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More and more businesses, offices and public buildings across Australia offer accessible toilet facilities, but a new study suggests most have inaccessible washbasins. The Building Code of Australia has very specific guidelines as to the size, height and type of toilet that must be installed, and the size of the room and door required to accommodate the disabled, but there are no such requirements for washbasins. Most places simply install Australian Standard washbasins, but according to a recent study, as many as half of the people who use these facilities can't access them. "These kinds of public spaces should promote the user's safety, autonomy and dignity, however with the current standards, some of the wheelchair users' knees would touch the washbasin or the pipework underneath it, preventing their effective use," says Konstantina Vasilakopoulou, acting director of UNSW's Home Modifications Clearinghouse (HMInfo) and leader of the Livability Lab. "The research demonstrates the need to re-evaluate Australian Standards." HMInfo conducts and translates research for industry and consumers to promote a more inclusive built environment, while the Livability Lab is focused on biomechanical studies to inform design for improved liveability and useability of the built environment. The lab uses motion capture and video technologies to record participants' movements to make their assessments. Researchers at the Lab interviewed 20 accessible toilet users about their thoughts and experiences before asking them to undertake tasks at a custom-built "test rig". They simulated using a washbasin, looking at how easy it was to use the soap dispenser and taps. "Mirrors, soap dispensers, light switches, automatic hand-dryers are often placed too high for people in a seated position," Dr Vasilakopoulou said of the findings. The study found that 19 out of 20 participants still thought the toilets should have more space for a wheelchair user to enter, close the door and manoeuvre. It also found the inclusion of change tables, the use of steps and issues with the doors increased their inaccessibility as well as the possibility of injury during transfer from wheelchair to toilet. "This demonstrates that, despite our best efforts, even accessible spaces can be designed with an able mindset," Dr Vasilakopoulou said. "It reinforces the need to co-design these environments with people with lived experience to ensure they are fit for purpose." Australian Associated Press

Kampuni nyingi nchini Australia zinatoa vyoo vinavyoweza kufikiwa kwa urahisi, lakini utafiti mpya unaonyesha kwamba wengi wao hawana vyoo vinavyoweza kufikiwa. Sheria ya ujenzi ya Australia ina miongozo maalum sana kuhusu ukubwa, urefu na aina ya choo ambayo lazima imewekwa, na ukubwa wa chumba na mlango unaohitajika ili kukaribisha walemavu, lakini hakuna mahitaji kama hayo kwa washbasins. Kwa mfano, kuna watu wengi ambao wana washbasins za kiwango cha Australia, lakini kwa mujibu wa utafiti wa hivi karibuni, karibu nusu ya watu wanaotumia vifaa hivi hawawezi kupata. "Vituo hivi vya umma vinapaswa kukuza usalama, uhuru na heshima ya mtumiaji, lakini kwa viwango vya sasa, magoti ya watumiaji wa kiti cha magurudumu yangegusa beseni au mabomba yaliyo chini yake, na kuzuia matumizi yao ya ufanisi, ""alisema Konstantina Vasilakopoulou, mkurugenzi wa UNSW's Home Modifications Clearinghouse (HMINFO) na kiongozi wa Maabara ya Uaminifu." "Utafiti huo unaonyesha uhitaji wa kuchunguza upya Viwango vya Australia". HMInfo hufanya utafiti na kutafsiri kwa ajili ya sekta na watumiaji ili kukuza mazingira ya kujengwa zaidi, wakati Lab ya Uwezo wa Kuishi inazingatia masomo ya biomechanical ili kuelezea kubuni kwa ajili ya kuboresha kuishi na matumizi ya mazingira ya kujengwa. Maabara hutumia teknolojia za kukamata mwendo na video kurekodi mwendo wa washiriki ili kufanya tathmini zao. Watafiti wa maabara hiyo walihoji watumiaji 20 wa choo cha watu wasio na kinga kuhusu mawazo na uzoefu wao kabla ya kuwaomba kufanya kazi kwenye "kiwanda cha majaribio" kilichojengwa kwa ajili yao. Walitumia mifereji ya kuosha maji ili kuona ni rahisi kutumia sabuni na mabomba. "Vioo, mashine za kutoa sabuni, vifungo vya taa, mashine za kukausha mikono mara nyingi huwekwa juu sana kwa watu wanaoketi", Daktari Vasilakopoulou alisema kuhusu matokeo hayo. Uchunguzi huo uligundua kuwa washiriki 19 kati ya 20 bado walifikiri kuwa vyoo vinapaswa kuwa na nafasi zaidi kwa mtumiaji wa kiti cha magurudumu kuingia, kufunga mlango na kuendesha. Pia iligundua kuingizwa kwa meza za kubadilisha, matumizi ya hatua na masuala na milango yaliongeza kutoweza kufikiwa kwao, na uwezekano wa kujeruhiwa wakati wa uhamisho kutoka kiti cha magurudumu hadi choo. "Hii inaonyesha kwamba, licha ya juhudi zetu bora, hata nafasi zinazopatikana zinaweza kubuniwa na mawazo yenye uwezo", alisema Dk Vasilakopoulou. "Inaimarisha haja ya kuunda mazingira haya pamoja na watu wenye uzoefu wa kuishi ili kuhakikisha yanafaa kwa kusudi". Habari za Australia Associated Press

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Most adjectives in Spanish go after the noun which they qualify or modify, although there are many exceptions, and the language gives its students plenty of flexibility without necessarily violating some especially-thorny grammatical point. Some adjectives go before the noun, others can go before or after, and still others change their meaning depending on whether they precede or follow the noun. One more or less reliable rule-of-thumb is that adjectives which differentiate an object from others of its kind —el coche azul (the blue car), la mesa redonda (the round table)— are placed after the noun; while those that underscore the quality of a thing precede the noun—una gran idea (a great idea), un perfecto caballero (a perfect gentleman), qué lindos niños (what lovely children). Some examples of adjectives that precede the noun are those of quantity or number. Los primeros días del mes (the first days of the month), el cuarto poder (the fourth estate). Adjectives of color, shape, and status almost always go after the noun, although even here there is poetic license. Others can go quite comfortably before or after—La próxima semana (next week) or la semana próxima are equally acceptable. Likewise, una ola enorme (a giant wave) or una enorme ola are both correct. There are also adjectives that have different meanings depending whether they are applied before or after the noun they modify: Es la única lámpara que tengo (It’s the only lamp I have); Esa lámpara es única (That lamp is unique); Él es un perfecto tonto (He is an unmitigated fool); Fue un día perfecto (It was a perfect day). En la tienda venden puro jugo (In the shop they only sell juice); En la tienda venden jugo puro (In the shop they sell pure [unadulterated] juice). Set expressions such as bellas artes (fine arts) have the adjective first. Buenas noches (less common, but also used, is buena noche) is good night, while Noche Buena means Christmas Eve. In some cases, choosing whether to put the adjective before or after the noun can depend on whether you want to impress upon the listener the thing itself or the quality of it. Un tremendo ruido (a tremendous noise) suggests noise is objectionable, while un ruido tremendo stresses how loud it was. This is somewhat subjective, although writers —and especially poets— will move the order around for effect. When several adjectives are applied, they can be grouped before, after, or on either side of the noun, usually following the same rules and patterns as single adjectives, although it’s unusual to string several together as you would in English without “y” in-between: It was a cold windy day—Fue un día frío y ventoso; Beautiful red leaves— Hermosas hojas rojas; The last gray autumn days—Los últimos días grises de otoño. As examples here indicate, adjectives follow the same endings rules as nouns for masculine and feminine, singular and plural. One irregularity: Mi tercer aniversario—My third anniversary; but Rey Ricardo Tercero de Inglaterra—King Richard the Third of England. El primer capítulo—The first chapter; but el capítulo primero. Mexico in your inbox Our free newsletter about Mexico brings you a monthly round-up of recently published stories and opportunities, as well as gems from our archives.

