the two species of skinks on Nauru, Emoia cyanura has a very broad distribution in the Pacific and has been recorded on more different island groups in the Pacific Basin than any other skink (Adler et al. 1995). Emoia arnoensis, on the other hand, is the only reptile on Nauru that has a relatively limited distribution, being endemic to eastern Micronesia and with an endemic subspecies on Nauru. Both E. cyanura and E. arnoensis are the only species mentioned in the first report of reptiles on Nauru (Waite 1903). Emoia arnoensis has a limited distribution in eastern Micronesia, where it is possibly confined to the Marshall Islands, Nauru, and Kosrae; I consider the single record from Chuuk as questionable. Brown (1991) recorded the nominate subspecies in the Marshall Islands only on Arno Atoll, whence he examined 16 specimens collected mainly by Ross Kiester, who recorded it on 15 of the 33 islands that he surveyed in 1968 (Kiester 1983). Elsewhere in the Marshalls, Gressitt (1961) recorded it on Jaluit Atoll, and a specimen that Brown reported as from Lae Atoll in the Caroline Islands (USNM 132258) was collected on Lae Islet, Lae Atoll, in the Marshall Islands by R. Fosberg in 1952 (G. Zug, pers. comm.). In addition, a juvenile E. cf. arnoensis collected on Maloelap Atoll by Nancy Vander Velde on 11 April 2006 is in the Bishop Museum (BPBM 23974). Emoia arnoensis has been recorded in the Caroline Islands only on Kosrae and Rug Island (Brown 1991). I saw it on Kosrae occasionally, usually on the forest floor and in rocky areas near streams, during June and July 2002. The Rug Island record is based on one specimen (cas-su 7541) collected by A. P. Lundin, undated but cataloged (in Stanford University collections) in 1938. Rug [=also Ruc or Ruk] is an old and disused name for Chuuk Islands (formerly Truk) and, in some usage, may refer specifically to Fefan (=Fefen) Island. Kiester (1983) remarked that he did not encounter E. arnoensis in Chuuk, and I did not observe it during several hours on Fefan in June 2003 and for about an hour in July 2007 nor on any of the other Chuuk Lagoon islands that I visited occasionally over the past several years. Inasmuch as the specimen was examined by Brown, it is unlikely to be a misidentified dark (melanistic) form of Lamprolepis smaragdina. Black or nearly black L. smaragdina have been recorded on several of the low coralline islands of Chuuk (Kepler 1994), and I have observed several also on Fefan and other high islands in the lagoon. The cas herpetological collection contains no other specimens collected by Lundin, but the cas fish collection has specimens that Lundin collected from both Chuuk (Rug I.) and Kosrae (D. Catania, pers. comm.). Possibly Lundin’s specimen of E. arnoensis may be mislabeled as to locality and may have originated from Kosrae, not Rug. Emoia arnoensis ranges from the Marshall Islands and Nauru westward to Kosrae, then apparently skips Pohnpei, and is known from Chuuk only from the Lundin record. A search of Stanford University archives produced no additional information on the specimen or on A. P. Lundin (P. White, pers. comm.). The status of E. arnoensis on Chuuk is somewhat equivocal, and the record is in need of confirmation. To what extent the more than 100 yr of continuing habitat degradation, largely by mining operations, has affected the number of reptile species present on Nauru is uncertain because adequate baseline studies are lacking. However, there is no evidence to indicate that the herpetofauna was any richer in premining times than it is now. The earliest report on the reptiles, which dates back to the very early stages of mining, includes only two species of skinks (Waite 1903). However, among the species of lizards that are widely distributed in Micronesia (including small, low-lying atolls of the Caroline Islands and Marshall Islands) and that are unknown from Nauru are Lepidodactylus moestus (Peters), Nactus pelagicus (Girard), Perochirus ateles (Dumeril), Emoia boettgeri (Sternfeld), E. caeruleocauda (De Vis), E. impar (Werner), E. jakati (Kopstein), Eugongylus albofasciolatus (Gu nther), Lamprolepis smaragdina (Lesson), and Lipinia noctua (Lesson). Most, if not all, of these can be found in habitats considerably altered by human activity (pers. obs.). Additional surveys may reveal the presence of some of these species on Nauru. Alternatively, their absence may be real and the especially meager herpetofauna likely a combined attribute of small island size and distance from potential source areas. For providing information on Nauru specimens in their respective institutions, I thank Carla Kishinami and Fred Kraus (Bishop Museum), Jens Vindum (California Academy of Sciences), Traci Hartsell, Ken Tighe, and George Zug (National Museum of Natural History), and Ross Sadlier (Australian Museum). For additional pertinent information relating to Nauru, including assistance with the literature, I thank George Balazs, Aaron Bauer, Lui Bell, Dave Catania, Charlie Manolis, Mike McCoy, Randy Thaman, Nancy and Brian Vander Velde, and Pam White. I thank Van Wallach for confirming identi- fication of Ramphotyphlops braminus and for reviewing a preliminary draft of the manuscript. I am especially grateful to Alamanda Lauti, director of the Nauru campus of the University of the South Pacific, who greatly assisted in overcoming many of the obstacles associated with issues of transportation, entry documents, and collecting permits. I also thank Dale Deireragea for accompanying me in the field on numerous occasions and for sharing his knowledge of the island. 