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13 Solar Companies awarded DOE funds for Concentrating Solar Power DOE announced today that it has awarded $62 million in grants to various research projects to develop specific aspects involving development of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems to improve and accelerate solar technology. This five year program will study the feasibility of creating utility-scale solar power plants capable of operating 18 hours a day, which is the only way solar will ever be able to replace traditional coal-fired energy stations. The projects range from exploring ways to collect solar energy after the sun sets to developing thermal storage systems to trap solar energy in molten salt. Thirteen different companies have been selected to receive grants. Six are located in California - Solar, Inc. ($10.8M), Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne ($10.2M), General Atomics ($2.1M), SENER Engineering and Systems Inc. ($3.1M), SunTrough Energy, Inc. ($4.5M) and Terrafore, Inc. ($1.4M). Other companies receiving research funding include SkyFuel, Inc. in New Mexico ($4.3M), Abengoa Solar, Inc. in Colorado ($10.6M), PPG Industries, Inc in Pennsylvania ($3M), Infinia Corporation in Washington ($3M) and HiTech Services, Inc. in Alabama ($3M). DOE Secretary Steven Chu believes the programs will "create new jobs and pave the way towards a clean-energy future." More on Concentrating Solar Power: Stirling Engine Concentrating Solar Power plant uses new Suncatcher System Gossamer Solar Troughs for Concentrated Solar Power offer better performance and lower cost Amonix concentrating solar PV cells achieve 39% efficiency Utility solar plant uses molten salt for heat storage Stirling Energy Systems intros new Suncatcher Concentrating Solar Power System using Stirling Engine Patriot Solar Group concentrated solar thermal and PV image credit: Geri Kodey (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

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1830 - 1903 Camille Jacob Pissarro is born in St. Thomas (Danish West Indies) on July 10. Accompanies the Danish painter, Fritz Melbye, to Caracas, where he paints his first watercolours. Leaves St. Thomas permanently to settle in France, where he studies painting at the École des Beaux-Arts and the Académie Suisse. Meets Camille Corot. Sets up a studio in Paris. Makes the acquaintance of Claude Monet, initiating a long lasting friendship. A first canvas is accepted by the jury of the Salon, where Pissarro will also exhibit in 1864, 1865, 1866, 1868, 1869 and 1870. Beginning of his relationship with Julie Vellay, who will become his wife and the mother of his seven children. Meets Paul Cézanne. Exhibits at the Salon des Refusés with Cézanne and others. Birth of his first son, Lucien, the child with whom he will be most closely involved in artistic matters. Shows at the Salon and presents himself as a "student of Corot," from whom he very soon distances himself. Settles with his family at the Hermitage, Pontoise. The German army invades France. Pissarro seeks refuge in London, where he marries Julie. Meets Paul Durand-Ruel, who will become the main dealer for his work and that of the Impressionists. Returns to Pontoise. Works with Paul Cézanne. First of the eight Impressionist exhibitions that he will take part in. Often works in Brittany. Paints Rue de l'Hermitage, in Pontoise. Paints The Old Road to Ennery at Pontoise. Meets Paul Gauguin, to whom he gives advice. Experiences serious financial difficulties. Invites Gauguin to participate in the fourth Impressionist exhibition. Works at Pontoise with Cézanne and Gauguin. Durand-Ruel organizes a one-man show for Pissarro. Departure for London of his son, Lucien, with whom he will carry on a rich correspondance lasting many years. Durand-Ruel organizes an Impressionist exhibition in London. Settles in Éragny, where he will live for the rest of his life. The artist's studio was set up in the garden, where it exists to this very day. Meets Signac and Seurat as well as Theo Van Gogh. Associates himself with the Pointillism of Seurat and adopts the divisionist technique. Final Impressionist exhibition. Meets Vincent van Gogh. Exhibition of the Group of 20 in Brussels with Seurat. A new period of severe financial problems ensues when Durand-Ruel refuses to buy his Pointillist canvases. Durand-Ruel organizes a large exhibition of the works of Renoir, Sisley and Pissarro. First signs of an eye infection that will remain with Pissarro for the rest of his life and force him to paint from a window instead of outdoors. He will adopt this method in painting his series of canvases on Rouen and Paris. Pissarro abandons Divisionism. Durand-Ruel buys numerous paintings from him. Seven of his canvases enter the Musée du Luxembourg. Paints The Stone Bridge in Rouen, Dull Weather. New financial problems. Paints Hay Harvest at Éragny. Settles in Paris, where he paints the Pont Neuf, the quays and other scenes from his window. Dies of a prostate abscess on November 13. Text and research: Claude Lacroix, Aline Lesage Maximilien Luce, Camille Pissarro, c. 1890 © Estate of Maximillien Luce / SODRAC Born in Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 10 July 1830 Died in Paris, France, 12 November 1903 Library and Archives

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After great suffering and much loss, both of life and property, and many fruitless endeavors to enlist the general government in their behalf, the citizens were driven to desperation and in 1871 an event took place that compelled the general government to take notice of these outrages and to take these Indians under her immediate control, viz., what has since been known as the Camp Grant Massacre, April 30, 1871. The circumstances that immediately led up to the onslaught upon these Indians may be worthy of a place in these records and they will be related as succinctly as possible. About the month of February, 1871, the band of Apache Indians known as Aravaipa or Pinal Apaches being short of rations came into what it now know as old Camp Grant, situated upon the lower San Pedro upon the eastern bank about fifteen miles above its point of junction with the Gila River, then occupied as a military station, and made a sort of verbal treaty whereby they were to be supplied with rations and were to live in the vicinity of the camp. It was expected by the people, generally, that Indian depredations around Tucson and San Pedro would now cease, but on the contrary, the Indians were more active than ever and the trail of the depredators led to the Indian camp in the vicinity of old Camp Grant whenever So this expedition to exterminate, as nearly as possible, this nest of vipers whom the United States Government was unwittingly nourishing was in silence organized, the thinking ones well understanding that if it was made at all, it really should be upon those who had them in charge and guarded If any doubts had existed in the minds of any person as to the fact of these Indians having been committing the recent depredations, as charged, upon the inhabitants while living under the protection of the United States military authorities at Camp Grant, it was now set at rest as among the plunder of their was found the dress of murdered Mrs. Wooster and a pair of long legged moccasins with Mr. Wooster's initials upon them, and identified by sworn testimony, also, seven horses recently taken from the vicinity of Tucson and among the rest, one that was identified as belonging to Don Leopoldo Carillo, so recently taken that he had not missed it. This killing of Indians made a great commotion in Eastern States and General W. T. Sherman, then commanding the army, recommended that all the parties engaged in the affair be taken from the Territory and tried for their lives. Of course General Sherman knew nothing of the depredations these Indians had been continually making upon the settlers, all this had been sedulously kept from him, and he had nothing to guide him but the one-sided lying reports of Lieutenant Whitman, who had these Indians directly in charge. All the participants in the Camp Grant affair were finally arrested and tried in our Territorial Court, Judge Titus, presiding, and acquitted as no jury at that time in Arizona would convict parties for killing Indians known to be hostile. This killing of Indians at Camp Grant, whether strictly in accordance with law or not, led to the sending of General George Crook here to command and he arrived in the Territory in the month of June, 1871. One Vincent Collier, an agent of the ultraphilanthropists of the East was sent out soon after to try the soothing method upon the hostile Indians, but all the visible effects his negotiations seemed to have was to delay the movements of General Crook, who finally, with troops and scouts, had to settle the question by punishing the Indians until they humbly begged to be allowed to come in upon reservations.

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Anatolian Weights and Measures Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation Collection of Anatolian Weights and Measures The Anatolian weights and measures collection is comprised of over ten thousand pieces and is now one of the most remarkable collections of its kind in Turkey. The collection consists of objects dating from prehistory to those used in present day Anatolia. These comprise the main types of scales and measuring instruments, used for measuring weight, length, and volume in every field, from land measurement to commerce, architecture to jewellery making, shipping to pharmacy. The collection illustrates the relations between measuring systems of different periods and regions, illuminating various changes and continuities. The broad selection exhibited includes examples from all periods in chronological order, embracing an exciting and particular aspect of Anatolian history.

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Galls on Oak There are a variety of gall-forming species of small wasps that commonly infest oak, Quercus spp ., trees in Pennsylvania. Most leaf galls on oak cause little or no harm to the health of a tree. However, twig or branch galls may cause injury or even death to a heavily infested tree. Two common species of twig gall-producing insects are the horned oak gall wasp, Callirhytis cornigera (Osten Sacken), and the gouty oak gall wasp, C. quercuspunctata (Bassett). These species are in the insect family Cynipidae. Both the horned oak gall wasp and the gouty oak gall wasp are known to occur from southern Canada to Georgia. Each of these galls may be diagnosed by their unique characteristic size, shape, and color. Figure 1. A horned oak gall on a twig. Galls are abnormal plant growth or swellings comprised of plant tissue. Galls are usually found on foliage or twigs. These unusual deformities are caused by plant growth-regulating chemicals or stimuli produced by an insect or other arthropod pest species. The chemicals produced by these causal organisms interfere with normal plant cell growth. The horned oak gall wasp, C. cornigera , attacks the twigs of pin, scrub, black, blackjack, and water oaks. The gouty oak gall wasp, C. quercuspunctata , develops in the twigs of pin, scarlet, red, and black oaks. Both of these woody twigs galls on oak look similar, but the horned oak gall has small horns that protrude from around the circumference of the gall (Figs. 1 & 2). One adult gall wasp emerges from each of these horns. Figure 2. A gouty oak gall on a twig. The life cycles of the various gall-forming wasps are highly variable. Two or more years are required for gall wasps that develop in woody twig galls to reach maturity. Gall-forming wasps usually overwinter as adults in protected places away from the host tree. As the buds break in the spring and the leaves begin to expand, these small wasps start to lay their eggs in expanding plant tissue. During the egg-laying process or early larval-feeding period, specialized body glands secrete growth-regulating chemicals that interact with certain plant chemicals to produce these abnormal growths. After a brief period of cell growth, gall development stops completely. The insect is confined within “its house” and feeds only on gall tissue during the remainder of its development. Once these galls are formed, they do not continue to use nutrients from the host plant. In general, most leaf galls on oak in Pennsylvania do not affect the health of the host tree. A few can cause leaves to drop prematurely, or distort them so that photosynthesis (the plant’s food-making process) is interrupted. Galls generally are aesthetically objectionable to homeowners who find them unattractive and fear that galls will cause damage to the health of their oak trees. Chemical control is seldom suggested for management of leaf galls on oak. Cultural methods of control may be effective in reducing the impact of these insects. Some fallen leaves may harbor various life stages of gall-producing pests. Therefore, it may be useful to collect and destroy all infested leaves. Some of these pests overwinter in twigs and branches of oak. Where such woody galls are detected, prune and destroy the infested plant material when the galls are small and have just started to develop. Once a gall begins to develop, it is almost impossible to stop or reverse its development. Unless registered insecticides can be applied when gall wasps are flying, they offer little or no effective measure of control. Lack of serious plant damage from leaf galls and the difficulty in proper timing of insecticide applications pose a strong argument against the use of insecticides to reduce galls on oak. Pesticides are poisonous. Read and follow directions and safety precautions on labels. Handle carefully and store in original labeled containers out of the reach of children, pets, and livestock. Dispose of empty containers right away, in a safe manner and place. Do not contaminate forage, streams, or ponds. Authored by: Gregory A. Hoover, Sr. Extension Associate Revised March 2004 Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences research, extension, and resident education programs are funded in part by Pennsylvania counties, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Visit Penn State Extension on the web: http://extension.psu.edu Where trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by Penn State Cooperative Extension is implied. This publication is available in alternative media on request. The Pennsylvania State University is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to programs, facilities, admission, and employment without regard to personal characteristics not related to ability, performance, or qualifications as determined by University policy or by state or federal authorities. It is the policy of the University to maintain an academic and work environment free of discrimination, including harassment. The Pennsylvania State University prohibits discrimination and harassment against any person because of age, ancestry, color, disability or handicap, national origin, race, religious creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or veteran status. Discrimination or harassment against faculty, staff, or students will not be tolerated at The Pennsylvania State University. Direct all inquiries regarding the nondiscrimination policy to the Affirmative Action Director, The Pennsylvania State University, 328 Boucke Building, University Park, PA 16802-5901; Tel 814-865-4700/V, 814-863-1150/ TTY. © The Pennsylvania State University 2013

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The place to improve the world is first in one's own heart and head and hands, and then work outward from there. Robert M. Pirsig Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has received more media attention lately with the return of soldiers from Afghanistan and Iraq. PTSD is an anxiety disorder resulting from an experience of or exposure to traumatic events such as combat, car accidents, physical or sexual abuse, assaults and other dangerous situations which threaten death or serious injury. People suffering from PTSD have symptoms that include: It is normal to have strong emotions, fears or anxiety after a traumatic event. If the symptoms last more than a month or are significantly interfering with your life, it may be time to seek professional assistance. PTSD can be successfully treated through psychotherapy or a combination of psychotherapy and medication. The staff at PC&CC are available to help.

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What if one of my breasts is bigger than the other? When breasts are growing, they change shape and size until they're fully developed. Along the way, one breast may be bigger than the other. Of course, a girl would rather them both be the same size. If this happens to you, stay calm: - No. 1: You are probably the only one who has noticed. - No. 2: Your breasts are likely to even out as you develop. - And No. 3: If you still notice a difference after your breasts have fully developed, you can use a bit of padding in one bra cup to balance things out. Reviewed by: Mary L. Gavin, MD Date reviewed: July 2010 See more Personal Questions

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As obesity rates in children have climbed, so has the incidence of Type 2 diabetes, and a new study adds another worry - the disease progresses more rapidly in children than in adults and is harder to treat. One of the biggest threats to our children’s health may be underestimated. Obesity and the form of diabetes linked to it are setting kids up for runaway medical problems. “An obese child is potentially more at risk for high cholesterol, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, Type 2 diabetes, joint related problems, liver disease, gall bladder disease. That’s a big list,” says Lee Memorial Health System pediatrician Dr. Nancy Witham. With upwards of 30 percent of Florida’s kids weighing in as obese, pediatricians are intervening. “The first thing we would do is look at where the child is on a growth chart, take a good family history and find if there’s some of the things like the diabetes, high blood pressure, already present in the family which would put the child at increase risk,” says Dr. Witham. New studies suggest diabetes in children is harder to treat and it progresses more quickly, meaning they get sicker quicker. “Adults who are overweight may take 15 years before they develop diabetes. And in children that can be as short as a couple of years,” says Lee Memorial Health System pediatric endocrinologist Dr. Asjad Khan. Doctors believe the speed and severity may be linked to hormones. “Such as growth hormone and testosterone, estrogen. They are much higher in children in puberty. So these excess hormones, plus the overweight together, cause even more insulin resistance,” says Dr. Khan. In theory, people who develop diabetes as children may suffer complications much earlier in life than previous generations who became diabetic as adults. Type 2 diabetes is typically avoidable by improving diet and exercise. “It’s all about choices and making the appropriate choices,” says Dr. Witham. The best advice: eliminate the risk by preventing the problem.

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|Comparing Adult & Juvenile Offenders ||What time of day are adults and juveniles most likely to commit violent crimes? ||Unlike violent crime by adult offenders, violent crime by juvenile offenders peaks in the late afternoon. Note: Violent crimes include murder, violent sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. Data are from law enforcement agencies in 35 states and the District of Columbia. [ Text only ] [ Excel file ] - In general, the number of violent crimes committed by adults increases hourly from 6 a.m. through the afternoon and evening hours, peaks at 10 p.m., and then drops to a low point at 6 a.m. In contrast, violent crimes by juveniles peak in the afternoon between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., the hour at the end of the school day. - Nearly one-third (29%) of all violent crime committed by juvenile offenders occurs between 3 p.m. and 7 p.m. In comparison, 26% of all violent committed by adult offenders occurs between 8 p.m. and 12 p.m. Internet citation: OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book . Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/offenders/qa03401.asp?qaDate=2008. Released on December 21, 2010. Adapted from Snyder, H. & Sickmund, M. (2006). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report , Chapter 3. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Data Source: National Archive of Criminal Justice Data. National Incident-Based Reporting System, 2008: Extract Files [Computer file]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2010-08-13. USA.gov | Privacy | Policies & Disclaimers | FOIA | Site Map | Ask a Question | OJJDP Home A component of the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice

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A Stanford scientist has spelled out for the first time the direct links between increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and increases in human mortality, using a state-of-the-art computer model of the atmosphere that incorporates scores of physical and chemical environmental processes. The new findings, to be published in Geophysical Research Letters, come to light just after the Environmental Protection Agency’s recent ruling against states setting specific emission standards for this greenhouse gas based in part on the lack of data showing the link between carbon dioxide emissions and their health effects. While it has long been known that carbon dioxide emissions contribute to climate change, the new study details how for each increase of one degree Celsius caused by carbon dioxide, the resulting air pollution would lead annually to about a thousand additional deaths and many more cases of respiratory illness and asthma in the United States, according to the paper by Mark Jacobson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford. Worldwide, upward of 20,000 air-pollution-related deaths per year per degree Celsius may be due to this greenhouse gas. “This is a cause and effect relationship, not just a correlation,” said Jacobson of his study, which on Dec. 24 was accepted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters. “The study is the first specifically to isolate carbon dioxide’s effect from that of other global-warming agents and to find quantitatively that chemical and meteorological changes due to carbon dioxide itself increase mortality due to increased ozone, particles and carcinogens in the air.” Jacobson said that the research has particular implications for California. This study finds that the effects of carbon dioxide’s warming are most significant where the pollution is already severe. Given that California is home to six of the 10 U.S. cities with the worst air quality, the state is likely to bear an increasingly disproportionate burden of death if no new restrictions are placed on carbon dioxide emissions. On Dec. 19, the Environmental Protection Agency denied California and 16 other states a waiver that would have allowed the states to set their own emission standards for carbon dioxide, which are not currently regulated. The EPA denied the waiver partly on the grounds that no special circumstances existed to warrant an exception for the states. Stephen L. Johnson, the EPA administrator, was widely quoted as saying that California’s petition was denied because the state had failed to prove the “extraordinary and compelling conditions” required to qualify for a waiver. While previous published research has focused on the global effect on pollution—but not health—of all the greenhouse gases combined, the EPA noted that, under the Clean Air Act, it has to be shown that there is a reasonable anticipation of a specific pollutant endangering public health in the United States for the agency to regulate that pollutant. Jacobson’s paper offers concrete evidence that California is facing a particularly dire situation if carbon dioxide emissions increase. “With six of the 10 most polluted cities in the nation being in California, that alone creates a special circumstance for the state,” he said, explaining that the health-related effects of carbon dioxide emissions are most pronounced in areas that already have significant pollution. As such, increased warming due to carbon dioxide will worsen people’s health in those cities at a much faster clip than elsewhere in the nation. According to Jacobson, more than 30 percent of the 1,000 excess deaths (mean death rate value) due to each degree Celsius increase caused by carbon dioxide occurred in California, which has a population of about 12 percent of the United States. This indicates a much higher effect of carbon dioxide-induced warming on California health than that of the nation as a whole. Jacobson added that much of the population of the United States already has been directly affected by climate change through the air they have inhaled over the last few decades and that, of course, the health effects would grow worse if temperatures continue to rise. Jacobson’s work stands apart from previous research in that it uses a computer model of the atmosphere that takes into account many feedbacks between climate change and air pollution not considered in previous studies. Developed by Jacobson over the last 18 years, it is considered by many to be the most complex and complete atmospheric model worldwide. It incorporates principles of gas and particle emissions and transport, gas chemistry, particle production and evolution, ocean processes, soil processes, and the atmospheric effects of rain, winds, sunlight, heat and clouds, among other factors. For this study, Jacobson used the computer model to determine the amounts of ozone and airborne particles that result from temperature increases, caused by increases in carbon dioxide emissions. Ozone causes and worsens respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, emphysema and asthma, and many published studies have associated increased ozone with higher mortality. “[Ozone] is a very corrosive gas, it erodes rubber and statues,” Jacobson said. “It cracks tires. So you can imagine what it does to your lungs in high enough concentrations.” Particles are responsible for cardiovascular and respiratory illness and asthma. Jacobson arrived at his results of the impact of carbon dioxide globally and, at higher resolution, over the United States by modeling the changes that would occur when all current human and natural gas and particle emissions were considered versus considering all such emissions except human-emitted carbon dioxide. Jacobson simultaneously calculated the effects of increasing temperatures on pollution. He observed two important effects: - Higher temperatures due to carbon dioxide increased the chemical rate of ozone production in urban areas - Increased water vapor due to carbon dioxide-induced higher temperatures boosted chemical ozone production even more in urban areas. Interestingly, neither effect was so important under the low pollution conditions typical of rural regions, though other factors, such as higher organic gas emissions from vegetation, affected ozone in low-pollution areas. Higher emissions of organic gases also increased the quantity of particles in the air, as organic gases can chemically react to form particles. And in general, where there was an increase in water vapor, particles that were present became more deadly, as they swelled from absorption of water. “That added moisture allows other gases to dissolve in the particles—certain acid gases, like nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid,” Jacobson said. That increases the toxicity of the particles, which are already a harmful component of air pollution. Jacobson also found that air temperatures rose more rapidly due to carbon dioxide than did ground temperatures, changing the vertical temperature profile, which decreased pollution dispersion, thereby concentrating particles near where they formed. In the final stage of the study, Jacobson used the computer model to factor in the spatially varying population of the United States with the health effects that have been demonstrated to be associated with the aforementioned pollutants. “The simulations accounted for the changes in ozone and particles through chemistry, transport, clouds, emissions and other processes that affect pollution,” Jacobson said. “Carbon dioxide definitely caused these changes, because that was the only input that was varied.” “Ultimately, you inhale a greater abundance of deleterious chemicals due to carbon dioxide and the climate change associated with it, and the link appears quite solid,” he said. “The logical next step is to reduce carbon dioxide: That would reduce its warming effect and improve the health of people in the U.S. and around the world who are currently suffering from air pollution health problems associated with it.” Source: Stanford University Explore further: NASA's BARREL mission launches 20 balloons

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Article: Python Resources If I might suggest an addition to the list, I found this tutorial a good synthetic reference: Heres another great source from MIT open course ware website to check out a whole semester intro to programming video lectures with python. you may want to post above I want to throw in a few more code editors, for people who don't want a full blown IDE. The first two I think are great for beginners, and the third (Vim) is for people who love the modal interface in Rhino and want a scriptable command line interface for text editing. I would NOT recommend Vim to a beginner. - Notepad++ - A simple code editor for Windows - E TextEditor - Comparable to TextMate, but for Windows - Vim - A simple, powerful cross-platform text editor with a steep learning curve. I recommend gVim for windows or MacVim for Mac. Here are two more similar to Notepad++, I'm sure the list can go on and on but I thought they deserved to be listed. - PS Pad - Have used on many of my standard installs for years. - Context - Used this for a while also, but stopped using when I found PS Pad. I recommend you to add an API to the editor. Or do like processing, thus making any exterior editor workable for python in rhino.

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|Easton's Bible Dictionary| (Hebrews pered), so called from the quick step of the animal or its power of carrying loads. It is not probable that the Hebrews bred mules, as this was strictly forbidden in the law (Leviticus 19:19), although their use was not forbidden. We find them in common use even by kings and nobles (2 Samuel 18:9; 1 Kings 1:33; 2 Kings 5:17; Psalm 32:9). They are not mentioned, however, till the time of David, for the word rendered "mules" (R.V. correctly, "hot springs") in Genesis 36:24 (yemim) properly denotes the warm springs of Callirhoe, on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. In David's reign they became very common (2 Samuel 13:29; 1 Kings 10:25). Mules are not mentioned in the New Testament. Perhaps they had by that time ceased to be used in Palestine. Noah Webster's Dictionary 1. (n.) A hybrid animal; specifically, one generated between an ass and a mare, sometimes a horse and a she-ass. See Hinny. 2. (n.) A plant or vegetable produced by impregnating the pistil of one species with the pollen or fecundating dust of another; -- called also hybrid. 3. (n.) A very stubborn person. 4. (n.) A machine, used in factories, for spinning cotton, wool, etc., into yarn or thread and winding it into cops; -- called also jenny and mule-jenny. Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia mul (peredh (1 Kings 10:25; 1 Kings 18:5 Ezra 2:66 Isaiah 66:20 Zechariah 14:15), the feminine pirdah (1 Kings 1:33, 38, 44), rekhesh, "swift steeds," the King James Version "mules" (Esther 8:10, 14), 'achashteranim, "used in the king's service," the King James Version "camels," the Revised Version margin "mules" (Esther 8:10, 14), yemim, "hot springs," the King James Version "mules" (Genesis 36:24); hemionos, "half-ass," "mule" (1 Esdras 5:43; Judith 15:11)): Mules are mentioned as riding animals for princes (2 Samuel 13:29; 2 Samuel 18:9 1 Kings 1:33, 38, 44); in the tribute brought to Solomon (2 Chronicles 9:24); as beasts of burden (2 Kings 5:17 1 Chronicles 12:40); horses and mules are obtained from the "house of Togarmah" in the distant north (Ezekiel 27:14). The injunction of Psalm 32:9, "Be ye not as the horse, or as the mule, which have no understanding," need not be understood as singling out the horse and mule as more in need of guidance than the rest of the brute creation, but rather as offering familiar examples to contrast with man who should use his intelligence. At the present day mules are used as pack animals and for drawing freight wagons, rarely for riding. One does not often see in Palestine mules as large and fine as are common in Europe and America. This may be because most of the mares and many of the donkeys are small. Alfred Ely Day Mule (9 Occurrences) Luke 10:34 He went to him, and dressed his wounds with oil and wine and bound them up. Then placing him on his own mule he brought him to an inn, where he bestowed every care on him. (WEY) 2 Samuel 13:29 The servants of Absalom did to Amnon as Absalom had commanded. Then all the king's sons arose, and every man got him up on his mule, and fled. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV) 2 Samuel 18:9 Absalom happened to meet the servants of David. Absalom was riding on his mule, and the mule went under the thick boughs of a great oak, and his head caught hold of the oak, and he was taken up between the sky and earth; and the mule that was under him went on. (WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV) 1 Kings 1:33 The king said to them, "Take with you the servants of your lord, and cause Solomon my son to ride on my own mule, and bring him down to Gihon. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV) 1 Kings 1:38 So Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites, went down, and caused Solomon to ride on king David's mule, and brought him to Gihon. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV) 1 Kings 1:44 The king has sent with him Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites; and they have caused him to ride on the king's mule. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV) 1 Kings 18:5 Ahab said to Obadiah, "Go through the land, to all the springs of water, and to all the brooks. Perhaps we may find grass and save the horses and mules alive, that we not lose all the animals." (Root in WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV) Psalms 32:9 Don't be like the horse, or like the mule, which have no understanding, who are controlled by bit and bridle, or else they will not come near to you. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV) Zechariah 14:15 So will be the plague of the horse, of the mule, of the camel, and of the donkey, and of all the animals that will be in those camps, as that plague. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

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Mars is a cold desert world. It is half the diameter of Earth and has the same amount of dry land. Like Earth, Mars has seasons, polar ice caps, volcanoes, canyons and weather, but its atmosphere is too thin for liquid water to exist for long on the surface. There are signs of ancient floods on Mars, but evidence for water now exists mainly in icy soil and thin clouds. Featured Mission: Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity Curiosity, a robotic rover about the size of a small SUV, is designed to find whether the Red Planet ever was -- or is still today -- an environment suitable for life. The rover landed on Mars in August 2012. Read More About Mars

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The challenges that educators face throughout the world have never been greater. As developing nations work to build their economies and industrialized nations endeavor to maintain their infrastructures, virtually everyone looks to education as the foundation for future economic prosperity. Creating and maintaining a highly educated and skilled workforce has become increasingly important at a time when technology is intensifying global competition. Technology-rich schools have taken advantage of the Internet to expose their students to diverse educational materials that were once difficult to access. As a result, students are now able to investigate and explore topics in greater depth. In this learning environment, educators encourage students to use technology to follow individualized paths of learning, a process that supports the development of life-long learning skills. Further, many teachers in technology-rich schools emphasize cooperative learning and project-based activities, thereby taking on greater roles as facilitators in the educational process. They help students navigate through the knowledge that information technology makes available to them. Internet technology has become the tool that assists teachers in creating a learning environment that is interactive, collaborative, multidisciplinary, and exploratory. To help K-12 schools cope with the challenge of this new educational model, Carl Sandburg College (CSC) in Galesburg, Illinois, offers a wide array of products and services at little or no cost to school districts or their teachers. The college's mission is to "provide accessible, quality education in a caring environment by keeping the learner's needs at the center of decision making and by working in partnership with communities of the college district" (n.d., ?Ǭ? 7). Serving K-12 schools is an important aspect of CSC's fulfillment of this mission and its commitment to the surrounding community. The purpose of this article is to describe CSC's outreach initiatives as an example of how colleges can foster technology-enhanced education in their local communities. Carl Sandburg College Community College District 518 covers 3000 square miles with a population of approximately 117,000 people. There are 26 K-12 schools within CSC's community college district. Because of the low income, poor literacy rate, and rural location of the district, most of its K-12 schools are not well enough equipped to deliver education with the newest technology. Since 33% of the graduates from these schools eventually enroll at CSC, we identified a need for the college to reach out to these students while they are still in high school. We decided that exposing teachers to the latest technology and educating them about its use in the classroom would be the most effective method for raising the technology competence level of prospective students. CSC created the Sandburg Educational Network (SEN) in May 2000 to provide a holistic solution to the technology needs of the K-12 Community Unit School DistrictS within our area. Most of these school districts did not have a technology infrastructure or educators who knew how to use technology to enhance their teaching. The schools simply could not afford the tools or teacher training. Moreover, because most of these school districts have experienced a decline in their enrollment, they receive less funding from the federal and state governments, and, subsequently, a number of these districts face the possibility of consolidation. Sandburg Teaching/Learning Initiative Initially, SEN only offered technology workshops through our teaching/learning initiative. Through this initiative, we conduct workshops for K-12 teachers throughout the district to teach them to use technology effectively in their classrooms. We have created two kinds of workshops: (a) Web site design and publishing and (b) Web course management using WebCT. These workshops last 15 hours each and require two consecutive Saturdays or five 3-hour classes on weekdays. They are typically held on Tuesdays and Thursdays for three hours each day, over two and a half weeks. We conduct these workshops either in the schools or at a community-based technology center; they have proven effective and have sparked the interest of teachers of all grade levels and subjects. CSC instructors who use these tools in their own classrooms lead the workshops, which have been particularly effective because instructors (instead of technical staff) teach them by incorporating hands-on work. The main goal of these workshops is to present technology as a solution to teachers' classroom needs and to give instructions that are as non-technical and simple as possible. For example, in one of the workshops, a high school journalism teacher brought material that she had designed for her students. By the end of the workshop, she had moved all of her assignments online. The following week, she took her students to a computer lab and asked them to complete the assignments. The response she received from her students was phenomenal. The students wanted to know if they could access the material from home. The surveys that teachers complete at the end of the workshop suggest that they learned new pedagogical techniques in the workshops (e.g., involving students in Web research in a controlled environment) and used the Web to update and enhance their curriculum. Follow-up conversations with the teachers confirmed that students who normally did not participate in class discussions participated in the online discussions and assignments. More than 50% of the teachers who have attended our workshops ultimately use technology to prepare material for their classrooms. Though most of the schools do not have a fully-developed technology infrastructure, their teachers make use of public libraries and community college resources to prepare the material to be presented in their classrooms. After the workshops, teachers have access to the staff at SEN's Web development department for further guidance and technical support. We also offer to host their work on our servers as a free service. The school boards have supported this initiative although school administrators were skeptical in the beginning. Since most of the school districts and public libraries already have high speed Internet access, accessibility has never been a major issue. The college has made a commitment to sustain funding for this initiative indefinitely. Expanding Our Services While conducting the workshops, SEN staff and instructors were able to learn more about the technology needs of K-12 teachers and their schools. Consequently, our staff developed the following services: Sandburg Hosting Services This fee-based service hosts a school's administrative software on CSC's central servers, providing the school with secure access to applications that generate reports for payroll, student demographics, enrollment data, and the like. The fee covers only the expenses that we incur in providing this hosting service. The Sandburg Connection This service offers distance-learning classes to qualified high school students in their high school distance learning labs. Through this program, students can enroll in and complete college-level courses to reduce the time and money that they spend in gaining an undergraduate degree. This might also improve the student's chances of getting into institutions of higher learning in addition to building their confidence and helping them decide on a career choice. The Sandburg Connection offers a wide array of courses in which students can enroll, depending on the career path that they want to pursue. These courses may serve as pre-requisites to a variety of career programs such as teaching, engineering, medicine, and nursing. We provide all of the distance learning equipment on both sides such as cameras, monitors and audio visual aids to support this technology. The Western Illinois Education Consortium funds this initiative. We have developed a proposal for the Sandburg e-XPRESS, which would establish mini-learning centers within K-12 schools and equip them with state-of-the-art technology that teachers and students could easily learn to use. These centers will include computers, printers, scanners, smart boards, and high-speed Internet access. In addition, the learning centers will provide tutors, career guidance, and technology support. The purpose of this initiative is to bring awareness of both the value of education and the uses of technology to enhance teaching and learning to K-12 schools and the communities that they serve. CSC has already established two technology centers, the Educational Technology Center (ETC) in Galesburg, Illinois, and the Education Commons (EdComms) in Carthage, Illinois. We created these technology centers in partnerships with local industry and educational institutions. These technology centers not only serve the needs of students and teachers in their respective communities but also serve the public at large; members of the public are allowed to use ETC and EdComms resources at certain times during the day according to guidelines of the facility. SEN is currently writing grants to secure funds to implement the Sandburg e-XPRESS concept. We have overcome two major challenges in implementing our program, and the solutions have been crucial to its success: Support from K-12 administrators. The administrators felt that teachers already overwhelmed by their current work would not be able to attend these workshops and subsequently use Web-based supplements in their classroom instruction. On the contrary, though, teachers who have attended the workshops and created Web-based assignments and supplements have reported that this mode of instruction has actually saved them time and helped them teach more. Moreover, they have observed an increase in students' participation and interest level when they enhance their classroom teaching with Web-based supplements. The administrators have begun to notice the enhanced learning tools that the teachers use in their classrooms and have started to support and encourage their teachers to attend SEN workshops. In fact, SEN has received phone calls from superintendents and principals to request in-service workshops in their schools. The fact that SEN provides this training at no cost to the teachers or the school district at first seemed too good to be true, but after two years of implementation, the integrity and effectiveness of our training has gained wide acceptance even among administrators. Schedule conflict. It was difficult to find days and times that were convenient for teachers throughout the district. SEN found two ways to address this issue: First, we offer the classroom workshop online, allowing teachers to complete the workshops from the comfort of their home and at their own pace (samples of which are available here). Second, we have also conducted workshops at different school districts during scheduled workshop days for teachers. To serve the technology needs of the K-12 schools more effectively, we recently formed an advisory committee comprised of teachers and administrators from the K-12 school districts. The advisory committee has suggested that SEN work with other governmental entities such as Regional Offices of Education, Professional Development Centers, and Learning Technology Centers that provide technology training to K-12 teachers. The Center for the Application of Information Technologies (CAIT) at Western Illinois University is developing a database of all available courses, through all the above agencies, for the K-12 teachers within our district. This database will also keep track of the courses that teachers complete, audit their re-certification requirements, and offer suggestions about which courses they still need to fulfill those requirements. There are more than 2,000 teachers in the 26 school districts that we serve, and, through various partnerships and workshops, our goal is to reach every teacher in these districts in the next 6 years. This initiative effectively supports the State of Illinois vision for technology in education and the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). Sandburg Educational Network is starting to see its impact on the community and school districts in technologically competent students and teachers. [Editor's Note: This paper is modified from a presentation at the 2001 WebCT conference in Vancouver, BC.] Carl Sandburg College. (n.d.). About CSC: Philosophy/mission and history. Retrieved February 15, 2002, from http://www.sandburg.edu/About_CSC/Philosophy___ Mission_and_Histo/philosophy___mission_and_histo.htmlsimulation gamesaction gamesdownloadable gamesshooter gamesplatform gamestime management games

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Fish Oil and Surgery, Its Connection When it comes to fish oil and surgery, people should realize that fish oil is very important for those who want to get better health. Most people believe that fish oil is a perfect choice when added into our diet plans. Studies have shown that fish oil can be used to improve our heart health. The fact is there are lots of benefits that we can get when we decide to consume fish oil. However, it is important to put more attention when you decide to eat fish oil while taking other medications. While taking other medications, people should be aware with side effects from fish oil. Fish oil can be consumed both for men and women so that you can find fish oil supplements for women and men through some stores available around you. Speaking about fish oil and surgery, let’s take a look for more information. Fish Oil and Surgery: Its Usage When discussing about fish oil and surgery, there is some helpful information for surgical candidates. The first thing we should do is to get more details about the use of fish oil during surgery procedures. Fish oils contain with EPA and DHA that are very important for our brain. Most doctors and experts recommend the use of fish oil and people should consume fish oil at least two times per week. Fish oil is beneficial both for those who are in the diet or those who are not in the diet. Omega 3 fatty acids present in fish oil can be used to lower triglyceride levels, reduce the risk of sudden death, slow the process of hardening of the arteries, and it is also very effective to lower blood pressure. Fish oil and surgery are associated each other so that people should learn more about the use of fish oil especially for surgical candidates. Fish Oil and Surgery – things to consider when using fish oil Aside from learning about fish oil and surgery, most doctors recommend eating fish oil after surgery. Those who have undergone kidney transplant or heart surgery should realize the importance of taking supplements such as fish oil. By eating fish oil, it can be used to prevent kidney damage or high blood pressure after doing the surgery. While eating fish oil, it is important to put more attention when using fish with other medications. For example, it is strictly prohibited to eat fish oil while taking medications that slow blood clotting. In fish oil and surgery, people should consult with the doctor first before eating fish oil. Fish Oil and Surgery – benefits and side effects of fish oil As you may already know, people should learn more about fish oil and surgery as well as other side effects that may arise during and after surgery. By following all the procedures, it is possible to get all benefits of fish oil without worrying about fish oil side effects. Whenever it comes to fish oil and surgery, it is important to consult with the doctor first before going further.

