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---
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base_model: klue/roberta-base
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datasets: []
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language: []
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library_name: sentence-transformers
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metrics:
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- pearson_cosine
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- spearman_cosine
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- pearson_manhattan
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- spearman_manhattan
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- pearson_euclidean
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- spearman_euclidean
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- pearson_dot
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- spearman_dot
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- pearson_max
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- spearman_max
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pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
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tags:
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- sentence-transformers
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- sentence-similarity
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- feature-extraction
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- generated_from_trainer
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- dataset_size:574408
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- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
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- loss:CosineSimilarityLoss
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widget:
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- source_sentence: 한 여성이 뜨거운 물 냄비에 음식을 넣고 있다.
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sentences:
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- 한 여성이 고기를 튀기고 있다.
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- '세계 브리핑 아시아 : 미얀마 : 치명적인 반 무슬림 폭력 사태가 폭발했다.'
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- 아기가 잠들고 있다.
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- source_sentence: 러시아 비행기 추락 사고로 사망자 수 증가
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sentences:
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- 이탈리아 코치 추락으로 사망자 수가 39명으로 증가
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- 헬리콥터 펍 추락 후 사망 두려워하는 세 명
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- 흑백 개는 입에 갈색 물체를 물고 헤엄친다.
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- source_sentence: 거울에 비친 한 여자가 옆에 있는 다른 여자와 함께 카메라를 외면하고 앉아 있었다.
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sentences:
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- 보도 위를 걷는 여자와 함께 길을 건너는 흑인 여성의 뒷모습.
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- 여자가 거울을 응시하고 있다
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- 한 여성이 햄버거를 응시하고 있다
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- source_sentence: 스키를 탄 사람이 공중으로 뛰어오른다.
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sentences:
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- 밖에 한 남자가 있다.
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- 그는 눈 위를 달리고 있다.
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- 그는 스키를 타고 공중으로 뛰어올랐다.
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- source_sentence: 내 옆이나 내 뒤에, 경외심을 느끼며 언더톤으로 말했다.
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sentences:
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- 그는 나와는 거리가 멀었다.
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- FSIS는 접수된 의견과 기관의 요구 사항 재평가를 고려하여 연간 부담을 8,053,319시간으로 줄였습니다.
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- 그는 나와 가까웠다.
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model-index:
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- name: SentenceTransformer based on klue/roberta-base
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results:
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- task:
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type: semantic-similarity
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name: Semantic Similarity
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dataset:
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name: sts dev
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type: sts-dev
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metrics:
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- type: pearson_cosine
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value: 0.8657393669442817
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name: Pearson Cosine
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- type: spearman_cosine
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value: 0.866343037897214
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name: Spearman Cosine
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- type: pearson_manhattan
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value: 0.8568809906017532
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name: Pearson Manhattan
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- type: spearman_manhattan
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value: 0.8621129068016818
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name: Spearman Manhattan
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- type: pearson_euclidean
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value: 0.8569880055215549
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name: Pearson Euclidean
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- type: spearman_euclidean
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value: 0.8620159980137003
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name: Spearman Euclidean
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- type: pearson_dot
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value: 0.8382433069709427
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name: Pearson Dot
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- type: spearman_dot
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value: 0.8359003576467027
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name: Spearman Dot
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- type: pearson_max
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|
value: 0.8657393669442817
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name: Pearson Max
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- type: spearman_max
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value: 0.866343037897214
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name: Spearman Max
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---
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# SentenceTransformer based on klue/roberta-base
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This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [klue/roberta-base](https://huggingface.co/klue/roberta-base). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
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## Model Details
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### Model Description
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- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
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- **Base model:** [klue/roberta-base](https://huggingface.co/klue/roberta-base) <!-- at revision 02f94ba5e3fcb7e2a58a390b8639b0fac974a8da -->
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- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 128 tokens
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- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 tokens
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- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
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<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
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<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
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<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->
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### Model Sources
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- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
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- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
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- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
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### Full Model Architecture
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```
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SentenceTransformer(
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(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 128, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: RobertaModel
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(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
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)
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```
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## Usage
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### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
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First install the Sentence Transformers library:
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```bash
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pip install -U sentence-transformers
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```
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Then you can load this model and run inference.