Majina mengi ya kipekee katika Kihispania huenda baada ya jina ambalo wanastahili au kurekebisha, ingawa kuna ubaguzi mwingi, na lugha hiyo huwapa wanafunzi wake kubadilika-badilika sana bila lazima kuvunja hatua fulani ya sarufi yenye mti. Baadhi ya sifa huenda kabla ya jina, nyingine zinaweza kwenda kabla au baada, na nyingine bado hubadilisha maana yao kulingana na kama zinafuata au zinafuata jina. "Sheria moja ya kuaminika zaidi au chini ni kwamba sifa ambazo hutofautisha kitu kutoka kwa wengine wa aina yake - ""el coche azul"" (gari la bluu), ""la mesa redonda"" (meza ya mviringo) - huwekwa baada ya jina; wakati zile ambazo zinaangazia ubora wa kitu hufuata jina ""una gran idea"" (wazo kubwa), "un perfecto caballero" (mtu kamilifu), "quéos lindos niños" (watoto wazuri)." Mifano fulani ya sifa zinazotangulia jina ni zile za wingi au idadi. Los primeros días del mes (siku za kwanza za mwezi), el cuarto poder (hali ya nne). Majina ya cheo ya rangi, umbo, na cheo karibu sikuzote hufuata jina, ingawa hata hapa kuna ruhusa ya kishairi. Wengine wanaweza kwenda vizuri sana kabla au baada ya <unk> La próxima semana (juma lijalo) au la semana próxima ni sawa kukubaliwa. Vivyo hivyo, una ola enorme (wimbi kubwa) au una enorme ola zote mbili ni sahihi. Pia kuna sifa ambazo zina maana tofauti kulingana na kama zinatumiwa kabla au baada ya jina wanalofanya marekebisho: Es la única lámpara que tengo (Ni taa pekee ninayo); Esa lámpara es única (Nambari hiyo ni ya kipekee); Él es un perfecto tonto (Yeye ni mpumbavu kamili); Fue un día perfecto (Ilikuwa siku kamilifu). En la tienda venden puro jugo (Katika duka wao kuuza tu juisi); En la tienda venden jugo puro (Katika duka wao kuuza safi [unadulterated] juisi). Maneno ya seti kama vile bellas artes (sanaa nzuri) yana sifa ya kwanza. Buenas noches (sawa, lakini pia hutumiwa, ni buena noche) ni usiku mzuri, wakati Noche Buena inamaanisha Jioni ya Krismasi. Katika baadhi ya visa, kuchagua kama kuweka sifa kabla au baada ya jina inaweza kutegemea kama unataka kuvutia juu ya msikilizaji kitu yenyewe au ubora wake. Un tremendo ruido (sauti kubwa) inaonyesha kwamba kelele ni ya kukataliwa, huku un ruido tremendo ikisisitiza jinsi ilivyokuwa kubwa. Hii ni kiasi fulani subjective, ingawa waandishi <unk>na hasa washairi<unk> itabadilisha utaratibu kuzunguka kwa athari. Wakati sifa kadhaa zinatumiwa, zinaweza kuunganishwa kabla, baada, au pande zote mbili za jina, kwa kawaida ikifuata sheria na mifumo sawa na sifa moja, ingawa ni ya kawaida kuunganisha kadhaa pamoja kama unavyofanya kwa Kiingereza bila <unk>y<unk> kati: Ilikuwa siku ya baridi yenye upepo <unk>Fue un día frío y ventoso; Majani mazuri mekundu <unk> Hermosas hojas rojas; Siku za mwisho za kijivu za vuli <unk>Los últimos días grises de otoño. Kama mfano hapa unavyoonyesha, sifa hufuata sheria zilezile za mwisho kama majina ya kiume na ya kike, ya pekee na ya wingi. Uhalifu mmoja: Mi tercer aniversario <unk> Maadhimisho ya miaka yangu ya tatu; lakini Rey Ricardo Tercero de Inglaterra <unk> Mfalme Richard wa Tatu wa Uingereza. El primer capítuloSura ya kwanza; lakini el capítulo primero. Mexico katika sanduku lako la barua pepe Barua yetu ya bure ya habari kuhusu Mexico inakuletea muhtasari wa kila mwezi wa hadithi na fursa zilizochapishwa hivi karibuni, pamoja na vito kutoka kwenye kumbukumbu zetu.

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There could be said to be two names for ISO! Just to confuse the issue! Way back in my early days of film photography the title was ASA. This was a setting that allowed the film to be exposed at the right level with other camera settings being correct. Now ISO is the name of the “same” setting! We’re really talking about the speed or sensitivity of the image “recording medium”. ASA measured the speed of film and ISO measures the speed of the digital sensor With film photography ASA was the indication of how sensitive a film was to light. It was measured in numbers and visible on the film packets (see the image to the right of the film roll). The lower the number the lower the sensitivity of the film and the finer the grain in the shots you’re taking. In the digital medium, ISO measures the sensitivity of the image sensor. The principles remain and the lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain or the less “noise” in the image. The high ISO numbers work in a very similar way to ASA in that the higher ISO numbers will be used in lower light conditions. This then allows faster shutter speed for the required image. What does ISO actually mean? Well, not much! ASA was the name of the American Standards Association and ISO is the name of the International Standards Organization. Both American organisations and they set the standards! NOT something we need to take too much notice of – just the way they work is what we’re interested in! So what do we look for? - Light: Is the subject well lit? - Grain: Do you want a grainy / noisy shot or one without? Can the noise be avoided? - Tripod: Will a tripod be needed? - Moving: Subject – Is the subject moving or stationary? Bear in mind this point – faster / higher the ISO and the more “noisy” or “grainy” the shot is likely to be. Does it matter to your final picture? How important is it to get the shot in lower or better light? News and show photographers often have to deal with low light – using high ISO is probably a critical thing to do. When doing that it can bring out some interesting results with light – when I used to photograph bands back in the 70s there often resulted some great lighting examples. Unfortunately I can’t prove it as most of my old negatives are now missing! Experiment and see what happens – these days no film developing costs make that so much easier. Examples where higher ISO would be preferred or required: concert and art or museum gallery, indoor sport and probably indoor work at weddings and parties… Again – experiment and make sure that where you propose to use your camera is permissable! If you get a chance to take photographs at an event as a “bit of fun” – do it and make the mistakes when it isn’t important to have top images. If you’re invited to a wedding, take a camera and do informal shots at the reception – sometimes these can be better than the official photos. Lower ISO settings would be used by any photographer requiring little or no “noise” in their images – clean detailed and very sharp. Good lighting or artificial light assistance will help to keep ISO settings low and the resulting images should be of better quality. The Auto mode with any camera is fine to use while you get used to a camera if you’ve never used one before. The camera will select an ISO number based on conditions it detects. I’ll add a comparison image below, showing the difference between a shot at 200 ISO and another at 3200 ISO. The easiest part to see as this will be the plant stamens – see the difference in the resolution. Most photographers, once they know how the settings work, will use the manual ISO settings. In the first place when new to photography, keep an eye on the aperture and shutter speed settings while you try adjusting ISO settings. You will see a difference. You will see that an ISO of 800+ will allow faster shutter speeds and smaller aperture settings. Practice and see how you get on. Make sure, as I have said many times before: Read the Instruction Book to find out how to alter settings and just get out and practice – that costs nothing now but your time. Related terms: Image Noise / Pixellation / Grain – they are all terms for the image distortion at higher ISO – Grain being the term usually associated with film images Terms and Acronyms – names and other words associated with Digital Photograph. Free Download of my report here