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The Final Act of the Uruguay Round and the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization were signed on April 15, 1994. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was subsequently established on January 1, 1995, as the multilateral institution charged with administering agreed-upon rules for trade among member countries. The WTO supersedes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was established in 1947 as the umbrella organization for international trade. The United States and other countries participating in the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (1986-94) formed the WTO to embody the new trade disciplines adopted during those negotiations. The basic aim of the WTO is to liberalize world trade and place it on a secure basis, thereby contributing to economic growth and development. At the heart of the WTO are the numerous agreements negotiated and signed by members during the Uruguay Round. These agreements cover trade in goods and services, as well as trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. All have some relevance to agricultural trade, and supporting material on a number of them is available in this briefing room. Major WTO Agreements There are also four plurilateral agreements (not binding on all WTO members): - Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft - Agreement on Government Procurement - International Dairy Agreement - International Bovine Meat Agreement Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) The WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) represents a fundamental change in the way agriculture is treated under the rules governing trade among WTO member countries. Prior to the Uruguay Round, rules on trade in agricultural products in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) were largely ineffective due to a number of loopholes and exceptions that, in effect, excluded much of this trade from most of the disciplines applied to trade in manufactured goods. The AoA introduced important new disciplines on the trade of agricultural products and required countries to reduce agricultural support and protection in the areas of market access, domestic support, and export subsidies-sometimes referred to as the "three pillars" of the agreement. Under market access, countries agreed to open markets by prohibiting nontariff barriers, converting nontariff barriers to tariffs (known as "tarrification"), and reducing tariffs. Countries also agreed to reduce expenditures on export subsidies and on the quantity of agricultural products exported with subsidies. Domestic support reductions were achieved through commitments to reduce a country's aggregate measurement of support (AMS)-a numerical measure of the value of most trade-distorting domestic policies. The AoA recognized that the long-term objective of substantial progressive reductions in support and protection is an ongoing process. As a result, it committed members to initiate negotiations by the end of 1999. Agriculture and services were the only areas where negotiations on further trade liberalization were mandated in the Uruguay Round Agreements that established the WTO. Agricultural negotiations began in January 2000, in advance of the official launching of the Doha Round. See the AoA General Issues section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding general issues related to the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. Tariffication and Market Access Tariffication, the conversion of nontariff barriers to equivalent bound tariffs, was one of the most important outcomes of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). The adoption of a tariffs-only approach for agriculture was a sweeping reform that went a long way toward subjecting agricultural trade to the same disciplines applied to other traded goods. The Uruguay Round tariff reductions, along with the establishment of tariff-rate quotas (TRQs), increased market access for agricultural exports, but also left many high tariffs in place (see AoA Issues Series: Market Access: Tariffication and Tariff Reduction ). Agricultural trade would benefit from further reducing high tariffs, expanding and reforming TRQs, and improving the predictability of tariff protection. See the AoA Tariffs and Market Access section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding tariff and market-access issues related to the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. Domestic support policies were recognized as one source of market and trade distortions in negotiating the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). Countries, therefore, agreed to limit domestic policies presumed to be the most trade distorting and to exempt non- or minimally trade-distorting policies from any limitations (see AoA Issues Series: Domestic Support Policies). Policies were categorized by color according to whether and how they were disciplined. Policies that directly influence production decisions, such as price support policies ( amber box policies), were capped and subject to cuts. Support levels from amber box policies are quantified, according to the AoA, by calculation of an aggregate measure of support (AMS), which combines estimated support levels for all commodities into one overall measure. The AoA exempted three types of domestic programs from reduction commitments. The first type of exempt support is amber box policies deemed to be de minimis-defined as support that is less than 5 percent of the value of production. The second type of domestic program exempt from reduction commitments is expenditures that are entirely government funded and do not vary with prices. This type of support ( green box policies)-deemed to have little or no effect on production or trade-includes research programs, domestic food aid, environmental programs, and certain crop insurance and income-support programs. The third type of exemption ( blue box policies) includes payments that are related to production-limiting programs (e.g., subsidies paid as a result of production quotas or those that require producers to set aside land in order to qualify for subsidies). See the AoA Domestic Support section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding domestic-support issues related to the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. The Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) imposed meaningful disciplines on agricultural export subsidies for the first time (see AoA Issues Series: Export Subsidies). Prior to AoA implementation, export subsidies significantly distorted agricultural trade. Under the AoA, countries that employed export subsidies for agricultural commodities agreed to lower the volume and value of their subsidies during a multiyear phase-in period. New subsidies cannot be introduced. Bona fide food aid and export market promotion and advisory services are exempt. See the AoA Export Subsidies section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding export-subsidy issues related to the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. The WTO Agreement also created a Dispute Settlement Body within the WTO to resolve disputes among WTO members, and it established a system for regular review of national trade policies and international trade trends. Any state or customs territory having full autonomy in the conduct of its trade policies may become a WTO member subject to negotiations guided by a working party of WTO members. At the conclusion of the Uruguay Round, there were 124 WTO members. China completed accession negotiations and became a WTO member in December 2001, Taiwan in January 2002, and Viet Nam in January 2007. Tonga is the WTO's 151st member, joining in July 2007. Russia and Ukraine are among over two dozen countries currently negotiating to join the WTO (see WTO's web page on accessions). The lengthy accession process involves extensive review of the applicant's trade policies and laws to ensure conformity with WTO rules. WTO membership should facilitate more transparent and rules-based trade regimes in these countries.

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Authors: H. Ron Harrison Galileo studied bodies falling under gravity and Tycho Brahe made extensive astronomical observations which led Kepler to formulate his three famous laws of planetary motion. All these observations were of relative motion. This led Newton to propose his theory of gravity which could just as well have been expressed in a form that does not involve the concept of force. The approach in this paper extends the Newtonian theory and the Special Theory of Relativity by including relative velocity by comparison with electromagnetic effects and also from the form of measured data. This enables the non-Newtonian effect of gravity to be calculated in a simpler manner than by use of the General Theory of Relativity (GR). Application to the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and the gravitational deflection of light gives results which agree with observations and are identical to those of GR. This approach could be used to determine the non-Newtonian variations in the trajectories of satellites. Comments: 8 Pages. Appendix added Unique-IP document downloads: 123 times Add your own feedback and questions here:

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White space, in a communications context, refers to underutilized portions of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Large portions of the spectrum are currently unused, in particular the frequencies allocated for analog television and those used as buffers to prevent interference between channels. - Cleaning up database white space (SearchDomino.com) TV white space spectrum and the enterprise network With newly available TV white space spectrum in...(SearchNetworking.com) In the United States, frequency allocations in the RF spectrum are made by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In November 2008, the FCC voted unanimously to make unlicensed portions of the spectrum available for use. At that time, at least three-quarters of the spectrum allocated for analog television was unused. These frequencies will become available once the changeover to digital television is complete in February 2009. White space allocation is expected to stimulate development of wireless technologies and services. According to Google co-founder Larry Page, white space operation will be like "Wi-Fi on steroids," because the signals in that portion of the spectrum have much longer ranges than those currently used for Wi-Fi. The increase in range means that fewer base stations will be required to give better coverage; that increased efficiency, in turn, should yield better service at lower costs. Signals in the white space range can also penetrate through solid objects better, which should yield more reliable service. Opponents of white space allocation have argued that it could lead to unexpected instances of disruptive and potentially dangerous interference between different services using the same frequencies at the same time. The FCC is testing white space devices designed to operate in the newly available frequencies to ensure that they will not cause interference. According to the FCC, wireless microphones and other low-power auxiliary stations will be able to continue to operate in bands below 700MHz. Learn More About IT: > For the New York Times, Matt Richtel reports on the FCC's decision to make white space spectrum available. > Hugh Carter Donahue provides the background on white space policy. > Larry Page hails 'A vote for broadband in white spaces.' > Stephen J. Vaughn-Nickols says the FCC's decision opens a new era for broadband. > The Association for Maximum Service Television offers arguments against white space allocation.

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Show and Tell Tips on Monitoring It’s easy to keep track of 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-year-olds. Their friends don’t drive, and they can’t get far on a tricycle. But there’s more to monitoring children’s activities than just knowing where they are. - Know your children. The best way to notice any changes in a child’s behavior is to understand your child’s world. Children’s behavior may change due to problems at school, with friends, or with family members. Help your children share their feelings and their world. - Get to know your children’s friends. This puts you closer to their daily activities. You’ll be able to recognize trouble spots and guide your children away from risky situations or dangerous behaviors. - Get to know other parents. Remember, parents can support each other’s efforts and create a valuable security net for their - Know where your children are going, whom they will be with, and what they’ll be doing. Keep a handy list of phone numbers and addresses of friends, teachers, - Set up regular check-in times. If old enough, have your child call and check in with you. Otherwise, call to make sure the babysitter picked up your child from school or that your children are safe with their friends’ parents. - Make sure your child has access to positive and appealing structured activities. Start early to encourage your child in constructive, supervised activities. As children get older, participation can be a powerful way to help prevent drug Monitoring young children’s activities has been shown to be important in preventing alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use. Start now so that your children become used to telling you about their daily activities, asking permission, and knowing that their friends’ parents know who you are. These habits will stay with them as

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In recent years, much energy has been put into genetic research both through the individual efforts of interested scientists and through the collaboration of international teams in the Human Genome Project. Through this work, we have learned a great deal about how genes function and how they can cause certain problems. We now know how to look for mutations (changes in the gene) that can lead to specific disorders. Genetic testing is possible for some conditions because we can recognize the difference between a normal gene and a disease gene. Genetic testing presents us with both opportunity and concern. There is opportunity for diagnoses and definitive information and, indeed, a hope that cures may ultimately be possible. On the other hand, we have seen that genetic information can have far-reaching effects on individuals being tested and on their families—emotionally, socially, ethically. What are genes? Genes are specific pieces of information that tell our bodies how to grow, function, and develop. It is estimated that each person has between 50,000-100,000 genes. These genes, which are contained on our 23 pairs of chromosomes, make up our genetic blueprint. Each gene codes for a particular set of instructions, and a gene’s function is determined by its unique DNA code. DNA consists of four basic building blocks called bases that are linked in a specific order. When a change occurs in the ordering or number of bases, a gene may not function properly. A gene change which can cause a disease is called a mutation. How can genes influence disease? Genes come in pairs, with one copy inherited from each parent. A condition is called dominantly inherited when only one copy of a disease gene is needed to lead to symptoms of that disease. One example of dominant inheritance is Huntington’s Disease (HD). The HD gene can be passed from one generation to the next and a person who has the HD gene has a 50% chance of passing that gene on to each of his or her children. A person affected by a recessively inherited condition inherits a particular disease gene from each parent. One example is cystic fibrosis in which both parents, by chance, have passed on a CF gene. Some diseases do not follow simple patterns of inheritance. Many factors influence how a gene works or who will get a disease and when. Mutations in several different genes can lead to the same disease, as we see in some forms of Alzheimer’s disease. Genes that increase one’s risk of getting a certain disease are called susceptibility genes. What is genetic testing? Genetic testing involves analyzing a person’s DNA. Usually a blood sample is taken, and a molecular genetics lab performs special tests to look for mutations in a gene that lead to disease. Genetic testing is available for only a fraction of the many genetic conditions in existence. There is no test that analyzes a person’s DNA and gives him or her a clean bill of health. Who might want genetic testing? Genetic testing can be done to confirm or rule out a certain diagnosis. Testing might interest a person who knows or suspects that he/she is at risk for a genetic disease for which treatment options or preventative measures are available. Also, couples considering having children may wish to know the risk of passing on an inherited disorder (e.g., Huntington’s disease) to offspring. What testing is available? Some of the more common genetic diseases for which genetic tests are available include sickle cell disease, myotonic dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, and Fragile X syndrome. There are also tests available for some inherited adult-onset disorders, including those described below: Alzheimer’s disease Persons with Alzheimer’s disease have progressive impairment in multiple cognitive areas. These areas may include memory, language, calculation, orientation, judgment and personality. Genetic research has found connections between a number of genes and Alzheimer’s disease in a small percentage of families with Alzheimer’s. Three genes on different chromosomes are associated with early onset familial Alzheimer’s. A fourth gene, located on chromosome 19, codes for a protein called APOE. APOE4 is now considered a susceptibility gene for AD and increases the risk for developing AD. Not all people who have this gene will get AD and other people may get AD without having the APOE4 gene. There is evidence for additional Alzheimer’s disease genes which have not yet been identified. At this time, routine predictive testing of Alzheimer’s disease genes is not recommended. The APOE4 gene is only a risk factor and it cannot provide definitive information. Since there is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, the benefit of learning about a possible predisposition to the disease is questionable. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a neurodegenerative disorder of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. It involves muscle weakness, and as the disease progresses, severe impairment of mobility, speech, swallowing, and respiratory function. One’s mind is typically unaffected. ALS is inherited in aproximately 10% of cases in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. Familial ALS (FALS) has been studied closely to determine that in some families, a mutation in a gene called SOD1 (on chromosome 21) is likely the cause. The vast majority of ALS cases are sporadic with no clear cause. The hope now is that the discovery of a gene causing a disease in certain families may give scientists the lead they have been searching for to reach a cure. Ataxia Ataxia means a lack of coordination and can be associated with a degenerative disorder. Testing is currently available for spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) Types 1, 2 and 3. Type 3 is also known as Machado-Joseph disease. Dementia is not typically seen in SCA Types 1, 2 and 3. They are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that either men or women can be affected and that an affected person has a 50% chance of passing the gene on to each of his/her children. The genes for SCA Types 1, 2 and 3, like the HD gene, have repeated sections of DNA that are larger than those in the normally functioning gene. Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke) Scientists studying cerebrovascular disease have suggested that many risk factors for stroke are under genetic influence, for example, having a family history of stroke may be associated with an increased risk. Greater understanding of these factors may lead to early recognition of and intervention in stroke. Genetic effects are subject to environmental influences (e.g., diet, weight). Huntington’s Disease (HD) Huntington’s disease is the most common inherited neurological disease. It is characterized by progressive deterioration. Motor effects progress to uncontrollable movements (chorea) and deterioration of handwriting, speech and swallowing. Cognitive symptoms can include memory loss and progress to dementia. Emotional problems may include personality change and depression. A person with symptoms of Huntington’s disease may have a genetic test to confirm that he/she has HD. People at risk for HD (meaning that one of their parents has HD) may consider presymptomatic testing to learn if they carry the HD gene and therefore will ultimately develop HD symptoms. After many years of intense research, the HD gene was identified in 1993. It was discovered that a three base pair section of the DNA of the HD gene is repeated many times in individuals who have HD. The normal functional gene does not have this enlargement. Current testing analyzes the HD gene to look for the presence or absence of this enlargement (or expanded repeat). At this time, the function of the HD gene and how it causes HD is not known. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Multiple sclerosis is a disease that randomly attacks the central nervous system. Familial occurrence (not necessarily genetic) in MS is documented, but uncommon. It is thought that the major causes for MS will prove to be immunological and possibly infectious, but certain genes may be required for susceptibility. Implications of Testing Although there are no cures for these adult-onset disorders, genetic testing for actual gene mutations can provide an accurate diagnosis or rule out a specific condition. Having a clear diagnosis can allow a person and his/her family to anticipate disease progression and make informed decisions about the future. In some cases, treatment options may be available to slow the progression of symptoms. Persons at risk (e.g., a person with a parent with Huntington’s disease) might feel uncertain about their own future and that of their children. A negative test (indicating that a person does not have the gene) can give a tremendous sense of relief. A positive test result can relieve uncertainty and let the person plan for the future. There are not tests available for every adult-onset disorder. One important limitation for gene testing is that diagnostic information often is not matched by effective treatment strategies or therapies. Since most genetic tests involve only a blood sample, there is no significant physical risk. Any potential risks have more to do with the way the results of the test might change a person’s life. There can be a major psychological impact on people considering and undergoing genetic testing. The knowledge that one does or does not carry a disease gene can provoke many emotions. Many people with a family history of certain diseases have already seen relatives become affected by the disorder. The news that they have the disease gene can lead to depression or anger. These emotions can impact the person and reverberate throughout the family. A person who finds he/she does not carry a disease gene may feel guilty. There is also concern about confidentiality. People have expressed concern that testing information could someday be used against them. As knowledge about the genetic basis of common disorders grows, so does the potential for discrimination in obtaining health or life insurance. People also have concerns about discrimination in employment. At the state and federal levels, legislation is being pursued to help ensure that genetic information is not used against people. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides employment anti-discrimination protection for people with disabilities and neurological disorders. In addition, as an example of state law, the State of California prohibits insurers, to varying degrees, from requiring or requesting genetic tests or their results, from denying coverage on the basis of genetic tests, and from using tests to determine rates and benefits. California law has provisions to protect the privacy of genetic information. However, in this time of flux and changing health care systems, it is not clear to what extent consumers are protected. People considering genetic testing need to consider potential risks for discrimination. Whom to contact Your primary care physician may be able to make a referral to a specialist such as a neurologist and genetic counselor as appropriate. The National Society of Genetic Counselors may also be a helpful source of referrals. A trained professional can help evaluate family history, document diagnosis and discuss whether testing options are available. In addition, in California there is a Genetically Handicapped Persons Program (see Resources section of this fact sheet). How can genetic counseling help? Genetic counselors are specially trained health professionals who help families learn about and cope with genetic conditions. If a person is considering testing, a genetic counselor would discuss risks, benefits, and limitations and provide balanced information for the individual to make an informed decision about whether to proceed with testing. There are many issues to consider including psychological impact, family issues, and privacy. Genetic counseling can be helpful in addressing these issues. Genetic counselors support families and individuals in making decisions about genetic testing and in adjusting to test results. How do people decide about genetic testing? The decision about whether to have testing is a very personal one. It should also be voluntary; people should have the test only if they want the information and should not be pressured into testing by relatives or health care providers. Because the issues are so complex and the consequences so profound, the decision to have a genetic test deserves careful preparation and thought. As a final note, it is also important to understand that the available information is changing rapidly as genetic research continues. It is likely that more information and genetic tests will be available in the future. Please use the Resource listings below to help stay informed and up to date. Family Caregiver Alliance 785 Market Street, Suite 750 San Francisco, CA 94103 Web Site: www.caregiver.org E-mail: [email protected] Family Caregiver Alliance (FCA) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through education, services, research and advocacy. Through its National Center on Caregiving, FCA offers information on current social, public policy and caregiving issues and provides assistance in the development of public and private programs for caregivers. For residents of the greater San Francisco Bay Area, FCA provides direct family support services for caregivers of those with Alzheimer's disease, stroke, head injury, Parkinson's and other debilitating disorders that strike adults. Huntington’s Disease Society of America 140 West 22nd St., 6th Flr. New York, NY 10011-2420 HDSA maintains a list of genetic testing centers across the U.S. Genetically Handicapped Persons Program State of California Department of Health Services 714 P St., Rm. 300 Sacramento, CA 95814 Alliance of Genetic Support Groups 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440 Chevy Chase, MD 20815 National Alliance for Rare Disorders P.O. Box 8923 New Fairfield, CT 06812 National Society of Genetic Counselors 233 Canterbury Dr. Wallingford, PA 19086-6617 Human Genome Management Information System Oak Ridge National Lab 1060 Commerce Park MS 6480 Oak Ridge, TN 37830 Publishes a Primer on Molecular Genetics. Prepared by Ann Bourguignon, M.S., Genetic Counselor, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, for Family Caregiver Alliance and California's Caregiver Resource Centers, a statewide system of resource centers serving families and caregivers of brain-impaired adults. Funded by the California Department of Mental Health. Printed October 1997. ©All rights reserved. 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Many have criticized the body mass index, or BMI, as being a poor indicator of obesity and of obesity-related health risks. Critics say BMI is too simple to be accurate, that it doesn't take into account a person's muscle mass or where the body fat is located. Americans, therefore, may be tempted to brush off the easy-to-access statistic -- and the possible need for lifestyle changes -- if they don't like their results. Alternative methods such as waist-to-height ratios or body composition testing may be more accurate in measuring an individual's body fat percentage. But BMI is just as good at providing information about your health risks and can be easily, reliably and cheaply used by clinicians and patients to provide a useful snapshot of how someone's weight compares to healthy standards. Your BMI can be calculated online with a simple formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in centimeters squared. In pounds and inches this formula becomes weight in pounds divided by height in inches squared, multiplied by 703 to account for the metric conversion. A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 indicates a normal weight; a BMI between 25 and 29.9 indicates a person is overweight; and a BMI of 30 or above indicates obesity. There are always exceptions to any rule, but when it comes to predicting obesity-related health risks, BMI is among the strongest predictors, regardless of what critics say. Even when compared with other measures such as waist circumference, waist-to-height-ratio, percent body fat, fat mass index or fat-free mass index, the science shows that BMI is just as good at predicting obesity-related health risks. My research team at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health examined cross-sectional measurements of height, weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, blood pressure measurements, cholesterol levels and fasting glucose levels for more than 12,000 adults using information from EHE International's database of patients. The numbers showed that BMI is the strongest predictor of blood pressure, and the measurement is comparable to other measurements at predicting cholesterol levels. BMI also performed admirably against other measures in predicting fasting glucose levels, which are an important part of diagnosing diabetes. It's tempting to write off BMI as overly simplistic when it delivers news about our weight and health that we don't like. But the bottom line is that it's time to start using this easy-to-access measure and heed its warnings about your health. If your BMI is high, chances are good it's because you have excess fat tissue, which means you're at risk for other health problems, including heart disease related to high blood pressure or high cholesterol, and diabetes. Instead of blindly rejecting BMI, more patients and doctors should be embracing it as a screening tool. Individuals who know they have a high BMI should talk to their doctor about what they can do to get their weight into a healthy range. Doctors should be confident in making lifestyle change recommendations based on an initial BMI measurement. By accepting reality, focusing on preventive care and heeding the warning signs of a dangerous weight, patients and doctors can work together to build healthy lifestyles, instead of treating the results of unhealthy ones.

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A QuadTree is a spatial partitioning strategy used to make queries on relationships between 2D spatial data such as coordinates in a Geographic Information System (GIS), or the location of objects in a video game. For instance, you may need to know all of the objects within a region on a map, test whether objects are visible by a camera, or optimize a collision detection algorithm. The QuadTree is so named because it recursively partitions regions into four parts, with leaf nodes containing references to the spatial objects. Querying the QuadTree is a function of traversing the tree nodes that intersect the query area. The OctTree is the analogous structure used for 3 dimensional problems. For a masterful collection of demos and variations on the QuadTree and other spatial indexing methods, see Frantisek Brabec and Hanan Samet's site, or use the references at the end of this article. There are many spatial partitioning methods, each with the goal of providing an efficient way of determining the position of an item in a spatial domain. For example, a database query can be considered as a graphical problem. Consider a query on a database containing date of birth and income: a query against all people between 35 and 50 years of age and incomes between 30,000 and 60,000 per year is the same as a query for all restaurants in the city of Vancouver: they are 2 dimensional spatial queries. Several spatial indexing methods are more efficient in time and space, and are easily generalizable to higher dimensions. However, the QuadTree is specialized to the 2D domain, and it is easy to implement. The general strategy of the QuadTree is to build a tree structure that partitions a region recursively into four parts, or Quads. Each Quad can further partition itself as necessary. A pre-requisite is that you must know the bounds of the area to be encompassed; the basic algorithm does not lend itself to the addition or removal of areas under consideration without rebuilding the index. When an item is inserted into the tree, it is inserted into a Quad that encompasses the item's position (or spatial index). Each Quad has a maximum capacity. When that capacity is exceeded, the Quad splits into four sub-quads that become child nodes of the parent Quad, and the items are redistributed into the new leaves of the QuadTree. Some variations set the maximum capacity to one, and subdivide until each leaf contains at most a single item (Adaptive QuadTree). To query a QuadTree for items that are inside a particular rectangle, the tree is traversed. Each Quad is tested for intersection with the query area. - Quads that do not intersect are not traversed, allowing large regions of the spatial index to be rejected rapidly. - Quads that are wholly contained by the query region have their sub-trees added to the result set without further spatial tests: this allows large regions to be covered without further expensive operations. - Quads that intersect are traversed, with each sub-Quad tested for intersection recursively. - When a Quad is found with no sub-Quads, its contents are individually tested for intersection with the query rectangle. Other operations on the QuadTree could include: - Deletion: An object is removed from the QuadTree, empty quads are removed - Merge: Two quadtrees are merged, indexes are rebuilt - Nearest Neighbour: Common to more advanced spatial indexes, a Query could ask for the nearest neighbours to a given object. A simple implementation would be to take the object's bounding rect and inflate it by an amount based on the neighbor proximity. Objects in the result set would be sorted by increasing distance. These operations are not demonstrated in this code. This implementation of the QuadTree has the following variations: The QuadTree has been changed to index items with rectangular bounds rather than points. This allows it to be used with lines, and polygons. - On insertion, new quads are created until there are no Quads able to contain an item's rectangle. IE: the item is inserted into the smallest quad that will contain it. - There is no maximum number of items in a Quad, there is a minimum Quad size (necessary to avoid massive tree growth if an item happens to have a very small area). - Because the Quad an item is stored in is related to the size of the item, both leaf nodes and parent nodes store items. - The QuadTree's performance will be severely impacted if there are many large items. - The Quadtree's performance will be best when the size of most items are close to the minimum quad size. After writing this code, I find that this particular variation bears a striking resemblance to the "MX-CIF QuadTree". Note: There are other operations on QuadTrees such as deleting a node, or find the nearest neighbour. These are not supported in this implementation. The following two diagrams show the spatial relationship of the QuadTree with the tree structure. The coloured regions represent objects in the spatial domain. Those that are entirely within a quad are shown in the tree structure in their smallest enclosing quad. You can see that the green shape, since it intersects two of the highest level Quads and does not fit into either is placed in the root quad. The red and purple shapes are placed in child nodes at level one since they are the largest enclosing Quads. The blue shape is at level three along with the orange shape. The Yellow shape is at level four. This tree is adaptive in that it does not create quads until insertion is requested. Using the Code QuadTree class is a generic class. The generic parameter has a restriction that it must inherit from the IHasRect interface which defines a property Rectangle. Creating a QuadTree requires an area, the demo application uses the main form's QuadTree<Item> m_quadTree = new QuadTree<Item>(this.ClientRectangle); Inserting items into the QuadTree is done on a left mouse click, querying items in a QuadTree is done with a right mouse drag: private void MainForm_MouseUp(object sender, MouseEventArgs e) if (m_dragging && e.Button== MouseButtons.Right) m_selectedItems = m_quadTree.Query(m_selectionRect); m_dragging = false; Random rand = new Random(DateTime.Now.Millisecond); m_quadTree.Add(new Item(e.Location, rand.Next(25) + 4)); } Invalidate(); Run the demo application, and left click anywhere in the client rectangle: an object is inserted at the click point with a random size. Right-click and drag: a selection rectangle is created. Release the mouse button: the QuadTree is queried with the selection rectangle. The QuadTree renderer draws the QuadTree nodes and the objects in the QuadTree in random colours. It also draws the selection region and highlights the selected nodes. There are two components of QuadTree performance: insertion and query. Insertion can be very expensive because it involves several intersection tests per item to be inserted. The number of tests depends on the size of the region (the root of the QuadTree) and on the minimum Quad size configured. These two numbers have to be tuned per application. Loading many items into the QuadTree (bulk load, or indexing) tends to be very CPU intensive. This overhead may not be acceptable; consider storing the QuadTree structure on disk (not covered in this article). QuadTree is designed to be faster at querying the spatial domain than iteration, but the performance of the index depends on the distribution of objects in the domain. If items are clustered together, the tree tends to have many items in one branch which defeats the strategy of being able to cull large regions, and reduce the number of intersection tests. The worst case performance happens when all objects are in one small cluster that is the same size as the smallest Quad; in this case the performance of the QuadTree will be slightly worse than just iterating through all objects. If items are uniformly distributed across the spatial domain, performance is approximately O(n*log n). Points of Interest - Generic implementation; allows you to use it with any class that implements - Colour used to draw the node is stored in an hashtable; allows the colour of the Quad on screen to be constant over the life of the - In the QuadTreeRenderer class, note the anonymous delegate used to draw the QuadTreeNodes; allows the QuadTree to be tested, and visualized, without adding specific code to the class to do so. - H. Samet, The Design and Analysis of Spatial Data Structures, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990. ISBN 0-201-50255-0 - H. Samet, Applications of Spatial Data Structures: Computer Graphics, Image Processing, and GIS, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990. ISBN 0-201-50300-0. - Mark de Berg, Marc van Kreveld, Mark Overmars, Otfried Schwarzkopf, Computational Geometry: Algorithms and Applications, 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag 2000 ISBN: 3-540-65620-0 - Initial version with regions and simple Insert and Query operations, demo application I've been lead architect in several software companies. I've worked in the Justice and Public Safety area for the last 7 years, writing facial recognition, arrest and booking software and emergency management/GIS software. Prior to that I worked in the games industry with 3D animation. Currently I'm working on some GIS/mapping software for outdoor enthusiasts. I intend to spin off portions of this into the open source community as time permits.

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The Upper Tanana people live right next to the Yukon/Alaska border and ensure that their connections to relatives across the border remain strong. There are also Northern Tutchone people living in this area. The original village sites were at Snag and Scotty Creek , not at modern day Beaver Creek where the White River First Nation is based today. After the building of the Alaska Highway in 1942 by the Americans to provide a route from Alaska to the United States, many Yukon First Nations were relocated to new towns and villages along the highway.

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Did NASA have a dirty little secret about the Apollo 12 mission? A team of researchers have located and reviewed NASA's archived Apollo-era 16 millimeter film -- and have come up with a definitive answer to the persistent claim in both the press and on the Web that a microbe survived 2.5 years on the moon. Apollo 12 was launched at 11:22:00 a.m. EST on November 14, 1969. The mission plan called for a landing in the Oceanus Procellarum-Ocean of Storms-area. This site was near the Surveyor III and other earlier unmanned missions to the moon. It landed there almost five days after their launch. They collected rock samples, mostly basalt and igneous rocks. The Surveyor III camera-team thought they had detected a microbe that had lived on the moon for all those years, "but they only detected their own contamination," Rummel added. Rummel, along with colleagues Judith Allton of NASA’s Johnson Space Center and Don Morrison, a former space agency lunar receiving laboratory scientist, recently presented their co-authored paper: "A Microbe on the Moon? Surveyor III and Lessons Learned for Future Sample Return Missions." Elsewhere, while the Apollo moon "microbes" were being debunked, research by a team of scientists at the University of London reinforced a theory that evidence of life on the early Earth might be found in rocks on the moon that were ejected during the Late Heavy Bombard period -- about four billion years ago when the Earth was subjected to a rain of asteroids and comets. Given that material from early Mars has been found in meteorites on Earth, it certainly seems reasonable that tens of thousands of tons of terrestrial meteorites may have arrived there during the Late Heavy Bombardment. Research by a team under Ian Crawford and Emily Baldwin of the Birkbeck College School of Earth Sciences at the University of London in 2008 used sophisticated technology to simulate the pressures any such terrestrial meteorites might have experienced during their arrival on the lunar surface. In many cases, the pressures could be low enough to permit the survival of biological markers, making the lunar surface a productive place to look for evidence of early terrestrial life. Any such markers are unlikely to remain on Earth, where they would have been erased long ago by more than three billion years of volcanic activity, later meteor impacts, or simple erosion by wind and rain. However, meteorites arriving on Earth are decelerated by passing through our atmosphere. As a result, while the surface of the meteorite may melt, the interior is often preserved intact. Could a meteorite from Earth survive a high-velocity impact on the lunar surface? Crawford and Baldwin used finite element analysis to simulate the behavior of two different types of meteors impacting the lunar surface. Crawford and Baldwin's group simulated their meteors as cubes, and calculated pressures at 500 points on the surface of the cube as it impacted the lunar surface at a wide range of impact angles and velocities. In the most extreme case they tested (vertical impact at a speed of some 11,180 mph, or 5 kilometers per second), Crawford reports that "some portions" of the simulated meteorite would have melted, but "the bulk of the projectile, and especially the trailing half, was subjected to much lower pressures." At impact velocities of 2.5 kilometers per second or less, "no part of the projectile even approached a peak pressure at which melting would be expected." Crawford concluded that biomarkers ranging from the presence of organic carbon to "actual microfossils" could have survived the relatively low pressures experienced by the trailing edge of a large meteorite impacting the moon. Crawford suggests that the key to finding terrestrial material is to look for water locked inside, these hydrates, can be detected using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Many minerals on Earth are formed in processes involving water, volcanic activity, or both. By contrast, the moon lacks both water and volcanoes. Crawford and his co-authors believe that a high-resolution IR sensor in lunar orbit could be used to detect any large (over one meter) hydrate meteorites on the lunar surface, while a lunar rover with such a sensor "could search for smaller meteorites exposed at the surface." Crawford suggests that it might be necessary to dig below the surface to find terrestrial meteorites. He adds that collecting samples, observing them on the lunar surface, and picking those that warrant a return to Earth for detailed analysis "would be greatly facilitated by a human presence on the moon." The last U.S. astronaut to set foot on the moon, Dr. Harrison Schmitt, was a geologist. With NASA's plans for a return to the moon later in this century shelved, it looks like it will be up to China to search for hydrated rocks, and solve the mystery of how life began on the Earth.

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There hasn’t been a ton of news coming our of the Phoenix Mars Mission, which landed in late May and is still struggling with soil delivery to on-board labs. Scientists worked with engineers last weekend, examining how the icy soil on Mars interacts with the scoop on the Lander’s robotic arm. They are experimenting with various techniques to deliver a sample to one of the instruments. “It has really been a science experiment just learning how to interact with the icy soil on Mars — how it reacts with the scoop, its stickiness, whether it’s better to have it in the shade or the sunlight,” said Phoenix Principal Investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona. A month ago, it was announced that initial chemistry experiments had yielded useful information. “We are awash in chemistry data,” said Michael Hecht of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, lead scientist for the Microscopy, Electrochemistry and Conductivity Analyzer, or MECA, instrument on Phoenix. “We’re trying to understand what is the chemistry of wet soil on Mars, what’s dissolved in it, how acidic or alkaline it is.” Three more wet-chemistry cells are still available for use later in the mission. The Martian soil appears to be an analog to soils found in the upper dry valleys in Antarctica. The soil just below the surface on the landing site is described as very basic, with a pH of between eight and nine. Compounds of salts found there include magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride. Another analytical instrument, the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer (TEGA), has baked its first soil sample to 1,000 degrees Celsius (1,800 degrees Fahrenheit). TEGA scientists have begun analyzing the gases released at a range of temperatures to identify the chemical make-up of soil and ice. Analysis is a weeks-long process. Would the conditions present support life? Well, nothing has been discovered yet that would rule that out.

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With the hope of encouraging Pennsylvanians to better understand their personal finances, Governor Tom Corbett has declared April to be “Financial Education Month” in the state. The administration believes a basic financial education is essential to ensuring that Pennsylvanians of all ages are prepared to manage money, credit, investments, and debt. Pennsylvania Department of Banking is looking to both celebrate and draw attention to public and private education efforts. “One of our goals is to empower people. In the run up to the economic downturn, we saw a lot of very hardworking people make poor decisions with credit cards, mortgage financing, and home purchases,” said Department of Banking spokesperson Ed Novak. The governor believes in order for Pennsylvanians to fully recover from the economic slide, they need to be responsible for better educating themselves. “It’s clear to us that as a starting point for getting ourselves out of this economic downturn, Pennsylvanians need to increase their financial literacy to help them navigate what is becoming an increasingly complex financial marketplace,” said Novak.

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Micro-Air Vehicles (MAVs) A new family of Micro-Air Vehicles (MAVs) that are at least an order of magnitude smaller than current flying systems (less than 15 cm in any dimension) will be developed and demonstrated. The capability to accomplish unique military missions as diverse as covert imaging in constrained areas, biological-chemical agent detection and characterization, remote precision mines, and urban battlefield communications enhancement, will be stressed through an examination of a variety of vehicle concepts. The resulting capability should be especially beneficial in the emerging urban warfighting environment, characterized by its complex topologies, confined spaces and areas (often internal to buildings), and high civilian concentrations. The MAV program will focus on the technologies and components required to enable flight at these small scales, including flight control, propulsion and lightweight power, navigation and communications. These will build upon and exploit numerous DARPA technology development efforts, including advanced communications and information systems, high performance computer technology, Microelectro-mechanical Systems (MEMS), advanced sensors, lightweight, efficient high density power sources, and advanced electronic packaging technologies. FY 2000 activities include development of flight enabling technologies for micro air vehicles, flight demonstration of the hovering Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) system, and complete fabrication and flight test of the fixed wing MAV system. FY 2001 activities include completing advanced Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) development including system fabrication and flight-testing; complete military concept of operation evaluation and complete transition of MAV systems to services. Sources and Methods Created by John Pike Maintained by Steven Aftergood Updated Saturday, November 27, 1999 1:39:56 PM

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Roots to Revival There are approximately thirteen million Hungarians in Central Europe—some ten million of them living in Hungary, a thousand-year-old country that is slightly smaller than Indiana. Calling themselves Magyars, these people speak a unique language and maintain highly distinctive traditions in music, dance, costume, crafts, gastronomy, and more. The Hungarian Heritage: Roots to Revival program at the 2013 Smithsonian Folklife Festival will highlight the vitality of Hungary’s cultural heritage in these areas. It will bring to the National Mall in Washington highly skilled masters and apprentices from rural Central Europe who maintain the traditional knowledge acquired in their native environments. The Festival program will also bring musicians, dancers, and artisans from more urban settings who have revived many of these older traditions to make them part of their daily lives. For instance, the dance-hall (or táncház) movement, which has emerged since the early 1970s, has helped to reinvent the institution of the village dance-hall in urban areas and to disseminate the practice of authentic folk dancing with live musical accompaniment not only in Hungary and neighboring countries (such as Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia), but also in the United States and Canada where large numbers of Hungarians reside. Similarly, the preservation of traditional handicrafts has helped boost a flourishing crafts movement. The Hungarian Heritage program will provide a one-of-a-kind opportunity to experience the rich and authentic traditions of Magyars, to better understand the significance of the Hungarian folk revival movement, and to serve as a meeting place for folk aficionados from around the world. The Hungarian Heritage program is produced by the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage in partnership with the Balassi Institute, Budapest. Watch this video about the ornamental painting and embroidery of Kalocsa, which are emblematic symbols of Hungarian folk art. Produced by the European Folklore Institute, Budapest, Hungary, 2004. Click to enlarge and view captions

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Emacs Lisp uses two kinds of storage for user-created Lisp objects: normal storage and pure storage. Normal storage is where all the new data created during an Emacs session are kept (see Garbage Collection). Pure storage is used for certain data in the preloaded standard Lisp files—data that should never change during actual use of Emacs. Pure storage is allocated only while temacs is loading the standard preloaded Lisp libraries. In the file emacs, it is marked as read-only (on operating systems that permit this), so that the memory space can be shared by all the Emacs jobs running on the machine at once. Pure storage is not expandable; a fixed amount is allocated when Emacs is compiled, and if that is not sufficient for the preloaded libraries, temacs allocates dynamic memory for the part that didn't fit. The resulting image will work, but garbage collection (see Garbage Collection) is disabled in this situation, causing a memory leak. Such an overflow normally won't happen unless you try to preload additional libraries or add features to the standard ones. Emacs will display a warning about the overflow when it starts. If this happens, you should increase the compilation SYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA in the file src/puresize.h and rebuild Emacs. This function makes a copy in pure storage of object, and returns it. It copies a string by simply making a new string with the same characters, but without text properties, in pure storage. It recursively copies the contents of vectors and cons cells. It does not make copies of other objects such as symbols, but just returns them unchanged. It signals an error if asked to copy markers. This function is a no-op except while Emacs is being built and dumped; it is usually called only in preloaded Lisp files. The value of this variable is the number of bytes of pure storage allocated so far. Typically, in a dumped Emacs, this number is very close to the total amount of pure storage available—if it were not, we would preallocate less. This variable determines whether defunshould make a copy of the function definition in pure storage. If it is non- nil, then the function definition is copied into pure storage. This flag is twhile loading all of the basic functions for building Emacs initially (allowing those functions to be shareable and non-collectible). Dumping Emacs as an executable always writes nilin this variable, regardless of the value it actually has before and after dumping. You should not change this flag in a running Emacs.