1 Manuscript accepted 30 October 2007. Adler, G. H., C. C. Austin, and R. Dudley. 1995. Dispersal and speciation of skinks among archipelagos in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Evol. Ecol. 9:529-541. Allen, G. R. 1974. The marine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, from Ponape, eastern Caroline Islands, with notes on food habits of crocodiles from the Palau Archipelago. Copeia 1974:553. Bauer, A. M., and K. Henle. 1994. Family Gekkonidae (Reptilia, Sauria). I. Australia and Oceania. Das Tierreich, Teilband 109. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York. Brown, W. C. 1991. Lizards of the genus Emoia (Scincidae) with observations on their evolution and biogeography. Calif. Acad. Sci. Mem. 15:1-94. Buden, D. W. 2007. Reptiles of Satawan Atoll and the Mortlock Islands, Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia. Pac. Sci. 61:415-428. Case, T. J., D. T. Bolger, and K. Petren. 1994. Invasions and competitive displacement among house geckos in the tropical Pacific. Ecology 75:464-477. Crombie, R. I., and G. K. Pregill. 1999. A checklist of the herpetofauna of the Palau Islands (Republic of Belau), Oceania. Herpetol. Monogr. 13:29-80. Fisher, R. N. 1997. Dispersal and evolution of the Pacific Basin gekkonid lizards Gehyra oceanica and Gehyra mutilata. Evolution 51:906-921. Gibbons, J. R. H. 1985. The biogeography and evolution of Pacific island reptiles and amphibians. Pages 125-142 in G. Grigg, R. Shine, and H. Ehmann, eds. Biology of Australasian frogs and reptiles. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney. Gressitt, J. L. 1961. Terrestrial fauna. Pages 69-74 in D. I. Blumenstock, ed. A report on typhoon effects upon Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Res. Bull. 75. Groombridge, B., and R. Luxmoore. 1989. The green turtle and hawksbill (Reptilia: Cheloniidae): World status, exploitation and trade. CITES Secretariat, Lausanne, Switzerland. Hambruch, P. 1915. Nauru. Ergebnisse der Su dsee-Expedition 1908- 1910. II. Ethnographie: B. Mikronesien, Band 1. L. Friederichsen and Co., Hamburg. Hunsaker, D. 1966. Notes on the population expansion of the house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus. Philipp. J. Sci. 95:121-122. Heatwole, H. 1999. Sea snakes. University of New South Wales Press, Ltd., Australia. Kepler, A. K. 1994. Report: Chuuk coastal resource inventory, terrestrial surveys, August 4-14, 1993. Administrative report to CORIAL (Coastal, Ocean, Reef, and Island Advisors, Ltd.), Federated States of Micronesia Government, The Nature Conservancy Hawai’i, and East-West Center, University of Hawai’i. Kiester, A. R. 1983. Zoogeography of the skinks (Sauria: Scincidae) of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Pages 359-364 in A. G. J. Rhodin and K. Myiata, eds. Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology: Essays in honor of Ernest E. Williams. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Lever, C. 2003. Naturalized reptiles and amphibians of the world. Oxford University Press, Oxford. McCoy, M. 1980. Reptiles of the Solomon Islands. Wau Ecology Institute Handbook 7. Wau, Papua New Guinea. Manner, H. I., R. R. Thaman, and D. C. Hassall. 1984. Phosphate mining induced vegetation changes on Nauru Island. Ecology 65:1454- 1465. Manolis, C. 2005. Long-distance movement by a saltwater crocodile. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 24 (4): 18. Morrison, R. J., and H. I. Manner. 2005. Premining pattern of soils on Nauru, central Pacific. Pac. Sci. 59:523-540. Petren, K., D. T. Bolger, and T. J. Case. 1993. Mechanisms in the competitive success of an invading sexual gecko over an asexual native. Science (Washington, D.C.) 259:354-358. Pickwell, G. V., and W. A. Culotta. 1980. Pelamis, P. platurus. Cat. Am. Amphib. Reptiles 255:1-4. Stephen, E. 1936. Notes on Nauru. Oceania 7:34-63. Thaman, R. R. 1992. Vegetation of Nauru and Gilbert Islands: Case studies in poverty, degradation, disturbance, and displacement. Pac. Sci. 46:128-158. Thaman, R. R., F. R. Fosberg, H. I. Manner, and D. C. Hassall. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Atoll Res. Bull. 392:1-232. Thaman, R. R., and D. C. Hassall. 1998. Republic of Nauru: National environmental management strategy and national environmental action plan. South Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP), Apia, Samoa. Waite, E. R. 1903. The reptiles. Page 2 in A. J. North, E. R. Waite, C. Hedley, W. J. Rainbow, T. Whitelegge, and C. Anderson, contributors. Notes on the zoology of Paanopa or Ocean Island and Nauru or Pleasant Island, Gilbert Group. Rec. Aust. Mus. 5:1-15. Webb, G. 1994. Nauru: Vagrant crocodile. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 13 (4): 13. Zug, G. R. 1991. The lizards of Fiji: Natural history and systematics. Bishop Mus. Bull. Zool. 2:1-136. Donald W. Buden2 2 Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Micronesia-FSM, P.O. Box 159, Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941 (e-mail: email@example.com). Copyright University Press of Hawaii Oct 2008 (c) 2008 Pacific Science. Provided by ProQuest LLC. All rights Reserved.