Inaweza kusemwa kuwa kuna majina mawili kwa ISO! Ni ili tu kuchanganya suala hilo! Katika siku za mwanzo za kazi yangu ya kupiga picha, jina la filamu lilikuwa ASA. Hii ilikuwa kuweka kwamba kuruhusiwa filamu kuwa wazi katika ngazi ya haki na mipangilio mingine ya kamera kuwa sahihi. Sasa ISO ni jina la <unk>same<unk> kuweka! Sisi ni kweli kuzungumza juu ya kasi au unyeti wa picha <unk>rekodi kati<unk>. ASA ni kiwango cha kiwango cha mwangaza wa filamu, na ISO ni kiwango cha kiwango cha mwangaza wa sensorer ya digital, na ASA ni kiwango cha mwangaza wa filamu. Ilikuwa imepimwa kwa idadi na kuonekana kwenye vifurushi vya filamu (tazama picha upande wa kulia wa roll ya filamu). Idadi ya chini ya chini ya unyeti wa filamu na nafaka finer katika shots wewe ni kuchukua. Katika vyombo vya habari digital, ISO hupima unyeti wa sensor picha. Kanuni kubaki na chini ya idadi ya chini kamera yako ni nyeti kwa mwanga na finer nafaka au chini ya "sauti" katika picha. ISO ya juu inafanya kazi kwa njia sawa na ASA, kwa sababu inatumika katika hali ya chini ya mwanga. Hii kisha inaruhusu kasi ya shutter kwa picha inayohitajika. ISO inamaanisha nini? Kwa kweli, si mengi! ASA ni jina la Shirika la Kiwango la Amerika (ASA) na ISO ni jina la Shirika la Kiwango la Kimataifa (ISO). Mashirika yote mawili ya Marekani na wao kuweka viwango! NOT kitu tunahitaji kuchukua taarifa sana ya <unk> tu njia yao ya kazi ni nini sisi <unk> ni nia ya! Kwa hiyo tunatafuta nini? - Nuru: Je, mandhari hiyo ina mwangaza mzuri? -Unataka risasi yenye kelele au moja bila? Je, kelele hiyo yaweza kuepukwa? - Je, kiunzi cha tatu kitahitajiwa? - Kusonga: Subject <unk> Je, somo kusonga au stationary? kumbuka hatua hii <unk> haraka Bear juu ISO na zaidi <unk> noisy <unk> au <unk> grainy <unk> risasi ni uwezekano wa kuwa. Je, ni muhimu kwa picha yako ya mwisho? Ni muhimu sana kupiga picha katika mwanga wa chini au mzuri. Habari na kuonyesha wapiga picha mara nyingi kuwa na kukabiliana na mwanga mdogo <unk> kutumia ISO ya juu ni pengine jambo muhimu kufanya. "Kama unavyoona, hii ni moja ya ""mfano"" wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia wa kuvutia." Kwa bahati mbaya siwezi kuthibitisha hilo kwa kuwa wengi wa negatives yangu ya zamani sasa ni kukosa! Jaribio na kuona nini kinatokea <unk> siku hizi hakuna filamu maendeleo ya gharama kufanya hivyo rahisi sana. Mifano ambapo ISO ya juu ingekuwa preferred au required: tamasha na sanaa au makumbusho gallery, indoor michezo na pengine kazi ya ndani katika harusi na vyama... Tena <unk> majaribio na kuhakikisha kwamba ambapo wewe kupendekeza kutumia kamera yako ni kuruhusiwa! Kama wewe kupata nafasi ya kuchukua picha katika tukio kama <unk>bit ya furaha <unk> kufanya hivyo na kufanya makosa wakati si muhimu kuwa na picha ya juu. Kama wewe ni walioalikwa kwa harusi, kuchukua kamera na kufanya shots informal katika mapokezi <unk> wakati mwingine hizi inaweza kuwa bora kuliko picha rasmi. ISO chini ya kuweka itakuwa kutumika na mpiga picha yoyote inayohitaji kidogo au hakuna <unk> kelele <unk> katika picha zao <unk> safi kina na mkali sana. Mwanga mzuri au msaada wa mwanga wa bandia utasaidia kuweka mipangilio ya ISO chini na picha zinazotokana zinapaswa kuwa na ubora bora. Auto mode na kamera yoyote ni nzuri kutumia wakati wewe kupata kutumika kwa kamera kama wewe kamwe kutumika moja kabla. Kamera itachagua nambari ya ISO kulingana na hali inayogundua. Picha ya chini ya picha ya kulinganisha inaonyesha tofauti kati ya picha ya ISO 200 na picha ya ISO 3200. Sehemu rahisi kuona kama hii itakuwa mmea stamens <unk> kuona tofauti katika azimio. Wapiga picha wengi, mara tu wanapojua jinsi mipangilio inavyofanya kazi, watatumia mipangilio ya ISO ya mwongozo. Kwa mfano, ikiwa unafanya kazi ya picha, angalia pembe na kasi ya shutter wakati wa kurekebisha ISO. Utaona tofauti. ISO 800+ inahakikisha kasi ya shutter ya haraka na pembe ndogo. Jizoeze na uone jinsi unavyoendelea. Hakikisha, kama nimesema mara nyingi kabla: Soma Kitabu cha Maagizo ili kujua jinsi ya kubadilisha mipangilio na tu kupata nje na mazoezi <unk> kwamba gharama kitu sasa lakini muda wako. Image Noise, Pixellation, Grain, na Image Distortion at Higher ISO ni maneno yanayohusiana na picha za filamu, na pia ni jina la picha za digital. Pakua ripoti yangu kwa bure hapa

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Infinity War: meet the superpowers of Data Science Continuing our series of posts about Avengers: Infinity War, let’s go back to the dawn of the universe, when everything was one. In Marvel’s story, the Infinity Stones appeared even before the Big Bang. After the explosion, they spread, each with the power to control a specific aspect of our dimension: Time; Space; Reality; Mind; Soul; and Power. That was the Collector’s explanation, in the first Guardians of the Galaxy, remember? “Wait, but what does this have to do with Data Science?” Calm down, we’ll get there. In MJV, the infinity of the universe is represented by the amount of data we generate every day. It’s Big Data itself! After all, when we say we produce hundreds of zettabytes of data annually, we’re talking about something as abstract as the infinity of the universe, aren’t we? We generate so much data today that we’re barely able to process all this – we’ve analyzed less than 5% of that volume. And don’t think that organizations evade this rule, they have also lost the operational ability to analyze important external and internal data related to their processes, customers, market, among other things. So the question that remains is: how do you master this data universe and use it to your advantage? This is where the infinity gaunt… I mean, Data Science comes in. Data Science and the powers of the infinity gauntlet The Infinity gauntlet is the most powerful tool in the entire MCU (Marvel Cinematic Universe). It is able to gather the power of the six stones in one place, giving extraordinary powers to its user. With it, you have the ability to control the universe in your hands, literally. Just remember the snap of Thanos’ fingers in the last movie. Ever wondered what you could do with that power? Well, just like the gauntlet, Data Science also has six basic skills, used by data scientists to control the entire universe of unstructured data. After all, as we saw in our first post, it is a branch of multidisciplinary knowledge. The Venn diagram for Data Science, created by Drew Conway, shows these skills very well: Now, we are going to explain how this all relates to the Infinity Stones: Power Stone: Computer Science / IT Information Technology (IT) has transformative power, right? Computer Science / IT skills help design and use algorithms for data processing, storage, and visualization. As you can see from the diagram, this is one of the macro areas of knowledge in Data Science. Space Stone: Mathematics and Statistics With mathematics and statistics, we have the ability to understand the dimension of the data. This ability helps to model and summarize large datasets. In the diagram, it is also one of the great areas of knowledge that support Data Science. Soul Stone: Business knowledge Business knowledge is the “soul” of Data Science. The use of this expertise enables the creation of more aligned insights. It is a more intuitive process, able to ask the right questions and put all the answers that we obtained in the most appropriate context. It is also a macro area that needs to be considered. Reality Stone: Traditional Research It happens when we join expertises in mathematics and statistics with the knowledge of the business. It is in the research that we have been able to collect this data for future analyzes, mainly from the perspective of the know-how of the area of knowledge explored. It collaborates with the understanding of the reality that surrounds us. Time Stone: Development This competence comes from the combination of Information Technology (IT) and business expertise. We can create systems to automate the entire process, optimizing and accelerating analysis. This task is crucial because, as we saw in the first post, organizations have lost the operational capacity to process so much data. Mind