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Guide Dogs NSW/ACT continually surveys people who use our services, and has identified road crossings as the greatest concern to clients. Comments one client: "Crossing the road is a matter of life or death for me. It's bad enough having bad eye sight, without having broken bones . . ." Poorly designed or constructed road crossings are the single most hazardous aspect in the built environment for people who have impaired vision. To ensure that everyone in the community is able to cross a road safely, the following factors should be considered during road construction: When crossing a road, people who have impaired vision often use the kerb ramp to align themselves and then walk in a straight line to the other side. If the ramp does not align squarely with the kerb, it can lead people on an angle into the roadway, rather than directly across the street. It is important, therefore, that: - Kerb ramps align squarely with the direction of road traffic; - Kerb ramps on either side of the road are directly aligned with each other; - Kerb ramps align with pedestrian refuge islands. A blended kerb is one in which there is no significant drop from the footpath to street level; the path simply flows onto the road. This is an issue for people who are blind or have impaired vision. They rely on traditional kerbs and kerb ramps to indicate where the footpath ends and the road begins. With a blended kerb, they can find themselves in the middle of the road without knowing that they have left the footpath. While blended kerbs provide easy transition for sighted people with mobility difficulties, they create great problems and are very dangerous to people who have impaired vision. One way to improve safety in this scenario is to install tactile ground surface indicators (TGSI) between where the footpath ends and the road begins. This will alert people who have impaired vision that they are about to step onto a road. Pedestrian Refuge Islands A pedestrian refuge island is a small concrete or paved island in the middle of a road that allows people to cross in stages. However, if the island is the same level and surface as the road, people who have impaired vision may be unable to identify where the refuge ends and the road starts. The NSW Roads and Traffic Authority has developed specifications for the construction of refuge islands in NSW. Tactile ground surface indicators (TGSI) provide information that enables people who have impaired vision to locate a refuge island either tactually or using their residual vision. Audio Tactile Systems Audio-tactile push-button signals (ATS) are located at pedestrian crossings and are used to indicate when traffic lights have changed to a walk phase. These signals are particularly useful for people who are blind or have impaired vision. The tactile signal is detected through the plate immediately above the push button. When the pedestrian walk signal is red or in the "Don't Walk" phase, it emits slow beeps and the tactile plate pulses slowly. When the pedestrian walk signal is green or in the "Walk" phase, the control emits faster beeps and the tactile plate pulses rapidly. The tactile information is useful when ambient noise levels are high, or when the person using the signal does not have good hearing. When installing the push button control on a pole, the pole should be placed within easy reach of the kerb ramp or crossing point wherever possible. The directional arrow on the push plate provides information to the person who is unable to see the direction of the crossing and therefore should be positioned within easy reach. If the push button is located away from the crossing, the audio signal may not be able to be heard. Share this page with a friend

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Reviewed by Brian Dirck (Assistant Professor of History, Anderson Univerity) Published on H-Indiana (May, 2000) Most Mediocre of All Don Carlos Buell does not seem to have left much of a mark on the Civil War's outcome, despite having performed adequately in some important tasks. As commander of the Union Army of the Ohio from the beginning of the war through October, 1862, Buell oversaw the capture of Nashville. He is perhaps best known for having come to the rescue of a beleaguered Ulysses S. Grant at Shiloh, and for stopping -- or at least getting in the way of -- Braxton Bragg during his invasion of Kentucky. But when Buell left the army under a cloud in late 1862 for his failure to pursue Bragg after the Battle of Perryville, few seemed to care or even notice. He lacked the colorful eccentricities of William T. Sherman or Stonewall Jackson, the solid record of success in critical moments like George S. Thomas or James Longstreet, or even the spectacular failures of Ambrose Burnside. Buell seemed like the Civil War equivalent of tapioca pudding, a man who "had only participated in, not contributed to, the military conquest of the Confederacy" (p. 350). This relative obscurity is one reason why, until now, Buell did not have a biography. Another reason is the relative paucity of sources. He left behind no diary, and his personal correspondence is of such a dry, official nature that it reveals little about the man himself. Despite these handicaps, Stephen D. Engle has taken on the difficult task of trying to write a biography of this colorless and in many ways inaccessible man. On paper Buell had all of the necessary qualifications to be a good general. Raised in a strict Presbyterian household in southern Indiana, he learned personal discipline and attention to duty at an early age. These values helped make him a decent, if not outstanding, West Point cadet and Regular Army officer. He distinguished himself for bravery under fire during the Mexican War, receiving a serious chest wound which nearly killed him. Unlike so many of his contemporaries who left the army as soon as the excitement ended, Buell stayed on after the war, apparently unperturbed by the tedium and low pay of the peacetime army. "The army defined his life," Engle points out, "indeed, it became his family" (p. 64-65). When the Civil War broke out, Buell's West Point pedigree and solid military resume landed him a division in the Army of the Potomac, and eventually command of the entire Department of the Ohio, encompassing large portions of Kentucky and Tennessee. He held one of the most important posts in the Union army, and was in a perfect position to distinguish himself. However, he failed to seize the initiative in the western theater. Buell was a good organizer and a firm disciplinarian, but he was unwilling to move against the enemy with anything less than perfect preparation. He subsequently resisted attempts by the Lincoln administration to get him to invade eastern Tennessee and relieve its Unionist populace on logistical grounds, to the point that he alienated the president and many of his supporters. He also routinely returned runaway slaves to their white Southern owners, much to the chagrin of many of his own officers and men. "Buell continued to believe that his army was an extension of good government and offered the olive branch whenever and wherever he could," Engle writes. "In this he remained true to his belief in limited war for limited goals, even when it became evident that many of his soldiers opposed it." (p. 285). One byproduct of this limited war philosophy was a warmaking pace which Engle rather charitably describes as "horrendously tedious." (p. 270). How slow was Buell? He is surely the only man during the Civil War to earn the dubious distinction of being criticized by both George B. McClellan and Henry W. Halleck -- two truly outstanding slowpokes -- for his glacial movements. Buell's leisurely pace drove Abraham Lincoln to distraction, called into question his competence by colleagues and newspapermen, and in the end severely damaged his army's morale. "He is the slowest person I ever had the misfortune to be associated with, and [he] tries my patience in the severest manner almost daily," wrote one angry subordinate (p. 246). His slowness was equaled only by his almost uncanny ability to alienate enlisted men, officers, reporters and politicians alike with what seemed a brusque indifference to their welfare or opinions. It should not have turned out this way; Buell had all the tools for success at his disposal, if only he had known how to use them. A native midwesterner commanding mostly midwestern troops (many from his home state of Indiana), possessed of a strong military bearing and appearance, and renowned for his personal bravery, he should have made an outstanding leader of men. But the subtle skills of inspiring volunteer soldiers were lost on him. He seemed singularly uninterested in the impression he made on his soldiers or on the politicians who could decide his professional fate. Buell was a born bureaucrat rather than a leader, who was "better at managing than waging war and was at his best when it came to bureaucratic red tape" (p. 191). Engle argues that, in the end, the Civil War simply passed Buell by, turning into a political and social revolution which bewildered and dismayed him. He "refused to accept the effective war the Union needed to wage" (p. 320). Buell's extremely lenient policy of reconciliation towards white Southerners seemed out of step with the times, and his unwillingness to embrace the more radical war measures of property confiscation and emancipation left him open to charges of sympathy with the enemy. Even his one significant contribution to the Union victory at Shiloh was eclipsed by Grant's and Sherman's exploits on that battlefield, a fact which bothered him greatly in the years after the war. He engaged in public and bitter arguments with his former friend Sherman and others over his role at Shiloh, none of which seemed to matter. "Tragically, he died without recognizing that his story had been written in the collective memory of Americans who came to believe he was a failure," Engle writes, and "consequently, Buell's life ended the way it began, in obscurity" (p. 363). Engle is remarkably evenhanded in his treatment of these issues, resisting the temptation to write either an apologia for Buell or a harsh condemnation of his actions. He also negotiates the blanks and empty spaces in Buell's life with admirable skill, offering plausible speculation on matters such as Buell's racial views where there is insufficient evidence for definitive conclusions. Engle is a careful, judicious biographer, and while he sometimes presses his speculations just a bit too far -- in his suggestions concerning the influence of French military philosopher Antoine Henri Jomini on Buell's military philosophy, for example -- such occasions are rare and quite forgivable. On the whole, Professor Engle has given Don Carlos Buell a solid and fitting biography. Copyright (c) 2000 by H-Net, all rights reserved. This work may be copied for non-profit educational use if proper credit is given to the author and the list. For other permission, please contact H-Net@H-Net.MSU.EDU. If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl. Brian Dirck. Review of Engle, Stephen D., Don Carlos Buell: Most Promising of All. H-Indiana, H-Net Reviews. Copyright © 2000 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at email@example.com.

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35 - The Philosopher's Toolkit: Aristotle's Logical Works Peter discusses Aristotle’s pioneering work in logic, and looks at related issues like the ten categories and the famous “sea battle” argument for determinism. You are missing some Flash content that should appear here! Perhaps your browser cannot display it, or maybe it did not initialize correctly. • J. Hintikka, Time and Necessity. Studies in Aristotle's Theory of Modality (Oxford:1973). • W. Leszl, “Aristotle's Logical Works and His Conception of Logic,” Topoi 23 (2004), 71–100. • R. Smith, "Logic," in J. Barnes (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (Cambridge: 1995), 27-65. • S. Waterlow, Passage and Possibility (Oxford: 1982). On the "sea battle" problem: • G.E.M. Anscombe, “Aristotle and the Sea Battle,” in J.M.E. Moravcsik (ed.), Aristotle: a Collection of Critical Essays, (1967), reprinted from Mind 65 (1956). • D. Frede, “The Sea-Battle Reconsidered: a Defence of the Traditional Interpretation,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 3 (1985). • J. Hintikka, “The Once and Future Sea Fight: Aristotle’s Discussion of Future Contingents in de Interpretatione 9,” in his Time and Necessity (see above).

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The IHS Division of Oral Health is an ADA CERP Recognized Provider This course is not subject to the lottery. It is offered as an in-service only. This two-hour presentation is intended to provide the very latest information on the prevention and management of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Both clinical and community-based interventions will be presented and the learning group will discuss the implementation of these interventions in their local communities. Furthermore, the presentation will review dental program GPRA objectives, ECC, the effects of pop on children’s health, and effective health education strategies. It is the policy of the Indian Health Service [IHS], Division of Oral Health [DOH], that faculty/presenters disclose any significant financial or other relationships with commercial companies whose products may be discussed in the activity. The IHS, DOH also requires faculty disclose any unlabeled or investigational use [not yet approved for any purpose] of pharmaceutical products and medical devices. This course has been planned and implemented in accordance with the ADA CERP Recognition Standards and Procedures. None of the faculty/presenters for this activity has a conflict of interest, and there is no use of unlabeled or investigational pharmaceutical products or medical devices. The educational objectives, content and selection of educational methods and instructors are conducted independent of any commercial entity. Concerns or complaints about this course may be directed to firstname.lastname@example.org or to ADA CERP at http://www.ada.org/goto/cerp. Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to: 1. List at least three modes of delivering fluoride. 2. Describe at least one strategy to recruit school-age children to the dental clinic for sealants. 3. Describe at least one strategy to recruit more infants and toddlers to the dental program for screening and fluoride. 4. List at least two strategies to improve the effectiveness of health education. It is the policy of the Indian Health Service, Division of Oral Health, that faculty/planners disclose any financial or other relationships with commercial companies whose products may be discussed in the educational activity. The Indian Health Service, Division of Oral Health, also requires that faculty disclose any unlabeled or investigative use of pharmaceutical products and medical devices. Images that have been falsified or manipulated to misrepresent treatment outcomes are prohibited. None of the faculty/planners for this activity has a conflict of interest, and there is no use of unlabeled or investigative pharmaceutical products or medical devices. No images have been falsified or manipulated to misrepresent treatment outcomes.The educational objectives, content, and selection of educational methods and instructors are conducted independent of any commercial entity. Concerns or complaints about this course may be directed to Mary Beth Kinney or to ADA CERP (http://www.ada.org/goto/cerp). Tuition Payment Information: Tuition must be paid in full 8 weeks prior to the start date of any course. Request for refunds must be received in writing at least two weeks before the course begins. For each refund request, there will be an administrative charge of $100. No refunds will be made to registrants who fail to attend a course. If IHS CDE program cancels a course, then 100% of the tuition will be refunded.

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Ovary Freezing to Beat the Biological Clock Beating the Clock? Frozen Ovaries Make Headlines More women are waiting to start their families, delaying pregnancy until their mid- to late-30s, 40s and beyond. While pregnancy in a woman's later years can carry some complications, "the biggest risk of delaying pregnancy is not being able to get pregnant at all," said Dr. Jill Powell, assistant professor of medicine in the department of obstetrics, gynecology and women's health at Saint Louis University School of Medicine. "We see all these celebrities having babies -even twins- in their 40s,and we take it for granted that we will be able to do it too." Powell cautions that women will experience a big drop in fertility beginning around age 38. It then falls more precipitously 40... St. Louis' Dr. Silber Makes Women's Health History One bright spot has surfaced in the field of fertility and it started here in St. Louis. The ability to freeze and transplant ovaries is a new option for women facing cancer therapy or for those women who want to delay pregnancy until later years. Dr. Sherman Silber, director of the Infertility Center at St. Luke's Hospital, made international headlines with research presented this month at the annual meeting of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) held in San Francisco. "We can transplant ovaries without any loss of ovarian tissue or eggs, and it functions perfectly normally whether it's fresh or frozen," Silber said. He and his team performed a ground-breaking trial in which they transplanted an identical twin's ovary to her twin sister. A year later, the transplant recipient successfully conceived a child. The twin receiving the transplant had previously been unable to conceive due to premature ovarian failure... While the details of this case are intriguing -- one twin helping another to achieve motherhood -- the real breakthrough, according to Silber, is the science. "We can freeze the ovaries of young women who are going to lose their fertility over time and transplant them back later, and they (the ovaries) won't have aged," he said. Providing Hope for Young Women with Cancer The breakthrough offers hope for women undergoing reproductively-destructive therapies, such as women with cancer facing chemotherapy or radiation. "If we take the ovary out, freeze it, save it and transplant it back later, they will be fertile again," Silber noted. This new application builds on current science that allows women to have their eggs frozen. "But freezing the ovary and putting it back is much more sure for the patient than egg freezing," asserted Silber. "If you put all those eggs in one basket, and she goes through in-vitro fertilization, she can't have any better chance of pregnancy than 50 percent. If she is not pregnant from that, then she's finished." Other research presented at this month's ASRM conference included a case study of one woman who had her ovary removed, frozen and then restored by Silber's team, a procedure they have performed nine times... If you have any questions, you may call us at (314) 576-1400. - Oocyte vitrification—Women’s emancipation set in stone - Fertility and Sterility - Egg, Ovarian Tissue, Embryo, and Sperm Freezing - In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) - Egg Donation - Freezing the Biological Clock [video] - Ovarian Tissue Freezing [technical video] - News Coverage of Ovary Transplantation - Vitrification [video] - Complex Surgery Involved In First Successful Whole Ovary Transplant - Giving An Ovary To My Twin Was A 'Magical' Opportunity

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This week 150 years ago in the Civil War saw Union and Confederate gunboats vying for control of the lower Mississippi River and its tributaries. The winter of 1863 brings a formidable, new player to the fray: a powerful ironclad riverboat called The USS Indianola. The fortified city of Vicksburg, Miss., atop bluffs lining the Mississippi River, remained in Confederate hands at this stage of the war. But Union forces have eventual hopes of wresting Vicksburg and other points downriver from the Confederacy to control the entire river. If the entire waterway could be seized by the Union, it would effectively split the Confederacy in two. To that end, the Union in mid-February 1863 sent the Cincinnati-built Indianola down the Mississippi. On Feb. 13, the Indianola rushed passed Confederate guns firing from Vicksburg. None of the rebel shots struck the Indianola. But Confederate gunboats and rebel rams still plied the river nearby and posed a danger that would doom the Indianola within days. Elsewhere, winter has prevented major fighting. Both sides await better weather and passable roads. Soldiers trade letters with loved ones back home, where many worry about those missing or lost to combat or disease. One commanding officer wrote in a note from Tennessee—published Feb. 23, 1863, in the Daily Illinois state Journal in Springfield, Ill.—that loved ones This Week in The Civil War, for week of Sunday, Feb. 24: Ramming, surrender of Union ironclad Indianola. The USS Indianola, an ironclad that joined the Union's Mississippi River squadron in early 1863, had run the gauntlet of Confederate artillery at Vicksburg, Miss., on Feb. 13, 1863. But the recently built gunboat with armored plating and 11-inch Dahlgren guns would soon meet an early demise. While patrolling the Mississippi near the mouth of the Red River, the Indianola came under attack Feb. 24, 1863, by two enemy rams. Pursued and rammed several times, the Union ironclad lost power and ran aground. Its crew had no choice but to surrender. The loss of the Indianola struck a major blow to the Union Navy in its struggle to gain supremacy over the lower Mississippi. Days afterward, The Mobile Advertiser & Register in Alabama reported on the Indianola's surrender in a dispatch from Port Gibson, Miss. The report quoted Confederate Lt. Col. Fred B. Brand as saying vessels under his control pursued the U.S. ironclad and "engaged her for an hour." Some of the fighting was at close quarters before it was quickly over. "We went alongside, when Commander Lieut. Brown, U.S.N., surrendered to me. As all credit is due to (Confederate) Major Brent, I have turned over to him, in a sinking condition, the prize which we hope to save. Only five were hurt." Confederate forces, hoping to claim the partially sunk river gunboat as their own, did try to salvage the Indianola but detonated the ship's magazine when another Union vessel approached. Badly damaged by the blast, the Indianola would never be restored to service even after the Union took Vicksburg in July 1863. Elsewhere this week 150 years ago in the war, Confederate fighters seized and destroyed Union supplies being carried by mule train through Tennessee. This Week in The Civil War, for week of Sunday, March 3: Lincoln signs Enrollment Act to draft new troops. When the Civil War erupted in April 1861, many on both sides of the conflict had expected it to be a short-lived war. But nearly two years later, after several big battles and horrific numbers of casualties, President Abraham Lincoln was compelled to sign the first Enrollment Act—instituting the first wartime draft in American history on March 3, 1863. The move 150 years ago during the Civil War was a controversial step. But the conflict was dragging on far longer than any had expected and the Union wasn't raising enough troops for combat by other means. Thus, Lincoln needed more manpower for the fight, much as the Confederacy did in resorting to a draft months earlier. The act required enrollment of every male citizen ages 20-45, with certain exemptions, and male immigrants of that age who had signed intent of becoming U.S. citizens. Nonetheless, exemptions from the draft could be bought for $300 each draft period, or by finding a substitute draftee. Those exemptions would lead to violent riots for days in July 1863 in New York City, when the first inductees were called. Fueling the draft riots was widespread outrage that such exemptions could only be afforded by the wealthy, making the conflict a "poor man's fight." Months later, the $300 "commutation fee" would be repealed by Congress. The Associated Press reports more fighting, near Franklin, Tenn., as 2,000 rebels are repelled by Union forces and compelled to retreat. AP reporters 70 prisoners have been seized by Union forces in Tennessee and some were being kept under heavy guard in shackles on suspicion of "murder" in the death of Union soldiers elsewhere. This Week in The Civil War, for week of Sunday, March 10: Sinking of USS Mississippi. This week 150 years ago in the Civil War, the Union lost the USS Mississippi when the warship ran aground on the Mississippi River. Built in 1839, the side-wheel steamer had taken part in expeditions during the war against Mexico and also in the Mediterranean and Pacific waters before the Civil War. The ship had been part of a Union squadron led by the famed future admiral, David Farragut, who captured New Orleans in 1862. However, the Mississippi remained most of its time at New Orleans after the conquest because it was designed as deep draft ocean-going vessel. On March 14, 1863, the ship ran aground attempting to pass Confederate batteries near Fort Hudson as part of a battle group seeking to run upriver on the key inland waterway. Feverish attempts were made under enemy fire to free the Mississippi, but the efforts proved fruitless and Union officers had to blow up the ship. Set ablaze, the ship drifted downriver before its magazine loaded with gunpowder exploded and it sank. In a March 19, 1863, dispatch about the sinking, The Richmond Whig newspaper reported the Mississippi had been burned and Farragut's attack fleet driven back. It said Confederate forces opened fire when the Mississippi and other vessels tried to pass Southern batteries at night and only one or two ships could get beyond that gauntlet. "The firing was terrific. One gunboat passed in a damaged condition and the U.S. sloop-of-war Mississippi was burnt to the water's edge in front of one of our batteries." Added The Richmond Whig: "Our victory was complete. No casualties on our part. Thirty-six men and one midshipman of the Mississippi were brought in by our cavalry, several of them severely wounded."

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You can help: All these towns need Town Leaders To learn more about becoming a town leader please read this pdf .-, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z Reference: When these letters appear the town has Town Leader, KehilaLinks, Projects, Documents << Previous - Next >> A town can be named in different ways (in Yiddish, in Russian, in Polish, in Ukrainian...), Many town names have changed over time and many can be spelled differently depending on the transliteration rules applied. Ukraine SIG has chosen as the main town name the official one around 1900. Town names in this time period are the ones that are most widely known among Jewish genealogy researchers. The 1900s-era town names are consistent with the clickable maps of 1910 that we feature on our website. In addition, we use Alexander Beider's system for transliterating town names (except for some special very know cases where a different English name is widely know like Moscow or Kiev). This town list shows only 1900 town names, not modern names. However, the Ukraine SIG database stores most of the alternate names and you can search for them (using D-M soundex) through the town search box on the top-right of each website page. The town page will show all alternate names as well as the different names by period (1900, 1930, 1950, modern).

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As the planet becomes increasingly covered with concrete, Tarun Naik says at least some of it could be used to help the environment rather than hurt it. Some of the negative consequences are worrisome. The production of one ton of cement, the paste used to make concrete, creates almost an equal amount of greenhouse gases. That's more than 1.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year, says Naik, a University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee engineering professor. Concrete roads and buildings have been linked to "hot city syndrome," a condition in which temperatures keep rising in urban areas. There's a direct link between concrete and global warming, according to Naik, who has spent decades studying greener alternatives to conventional cement and concrete. What's more, entire geographical regions of the world are running out of limestone to make cement, Naik says. "As limestone becomes a limited resource, employment and construction associated with the concrete industry will decline," he wrote in a recent study about the sustainability of the cement and concrete industries. Naik and his colleagues are seeking ways to make the use of concrete more sustainable and environmentally friendly. It's a huge task since concrete is second only to water when it comes to the consumption of materials worldwide. "It's a global issue. China alone plans to double or triple its cement capacity in the near future," said Rudolph Kraus, assistant director of the UWM Center for By-Products Utilization, which is doing research on cement and concrete. Researchers are studying things such as porous pavement that allows the earth to breathe and take in water. Stone and soil underneath porous pavement acts as a reservoir and cleans runoff water like the filter on a fish tank. "It's a sore point with me that we spend millions of dollars a year flushing storm water into Lake Michigan," Naik said. Porous concrete study Highway barriers made from porous concrete could absorb sound and act as sponges that soak up greenhouse gases, according to Naik. Currently, he and other UWM researchers are trying to quantify how well porous concrete absorbs carbon dioxide. They're exposing crushed concrete to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, triggering a chemical reaction that sequesters the gas and keeps it from leaching out. Through the reaction, which converts calcium hydroxide to limestone, porous concrete gets stronger. But eventually the material becomes saturated with carbon dioxide and stops absorbing it. Researchers don't know how long it takes to reach the saturation point, though it might be years. When a porous highway barrier stopped absorbing gas, it could be torn down and recycled to make new concrete. "Even if it only sequestered a small amount of carbon dioxide, it would be a step in the right direction," Naik said. Buildings made from porous concrete could help cleanse indoor air. Ordinary concrete walls absorb some carbon dioxide, but not much of it because the surface isn't very porous. Porous concrete could help filter storm water in parking lots. Studies have shown that most pollutants would be trapped in the material rather than passed through to the aquifer. Crushed concrete could be used to cleanse waste gases from power plants. And fly ash, a waste product from coal-burning power plants, has been used as a substitute for cement in making concrete. "By using fly ash in place of cement, we cut the corresponding amount of CO2 emissions," Naik said. "It has been a holy grail to use 100 percent fly ash. We have had successes with this idea in lab-produced concrete. However, it has not yet been implemented in real-world practice." The building materials industry recognizes it has environmental issues, but not everyone agrees that porous concrete provides many solutions. The material isn't necessarily compatible with climates that have frequent freeze-and-thaw cycles, said David Schulz, an engineering professor at Northwestern University and former Milwaukee County executive. "Road builders spend a lot of time and money trying to keep water out of concrete," Schulz said. "In the winter it freezes and expands with incredible pressure. That's what causes the breakup of a lot of concrete." But in tests done in Wisconsin, porous concrete has held up well to freezing and thawing, Naik said. One of the tests, in Port Washington, involved the use of porous concrete on a road. After 10 years of exposure to year-round weather, the road was undamaged. Another test, in Green Bay, is under way to evaluate porous concrete in a parking lot and truck loading area. So far, after four years, there's not been any damage from freeze and thaw cycles, Naik said. The U.S. Department of Energy concluded that porous concrete would not suffer winter damage, assuming the proper mix of materials is used and water is not allowed to saturate the porous material. As long as water drains through it and into the ground below, there should not be a problem, according to Naik. The Portland Cement Association, which represents U.S. cement companies, is at the center of the environmental debate. Cement companies have improved their environmental performance and are constantly evaluating new materials and ideas, said David Shepherd, the association's director of sustainable development Industrial waste that used to clog landfills is now added to concrete mixes to reduce the reliance on raw materials. When it's constantly recycled, concrete produces very little waste, Shepherd said. "You certainly would not make concrete as a remedial solution for carbon dioxide, but I think the industry will be spending money trying to figure out what our overall impact is" on greenhouse gases, Shepherd said.

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The first historical records of Yoga appear around 7th century BCE India. Sages transmitted teachings orally so no one knows really when Yoga began. Suffice it to say several millennia ago, people (mainly men) with few distractions like television and nuclear families, lots of time on their hands and a deep connection to Nature started opening their doors of perception. Yogis explore consciousness, through practices that affect powerful metabolic and perceptual changes, to experience a more expanded, unified reality. Yoga uses many different means – action, devotion, knowledge, meditation - to access and honour this reality. At the core of all Yoga approaches lies a belief in one Supreme Consciousness, a deep yearning for a personal experience of this Consciousness, and liberation from everyday suffering. Yoga has always manifested in two streams: main and marginal. Like any social trend, the marginal informed the main; the main civilised the marginal. The marginal sought transformation through extreme efforts, like standing naked on one leg under a tree. Later, the Bhagavad Gita democratized Yoga; Patanjali catalogued it; Vedanta rationalized it; Tantra materialised it. All forms say the same thing: your essential Self and Supreme Consciousness are cut from the same cosmic cloth; look deep inside and find out for yourself. The Bhagavad Gita The Bhagavad Gita ranks as one of the most definitive texts in Yoga philosophy. It belongs to an epic work, the Mahabharata, about a war between cousins. The Gita presents a conversation between Krishna and Arjuna, a warrior who comes to terms with a moral dilemma: his duty to fight his family in battle. Understandably, Arjuna isn’t keen on the idea. He accepts his duty by trusting Krishna, who, being a god, sees the bigger picture: that the wheels of war are already in motion, that bodies must die but spirit lives on, that by offering all his actions to Krishna, Arjuna sanctifies them. The Gita additionally explains how to use devotion (bhakti) and knowledge (jnana) to know God: start at the top and trust; offer your action, devotion or study to God and know that God will take it from there for the highest good of all. Before the Gita (around 300-200 BCE), only rulers, warriors and priests could practice Yoga. Householders had to defect to the forests to find God. The Gita guided anyone to improve their life (and rebirths) through Yoga regardless of class, occupation, inclination or gender. The Gita showed how to work, pray, or think your way to a better life and peace of mind, in the comfort of your own home. Patanjali lived in a binary spiritual world where Supreme Consciousness was sought at the expense of any other experience. Around 200CE, he developed a detailed guide to Enlightenment (Samadhi). Samadhi literally means ‘placing together’. With respect to consciousness, Samadhi gathers all one’s energies together in a deep calmness as we rest in our unchanging Self. The everyday flakiness of our thoughts stops driving us crazy. Because Samadhi is our underlying reality, we experience it through stopping the mental and emotional gymnastics we normally put ourselves through. Patanjali steers us toward our true nature in different ways depending on how steady our minds are. A select few people experience Samadhi inherently; others need a little coaching in meditation; but most of us don’t know how special we are and so need a multi-pronged approach to get the point. The 8-limbs (Ashtanga) system lays this out. Two limbs explain how to behave, two strengthen the body and mind, three progress to meditation and the last one concerns Samadhi itself. Yoga postures (asana) get a measly two lines because Patanjali is really into sitting in meditation. He also advocates austere practices (tapas) that restore one’s focus away from the trifles of life Whatever changes, obscures Truth. Don’t worry, be happy! Vedanta expands upon the ancient teachings of the Upanishads. The Upanishads teach that Supreme consciousness (Brahman) and our consciousness (Jiva) are identical, just as a bottle dropped in the ocean fills with the same ocean. The Upanishads are a pretty unruly body of information, full of stories, advice, conflicting perspectives and apparently random verses. It took a lot of critical thinking to make sense of them. Around 800 Shankaracharya, a superior mind and the major defender of Vedanta, did just that. He organized the teachings of the Upanishads into a map of Consciousness that was more user-friendly and established Vedanta as a major player in Yoga philosophy. Basically, we/Jiva are Brahman, but we’ve forgotten because a veil of illusion (Maya) deludes us. We identify with this illusion until we either strip it away or see life from a higher perspective and remember. Vedanta goes to Hollywood with the Wizard of Oz. Dorothy rejected life in Kansas. Through her ignorance, just to get back to where she started, her adventures almost kill her. From a higher perspective – over the rainbow - she realizes where she started is where she belongs. She had the power to return home - her red shoes - all along; nobody could take it from her. Once home again she wakes up from the dream. 800CE. Kashmir: breath-takingly beautiful, like California without Hollywood. Food is plentiful, life is good. In a place where Nature shakes her booty so fabulously it’s easy to believe that God lives in everything. This setting fosters Kashmir Shaivism, a main branch of Tantra that synthesizes several Yoga traditions into an inclusive and graceful world view. You know God by embracing life. Tantra worships the Goddess (Shakti) and regards Her energy as the dynamic force that creates life out of unmanifested existence (Shiva). In this way Tantric practices – some of which push the boundaries of social norms - integrate male/female, good/bad as two essential sides of the same coin. In Tantra, everything – even ignorance and illusion– belongs to Supreme Consciousness, therefore everything is sacred and can lead to enlightenment. By expanding our own consciousness we discover this. The teacher initiates the student into the practices. Ritual, sound, movement, the body can all contribute to the experience of one-ness. Hatha Yoga, a system of postures and breathing exercises to purify and transform the body (and by extension, our consciousness), evolved under the influence of Tantra. Tantra is the last main school of Yoga; after the 14th Century Islam began to impose its perspective on Indian thought.

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Patellar Tendonitis (Jumper's Knee) Click Image to Enlarge Jumper's knee, also known as patellar tendonitis, is a condition characterized by inflammation of the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap to shin bone (tibia). The condition may be caused by overuse of the knee joint, such as frequent jumping on hard surfaces. The following are the most common symptoms of jumper's knee. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: - Pain and tenderness around the patellar tendon - Pain with jumping, running, or walking - Pain with bending or straightening the leg - Tenderness behind the lower portion of the kneecap The symptoms of jumper's knee may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your doctor for a diagnosis. In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for jumper's knee may include a radiograph of the knee. This would involve a negative image of the knee, taken with photographic film, using exposure to X-rays or gamma rays passing through matter or tissue in the body. Specific treatment for jumper's knee will be determined by your doctor based on: - Your age, overall health, and medical history - Extent of the condition - Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - Expectations for the course of the condition - Your opinion or preference The best course of treatment for jumper's knee is to discontinue any activity that is causing the condition, until the injury is healed. Other treatment may include: - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications - Ice pack application (to reduce swelling) - Stretching and strengthening exercises Click here to view the Online Resources of Men's Health

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Find More Accuracy in the Treatment of Brain Tumor by Stereotactic Radiosurgery Stereotactic radiotherapy (also called stereotaxy) is a type of minimally invasive surgical intervention. It uses radiation treatment to deliver a large and precise radiation dose to the tumor area in a single session. This type of surgery applies a three-dimensional coordinates system to locate small targets inside the body. With the help of gamma knife, radiation beams are focused at the tumor from various angles for a short period of time. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) can be performed by several other machines such as X-Knife, CyberKnife and Clinac. It is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders that are difficult to be treated by regular surgery. This type of surgery works under three main components. The first one is stereotactic planning system; it includes multimodality image matching tools. The stereotactic atlas is a series of cross sections of anatomical structure. In most atlases, the three dimensions are as latero-lateral (x), dorso-ventral (y) and rostro-caudal (z). Another one is a stereotactic device or apparatus which uses a set of three coordinates (x, y and z). And the last one is stereotactic localization and placement procedure. This therapy works in the same way as other forms of radiation treatment. Instead of removing the tumor, stereotactic radiotherapy damages the DNA of tumor cells. In this way malignant and metastatic tumors may shrink more rapidly. Stereotactic radiosurgery can effectively treat different types of tumors including benign, malignant, primary, metastatic, single and multiple. A study in 2008 by The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center revealed that SRS and Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) for the treatment of metastatic brain tumors have more that twice the risk of developing leaning and memory problems than treated with SRS alone.