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Ponder this ‘strange telescope’ buried deep at the South PoleFindings from extraordinary scientific research in the heart of Antarctica -- the IceCube Neutrino Observatory -- that includes a UW-River Falls connection will be presented on campus and at a Main Street café the week of Nov. 26-Dec. 1. By: Phil Pfuehler, River Falls Journal Findings from extraordinary scientific research in the heart of Antarctica -- the IceCube Neutrino Observatory -- that includes a UW-River Falls connection will be presented on campus and at a Main Street café the week of Nov. 26-Dec. 1. “The IceCube is the biggest and strangest telescope in the word, and the largest science project ever funded in Wisconsin,” says Jim Madsen, UWRF Physics Department chairman and professor who’s been to the South Pole to help set up the IceCube Observatory. “It involves more than 250 scientists around the world in 38 institutions. Despite trying technological challenges associated with new ideas that need to work in the extreme Antarctic environment, construction of the project was completed in six years -- on time, under budget, and exceeding specifications.” As described in a February 2007 Journal story, the IceCube telescope, with its network of cylindrical light-detecting cables, was being assembled and gradually submerged into borings more than a mile deep under crystal-clear ice. The intent was to chart ghostly subatomic particles called neutrinos that come from decaying radioactive elements. Neutrinos are born by spatial disruptions, like the collision of two stars. Billions pass unseen through the Earth. “The neutrinos are produced far out in space but collide near the South Pole with atoms,” Madsen said. “Before they collide, they are invisible.” Madsen said scientists are already translating early IceCube data. “The big things we have seen are, we confirmed that neutrinos don't travel faster than the speed of light,” he said. “We also have shown that at higher energies, neutrinos continue to change from one type to another as they travel. “It is like you buy a Buick, but as you drive, it continually changes to a Ford then to a Honda then back to a Buick. Only when you stop does it stop changing. “So your neighbor only sees one type of car in the driveway when you get home. Each day though it could be either a Buick, a Ford, or a Honda.” For those curious to learn more about the work at IceCube Neutrino Observatory, here are the three local presentations: --Noon-1 p.m. Tuesday, Nov. 27, “The Reinvented Planetarium: Digital Projection System,” open house, at 201 Agricultural Science building on the UWRF campus. --3:30-5:30pm, Tuesday, Nov. 27, “Meet a Scientist,” at Dish and the Spoon Café, 208 N. Main St., downtown River Falls. --7-9 p.m. Tuesday, Nov. 27, “IceCube: A New View of the Universe from the South Pole,” at the UWRF University Center Ballroom. (Those who attend can try out cold-weather gear, use a computer to control lights and see how scientists try to find nearly invisible particles from deep space.

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1859 – He was born on the 15th day of May this year in Paris, France. 1895 - He obtained his Doctor of Science degree and was appointed Professor of Physics. 1900 - He was promoted to Professor in the Faculty of Sciences in this year. 1903 - He shared this year’s Nobel Prize in physics with his wife, Maria Sklodowska-Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel." He was once again awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society of London in this year (jointly with his wife). 1904 - He he became Titular Professor. 1905 - He was elected to the Academy of Sciences. 1906 – He was killed in a street accident on the 19th day of April this year in Paris. Page last updated: 11:32am, 31

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Engraving of the Oxford Physic Garden, England, 1675 Physic gardens were a common feature in the 1700s. They were used to grow plants for drug preparations and were arranged according to the properties of the plants they contained. For example, plants with spiky leaves were likely to be grouped together. The Oxford Physic Garden was founded in 1621 by Henry Danvers, the Earl of Danby. He donated £5,000 to set up the garden – the equivalent of £3.5 million today. It is the oldest garden of its kind in the United Kingdom. The garden is now known as the Oxford Botanic Gardens after a name change in 1840. This print is from Oxonia Illustrata by David Logg (1633/5-92), engraver to Oxford University. Related Themes and Topics There are 717 related objects. View all related objects The preparation and medicinal dispensing of drugs. A technique to obtain prints from an engraved surface. Engraving is the practice of cutting into a hard, usually flat surface.