Stone: Machine Learning To close, we also have the Machine Learning stone. Artificial intelligence, in addition to being “producible,” is also widely used in Data Science solutions. Pattern identification helps not only data scientists, but also the creation of smarter systems with fewer flaws. The war for the infinity stones You may not have noticed it, but it has already begun. Silently, film by film, the war for the infinity stones is heading for its climax. At first we thought the big villain was Loki, then Ultron, but it was Thanos who was behind the scenes, feeding an intergalactic war. Returning to our reality, the GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon) is dictating the new rules for the market, all because it realized, from an early age, the potential of data analysis and a data-driven culture and 100% digital. They were pioneers in using them as the digital side of their business. It is necessary to abandon the analog mindset urgently and choose the right side. Fintechs already noticed that. Companies like Nubank and Uber also soon noticed. The time has come to promote digital transformation, data-driven mindset and, above all, Data Science in your organization. In a market where the study of the science of futurism is already a reality and decisions are made based on data and setting scenarios, we can no longer afford to run companies with the blindfold. You need to position yourself strategically and know exactly where your organization goes. This is the secret to winning! The entry of Thanos: A Look Under The Analog Mindset You can be sure: if you are losing this war, you need to not only adopt Data Science in your business strategy, but also promote a change of mindset in your organization. To triumph, we need to defeat the analog mindset, which will be represented by Thanos in our series of posts, and move towards digital transformation. Follow the scenes of the next chapters to find out more about this villain who can hurt your organization and figure out how to defeat it. Did you like our post today? So check out our blog post on Data Science!Back

Infinity War: kukutana na superpowers ya Data Sayansi Kuendelea mfululizo wetu wa posts kuhusu Avengers: Infinity War, hebu kwenda nyuma kwa mapambazuko ya ulimwengu, wakati kila kitu ilikuwa moja. Katika hadithi ya Marvel, Infinity Stones ilionekana hata kabla ya Big Bang. Baada ya mlipuko, wao kuenea, kila mmoja na nguvu ya kudhibiti kipengele maalum cha mwelekeo wetu: Wakati; Nafasi; Reality; Mind; Soul; na Nguvu. Hiyo ilikuwa maelezo ya Mkusanyaji, katika walinzi wa kwanza wa Galaxy, kukumbuka? <unk>Subiri, lakini hii ina nini na Sayansi ya Takwimu?<unk> Kutulia, sisi <unk>ll kupata huko. Katika MJV, ukamilifu wa ulimwengu unawakilishwa na kiasi cha data tunachozalisha kila siku. Ni Data Kubwa yenyewe! Baada ya yote, wakati sisi kusema sisi kuzalisha mamia ya zettabytes ya data kila mwaka, sisi ni kuzungumza juu ya kitu kama abstract kama ukamilifu wa ulimwengu, si sisi? """Tunazalisha data nyingi sana leo hivi kwamba hatuwezi kusindika data zote, tumechanganua chini ya asilimia tano ya kiasi hicho." Na usifikiri kwamba mashirika kuepuka sheria hii, wao pia wamepoteza uwezo wa uendeshaji wa kuchambua muhimu data ya nje na ya ndani kuhusiana na michakato yao, wateja, soko, miongoni mwa mambo mengine. Swali linaloendelea ni: Jinsi gani unaweza kufanikiwa katika ulimwengu huu wa data na kuitumia kwa faida yako? Hii ni ambapo infinity gaunt... I mean, Data Sayansi inakuja katika. "Kutoka kwa ""Infinity Gauntlet"" hadi ""Infinity Gauntlet"" ni moja ya zana za nguvu zaidi katika ulimwengu wa sinema wa Marvel." Inaweza kukusanya nguvu za mawe sita mahali pamoja, ikimpa mtumiaji wake nguvu za ajabu. Kwa kutumia hii, unaweza kudhibiti ulimwengu katika mikono yako, kihalisi. Kumbuka tu snap ya vidole vya Thanos katika filamu ya mwisho. Je, umewahi kujiuliza unaweza kufanya nini kwa nguvu hiyo? Data Science pia ina ujuzi sita wa msingi, zinazotumiwa na wanasayansi wa data kudhibiti ulimwengu mzima wa data zisizo na muundo. Baada ya yote, kama tulivyoona katika chapisho letu la kwanza, ni tawi la maarifa ya taaluma mbalimbali. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika mchoro wa Venn wa Sayansi ya Takwimu, iliyoundwa na Drew Conway, ""Kuna nguvu ya teknolojia ya kompyuta ambayo inaweza kubadilisha maisha ya watu.""" Ujuzi wa IT wa Sayansi ya Kompyuta husaidia kubuni na kutumia algorithms kwa usindikaji wa data, kuhifadhi, na kuona. Kama unaweza kuona kutoka mchoro, hii ni moja ya maeneo ya jumla ya maarifa katika Sayansi ya Takwimu. "Kutokana na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics"" na ""Mathematics and Statistics." Uwezo huu husaidia kuiga na kuelezea seti kubwa za data. Katika mchoro, pia ni moja ya maeneo makubwa ya maarifa ambayo kusaidia Sayansi ya Takwimu. Soul: Biashara maarifa Biashara maarifa ni "roho" ya Sayansi ya Data. Matumizi ya utaalam huu inawezesha uundaji wa ufahamu zaidi aligned. Ni mchakato wa intuitive zaidi, uwezo wa kuuliza maswali sahihi na kuweka majibu yote ambayo tulipata katika muktadha sahihi zaidi. Pia ni eneo la jumla ambalo linahitaji kuzingatiwa. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Utafiti wa jadi"" ni utafiti wa kawaida ambao unajumuisha ujuzi wa hisabati na takwimu na maarifa ya biashara." Ni katika utafiti kwamba tumekuwa na uwezo wa kukusanya data hii kwa ajili ya uchambuzi wa baadaye, hasa kutoka kwa mtazamo wa ujuzi wa eneo la maarifa kuchunguzwa. Inashirikiana na uelewa wa hali halisi inayotuzunguka. Wakati: Maendeleo Uwezo huu hutoka kwa mchanganyiko wa Teknolojia ya Habari (IT) na utaalam wa biashara. Tunaweza kuunda mifumo ya kuautomatisha mchakato mzima, kuboresha na kuharakisha uchambuzi. Hii ni muhimu kwa sababu, kama tulivyoona katika chapisho la kwanza, mashirika yamepoteza uwezo wa uendeshaji wa kusindika data nyingi. Mind Stone: Machine Learning Kwa kumalizia, pia tuna jiwe la Machine Learning. Akili bandia, pamoja na kuwa <unk>producible,<unk> pia ni sana kutumika katika ufumbuzi Data Sayansi. Utambulisho wa muundo husaidia si tu wanasayansi wa data, lakini pia uundaji wa mifumo ya akili na kasoro chache. Vita kwa ajili ya mawe ya infinity Huenda hujaona, lakini tayari imeanza. Kwa ukimya, filamu kwa filamu, vita kwa ajili ya mawe ya ukimya vinaelekea kwenye upeo wake. "Mwanzoni tulidhani Loki ndiye mwovu mkuu, kisha Ultron, lakini Thanos ndiye aliyekuwa nyuma ya pazia, akisababisha vita vya kati ya nyota.""" Kwa kurudi kwa hali yetu ya kweli, GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook na Amazon) inaamuru sheria mpya kwa soko, yote kwa sababu iligundua, tangu umri mdogo, uwezo wa uchambuzi wa data na utamaduni unaoendeshwa na data na 100% dijiti. Walikuwa waanzilishi katika kuzitumia kama upande wa dijiti wa biashara yao. Ni muhimu kuacha mawazo ya analog haraka na kuchagua upande sahihi. Fintech tayari waligundua hilo. Kampuni kama vile Nubank na Uber pia ziligundua hivi karibuni. Wakati umefika wa kukuza mabadiliko ya dijiti, mawazo ya data na, juu ya yote, Sayansi ya Takwimu katika shirika lako. Katika soko ambapo utafiti wa sayansi ya futurism tayari ni ukweli na maamuzi yanafanywa kulingana na data na kuweka matukio, hatuwezi tena kuendesha makampuni na blindfold. Unahitaji kujiweka kwa njia ya kimkakati na kujua hasa ambapo shirika lako linaenda. Hii ndiyo siri ya kushinda! "Thanos: A Look Under the Analog Mindset: ""Ukipoteza vita hivi, unahitaji sio tu kupitisha Sayansi ya Takwimu katika mkakati wako wa biashara, lakini pia kukuza mabadiliko ya mawazo katika shirika lako.""" Ili kushinda, tunahitaji kushinda mawazo ya analog, ambayo itawakilishwa na Thanos katika safu yetu ya machapisho, na kusonga kuelekea mabadiliko ya dijiti. Fuata matukio ya sura zifuatazo ili kujua zaidi kuhusu mwovu huyu ambaye anaweza kuumiza shirika lako na kujua jinsi ya kumshinda. Je, ulipenda chapisho letu la leo? Kwa hiyo angalia chapisho letu la blogu juu ya Sayansi ya Takwimu!