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Streaks of condensed water vapor created in the air by jet airplanes at high altitudes. (Merriam-Websters) Streamer of cloud sometimes observed behind an airplane flying in clear, cold, humid air. (Encyclopaedia Britannica) A visible cloud streak, usually brilliantly white in color, which trails behind a missile or other vehicle in flight under certain conditions. (DOD Dictionary of Military Terms) Contrails can exist in two forms: water droplet and ice crystal. Under what conditions do Contrails form? The primary factors in contrail formation are air temperature and moisture content. They are usually seen at the higher colder altidtudes, but will even occur at ground level in Antartica, sometimes causing a visibility problem for jets that take too long to take-off. Contrails started becoming a common sight during World War II, when bombers started flying at altitudes above 30,000 feet. They can exist in two forms: water and ice. A water droplet contrail occurs when an airplane flies though cold and supersaturated moist air and the warm water vapour produced by the engine condenses into tiny droplets. Under colder temperatures the water will freeze creating suspended ice-crystals. The following graph represents contrail data collected for Houston, TX over several months. See the Trail Research Report for full details. Temperature and Humidity (degrees of separation between Dew Point and Temperature). Red points indicate longer relative contrail persistence, blue shorter persistence. A Contrail forms upon condensation of water vapour produced by the combustion of fuel in the airplane engines. When the ambient relative humidity is high, the resulting water-droplet and/or ice-crystal plume may last for several hours. The trail may be distorted by the winds, etc. (Encyclopaedia Britannica) What are Chemtrails? Streaks of chemicals created in the air by spray systems on airplanes at any altitude. Chemicals are sprayed via planes for many purposes including crop dusting and mosquito control. Also fuel is sometimes dumped to reduce weight before landing. But within the Chemtrail observer community Chemtrails are the product of an active large scale operation. Chemtrails are said to vary from contrails in their length of persistence. What the hell is really going on? Some people are reporting what they describe to be unusual activity in the sky, including jets leaving trails at low altitudes, spray lines creating X’s, S’s and parallel lines, lines that slowly spread to create a canopy of haze, and reports of unusual smells, tastes, and even illness related to the trails. Also, a reddish-brown gel, dropped from low-flying aircraft, has been observed by people in the past and was even documented on Unsolved Mysteries. Samples of this substance have been alledgedly analyzed by Margareta-Erminia Cassani and found to be teaming with biological organisms. What would be the purpose of releasing these chemicals or biological agents? This must be decided by the reader for themselves. There are currently three main hypothesis: Humans have had the ability to physically affect the weather since learning how to seed clouds in 1946, or possibly 1880. The popular conception of weather manipulation is limited to cloud seeding, but the possibility that the extents of our abilities may have progressed in the meantime is definitely plausible. The fact that the military is very interested in weather control is no secret and many propose that the Chemtrail Phenomena is a part of this. If true, what is the goal of the weather modification and what negative effects could it have on the environment? NASA is currently conducting several programs that are studying the effects of contrails on weather and the effects do not appear to be beneficial. The use of chemical and biological agents by a government against it’s own people is, unfortunately, a historical fact. Even unintentional accidents can occur. But, some people suggest that Chemtrails could actually be part of a program to reduce the population and many feel Chemtrails have caused them to become ill and perhaps they are right. If the Chemtrails contain biological agents then people already weakened by other factors may have even died as a result of the additional strain on their systems, but could such a diabolical purpose be the ultimate goal? History has taught that even the most unconscionable schemes can be made into reality by men filled with fear and hate, and with such weapons in the hands of government we must remain vigilant until answers are forthcoming. Chemical and biological weapons have been used for centuries but have recently entered the world stage as a primary threat. Biological agents have the ability to spread and multiply in casualties. These bioweapons are easy to produce and difficult, but possible, to defend against. The recent actions of the military to require anthrax vaccines for all service personnel show that this matter is of high importance. Some propose that the government may be quietly releasing bioagents to vaccinate citizens via the air. This could account for reported illnesses since a vaccine sometimes makes a person sick. Municipal water supplies might not be universal enough and could be easily sampled and tested, but everyone breathes the air. And the federal government rules the air. Why would Chemtrails be created in the daytime where anyone could see? Since spraying is being reported day and night, it may be a necessity of the magnitude of the operation. Also, if people noticed trails that only occurred under the cover of darkness they might be more inclined to become suspicious. But when unusual activity occurs in the sky during broad daylight it goes unnoticed because the human mind attempts to interpret things based on past experience, thus a Chemtrail would be just a Contrail to most. If they even bothered to look up and notice. Why would Chemtrails be created in such noticeable patterns? If jet planes are used to provide aerial spray coverage of a particular area, and the planes are leaving a trail, there are going to be unusual patterns in the sky. Again, the human oblivious factor comes in to play to lower the impact of the lines. When did all this start? Reports of Chemtrails began slowly gaining momentum in 1999, and are increasing rapidly in 2000. There are reports and photographic evidence to suggest that some spraying was occuring as early as 1990. What evidence exists to support a Chemtrail operation? No concrete proof exists and no govermental admissions have been issued for the Chemtrail operation. It has been openly admitted by the Pentagon that the U.S. military has performed many biological warfare tests on unknowing servicemen in the past, additionally the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post have even reported that civilians may have died as a result of exposure to live agents sprayed by the Army and Navy during biological warfare tests. There are thousands of reports and hundreds of photos. You must decide for yourself what they amount to. Some people think it is just contrails, but many are saying that there is more, that something unusual is happening. New research indicates that there may be a unique type of trail. Using atmospheric soundings and Flight Explorer, the trails over Houston, TX were observed, measured and analyzed. See the Trail Research Report for full details. Houston, TX 1/20/01 5:57-6:07pm: Example Flight Explorer Display. Red indicates greater than 27,000 ft, Orange are lower altitude, and Blue have landed. What countries have reports of Chemtrails? Who are the responsible parties? The largest number of reports seems to be from the US, followed by Canada. Several other countries have some reports, often noted by western visitors. Since reports are coming from multiple countries, it seems to transcend individual governments. But with no obvious controlling body the answer remains to be seen. |Country||United Nations||NATO Member||NATO Partner| What is a Sundog, Chemdog? Why did I see two suns? These effects are all caused by the refraction of light. In meteorology, Halo is the name given to a ring of light surrounding the sun or moon. This effect is produced by light as it passes through ice crystals suspended in the air. A Sundog is an even more elusive natural phenomena, which, utilizes the hexagonal shape of the ice crystals along with a “prefered” horizontal orientation of the crystal’s flat faces. The Sundog appears, as a bright spot of light, usually to the left or right of the Halo, while the sun is lower in the sky. A Sunring, Chemring, or Chembow is based on the same priciple but created in the haze of heavy daytime spraying instead of ice crystals. These chemical Sunrings are quite large, probably larger than the water based 22 degree rings. The ring can appear as a 360 degree muted rainbow under ideal conditions. Along the ring, a chemical Sundog, or Chemdog may occur. This has been described by some as “two suns“. Also a Chemdog may be formed in the precipitation of particles from below a Chemtrail. In this case the full Sunring is not created, but the brighter Chemdog is seen. What is an Iridescent Chembow? Why did I see a rainbow in a cloud or Chemtrail? This effect is caused by the diffraction of light. This is caused by Cloud Iridescence which occurs when sunlight is diffracted by water droplets to create an irregular-shaped rainbow. This effect can also be seen lighting up Chemtrails with a bright blob of spectrum-colors. The term Chembow is popularly used to apply to both the “bow” of the Sunring and the rainbow-colored patch of the Iridescence effect. Perhaps more correctly applied to the former, as it actually is a bow. What is the deal with the black lines? Dark lines or trails in the sky can be caused by a variety of things. Sometimes even normal contrails can appear dark due to lighting effects or excessive pollution. Many black lines are the result of a trail casting a shadow onto a canopy of haze below. It can have the appearance of proceeding the airplane if the sun is shining from behind. Cloud cutting, the process in which a plane flies through a layer of cirrus aviaticus can sometimes create channels which also appear dark. What about the silver orbs? A rare but documented phenomena, silver orbs, which are also described as white or nickle in color, have been observed in conjunction with spraying. They are reported to hover in the general area of Chemtrails and then leave. These may be advanced military drones involved with testing the components of the trails. Sighting locations include California, Texas and Alabama. This information is from http://www.chemtrailcentral.com/chemfaq.shtml

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by Staff Writers Washington DC (SPX) Jun 15, 2012 Two of our Milky Way's neighbor galaxies may have had a close encounter billions of years ago, recent studies with the National Science Foundation's Green Bank Telescope (GBT) indicate. The new observations confirm a disputed 2004 discovery of hydrogen gas streaming between the giant Andromeda Galaxy, also known as M31, and the Triangulum Galaxy, or M33. "The properties of this gas indicate that these two galaxies may have passed close together in the distant past," said Jay Lockman, of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). "Studying what may be a gaseous link between the two can give us a new key to understanding the evolution of both galaxies," he added. The two galaxies, about 2.6 and 3 million light-years, respectively, from Earth, are members of the Local Group of galaxies that includes our own Milky Way and about 30 others. The hydrogen "bridge" between the galaxies was discovered in 2004 by astronomers using the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope in the Netherlands, but other scientists questioned the discovery on technical grounds. Detailed studies with the highly-sensitive GBT confirmed the existence of the bridge, and showed six dense clumps of gas in the stream. Observations of these clumps showed that they share roughly the same relative velocity with respect to Earth as the two galaxies, strengthening the argument that they are part of a bridge between the two. When galaxies pass close to each other, one result is "tidal tails" of gas pulled into intergalactic space from the galaxies as lengthy streams. "We think it's very likely that the hydrogen gas we see between M31 and M33 is the remnant of a tidal tail that originated during a close encounter, probably billions of years ago," said Spencer Wolfe, of West Virginia University. "The encounter had to be long ago, because neither galaxy shows evidence of disruption today," he added. "The gas we studied is very tenuous and its radio emission is extremely faint - so faint that it is beyond the reach of most radio telescopes," Lockman said. "We plan to use the advanced capabilities of the GBT to continue this work and learn more about both the gas and, hopefully, the orbital histories of the two galaxies," he added. Lockman and Wolfe worked with D.J. Pisano, of West Virginia University, and Stacy McGaigh and Edward Shaya of the University of Maryland. The scientists presented their findings at the American Astronomical Society's meeting in Anchorage, Alaska. National Radio Astronomy Observatory Stellar Chemistry, The Universe And All Within It Comment on this article via your Facebook, Yahoo, AOL, Hotmail login. WISE Finds Few Brown Dwarfs Close to Home Pasadena CA (JPL) Jun 15, 2012 Astronomers are getting to know the neighbors better. Our sun resides within a spiral arm of our Milky Way galaxy about two-thirds of the way out from the center. It lives in a fairly calm, suburb-like area with an average number of stellar residents. Recently, NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, has been turning up a new crowd of stars close to home: the coldest of the brown dw ... read more |The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2012 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement|

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Effects of High-intensity Training on Performance and Physiology of Endurance Athletes Carl D Paton, Will G Hopkins Sportscience 8, 25-40, 2004 Endurance in relation to athletic performance has been defined in various ways. In this article we have reviewed effects of high-intensity training not only on athletic endurance performance but also on underlying changes in the aerobic energy system. Endurance for our purposes therefore refers to sustained high-intensity events powered mainly by aerobic metabolism. Such events last ~30 s or more (Greenhaff and Timmons, 1998). Training for endurance athletes generally emphasizes participation in long-duration low- or moderate-intensity exercise during the base or preparation phase of the season, with the inclusion of shorter-duration high-intensity efforts as the competitive phase approaches. The effects of low- to moderate-intensity endurance training on aerobic fitness are well documented (see Jones and Carter, 2000 for review), but reviews of high-intensity training on endurance performance have focused only on describing the effects of resistance training (Tanaka and Swensen, 1998), the effects of resistance training with runners (Jung, 2003), and the different types of interval training used by athletes (Billat, 2001a) and studied by researchers (Billat, 2001b). Furthermore, previous reviews have included the effects of high-intensity training on untrained or recreationally active subjects, so findings may not be applicable to competitive athletes. The purpose of this review was therefore to describe the effects of high-intensity training on performance and relevant physiological characteristics of endurance athletes. We identified most relevant publications through previous reviews and our own reference collections. We found 22 original-research peer-reviewed articles that identified competitive endurance athletes as the subjects in a study of effects of high-intensity training on performance or related physiology. We excluded studies of recreationally active subjects or of subjects whose characteristics were not consistent with those of competitive athletes, including Daniels et al. (1978), Hickson et al. (1988), Tabata et al. (1996), Franch et al. (1998), and Norris and Petersen (1998). We did not perform a systematic search of SportDiscus or Medline databases for theses or for non-English articles, and we did not include data from chapters in books. We assigned the training to two categories: Resistance training: sets of explosive sport-specific movements against added resistance, usual or traditional weight training (slow repeated movements of weights), explosive weight training, or plyometrics and other explosive movements resisted only by body mass (Table 1). Interval training: single or repeated intervals of sport-specific exercise with no additional resistance (Table 2). Classification of some resistance-training studies was difficult, owing to the mix of exercises or lack of detail. In particular, all the studies we classified under explosive sport-specific resisted movements probably included some non-explosive resisted movements and some plyometrics. We classified the duration and intensity of intervals in Table 2 as follows: supramaximal (<2 min), maximal (2-10 min) and submaximal (>10 min), where "maximal" refers to the intensity corresponding to maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). The supramaximal intervals will have been performed at or near all-out effort; the maximal intervals will have started at less than maximum effort, but effort will have approached maximum by the end of each interval; the submaximal intervals can be considered as being close to anaerobic threshold pace (a pace that can be sustained for ~45 min), and effort will have risen to near maximum by the end of each interval. A major concern with all but one of the studies we reviewed is that the high-intensity training interventions were performed in the non-competitive phases of the athletes’ season, when there was otherwise little or no intense training. Authors who have monitored endurance athletes throughout a season have reported substantial improvements in performance and changes in related physiological measures as athletes progress from the base training to competitive phases (Barbeau et al., 1993; Lucia et al., 2000; Galy et al., 2003). Indeed, our own unpublished observations show that well-trained cyclists ordinarily make improvements in power output of ~8% in laboratory time trials as they progress from base through competitive phases of their season. The large improvement in performance as the competitive phase approaches occurs because athletes normally include higher intensity endurance training as part of a periodized program. It therefore seems unlikely that the large improvements reported in studies performed during a non-competitive phase would be of the same magnitude if the studies were performed in the competitive phase, when the athletes ordinarily include higher intensity training in their program. Indeed, in the only training study we could find performed during the competitive phase of a season, Toussaint and Vervoorn (1990) found that 10 weeks of sport-specific resistance training improved race performance time in national level competitive swimmers by ~1%. Though such improvements appear small, they are important for elite swimmers (Pyne et al., 2004), and the estimated change in power of ~3% is certainly greater than the ~0.5% that is considered important in other high-level sports (Hopkins et al., 1999). Analysis of Performance Measures of performance in real or staged competitions are best for evaluating the effects of training interventions on competitive athletes (Hopkins et al., 1999). Toussaint et al. (1990) were the only researchers to use competitive performance in a study of high-intensity training. The others have opted instead for laboratory-based ergometer tests or solo field tests, which may not reproduce the motivating effect of competition. Appendix 1 summarizes the effects from sport-specific time trials and constant-power tests, sorted into the same three intensity/duration categories as the interval training. Appendix 2 summarizes the effects on maximum power in incremental tests. To permit comparison of effects, we have converted outcomes in the various performance tests into percent changes in mean or maximum power, using the methods of Hopkins et al. (2001). Footnotes in the appendices indicate which measures needed conversion. The remaining tables show the effects of high-intensity training on physiological measures related to endurance performance: maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max, Appendix 3), anaerobic threshold, exercise economy (Appendix 4), and body mass (Appendix 5). Most endurance events are performed at a nearly constant pace, and for those performed at an intensity below VO2max mean performance power or speed is the product of VO2max, the fraction of VO2max sustained, and aerobic energy economy (di Prampero, 1986). Provided they can be measured with sufficient precision, percent changes in each of these components are therefore worth documenting, because they translate directly into percent changes in endurance power. Of course, training is likely to change more than one of these components, so researchers serious about identifying the mechanism of a change in performance should assess all three. Most authors of the studies we reviewed measured VO2max, usually in an incremental test. Some also measured economy (work done per liter of oxygen consumed) from VO2 measurement either in middle stages of the incremental test or at a fixed work rate in a separate test. Where necessary, we re-expressed percent changes in VO2max and economy for VO2 measured in units of L.min‑1, to avoid difficulties in interpretation arising from changes in mass when VO2 is expressed as ml.min‑1.kg‑1. No authors measured the fraction of VO2max sustained in the endurance test itself (requiring measurement of VO2 throughout the test), but some measured the anaerobic threshold, usually from an analysis of blood lactate concentration during an incremental test. Depending in its method of measurement, the anaerobic threshold occurs at ~85% of VO2max, an intensity that an athlete can sustain for ~30-60 min (Jones and Carter, 2000). One can therefore assume that percent changes in the anaerobic threshold will translate directly into percent changes in fractional utilization of VO2max in a sub-VO2maximal event. Authors in two studies provided the anaerobic threshold as a power rather than a percent of VO2max; in this form the measure is effectively already a nett measure of submaximal endurance performance, with contributions from VO2max, fractional utilization of VO2max, and economy. We therefore included these measures in Appendix 1 in the subgroup of submaximal tests. The relevance of changes in anaerobic threshold to changes in endurance performance at maximal and supramaximal intensities is unclear, but for such events (lasting up to ~10 min) anaerobic capacity makes a substantial contribution to performance (Greenhaff and Timmons, 1998). None of the studies we reviewed included critical-power or other modeling of performance to estimate the contribution of changes in anaerobic capacity resulting from high-intensity training. However, a practical and much more reliable measure of anaerobic capacity is performance in sprints lasting ~30 s, which we have included as supramaximal tests in Appendix 1. mass is an important determinant of performance in running The outcomes from individual studies are shown in Appendices 1-5, at the end of this article. Table 3 represents a summary derived from the appendices and justified in the following sections. Appendix 1 shows that maximal and supramaximal intervals produced equally impressive gains (3.0-8.3%) on performance at submaximal intensities. The magnitude of the largest improvement (Westgarth-Taylor et al., 1997) is likely to be due to either sampling variation or a computational error, because it is not consistent with the smaller gains (4.6 and 8.3%) in two similar studies by the same group (Lindsay et al., 1996; Weston et al., 1997). Explosive resistance training was less effective (0.3 and 1.0%) over the same time frame as the interval training studies (~4 wk), and even after 9 wk the gains were still not as great (2.9 and 4.0%) as with interval training. In the only study of the effect of usual weight training on submaximal endurance, there were opposing effects on anaerobic threshold power (2.6%) and time-trial power (‑1.8%) in the same subjects after 12 wk. The authors suggested that the non-specific movement and speed of the weight training accounted for its failure to enhance time-trial performance (Bishop et al., 1999). Explosive sport-specific movements produced the greatest gains in maximal endurance tests (1.9-5.2%) after 8-9 wk (Appendix 1). Maximum intervals were less effective (2.8%), although the duration of training was only 4 wk. Plyometric jumps were less beneficial (1.2%). Not surprisingly, the highest-intensity training produced the greatest enhancements in the supramaximal tests (Appendix 1). The very large gain with explosive weights (11%) was more than twice that with supramaximal intervals and explosive sport-specific resistance (3.0-4.6%). Maximal intervals had little effect (0.4%). There was only one study of the effects of submaximal intervals (Sjodin et al., 1982), and it did not include measures of performance power. The effects on VO2max, anaerobic threshold, and economy in that study, if they were additive, would be consistent with ~6% enhancement of submaximal endurance and possibly 2-4% on supramaximal and maximal endurance respectively. Maximum-intensity intervals appear to be the most effective form of high-intensity training for improving maximum incremental power (by 2.5-7.0%; Appendix 2). Gains appear to be smaller with explosive sport-specific resistance training (2.3% and 6.0%) and supramaximal intervals (1.0-4.7%), and possibly smaller still with explosive weights (2.0%). Remarkably, a gain of 4.7% was achieved in only four sessions of supramaximal intervals (Laursen et al., 2002a). These improvements will transfer to time-trial performance to some extent, because maximum power achieved in an incremental test correlates well with time-trial performance (Noakes et al., 1990; Hawley and Noakes, 1992; Bourdin et al., 2004). Exactly how they will transfer might depend on the duration of the time trial. Most of an incremental test is performed at submaximal intensities, but the last minute or two is maximal and supramaximal. Performance in the test will therefore be determined by a mix of VO2max, anaerobic threshold, economy, and anaerobic capacity. If the mix does not reproduce that of the time trial, enhancements of one or more components of the mix will produce changes in maximum incremental power that differ from those in time-trial performance. It is evident from Appendix 3 that the largest improvements in VO2max occurred with maximal-intensity interval training (gains of 2.3-7.1%). Supramaximal intervals were probably less effective (impairment of 0.6% in one study, enhancements of 2.2% and 3.5% in two others). The changes can occur rapidly: Laursen et al. (2002a) recorded an increase of 3.5% after a total of only four supramaximal sessions in two weeks. Explosive weight training can produce smaller gains (up to 2.0%), but the various forms of resistance training had a predominantly negative effect on VO2max. Improvements in other physiological measures can offset this effect and result in nett improvements in endurance performance following resistance training. One cannot draw a firm conclusion about the effect of explosive resistance training on the anaerobic threshold in Appendix 4, given that there were major enhancements in three studies (5.0-7.1%) and substantial impairments in two others (2.0 and 2.1%). In the only study of presumably maximal intervals, the gain was ~5.0%, whereas the gain was less (1.5%) in the only study of submaximal intervals. Although the claim of 39% increase in economy from explosive sport-specific resistance training in Appendix 4 is almost certainly erroneous, it is clear from the other studies in the table that explosive resistance training in general produced spectacular beneficial effects (3.5-18%) on this endurance parameter. Plyometrics may be only a little less effective (3.1-8.6%). The effects of interval training were least for submaximal (2.8%) and greater for a mixture of submaximal and maximal (6.5%). It is reasonably clear from Appendix 5 that explosive resistance training increased body mass by ~1%, presumably via an increase in muscle mass. Any direct harmful effects of this increase in mass on performance were inconsequential, given the large enhancements that this form of training produced in power output of all durations. Usual weight training may produce increases in body mass that are greater (2.8% in one study) and therefore more likely to impair performance in some sports. High-intensity interval and resistance training in an endurance athlete’s non-competitive phase can substantially improve performance and related physiological measures. Interval training at intensities around VO2max (intervals lasting 2-10 min) improves mainly submaximal endurance performance (by ~6%) through improvements of all three components of the aerobic system (VO2max, anaerobic threshold, economy). Effects of longer intervals at lower intensity have unclear but possibly similar effects on performance, judging by their effects on the components of the aerobic system. Higher intensities of interval training (intervals of <2 min) probably have similar benefit for submaximal endurance and possibly less benefit (~4%) for shorter durations of endurance performance, but the contribution of aerobic components is unclear. Explosive resistance training produces some benefit (~2%) for submaximal endurance, but probably more benefit (4-8%) for maximal and supramaximal endurance. The effects of explosive resistance training are mediated at least partly by major increases in economy, possibly by increases in anaerobic threshold, but probably not by increases in VO2max. Increases in body mass with this kind of resistance training are not an issue. Many high-level endurance athletes will already include high-intensity intervals in their training leading up to and including the competitive phase. For these athletes adding more intervals is not necessarily a good strategy, but altering the mix to reduce the volume of lower intensity intervals and increase the volume of higher intensity intervals may be beneficial. Athletes who do not currently include sport-specific explosive resistance training are almost certain to experience substantial gains in performance by adding this form of training to their programs. A partially selective effect of the different kinds of training on physiological measures raises the possibility of prescribing training to correct weaknesses in these measures. On the basis of the existing research one can tentatively recommend adding or increasing explosive resistance training for an athlete with a poor economy and/or poor anaerobic capacity, and adding or increasing maximal intervals for an athlete with a poor VO2max. We need more research aimed at filling voids in the matrix of different kinds of training vs effects on performance and physiology. In particular: We need to know more about the effects of non-specific resistance training (especially plyometrics and usual weights) on performance and some aspects of physiology. The effects of supramaximal intervals on anaerobic threshold and economy need more research. The one study on physiological effects of submaximal intervals needs augmenting with studies that include performance measures. High-intensity sport-specific resistance training of the non-explosive variety has not been investigated other than in the one study that was performed in the competitive phase. This new research will give us a more complete understanding of how each type of high-intensity training in isolation affects endurance performance. More importantly, it will give us a better indication of the possibility of prescribing training to correct deficits in an athlete's physiological profile. Well-designed studies of individualized training prescription will further address this issue. From the perspective of the athlete and coach, the most important question is how best to combine the various kinds of high-intensity training before and during the competitive phase of the season. There is currently only one study of high-intensity training of athletes in the competitive phase. We need more, and we need studies of periodization of high-intensity training in the phases leading to competition. Acevedo EO, Goldfarb AH (1989). Increased training intensity effects on plasma lactate, ventilatory threshold and endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, 563-568 Barbeau P, Serresse O, Boulay MR (1993). Using maximal and submaximal aerobic variables to monitor elite cyclists during a season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25, 1062-1069 Bastiaans JJ, van_Diemen AB, Veneberg T, Jeukendrup AE (2001). The effects of replacing a portion of endurance training by explosive strength training on performance in trained cyclists. European Journal of Applied Physiology 86, 79-84 Billat V (2001a). Interval training for performance: a scientific and empirical practice. Part1: Aerobic interval training. Sports Medicine 31, 13-31 Billat V (2001b). Interval training for performance: a scientific and empirical practice. Part 2: Anaerobic interval training. Sports Medicine 31, 75-90 Billat VL, Flechet B, Petit B, Muriaux G, Koralsztein J (1999). Interval training at VO2max: effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31, 156-163 Bishop D, Jenkins DG, Mackinnon LT, McEniery M, Carey MF (1999). The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31, 886-891 Bourdin M, Messonnier L, Hager JP, Lacour JR (2004). Peak power output predicts rowing ergometer performance in elite rowers. International Journal of Sports Medicine 25, 368-373 Creer AR, Ricard MD, Conlee RK, Hoyt GL, Parcell AC (2004). Neural, metabolic, and performance adaptations to four weeks of high intensity sprint-interval training in trained cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine 25, 92-98 Daniels JT, Yarbrough RA, Foster C (1978). Changes in VO2max and running performance with training. European Journal of Applied Physiology 39, 249-254 di Prampero PE (1986). The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water. International Journal of Sports Medicine 7, 55-72 Franch J, Madsen K, Mogens SD, Pedersen PK (1998). Improved running economy following intensified training correlates with reduced ventilatory demands. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, 1250-1256 Galy O, Manetta J, Coste O, Maimoun L, Chamari K, Hue O (2003). Maximal oxygen uptake and power of lower limbs during a competitive season in triathletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 13, 185-193 Greenhaff PL, Timmons JA (1998). Interaction between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during intense muscle contraction. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 26, 1-30 Hawley JA, Noakes TD (1992). Peak power output predicts maximal oxygen uptake and performance time in trained cyclists. European Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 79-83 Hickson RC, Dvorak BA, Gorostiaga EM, Kurowski TT, Foster C (1988). Potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. 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Effects of concurrent endurance and strength training on running economy and VO2 kinetics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34, 1351-1359 Noakes TD, Myburgh KH, Schall R (1990). Peak treadmill running velocity during the VO2max test predicts running performance. Journal of Sports Sciences 8, 35-45 Norris SR, Petersen SR (1998). Effects of endurance training on transient oxygen uptake responses in cyclists. Journal of Sports Sciences 16, 733-738 Osteras H, Helgerud J, Hoff J (2002). Maximal strength-training effects on force-velocity and force-power relationships explain increases in aerobic performance in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology 88, 255-263 Paavolainen L, Hakkinen K, Hamalainen I, Nummela A, Rusko H (1999). Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. Journal of Applied Physiology 86, 1527-1533 Paavolainen L, Hakkinen K, Rusko H (1991). Effects of explosive type strength training on physical performance characteristics in cross-country skiers. European Journal of Applied Physiology 62, 251-255 Pyne D, Trewin C, Hopkins W (2004). Progression and variability of competitive performance of Olympic swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences 22, 613-620 Sjodin B, Jacobs I, Svendenhag J (1982). Changes in onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) and muscle enzymes after training. European Journal of Applied Physiology 49, 45-57 Smith TP, McNaughton LR, Marshall K, J. (1999). Effects of 4-wk training using Vmax/Tmax on VO2max and performance in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31, 892-896 Spurrs RW, Murphy AJ, Watsford ML (2003). The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology 89, 1-7 Stepto NK, Hawley JA, Dennis SC, Hopkins WG (1999). Effects of different interval-training programs on cycling time-trial performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31, 736-741 Tabata I, Nishimura K, Kouzaki YH, Ogita F, Miyachi M, Yamamoto K (1996). Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO2 Max. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 28, 1327-1330 Tanaka H, Swensen T (1998). Impact of resistance training on endurance performance: a new form of cross training? Sports Medicine 25, 191-200 Toussaint HM, Vervoorn K (1990). Effects of high resistance training in the water on competitive swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine 11, 228-233 Turner AM, Owimngs M, Schwane JA (2003). Improvements in running economy after 6 weeks of plyometric training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 17, 60-67 Westgarth-Taylor C, Hawley JA, Rickard S, Myburgh KH, Noakes TD, Dennis SD (1997). Metabolic and performance adaptations to interval training in endurance-trained cyclists. 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Acidic (tart, sour): All wines contain some acids and young wines are generally more acidic than older ones; however, improperly balanced wines may taste acidic or sour because of an abnormally high acid content. Aroma: The smell of a wine, often used interchangeably with bouquet. The term is generally applied to the fruit-based impressions of a young wine, while bouquet is reserved for more aged wines. Astringent: The dry, puckering effect on the inside of the mouth due to an overly tannic wine. Balanced: A wine in which all its components (acidity, alcohol, fruity quality, tannins, sugar, extract, and other characteristics) are in harmony, and none masks the other. Bitter: Harsh, unpleasant taste typically caused by an excess of tannins in the wine. A negative trait with the exception of some red Italian wines. Body: The weighty feeling in the mouth due to the wines alcoholic content and its extracts. Wines are considered light, medium, or full-bodied. Bouquet: The layers of smells and odors in a wine. Brettanomyces (Brett): A rogue yeast that can affect the taste and smell of wine. It is very difficult to get rid of once it has infected the wine making surfaces. The odors range from a barnyard to band-aids. In small amounts, however, these smells can add interest to the wine. Buttery: A rich, creamy smell and flavors reminiscent of butter that comes often to wines matured in oak barrels. Chewy: Balanced tannins that are not overwhelming. Being chewy can be a positive attribute for wine. Complex: A wine that is multi-layered in flavors and aromas. Each sip brings another flavor and reveals another nuance. Good wines are usually complex, great wines even more so. Crisp: The term used to describe white wines with a refreshing fresh flavor and good acidity. Dry: A wine that has little or no perception of sweetness. Earthy: Wine with aromas and flavor reminiscent of damp soil or a forest floor. This is a positive attribute and the reflection of all the effects the local environment had on the production of the wine. Finish: The impression (or aftertaste), long or short, strong or weak, that lingers after you have swallowed a wine. Harsh: A derogatory term used to describe a wine that has unbalanced tannins and acidity. Legs: The tracks of liquid that cling to the sides of a glass after the contents have been swirled. A more viscous wine (fuller body) will create thicker, more slowly flowing legs as it descends along the glass. It is also said to be related to the alcohol content of a wine. Legs are also called tears. Meritage: A red Meritage must be made from a blend of at least two of the following varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Petit Verdot or Carmenère, with no varietal comprising more than 90% of the blend and a white Meritage must be made from a blend of at least two or more of the following varieties: Sauvignon Blanc, Sémillon or Muscadelle du Bordelais, with no varietal comprising more than 90% of the blend. To use the term Meritage, wine makers must license the Meritage trademark from its owner, the California-based Meritage Alliance that sets the standards for the Bordeaux-style blends. Nose: A term used for the general smell or aroma of a wine. Oak: The term used to describe the flavor of wines that have been aged in small oak barrels. This includes creamy body, caramel, nutmeg, vanilla and smoky or toasted flavors Oxidized: A wine that has experienced to much exposure to oxidation, considered faulty, and may exhibit sherry-like odors. Robust: A full bodied wine with strong and pronounced flavors. Rosé: A type of wine that incorporates some of the color from the grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a red wine. Rosé wine is generally a distinctive pale red color and most often produced using black-skinned grapes that are crushed and the skins allowed to remain in contact with the juice for only a short period, typically one to three days, then pressed, and the skins discarded. (In traditional red wine making the skins are left in contact throughout the fermentation process.) Sharp: A wine in which the acidity is out of balance, bitter from the wine’s tannin and unpleasant. Smokey: A characteristic of a wine exhibiting the aromas and flavors of smoke from barrel aging. Smooth (or soft): Easy drinking wine with a pleasing texture, typically a red wine with mild tannins or white wine with low acidity. Supple: A wine that is both vigorous and smooth, not overly tannic. Sweet: A wine with a noticeable sense of sugar. A sweet wine retains some sugar after fermentation has ended. Tannic: A wine with abundant tannins. Tannins: Chemicals found in the seeds and skins of grapes, especially reds. It is a bitter-tasting material which adds structure to red wine. Tannins can also be astringent if they are not balanced by fruit. Yeasty: The term that describes a wine with aromas and flavor of bread dough or biscuits.

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This article presents ideas on how to help your students remember vocabulary. - The implications for teaching - Memorable teaching - Learner training - Noting and storing vocabulary "And what's your mobile phone number, sir?" As the question is put to me I suddenly realise that I can't remember my number. I repeated it to myself over and over a few days before, it's there somewhere in my mind but I just can't get the information. Much to my embarrassment, I have to resort to finding it in my diary. Everyone who has tried to force themselves to learn information will know the problem. Despite repeating it again and again and being able to hold it in our short-term memory, keeping information in our long-term memory is much more difficult. Despite the fact that there seems to be an infinite amount of information that can be stored there, getting things into our long-term memory and back again can be a difficult process. So why is it that we forget information? Decay theory suggests that unless we use the information that is stored regularly, it will slowly disappear from our memory. A second theory suggests that information in fact stays in our memory, but we are unable to reach it. Cue-dependent forgetting is an idea based on experiments where subjects found they forgot lists of learnt words but could remember them if they were given appropriate information to help them recall. With a cue, ('It's a fruit' when they were trying to remember the word 'pear') students' performance was greatly enhanced. The implications for teaching As teachers we need to take this into account and find ways of helping students to combat the effects of memory decay and give them the tools to improve their retrieval ability. We also need to think of ways of making the experience of learning vocabulary more memorable and of recycling the information that we teach. There are many things we can do to make the learning process more memorable for our learners. Using pictures, interesting contexts and stories can help memory and giving the students the opportunity to practise the new vocabulary in personalised and meaningful tasks are also essential tools. The idea is that if the students are asked to analyse and react personally to new information, it will help them process the language more deeply, facilitating their ability to retain it in their long-term memory. This also is a powerful argument for using guided discovery techniques that require the students to find the meaning of vocabulary (with help and guidance from the teacher) and to own the learning process. By giving the students opportunities to revise vocabulary in the classroom we will be able to help students remember it. This can be done at the start and end of a lesson with a quick warmer (see the Try - Vocabulary for suggestions). Getting students to keep a bank of cards (see Think - Vocabulary and Autonomy, Visnja Pavicic) is also a great idea. I like to divide the class into groups of four or five, giving each group a set of blank cards. At the end of the lesson/week I brainstorm all the words onto the board and ask each group to write the words onto their cards. I bring the cards back every week enabling the students to test each other in groups or in a mingle, put the words into categories and justify their choices and even build a story by sharing the cards and adding sentences using a word on a card. By encouraging the students to retrieve the words in subsequent lessons and repeatedly re-exposing them to what has been presented, we are able to counteract the effects of forgetting. Most of the responsibility for retaining the new items falls on the students' shoulders. Some may be unaware of this and even unsure of the best ways to aid memory. It is essential therefore that class time is spent highlighting the importance of learning strategies. It is a good idea to start early in the course. Raise your students' awareness of the difficulties they will have remembering, and highlight what they can do. You can tell them some of the following: - try to use the new words either in class, for homework or in some other way - look out for the words and expressions you are trying to learn when you are reading or listening to English - write short stories or paragraphs connecting the words and expressions that you want to learn - write personalised sentences using the new words, something that is relevant to your life - keep the words you want to learn in a small notebook with an example sentence. You can then take it with you wherever you go and when you have a few minutes (whilst waiting for a bus), test yourself. It would be very beneficial to point out to the students that they should revise the vocabulary themselves at regular intervals, e.g. looking again the next day, then next two days after that, then four days and then a week later etc. Noting and storing vocabulary Helping your students to organise their notes will also benefit them in their studying. You can show alternative ways to organise a vocabulary notebook (using diagrams, word trees or bubble networks) and get the students to compare ways that they find most useful. Also point out to them the benefits of adding things like the phonemic transcription, definitions, example sentences, the part of speech of the item they are recording, prepositions, and the importance of learning words with associated meanings together. By taking all of this into account we are better equipped to help our students deal with the difficult task of trying to remember all of the lexis that comes their way. And who knows, one day I may even remember my mobile phone number. Richard Frost, British Council - Teaching resources - Teacher development - Teacher training

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Mobile IP is a standard that allows users with mobile devices whose IP addresses are associated with one network to stay connected when moving to a network with a different IP address. Mobile IP provides an efficient, scalable mechanism for node mobility within the Internet. Using Mobile IP, nodes may change their point-of-attachment to the Internet without changing their IP address. This allows them to maintain transport and higher-layer connections while moving. Node mobility is realized without the need to propagate host-specific routes throughout the Internet routing fabric. When a user leaves the network with which his device is associated (home network) and enters the domain of a foreign network, the foreign network uses the Mobile IP protocol to inform the home network of a care-of address to which all packets for the user's device should be sent. The Mobile IP protocol enables nodes to move from one IP subnet to another. Each mobile node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its current point of attachment to the Internet. While situated away from its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care-of address, which provides information about its current point of attachment to the Internet. The protocol allows registration of the care-of address with a home agent. The home agent sends datagrams destined for the mobile node through a tunnel to the care-of address. After arriving at the end of the tunnel, each datagram is then delivered to the mobile node. It can be used for mobility across both homogeneous and heterogeneous media. Mobile IP defines a set of new control messages, sent with UDP, Registration Request and Registration Reply. Mobile IP Terminology: Mobile Node (MN): A node capable of performing network roaming Home Agent (HA): IP address of the mobile node's home agent (such as a router). Foreign Agent (FA): IP address of the mobile node's foreign agent (such as a router). Care of Address (CA): Address of the end-of-tunnel towards the mobile node Correspondent Node (CN): The other node that the MN is communicating with Home Address : Mobile’s permanent IP address Mobile IP References:

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NOLAN, MATTHEW (1834–1864). Matthew Nolan, Mexican War veteran, Texas Ranger, Nueces County sheriff, and Confederate cavalry officer, was born in 1834 in Providence, Rhode Island. He was the son of Irish immigrants. Some sources claim he was born in New York. His parents died when he and his older sister Mary and younger brother Tom were children, leaving them on their own. Mary married a soldier and enlisted her brothers as buglers in Zachary Taylor's Second Dragoons. She became a laundress so that she could travel with her husband and brothers to Texas on the eve of the Mexican War. They settled in Corpus Christi until Taylor moved his army to the Rio Grande valley at the beginning of the war. By this time Mary was working as a hospital matron. Matthew and Tom Nolan were at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma and traveled with the army until the end of the war in 1848 and then returned to Corpus Christi. In 1850 Nolan joined John S. "Rip" Ford's Texas Ranger unit as a bugler where he distinguished himself in a May 26, 1850, skirmish with Comanche Indians near Fort Merrill. In Ford's memoirs he wrote that Nolan "rushed barefoot through prickly pear to get a shot at the retreating foe." Nolan stayed with Rip Ford and the Texas Rangers during the 1850s and fought minor territorial battles throughout Texas. In 1858 Nolan was elected sheriff of Nueces County, and he named his brother Tom a deputy sheriff. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Nolan raised a company of volunteers from Corpus Christi and joined the Second Texas Cavalry. He fought along the Mexican border with his former commander Ford. He returned to Corpus Christi to marry Margaret J. McMahon on May 22, 1862. Nolan rejoined his regiment to take part in the January 1, 1863, recapture of Galveston Island. His actions in the battle of Galveston led to his promotion to major. Later in 1863 Nolan was sent back to a volatile Corpus Christi to help keep the peace in South Texas and monitor the coast. Corpus Christi was equally divided between Northern and Southerner sympathizers. Ford employed Nolan to keep watch on Cecilio Balerio, Union sympathizer and rancher. With Ford's blessing, Nolan was reelected to county sheriff on August 1, 1864. His job was to arrest, "perfidious renegades." One of these "renegades," former sheriff H. W. Barry, was a Mexican War veteran who was providing cotton to Union ships in the Gulf of Mexico. Nolan reported to Ford that he had seen Barry in action. By December 1864 Corpus Christi was suffering the effects of war, and tensions ran high. On the night of December 22, 1864, Nolan and horse trader J. C. McDonald met outside of the Nolan home, and while they talked, two of Barry's stepsons, Frank and Charles Gravis, appeared and started an argument with Nolan. In the commotion that ensued, one of the Gravis brothers shot and fatally wounded Nolan. Other sources claim that Nolan was in the process of arresting McDonald, and the two brothers, intending to kill McDonald for seducing their sister, accidentally shot Nolan instead. Matthew Nolan is buried next to his brother Tom in the Old Bayview Cemetery in Corpus Christi. Murphy Givens, "Corpus Christi History: The Nolans arrive in Corpus Christi," Corpus Christi Caller–Times, August 23, 2000 (http://www.caller2.com/2000/august/23/today/murphy_g/2672.html), accessed March 23, 2011. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Stephanie P. Niemeyer, "NOLAN, MATTHEW," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fno33), accessed May 22, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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Evening all, just a quick note. Tomorrow, students have a math test in integers. We've worked on adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing integers- we've also worked on order of operations and problem solving with integers. Some people have resolved some of the issues with calculating in context, others need some more practice. Tonight, students should be working to finish off 11.5, 11.6, and then should work on selected questions from the practice test and review. Students have been taught numerous strategies and should practice employing these as they work through tonight's homework. As a reminder, we are swimming tomorrow, please remember swim clothes. For those students not going to swimming, they will be expected to attend school where they will be working on a swim unit. Swimming is part of our physical education unit and every student will be responsible for learning in some capacity. Have a great night!