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Electric vehicles have been touted as the dream technology to solve our suburban transport challenges and rescue us from oil dependence and environmental threats. Yet technology use occurs in a social context. Almost no discussion of electric vehicles has addressed the uneven suburban social patterns among which electric vehicles might be adopted. The evidence that my colleagues Neil Sipe, Terry Li and I have assembled suggests the socio-economic structure of Australian suburbia, in combination with the distribution of public transport infrastructure, constitutes a major barrier to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, especially among the most car-dependent households. Relying on electric vehicles as a solution to energy and environmental problems may perpetuate suburban social disadvantage in a period of economic and resource insecurity. Australia’s five largest cities are the most car-dependent national set outside the United States. Our previous studies (Dodson and Sipe 2007; 2008 have shown that outer suburban residents, especially those with lower socio-economic capacity, are among those most exposed to the pressures of higher transport fuel prices. Future transport fuel costs are likely to be even higher (currently oil is approximately US$100 per barrel). Unconventional oil sources such as shale or tar sands may be abundant, but they have much higher production costs than conventional light crude. Their current production boom is underpinned by expectations that global oil prices will remain high or increase further over the long term. Higher oil prices and the need to constrain carbon emissions will likely lead to much higher transport fuel costs than have prevailed in the past decade. Electric vehicles are often presented as the most likely way to resolve this transport conundrum. Australia’s 2012 Energy White Paper alludes to a transition to electric vehicles as the economy of conventional fuels wanes. Much of the Energy White Paper and the rhetoric around electric vehicles assumes an unproblematic transition – consumers will change their behaviour in response to price pressures. There is little discussion of potential barriers and impediments to this comforting, convenient narrative. It makes sense that households who are most car dependent and least able to afford higher fuel prices would be the most eager to switch to an electric car. But, it turns out, the social structure of Australian suburbia means these groups are poorly placed to lead such a transition. In our study of Brisbane we created datasets linking vehicle fuel efficiency with household socio-economic status. In our analysis, high vehicle fuel efficiency, including hybrids, serves as a proxy for future electric vehicles. We linked motor vehicle registration data with the Green Vehicle dataset on fuel efficiency, plus travel and socio-economic data from the ABS Census. Our analysis builds a rich picture of how the spatial distribution of vehicle efficiency intersects with suburban socio-spatial patterns, using Brisbane and Sydney as case studies. We found that the average commuting distance increases with distance from the CBD while average fuel efficiency of vehicles declines. So outer suburban residents travel further, in less efficient vehicles, than more centrally situated households. Outer suburban residents are also likely to be on relatively lower incomes than those closer in. The result is those living in the outer suburbs have relatively weaker socio-economic status but are paying more for transport. For example, one-third of the most disadvantaged suburbs in greater Brisbane also have the most energy-intensive motor vehicle use. A socially equitable transition to highly fuel efficient or electric vehicles ought to favour those with the highest current exposure to high fuel prices. Yet our research finds it’s not likely to happen. Outer suburban groups also own the oldest vehicles in the fleet – they can’t afford newer ones – and this also contributes to poor fuel efficiency and big transport bills. The newest most fuel efficient vehicles are more commonly purchased by wealthier inner-urban households. They can afford the car, but have less need of the efficiency because they don’t travel as far. If such patterns are applied to electric vehicles, their high cost and novelty status means they’re likely to also be taken up by this more advantaged group. Any subsidies offered to spur their uptake will be largely captured by the wealthy. The implication of our analysis is that the intersection of new fuel and vehicle technology costs with the social and travel patterns in Australian cities mean that suburban households face continued socio-economic stress even as these new vehicles become more widely adopted in Australian cities. So if new technologies such as electric cars aren’t the solution, how can we secure suburban households against higher fuel prices? We need a sustained strategy to redress the grossly inequitable supply of public transport to our suburbs. We also need to decentralise our cities, getting jobs and services out into the suburbs and reducing the distances people need to travel by car. Electric vehicles may be fantastic technology but they risk heading up a cul-de-sac of real suburban vulnerability. The full paper on which this article is based can be downloaded for free until 6 March 2013. Jago Dodson receives funding from the Australian Research Council, the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Logan City Council, Springfield Land Corporation and Lend Lease Communities.

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Ears, Nose, and Throat Surgery One of the most critical areas on the human body is the Ear, Nose and Throat area, commonly called ENT. Many times, obstructions or complications in this area can affect basic health system functions such as breathing, eating and sleeping. Various surgeries for the ear, nose, and throat are available to improve health and functionality. Airway reconstruction is an option for patients with breathing difficulties such as constriction and noisy breathing, while vocal cord surgery addresses similar problems with sound and articulation. In many cases, surgeons operate on delicate structures such as minute blood vessels, which requires a level of precision and expertise that our medical staff are skilled at providing. Common procedures in the ENT area can include: Head and Neck To find a surgeon at Trinity visit our Physician Finder.