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Learning German? Eventually, you’ll need some knowledge of German grammar if you want to have a better understanding of how the language works, and how to form correct sentences. Articles are a great place to start, because you’ve definitely already run across them if you’ve learned a few German words. This article is all about the different articles in German, and how to choose between der, die and das. Der, Die, Das – A Closer Look at Articles in German Let’s start with the basics. What are articles? Essentially, articles are the little words that come before nouns. In English, we only have one definite article – “the.” In German, there are three. They all start with a “d,” which could make things easier or more confusing, depending on who you ask. You need to use a different article depending on the gender of the noun that goes with it. Here are the definite articles in German: - masculine = der - feminine = die - neuter = das For lots of German learners, trying to figure out which article to use can be a real nightmare. But have no fear! With our tips, learning them is easy. 5 Tips for Always Choosing the Correct Articles in German 1. Memorize the article every time you learn a new noun in German If you learn each noun with its article from the start, you’ll save yourself a lot of frustration later on. Write down the article-noun combination in a notebook, or repeat the pair over and over again until it sticks. This really helps reinforce your memory. Just remember: a noun is not complete without its article! Think of them as best friends, or even lovers… you wouldn’t want to break up a happy couple, would you? 2. Match nouns with colors If you’re the kind of person who keeps an old-fashioned list of new words you learn, or if you’re into bullet journaling, break out some colored pens or markers. Every time you write down a new word, match it to one of three colors: one for masculine nouns, one for feminine, and another for neuter. (And of course don’t forget to write down the article itself.) It may sound strange at first, but it really helps you remember them! Instead of just associating a word with the letters that form it, you’ll create an entire mental image. 3. …or categories Categories can often help you choose the correct articles in German, too. For example: “der Monat” (month) is a masculine noun. So what is the right article for Januar, Februar, März (January, February, March) and so on? It’s also “der”! The same trick works for “der Tag” – der Montag (Monday), der Dienstag (Tuesday), der Mittwoch (Wednesday) and so on. When we first start learning a language, we often learn nouns for the things around us. Think about the objects in your room, for example. Can you find a pattern? All the furniture that you can sit on is masculine. Decorations are feminine, and furniture for sleeping and relaxing is neutral! Of course there are exceptions. But if you make up categories in your head and maybe even come up with a short story about groups of words, you’re sure to learn their articles faster! 4. How to hack compound words in German German is known for its looooonnngggg words. They often combine two, three or more nouns and make one word out of them. For the purpose of articles, this is good news! Here’s why: Let’s say I live in a house – das Haus – and the house has a door, die Tür. In many languages you’d say something like “the door of the house.” Not in German! Instead, just combine the nouns: “Haustür.” But what’s its article? Die Haustür, because the main subject is still a door. Since it is my house, I have a key to this door. What is that called? It’s der Haustürschlüssel (front door key), of course! Key takeaway (pun intended)? In a compound word, the last word always determines the article! 5. Endings are your friend-ings Now I want to direct your attention to noun endings. Certain endings are almost always for masculine nouns, others always go with feminine nouns, and yet others are neutral. If you know what they are, you’ll easily be able to identify the gender of the noun and choose the right article for it. There are quite a lot, but the list below contains the most common endings to look out for: - Use der for most words that end in -er and -el. Like in: der Computer (computer), der Schlüssel (key), der Lehrer (teacher), der Rüssel (trunk). - Die is the article you should use for most words that end in -heit, -keit, -ung and -schaft. As in: die Freiheit (freedom), die Gemeinsamkeit (community), die Erfahrung (experience) et die Freundschaft (friendship). - And go with das if the noun ends in -chen, -ment and -ma. For example: das Brötchen (roll), das Dokument (document) et das Thema (subject). Like I said, there are many other endings, and not all of them will help you navigate the German article jungle. But this short list is a good start. We hope these tips will help and inspire you. Before I go, just a reminder that it’s totally okay if you happen to use the wrong article. People will still understand you! So don’t panic! The most important thing is to start speaking as soon as possible. Magda’s Tips on German Articles If you’re more of an auditory learner, check out these tips in Magda’s video. It’s totally in German, so you can work on your listening comprehension at the same time! But you can also turn on subtitles in one of six languages (including English and German) – click the gear icon to do that. Scroll down to watch, or head over to our YouTube channel. If Madga speaks a little too quickly for you, feel free to slow the video down. Click the gear button to change the playback speed. Enjoy! Want to start improving your language skills today? Good news: we can help! More good news: you can get started for free! With your free trial, you can test drive the most effective method for learning German for the next 15 days! Vocabulary flashcards, videos with subtitles, audiobooks, articles adapted to your level – with MosaLingua Premium (Web & Mobile), you’ll have access to all this and more. Get started right now. It’s free—and risk-free—to try!

Je, unajifunza Kijerumani? Hatimaye, unahitaji ujuzi fulani wa sarufi ya Kijerumani ikiwa unataka kuelewa vizuri jinsi lugha hiyo inavyofanya kazi, na jinsi ya kutengeneza sentensi sahihi. Makala ni mahali pazuri pa kuanza, kwa sababu kwa hakika umewahi kukutana nazo ikiwa umejifunza maneno machache ya Kijerumani. Katika makala hii, tutazungumzia juu ya vifungu tofauti vya Kijerumani na jinsi ya kuchagua kati ya der, die na das. Der, Die, Das <unk> A Closer Look at Articles in German <unk> Hebu tuanze na mambo ya msingi. Makala ni nini? Kimsingi, vifungu ni maneno madogo yanayokuja kabla ya majina. Katika Kiingereza, tuna kifungu kimoja tu cha uhakika <unk> <unk> the. <unk> Katika Kijerumani, kuna tatu. Zote huanza na <unk>d,<unk> ambayo inaweza kufanya mambo kuwa rahisi au kuchanganyikiwa zaidi, kulingana na nani unayeuliza. Unahitaji kutumia kifungu tofauti kulingana na jinsia ya jina linaloambatana nalo. "Hii ni makala ya kipekee katika Kijerumani: ""Mume"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke"" = ""Mwanamke""" Lakini msiwe na hofu! Kwa kutumia vidokezo vyetu, ni rahisi kujifunza. 