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Question:What is the relationship between age and the risk of developing type 1 and type 2 diabetes? Answer:We divide diabetes broadly into two types, one's called type 1 and one's called type 2. It's an arbitrary division, but type 1 is a disease in which your own body destroys your insulin-secreting cells, the islets; this is an immune abnormality. And it used to be called 'juvenile onset' diabetes because mostly children would get this. But then people became aware, as the years went on and research continued, that in fact you could get this same disease when you were 92. But what happens is, when you're 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, the process of destroying the islets seems to occur more slowly. So it was confusing for years, but now we know it's the same disease. So therefore, although it's most common in children, you can still get type 1 diabetes as you get older. On the other hand, the other type of disease we talk about is type 2 diabetes, and that's where your insulin-secreting cells are still there, but they're dying. And we don't actually know why they're dying, but something about them is making them die, perhaps because they have to secrete too much insulin. And as people get older, for a variety reasons -- and the most common is obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. Therefore, each of us has a certain ability to secrete insulin, and generally the older we get, the more of a challenge that is. But there are some people who are 20 or 30, who are very overweight, or even 10 or 15 tragically, who are so overweight that their islets are already 'giving out.' So they actually have type 2 because it's not an immune abnormality, it's not that their own immune system is killing them, it's the distress -- plus their genetic background -- is making these islets run out of gas.

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Let's Talk About Sex Health class in high school wasn't the most pleasant of times. It included routinely embarrassing moments, like practicing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, naming male and female anatomy and repeatedly going over detailed descriptions of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). This was in addition to the even more embarrassing talks with my mother about sex and responsible behavior. According to the dictionary on my shelf, embarrass means “to cause someone to feel awkward or self-conscious.” Welcome to the motto of my adolescent life. But to my surprise, despite more initial embarrassment than I thought I could bear, after a few classes and talks, what once made me feel totally awkward and self-conscious started giving me a sense of acknowledgment and self-awareness. It is this self-awareness and understanding that Plain Talk (or Hablando Claro)—a new teen pregnancy prevention program in the South Valley—is promoting. New Mexico is one of two states in the country selected to participate in the $240,000 three-year program. The numbers are staggering: Approximately 45 percent of all pregnancies in New Mexico are unintended, and about one half of women with unintended pregnancies weren't using contraception when they conceived. Nearly 80 percent of unintended pregnancies occur among young women ages 15-17, and New Mexico's teen birth rate currently ranks third in the nation, with one out of six pregnant New Mexico women being a pregnant teen. Recent national reports state that teen pregnancy rates have declined over the last decade. But across class and ethnic groups, they've remained just as high as before. In fact, Hispanic teens are three times more likely to get pregnant than Caucasian teens. And even while, overall, pregnancy rates are dropping, STD rates are steadily on the rise across the board. According to the New Mexico Department of Health, current teen birth rates and sexually transmitted disease rates in the South Valley zip codes of 87105, 87121 and 87102 are among the highest in Bernalillo County. In those zip codes, one in 10 teen girls has a baby per year, which is a teen birth rate of 96.1 per 1,000 teens. This compares with the statewide rate of 62 per 1,000, and the national rate of 52 per year. Factors contributing to health disparities include: poverty associated with poor health because of less access to healthcare; lower quality housing and environmental conditions; and limited economic, educational and social opportunities. According to a Plain Talk planning presentation, 18.9 percent of families that make less than $20,000 a year are more likely to have poor health, compared to 10.6 percent of families earning between $20,000 and $34,000 a year, and just over 6 percent earning $35,000 and more. Plain Talk helps community members educate each other on ways to communicate with young people about sex, with the goal of delaying sexual activity. The program was launched in five racially diverse, low-income communities in Atlanta, Hartford, New Orleans, San Diego and Seattle over four years. The results are impressive. The number of sexually experienced youth who reported pregnancy was reduced by 11 percent, and the proportion of sexually experienced youth who spoke with adults about topics related to sexuality (compared with youth who did not talk to adults) were half as likely to have an STD, have had or created a pregnancy, or to have a child. According to Program Sponsor Debra Delgado of the Annie E. Casey Foundation, in order to ease these social problems, we need to begin thinking about family context, and not just teen behavior. We know that families living in poverty try to find proactive family coping strategies such as connections between families, like creating social networks, and connections within families, such as parent/child communication. This is what made the difference between high and low rates of teen pregnancy within poor Latino communities. Delayed sexual activity is strongly correlated with connectedness—or positive relationships with adults—and parents' ability to talk about their values. Until recently, our teens' health classes included an abstinence-only curriculum which completely omitted important information about sexual health and contraceptives, and reported incorrect facts and figures. Fortunately, here in New Mexico our DOH has limited the abstinence-only programs to sixth grade and below, taking them out of middle and high schools. A balanced approach should include comprehensive sex education at school and innovative neighborhood-based programs that are proven to reduce teen pregnancy, such as the Plain Talk initiative. We should commend the DOH for signing onto the collaboration and pay attention to the evaluation results after the three years is up. Comprehensive sex education is necessary, even if it does cause the occasional blushing. The opinions expressed are solely those of the author.

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In 1815 the Female Society for Instructing Poor Children was formed in Hagerstown. By 1827 more than 100 youngsters had been assisted by the organization. Many of the homeless, ages 5 to 12, found new homes, and were taught reading, writing and arithmetic. In addition to academic pursuits, girls were taught how to sew and knit. - From the Cracker Barrel

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What is constipation ? Constipation is an abnormal condition in which bowel movements are less frequent than usual for you. Constipation is difficulty with irregular bowel movements or pass hard, dry stools. Everyone has differences in their normal pattern and regular bowel movements, but constipation can be defined as having fewer than three bowel movements per week.Constipation is generally the most common astrointestinal problems. Constipation is very common in teenage children and the aged, but can transpire in any age group or inhabitants. The main cause of constipation is due to the low-fiber diet or dehydration. Constipation is found amongst youngsters, the aged and pregnant women.Each individual has different bowel patterns. Some of the symptoms associated with constipation are bloating, discomfort and sluggishness.Adequate understanding of the cause will help prevent constipation.The main common sources of constipation are bad foodstuffs and absence of exercise.When you are constipated, have bowel movements that are hard, dry and difficult or painful and difficult to remove. Diseases and Condition – Causes of constipation 1.The excessive intake of calcium or iron 2.Irritable Bowel Syndrome 3. Weak intestinal muscles 6..Diet low in fiber 7.Low fluid intake 8.Lack of exercise In some cases, constipation may occur with symptoms that could indicate a serious or life-threatening disease such as : Symptoms of Constipation 1.Problems breathing or difficulty breathing, and shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, wheezing, 2.Change in level of sensibility or readiness, such as passing out or no reaction 3.Rapid heart rate (tachycardia) or rapid breathing (tachypnea) 4. Whites of the eyes (icterus) and yellowing of the skin 5.High fever (over 101 degrees Fahrenheit) 6.Stool with blood, tarry black color 7.Choking or shortness of breath 8. loss of strength or Weakness 9.Rigid, board-like abdomen 10.Significant rectal bleeding 11.Severe abdominal pain Home Remedies for Constipation 1.Warm milk : Drink a glass of warm milk before bedtime. Use Grandma’s advice to treat constipation. The next day they do not eat a lot of garbage. Just a bit of soup and bread and simple carbohydrates. The next night, you can consume your meal. It is very effective. 2.Triphala : Triphala have been used in India for centuries, this is an effective home remedy to treat constipation. You can take this every day, even if you do not have constipation. It is a herbal remedy and has no side effects. Triphala combines the properties of lubricating laxative and purgative laxative bulk. It upgrades El Salvadoran colon fitness and acts as a evacuate without causing pains or displeasure. 3.Castor oil:If you are experiencing chronic constipation then add two tablespoons of castor oil in warm milk and drink. Doing this, probably in a day off. 4.Fruits:Eat lots of fruit,In general, fruits are beneficial in the treatment of constipation. Apples, oranges, guavas, grapes, plums are great. Avoid fruits like bananas and fat on dry stools jack and more. 5.Corn Syrup: Try a teaspoon of corn syrup adds a glass of water to treat constipation. 6.Honey with Milk:Add a little honey in a glass of milk or warm water and drink once in the morning and once at night. 7.Isabgol:Mix 3 tablespoons isabgol (psyllium) in water or milk or juice and drink it before going to bed. This is a filler and softens the stool and the next morning you see the difference. 8.lemon: Take a lemon or two of work and squeeze its juice in hot water and keep drinking it. Do not add sugar or salt. 9.Asafoetida:While cooking use asafoetida, cumin powder, turmeric powder and coriander to make the food easy to digest. 10.warm water: drink 7 to 8 glasses of warm water. It motions the small intestines and leads to regular stools 11.Bale fruit:Bale fruit is the best laxative of all fruits. It cleans and tones up the intestines and relieves constipation. Natural Remedies & Home Remedies for Constipation 1.Yoga :Yoga has many postures that can be beneficial for constipation and other diseases as well. The yoga poses squeeze the body parts in a way to relieve tension and make the digestive organs to work more efficiently and improve digestion and elimination. In many cases, constipation is caused due to stress and mental stress and yoga can help get rid of these problems as well. The practice of yoga poses simple 10 to 15 minutes a day in the morning can be really useful. 2.Acupressure : Acupressure can also be helpful in constipation by pressing on certain points of the body that help in curing constipation. The various points in the inspection body different energy points and cure many diseases like constipation. The acupressure points once you know that can be pressed at home very easily 3 to 5 minutes each day at each point. 3.Naturopathy : Naturopathy involves using natural elements to cure the ills of the body. For example, many diseases can be cured with the treatment of air exercises involving the lungs. For water and mud constipation therapies are used. Mud is usually applied in the stomach, which removes body heat and toxins. It also stimulates the excretory system. 4.The control of cough Old : Although not very common, many naturopaths also emphasize much on removing old cough. The reason for this is to glue old cough into the intestines and feces gradually also beginning to stick to the walls of the intestine that can cause loss of water in the bowel and chronic constipation. Precaution to be Taken for Constipation 1.If you have constipation or not, you should always do the following to have regular bowel movements and to stay healthy. 2.Have your bowel movements at a certain time every day standard. Do not skip it because it’s going to be late for work or for any other reason. 3.Eat only three times, or up to 4 times a day. Eat only when hungry and take food from home to office or an outing. 4.Eating a well balanced diet, high in fiber include beans, bran, whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables. 5.Drink plenty of fluids. Consume 8 to 10 glasses of water and drink more in summer. 6.Eat lots of fruit. Only properly cooked vegetables should be consumed. 7.Do not ignore the desire to have a bowel movement. As constipation is associated with bloody stools, rectal bleeding importantly, dizziness, fainting or severe abdominal pain may be a symptom of a serious, potentially deadly disease.If persists, recurs or causes you concern, your medical doctor immediately. Image Credit Flickr

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When using operant conditioning to train mice or rats, what type of stimulus is most effective? For example, does a negative reinforcement of a loud noise have a more profound effect than a negative ... Can training a wild animal through operant conditioning somehow cause the animal to forget or be unable to perform tasks which it had perviously learned? Is it likely that training wild animals ... In Pavlonian (Classical) Conditioning, conditioned responses of an animal may vary. Some animals focus on the unconditioned stimulus (ie. food / location of food) while others may focus on the ...

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Register now for free, or sign in with any of these services: We have this very cool report from Michael Gochfeld, author with Joanna Burger of "Butterflies of New Jersey: A Guide to Their Status, Distribution, Conservation and Appreciation" (Rutgers University Press,1997): Giant Swallowtails Appear in New Jersey The Giant Swallowtail, a southern species of butterfly, that rarely visits New Jersey, is showing up in unprecedented numbers in many north Jersey localities in recent weeks. Butterfly watchers from the North American Butterfly Association have been seeing Giant Swallowtails in various favorite butterflying haunts since early August, and numbers continue to increase, as new individuals arrive from the south. Several butterfly species tend to migrate northward in late summer, but some of the Giant Swallowtails may be the offspring of the few that were seen in New Jersey in 2007. Although called “Giant”, this swallowtail is only slightly larger than the very familiar and common Tiger Swallowtail from which it can be distinguished, by its entirely yellow under surface, and the broad yellow band across the black upper wing surface. In the south the Giant Swallowtail caterpillars feed on various types of citrus, but in New Jersey their main plant host species is the Prickly Ash, Zanthoxylum americanum (which is not an ash at all). This bush is common in northern and western New Jersey, and Giant Swallowtails have been seen laying eggs which may give rise to future generations. These striking butterflies can turn up anywhere in the state. Several butterfly-gardeners have reported individuals in central and even southern New Jersey, where Giant Swallowtails have been photographed nectaring at butterfly bush. The "Butterflies of New Jersey" book by Michael Gochfeld and Joanna Burger considers this a vagrant, with only one or two records per decade, although it occurred more regularly fifty years ago. It was one of the victims of widespread pesticide use in the 1950s and 60s to control mosquitoes in residential communities and gypsy moths in state forests. hi, tb - this video was actually part of a larger story that appeared in print on Sunday. Hardy varieties were identified in that story, with details concerning their origin and culture contained in a graphic. click here to read the story: or go to the nj.com home page and search on "palms." We plant and we hope, but chances are we will have unripe tomatoes at the end of the season. Reader Pat Winecker of Flemington has kindly sent along a recipe for a green tomato relish. Here is something to do with those green tomatoes, don't throw them on the compost pile. Sweet Green Tomato Relish 2 quarts of chopped green tomatoes 2 chopped green pepppers 2 cups of chopped onion 1 pint of vinegar 1/4 cup of salt 3 cups of sugar 1/2 mixed pickling spices tied in a bag The tomatoes don't need to be peeled, just coarsely chopped. This recipe is from WWII and was one that my mother made every summer with the red tomato chili. Mix all ingredients together in a large pot and bring to a boil. Turn heat down and simmer slowly for 30 minutes, stirring occasionally. Remove the spice bag and pack the relish into pint or half pint jars. Process in a hot water bath** for 10 minutes. Yield about 4 pints. **A hot water bath means putting the jars in a single level in a large flat bottom pot, cover the jars with water and bring to a boil, turn the heat down to simmer for 30 minutes. Lift the jars out of the water and allow them to cool, you'll know they sealed when each lid clicks or stays depressed in the center. NOTE: I realize this may seem daunting to today's working woman, but it is very simple and requires no special equipment. Canning jars are available in supermarkets and the half pint jars with pretty lids make a terrific hostess gift. This relish tastes like the kind of green relish you put on hot dogs, only better!!

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A customized artificial jawbone built with a 3-D printer has allowed an 83-year-old woman to continue breathing, chewing, and chatting away, a team of European scientists announced. The first-of-a-kind jaw reconstruction was accomplished with a printing technique called laser melting where layers of a metallic powder are built up and fused together with a laser. In this case, the powder is titanium. Once built, the entire artificial jawbone was coated with a type of ceramic that made it compatible with body tissue. University of Hasselt A researcher holds up a replica of a lower jawbone that was created with 3-D printer that was implanted in an 83-year-old woman. The design, production and processing of the implant was done digitally in just two hours. Other implant building methods can take up to two days, the University of Hasselt in Belgium noted. The rapid construction technique allowed the team to address a rapidly progressing infection in the woman's lower jaw that required complete removal of the bone in order to retain an open airway. They decided to go with the 3-D printed jawbone for the sake of speed and functionality. Other options would have led to either a non-functional lower jaw or required a lengthy surgery and recovery time. During surgery, the patient's deteriorating jawbone was removed and replaced with the custom implant. One day after the operation, she had normal function and was able to talk and swallow. The completed implant weighs about 107 grams, which is around 30 grams heavier than a natural bone, the team reported. The difference, they said, is manageable for the patient. In a statement, team member Jules Pouken from the University of Hasselt likened the feat to man's first step on the moon: "A cautious, but firm step." The team explained the procedure during a press conference in Belgium on Feb. 3. More images and details are available from the University of Hasselt. Only time will tell whether 3-D printing will revolutionize the medical profession, but this feat marks rapid advancement in a field that seemed futuristic just a few months ago. More on 3-D printing technology: - 3-D printers may soon fix broken bones - Robot spider crawls out of 3-D printer - The wild possibilities of printing food - Chocolate printer crafts sculptures from cocoa As the over-65 population expands, new gadgets and systems will allow seniors to live at home and receive improved healthcare. From sleep-sensing beds to robots piloted by grandchildren, we look at how "health surveillance" can improve quality of life.

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We have long known that many of our customers have had success growing peonies in the warmer parts of USDA zone 8 and 9. However due to the extreme and unprecedented conditions seen in some areas of these zones in the last two years, we recently contacted some very experienced growers in these parts of the country for some concrete advice on getting peonies to thrive there. If you grow any types of peonies in zone 8 or 9 and would like to add to our growing advice, we would love to hear from you! Growing Peonies in Dallas, TX (USDA zone 8) Typical bloom time: Late February to early March for tree peonies. Herbaceous peonies begin to flower around April 1st. Recommend types of peonies to grow: Growers have had success with all types of peonies, tree, herbaceous and intersectional. (Intersectional peonies are also known as itoh hybrids.) The last two brutal summers have had extreme weather conditions. In the 2011 drought and 2012′s unprecedented heat wave, all plants have suffered. One gardener reported that over the last two summers, many plants in her well established gardens failed to survive the stress. These include hydrangeas, modern rose hybrids, and some tree peonies. Tree peonies which had thrived for 6-7 years in the ground died due to drought related stress. However, this very experienced gardener reported that her ‘Snow Lotus‘ tree peony has done exceptionally well despite the drought. In fact, she said that it is the only tree peony which she would unequivocally recommend for gardeners in her area. Her specimen is nearing 10 years old, is 4.5′ tall and produced 26 blossoms last year. It makes sense that ‘Snow Lotus,’ which is a cultivated variety of the wild species Paeonia rockii is more drought and stress tolerant that other types of tree peonies which have been hybridized under more favorable growing conditions. The native range of P. rockii is northwestern China, particularly in Gansu province, a very arid region which averages just 12” of rain a year! This is less than half of the rainfall which Dallas, TX received in the drought of 2011. Growers in hot, arid parts of the country interested in growing tree peonies are then recommended to consider the rockii or Gansu Chinese tree peonies. Some of our favorites include: Cup of Shining Night, Black Tornado, Blue Jade in Three Colors, Purple Butterfly in the Wind and Pink Lotus. Herbaceous peonies do not pose any special challenges and are widely grown in this area. Best planting time: Either November-December, or late January- February. Site Selection: Its best to plant peonies in warmer climates so that they receive a little protection against very hot summer afternoon sun. As we recommend for all planting zones, morning sun and afternoon shade is ideal. If this is not possible, than plant peonies near a large shrub so that they are afforded a little protection from the very hot sun. Watering: In spring and summer, at least two deep waterings a week with supplemental drinks in between as necessary. This is doubly important for newly planted peonies. Pests and Diseases: Nothing significant. Other tips: Remove any remaining tree peony leaves in the beginning of November. For herbaceous peonies, cut foliage to the ground at this time as well. When planting herbaceous peonies make sure that the ‘eyes’ or buds are basically at the surface with only a very lite layer of soil or mulch covering them. Peonies in Northern California (USDA zone 8b to 9) Typical bloom time: The following detailed bloom sequence was observed over the course of a decade in Sebastopol, CA . - P. tenuifolia and assocaited hybrids such as ‘Early Scout‘ bloom in late February to early March - Chinese tree peonies in mid-March - Japanese tree peonies and P. lutea in early April - Interesectional peonies peak from May 1st-10th - P. lactiflora type herbaceous peonies from mid-May to early June. Recommend types of peonies to grow: Consult a detailed zone map, such as Sunset’s Magazine garden zone guide for more accurately determining your planting zone. This index is much more detailed than the USDA’s zones. For instance, both San Francisco and Sebastopol, CA are both classified as USDA zone 8. However, while tree and interesectional peonies do well in San Francisco without any special attention, herbaceous peonies are a challenge there. Just a little north, and still within the same USDA planting zone in Sebastopol. In addition to tree and intersectional peonies, the majority of herbaceous peonies are proven to grow very well, with the exception of some very late season varieties. We have heard from a gardener who has good success growing the earlier blooming types of herbaceous peonies in San Francisco. Her trick is to empty a bag of ice on top of her dormant plants once a week in December and early January. This gives the plants the necessary chill time to bloom. Best planting time: late November to early February. Site Selection: Planting in a half-sun/half shade location is ideal. In sunnier locations, peony leaves will become scalded in the summer. In the warmer areas of zone 9, work with micro-climates within your garden to find cooler planting areas. Planting in cold air pockets such as at the base of hills can extend the growing range. Watering: In zone 8b one or two deep waterings per week in the summer as necessary. Take special care of newly planted peonies. In the warmer parts of zone 9, late spring, summer and early autumn irrigation is required. This is best accomplished by hand or drip irrigation at approximately one gallon per plant every other day with good drainage. Mulching aids in decreasing evaporation loss. Pests and Diseases: March rain can cause botrytis outbreaks. Based on the amount of rain, several treatments with either Actionovate or copper-sulfate may be necessary. Gophers do not eat peony roots, however they will eat nearly every other root in the garden. Their tunnels can damage peony roots. Other tips: Force dormancy on intersectional and herbaceous peonies by cutting them to the ground in November. Remove any remaining leaves for tree peonies at this time as well, be careful not to cut the woody stems, remove only the leaves and leaf stems. Trimming the leaves off mimics the deciduous leaf drop in colder areas and cycles the plant into producing new flower buds. Peonies must have a rest period without foliage.

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Sci-tech: The wondrous world of science Understanding ‘chicken talk’ Having contented birds is the desire of every poultry farmer, as that translates directly to higher productivity. The degree of contentment of chickens can be judged by the sounds they make. Modern computer technologies are now being used to decipher the various sounds and gauge the extent of contentment from them. Scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Georgia have teamed up to examine various sounds and scientifically determine the level of stress in an experimental chicken barn. Different levels of stress were first created by increasing the temperature in the barn or spraying various levels of ammonia and recording the various sounds produced, thereby developing correlations between stress levels and the nature of sounds. The volume and pitch of the sounds as well as the speed at which they are repeated are then analysed by computers after they have been recorded. The work is aimed at developing an automated software that will continuously monitor and determine stress levels within chicken barns through a real time audio-feed. Specific problems would be automatically detected and the situation rectified through a control system in a timely manner without the need of human intervention. This should result in increased productivity and profitability for the farmers. Hover cars — and cars of tomorrow The German automobile manufacturer Volkswagen has built a prototype of the car of the future that will travel while hovering above the road on a cushion of air, never touching it. The “Hover Car”, as it is called, is the result of an initiative launched by the German company in China, known as the “People’s Car Project” (PCP). Ideas about novel cars were invited and some 33 million persons visited the website. As a result 119,000 new and novel ideas were submitted. From them, the Hover Car is one of the three ideas that were selected by Volkswagen to actually build prototypes. Another related development in cars was to use a compressed air cylinder to power a car instead of a combustion engine. India’s auto giant Tata Motors had acquired the license to manufacture this car from Motor Development International’s (MDI) in Luxembourg in 2007 and the project has now entered its second final phase. The Kevlar cylinder in the car will need to be filled with compressed air, that will carry it for 200-300 kilometres before a refill is again needed. The cost of running it will be a fraction of that for running normal combustion engines. Meanwhile, work on improving engine efficiencies continues. The husband and wife team of John and Helen Taylor are known for being “the world’s most fuel efficient couple” because they have already won 40 world records for fuel efficient cars. Now they have another record — the longest distance travelled of 2,616 kilometres (fuel efficiency of 84.1 miles per gallon). The record was set while driving a stock 2012 Volkswagen Passat. With growing global water shortages and decreasing availability of cultivable land caused by the huge increases in the world population (that has now crossed seven billion), scientists are constantly striving to come up with more new efficient ways of growing food plants. These plants should have higher productivity but need lower amounts of water, fertilizer, nutrients and pesticides to grow. An interesting solution to the problem has been found by the Purdue University researcher Burkhard Schulz. He has discovered that a certain chemical can be used to reduce the size of the plant without reducing the yield. Schulz found that propiconazole, a common fungicide, can be used to create smaller and sturdier corn plants that produce more kernels but consume less water, fertilizer and nutrients to grow. The fungicide is claimed to be harmless to humans as it is commonly sprayed on golf courses to treat fungal dollar spot disease. The chemical works by disrupting steroid production in the plants, responsible for their growth. Buildings that clean the environment The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is in the process of setting up an outdoor architectural project at Queens in New York that will pluck pollutants from the air while providing shade, shelter and water. The technology has been developed by the US architectural firm HWKN. The project, known as Wendy, employs a fascinating architecture with spikes protruding at different angles with an external fabric skin treated with nano-particles of titanium dioxide that capture and neutralise pollutants. It has been claimed that each such installation would be equivalent to removing the pollution caused by 260 cars on the roads. Such “environmentally friendly shelters” installed along the roads may be tomorrow’s answers to reducing road pollution.

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|— Town —| |Elevation||2,792 m (9,160 ft)| |Time zone||PET (UTC-5)| Ollantaytambo is a town and an Inca archaeological site in southern Peru some 60 kilometers northwest of the city of Cusco. It is located at an altitude of 2,792 meters (9,160 feet) above sea level in the district of Ollantaytambo, province of Urubamba, Cusco region. During the Inca Empire, Ollantaytambo was the royal estate of Emperor Pachacuti who conquered the region, built the town and a ceremonial center. At the time of the Spanish conquest of Peru it served as a stronghold for Manco Inca Yupanqui, leader of the Inca resistance. Nowadays it is an important tourist attraction on account of its Inca buildings and as one of the most common starting points for the three-day, four-night hike known as the Inca Trail. Around the mid-15th century, the Inca emperor Pachacuti conquered and razed Ollantaytambo; the town and the nearby region were incorporated into his personal estate. The emperor rebuilt the town with sumptuous constructions and undertook extensive works of terracing and irrigation in the Urubamba Valley; the town provided lodging for the Inca nobility while the terraces were farmed by yanaconas, retainers of the emperor. After Pachacuti's death, the estate came under the administration of his panaqa, his family clan. During the Spanish conquest of Peru Ollantaytambo served as a temporary capital for Manco Inca, leader of the native resistance against the conquistadors. He fortified the town and its approaches in the direction of the former Inca capital of Cusco, which had fallen under Spanish domination. In 1536, on the plain of Mascabamba, near Ollantaytambo, Manco Inca defeated a Spanish expedition blocking their advance from a set of high terraces and flooding the plain. Despite his victory,however, Manco Inca did not consider his position tenable so the following year he withdrew to the heavily forested site of Vilcabamba. In the 19th century the Inca ruins at Ollantaytambo attracted the attention of several foreign explorers, among them, Clements Markham, Ephraim Squier, Charles Wiener and Ernst Middendorf published accounts of their findings. The town of Ollantaytambo is located along the Patakancha River, close to the point where it joins the Urubamba River. The main settlement is located on the left margin of the Patakancha with a smaller compound called 'Araqhama on the right margin. The main Inca ceremonial center is located beyond 'Araqhama on a hill called Cerro Bandolista. There are several Inca structures on the surroundings, what follows is a brief description of the main sites. The main settlement at Ollantaytambo has an orthogonal layout with four longitudinal streets crossed by seven parallel streets. At the center of this grid, the Incas built a large plaza that may have been up to four blocks large; it was open to the east and surrounded by halls and other town blocks on its other three sides. Inca buildings to the north of the plaza were built out of unworked fieldstones while those to the west and to the south were made with cut and fitted stones. All blocks on the southern half of the town were built to the same design; each comprised two kancha, walled compounds with four one-room buildings around a central courtyard. Buildings in the northern half are more varied in design; however, most are in such a bad condition that their original plan is hard to establish. Ollantaytambo dates from the late 15th century and has some of the oldest continuously occupied dwellings in South America. Its layout and buildings have been altered to different degrees by later constructions, for instance, on the southern edge of the town an Inca esplanade with the original entrance to the town was rebuilt as a Plaza de Armas surrounded by colonial and republican buildings. The plaza at the center of the town also disappeared as several buildings were built over it in colonial times. 'Araqhama is a western prolongation of the main settlement, across the Patakancha River; it features a large plaza, called Manyaraki, surrounded by constructions made out of adobe and semi-cut stones. These buildings have a much larger area than their counterparts in the main settlement, they also have very tall walls and oversized doors. To the south there are other structures, but smaller and built out of fieldstones. 'Araqhama has been continuously occupied since Inca times, as evidenced by the Roman Catholic church on the eastern side of the plaza. To the north of Manyaraki there are several sanctuaries with carved stones, sculpted rock faces, and elaborate waterworks, they include the Templo de Agua and the Baño de la Ñusta. Temple Hill 'Araqhama is bordered to the west by Cerro Bandolista, a steep hill on which the Incas built a ceremonial center. The part of the hill facing the town is occupied by the terraces of Pumatallis, framed on both flanks by rock outcrops. Due to impressive character of these terraces, the Temple Hill is commonly known as the Fortress, however, this is a misnomer as the main functions of this site were religious. The main access to the ceremonial center is a series of stairways that climb to the top of the terrace complex. At this point, the site is divided into three main areas: the Middle sector, directly in front of the terraces; the Temple sector, to the south; and the Funerary sector, to the north. The Temple sector is built out of cut and fitted stones in contrast to the other two sectors of the Temple Hill which are made out of fieldstones. It is accessed via a stairway that ends on a terrace with a half finished gate and the Enclosure of the Ten Niches, a one room building. Behind them there is an open space which hosts the Platform of the Carved Seat and two unfinished monumental walls. The main structure of the whole sector is the Sun Temple, an uncompleted building which features the Wall of the Six Monoliths. The Middle and Funerary sectors have several rectangular buildings, some of them with two floors; there are also several fountains in the Middle sector. The unfinished structures at the Temple Hill and the numerous stone blocks that litter the site indicate that it was still undergoing construction at the time of its abandonment. Some of the blocks show evidences of having been removed from finished walls, which provides evidence that a major remodeling effort was also underway. It is unknown which event halted construction at the Temple Hill, likely candidates include the war of succession between Huáscar and Atahualpa, the Spanish Conquest of Peru and the retreat of Manco Inca from Ollantaytambo to Vilcabamba. The valleys of the Urubamba and Patakancha rivers along Ollantaytambo are covered by an extensive set of agricultural terraces which start at the bottom of the valleys and climb up the surrounding hills. The terraces permitted farming on otherwise unusable terrain; they also allowed the Incas to take advantage of the different ecological zones created by variations in altitude. Terraces at Ollantaytambo were built to a higher standard than common Inca agricultural terraces, for instance, they have higher walls made of cut stones instead of rough fieldstones. This type of high-prestige terracing is also found in other Inca royal estates such as Chinchero, Pisaq, and Yucay. A set of sunken terraces start south of Ollantaytambo's Plaza de Armas, stretching all the way to the Urubamba River. They are about 700 meters long, 60 meters wide and up to 15 meters below the level of surrounding terraces; due to their shape they are called Callejón, the Spanish word for alley. Land inside Callejón is protected from the wind by lateral walls which also absorb solar radiation during the day and release it during the night; this creates a microclimate zone 2 to 3°C warmer than the ground above it. These conditions allowed the Incas to grow species of plants native to lower altitudes that otherwise could not have flourished at this site. At the southern end of Callejón, overlooking the Urubamba River, there is an Inca site called Q'ellu Raqay. Its interconnected buildings and plazas form an unusual design quite unlike the single-room structures common in Inca architecture. As the site is isolated from the rest of Ollantaytambo and surrounded by an elaborate terraces, it has been postulated that it was a palace built for emperor Pachacuti. The Incas built several storehouses (Quechua: qollqa) out of fieldstones on the hills surrounding Ollantaytambo. Their location at high altitudes, where there is more wind and lower temperatures, defended their contents against decay. To enhance this effect, the Ollantaytambo qollqas feature ventilation systems. It is believed that they were used to store the production of the agricultural terraces built around the site. Grain would be poured in the windows on the uphill side of each building, then emptied out through the downhill side window. The main quarries of Ollantaytambo were located at Kachiqhata, in a ravine across the Urubamba River some 5 kilometers from the town. The site features three main quarrying areas: Mullup'urku, Kantirayoq, and Sirkusirkuyoq; all of them provided blocks of rose rhyolite for the elaborate buildings of the Temple Hill. An elaborate network of roads, ramps, and slides connected them with the main building areas. In the quarries there are several chullpas, small stone towers used as burial sites in Pre-Hispanic times. As Ollantaytambo is surrounded by mountains, the main access routes run along the Urubamba Valley; there the Incas built roads connecting the site with Machu Picchu to the west and Pisaq to the east. During the Spanish conquest of Peru, emperor Manco Inca fortified the eastern approaches to fend off Spanish attacks from Cusco. The first line of defense was a steep bank of terraces at Pachar, near the confluence of the Anta and Urubamba rivers. Behind it, the Incas channeled the Urubamba to make it cross the valley from right to left and back thus forming two more lines, which were backed by the fortifications of Choqana on the left bank and 'Inkapintay on the right bank. Past them, at the plain of Mascabamba, eleven high terraces closed the valley between the mountains and a deep canyon formed by the Urubamba. The only way to continue was through the gate of T'iyupunku, a thick defensive wall with two narrow doorways. To the west of Ollantaytambo, the small fort of Choquequillca defended the road to Machu Picchu. In the event of these fortifications being overrun, the Temple Hill itself with its high terraces provided a last line of defense against invaders. See also - Fernando E. Elorrieta Salazar & Edgar Elorrieta Salazar - Cusco and the Sacred Valley of the Incas (2005), pages 83-91 ISBN 978-603-45-0911-5 - Protzen, Inca architecture, p. 19. - Protzen, Inca architecture, p. 64. - Protzen, Inca architecture, p. 27. - Protzen, Inca architecture, p. 26. - Protzen, Inca architecture, p. 23. - Hemming, The conquest, pp. 222–223. - Glave and Remy, Estructura agraria, p. 6. - Hemming, The conquest, pp. 559. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, p. 50. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, pp. 50, 52. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, p. 52. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, p. 53. - Protzen, Inca architecture, p. 65. - Kubler, The Art and Architecture, pp. 462–463. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, pp. 48–49. - Gasparini and Margolies, Inca Architecture, p. 71. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, pp. 66–70. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, p. 28. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, pp. 73–74. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, pp. 81–87. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, pp. 87–91. - Protzen, Inca architecture, pp. 92–94. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, p. 269. - Protzen, Inca architecture, pp. 30–34. - Hyslop, Inka settlement, pp. 282–284. - Protzen, Inca architecture, p. 97. - Protzen, Inca architecture, pp. 102–110. - Protzen, Inca Architecture, pp. 111–135. - Robert Randall, referenced by Peter Frost, p148 "Exploring Cusco", 1999. - Protzen, Inca architecture, pp. 137–153. - Protzen, Inca architecture, pp. 22–26. - Bengtsson, Lisbet. Prehistoric stonework in the Peruvian Andes : a case study at Ollantaytambo. Göteborg : Etnografiska Museet, 1998. ISBN 91-85952-76-1 - Gasparini, Graziano and Luize Margolies. Inca architecture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-253-30443-1 - (Spanish) Glave, Luis Miguel and María Isabel Remy. Estructura agraria y vida rural en una región andina: Ollantaytambo entre los siglos XVI y XIX. Cusco: Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos "Bartolomé de las Casas", 1983. - Hemming, John. The conquest of the Incas. London: Macmillan, 1993. ISBN 0-333-10683-0 - Hyslop, John. Inka settlement planning. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. ISBN 0-292-73852-8 - Kubler, George. The art and architecture of ancient America: the Mexican, Maya and Andean peoples. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1990. - Protzen, Jean-Pierre. Inca architecture and construction at Ollantaytambo. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-507069-0 |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ollantaytambo|

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164 Life and Letters of Francis Galton hasty. His words are, "I have now made experiments of transfusion and cross'circulation on a large scale in rabbits, and have arrived at definite results, negativing, in my opinion, beyond all doubt the truth of the doctrine of Pangenesis." If Mr Calton could have proved that the reproductive elements were contained in the blood of the higher animals, and were merely separated or collected by the reproductive glands, he would have made a most important physiological discovery. As it is, I think every one will admit that his experiments are extremely curious, and that he deserves the highest credit for his ingenuity and perseverance. But it does not appear to me that Pangenesis has, as yet, received its death blow; though, from presenting so many vulnerable points, its life is always in jeopardy; and this is my excuse for having said a few words in its defence. CHARLES DARWIN. Letter of Francis Galton in Nature, May 4th, 1971. "Pangenesis." It appears from Mr Darwin's letter to you in last week's Nature, that the views contradicted by my experiments, published in the recent number of the "Proceedings of the Royal Society," differ from those he entertained. Nevertheless, I think they are what his published account of Pangenesis (Animals, etc., under Domestication, ii, 374, 379) are most likely to convey to the mind of a reader. The ambiguity is due to an inappropriate use of three separate words in the only two sentences which imply (for there are none which tell us anything definite about) the habitat of the Pangenetic genimules; the words are "circulate," "freely," and "diffused." The proper meaning of circulation is evident enough-it is a re-entering movement. Nothing can justly be said to circulate which does not return, after a while, to a former position. In a circulating library, books return and are re-issued. Coin is said to circulate, because it comes back into the same hands in the interchange of business. A story circulates, when a person hears it repeated over and over again in society. Blood has an undoubted claim to be called a circulating fluid, and when that phrase is used, blood is always meant. I understood Mr Darwin to speak of blood when he used the phrases "circulating freely," and "the steady circulation of fluids," especially as the other words "freely" and "diffusion" encouraged the idea. But it now Seems that by circulation he meant "dispersion," which is a totally different conception. Probably he used the word with some allusion to the fact of the dispersion having been carried on by eddying, not necessarily circulating, currents. Next, as to the word "freely." Mr Darwin says in his letter that he supposes the gemmules to pass through the solid walls of the tissues and cells; this is incompatible with the phrase "circulate freely." Freely means "without retardation"; as we might say that small fish can swim freely through the larger meshes of a net; now, it is impossible to suppose gemmules to pass through solid tissue without any retardation. "Freely" would be strictly applicable to gemmules drifting along with the stream of the blood, and it was in that sense I interpreted it. Lastly, I find fault with the use of the word "diffused" which applies to movement in or with fluids, and is inappropriate to the action I have just described of solid boring its way through solid. If Mr Darwin had given in his work an additional paragraph or two to a description of the whereabouts of the gemmules which, I must remark, is a cardinal point of his theory, my misapprehension of his meaning could hardly have occurred without more hesitancy than I experienced, but I certainly felt and endeavoured to express in my memoir some shade of doubt; as in the phrase, p. 404, "that the doctrine of Pangenesis, pure and simple, as I have interpreted it, is incorrect." As I now understand Mr Darwin's meaning, the first passage (ii, 374), which misled me, and which stands: " minute granules which circulate freely throughout the system" should be understood as "minute granules which are dispersed thoroughly and are in continual movement throughout the system"; and the second passage (ii, 379), which now stands: "The gemmules in each organism must be thoroughly diffused; nor does this seem improbable, considering the steady circulation of fluids throughout the body," should be understood as follows : "The gemmules in each organism must be dispersed all over it, in thorough intermixture'; ' In later editions of his book, Darwin replaced "circulate freely" by "are dispersed throughout the whole system" and he cancelled the words that this diffusion was not "improbable considering the steady circulation of fluids throughout the body." But elements "dispersed throughout the whole system" surely should have appeared in the blood. In a footnote to his later editions (1875, ii, p. 350) Darwin admits that he should have expected to find gemmules in the blood "but this is no necessary part of the hypothesis."