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The City of Antalya, placed on a cliff on the Mediterranean Sea, stretches on top of what was the ancient Pamphylia (east) and Lycia (west). In year 150 BC the king of Pergamon - Attalos II, founded the settlement Attalia (nowadays Antalya) to host his powerful Mediterranean fleet. In year 133 BC, the city and Attalos the Third kingdom was willed to the Roman Republic, further developing being brought to it under Roman period. Christianity was introduced in the region after 2nd century. Paul of Tarsus visited Antalya, as recorded in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 14:25-26), (Antalya being referred to as Attalia). St. Paul and St. Barnabas came to Antalya and sailed traveled further to Antioch after spreading the word of their Christian god in Pisidia and Pamphylia. The city of Attalia became a naval base for the Christian Crusades, against the Muslims in the Levant and in Cyprus. During the period of Byzantine Empire rule, Antalya became a major and important city. However, during the ascension of John II Comnenus in year 1118 it was just an isolated fortress against the Ottomans, which was accessible only by sea. In 1119, with the help of John Axuch, John II reconnected the city of Antalya with the rest of the empire, by getting rid of the Turkish pressure.Go to top

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WFP's office in Kathmandu is leading the way towards carbon neutrality with an ambitious solar project that will cut down its greenhouse emissions by over a third. Copyright: WFP/Meghbar Chemjong Frequent power outages and melting glaciers are a constant reminder in Nepal of the shortcomings of fossil fuels. In an effort to reduce its carbon footprint and become more energy-efficient, WFP's office there is looking to solar power as a sustainable alternative. by Deepesh Shrestha, Public Information Officer and Tyler McMahon, Solar Project Coordinator KATHMANDU -- For much of the world, climate change is still an abstract concept. But in Nepal it is a visible and ominous reality — just ask WFP Nepal Country Director Richard Ragan. A mountaineer who first came to Nepal in the early 1990s to climb the Himalayas, Ragan saw first-hand how much had changed when he came back with WFP in 2006. On World Environment Day 2007, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called on all agencies and programmes to “go green” and become climate neutral. See how far we’ve come at the new Greening the Blue website. “Twenty years ago, when I first came here climbing, there was no lake at the bottom of Mt. Imja Tse,” he says. But there is now. Runoff from a melting glacier has created a body of water over one kilometre wide in less than 16 years. One of many examples of climate change in Nepal, the country also struggles with major energy shortages that leave much of the country without electricity for long stretches of time. “Nepal is a country with abundant energy potential yet most people still live without power for 50% of the day. This just didn't make sense to me so I felt we needed to demonstrate that there were alternatives,” said Ragan. In an effort to shrink its carbon footprint and become less reliant on the national energy grid, the Kathmandu office launched an ambitious project to cut greenhouse emissions by 30% using solar energy. This will eliminate at least 25 tonnes of CO2 emissions per year and will ultimately pay for itself through reduced electricity costs. The project got off the ground in late May with the installation of a 10 kilowatt peak grid-interactive power system and stand-alone solar-powered security lights. This alone will power the office’s server room, satellite and telephone communication systems, and 11 computers, saving around 30,000 watt-hours per day. The second phase, to be completed by mid-August, will raise the peak to 22 kilowatts, providing enough solar energy to power all of the lights, computers and printers for more than 80 staff. At this point, WFP Nepal will be able to do without its generator all together in addition to the 11,000 litres of fuel it consumes ever year. The system is being installed by Solar Solutions Nepal, whose managing Director Raj Thapa said it was the “biggest urban grid-interactive project in the country”. Reducing our footprint In order to meet the UN-wide goal of climate neutrality, WFP has launched a wide range of initiatives intended to reduce our carbon footprint and protect the environment in the countries where we work. Here are a few examples:

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The Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control is a federal agency established to eliminate lead-based paint hazards in private homes and low-income housing. The Healthy Homes program also helps prevent disease and injuries that result from housing-related hazards such as radon, poor indoor air quality and even poor lighting that can lead to falls. The CDC estimates more than 11,000 people die each year from preventable unintentional injuries, including falls, fires and poisonings in unsafe homes. This program would lose $10 million. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Health Affairs The Office of Health Affairs in the Department of Homeland Security is something Americans want to be fully operational if terrorists attack the country using chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapons. It serves as the department's authority for all medical and health issues. The office also provides experts to the department's leadership, builds national plans in case of terrorist attacks, helps first responders and protects the department itself from health threats. It would lose $14 million from its budget. The leading undergraduate liberal arts education program for the deaf and hard of hearing is based in Washington. It has an international reputation for its education programs and for the kind of research it does related to deaf people. With an 8.2% budget cut, the college's funds would be reduced by $10 million. "We are monitoring the situation closely and keeping the campus community informed as the situation develops," said Fred Weiner, interim assistant vice president for Administration and Finance at Gallaudet, in a statement sent to CNN. Since the start of the recession, there has been a marked increase in the need for federal disability insurance as provided by Social Security. According to the last available census data, more than 8 million people are considered too disabled to work and receive this benefit from the government. Automatic cuts would dramatically reduce these services. The federal disability insurance budget alone would be cut $241 million for discretionary spending.