5 Njia za Kuamua Maandishi Yenye Haki Katika Kijerumani Kumbuka makala kila wakati unajifunza jina jipya katika Kijerumani Kama wewe kujifunza kila jina na makala yake kutoka mwanzo, wewe <unk>ll kuokoa mwenyewe mengi ya kukatishwa tamaa baadaye. Andika mchanganyiko wa neno na jina katika kitabu cha kumbukumbu, au rudia-rudia maneno hayo mpaka yafikie akili yako. Hii husaidia sana kuimarisha kumbukumbu yako. Kumbuka tu: neno halija kamili bila kifungu chake! Fikiria juu yao kama marafiki bora, au hata wapenzi... hutaki kuvunja wanandoa wenye furaha, sivyo? 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Ikiwa wewe ni aina ya mtu ambaye anaweka orodha ya zamani ya maneno mapya unayojifunza, au ikiwa unaingia katika jarida la risasi, fanya kalamu za rangi au alama. Kila mara unapoandika neno jipya, lilinganisha na mojawapo ya rangi tatu: moja kwa majina ya kiume, moja kwa majina ya kike, na nyingine kwa majina ya kimwili. (Na bila shaka usisahau kuandika makala yenyewe.) Huenda ikaonekana kuwa ya ajabu mwanzoni, lakini kwa kweli inakusaidia kuzikumbuka! Badala ya tu kuhusisha neno na herufi zinazolifanyiza, utaunda picha nzima ya akili. 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli ...au makundi Makundi mara nyingi inaweza kukusaidia kuchagua makala sahihi katika Kijerumani, pia. Kwa mfano: <unk>der Monat<unk> (mwezi) ni jina la kiume. Kwa hiyo ni nini kifungu sahihi kwa Januari, Februari, Machi (Januari, Februari, Machi) na kadhalika? Pia ni <unk>der<unk>! Ujanja huo huo hufanya kazi kwa <unk>der Tag<unk> <unk> der Montag (Jumatatu), der Dienstag (Jumanne), der Mittwoch (Jumatano) na kadhalika. Tunapoanza kujifunza lugha, mara nyingi tunajifunza majina ya vitu vinavyotuzunguka. Fikiria vitu vilivyo katika chumba chako. Je, unaweza kupata kielelezo? Vifaa vyote unavyoweza kuketi juu yake ni vya kiume. Mapambo ni ya wanawake, na fanicha za kulala na kupumzika si za rangi! Bila shaka kuna mambo fulani yasiyo ya kawaida. Lakini ikiwa utaunda makundi kichwani mwako na labda hata utoe hadithi fupi kuhusu vikundi vya maneno, una uhakika wa kujifunza makala zao haraka zaidi! 4. Uwe na uhakika Jinsi ya kuharibu maneno ya mchanganyiko katika Kijerumani Kijerumani inajulikana kwa maneno yake looooonnngggg. Mara nyingi wao huchanganya majina mawili, matatu au zaidi na kutengeneza neno moja kutokana nayo. Kwa kusudi la makala, hizo ni habari njema! Hapa ni kwa nini: Hebu kusema mimi kuishi katika nyumba <unk> das Haus <unk> na nyumba ina mlango, kufa Tür. Katika lugha nyingi ungesema kitu kama <unk> mlango wa nyumba.<unk> Si katika Kijerumani! Badala yake, tu kuchanganya majina: <unk>Haustür.<unk> Lakini nini <unk> ni makala yake? Die Haustür, kwa sababu mada kuu bado ni mlango. Kwa kuwa ni nyumba yangu, nina ufunguo wa mlango huu. Hilo linaitwa nini? Ni der Haustürschlüssel (ufunguo wa mlango wa mbele), bila shaka! Kumbuka muhimu (pun lengo)? Katika neno lililofanyizwa, neno la mwisho sikuzote huamua kifungu cha maneno! 5. Uwe na mtazamo mzuri. Mwisho ni rafiki yako-ings Sasa nataka kuelekeza tahadhari yako kwa mwisho wa jina. Mwisho fulani ni karibu daima kwa majina ya kiume, wengine daima kwenda na majina ya kike, na bado wengine ni neutral. Ikiwa unajua ni nini, utaweza kwa urahisi kutambua jinsia ya jina na kuchagua kifungu sahihi kwa ajili yake. Kuna mengi sana, lakini orodha hapa chini ina mwisho wa kawaida wa kuangalia: - Tumia der kwa maneno mengi ambayo yanaishia katika -er na -el. Kama katika: der Computer (kompyuta), der Schlüssel (ufunguo), der Lehrer (mwalimu), der Rüssel (trunk). - Die ni makala unapaswa kutumia kwa maneno mengi ambayo kumalizika katika -heit, -keit, -ung na -schaft. Kama ilivyo katika: die Freiheit (uhuru), die Gemeinsamkeit (jamii), die Erfahrung (mazoezi) et die Freundschaft (urafiki). - Na kwenda na das kama jina inaisha katika -chen, -ment na -ma. Kwa mfano: das Brötchen (roll), das Dokument (hati) et das Thema (somo). Kama nilivyosema, kuna mwisho mwingine mwingi, na si wote watakusaidia kusafiri katika msitu wa makala ya Kijerumani. Lakini orodha hii fupi ni mwanzo mzuri. Tunatumaini kwamba vidokezo hivi vitakusaidia na kukuhamasisha. Kabla sijaondoka, nikukumbushe tu kwamba si jambo la kawaida kutumia kifungu kisichofaa. Watu bado watakuelewa! Kwa hiyo usishangae! Jambo la muhimu zaidi ni kuanza kuzungumza haraka iwezekanavyo. Magda's Tips on German Articles Kama wewe ni zaidi ya mwanafunzi wa kusikia, angalia vidokezo hivi katika video ya Magda. Ni kabisa katika Kijerumani, hivyo unaweza kufanya kazi juu ya kuelewa yako ya kusikiliza kwa wakati mmoja! Lakini unaweza pia kugeuza juu ya vichwa vya habari katika moja ya lugha sita (ikiwa ni pamoja na Kiingereza na Kijerumani) <unk> bonyeza gear icon kufanya hivyo. Kuangalia video au kuhamia kwenye kituo chetu cha YouTube. Ikiwa Madga anazungumza haraka sana kwa ajili yako, jisikie huru kupunguza mwendo wa video. Bonyeza kitufe cha gear kubadilisha kasi ya kucheza. Furahia! Je, ungependa kuanza kuboresha ujuzi wako wa lugha leo? Habari njema: tunaweza kusaidia! Habari nyingine nzuri: unaweza kuanza bila malipo! Kwa mfano, kwa kutumia jaribio la bure, unaweza kujaribu njia bora ya kujifunza Kijerumani kwa siku 15. Vocabulary flashcards, video na subtitles, audiobooks, makala iliyobadilishwa kwa ngazi yako <unk> na MosaLingua Premium (Web & Mobile), utakuwa na upatikanaji wa haya yote na zaidi. Anza sasa hivi. Ni bure <unk> na hatari-free <unk> kujaribu!

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SD cards – postage stamp sized flash cards in your camera – have no internal cache, little internal bandwidth, tiny CPUs, and slow I/O busses. But recent tests found that SD cards could be 200 times faster than an SSD. How??? Recently the good folks at Datalight published results of testing they’d done on their Reliance Nitro transactional file system and Microsoft’s Texfat (Transaction-Safe Extended FAT). Both are used in embedded systems like ATMs and mobile devices with critical data reliability needs. HOW CAN SLOWER BE FASTER? There’s no doubt that SSDs have more raw performance than SD cards. But in this case its not what is used, but how it is used. Datalight found that creating a file and writing a file with Texfat on an SSD took over 8 seconds, while the same operations on an SD card took anywhere from 41 to 101ms. When they investigated, they found that the SSD . . . is actually doing something (flushing data out of a cache internal to the SSD, most likely), whereas on SD – it does no additional work (since SD has no internal cache), and so . . . SD appears “faster”. If you worry about corrupting data due to power loss, those 8 seconds can be an eternity. As Datalight points out: . . . the path taken by data from application to media can be convoluted, passing through caches and buffers at different layers of the system in an effort to improve or maintain performance.” While the caches and buffers are an architectural strategy to improve performance, Datalight’s testing shows that they don’t always do so. THE STORAGE BITS TAKE No, you shouldn’t replace your SSDs with SD cards, though some are sporting faster-than-disk specs. Rather, I see Datalight’s results as evidence that the old disk-oriented software stacks and file systems with many layers of caching are less and less relevant in a world of high-performance solid state storage. For 50 years all systems were engineered to minimize the long latency and low-IOPS of disks – and with fast SSDs much of that careful engineering is obsolete and counter productive. If you are engineering embedded systems, the Datalight blog post is worth a close read. If you are running data systems, you should be more aggressive in understanding how your chosen software works – or not – with SSDs.