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```python
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from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
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# Download from the 🤗 Hub
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model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
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# Run inference
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sentences = [
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'내 옆이나 내 뒤에, 경외심을 느끼며 언더톤으로 말했다.',
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'그는 나와 가까웠다.',
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'그는 나와는 거리가 멀었다.',
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]
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embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
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print(embeddings.shape)
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# [3, 768]
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# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
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similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
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print(similarities.shape)
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# [3, 3]
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```
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<!--
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### Direct Usage (Transformers)
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<details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>
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</details>
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-->
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<!--
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### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)
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You can finetune this model on your own dataset.
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|
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<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
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</details>
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-->
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<!--
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### Out-of-Scope Use
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*List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.*
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-->
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## Evaluation
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### Metrics
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#### Semantic Similarity
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* Dataset: `sts-dev`
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* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)
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| Metric | Value |
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|:-------------------|:-----------|
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| pearson_cosine | 0.8657 |
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| spearman_cosine | 0.8663 |
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| pearson_manhattan | 0.8569 |
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| spearman_manhattan | 0.8621 |
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| pearson_euclidean | 0.857 |
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| spearman_euclidean | 0.862 |
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| pearson_dot | 0.8382 |
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| spearman_dot | 0.8359 |
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| pearson_max | 0.8657 |
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| **spearman_max** | **0.8663** |
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<!--
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## Bias, Risks and Limitations
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*What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.*
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-->
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<!--
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### Recommendations
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*What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
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-->
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## Training Details
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### Training Datasets
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#### Unnamed Dataset
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* Size: 568,640 training samples
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* Columns: <code>sentence_0</code>, <code>sentence_1</code>, and <code>sentence_2</code>
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* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
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| | sentence_0 | sentence_1 | sentence_2 |
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|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| type | string | string | string |
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| details | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.2 tokens</li><li>max: 128 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 18.3 tokens</li><li>max: 93 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 14.64 tokens</li><li>max: 54 tokens</li></ul> |
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* Samples:
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| sentence_0 | sentence_1 | sentence_2 |
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|:----------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------|
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| <code>발생 부하가 함께 5% 적습니다.</code> | <code>발생 부하의 5% 감소와 함께 11.</code> | <code>발생 부하가 5% 증가합니다.</code> |
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| <code>어떤 행사를 위해 음식과 옷을 배급하는 여성들.</code> | <code>여성들은 음식과 옷을 나눠줌으로써 난민들을 돕고 있다.</code> | <code>여자들이 사막에서 오토바이를 운전하고 있다.</code> |
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| <code>어린 아이들은 그 지식을 얻을 필요가 있다.</code> | <code>응, 우리 젊은이들 중 많은 사람들이 그걸 배워야 할 것 같아.</code> | <code>젊은 사람들은 배울 필요가 없다.</code> |
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* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
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```json
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{
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"scale": 20.0,
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"similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
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}
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```
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#### Unnamed Dataset
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* Size: 5,768 training samples
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* Columns: <code>sentence_0</code>, <code>sentence_1</code>, and <code>label</code>
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* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
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| | sentence_0 | sentence_1 | label |
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|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
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| type | string | string | float |
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| details | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 17.14 tokens</li><li>max: 53 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 17.21 tokens</li><li>max: 56 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.54</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
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* Samples:
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| sentence_0 | sentence_1 | label |
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|:----------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------|
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| <code>식품의약품관리국은 셔디 리서치를 인용하여 2001년 IMClone의 에르비턱스 판매 신청을 거절했다.</code> | <code>미국 식품의약국은 2001년 12월 이 재판이 부실하게 진행되었다고 말하면서 이클론의 원래 신청을 거부했다.</code> | <code>0.5599999999999999</code> |
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| <code>이슬람 주도의 이집트 , 콥트 교회 이름은 새로운 교황이다</code> | <code>이집트 기독교인들은 새로운 교황을 선택한다</code> | <code>0.64</code> |
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| <code>시리아 주지사는 공격을 중단하지 않는다</code> | <code>시리아 야당, '학살' 보고</code> | <code>0.2</code> |
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* Loss: [<code>CosineSimilarityLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#cosinesimilarityloss) with these parameters:
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```json
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{
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"loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss"
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}
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```
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### Training Hyperparameters
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#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
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- `eval_strategy`: steps
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- `num_train_epochs`: 5
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- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
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- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
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#### All Hyperparameters
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<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
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- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
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- `do_predict`: False
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- `eval_strategy`: steps
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- `prediction_loss_only`: True
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- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 8
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- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 8
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- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
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- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
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- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
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- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
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- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
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- `weight_decay`: 0.0
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- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
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- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
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- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
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- `max_grad_norm`: 1