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Huffington Post released an article today that looks at the impact of sewage overflow from Superstorm Sandy in New York and New Jersey. The article points out how storm surge will result in overflow events and how rising sea levels will only exacerbate these events resulting in more severe discharges. The 11 billion gallons of untreated or partially treated sewage spilled due to storm surge in New York and New Jersey must be seen as a warning for all coastal cities. We must consider this warning as we rebuild Miami-Dade’s sewage system. As sea levels rise storm surges will increase in intensity and frequency. Miami-Dade’s facilities must be built to withstand these storm surges to avoid the kind of spills seen in the northeast. “Princeton, N.J.-based Climate Central said that future sewage leaks are a major risk because rising sea levels can make coastal flooding more severe…The collective overflows – almost all in New York and New Jersey and due to storm surges – would be enough to cover New York City’s Central Park with a pile of sewage 41 feet high, Climate Central said.” Read More Here: Sandy Sewage Report: 11 Billion Gallons Of Untreated or Partially Treated Waste Was Released. www.huffingtonpost.org On April 9, 2013 Biscayne Bay Waterkeeper, along with 131 other organizations, undersigned a letter to the United States Senate urging them to oppose advancing the Water Resources Development Act of 2013 (S. 601). This letter, put together by the Water Protection Network, points out significant problems in this bill: “Particularly troubling are the streamlining provisions (Sections 2033 and 2032) which will force agency staff to make uninformed decisions, to rubber stamp unacceptable projects, and prioritize deadline compliance over effective review. They do this by: Requiring the Corps of Engineers to carry out the shortest review possible; Establishing arbitrary and unreasonably short deadlines for the public and resource agencies to comment; Establishing arbitrary deadlines for resource agency decisions and recommendations; Allowing the Corps to elevate multiple technical and substantive disagreements all the way to the President; and Directing the Corps to impose multiple and ongoing fines on resource agencies that miss deadlines or disagree with the Corps on issues fully within the expertise of the resource agencies. These provisions also could give the Corps control over reviews that are clearly outside of its jurisdiction, including consultation under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, review under the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, and reviews under laws governing activities in coastal areas and public lands. Additionally, the bill threatens to exacerbate our nation’s fiscal deficits by rolling back long- established cost-sharing rules and expanding federal responsibilities into areas that have been the financial responsibility of non-federal project sponsors. If enacted as reported, the bill will result in overspending, overcapacity, and substantial and unnecessary damage to the nation’s major estuaries and harbors. Title VIII of the bill would immediately more than double spending on harbor maintenance without assurance of the cost-effectiveness or true need for the dredging. In addition, the Title eliminates the current 50 percent non-federal cost share for maintaining deep draft harbors from 45 to 50 feet of depth, making these costs 100 percent federal responsibility. The provision also makes dredging and maintenance of all approach channels to berths along federal navigation channels and all upland confined disposal of contaminated dredged sediments a 100 percent federal responsibility, rather than the current 100 percent non-federal responsibility. No one has ever even estimated the costs of such an expansion. This would likely cause increases in dredging of contaminated areas that otherwise never would have been contemplated, increasing toxic releases into the nation’s bays and estuaries. We strongly urge rejection of this title as representing a major setback for the nation’s water policy that will be both environmentally-damaging and represents an improper shift of spending and water project responsibility to the taxpayers.” For more information on the 2013 WRDA see: http://www.waterprotectionnetwork.org/sitepages/downloads/WRDA_2013_NWF_Memo_EPW_Committee_3-18-13_Final.pdf It is difficult to consider ourselves surrounded by nature in Miami, FL. In the city, on the interstate, or in the supermarket it is easy to think of ourselves removed from the nature of Muir’s Yosemite or Thoreau’s Walden pond. An essay called “Thirteen Ways of Seeing Nature” by Jenny Price, suggests that we reconsider how we think about nature in our city. She writes about nature in L.A., but her message applies to all cities. Miami is confronted with a decrepit sewage system and the problems that this system is causing for the health of our environment. Our connection to nature is real whether we recognize it or not. We must consider difficult questions like “how are we connected to the nature around us?”, “how do we affect the health of the nature around us?”, and “how do we depend on the nature around us?”. As we move into a future full of challenges like Climate Change these questions are going to become more and more important. I would encourage everyone to read this article by Jenny Price: As Biscayne Bay Waterkeeper reflects on a successful clean-up this past week-end, it seems appropriate to consider another clean-up that happened two weeks ago. On Sunday, March 3rd, Sean Bignami, was jogging on Virginia Key and came across an enormous pile of trash left over from the 9 mile music festival the night before. Sean spoke with staff who where standing around the festival site who said they could not pick up the trash because the wind was blowing it around. Sean took pictures and videos of the scene with his phone and posted them online along with a request that people join him the next day to help clean up the area. Four graduate students joined Sean the following morning and picked up enough trash to fill 25 garbage bags! Sean was unable to get a satisfactory response from the festival supervisor or the Miami parks department regarding accountability for this trash or penalties for the negligence on the part of the festival organizers. The systems in place that are designed to prevent the festival from leaving piles of trash failed, and it