SD kadi <unk> postage stempu ukubwa flash kadi katika kamera yako <unk> hawana cache ya ndani, kidogo ya ndani bandwidth, CPUs ndogo, na polepole I / O mabasi. Kwa mfano, katika majaribio ya hivi karibuni, kadi za SD zilikuwa na uwezo wa kuendesha kwa kasi mara 200 kuliko SSD. Jinsi gani??? Hivi karibuni watu wazuri katika Datalight kuchapishwa matokeo ya majaribio walikuwa wamefanya juu ya Reliance Nitro yao transactional faili mfumo na Microsoft ya Texfat (Transaction-Safe Extended FAT). Wote hutumiwa katika mifumo iliyoingizwa kama ATMs na vifaa vya rununu na mahitaji muhimu ya kuegemea data. Jinsi ya Kuchukua Hatua Polepole? Hakuna shaka kwamba SSDs na utendaji zaidi ghafi kuliko kadi SD. Lakini katika kesi hii si nini hutumiwa, lakini jinsi inatumiwa. Datalight iligundua kuwa kuunda faili na kuandika faili na Texfat kwenye SSD ilichukua zaidi ya sekunde nane, wakati shughuli sawa kwenye kadi ya SD ilichukua mahali popote kutoka 41 hadi 101ms. Baada ya uchunguzi, waligundua kwamba SSD ilikuwa na . . "Kama ""kuondoa data kutoka cache ya ndani ya SSD"" (kwa kweli, ""kuondoa data kutoka cache ya ndani ya SSD"), wakati kwenye SD <unk> haifanyi kazi ya ziada (kwa kuwa SD haina cache ya ndani), na hivyo." . . SD inaonekana <unk>haraka<unk>. Ikiwa una wasiwasi juu ya data ya uharibifu kutokana na upotezaji wa nguvu, sekunde hizo nane zinaweza kuwa umilele. Kama Datalight inaonyesha:. . . Njia inayotumiwa na data kutoka kwa programu hadi vyombo vya habari inaweza kuwa ngumu, ikipita kupitia caches na buffers katika tabaka tofauti za mfumo katika juhudi za kuboresha au kudumisha utendaji. <unk> Wakati caches na buffers ni mkakati wa usanifu ili kuboresha utendaji, upimaji wa Datalight unaonyesha kwamba hawafanyi hivyo kila wakati. STORAGE BITS TAKE Hapana, unapaswa <unk>t kubadilisha SSD yako na kadi SD, ingawa baadhi ni michezo kwa kasi-kuna-diski maelezo. Badala yake, naona matokeo ya Datalight kama ushahidi kwamba zamani diski-oriented programu stacks na mifumo ya faili na tabaka nyingi za caching ni chini na chini ya muhimu katika ulimwengu wa juu-utendaji imara hali ya kuhifadhi. Kwa miaka 50 mifumo yote walikuwa engineered kupunguza latency muda mrefu na chini-IOPS ya disks <unk> na na SSDs haraka mengi ya uhandisi kwamba makini ni ya kizamani na counter-matokeo. Kama wewe ni uhandisi mifumo iliyoingizwa, Datalight blog post ni thamani ya kusoma karibu. Kama wewe ni kuendesha mifumo ya data, unapaswa kuwa na nguvu zaidi katika kuelewa jinsi programu yako iliyochaguliwa kazi <unk> au si <unk> na SSDs.

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Every year, about a third of all food produced in the world —about 1.3 billion tonnes— is wasted in consumers’ homes and retail businesses, according to the United Nations (UN). The food sector also accounts for around 30% of the world’s total energy consumption and 22% of greenhouse gas emissions. The most serious environmental impacts occur during the food production phase —i.e. agriculture and processing— but households also have an influence through dietary habits and choices, which affect the environment through food-related energy consumption and waste generation. Managing the environmental and socio-economic impact of the industrial production model, reducing the overexploitation of natural resources and promoting a more sustainable and environmentally friendly food system —healthy, safe and socially fair— are the challenges to be faced in the 21st century. Since 2015, one of the priorities of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) —specifically goal 12— is to promote sustainable lifestyles and increase the efficiency of natural resources in order to achieve responsible production and consumption and thus prevent environmental degradation. In this context of global challenges, universities are institutions with a great potential to promote sustainability and healthy habits among their members, to encourage the training of professionals committed to these principles. What are our concerns about the food we eat? The aim of a study that has just been published in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition was to find out what the UB community’s perception of food sustainability is and what knowledge they have about it. It has been developed by a multidisciplinary team led by the researchers M. Carmen Vidal-Carou, professor of Nutrition and Bromatology at the Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and director of the Torribera Campus, and Montserrat Puig-Llobet, professor at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and vice-rector for Equal Opportunities and Gender at the University of Barcelona. The study was also carried out by the experts Ricard Celorio-Sardà, Oriol Comas-Basté and M. Luz Latorre-Moratalla, from the Torribera Campus, the Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, the Institute for Research in Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB) and the Food Innovation Network (XIA); Mª Clara de Moraes Prata Gaspar, from the Faculty of Geography and History and INSA-UB; Mari Aguilera Ruiz, from the Faculty of Psychology, the Institute of Neurosciences of the UB (UBNeuro) and the Open University of Catalonia (UOC), and Gustavo A. Llorente-Cabrera, from the Faculty of Biology and the Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio) of the UB. A total of 1,220 participants, including teaching and research staff, administrative and service staff and students took part in the study, of whom 67% were women and 47% were aged between 51 and 65. Of these, 33% were from the health sciences fields. In the case of students, their participation in the study was low: they represent only 18% of all participants, although they are the largest group at the UB. The study reveals that the food issues of most concern to the university community are, in descending order: food waste; hygiene; plastic packaging; fat, salt and sugar content; environmental impact; viral contamination; chronic non-communicable diseases; pesticides; socio-economic conditions; animal welfare; chemical contaminants; and body weight. Food and environment: for a more sustainable future The food sector has a direct impact on the environment. Regarding this problem, 71% of respondents —77% of the teaching and research staff and 52% of the students— have often heard of this issue, but 5% say they have hardly ever heard of it. In relation to the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda, 67% say they are informed —78% of the teaching and research staff and 35% of the students— and this percentage drops to 58% in the case of the European Green Pact. The areas with the highest levels of knowledge are gradually becoming apparent in the areas of zero-kilometer food, food waste, greenhouse gases, biodiversity, carbon footprint and water footprint. According to those interviewed, a sustainable diet takes particular account of aspects such as: seasonality, low impact, zero waste, sustainable packaging, organic products, plant-based foods and cultural acceptance. Fruit and vegetables, olive oil, pulses, nuts and whole grains should be part of a sustainable and healthy diet, with red meat, refined grains, alcoholic beverages, salty snacks and sweetened beverages at the bottom of the list. Is a healthy diet also sustainable? 