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- `num_train_epochs`: 5
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- `max_steps`: -1
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- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
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- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
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- `warmup_ratio`: 0.0
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- `warmup_steps`: 0
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- `log_level`: passive
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- `log_level_replica`: warning
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- `log_on_each_node`: True
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- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
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- `save_safetensors`: True
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- `save_on_each_node`: False
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- `save_only_model`: False
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- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
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- `no_cuda`: False
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- `use_cpu`: False
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- `use_mps_device`: False
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- `seed`: 42
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- `data_seed`: None
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- `jit_mode_eval`: False
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- `use_ipex`: False
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- `bf16`: False
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- `fp16`: False
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- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
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- `half_precision_backend`: auto
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- `bf16_full_eval`: False
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- `fp16_full_eval`: False
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- `tf32`: None
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- `local_rank`: 0
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- `ddp_backend`: None
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- `tpu_num_cores`: None
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- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
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- `debug`: []
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- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
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- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
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- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
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- `past_index`: -1
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- `disable_tqdm`: False
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- `remove_unused_columns`: True
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- `label_names`: None
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- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
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- `ignore_data_skip`: False
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- `fsdp`: []
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- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
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- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
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- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
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- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
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- `deepspeed`: None
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- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
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- `optim`: adamw_torch
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- `optim_args`: None
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- `adafactor`: False
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- `group_by_length`: False
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- `length_column_name`: length
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- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
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|
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
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- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
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|
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
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- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
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- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
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- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
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- `push_to_hub`: False
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- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
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- `hub_model_id`: None
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- `hub_strategy`: every_save
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- `hub_private_repo`: False
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- `hub_always_push`: False
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- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
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- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
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|
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
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- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
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- `fp16_backend`: auto
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- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
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- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
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- `mp_parameters`:
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- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
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- `full_determinism`: False
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- `torchdynamo`: None
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- `ray_scope`: last
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- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
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- `torch_compile`: False
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|
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
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|
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
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|
- `dispatch_batches`: None
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- `split_batches`: None
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- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
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|
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
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|
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
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|
- `optim_target_modules`: None
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- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
|
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- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
|
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- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
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|
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</details>
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|
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### Training Logs
|
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| Epoch | Step | Training Loss | sts-dev_spearman_max |
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|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:--------------------:|
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| 0.3467 | 500 | 0.419 | - |
|
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| 0.6935 | 1000 | 0.3032 | 0.8516 |
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| 1.0007 | 1443 | - | 0.8605 |
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| 1.0395 | 1500 | 0.2705 | - |
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| 1.3863 | 2000 | 0.1368 | 0.8509 |
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| 1.7330 | 2500 | 0.0906 | - |
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| 2.0007 | 2886 | - | 0.8663 |
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### Framework Versions
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- Python: 3.11.9
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- Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
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- Transformers: 4.41.2
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- PyTorch: 2.2.2+cu121
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- Accelerate: 0.31.0
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- Datasets: 2.20.0
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- Tokenizers: 0.19.1
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## Citation
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### BibTeX
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#### Sentence Transformers
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
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title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
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author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
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month = "11",
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year = "2019",
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publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
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}
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```
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#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
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```bibtex
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@misc{henderson2017efficient,
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title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
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author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
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year={2017},
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eprint={1705.00652},
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archivePrefix={arXiv},
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primaryClass={cs.CL}
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}
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```
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