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It is rare for physicians in the United States to see the effects of polio and most will never encounter it in their career. There are reported to be about 450,000 polio survivors in the U.S. who have some disability from prior polio infection. My patient (now in her 70's) was kind enough to allow these photos of her left arm paralysis from polio she contracted at age 9. Her story is amazing. She was kept bedridden in a "crippled childrens home" in New Jersey for over a year. During that year every one of her children roommates died. She did not attend school and even though she could walk, she was kept in bed. Her weight ballooned up to 250 lbs from eating and lack of activity. Her parents finally took her home because they could see her health declining and her muscles wasting. Post polio syndrome is a well recognized diagnosis that occurs years after polio recovery. Polio survivors experience new muscle weakening and atrophy. General fatigue and weakness is common in post polio syndrome, as it is in my patient. When parents are afraid of vaccinating their children, they should look back at history and realize how far we have come from epidemics and killed and maimed.

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Resources in this Guide Use the sources in this Research Guide to find current as well as historic statistics on health indicators--vital, demographic, environmental, disease, and outcome. START with the U.S. Statistics or States Statistics page - Use U.S. Statistics for government and organization health statistics to find national, state, and local data - Use State & County Statistics for specific States, for NY State health statistics as well as Nassau and Suffolk county data - Use Books, eBooks, and eBrary for electronic books and print sources through AU The importance of Health Statistics What is the incidence of asthma in New York? How does the infant mortality rate of Texas compare to the rate in New Jersey? What are the indicators for HIV by age? What are the national figures on breast cancer? What are the 3 leading causes of death in the United States? Do they differ between males and females? To find the answers and to develop new questions health professionals use statistics that are collected over a period of time within a certain demographic group. The fields of nursing, medicine, health education, and government policy often require access to health statistics. They can help us understand the distribution of health conditions and resources, diagnoses, predictors, and efficacy of procedures. They determine medical need, research areas, and determine appropriation of funds. The findings are used to establish correlations, conditions, care, and consequences of services, or lack of services. Statistics collected reflect who is collecting the data and why the study is being conducted. Community Assessment Slideshare Click below for presentation on understanding a Community Assessment. (Expand for full-screen viewing) U.S. Health Care System: C-SPAN Washington Journal segment: "How we Measure America's Health" Click expander to watch full screen. Stop playing using controls below video. Adjunct Reference Librarian

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WASHINGTON — In his State of the Union address this week, President Barack Obama announced that he would seek to raise the federal minimum wage to $9 an hour, a measure that would form the centerpiece of an agenda aimed at reducing incoming inequality in the United States. That announcement got us wondering: How does the U.S. minimum wage stack up against the minimum wage in other countries? The answer depends somewhat on how one chooses to measure the minimum wage and the standard against which it is measured. One handy way of comparing the minimum wage across borders is to measure it relative to median full-time wages, which indicates the gap between the lowest wage earners and the mid-point of the income spectrum. On that measurement, the U.S. minimum wage is about 38 percent of the median, which is indicative of high levels of income inequality in the United States. Countries like Australia, Belgium, France, Ireland and New Zealand have both higher absolute minimum wages and minimum wages that fall closer to median wages. In other words, living on the minimum wage in one of those countries puts an individual much closer to achieving a median income than it would in the United States. Unstated in all of this, of course, is that the United States is significantly wealthier than all of these countries. If one looks at minimum wage from an hourly perspective, the picture is much the same. Of the 23 countries for which the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has data, the United States ranks 10th in hourly income in PPP dollars, a measurement of purchasing power that indicates how much stuff an employee can buy with an hour of work. All this is to say that, relative to its wealth, the United States underpays its least-skilled workers.

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Children’s Health Issues in Historical Perspective Publication Year: 2005 Published by: Wilfrid Laurier University Press Download PDF (96.6 KB) Download PDF (78.6 KB) We would like to thank the editors and reviewers who have assisted us in the production of this book, including Carroll Klein and Heather Blain-Yanke of Wilfrid Laurier University Press. We also thank Heather MacDougall, Paul Potter, Jacques Bérnier, Othmar Keel, Guy Grenier, Helen Brown, Darcey Kaluza, and Michael ... Introduction: The Spotlight on Children Download PDF (165.1 KB) Children's health regularly concerns parents and family. It also receives intermittent attention from communities and nations. At the 1990 World Summit for Children, seventy-one countries signed the World Declaration on Survival, Protection and Development of Children and adopted a Plan of Action. That plan promised to ... Vegetables on Parade: American Medicine and the Child Health Movement in the Jazz Age Download PDF (567.5 KB) American Progressives' dream of an efficient, humane, and harmonious nation was shattered by the First World War and its aftermath. During the war patriotic outbursts reinforced by crude propaganda from Woodrow Wilson's administration often turned into violent attacks on pacifist, socialist, and immigrant dissenters. Racism, ... No More Surprising Than a Broken Pitcher?: Maternal and Child Health in the Early Years of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau Download PDF (174.4 KB) Historically, the priorities and activities of international health organizations have been determined at the metropolitan level or through a confluence of central and local interests. Early twentieth- century campaigns against epidemic diseases were prototypes of this arrangement, whereby the threat to international commerce was of ... Entre la «Revanche» et la «Veillée» des berceaux: Les médecins québécois francophones, la mortalité infantile, et la question nationale, 1910–1940 Download PDF (177.3 KB) Au Québec, les questions démographiques ont toujours été scrutées et commentées à travers le prisme de la question nationale. Pour s'en convaincre, il suffit d'évoquer les déclarations alarmistes de nombreux observateurs au sujet de la diminution de la fécondité des Québécoises francophones depuis les années 1960 et les différentes ... Infant Ideologies: Doctors, Mothers, and the Feeding of Children in Australia, 1880–1910 Download PDF (219.2 KB) The rise of pediatrics as a separate medical discourse is both the symbol and the practical embodiment of a new and fundamental interest in the child. Prior to the 1880s and 1890s, the health and well-being of the child had largely been subsumed into that of the mother: the woman and her child were inextricably linked through the cycles of ... Perpetually Malnourished?: Diet, Health, and America’s Young in the Twentieth Century Download PDF (203.9 KB) Jacob Riis, New York's most famous police reporter, once again entered the reeking hallway of a familiar Mott Street tenement. Accompanying a "charity doctor" on his rounds, Riis entered a dark room on the top floor. A small girl lay dying of starvation on a makeshift bed of two chairs tied together with rope. Father, mother, ... The Early Development of Nutrition Policy in Canada Download PDF (145.3 KB) In 1921 the Division of Child Welfare in the federal Department of Health developed Canada's first national dietary guidelines in an attempt to improve breastfeeding habits and encourage mothers to feed their babies more cow's milk.1 These dietary guidelines were developed primarily to reduce infant mortality rates and, not surprisingly, ... RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIMENSIONS Caring for the Foreign-Born: The Health of Immigrant Children in the United States, 1890–1925 Download PDF (143.1 KB) That we are, as President John F. Kennedy once wrote, "a nation of immigrants" is indisputable.1 The founding of the United States of America was a complex process of transforming a vast territory into an established society with its own culture, mores, and institutions dedicated to liberty. This process, of course, relied heavily upon a stream ... La médicalisation de la mère et de son enfant: L’exemple du Vietnam sous domination française, 1860–1939 Download PDF (284.8 KB) L'histoire de la médicalisation de la mère et de son enfant est relativement bien connue pour l'Occident. Elle l'est beaucoup moins pour ce qui est des contrées tropicales et des anciennes colonies européennes, en particulier asiatiques, qui se sont affranchies au cours du XXe siècle1. Remédier en partie à cet oubli s'avère utile, ne serait-ce ... Complicating Childhood: Gender, Ethnicity, and “Disadvantage” within the New Zealand Children’s Health Camps Movement Download PDF (141.5 KB) Over the first part of the twentieth century, health camps, residential open-air schools, and tuberculosis "preventoria" were presented in many Western societies as models of healthy lifestyles for children, incorporating into their programs wholesome and plentiful food, exposure to sunshine and fresh air, and regular rest and sleep. ... Race, Class, and Health: School Medical Inspection and “Healthy” Children in British Columbia, 1890–1930 Download PDF (137.9 KB) Public health reform in British Columbian schools at the turn of the twentieth century reflected the values and priorities of white middle- class professionals. First Nations children on the Inkameep Reserve in the early 1930s, for example, learned that "good health" meant conforming to the expectations of the dominant society. As the ... Ordering the Bath: Children, Health, and Hygiene in Northern Canadian Communities, 1900–1970 Download PDF (244.8 KB) Historians have recently started to pay close attention to the increased surveillance of Aboriginal children in residential schools.1 Teachers, missionaries, doctors, and nurses routinely inspected Aboriginal bodies in their desire to reform or "colonize bodies." Informed by Michel Foucault's analysis of power and surveillance, ... Physician Denial and Child Sexual Abuse in America, 1870–2000 Download PDF (189.6 KB) In 1908, J. Taber Johnson summarized his thoughts about gonorrhea in children in a chapter of an influential textbook on gonorrhea. His confident assertions, "That coitus is not essential to gonorrheal infection is an established fact," and "An overwhelming proportion of the cases of vulvovaginitis in young girls is gonorrheal in origin and is of ... “Living Symptoms”: Adolescent Health Care in English Canada, 1920–1970 Download PDF (213.6 KB) During the opening decades of "Canada's Century," as Canadians were impelled to come to terms with modernity, a number of voices joined in chorus to identify a "youth problem." Adolescents embodied the nation's potential. By simple virtue of having reached a certain life stage during a tumultuous time, they became another of the ... The Iconography of Child Public Health: Between Medicine and Reform Download PDF (323.0 KB) During the interwar period in the United States, the links between child public health, biomedicine, and social welfare grew more tenuous. Child public health programs, once a central part of both medical and welfare efforts, operated within an increasingly restricted mandate. They fit in neither the world of pediatric medicine, ... La contribution de l’Hôpital Saint-Paul et de l’Alexandra Hospital à la lutte contre les maladies contagieuses infantiles à Montréal, 1905–1934 Download PDF (210.8 KB) Au tournant du XXe siècle, près de la moitié des décès au Québec sont rapportés parmi la population infantile et sont attribués aux maladies infectieuses2. Les villes et les quartiers défavorisés sont les lieux les plus touchés par ces dernières, l'industrialisation des centres urbains s'étant trop souvent accompagnée d'une détérioration de ... The Architecture of Children’s Hospitals in Toronto and Montreal, 1875–2010 Download PDF (1.2 MB) This paper explores more than a century of changing ideas about the health of Canadian children through the architecture of three urban hospitals: one in Toronto, the Hospital for Sick Children (founded in 1875; known as the "Victoria" Hospital for Sick Children until 1912), and two in Montreal, the Children's Memorial Hospital ... Frontier Health Services for Children: Alberta’s Provincial Travelling Clinic, 1924–1942 Download PDF (538.0 KB) Providing health services to sparsely populated, geographically isolated areas was a major challenge in many Canadian provinces prior to the advent of universal hospital insurance in the late 1950s, and universal physician insurance in the late 1960s. The task was especially daunting during the years of the Depression, which began ... Download PDF (173.8 KB) List of Contributors Download PDF (85.5 KB) Download PDF (1.1 MB) Page Count: 568 Publication Year: 2005

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From the NY Times: For nearly a century, Harlem has been synonymous with black urban America. Given its magnetic and growing appeal to younger black professionals and its historic residential enclaves and cultural institutions, the neighborhood’s reputation as the capital of black America seems unlikely to change soon. But the neighborhood is in the midst of a profound and accelerating shift. In greater Harlem, which runs river to river, and from East 96th Street and West 106th Street to West 155th Street, blacks are no longer a majority of the population — a shift that actually occurred a decade ago, but was largely overlooked. By 2008, their share had declined to 4 in 10 residents. Since 2000, Harlem’s population has already grown more than in any decade since the 1940s, to 126,000 from 109,000, but its black population — about 77,000 in central Harlem and about twice that in greater Harlem — is smaller than at any time since the 1920s. In 2008, 22 percent of the white households in Harlem had moved to their present homes within the previous year. By comparison, only 7 percent of the black households had.

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| The Dip Needle is a compass pivoted to move in the plane containing the magnetic field vector of the earth. It will then show the angle which the magnetic field makes with the vertical. The needle must be accurately balanced so that only magnetic torques are exerted on it. Some texts suggest that the dip angle be measured twice, with the poles of the needle reversed by remagetization between trials, and the results averaged. Some instruments allow the needle and circle to be rotated to allow use as a compass. The Miami apparatus was made by W. & J. George of London and Birmingham. |This dip needle was made by Ferdinand Ernicke of Berlin, and was on display at the University of Colorado physics department in 1975 when this picture was taken.| | The dip needle (or inclination compass) at the left was purchased from Ruhmkorff of Paris, probably in 1875, for Vanderbilt University. It is now on display in the Garland Collection of Classical Physics Apparatus at Vanderbilt. "In carrying out a measurement one sets the needle in the magnetic meridian by turning the support until the needle is vertical, in which case the needle is in a magnetic East-West plane, and then turns the support exactly 90°, at which point the vertical scale circling the needle is in the magnetic meridian. Thereupon the angle the needle makes with the horizontal is the angle of inclination. ... The horizontal circular scale is marked off in half degrees. The associated vernier allows readings to one minute. The vertical scale is marked off in ten-minute intervals." (From Robert A. Lagemann, The Garland Collection of Classical Physics Apparatus at Vanderbilt University (Folio Publishers, Nashville, TN, 1983) pg 152) The instrument at the left appears to be exactly the same as the one above it. However, it is marked "Gambey à Paris". It is in the apparatus collection of Case Western Reserve Unversity in Cleveland, Ohio. This Phelps and Gurley (Troy, New York) dip needle was bought by Dartmouth College in 1862. With its case and extra needle it was valued at $20.00. Attached to this apparatus when I looked at in June 2001 was the following information: " Provided it is well removed from local influences such as iron, magnetite and other ferromagnetic materials, a compass needle that is free to rotate in a vertical plane will point downward in the northern hemisphere at an angle from the horizontal along the line of the Earth's magnetic field. The instrument for measuring this angle is called an inclinometer, dip needle or, most frequently, dip circle." || The dip needle at the left is on display at the University Museum at the University of Mississippi in Oxford. The mechanism pivots so that it can be used either as a dip needle, or, in the horizontal orientation, as a compass. The accompanying placard identifies it as being made by Lerebours et Secretan of Paris, but it is not in the 1853 L&S catalogue where so much of the apparatus purchased by Frederick A.P. Barnard in the second half of the 1850s can be found. | The dip needle at the right is at the department of physics at the University of Texas at Austin. The 1888 Queen catalogue lists it as "Inclination Compass. Vertical circle, ten inches in diameter, horizontal circle, five inches; brass posts, base and leveling screws, all delicately finished ... This dip needle is at Westminster College in New Wilmington, Pennsylvania. It is about 30 cm high and has no maker's name. It can be flipped horisontally for use as a compass.

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|Course||Course Title||Credit Hours| |HS 202||Introduction to Emergency Management||(3-0) 3 Cr. Hrs.| This course will provide an overview of emergency management as a career field, discipline and approach to dealing with all-hazards emergency/disaster response. This course will examine major disasters in history and concepts, theory and terminology associated with emergency management. (A requirement that must be completed before taking this course.) Upon successful completion of the course, the student should be able to: - Explain terminology, concepts, and theories associated with emergency management. - Identify the roles and responsibilities and the various functions in emergency management. - Apply emergency management in tabletop exercises. - Complete the FEMA course: The Emergency Program Manager (IS-001) offered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. - Characterize the evolution of the Emergency Manager. - Correlate the resources, mitigation, and hazards associated with the Emergency Manager. - Explain the incident command system. - Compare preparedness, planning and exercises. - Categorize disasters. Note: This course may not be offered every semester. Please check the HS section of the current course schedule for availability.

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The Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center is located in the heart of the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. In 1931, the USDA, through the Agricultural Research Service, located a single scientist at Weslaco to conduct research on citrus and vegetable processing. Today, the Center employs over 30 scientists and 110 technical personnel. Our people live from Brownsville to Mission and are involved in school, community, and church activities throughout the Valley. From the initial work on citrus and vegetables, the research expanded to include work on 1) Integrated pest management of parasites and diseases of honey bee colonies; 2) Biological control methods used to identify and defeat present and potential pest threats to Rio Grande Valley agriculture; 3) Organic farming systems utilizing holistic approaches to healthy and nutritious food production; 4) Quarantine treatments of subtropical fruits and vegetables; 5) Post harvest treatments of produce for disinfestations by non-chemical means; 6) Aerial remote sensing of agricultural problems; and 7) Pesticide tolerance of vegetables, ornamental, and specialty crops for registration labeling and EPA compliance. These research efforts are an integral part of National Research Programs conducted at over 100 locations by the USDA, Agricultural Research Service in all 50 states and several foreign countries. The Center, along with components of the Texas Agricultural Extension Service, and Texas A&M at Kingsville Citrus center, occupies about 90 acres along Highway 83 and is collectively referred to as the “Rio Grande Valley Agricultural Center.”

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In the Aerial Corps, dragons often fly in formation. British formation, during the early 1800s, flying was taught by Celeritas. Temeraire appears to have a particular aptitude for designing formation maneuvers. Other nations have different formation flying styles. Formations combine the advantages of protection and organisation with the disadvantages of predictability. As such formations can be exploited to their detriment, by a clever enemy as seen in the case of Prussia's defeat by France in 1807.

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Southern Leopard Frog (Rana sphenocephala) - The southern leopard frog grows to a length of 2 to 3.5 inches (about 5 to 9 cm). Its color varies from tan to several shades of brown to green. The dorsum (back) is usually covered with irregular dark brown spots between distinct light colored areas. Large dark spots on its legs may create the effect of bands. Other distinguishing characteristics include a light line along its upper jaw, light spot on its tympanum (ear), and long hind legs and toes. It is slender, with a narrow, pointed head. Males are smaller than females, but with enlarged forearms and thumbs and paired vocal sacs that look like balloons when inflated. - Life History Southern leopard frogs are very adaptable and are comfortable in many habitats - they just need cover and moisture. These frogs are great jumpers, traveling high and far in just a few jumps. They consume insects and small invertebrates. Predators such as fish, raccoons, skunks and aquatic snakes feed on the leopard frog. It reaches sexual maturity in the first spring after hatching. In Texas, breeding takes place year round depending on temperature and moisture. Several hundred eggs are laid in a cluster just below the water's surface. Tadpoles hatch in about seven to ten days. Newly hatched tadpoles are only about 20 to 25 mm long. They grow to 65 to 70 mm before metamorphosing into frogs, generally between 60 to 90 days. Southern leopard frogs have a lifespan of 3 years. Southern leopard frogs elude predators by jumping into nearby water and swimming underwater for some distance, while the predator continues looking near the point of entry into the water. They are primarily nocturnal, hiding during the day in vegetation at the water's edge. During wet months, a leopard frog may wander some distance from water, but stays in moist vegetation. They will sometimes wander to colonize. The mating call is a series of abrupt, deep croaks, creating a guttural trill. The trill rate may be as many as 13 per second. Males call from shore or while floating in shallow water. A leopard frog's mottled coloration helps camouflage it. Southern leopard frogs are often used for teaching dissecting in science classes. - Shallow freshwater areas are preferred habitat for the southern leopard frog, but they may be seen some distance from water if there is enough vegetation and moisture to provide protection. Southern leopard frogs are also able to live in brackish marshes along the coast. - Southern leopard frogs range throughout the eastern United States, from New Jersey east as far as Nebraska and Oklahoma and south into the eastern third of Texas. - The name of the genus comes from the Latin rana (frog). The species name combines the Greek words sphenos (wedgeshaped) and kephale (head) to describe its triangular head. The mating calls of southern leopard frogs are a familiar background sound to many Texans living near ponds, streams and wetlands. To obtain a tape of the calls of frogs and toads of Texas, contact Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Wildlife Diversity Branch, 512-912-7011.

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Antimicrobial use guidelines are currently used in human medicine to provide guidance to doctors when selecting drugs to treat a variety of conditions. These guidelines have been instituted to help counteract the rise in antibacterial resistance as well as lessen the overall impact of misuse on patient health. In 2010, the Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases began developing guidelines that may be used to treat dogs and cats with urinary tract diseases. These guidelines are given as general recommendations to aid in the decision-making process. An overview is provided here; to read the complete guidelines, visit http://hindawi.com/journals/vmi/2011/263768. Andreas Reh/Getty Images SIMPLE, UNCOMPLICATED UTIs By definition, these urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur in patients that are otherwise in good health and that have had fewer than three previous UTIs in a 12-month period. Clinical signs (dysuria, pollakiuria, increased urgency) as well as bacteriuria and pyuria should be present. A complete urinalysis along with sediment evaluation is recommended in all cases, along with aerobic bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. The urine sample should be kept refrigerated, and the culture should be performed within 24 hours of collection. Interpretation of the urine culture results will vary based on the sample collection method (Table 1). Table 1: Urine Bacterial Culture Result Interpretation Based on Sample Collection Method Initial therapy in most of these patients should consist of amoxicillin or trimethoprim-sulfonamide while you await culture results (Table 2). Clinicians should monitor changes in local resistance patterns in patients with uncomplicated UTIs that may necessitate a change in first-line drug choices. Table 2: General Recommendations for First-line Antimicrobial Therapy If a patient demonstrates clinical improvement while receiving the initial therapy despite in vitro resistance based on sensitivity testing, the current treatment should be continued, and a follow-up urinalysis and culture should be performed after the treatment If there is no response to treatment and the isolate is resistant to the initial drug choice, an alternative drug should be Treatment for seven days with appropriate antimicrobials is reasonable for these patients, and monitoring only requires resolution of clinical signs.

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Best Known For Lewis Howard Latimer was an inventor and draftsman best known for his contributions to the patenting of the light bulb and the telephone. Think you know about Biography? Answer questions and see how you rank against other players.Play Now Lewis Howard Latimer was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, on September 4, 1848, to parents who had fled slavery. Latimer learned the art of mechanical drawing while working at a patent firm. Over the course of his career as a draftsman, Latimer worked closely with Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, in addition to designing his own inventions. He died in Flushing, Queens, New York, on December 11, Inventor and engineer Lewis Howard Latimer was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, on September 4, 1848. Latimer was the youngest of four children born to George and Rebecca Latimer, who had escaped from slavery in Virginia six years before his birth. Captured in Boston and brought to trial as a fugitive, George Latimer was defended by abolitionists Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. He was eventually able to purchase his freedom, with the help of a local minister, and began raising a family with Rebecca in nearby Chelsea. George disappeared shortly after the Dred Scott decision in 1857, possibly fearing a return to slavery and the South. After his father's departure, Lewis Latimer worked to help support his mother and family. In 1864, at the age of 16, Latimer lied about his age in order to enlist in the United States Navy during the Civil War. Returning to Boston after an honorable discharge, he accepted a menial position at the Crosby and Gould patent law office. He taught himself mechanical drawing and drafting by observing the work of draftsmen at the firm. Recognizing Latimer's talent and promise, the firm partners promoted him from office boy to draftsman. In addition to assisting others, Latimer designed a number of his own inventions, including an improved railroad car bathroom and an early air conditioning unit. Latimer's talents were well-matched to the post-Civil War period, which saw a large number of scientific and engineering breakthroughs. Latimer was directly involved with one of these inventions: the telephone. Working with Alexander Graham Bell, Latimer helped draft the patent for Bell's design of the telephone. He was also involved in the field of incandescet lighting, a particularly competitive field, working for Hiram Maxim and Thomas Edison. Latimer's deep knowledge of both patents and electrical engineering made Latimer an indispensible partner to Edison as he promoted and defended his light bulb design. In 1890, Latimer published a book entitled Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System. He continued to work as a patent consultant until 1922. Latimer married Mary Wilson in 1873, and they had two daughters together. The Latimers were active members of the Unitarian Church and Lewis Latimer was consistently involved in Civil War veterans groups, including the Grand Army of the Republic. In addition to his drafting skills, Latimer enjoyed other creative pastimes, including playing the flute and writing poetry and plays. In his spare time, he taught mechanical drawing and English to recent immigrants at the Henry Street Settlement in New York. profile name: Lewis Howard Latimer profile occupation: Sign in with Facebook to see how you and your friends are connected to famous icons. Your Friends' Connections Included In These Groups They are among history's most revered black inventors, known for their relentless inquisition, passionate research, impeccable design and, most importantly, their desire to push the envelope. Some of the world's greatest technological and social advancements, including the modern-day gas mask, light bulb and traffic light, owe their origins to black inventors. Did you know that George Washington Carver developed more than 100 products using peanuts? Or that Madam C.J. Walker was the first American woman to become a self-made millionaire? Learn more about these inventors, as well as Lonnie G. Johnson, Garrett Morgan, Patricia Bath, Percy Julian and more, at Biography.com. Famous Black Inventors 16 people in this group Famous Virgoans 564 people in this group Famous Inventors 103 people in this group

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Fun Classroom Activities The 20 enjoyable, interactive classroom activities that are included will help your students understand the text in amusing ways. Fun Classroom Activities include group projects, games, critical thinking activities, brainstorming sessions, writing poems, drawing or sketching, and more that will allow your students to interact with each other, be creative, and ultimately grasp key concepts from the text by "doing" rather than simply studying. 1. Time Line Much of this novel does not follow a chronological flow of time. Create a time line that orders the events chronologically. 2. One Act Play Turn a chapter of this novel into a short play. Maintain the same major themes and tone of the original. 3. New Cover Design a new cover for "The Pale King" that you think accurately represents the novel. 4. Final Chapter Using the author notes provided after Chapter 50, construct a final chapter that brings... This section contains 521 words| (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)

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quilomboArticle Free Pass quilombo, also called mocambo, in colonial Brazil, a community organized by fugitive slaves. Quilombos were located in inaccessible areas and usually consisted of fewer than 100 people who survived by farming and raiding. The largest and most famous was Palmares, which grew into an autonomous republic and by the 1690s had 20,000 inhabitants. It owed its prosperity to abundant irrigated land and the abduction of slaves from Portuguese plantations. The abducted slaves were kept in bondage by the runaways. Several Portuguese and Dutch slave-hunting expeditions (bandeiras) attempted to destroy Palmares; one of these finally succeeded in 1694. What made you want to look up "quilombo"? Please share what surprised you most...

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scintillation counterArticle Free Pass scintillation counter, radiation detector that is triggered by a flash of light (or scintillation) produced when ionizing radiation traverses certain solid or liquid substances (phosphors), among which are thallium-activated sodium iodide, zinc sulfide, and organic compounds such as anthracene incorporated into solid plastics or liquid solvents. The light flashes are converted into electric pulses by a photoelectric alloy of cesium and antimony, amplified about a million times by a photomultiplier tube, and finally counted. Sensitive to X rays, gamma rays, and charged particles, scintillation counters permit high-speed counting of particles and measurement of the energy of incident radiation. What made you want to look up "scintillation counter"? Please share what surprised you most...

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Filed under: Boomer's Health A personality disorder is a type of mental illness in which you have trouble perceiving and relating to situations and to people — including yourself. There are many specific types of personality disorders. In general, having a personality disorder means you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking and behaving no matter what the situation. This leads to significant problems and limitations in relationships, social encounters, work and school. In some cases, you may not realize that you have a personality disorder because your way of thinking and behaving seems natural to you, and you may blame others for the challenges you face. Want to know more about this article or other health related issues? Ask your question and we'll post some each week for CNN.com reader to discuss or for our experts to weight in. |Most Viewed||Most Emailed||Top Searches|

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Computer Program Detail Page written by Wolfgang Christian The Body with Thruster Model shows the motion of a disk with an attached rocket engine. You can drag the engine to change its distance from the center of the disk and you can adjust the thrust of the rocket engine using sliders. The mass of the rocket and its connecting rod are assumed to be negligible. The trajectory of this single-body model is intuitively challenging and difficult to visualize. The Body with Thruster Model was created using the Easy Java Simulations (EJS) modeling tool. It is distributed as a ready-to-run (compiled) Java archive. Double clicking the ejs_mech_newton_BodyWithThruster.jar file will run the program if Java is installed. Please note that this resource requires at least version 1.5 of Java (JRE). View the source code document attached to this resource ComPADRE is beta testing Citation Styles! Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications. Citation Source Information The APA Style presented is based on information from APA Style.org: Electronic References. The Chicago Style presented is based on information from Examples of Chicago-Style Documentation. The MLA Style presented is based on information from the MLA FAQ. Body With Thruster Model: Is Based On Easy Java Simulations Modeling and Authoring Tool The Easy Java Simulations Modeling and Authoring Tool is needed to explore the computational model used in the Body With Thruster Model.relation by Wolfgang Christian Know of another related resource? Login to relate this resource to it.

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Reading the newspaper these days often feels like an onslaught of one crisis after another—storms causing severe flooding, droughts ruining crops and driving up food prices, wildfires destroying thousands of homes. In the midst of these immediate and dramatic stories, the global financial crisis of 2008 can feel like old news. But a new video animation by Doing It Ourselves illustrates why the financial crisis—and the flawed system it’s rooted in—should still be major concerns for all of us today. The video, “What the Economic Crisis Really Means – and what we can do about it,” begins by explaining the roots of the economic crisis in our fractional reserve banking system. By this system, banks are able to lend out almost all of the money we deposit in them to other people and businesses. As the video explains, “when you put $100 in one bank, they lend $90 of it to someone else, who then puts that $90 in their bank. Now there’s $190 where there used to be $100. That $90 lent out will also be deposited and $81 lent again.” Because of this lending system, over 99% of the “money” in our economy has been created as debt and exists only as numbers in the digital world. The fractional reserve system works fine, fueling increasing amounts of money and economic growth…but only if the economy keeps growing. Without continual growth, we can’t keep paying back debts on all that borrowed money, and that’s where we’ve run into problems. As we all know, Earth is finite, and so are its resources. A growing global economy fueled by cheap oil can’t go on forever. According to Doing It Ourselves, the total debt owed to banks and investors across the globe is already about 150 trillion dollars—money we simply don’t have. As they say, “this is the world, we’re not about to get bailed out by aliens.” So, assuming they’re right and no aliens will come to save us, what’s next? Doing It Ourselves admits that major economic downturns in the past “have not been happy times,” and it’s likely that this one will be the biggest yet due to our resource struggles. But they also note that humans are an incredibly ingenious species, and we’ve been developing ways to live without an industrial economy for decades now. We know about better ways to farm, better ways to conserve energy, better ways to design currencies and build communities and manufacture goods. We’re not guaranteed a peaceful and successful transition away from our current economic system, but we might just be able to have one if we take steps now to get there. Watch the video to take the first step, share it with your friends to take the second, and we’ll work from there. Doing It Ourselves aims to broaden understanding of the debt crisis and peak resources and encourage action for the sake of personal preparedness, happiness, and ethical living. To learn more about the organization, visit www.doingitourselves.org.