is unclear if the festival will be held accountable. Regardless of this failure, the immediate response from concerned residents must be seen as a message to institutions who ignore the sanctity of our Bay. Biscayne Bay is home to concerned stewards, like Sean Bignami, who will not stand quietly while polluters leave trash on our shores. Biscayne Bay Waterkeeper wishes to celebrate the stewardship shown in this story. Thank you Sean, and all who came out to help clean up after the 9 mile festival left their trash to be blown into the Bay! See the article Miami Newtimes blog posted about this story here: On Sunday, March 17, 2013, Biscayne Bay Waterkeeper and Sierra Club put on a clean-up at Peacock Park in the Grove. Volunteers paddled nearby waters and gathered a huge amount of trash. Thank you to the stewards of Biscayne Bay who volunteered their time to put a dent in the amount of trash in our waters. Thank you for a successful clean-up! There is plenty of trash to pick up in Biscayne Bay. Join Biscayne Bay Waterkeeper and the Sierra Club this Sunday, March 17th, for a paddle clean up at Peacock Park in the Grove (2820 Mcfarland Road, Miami, FL 33133). The clean up will start at 9 am and end at 2 pm. We will launch next to the boardwalk. Please bring your own gloves and trash bags. The Sierra club has a limited number of canoes, so we are encouraging attendees to bring their own kayaks, canoes, or paddle boards. If you do not have a boat, please contact Mark at Sierra Club to reserve a canoe. (contact Mark with any questions: email@example.com/ 305 632 7514) (Miami, February 28, 2013) - Samples of beach water collected at Dog Beach on Virginia Key did not meet the recreational water quality standard for enterococci. By state regulation, the Florida Department of Health is required to issue an advisory to inform the public in a specific area when this standard is not met. An advisory for Dog Beach on Virginia Key has been issued because two consecutive samples collected at the beach exceeded the federal and State recommended standard for enterococci (greater than 104 colony forming units per 100ml for a single sample). Additional beach water samples at the Dog Beach on Virginia Key have been collected and further results are pending. The advisory issued recommends not swimming at this location at this time. The results of the sampling indicate that water contact may pose an increased risk of illness, particularly for susceptible individuals. The Florida Department of Health in Miami-Dade County has been conducting marine beach water quality monitoring at 17 sites, including Dog Beach on Virginia Key, weekly since August 2002, through the Florida Healthy Beaches Program. The sampling sites are selected based on the frequency and intensity of recreational water use and the proximity to pollution sources. The water samples are being analyzed for enteric bacteria enterococci that normally inhabit the intestinal track of humans and animals, and which may cause human disease, infections, or illness. The prevalence of enteric bacteria is an indicator of fecal pollution, which may come from storm water run-off, wildlife, pets and human sewage. The purpose of the Florida Healthy Beaches program is to determine whether Florida has significant beach water quality concerns. For more information please visit the Florida Healthy Beaches Program Website: http://www.doh.state.fl.us and Select “Beach Water Quality”, from the A-Z Topics List. We just posted the second edition of the Paddle Out Guide. We are excited to be able to provide you with this updated material. Keep this guide close to your kayak or canoe as an aid in your exploration of our beautiful Biscayne Bay. We have posted the guide below for your convenience, but you can always find the Paddle Out Guide at bbwk.org/paddle-out. Go out and enjoy our Bay! Thank you Julie for speaking at the Grassroots festival on behalf of BBWK Thank you to everyone who came out to see Biscayne Bay Waterkeeper (BBWK) speak at the Sustainability Fair this weekend at the Grassroots festival! Julie Dick, a BBWK representative, spoke about our current projects and initiatives, helping connect the festival to some of the issues that face the Bay that surrounded the event. BBWK was invited to speak alongside the Center for Biological Diversity, Surfrider Miami, and the United States Green Building Council Florida Chapter. We are honored to have shared the stage with such great organizations. Thousands of people attended the festival, many of whom camped along the water. We are happy such a festive event took place amidst the beauty of our Bay. Virginia Key and Key Biscayne are barrier islands which are, by their nature, exposed to the elements. On February 15, 2013 the Village of Key Biscayne sent Carlos Gimenez, Mayor of Miami, a letter asking Miami-Dade County to take another look at the plans to improve the central wastewater treatment plant located on Virginia Key. Key Biscayne is concerned that the plans do not adequately consider the impacts of climate change, such as increased sea levels and stronger storm surges, and do not include funding for flood mitigation. Considering Virginia Key is a barrier island, and therefor more vulnerable to weather and flooding, makes these oversights in planning for a wastewater treatment plant on this Key particularly alarming. Key Biscayne supports the County’s immediate plans to address Clean Water Act outflow violations, deteriorated conditions at the Virginia Key facility, and of sewer lines identified as being at risk of rupturing, including the 54 inch under-bay line from Miami Beach to Fisher Island to Virginia Key. At the same time, the Village of Key Biscayne, situated just south of Virginia Key, is relying on the County to protect their natural environment. As long as infrastructure improvement plans do not address these long-term issues the residents of the adjacent island community of Key Biscayne will be understandably concerned for their quality of life. Key Biscayne is already plagued by foul odors from the central wastewater facility and occasional sewage spills. Community voices like key Biscayne, calling for better sewage infrastructure, are the impetus for Biscayne Bay Waterkeeper’s legal initiatives for this issue. If the County will not address the concerns of local residential and business communities, or the needs of our fragile natural resources, then legal action may be the only way we can ensure that the County properly address these issues.