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There are eight ecoregions in Algeria: - Mediterranean woodlands and forests - Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests - Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe - Saharan halophytics - North Saharan steppe and woodlands - Sahara desert - West Saharan montane xeric woodlands - South Saharan steppe and woodlands The Mediterranean woodlands and forests ecoregion stretches from the coastal plains to the hills of northern Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and eventually surrounds the Atlas Mountains. To the north is the Alboran Sea, the westernmost element of the Mediterranean Sea. The variety of substrates and climates leads to a diverse mix of vegetation including holm oak forests, cork oak forests, wild olive and carob woodlands, as well as extensive Berber thuya forest. This old, endemic North African conifer species is representative of the great diversity and endemism of both flora and fauna in this ecoregion. Reptile diversity is high and the region harbors charismatic large mammals, including the rare and endangered Barbary leopard. Unfortunately, this region contains high human populations and widespread deforestation. Scattered through North Africa (and southernmost mountains of Cádiz and Málaga in Spain), Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests occur on high elevations of major mountain massifs. Relict stands of these fir and pine forests are endemic, and survive in isolated locations in areas of limited areal extent. The flowering plants on these ranges have high rates of endemism, with over 450 strictly endemic plant species, as a result of the long isolation of Holarctic taxa at these high elevations. The faunal diversity is the greatest in the Palearctic realm, with a mixture of Palearctic, Afrotropical and more restricted North African taxa. Mammals found in this region include the only African endemic species of deer, Cervus elaphus barbarus, the Barbary leopard (Panthera pardus panthera), the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), and before its extinction in the 1930s, the Atlas lion (Panthera leo leo). One strict endemic bird species, the Algerian nuthatch (Sitta ledanti), is also found. These forests have been utilized since ancient Roman times, but deforestation has increased dramatically in the past century. Human impact is significant, compounded by the socio-economic instability of the Maghreb countries. The Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe ecoregion forms a buffer between the Mediterranean forest ecoregions and the Sahara Desert farther south. The ecoregion may have been partially forested in prehistory, but today scrub vegetation predominates. A number of narrowly endemic species of plants are found here, although there are few endemic vertebrates. The ecoregion is currently highly threatened by the change from nomadic pastoralism to settled agriculture and grazing. The overgrazing widely practised here is considered to be leading to increased desertification in the area. Scattered across the Sahara, "Sebkhas" or "Chotts" are saline depressions in the desert that remain predominantly dry. Although flooding is rare, some of these areas flood annually. They are important habitats for small rodents and are important for grazing camels during dry seasons. The habitats of this ecoregion are not particularly threatened, as human populations are very small and most of the areas are too saline to be used for farming. Large mammals, however, have been hunted out from these areas. Woody resources, where available, are used by desert people. The only permanently populated part of the ecoregion is the Siwa Oasis in Egypt, which has permanent freshwater sources from large springs. This ecoregion is restricted to some suitable semi-desert and desert locations in the northern portion of Africa, in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Western Sahara and Mauritania. The most extensive of the areas are Chott Melghir, Oued Rir Vally, Hodna, Sebkhat Tidikelet, Sebkha of Timimoun, Tefedest, Chott El Djerid and the Qattara Depression and Siwa Depression in Egypt. This ecoregion forms the north and western border of the greater Sahara Desert region. Rainfall occurs during the cooler winter, nourishing a variety of plants that flower before the hot, dry summer. Compared to the South Saharan Steppe and Woodland, this ecoregion harbors a significant number of plant and small animal endemics. In the past the ecoregion also supported large numbers of desert-adapted African mammals, but many have been extirpated from the area due to decades (in some cases centuries) of over-hunting. Some of the remaining desert adapted species, such as the Dama gazelle and Houbara and Nubian bustards are still facing extreme hunting pressure, and in some areas they too have been extirpated. This ecoregion extends across northern Africa and covers parts of Western Sahara, Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. It is generally found inland of the coast, but stretches to the shore in areas where there is low rainfall. In Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, this ecoregion forms a transition between the Mediterranean domain towards the north and the true desert in the south. The Saharan Halophytics ecoregion is also found scattered through this ecoregion in areas of suitable saline conditions. The Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert in the world and occupies approximately ten percent of the African continent. The ecoregion includes the hyper-arid central portion of the Sahara where rainfall is minimal and sporadic. Although species richness and endemism are low, some highly adapted species do survive with notable adaptations. Only a few thousand years ago the Sahara was significantly wetter, and a significant large mammal fauna resided in this area. Climatic desiccation over the past 5000 years, and intense human hunting over the past 100 years, has obliterated most of these fauna. Now, in vast portions of the Sahara, merely rock, sand and sparse vegetation are found. The remnant large mammal fauna is highly threatened by ongoing over-hunting. An alternative name of the Sahara is the Great Desert. From the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the greater Sahara stretches across Africa to the Red Sea and down to the highlands of Ethiopia, encompassing an area 9,100,000 square kilometres (km2). This ecoregion covers the central Sahara Desert, between 18° and 30° N, and has an area of 4,619,260 km2. The northern and southern margins of the Sahara, which receive greater rainfall and have greater vegetation cover, are described separately. The flora of the central Sahara Desert is quite depauperate, and is estimated to include only 500 species. This is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. It mainly consists of xerophytes and ephemeral plants (called also locally Acheb), with halophytes in moister areas. The flora has one near endemic family, a number of isolated monotypic genera of both wide and narrow distribution, and perhaps as many as 162 endemic species. The monotypic genera suggest a Tertiary origin with probable extinction of linking forms. Vegetation is very contracted along the wadis and the dayas with Acacia sp, Tamarix sp., and Calotropis procera. Where there is sufficient groundwater, hammadas are covered by Anrthirrnum ramosissimuma and Ononis angustissima. The Sahara is a vast area of largely undisturbed habitat, principally sand and rock, but with small areas of permanent vegetation. The most degradation is found where water (oases, etc) is present. Here, habitats may be heavily altered by human activities. Previously existing tree cover has often been removed for fuel and fodder by nomadic pastoralists and traders. Tassili-n-Ajjer, found largely in southeastern Algeria, comprises a majority of the ecoregion. Three smaller outliers also occur, including the Air ou Azbine in northern Niger (with Monts Bagouezane reaching over 2000 metres), Dhar Adrar in Mauritania (reaching almost 700 m), and Adrar des Iforas in Mali and Algeria (reaching 900 m). The largest intact blocks of habitat found in Algeria lie within the huge protected areas of Ahaggar National Park and Parc National de Tassili N’Ajjer. In these areas the flora and fauna are actively protected. Tourism has become a means of income for the area, so local people have come to realize the economic importance of the animals and plants. Park managers are attempting to end poaching and woodcutting. The other portions of the ecoregion are less well protected, but their relative lack of human inhabitants may reduce threats. This ecoregion covers a narrow band on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, stretching from central Mauritania to the Red Sea. Annual grazing after rainfall is a key feature, in former times attracting large herds of arid-adapted migratory ungulates such as gazelles, addax, and scimitar-horned oryx. Much of the ecoregion is now overgrazed by herds of domestic livestock, and habitat degradation is widespread. Motorized hunters have decimated the wild ungulate herds, and the ecoregion's few protected areas have suffered from civil and international wars. Continued and increased external support is required to protect the ecoregion and provide alternate livelihoods and supplemental incomes for local people. The South Saharan Steppe and Woodlands ecoregion extends in a narrow band from central Mauritania, through Mali, southwestern Algeria, Niger, Chad, and across Sudan to the Red Sea, covering the southern fringes of the Sahara Desert. The habitats of this ecoregion are heavily influenced by drought, the effects of which are exacerbated by the large numbers of domestic livestock. In wetter years, there can be an abundance of forage, and in the past considerable numbers of large migratory ungulates used these temporary grasslands. Tree cover in the south and along wadis has declined. Many trees have been cut for charcoal, firewood, and building materials. The recruitment of young trees into mature age-classes is almost non-existent in many areas due to overgrazing. See also: Tassili N'Ajjer National Park, Algeria Ecoregions are areas that: share a large majority of their species and ecological dynamics; share similar environmental conditions; and, interact ecologically in ways that are critical for their long-term persistence. Scientists at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), have established a classification system that divides the world in 867 terrestrial ecoregions, 426 freshwater ecoregions and 229 marine ecoregions that reflect the distribution of a broad range of fauna and flora across the entire planet.

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Noble Life and Everyday Life Like many civilizations, Aztec society was hierarchical and a person’s social position, and therefore one’s way of life, was largely determined by birthright. Commoners worked as farmers, fishermen, or craftsmen. Noblemen served as government officials, scribes, and teachers. Although the class structure was reasonably rigid, some social mobility was possible through entry into the priesthood, achievement in warfare, or success in trade. The Aztec ruler, however, had to have been born into the right family. As the only figure allowed to wear the precious color turquoise, he lived in a sumptuous palace with spectacular gardens, a banqueting hall, a large zoo, and gold cutlery. Attended by an abundance of bodyguards and beautiful women (who had to approach him with downcast eyes and bare feet), the ruler possessed an almost godlike status. The ruler at the time of the Spanish invasion was the ninth Aztec emperor, Motecuhzoma II, who could trace his ancestry back to the first ruler, Acamapichtli. To maintain his luxurious lifestyle, the great Motecuhzoma demanded one-third of everything his people produced in taxes. He also demanded regular payments, known as tribute, from the subjects of conquered provinces. At the opposite end of the social hierarchy were peasant farmers, landless commoners, and slaves. They had few rights or luxuries and spent their lives growing crops for food and tribute. A privileged upper class was formed by nobles and priests, both of whom played an important role in government and lawmaking. The higher classes were distinguished by their fine decorated textiles and sandals, which were important symbols of rank. They lived in palatial complexes and enjoyed objects of the finest quality. Only nobles were allowed to wear clothes made of cotton, and they frequently adorned themselves with intricate ornaments—pendants, lip plugs, and earspools. Commoners wore clothes woven from the much coarser fiber of the maguey plant. Below the nobles were the merchants and skilled craftsmen. It was to this middle class that professional warriors belonged. Young boys would be educated at home by their parents until the age of 15, at which point they would either be trained in warfare or sent for priestly instruction in writing, philosophy, and astronomy. (Girls were educated at home until 15 as well, but then married.) Although already respected members of society, warriors could improve their rank by capturing an ever-greater number of victims, and were rewarded with increasingly impressive costumes and precious tribute items. Although we tend to think of gold as the most precious of materials, as did the Spanish conquistadors, the Aztecs did not. They worked the gold into exquisite pieces of jewelry, but referred to it as the excrement of the gods. Perhaps surprisingly to us, the most venerated material was feathers. Brightly colored plumes were gathered, often from farmed birds, and sent to Tenochtitlan as tax payment or tribute. They were fashioned into objects of great beauty, such as fans, shields, and headdresses. Featherworks were insignia of wealth and power, and an important element of the ritual outfit of warriors. Mosaics made of shell, turquoise, and other stones were also highly prized. - This figure represents a warrior who holds a serpent-headed spear-thrower in one hand and a shield, darts, and banner in the other. Experts believe that he represents someone of elite status. How can you tell that this warrior is part of a respected group within his society? - Stone figures, clay pots, and jade ornaments are some of the objects that preserve our knowledge of Aztec civilization. What objects or images would you select to represent life today? Why do these objects serve as a valid representation of contemporary society? - Although only nobles had objects made from precious metals and stones, all Aztec homes had small shrines to the gods that might help to protect the family. Do you have religious objects in your home? Describe what they are, where they are placed, and how they are used. Within Aztec society a person’s status and social class were clearly delineated. Look through magazines and newspapers for indications of how people from various levels of contemporary society are depicted. Cut out your examples and have a class discussion about current indicators of status. What are contemporary “status symbols”?Social Studies Read over the section above and write a parallel essay about social class and status in contemporary society.English / Language Arts

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We want the right to follow our consciences, to worship our God, and to live out our faith by making a contribution within the public square, which is our patrimony and our heritage: our blessed liberties. We have concluded the “Fortnight for Freedom,” instigated by the United States Conference Catholic Bishops. We now draw near to the decisive hour. It is an hour of decision in the history of our great nation; for it is an hour that truly challenges American Catholics’ sense of discipleship. It was a fortnight in which our bishops asked us to reflect upon our liberties, our history, and our current state of affairs. If you have thought about these issues at all, you know that our history has not lied in this case: America is a nation that was built upon reverence for God, his natural law, and respect for the primacy of individual conscience and religious tradition. In 1636, 140 years before Thomas Jefferson penned the Declaration of Independence, the founder of the little colony of Rhode Island, Roger Williams, made freedom of conscience and religion the keystone of his community. In 1776, in the Declaration of Independence, and again in 1789, in the Constitution of the United States, both documents clearly stated the “limitations of government.” In 1791, the Bill of Rights, also carefully enunciated the rights of each individual citizen—the first right being freedom of religion. James Madison, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, as well as its secretary and recorder, described the legitimacy of conscience as: “the most sacred of all property.” 1 He wrote: “The religion, then, of every man must be left to the conviction and conscience of every man; and it is the right of every man to exercise it as they may dictate.” 2 George Washington wrote, “the establishment of civil and religious liberty was the motive that induced [him] to the field of battle.” 3 In 1804, President Thomas Jefferson assured the Ursuline Sisters of Louisiana—who had, for 77 years, been serving an indigenous population by operating schools, hospitals, and an orphanage—that their ministry would be free “to govern itself according to its own voluntary rules, without, interference from the civil authority.” 4 This is a matter of history. It is not a matter of conjecture, dispute, or equivocation. Yet, it is clear that the vast majority of our current state and federal government leaders do not accept this understanding of what the founding fathers of our nation wrote, lived, and established as our heritage. So, we are at this hour of decision, an hour that will determine the depth of our discipleship, testing our understanding of who we are as American Catholics. Many pundits, commentators, and, yes, even Catholic politicians, have remarked that there is nothing to worry about with this Supreme Court approved health care law. However, our Church leaders (our bishops) are united in telling us that there is, in fact, something drastically wrong with this law. The American bishops have been united and clear on this issue. 5 They tell us that this Fortnight for Freedom has been about getting American Catholics—all 52 million of us—to understand that our federal government will force our Church to provide for certain types of medical procedures, even though it is in direct violation of our collective conscience. But, the Federal government’s actions are wrong and must be opposed. Our society may well ask: “What do you want?” Our Church responds, as we respond, that as Catholics we ask nothing more than what Sts. Peter and Paul, all the martyred ones, and true disciples of Jesus Christ, wanted. As citizens of the United States, we ask nothing more than what Roger Williams, George Washington, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and all true American statesmen and women have wanted. Simply put, we want the right to follow our consciences, to worship our God as we see fit, and to live out our faith by making a contribution within the public square. We ask nothing more of our government than what our history has told us is our patrimony and our heritage: our blessed liberties. This is the hour of demonstrating our discipleship in Christ Jesus. We must not shrink back in fear, for our sense of commitment to our nation’s heritage, and our loyalty to Jesus Christ and our Church, demands that we do not compromise on this issue. We believe that all Americans, of all religious persuasions—not just our federal and state governments—must be allowed to make a contribution to the common good as prescribed by our faith and sense of duty. This is a liberty that has always been granted under our system of laws until this critical moment in our country’s history. What should we do? We should use all the law-abiding and peaceful means at our disposal to inform our elected officials of this singular outrage against freedom of conscience. If they don’t address and rectify our concerns, we must remember it, responding accordingly when we select our state and federal representatives. We can do no less. Let us pray that, through the intercession of the Holy Spirit, we may have the courage, individually and collectively, to act as disciples of Christ—remaining peaceful, courageous, and steadfast in the face of imperial tyranny. - James Madison, “Property,” March 29, 1792, in The Founding Fathers, Eds. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987), presspubs.uchicago.edu… ↩ - James Madison, “Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessment,” June 20, 1785, in The Founding Fathers. ↩ - Michael Novak and Jana Novak, Washington’s God, 2006. ↩ - Anson Phelps Stokes, Church and State in the United States (Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1950), 678. ↩ - Commentary based on statements from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Ad Hoc Committee for Religious Liberty document: “Our First, Most Cherished Liberty: A Statement on Religious Liberty.” ↩

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The Handbook of Environment and Society focuses on the interactions between people, societies and economies, and the state of nature and the environment. Editorially integrated but written from multi-disciplinary perspectives, The Handbook of Environment and Society is organised in seven sections: - Environmental thought: past and present - Valuing the environment - Knowledges and knowing - Political economy of environmental change - Environmental technologies - Redesigning natures - Institutions and policies for influencing the environment Key themes include: locations where the environment-society relation is most acute: where, for example, there are few natural resources or where industrialization is unregulated; the discussion of these issues at different scales: local, regional, national, and global; the cost of damage to resources; and the relation between principal actors in the environment-society nexus. 'This is a monumental and timely contribution to scholarship on society and environments. The handbook makes it easy and compelling for anyone to learn about that scholarship in its full manifestations and as represented by some of the most highly respected researchers and thinkers in the English-speaking world. It is wide-reaching in scope and far-reaching in its implications for public and private action, a definite must for serious researchers and their libraries' Bonnie J. McCay, Professor, Rutgers University, USA 'This is the desert island book for anyone interested in the relationship between society and the environment. The editors have assembled a masterful collection of contributions on every conceivable dimension of environmental thinking in the social sciences and humanities. No library should be without it!' Associate Professor Robyn Eckersley, University of Melbourne, Australia

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THE SOLUTION FOR CLIMATE CHANGE! At the same time these panels are able to capture CO2 and CH4 The Keshe Foundation is proud to announce the development of "Day & Night panels" which deliver current day and night at levels considerably higher than those from present solar panel models. These D&N panels will be able to supply constant power to electrical and electronic devices. This new technology is under patent application.from the air and convert them to a liquid state. CO2 and CH4 are important greenhouse gases. Power generating systems for power stations, power farms, local and household power units and remote generators. which last several years instead of a few days, for computers and cellular phones. which last several years instead of a few days, for powering and cooling micro-electronics. In power stations to create a head of steam for turbines. for electric heating and light. for industrial processes. for obtaining water and desalination. We are initially offering 10,000 units of 3-4 KW AC/DC and 1000 units of 10 KW AC/DC portable domestic Keshe electric power generators. This web page gives a new insight into the energy production capabilities of our systems. The concept of energy creation behind the development of this reactor is based on a new understanding of the laws of physics. Our technology results from applying this new understanding of the cooperation and interaction of the atomic structure of gases and matters upon each other. The principles of the behavior of gases and liquids in the environment have been studied and catalogued in detail over the past decades. This is an important factor in the development of any energy system that has to be portable and light, but at the same time flexible, powerful and functional to justify its use in any system, such as production of power, gravity or anti-gravity, shielding, medical purposes and so forth. For this system to meet these criteria it is important to use hydrogen as the primary catalyst. In 2005 Prof. Dr. ir. Marc Van Overmeire of the Univertity of Brussels (VUB), at the request of FLAG (Flanders Aerospace Group) looked into Mr Keshe’s energy concept and produced the following evaluation (download the pdf), concluding that the concepts behind this method of energy production are valid. THE USE OF THE SYSTEM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE This system is a fully integrated electro-nuclear-magnetic power generator. The system, in its core, creates the magnetic force field that man is used to as part of the magnetic fields of the Earth. The unit generates magnetic fields that can pass through tissues and atoms without affecting their characteristics.

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Learning how to read coherently and write effectively teaches you to think critically, increases your vocabulary, and improves your language and research skills. No matter what field you enter, communication and writing skills are important and highly sought after by employers. Maranatha’s English major will expose you to enduring literary works and teach you to write more effectively, whether you write sermons, correspondence, books, magazine articles, or other forms of communication. Because of its emphasis on critical thinking and writing, English is also one of the best ways to prepare for graduate school. Unlike secular English programs that promote relativistic theory about language, Maranatha’s English major teaches students to “approve things that are excellent” (Phil. 1:10) and to evaluate literature from a moral and biblical perspective. The English major will not only immerse you in the wide world of literature and awaken your cultural awareness but also equip you to discern objective truth and beauty according to God’s standard. An English minor is also available for those majoring in another field who want to improve their ability to think, read, and write effectively through an acquaintance with excellent literary works. This is the suggested class list for the English major. You may also look over the details for our English Education major. |English Composition 1||3||English Composition 2||3| |Computer Information System Elective||1||Computer Information System Elective||2| |Christian Life 1||1||New Testament Survey||2| |Old Testament Survey||2||Minor||3| |Fundamentals of Public Speaking||2||Music Elective||2| |The Modern World||3||Science Elective||3| |British Literature Survey to 1789||3||British Literature Survey: 1789 to Present||3| |Composition and Literature||3||American Masterpieces||3| |Elementary Spanish 1||3||Elementary Spanish 2||3| |Computer Information System Elective||1||Baptist Heritage||3| |Christian Life 2||1||Bible Elective||2| |Principles of Bible Study||2||Minor||3| |Writing Elective||3||Literary Criticism||3| |Period Literature Elective||3||Computer Information System Elective||1| |Intermediate Spanish 1||3||Intermediate Spanish 2||3| |Introduction to Philosophy||2||Bible Doctrine 1||3| |Christian Life 3||1||Minor||3| |Minor||3||American Studies Elective||3| |Period Literature Elective||3||Period Literature Elective||3| |Writing Elective||3||Writing or Period Literature Elective||3| |Bible Doctrine 2||3||English Elective||3| |Humanities Elective||3||Humanities Elective||3| - Copy editor - Creative writer - English as a Second Language teacher - Linguistic specialist - Literacy tutor - Literature specialist Chelsie (Czichray) Messenger (’08) is enrolled in the Professional Communications program at Clemson University and hopes to someday work in business communications or public relations. She previously taught English at Easley Christian School in Easley, SC. “My academic advisor, Nathan Huffstutler, helped me sort out my future career goals and helped me develop my love of technical writing,” Messenger said.

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- Age Range:Age 2 to 6 years - Class Structure: New unit theme for each month, each contains four lessons Taught like a regular Kindermusik class, with additional option of a hosted CD Nine monthly units for 2 year olds Nine monthly units for 3 year olds Twelve monthly units for 4 to 6 year olds - Class Length: 30 minutes - Class Size: Up to twelve children in class, with or without accompanying adults ABC Music & Me, an award-winning enrichment (early literacy and language) program for 2 to 6 year olds, was designed for early childhood learning centers, but can also be taught in a Kindermusik classroom. ABC Music & Me is a research-based language and early literacy program built around music. ABC Music & Me helps develop pre-literacy and language skills through a child’s most-loved rituals: music and storytime. ABC Music & Me supports the early childhood standards and requirements for “high quality programs” as defined by the National Institute for Early Education. Plus for the older age group, ABC Music & Me aligns with pre-K national and state standards. ABC Music & Me Spanish Home Materials -- addressing ELL (English Language Learners) -- are available. An increasing percentage of children entering school today come from families that speak little to no English at home. Click here now to find out which ABC Music & Me materials are available right now in Spanish. What a Child Will Experience in Class: - Songs and rhymes to develop phonetic awareness and early reading skills - Tapping, clacking, and ringing rhythm instruments in time with music to improve hand-eye coordination - Focused listening with music to improve skills in following directions - Instrument play to strengthen fine motor skills - Developmentally-appropriate songs to develop vocal chords and expressive speech - Learning that emphasizes storytelling, imaginative play, and taking turns

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The stink bug population is six times larger this year than last. The stink bug population is six times larger this year than last. Matt Rourke/AP If you live along the East Coast, there's a pretty good chance that stink bugs may be lurking in your attic or even behind your curtains. The invasive insects from Asia, which exude a rubber-like stench when you crush them, are a nuisance for you, but a serious pest for farmers. Crop producers received a reprieve from the bugs in 2012, but the insects may be coming back and with a greater spread of attack. Bob Black says he was not in a good place in 2010. "This thing is really gonna put a big chapter in my book of life," he said. "I've never had anything affect me like this." Black runs Catoctin Mountain Orchards in Thurmont, Md., and like other farmers across the region, he was being assaulted by brown marmorated stink bugs. They disfigure all kinds of crops, ranging from corn to peaches. One year they hit Black's apples. "One of my late varieties, Pink Lady — which a lot of people like — that's the latest apple," he says. "We had 50 percent damage on that." That was more than a year ago. In 2012, things improved a little. "Unfortunately they're still around here," Black says. "We do have some damage again, but nothing like ... 2010." He says he never wants to go through that again. Stink bug attacks can be impossible to predict. They can come out of nowhere because they can live just about anywhere — a wheat field or a patch of woods. Overall, last year wasn't so bad. There are two reasons for that: One, an early spring season gave crops a head start against the bugs; and two, a plethora of bugs died in 2011. "For some reason that we don't fully understand, there was high nymphal mortality in the fall of 2011, so that translated into fewer adult bugs in spring 2012," Chris Bergh, an entomologist at Virginia Tech, explains. That gives farmers little comfort though because experts are unsure why they all died. Tracy Leskey, an entomologist with the U.S. Agricultural Research Service, says the insect populations have recovered and in larger numbers — six times more than in the previous year. For now, they're hibernating in barns, fields and people's attics. When they emerge this spring, farmers will have a few weapons ready: new pheromone traps to give an early warning and some EPA-approved pesticides to use on an emergency basis. Researchers are still considering bringing the bugs' natural parasites over from China. But until a more permanent solution is found, farmers will be keeping their eyes on their fields and their spray tanks full.

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As the month of September comes to an end, we await the arrival of many of the fall and winter bird species. According to records maintained by the former Chautauqua Bird hotline, this is an appropriate time to be on the lookout for several early unusual winter arrivals such as Crossbills, Siskins, Redpolls, and Finches. Starting with the Crossbills, the two species that have been recorded here in Chautauqua County are the Red Crossbill and the White-winged Crossbill. These two visitors from the north start making their appearance around late October or early November, and depart back to their breeding grounds about late April and May of the following year. The Red Crossbill normally breeds from Alaska south to some of the higher elevations of Canada and the United States. This bird has irregularly been observed in our county from late fall to mid May, preferring conifer trees with cones still attached. Include with this article are several photos taken by Bob Peterson of Fredonia of both these species. I thank Bob for his contribution. This member of the finch family has not been recorded as a breeder in our area, however I suspect that future breeding studies by county organizations may be surprised. That is strictly my prediction, and not yet confirmed by other local residents. As usual, I will stand to be corrected. Two species also observed at this time of the year are the Pine Siskin and the Common Redpoll. Starting with the Pine Siskin, this bird appears in our area about the end of September and usually departs back north by the end of June of the following year. The Common Redpoll arrives in our county around the end of September, and departs for its breeding grounds around late June of the following year. The Redpoll breeds from northern Alaska to James Bay in Newfoundland. While considered an irruptive species, the earliest local arrival date for this species occurred in western New York is around October 5 of 1977 when single birds were observed throughout our region. The Common Redpoll is usually observed in our county near the end of May and departs for breeding grounds by late October. The arrival of these birds is said to be governed by the presence of an abundance of conifer cones. Another rare arrival to our area is the Pine Grosbeak. This larger member of this family primarily breeds in North America from Alaska to southern Ontario, and is a very rare visitor to our county. Hotline records have indicated that it has been observed over the years from late November to early March during rare irruption years. The last birds to discuss are the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, the largest member of this group, along with Purple Finch. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak is primarily a summer and early fall visitor to our county with a few reported winter sightings. This bird normally appears in our county from about the end of April to the middle of October. A single unusual and unconfirmed sighting occurred during a previous month of January is the only winter record reported. Article suggestions, photographs and data may be submitted to me via e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.org or by regular U.S.Mail to 38 Elm St. Fredonia, N.Y. 14063. Thank you.

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When to See an Asthma Specialist Most children are treated by their pediatrician, but you should see an asthma specialist if: - Your child needs short-acting medicine to relieve symptoms more than twice a week. - Allergies seem to trigger his asthma symptoms. - She gets sick more often than other kids, or respiratory problems make her miss school more than twice a month. - He still coughs frequently, especially at night. - She has to sit out normal activities because she has shortness of breath or coughs a lot. - Low doses of preventive medication aren't enough to control his asthma. - She's ever been hospitalized for breathing difficulty.

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3 to 4 Years: Weaving Worlds With Words At this stage, your child uses her ever-increasing language skills to become a “big talker” and develops an awareness of the power of the written word. Parents and caregivers of preschoolers can help them develop into readers and writers by playing with letters and their sounds, promoting dramatic play using characters from books, and reading lots of books together. Through his own daily experiences, your preschooler learns more and more about the way things work in the world and his place in it. At the same time, he is able to use his ever-increasing vocabulary and language skills to share his observations, ideas, and imaginary worlds with other children and adults. Young children can be entertaining storytellers, engaging conversational partners, and frustrating negotiators. During the preschool years, your child will become aware that the world is filled with letters and may begin to recognize familiar words. You can help your preschooler become an eager reader and writer through simple conversations and reading together. It helps to plan regular times to read with your young child and talk together daily about things that interest him. You can turn everyday experiences such as waiting in lines, doing errands, and riding the bus into conversation starters. By talking about your child’s ideas, observations, and feelings, you prepare your young child for reading and writing about the world. How to Help Your Preschooler Get Ready for Reading - Point to the words as you read aloud. When you point to the words as you read or talk about the title and author, you help your child learn about the different parts of the book. You also show him that reading involves connecting spoken words to printed ones. - Repeat your child’s words the right way. Most young children make grammatical errors while they are learning to talk. Instead of correcting, try repeating your child’s words the correct way. This way, you teach her proper grammar and demonstrate that making mistakes is how we learn. - Join your child in pretend play. Pretending actually helps children develop language and literacy skills. They use new words and ways of speaking when they play different roles. They also practice making up stories, a skill that helps them understand books read aloud to them. - Make up rhymes as you go about your day. Rhyming and other kinds of word play help your child to hear differences between sounds to understand that words are made up of sounds. Being able to rhyme will actually help your child learn to read and write. - Draw and write alongside your child. One way to encourage your child to write is to show him how you write. When you write, talk to him about what you are doing. That way, you teach your child how we use writing in everything from grocery lists to phone messages. Next: Learn about your preschooler’s listening abilities.

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Latitude And Rain Dictated Where Species Lived More than 200 million years ago, mammals and reptiles lived in their own separate worlds on the supercontinent Pangaea, despite little geographical incentive to do so. Mammals lived in areas of twice-yearly seasonal rainfall; reptiles stayed in areas where rains came just once a year. Mammals lose more water when they excrete, and thus need water-rich environments to survive. Results are published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Aggregating nearly the entire landmass of Earth, Pangaea was a continent the likes our planet has not seen for the last 200 million years. Its size meant there was a lot of space for animals to roam, for there were few geographical barriers, such as mountains or ice caps, to contain them. Yet, strangely, animals confined themselves. Studying a transect of Pangaea stretching from about three degrees south to 26 degrees north (a long swath in the center of the continent covering tropical and semiarid temperate zones), a team of scientists led by Jessica Whiteside at Brown University has determined that reptiles, represented by a species called procolophonids, lived in one area, while mammals, represented by a precursor species called traversodont cynodonts, lived in another. Though similar in many ways, their paths evidently did not cross. “We’re answering a question that goes back to Darwin’s time,” said Whiteside, assistant professor of geological sciences at Brown, who studies ancient climates. “What controls where organisms live? The two main constraints are geography and climate.” Turning to climate, the frequency of rainfall along lines of latitude directly influenced where animals lived, the scientists write in a paper published this week in the online early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In the tropical zone where the mammal-relative traversodont cynodonts lived, monsoon-like rains fell twice a year. But farther north on Pangaea, in the temperate regions where the procolophonids predominated, major rains occurred only once a year. It was the difference in the precipitation, the researchers conclude, that sorted the mammals’ range from that of the reptiles. The scientists focused on an important physiological difference between the two: how they excrete. Mammals lose water when they excrete and need to replenish what they lose. Reptiles (and birds) get rid of bodily waste in the form of uric acid in a solid or semisolid form that contains very little water. On Pangaea, the mammals needed a water-rich area, so the availability of water played a decisive role in determining where they lived. “It’s interesting that something as basic as how the body deals with waste can restrict the movement of an entire group,” Whiteside said. In water-limited areas, “the reptiles had a competitive advantage over mammals,” Whiteside said. She thinks the reptiles didn’t migrate into the equatorial regions because they already had found their niche. The researchers compiled a climate record for Pangaea during the late Triassic period, from 234 million years ago to 209 million years ago, using samples collected from lakes and ancient rift basins stretching from modern-day Georgia to Nova Scotia. Pangaea was a hothouse then: Temperatures were about 20 degrees Celsius hotter in the summer, and atmospheric carbon dioxide was five to 20 times greater than today. Yet there were regional differences, including rainfall amounts. The researchers base the rainfall gap on variations in the Earth’s precession, or the wobble on its axis, coupled with the eccentricity cycle, based on the Earth’s orbital position to the sun. Together, these Milankovitch cycles influence how much sunlight, or energy, reaches different areas of the planet. During the late Triassic, the equatorial regions received more sunlight, thus more energy to generate more frequent rainfall. The higher latitudes, with less total sunlight, experienced less rain. The research is important because climate change projections shows areas that would receive less precipitation, which could put mammals there under stress. “There is evidence that climate change over the last 100 years has already changed the distribution of mammal species,” said Danielle Grogan, a graduate student in Whiteside’s research group. “Our study can help us predict negative climate effects on mammals in the future.” Contributing authors include Grogan, Paul Olsen from Columbia University, and Dennis Kent from Rutgers. The National Science Foundation and the Richard Salomon Foundation funded the research. Image 1 Caption: More than 200 million years ago, nearly all the land on Earth was part of Pangaea. Animals could roam freely, yet they appear to have sorted themselves into regions. Researchers at Brown are figuring out why. (Credit: Brown University) Image 2 Caption: The skull of the procolophonid Hypsognathus was found in Fundy basin, Nova Scotia, which was hotter and drier when it was part of Pangaea. Mammals, needing more water, chose to live elsewhere. (Credit: Brown University) On the Net:

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Building Material Salvage and Recycling Client Assistance Memo 1302 Why should you reuse and recycle building materials? - Send less waste to the landfill - Give usable items another life - Reduce natural resource use - Save money - Cut greenhouse gas emissions - Support the local material reuse and recycling industry - Earn green building rating system points (e.g., Built Green™, LEED™) Many opportunities exist to reuse and recycle building materials that come from both demolition and new building projects. Salvage: The removal of select materials from a building prior to demolition. These materials include items such as architectural features, cabinets, windows, and wood flooring. Recycling: The collection and processing of certain materials, which are then manufactured into new products. Salvage before demolition The typical home or commercial space often contains numerous reusable items. This is particularly true with older buildings. Items frequently desirable for reuse include large timbers, wood flooring, wood trim, cabinets, double-pane windows, dimensional lumber, and (non-hollow core) doors. Dimensional lumber is particularly desirable but can sometimes be difficult or expensive to remove. The most important consideration to maximizing reuse is to plan ahead and provide time for removal of desirable items. Salvage can begin at the beginning of a construction project, before demolition and hazardous waste abatement. Salvaging of non-structural items can begin before a demolition permit has been issued. If you do not have the time or knowledge to find outlets for potentially reusable items, call one of the local used building material stores. Store staff is typically available to visit a site to determine whether potentially-salvageable items are desired by their business. Some of the used building material stores provide deconstruction and salvage services. If a building contains enough desired materials, store staff may be able to remove the items from the building at no charge, and many are able to provide receipts to allow for a tax deduction based on the value of the materials. Any items removed before a building is demolished will reduce disposal costs. Think creatively for other ways to reuse materials before sending them to the landfill. Consider salvaging materials from an old building for reuse in a new building, on the same site. For example, high grade lumber may be salvaged and cut into trim or made into furnishings for the new building. Concrete may be ground and re-used on site in place of gravel or aggregate. One alternative to using a salvage company is to hold a “Demo Sale” before a building is demolished. This involves letting the public into the building to remove non-structural windows, trim, doors, flooring, cabinets, etc., before the building is flattened. If you plan to pursue this option, check your insurance policy for liability coverage. Recycle during demolition Worker salvaging reusable dimensional lumber during a home deconstruction. Photo by: The Reuse People. City of Seattle ordinance requires businesses to recycle certain items, such as paper, cardboard, and yard debris. Other recyclables coming out of a demolition project can include wiring, plumbing fixtures, metal studs, and structural supports. Be careful about metal ductwork, which often has asbestos tape or insulation attached to it. For comprehensive information about materials that can be recycled and local recyclers, visit Resource Venture or call (206) 343-8505. When salvaging materials for reuse and recycling, be mindful about safety. Hazardous materials or situations may restrict the ability to salvage items, such as asbestos-containing tile or mastic above wood flooring. Be aware of surfaces which may contain lead based paint. Avoid cutting such surfaces, and minimize dust generation. Using salvaged and recycled content materials The key to encouraging and maintaining steady markets for salvaged and recycled materials is to integrate them into new projects. It is important to consider how to integrate salvaged materials early, during the design phase. Client Assistance Memo 336, Sustainable Building and Reuse of Building Materials, provides a comprehensive look at the necessary code considerations for integrating specific types of materials into projects. Used building materials stores stock an ever-changing variety of flooring, doors, trim, windows and other miscellaneous items. For large projects or small, recycled-content materials can also help “close the loop” of the recycling process. Gypsum wallboard, plastic-composite deck materials, metal materials, and acoustic ceiling tiles frequently are available with recycled content. To ensure products contain recycled content, be sure to research available products and specify desired percentages of recycled content. For more information visit Resource Venture or call (206) 343-8505. Minimizing waste: maximizing reuse and recycling during construction Most new construction projects will result in extra “left-over” materials. Depending on the volume, you may have a number of choices for how to reuse certain materials. Potential reuse outlets include used building material stores, on-line resources, and one-time used building material sales. If materials can’t be reused, look to optimize recycling. Recyclable materials generated during construction include clean wood, metals, gypsum wallboard, and cardboard/paper. Some waste haulers require separation of materials on the jobsite. Others are able to provide a container for all types of “commingled” recycling, to be sorted later at an outside facility. In general, separating materials for recycling will reduce contamination and increase the amount of material actually recycled. For comprehensive information about recycling options for different materials, visit Resource Venture or call (206) 343-8505. The Resource Venture can provide you with the Contractor’s guide to Waste Prevention and Recycling, and the Construction Recycling Directory. The Resource Venture is a good source for assistance with nonstandard recycling, such as acoustic ceiling tile, drywall, porcelain, roofing, and plant/tree salvage. Local building materials stores work together to encourage used building materials markets through the Northwest Building Salvage Network. For more information about local deconstruction and reuse companies and services, see the Building Salvage and Deconstruction Services sheet in the DPD Demolition packet. For detailed information and ideas about integrating salvaged building materials into your construction project, take a look at the Salvage and Reuse Green Home Remodel Guide (pdf). This Client Assistance Memo (CAM) should not be used as a substitute for codes and regulations. The applicant is responsible for compliance with all code and rule requirements, whether or not described in this CAM.

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Dry, flaky skin, also referred to as xerosis, not only looks unattractive, it can be uncomfortably tight and itchy. In severe cases, the skin is so dry that fissures and cracks develop which can become inflamed or infected. The symptoms worsen in the winter months when skin is exposed to dry air and heat, but some people deal with xerosis all year round. Dry skin is caused by a lack of moisture in the outer layer of the skin. The outermost layer of the skin contains lipids. These lipids consist of ceramides, fatty acids and cholesterol that help to hold in water and prevent dryness. People with dry skin often have lower levels of ceramides. This affects the skin’s ability to retain moisture. When the outer layer of skin is too dry, skin cells aren’t shed properly and the cells build up on the surface of the skin causing it to look rough and flaky. Some people are prone towards dry skin genetically, but lifestyle habits play a role too. Ceramides that keep skin moist and supple can be stripped away by using harsh cleansers and detergents, washing skin in hot water, exposing skin to chemicals, frequent bathing and exposure to dry air or extremes in temperature. Areas with the fewest oil glands such as the extremities and trunk are most susceptible. It’s important to reduce your skin’s exposure to elements that damage the lipid layer and remove moisture from the skin. Some people live in homes with a low humidity. Adding a home humidifier to increase moisture in the air is a simple way to sooth dry, irritated skin. Staying covered up outdoors in the winter helps too. Another problem that aggravates xerosis is excessive exposure to water, especially hot water. Dry skin was less common years ago when people didn’t have the convenience of taking a shower every day. Using harsh cleansers and bath products including soap also worsen the problem by stripping away the lipids and oils that keep skin moist. A better alternative is to use a soap-free cleanser which contains ingredients that remove dirt while helping to repair the protective lipid barrier. Keep baths short, and use warm, not hot, water. A brief shower is a better alternative. After cleansing, it’s important to moisturize. Pat skin dry and immediately apply a layer of moisturizer while skin is still slightly damp. Choose one that contains ingredients known to be effective for dry skin such as hyaluronic acid, glycerin, alpha-hydroxy acids or urea. Alpha-hydroxy acids have the additional advantage of smoothing the skin surface and improving its texture so it reflects light better, making skin look more youthful. Stay away from lanolin and fragrance which can irritate the skin. A lotion works well for xerosis on the body, but creams are better for treating facial dryness. Select a product which contains hyaluronic acid and glycerin along with other moisturizers such as shea butter and safflower seed oil to retain moisture. Using a combination of moisturizers also helps to smooth out the appearance of fine lines and makes skin feel supple and silky. Dry skin is more than just a cosmetic problem. It can make skin feel itchy and uncomfortable. Fortunately, it can be treated by making a few lifestyle changes and using the right skin care products.