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Biodiversity Heritage Library Browse Our Collection by: Subject "Burrowing animals" The importance of catfish burrows in maintaining fish populations of tropical freshwater streams in western Ecuador / Garrett S. Glodek. By: Glodek, Garrett S. Publication info: [Chicago] :Field Museum of Natural History,1978. Contributed by: University of Illinois Urbana Champaign Subjects: Burrowing animals Catfishes Ecology Ecuador Effect of water levels on Fishes Habitations Palenque River

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The region’s exceptional, unique natural qualities are created by the river and the meeting of northern and southern flora and fauna. The natural boundary to Northern Sweden – limes norrlandicus – marks the end of the central European deciduous forests and the beginning of the mighty coniferous forests of Norrland. No other area in Scandinavia has such a variety of vertebrates (mammals, birds and fish).Sometimes the river crosses boulder ridges, creating long, narrow necks of land and islands, often with inviting sandy beaches. This means great bathing sites all along the river and coast. Much of the countryside is protected in nature reserves and by other regulations, or by efforts by the landowners. It’s no coincidence that a central part of the region is a national park. The Nedre Dalälven region boasts a rich array of bird life. The region’s symbol is the osprey, which is more common here than anywhere else in Europe. The white-tailed eagle nests in many places and is a common sight over the wide bays of the river. The region is famous for its owls and woodpeckers. All eight species of woodpeckers in Sweden are found here.Spring is the best time of year for birds; the river is a stopping place for migratory birds as well as local varieties. Thousands of whooper swans, cranes, geese and other species create a symphony of nature. Nedre Dalälven offers 200 km of exciting fishing in giant bays with innumerable islands, separated by rapids. It also has many small lakes in the surrounding forests. The region offers richly varied fishing – 30 different species. The rivers are full of grayling and trout, and the bays and lakes are best for giant pike, perch and pike-perch. Älvkarleby, just before the river reaches the sea, is one of Europe’s best fishing spots for brown trout and salmon. Many have discovered that Nedre Dalälven is probably Sweden’s most complete fishing area. But despite this popularity, there is plenty of space for people who want to meet nature mode one-on-one. The first people After the Ice Age, the region that is now Nedre Dalälven was covered by a bay of the Litorina Sea. As the land rose out of the sea, the region became attractive to humans. Archaeologists have found greenstone axes dating back to 4000 BC, the early Stone Age. In fact, as many have been found here as have been found in the rest of Gästrikland, Dalarna, Västmanland and Uppland provinces together. When the sea retreated even more, we see traces of the late Stone Age culture. In the Bronze and late Iron Age, 1500 BC–500 AD, the people in the region made the transition from hunter-gatherers to farmers. The many red-painted farming villages in the area sometimes date back a thousand years or more. In the latter Middle Ages, mining became important to many farmers in the area. The agricultural landscapes in the area are significant to cultural historians, because the open community still has its ancient spread. In the 17th century, major changes occurred, as German, Hungarians, Wallon and other immigrant peoples began opening works, which came to be a typical characteristic of the region. Many of the works are still well preserved, with the central manor surrounded by plastered or red-painted smiths’ houses and slag-brick utility buildings. Some of the works towns grew into larger communities, with populations of up to 2,000. Some even reached city status – Avesta in 1641 and Säter in 1642. Even older is the mediaeval trading town of Hedemora, which became a city back in 1446. The cities feature inviting, interesting environments from the olden days. Now you have a general idea of the countryside and history of Nedre Dalälven. You can read more on this site, but the best way is to come see for yourself!

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I bet you can’t name one student over the age of 18 that doesn’t own a highlighter… That’s because highlighting is often an important part of note taking, reading and studying - especially in college! College students are inundated with information overload and use highlighters daily as a tool to cut through the clutter to help them clarify, organize, and synthesize subject matter. Highlighting helps to cut down the excess so that students can more easily focus on the main concepts that are important to them and study more effectively and efficiently. Highlighting correctly can be very helpful for students, however it can often be a distraction when done incorrectly. Have you ever looked back through your textbook after reading a chapter only to find either, A) You had so perfectly colored every page a bright neon hue that your kindergarten-self would be jealous? Or B) you retained ab-so-lute-ly NOTHING? If you answered yes to either (most likely both), you are a victim of “Over-Highlighting”!! “Over-Highlighting” is a common problem while reading – Take a look at your friend’s notebook or textbook next time you’re at the library – I promise you’ll see entirely too much highlighting. To keep this time-waster from happening you’ve got to stay focused and refrain from getting caught up in mindlessly “coloring” the page. Try applying some of these tips on highlighting text effectively from CliffNotes.com: - Focus on the main point – and that may not be the entire sentence. It’s perfectly okay to highlight only key terms or parts of sentences. In fact, you may get a better sense of the main idea of a paragraph if you highlight a string of words (excluding extraneous information) that lets you glean the main idea at a glance. - Consider reading the entire paragraph, and then going back and highlighting the important words and ideas. If you highlight from the start, you may not be sure of the paragraph’s purpose and how to best capture that purpose or idea with your highlighter. - If you buy a used textbook or other reading material, look for one with little or no highlighting. It’s hard to ignore the previous owner’s highlighting. In addition to highlighting, consider jotting notes in the margins, next to passages. Now, don’t be a victim, highlight effectively and efficiently. Above all else, Highlight so that you get an A on the test! Sharpie Highlighters are the number one choice when it comes to highlighting and doing so effectively. Available in 8 different styles and 10 bold fluorescent colors, there’s a Sharpie Highlighter for your every need: - MINI - for on-the-go highlighting. (Also available in Fashion Wrap MINI for highlighting in style.) - Jumbo - our longest writing highlighter. - Pocket - pen-style highlighter (Pocket Pink Ribbon Highlighters donate to breast cancer research.) - Retractable -just click and highlight. - Tank - large barrel-style highlighter. - Grip - contour, comfort grip highlighter. - Generation - fashion patterns and designs. - Liquid - liquid ink designed with see-through window to help you know before you’re low.

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