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Ready to use substitute lesson plans for a complete school day! As teachers we all know the truth. It is honestly easier to go ahead and drag yourself into school when sick or cancel the long over due appointment than it is to plan for a substitute during an emergency or planned absent. Substitute days are typically lost days. We try to come up with somewhat meaning instruction for someone else to complete with students. However, even the best substitute can����¯�¿�½������¯����¯�¿�½������¿����¯�¿�½������½t read your mind (or your plan book) and many times you end up re-teaching the content anyway. As a teacher, you have an enormous amount of work to do and content to cover and can����¯�¿�½������¯����¯�¿�½������¿����¯�¿�½������½t afford to miss any instructional days. In addition, those of you working as subs, have the daunting responsibility of reporting into a brand new job each day without the foggiest clue of what is in store for you. Your day becomes even more difficult when you are subbing for a foreign language class! These lesson plans were written for regular primary/elementary classrooms and substitute teachers. Everything is written for you! All you need to do is program (this is an electronic copy ����¯�¿�½������¯����¯�¿�½������¿����¯�¿�½������½ so go ahead and type before printing) the class schedule, the class procedures sheet and the grade level lesson time periods for your specific classes so the sub knows when to do what, make class set of worksheet copies (if applicable), and then place the plans, copies and class rosters in a folder on your desk. That����¯�¿�½������¯����¯�¿�½������¿����¯�¿�½������½s it! You can keep the plans on your desk for an emergency situation or use them for a scheduled absence. The only other materials you need to make sure the sub and students have access to are everyday desk/tub items such as pencils, crayons, scissors, glue, writing paper, construction paper and a white board or chalkboard. So, treat yourself and allow someone else to do the planning for you! You can pick and choose which lessons to include in your substitute folder for the day. This third grade level kit contains: The programmable information sheets, programmable class schedule, worksheet masters to be copied (Great Lakes cause and effect worksheet, The Pantry Ghosts poetry analysis worksheet, Describe how to make an ice cream cone writing prompt worksheet, Writer����¯�¿�½������¯����¯�¿�½������¿����¯�¿�½������½s check list, Glyph worksheet, Glyph legend, and Drawing Stick Figures worksheet), 60-90 minute reading lesson (Poetry analysis and cause and effect), 45-55 minute math lesson (shoe glyph), 40-50 minute writing lesson (describe how to make an ice cream cone (using written format for high stakes tests), 30 minute spelling lesson (Spelling Detective Check game), 30 minute science lesson (Science Vocabulary Race game), 30 minute social studies lesson (Uhm! game), 30 minute art lesson (drawing stick figures using various lines), and 30 minute extension lesson (Backs to the Board game). The lessons are designed to be presented in a way consistent to the standard cycle of instruction. Kindergarten, First grade day 1, first grade day 2 second grade, and K-3 Spanish substitute lesson plans are also available on TpT. This Work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License

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When President Warren G. Harding died from a heart-related problem in 1923, Vice President Calvin Coolidge became the 30th President of the United States. The following year, with his popularity buoyed by a strong economy, Coolidge handily won the 1924 presidential election, using the campaign slogan “Keep Cool With Coolidge.” Unlike some presidents, “Silent Cal” Coolidge wasn’t known for making memorable statements. The most famous quote associated with him is a line about business being the business of America. That line is often given as “The business of America is business” or “The business of the American people is business.” In fact, both of those versions are misquotes. They aren’t radically different from what he actually said, which was “the chief business of the American people is business.” However, when this short quote or the misquote versions are cited alone, out of context, they tend to give the unfair and inaccurate impression that Coolidge was a one-dimensional, pro-business cheerleader. President Coolidge made his famous remark in an address to the Society of American Newspaper Editors on January 17, 1925 in Washington, D.C. “There does not seem to be cause for alarm in the dual relationship of the press to the public, whereby it is on one side a purveyor of information and opinion and on the other side a purely business enterprise,” he said. “Rather, it is probable that a press which maintains an intimate touch with the business currents of the nation, is likely to be more reliable than it would be if it were a stranger to these influences.” Coolidge went on to add his famous quote. “After all, the chief business of the American people is business. They are profoundly concerned with producing, buying, selling, investing and prospering in the world. I am strongly of the opinion that the great majority of people will always find these the moving impulses of our life.” The idea that Americans are concerned about prospering seems pretty reasonable. And, Coolidge made it clear that he didn't mean “greed is good.” “Of course, the accumulation of wealth cannot be justified as the chief end of existence,” he said. “But we are compelled to recognize it as a means to well-nigh every desirable achievement. So long as wealth is made the means and not the end, we need not greatly fear it...But it calls for additional effort to avoid even the appearance of the evil of selfishness. In every worthy profession, of course, there will always be a minority who will appeal to the baser instinct. There always have been, probably always will be, some who will feel that their own temporary interest may be furthered by betraying the interest of others.” In light of the recent financial scandals involving the corporate executives of big banks and Wall Street firms and the debate about the 1% vs. the 99%, Coolidge’s comments are still surprising relevant today. * * * * * * * * * * Comments? Corrections? Post them on the Famous Quotations Facebook page.

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There's a meteor shower tonight! The Orionid meteor shower peaks this weekend and the night sky will give an impressive show as onlookers watch dozens of shooting stars. The Orionid meteor shower reaches its peak overnight from Saturday, Oct. 20 to Sunday, Oct. 21. The Orionids were named after the constellation Orion, where they originate from. This particular meteor shower occurs while the earth moves through an area of space that contains remaining debris from Halley's Comet, which produces about 25 meteors per hour, making it one of the best shows of the year, according to WPTV. "Flakes of comet dust hitting the atmosphere should give us dozens of meteors per hour," Bill Cooke, head of the Meteoroid Environment Office at NASA's Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., said on the NASA site. "Since 2006, the Orionids have been one of the best showers of the year, with counts of 60 or more meteors per hour," Cooke continued. The Orionid meteor shower will peak at about 12:00 a.m. PST on Sunday morning, but one of the best times to watch the show is about an hour or two before the sun rises, because Orion will be high in the sky. To find the best times to watch near you, check out Spacedex. The moon is in the new moon stage and it will set around midnight, which will make the sky extra dark and perfect for watching stars. The only issue may be cloud coverage in some areas. A telescope is not necessary to view a meteor shower. The best way to watch it is to lie down in an area with little lights and trees and look straight up. The Orionid meteor shower can be seen from everywhere in the world except Antarctica. For those who can't see anything outside due to poor weather conditions or other issues, NASA will be live streaming the meteor shower as well as hosting a live chat. Here is the video of the live stream. To follow the live chat, go to THIS LINK starting at 11p.m until 3a.m.

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Sodium lauryl sulfate is the victim of an urban myth similar to the one that haunts parabens. It is accused of causing cancer. This is false. However, there may be other reasons to avoid sodium lauryl sulfate and even its gentler sister, sodium laureth sulfate. First of all what is it? Sodium lauryl sulfate is a detergent. As well as cleansing, it makes foam. Hence, it is frequently used as the base for shampoos, soaps and toothpaste. Although studies specifically cleared sodium lauryl sulfate of being carcinogenic, it has been established that it can cause severe epidermal changes to the area where it is applied that, theoretically, could increase the chances of cancer. If you have the suspicion that washing your face is making your skin dry, or that shampooing is giving you an itchy scalp or making your eyes sting, or that cleaning your teeth is giving you mouth ulcers, sodium lauryl sulfate is the likely culprit. In studies, there are "significant correlations" (in the words of one) between SLS and contact dermatitis. The Journal of the American College of Toxicology says that it has "a degenerative effect on the cell membranes because of its protein denaturing properties". The Journal adds that "high levels of skin penetration may occur at even low use concentration. Worryingly, tests on young animals showed permanent eye damage - even when the SLS was applied to areas other than the eye. No wonder shampooing can sting the eyes. In fact, SLS (which is an anionic detergent) is frequently combined with cocamide MEA and DEA (inonics) that are believed to anesthetize the eyeball so that you are less likely to be aware of the harm the lauryl sulfate is doing. What's more, cocamide DEA is pretty awful as well. Ironically, it has been definitively linked to cancer. Laureth sulfate is less likely to cause these side-effects because it doesn't denaturate (change the structure) of proteins, unlike lauryl. Nevertheless, in Germany, a product cannot be labeled 'natural' if it contains any members of the sulfate family (lauryl, laureth, or ammonium). The cosmetic trade industry associatio, the CIR, says that sulfates "appear to be safe in formulations designed for discontinous, brief use followed by thorough rinsing from the surface of the skin." Call me picky, but having to remove a product as quickly and thoroughly as possible because otherwise it is hazardous, does not endear me to it.

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Coronary artery disease — also called coronary vascular, arteriosclerotic and ischemic heart disease — remains the leading cause of death in the United States. The disease is caused by arteriosclerosis or "hardening of the arteries," which interferes with the normal flow of blood to the heart. It affects the arteries that surround and supply blood to the heart, causing more than a half million deaths a year. When the heart doesn't receive enough blood, symptoms may include pain or pressure in the chest, arm or jaw. This is a warning sign that your heart is having difficulty. If left untreated, it can result in a heart attack. The most common disease of the coronary arteries is arteriosclerosis, commonly called "hardening of the arteries." Plaque — a combination of cholesterol and other fats, calcium and other elements carried in the blood — builds up in the small blood vessels that feed the heart. When this condition exists in other parts of the body, it is called atherosclerosis. This plaque buildup can, in time, narrow the arteries so severely that blood flow to the heart is inadequate and symptoms of insufficient blood flow — called angina — develop. Angina is a term meaning strangling or oppressive heaviness and pain, but it has become synonymous with angina pectoris or chest pain caused by lack of oxygen to the heart due to poor blood supply. Doctors know that some people are at high risk of this kind of heart disease because of certain physical and behavioral characteristics. For example, men generally are at greater risk for heart disease but the risk increases for women after menopause. Other characteristics for arteriosclerosis include: Medications and sometimes lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking or losing weight, can help improve heart efficiency to reduce angina but can't eliminate the plaque blockages. Medications may include cholesterol-lowering drugs, Beta-blockers, nitroglycerin, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and others. Reviewed by health care specialists at UCSF Medical Center. Cardiovascular Care and Prevention Center at Mission Bay 535 Mission Bay Blvd. South San Francisco, CA 94158 Phone: (415) 353-2873 Fax: (415) 353-2528

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Gonorrhoea - the drugs don't work Published: 23rd Dec 2011 08:41:37 The prospect of untreatable gonorrhoea has provoked alarm around the world, and there are no new classes of antibiotics in development. In this week's Scrubbing Up column, Peter Greenhouse of the British Association for Sexual Health & HIV (BASHH) argues financial incentives will be needed to seek a new cure. We're all familiar with stories about hospital-acquired superbugs - MRSA and the like - becoming more difficult to treat, and are fearful whenever an elderly relative needs in-patient care. But now, with a report from Japan of multidrug-resistant gonorrhoea, and the festive season in full swing, the spectre of an untreatable sexually transmitted infection looms over us - and our teenagers - for the first time in a generation. Since penicillin was first used to treat gonorrhoea in 1943, the organism has gradually developed novel means of evading control by each new antibiotic. For treatment to be effective and practical, it must be simple to administer by mouth as a single dose, achieving a high enough concentration of the drug in the body to treat over 95% of infections. If the efficacy drops below this figure, the treatment has to change. But over-the-counter medication, widely available in Africa and Asia means people self-medicate often taking the wrong dose at the wrong time, perhaps with alcohol which further reduces the concentration of the drug. Strains of gonorrhoea which need a higher concentration of a drug to kill them become the dominant ones. This keeps happening until the drug no longer works. If gonorrhoea becomes untreatable in these countries, the effect on increasing HIV rates could be disastrous - because any sexually transmitted infection which causes inflammation and discharge increases the transmission efficiency of HIV. On average, transmission is five times more likely to occur if gonorrhoea or chlamydia are present In the UK, the situation is monitored annually by the Health Protection Agency, providing an essential early warning of drugs which are about to fail, allowing a switch of treatment regimes before they become ineffective. There's a desperate world-wide demand for new antibiotics, yet the drug companies aren't interested” Ciprofloxacin - a drug introduced in the mid-1980s after the failure of penicillin - lasted in the UK until 2002: This may have survived longer because of the world-wide drop in gonorrhoea rates following the arrival of HIV, when fear of the new virus meant people practised safe-sex and changed partners less. But it had already failed in the Far East, some four years previously. Resistance develops faster in homosexual men, not just because of high rates of partner change. Most people don't realise that oral sex is an important route of transmission for gonorrhoea, which doesn't usually cause a sore throat. Gonorrhoea mixes with organisms which live naturally in the rectum and throat, picking up new types of antibiotic resistance from these bugs. The next drug, cefixime, was introduced around 2003, but lasted only six years in the UK before resistance rose suddenly, hitting 25% among homosexual men. Now, their only treatment option is an injection (Ceftriaxone) which has recently failed in Japan. But why isn't there a new drug in development? Since the mid-1980s and the arrival of HIV, almost all drug company research has focused on antiviral medicines, with no new classes of antibiotics being produced since the 1970s, and none on the horizon. There's a desperate world-wide demand for new antibiotics, yet the drug companies aren't interested, so how could we motivate them? Financial reality dictates research policy: Why bother to develop a drug which works in one day or one week, when you could make one - such as an antidepressant, statin or antiviral - which must be taken for months, for years, or for life? So either the new drug(s) would have to be seriously expensive, precluding their use where they would be most needed, or there would have to be a substantial reward offered, perhaps of a magnitude only affordable by a fund such as the Gates Foundation. Yet even if novel drugs could be produced, the biology and transmission dynamics of gonorrhoea mean that each new regime would probably fail within five-to-ten years of its introduction, unless we use multi-dose, multi-drug regimes, which will be less practical and more expensive to administer. Faced with this, what can we do to stay sexually healthy? Stay at home, or take your partner to the New Year party: If that's not possible, use condoms - meticulously, and visit your local clinic - frequently. Harvard CitationBBC News, 2011. Gonorrhoea - the drugs don't work. [Online] (Updated 23 Dec 2011) Available at: http://www.ukwirednews.com/news.php/212819-Gonorrhoea-the-drugs-dont-work [Accessed 14th May 2013] At 07:53:07 in BusinessA group of international investors is interested in buying UK water supplier Severn Trent, the company has said.... At 07:49:21 in WalesMajor road safety works have started on a one-mile stretch of coast road at Flintshire which has been the scene of serious accidents.... At 07:48:53 in EnglandStuart Hazell is due to be sentenced later after admitting mid-trial to killing his partner's granddaughter.... At 07:47:03 in WalesAn independent TV company has issued redundancy notices to 10 members of staff due to a cut in work from Welsh language broadcaster S4C.... At 07:43:33 in WalesFurther forensic evidence is expected to be heard later in the trial of the man accused of murdering April Jones.... At 07:41:47 in WalesA Cardiff theatre was asked to explain by the Arts Council of Wales why there was no plan to tackle an £800,000 overspend, it has emerged.... At 07:40:22 in EntertainmentHollywood actress Angelina Jolie has undergone a double mastectomy to reduce her chances of getting breast cancer.... At 07:32:39 in HeadlinesA boat carrying Rohingya Muslims has capsized off western Burma, aid agencies say. ... At 07:31:47 in BusinessIndia's top drugmaker Ranbaxy Laboratories is to pay a record fine in the US for lying to officials and selling badly made generic drug... At 07:31:30 in Northern IrelandPolice have issued a description of a man they want to question about the rape of a teenage girl in west Belfast.... News In Other Categories A group of international investors is interested in buying UK water supplier Severn Trent, the company has said.... Free wi-fi access is to be introduced at 25 of Scotland's busiest railway stations before the end of the year. ... Major road safety works have started on a one-mile stretch of coast road at Flintshire which has been the scene of serious accidents.... What makes a great foreign minister? Some of those who have held the great office of state, including Lord Carrington, David Owen and David ... It was a melodious spectacle.... With the doors to its brand new £1million training centre officially open, one of the UK's leading apprentice training providers, Bristol ba...

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Links to ornithology programs at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, including large scale survey analysis of bird populations, research tools, datasets and analyses, bird identification, and seasonal bird lists. Describes how social scientists and natural resource managers work together to develop cooperation and public help in solving complex natural resource issues. Links to the use of public surveys in a project for black-tailed prairie dog management. Hydrologic data web page for the Water Resources Inventory Area 1 (WRIA 1) Watershed Management Project studying surface and ground water in the Nooksack watershed in northwest Washington. Links to environmental data and maps. We removed non-native fish from a section of the river and the endangered native species humpback chub increased in abundance. But it is not yet clear that decreased competition explains the rebound in population.

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Virginia continues to be a top coal producer, but new rules and renewables challenge the industry’s futureApril 27, 2012 6:00 AM by Garry Kranz Coal mining took off in Virginia when the railroads arrived in the 1880s. More than 130 years later, coal still fuels Virginia’s economy. Northern Virginia’s tech sector depends on a steady supply of low-cost electricity, much of it derived from bitumen-rich Appalachian coal. And Virginia’s deepwater port in Hampton Roads — the largest coal exporting terminal in the U.S. — is a huge economic asset that neighboring coal states can only envy. Coal mining is one of Virginia’s oldest continuously operating industries, but the biggest question facing coal companies now is this: how does it adapt to the future? Just like the commodity they coax from the earth, Virginia’s coal companies and their national counterparts are under intense pressure. Coal has fallen into disfavor amid fears that it contributes to carbon pollution and global warming, prompting new environmental regulations. In late March, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced the first-ever limits on carbon dioxide emissions for new coal power plants. Under the New Source Performance Standard, emissions could not exceed 1,000 pounds of carbon dioxide per megawatt hour of electricity produced. That benchmark, say some industry observers, is impossible to attain without costly equipment to capture carbon emissions. The regulations face certain opposition in Congress as well as legal challenges. Still, they’re indicative of the enormous challenges facing the industry — challenges that could have an impact on a new $6 billion coal-power plant proposed for Surry County. It will delay, if not altogether doom, plans by Old Dominion Electric Cooperative (ODEC) in Glen Allen. ODEC already has received zoning permits to build a 1,200- to 1,500-megawatt coal plant in Dendron, and it owns another potential site in Sussex County. The proposed Cypress Creek Power Station would supply electricity for 330,000 to 375,000 homes, depending on its eventual location. The plant is needed to keep pace with new demand for electricity, forecast to increase about 3 percent a year, says David Hudgins, ODEC’s director of member and external relations. “We need the base-load energy, and we need it to be as fuel-efficient as possible,” he says. It’s unlikely the plant will be built before 2021-22, he adds, but the company has spent about $25 million so far on land acquisitions, site work and preliminary testing. The new spate of environmental regs puts the plant’s future in doubt, though. “The reality is we’re waiting for clarification of multiple new EPA rules. We can’t spend big money on a new plant unless we know what the standard is going to be,” Hudgins says. For now and the near future, experts say coal-fired electricity will contribute significantly to Virginia’s energy supply, to say nothing of America in general. That’s because it’s cheap and abundant, even in the face of plummeting prices for natural gas. “The United States has about 250 billion to 300 billion tons of recoverable coal reserves. We are to coal what Saudi Arabia is to oil,” says Nino Ripepi, a Virginia Tech professor with the Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research. About 1 billion tons of coal gets extracted annually in the U.S. Even in Virginia — where production is in the midst of a two-decade decline — Ripepi says coal accounts for about 40 percent of all in-state generation of electric power, a figure not expected to change quickly in coming years. Virginia imports about one-third of its electricity, second only to California. If coal use is discouraged, Virginia probably will be forced to import even more electric power, increasing energy costs, Repipi says. Not surprisingly, big changes are afoot in Virginia’s coal industry. Despite howls of protest from environmentalists and citizens groups, Dominion Virginia Power, the state’s largest regulated electric utility, is set to open a $1.8 billion “clean-coal” plant in the Southwest Virginia hamlet of St. Paul this summer. Consolidation also is reshaping the state’s coal sector. Bristol-based Alpha Natural Resources last year became the second-largest U.S. coal company, in terms of revenue — and the third largest in production — after it bought Massey Energy Co., a longtime Virginia rival. The deal swelled Alpha’s revenue to $7.1 billion in 2011, second only to St. Louis-based Peabody Energy Inc. Changes in Virginia are emblematic of the flux within the coal industry in general. A relatively mild winter cut into demand in 2011 and drove domestic coal prices lower than normal. Good news for consumers — not so much for coal companies. In mid-April, stock prices for Alpha Natural Resources had dropped by 75 percent and were down 80 percent at James River Coal Co. over the past year. Coal prices are being depressed even further by a sudden surplus of natural gas, including newly unearthed shale deposits in Pennsylvania, North Dakota, Wyoming and other states. In addition, the fast-growing economies of Brazil, China and India, among others, are fueling a sustained building boom, supported by imports of high-quality U.S. metallurgical coal, used in the making of steel. In Virginia, the macroeconomic challenges are magnified by bad geological luck. Although it is consistently a top 10 producer, Virginia is running out of available, easily accessible coal seams. Virginia producers extracted 22.4 million tons of coal in 2011, according to the federal Energy Information Administration. That’s less than half of Virginia’s all-time high of 46.6 million tons in 1990. During the same time frame, lower-cost surface mines in western states have doubled their output, siphoning off business from Appalachian states like Virginia, where most mining occurs underground. “Our coal seams are thinner and deeper than our sister coal states. That makes it tougher and more expensive for us to recover mineable coal,” says W. Thomas Hudson, president of the Virginia Coal Association Inc., a trade group in Richmond. Unfriendly environment for coal But the biggest worry is an uncertain regulatory climate, says Brooks Smith, an attorney with Hunton & Williams in Richmond who represents several of the nation’s largest coal companies, including Alpha Natural Resources. Mining permits have slowed to a trickle as the EPA implements tougher restrictions on mining, Smith says. “We believe the EPA is trying to turn this situation on its head and upset the process,” he says, referring to recent attempts by the agency to modify how permits are issued under the federal Clean Water Act. The debate mostly centers on a 2008 study in which EPA scientists concluded that entire orders of aquatic insects were being wiped out downstream of mountaintop-removal mining operations in Central Appalachia, which encompasses Kentucky, Virginia and West Virginia. The 20-page report, “Downstream Effects of Mountaintop Mining,” prompted the EPA to impose stricter rules designed to protect streams and waterways. Critics say the new limits are based on assumptions, not science. “It’s an attempt by the EPA to establish a water-quality standard that no mining company can meet,” says Gene Kitts, senior vice president of environmental affairs for Alpha, who is based in Charleston, W.Va. Not even a court decision has resolved the issue. The National Mining Association, a trade group in Washington, D.C., sued the EPA over the matter. The first phase of the litigation alleged that EPA unlawfully obstructed Clean Water Act permits, thus creating an unofficial moratorium on coal mining in the Central Appalachian region. Late last year, U.S. District Court Judge Reggie Walton sided with the industry, ruling the EPA had overstepped its authority and failed to follow established guidelines for federal rulemaking. The matter finally may be resolved in June, Smith says. That’s when a motion of summary judgment is scheduled to be heard on the so-called “guidance” phase of the lawsuit. As the complex process gets sorted out, about 200 water-discharge permits for coal mining projects in Virginia are in abeyance, Smith says. Hudson says it’s a double whammy on the coal industry: delaying the opening of new mines, while older mines can’t get renewals of their five-year operating permits. Virginia’s mining sector already is feeling the impact. In February, Hudson says, A&G Coal Corp. in Wise County laid off 108 miners because of a slowdown in mining. Then in March Pennsylvania-based Consol Inc. announced it was idling production of metallurgical coal at its long-wall mine in Buchanan County, which employs about 700 people. Hudson says Consol hasn’t announced layoffs, instead shifting employees to non-mining duties, “but how long will it be before that work runs out?” Power outage ahead? The coal industry faces another hit, at least indirectly, from regulations aimed at U.S. power companies. ICF International Inc., a Fairfax-based consulting firm, forecasts that America could lose up to 20 percent of its coal-fired electric generation during this decade. The main impetus: four newly proposed rules by the EPA that could force utilities to either shut down older coal plants or make expensive upgrades. The report was prepared before EPA announced its new caps in March on carbon emissions for new coal-fired plants. “It’s going to require flexibility, careful planning and lots of discussion by all players in the industry to make sure the power grid continues to operate as these coal plants get decommissioned,” says John Blaney, a senior vice president with ICF International. Roanoke-based Appalachian Power Co. plans to shutter its two Virginia coal-fired generating plants by 2015 to comply with the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards Rule and the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule, company spokesman Todd Burns says. The company, a subsidiary of Columbus, Ohio-based American Electric Power, or AEP, serves about 500,000 customers in western Virginia. The closures in Virginia include a 335-megawatt coal unit in Giles County and a 235-megawatt coal station in Russell County. Two other Russell County coal plants will be converted to burn natural gas. The shift is expected to result in the loss of 85 jobs in Virginia, Burns says. It is part of a larger effort by AEP to retire nearly 6,000 megawatts of coal generation in nine states. Appalachian Power customers could see their monthly electric bills jump 10 percent to 15 percent as a result, Burns says. Likewise Dominion has announced plans to retire several coal-fired units at its Chesapeake Energy Center in Chesapeake and Yorktown Power Station by 2016. The units total about 360 megawatts. Output from a proposed $1 billion, 1,300-megawatt, natural gas-fired plant in Brunswick County would replace electricity from those coal units and help Dominion meet growing demand while also satisfying the latest federal clean-air standards. The company also plans to retire the 74-megawatt North Branch Power Station in late 2014 when a new 1,300-megawatt, natural gas Warren County Power Station is complete. Coal plants and controversies While U.S. energy producers wrestle with these potential impacts, Dominion is testing the boilers at its soon-to-be-opened Virginia City Hybrid Energy Center in Wise County — one of seven Southwest counties that account for nearly all the coal mined in Virginia. Situated on an reclaimed strip mine, Dominion’s unit will burn a blend of freshly mined coal, waste coal and biomass to produce up to 585 megawatts, or enough electricity for about 146,000 homes, say company officials. It will use a technology known as circulating fluidized bed, a process for burning “clean coal” that has been approved by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Fossil Energy. “This type of boiler enables us to burn a very broad range of coal, and it’s designed for very low heating values,” says Diane Leopold, senior vice president of Dominion’s transmission business. The hybrid plant will consume about 2.8 million tons of coal annually, most of it mined in and around Wise and adjacent counties, Leopold says. Under the air permit issued to Dominion by the SCC, biomass — wood chips, in layman’s terms — must comprise 5 percent of the fuel mix at the facility by its third year of operation, increasing 1 percent a year to a minimum of 10 percent and a maximum of 20 percent. The plant is a giant stride forward in the use of clean coal, Dominion spokesman James Norvelle says. Because of its fuels mix and strict permitting limits, he says, the plant will emit fewer toxins and use less water. Environmentalists thus far are not impressed. “The biomass component is negligible compared to the amount of coal that will be burned, resulting in mountains being destroyed by mountaintop removal and the release of mercury and smog-inducing pollutants,” says Glen Besa, president of the Virginia chapter of the Sierra Club. While controversial, coal is an economic linchpin for the seven counties that comprise the Virginia Coalfields — a region where high-wage jobs are in short supply. Mechanization has increased mine production and reduced employment in recent decades. Even so, the region’s coal industry pays an average yearly wage of nearly $85,000, according to a recent report by Chmura Economics and Analytics, a Richmond-based econometrics firm. That’s more than double the $37,757 average for all industries in the region. The report, prepared on behalf of the Virginia Coal Association, says nearly 12 percent of local tax revenue in the region stems from coal. Coal’s impact is not confined to the coalfields, however. “Virginia gets the double benefit from coal because of the Port of Virginia,” says Paul Grossman, director of international trade and investment at the Virginia Economic Development Partnership. State coal exports shot up 30 percent year over year in 2011, generating nearly $1.3 billion in revenue. Grossman traces the spectacular one-year leap to growing worldwide coal consumption, notably for Virginia’s high-quality metallurgical coal. Global supplies are constrained as Australia, the world’s largest coal exporter, recovers from flooding that disrupted its mining industry two years ago. All told, 40.9 million short tons (a short ton is equivalent to 2,000 pounds) of coal were shipped through harbors in Hampton Roads, most of it coking coal bound for emerging economies. China, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden all imported dramatically higher quantities of Virginia coal. Exports to Japan — Virginia’s 18th-largest import customer — were up an eye-popping 2,406 percent as the island nation used coal to replenish base load electric power lost when nuclear reactors were damaged by a tsunami on March 11, 2011. Railway giant Norfolk Southern Corp. steamed to record revenues of $11.2 billion in 2011, with increased coal shipments accounting for nearly one-third of the revenue growth, according to the company’s annual financial statement. Prices for metallurgical coal tend to far outstrip prices for thermal coal (used in making electricity), thus making it more profitable to recover and process. After acquiring Massey Energy last June, Alpha has become the new heavyweight in metallurgical coal, with total reserves of 1.4 billion tons. “That’s a lot of high-quality metallurgical coal in the ground that we can develop over time,” Alpha spokesman Ted Pile says. Despite access to Massey’s metallurgical coal, there was a downside to the deal: one of the worst safety records in the industry. Alpha paid a record fine of $209.3 million last year to settle ongoing criminal and civil suits related to a massive explosion at a Massey mine. Twenty-nine miners died at Upper Big Branch in West Virginia on April 5, 2010. To improve worker safety, Alpha enrolled all 7,000 former Massey employees in its safety-training program, called “Running Right.” For the foreseeable future, Virginia is poised to remain a top-ranked coal producer. “And we have some of the highest quality coal in the world,” says Ripepi of Virginia Tech. Still, America is marching to a drumbeat for cleaner, renewable energy. To adapt, Virginia’s coal companies, like the industry at large, will have to dig in and dig deep.

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From the Middle Ages, Italy’s Medici family was a magnet for artists and artisans, who created extraordinary works under the family’s generous patronage. In 1688, Florence’s Grand Prince Ferdinando de’ Medici hired Bartolomeo Cristofori, then 33 years old, to look after his collection of harpsichords. This was an important position: Cristofori was paid as much as any court musician. The harpsichord of Cristofori’s time was a well developed instrument, responsive and flexible. But it lacked one feature: variable dynamics. The harpsichord’s mechanism plucked the strings of the instrument. There was no practical way (then) to make it pluck them more gently. The only way to vary volume was to change stops or combine manuals. The possibilities for dynamic variety were fairly limited. Some time in the 1690s, Cristofori had a brainstorm. He realized that if he replaced the harpsichord’s plucking mechanism with one which struck the string instead, the force of the strike — and thus the volume of the sound — could be under complete control of the player. The idea of a keyboard instrument that struck the strings rather than plucking them wasn’t really new. The clavichord had existed since at least the 15th century. A clavichord had tangents fastened to the keys. Instead of controlling jacks and quills which plucked the strings, the tangents themselves struck the strings inside the instrument’s case. The problem with the clavichord was that while it was capable of extraordinarily sensitive dynamic expression, its volume range was from almost inaudible to barely audible. Let’s face it, the force that a keyboard player can transmit through his or her fingers is limited. The clavichord’s tangents couldn’t strike its strings hard enough to make a sound that could be heard, say, in a church sanctuary. This meant that the clavichord wasn’t suitable for anything other than the most intimate music-making. (It made a magnificent instrument for late-night keyboard practice, however.) Cristofori solved this problem by adding a mechanical action. It multiplied the player’s string-striking force by four (eight, in his later instruments) and used that force to drive a hammer against the string. He also added an escapement mechanism. The escapement allowed the hammer to fall back after striking the string, so the string would keep vibrating. (Think of the way a fine crystal goblet rings when you tap it with a spoon — as long as you don’t keep the spoon touching the glass after you tap it.) Cristofori called his invention "arpicimbalo che fa il piano e il forte" — harpsichord with soft and loud. Today, we shorten that name a bit. We call it the piano. Maybe you’re expecting me to say here that Cristofori’s piano "took Europe by storm" (or some similar cliche’!) and almost immediately eclipsed the harpsichord. That didn’t happen. Truth to tell, keyboard players didn’t like the touch. The Florentine piano was harder to play, and the keys just didn’t feel right when pressed. They didn’t like the tone, either; it was too soft, too muffled. Besides, who really needed that much variety in volume anyway? It would remain for later piano makers to solve these problems. But Cristofori had begun the process of breaking the harpsichord’s lock on public keyboard performance. It’s not hard to imagine that without the financial and moral support of the Medici family, Cristofori probably couldn’t have pushed keyboard technology ahead — but that’s another story for another day. Now back to 1700, and over to Naples. That’s when and where Domenico Scarlatti, one more musical member of a hugely talented musical family, was named organist and composer of the Royal Chapel. He was even granted a special additional salary for his work as chamber harpsichordist. Domenico Scarlatti was only 15 years old. Two years later, Scarlatti and his father Alessandro made the first of two visits to Florence. Their host was none other than Prince Ferdinando de’ Medici, Cristofori’s patron. Did Domenico play one or more of Cristofori’s Florentine pianos on these visits? Perhaps. History doesn’t tell us. So far no documentation has surfaced — no letters home raving about (or excoriating!) the new-fangled instrument, no eyewitness reports, no newspaper articles. By 1708, Domenico had joined his father in Rome. There he attended the weekly concerts originated by Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni. In 1709, Prince Ferdinando sent the Cardinal a lavish gift from Florence: one of Cristofori’s pianos. Did Scarlatti play or hear that instrument? Again, history doesn’t tell us. In 1719, Scarlatti left Rome, ostensibly for England. In actuality, he was on his way to Lisbon, Portugal, where he had a job offer — he was to be master of the Royal Chapel there. In Lisbon he encountered an exceptionally talented royal youngster — the infanta Maria Barbara, who, as a contemporary report said, “Surprise[ed] the amazed intelligence of the most excellent Professors with her Mastery of Singing, Playing and Composition.” In January of 1729, Maria Barbara married Ferdinando, the Spanish infante. It was a rather uncomfortable union whose purpose was entirely political. Maria Barbara soon found herself in the hostile company of the jealous Queen Isabella of Spain. Isabella even refused to allow Maria Barbara to bring along her personal servants — all but one, that is: her music teacher, Domenico Scarlatti. During the remaining 28 years of his life, Scarlatti composed and catalogued over 550 keyboard exercises for Maria Barbara — from 1746, queen of Spain. Scarlatti and the Florentine piano are linked (if only circumstantially) at several other times and places, but what’s undeniable is that Maria Barbara herself was a point of intersection. Maria Barbara owned pianos. We know this because she died just over a year after Scarlatti did, and at her death, her instruments were inventoried. Of her dozen (!) keyboard instruments, three were pianos, and two more were harpsichords which had been converted from pianos (perhaps because their actions failed, or because they were judged unsatisfactory as pianos). It thus becomes rather difficult to deny that Scarlatti was acquainted with the piano. But did he play them? Did he intend for Maria Barbara to play his sonatas on them? Ralph Kirkpatrick didn’t think so. Kirkpatrick was an American harpsichordist (1911 – 1984). He had a distinguised career as a performer, but his magnum opus was his biography of Domenico Scarlatti. It occupied him for 16 years, from 1937 to 1953. When it came to Scarlatti’s sonatas, Kirkpatrick’s views in that 1953 publication were enormously influential, guiding the performance practice of a generation of historically-oriented keyboard musicians. Kirkpatrick pointed out that 73 of Scarlatti’s 550-some sonatas required more keys than the queen’s pianos had. This is pretty hard to argue with! It seems very unlikely that either Maria Barbara or Scarlatti played those 73 sonatas on any of the pianos to which they had known access. That’s a carefully qualified statement, but it’s about as definitive as we can really get in this discussion. Kirkpatrick thought that was sufficient evidence to declare that Scarlatti probably had the harpsichord in mind for playing all of his sonatas. There is more to his argument, but it’s mostly conjectural, related to what he saw as the musical suitability of the piano of the time to the sonatas. What else can one do without definitive surviving documentation? But from 1970, other historically-oriented musicologists and performers began to question Kirkpatrick’s assessment. Their re-evaluation of the evidence, sketchy as it was and is, led to harpsichord maker David Sutherland’s 1995 article in Early Music magazine, “Domenico Scarlatti and the Florentine Piano.” Sutherland argued that, in making his recommendation, Kirkpatrick should have given more weight to the circumstantial evidence connecting Scarlatti and the early Florentine piano. Sutherland also questioned Kirkpatrick’s judgement of the Florentine piano as unsuited to Scarlatti’s sonatas, but in all honesty it’s difficult to see Sutherland’s view of this matter as any less subjective than Kirkpatrick’s. Finally, he took issue with Kirkpatrick’s argument that the piano was mostly used at court for accompanying singers. Sutherland’s evidence here seems about as persuasive as Kirkpatrick’s. Stalemate. Who’s right? I don’t know. Keyboard isn’t my instrument, so maybe I’m able to view this whole discussion with a bit of detachment. We’ve invested over 70 years in poring over what little documentation exists (reckoning from when Kirkpatrick began his research for Domenico Scarlatti). We have more informed opinions than ever (and thank goodness for that), but informed as they are, they’re still opinions. We don’t have a definitive answer as to whether Scarlatti intended his sonatas for the harpsichord or the piano. Perhaps he intended some of them for one and some for the other, but we have no way of knowing that. If he did, the 73 I mentioned before are the only ones which we currently have much hope of assigning. Actually, we don’t know whether Scarlatti even cared which instrument they were played on. We may never know. There just isn’t enough evidence to say. Meanwhile, players of the modern piano, from Dame Myra Hess to Vladimir Horowitz — and countless others since — have never stopped playing Scarlatti. Why should they? For them, I suspect that the question of what instrument Scarlatti had played was pretty much academic. His music worked for them on their chosen instrument. They gave Scarlatti a voice, and also found their own expressive nuances in the sonatas. Audiences loved it. I imagine that was enough for them. What I do know is that I’ve heard successful and musically enlightening performances of Scarlatti sonatas on harpsichords, Florentine pianos, and modern pianos. But don’t take my word for it; compare for yourself. Here are three short clips from Scarlatti’s Sonata in f minor, K519 — played on modern piano, a reproduction of Cristofori’s Florentine piano, and harpsichord. Scarlatti’s K519 sonata on modern piano (Beatrice Long) Scarlatti’s K519 sonata on Florentine piano (David Schrader) Scarlatti’s K519 sonata on harpsichord (Colin Tilney) I’ve also heard some pretty good Scarlatti on other instruments, including harp and guitar. His music seems to suit many different instruments, and I for one am glad that one more avenue of timbre and style has opened up for interpreting Scarlatti sonatas. Domenico Scarlatti. Ralph Kirkpatrick, 1953 (1983 revision). Domenico Scarlatti and the Florentine Piano. David Sutherland, Early Music, 1995 (Note: JSTOR access is required to read this article. A public-access computer associated with a university or library will usually connect immediately, but most home or business computers will not.) A Florentine Piano c.1730 for Early Piano Music. Denzil Wraight. Domenico Scarlatti, a brief biography. Chris Whent, Here of a Sunday Morning, WBAI, New York. Cristofori, Inventor of the Piano. Roy E. Howard, Cantos Para Todos. This article was originally published in WKSU Classical on 17 July 2008.

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