10% of the participants fully identify a healthy diet with a sustainable diet, 73% consider that they are sometimes similar concepts, and 3% respond that they have nothing to do with each other. At the time of purchase, 59% of participants —mainly men and students— say that they take food sustainability into account; for 32%, this consideration is only moderate. Is it difficult to follow a sustainable diet? Only 9% of respondents say that they always follow a sustainable diet, while the vast majority —77%— say that they do so sometimes. In this regard, the study reveals that the main factors that make it difficult are food prices, lack of information and the accessibility to seasonal foods. How do results vary between groups? If the results are analysed according to the groups to which the participants belong, it is observed that "teachers show a higher level of knowledge regarding the different topics associated with sustainability —such as the SDGs or the Green Pact— especially in comparison with students", reports M. Clara de Moraes Prata Gaspar. "Furthermore, some factors related to sustainability have a greater influence on the food choices of teachers and administrative staff than students". "Regarding the perception of a sustainable diet, administrative staff and teachers indicate similar conceptions that differ from students, who place greater importance on locally produced food, biodegradable and compostable packaging and monetary cost", the researcher notes. Women and TRS lead the fight against food waste People who admit that they occasionally throw food away at home are in the majority (almost 50% of participants), followed by those who say they hardly ever do so (around 40%). How to prevent food from going to waste? Making use of leftovers, planning shopping and meals, buying less food and learning new cooking techniques to preserve food better are the most commonly used strategies in the domestic environment. "In general, in most questions we observed that women of all groups show more knowledge and awareness of issues related to food sustainability. For example, we see that women and TRS members are more likely to use strategies related to food management at home when trying to avoid food waste", says researcher Ricard Celorio-Sardà. Enhancing individual and collective strategies The results indicate that the level of knowledge about the technical aspects of food sustainability is moderate or even low among students. Although food sustainability issues are of high concern, especially among women and students, the concept of food sustainability is not yet a key element in food choices. As far as perceptions are concerned, the study reveals a less than holistic view of the concept of food sustainability, which in most cases ignores the social and economic dimensions. "For years, the UB has been working to remain aligned with the SDGs in all its actions and in all its areas of activity", says Oriol Comas-Basté. "However, the results of this study show that it is necessary to continue making efforts to develop initiatives that consider sustainability in a holistic way, considering, above all, the social and economic dimensions, in which we have detected a lower level of knowledge and awareness in the UB community. Furthermore, it is important that these strategies are not only limited to increasing theoretical knowledge in this area, but also help to translate it into individual and collective actions in favour of more sustainable practices", concludes the researcher. Prata Gaspar, M.C.M.; Celorio-Sardà, R.; Comas-Basté, O.; Latorre-Moratalla, M.L.; Aguilera, M.; Llorente-Cabrera, G.A.; Puig-Llobet, M.; Vidal-Carou, M.C. " Knowledge and perceptions of food sustainability in a Spanish university population ". Frontiers in Nutrition, November 2022. Doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.97092

Kila mwaka, karibu theluthi moja ya chakula chote kinachozalishwa ulimwenguni - karibu tani bilioni 1.3 - hutupwa katika nyumba za watumiaji na biashara za rejareja, kulingana na Umoja wa Mataifa. Sekta ya chakula pia inashughulikia karibu 30% ya jumla ya matumizi ya nishati ya ulimwengu na 22% ya uzalishaji wa gesi ya chafu. Athari mbaya zaidi za mazingira hutokea wakati wa awamu ya uzalishaji wa chakula <unk> i.e. Kilimo na usindikaji - lakini kaya pia zina ushawishi kupitia tabia na chaguzi za lishe, ambazo zinaathiri mazingira kupitia matumizi ya nishati inayohusiana na chakula na uzalishaji wa taka. "Usimamizi wa athari za mazingira na kijamii na kiuchumi za mtindo wa uzalishaji wa viwanda, kupunguza matumizi ya kupita kiasi ya rasilimali za asili na kukuza mfumo wa chakula wa kudumu na wa mazingira ""salama, salama na haki ya kijamii"" ni changamoto zinazokabiliwa katika karne ya 21." Tangu 2015, moja ya vipaumbele vya Lengo la Maendeleo Endelevu la Umoja wa Mataifa (SDGs) - haswa lengo la 12 - ni kukuza mitindo ya maisha endelevu na kuongeza ufanisi wa rasilimali za asili ili kufikia uzalishaji na matumizi ya uwajibikaji na hivyo kuzuia uharibifu wa mazingira. Katika muktadha huu wa changamoto za kimataifa, vyuo vikuu ni taasisi na uwezo mkubwa wa kukuza uendelevu na tabia nzuri miongoni mwa wanachama wao, kuhamasisha mafunzo ya wataalamu wa kujitolea kwa kanuni hizi. Tuna wasiwasi gani kuhusu chakula tunachokula? Utafiti uliochapishwa hivi karibuni katika jarida la Frontiers in Nutrition, ulijaribu kugundua jinsi jamii ya U.S.A. inavyoona uendelevu wa chakula na ujuzi wanao juu yake. "Mwanzo wa utafiti huo ulifanywa na M. Carmen Vidal-Carroll, profesa wa lishe na bromolithology katika Chuo cha Pharmacy na Sayansi ya Chakula na Mkurugenzi wa Chuo cha Torribera, na Montserrat Puig-Llobet, profesa wa Chuo cha Tiba na Sayansi ya Afya na Makamu wa Rais wa fursa sawa na jinsia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Barcelona.""" Wataalamu wa utafiti huo ni Ricard Celorio-Sardà, Oriol Comas-Baste na Luz Latorre-Motilla, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Torribay, Chuo Kikuu cha Farmasi na Sayansi ya Chakula, Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Lishe na Usalama wa Chakula (INSA-UB) na Mtandao wa Ubunifu wa Chakula (XIA), Clara de Moraes Prata Gaspar, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Jiografia na Historia (INSA-UB), Mari Aguilera Ruiz, kutoka Taasisi ya Saikolojia, Taasisi ya Neuroscience ya UB (UBC) na Chuo Kikuu cha Uwazi cha Catalonia (UOC). Jumla ya washiriki 1,220 waliohusishwa katika utafiti huo, ikiwa ni pamoja na walimu na watafiti, wafanyikazi wa utawala na huduma na wanafunzi, ambao 67% walikuwa wanawake na 47% walikuwa na umri wa miaka 51 hadi 65. Kati ya hao, asilimia 33 walikuwa kutoka katika nyanja za sayansi ya afya. Katika kesi ya wanafunzi, ushiriki wao katika utafiti ulikuwa mdogo: wanawakilisha tu 18% ya washiriki wote, ingawa wao ni kundi kubwa zaidi katika UB. "Utafiti huo unaonyesha kuwa masuala ya chakula ya wasiwasi zaidi kwa jamii ya chuo kikuu ni, kwa utaratibu wa kushuka: ""matumizi ya chakula,"" ""usafi,"" ""upakiaji wa plastiki,"" ""mafuta, chumvi na sukari,"" ""athari ya mazingira,"" ""uchafuzi wa virusi,"" ""ugonjwa wa muda mrefu usioweza kuambukizwa,"" ""dawa za kuua wadudu,"" ""hali ya kijamii na kiuchumi,"" ""machafuko ya kemikali.""" Chakula na mazingira: kwa ajili ya siku zijazo zaidi endelevu Sekta ya chakula ina athari ya moja kwa moja kwa mazingira. Kwa mujibu wa ripoti hiyo, asilimia 71 ya wanafunzi, asilimia 77 ya walimu na asilimia 52 ya wanafunzi wamesikia kuhusu tatizo hilo, lakini asilimia 5 wanasema hawajawahi kulisikia. Kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya 2030 Agenda 2030, asilimia 67 ya wanafunzi na wataalamu wa elimu na utafiti na asilimia 58 ya wanafunzi wanaamini kuwa mpango huo unafaa. Maeneo yenye viwango vya juu vya maarifa yanaonekana hatua kwa hatua katika maeneo ya chakula cha kilomita sifuri, taka ya chakula, gesi za chafu, utofauti wa kibiolojia, alama ya kaboni na alama ya maji. Kwa mujibu wa wale waliohojiwa, chakula endelevu huchukua kuzingatia masuala kama vile: msimu, athari ndogo, taka sifuri, ufungaji endelevu, bidhaa za kikaboni, chakula cha mimea na kukubalika kwa utamaduni. Matunda na mboga, mafuta ya zeituni, mboga, karanga na nafaka nzima zinapaswa kuwa sehemu ya lishe endelevu na afya, na nyama nyekundu, nafaka zilizosafishwa, vinywaji vya pombe, vitafunio vyenye chumvi na vinywaji vyenye sukari chini ya orodha. Je, kula vyakula vyenye afya kunaweza kuendeleza maisha? "Wanafunzi wa utafiti huo waligundua kuwa ""mlo mzuri"" na ""mlo endelevu"" ni sawa, na asilimia 73 waligundua kuwa ni maneno yanayofanana na asilimia 3 waligundua kuwa hayana uhusiano wowote." Wakati wa ununuzi, 59% ya washiriki - hasa wanaume na wanafunzi - wanasema kuwa wanazingatia uendelevu wa chakula; kwa 32% kuzingatia hii ni wastani tu. Je, ni vigumu kufuata mlo wenye kudumu? Ni asilimia 9 tu ya watu waliojibu wanaosema kwamba wao hufuata chakula cha kudumu kila wakati, wakati idadi kubwa ya watu - 77% - wanasema wanafanya hivyo wakati mwingine. Katika suala hili, utafiti unafunua kuwa sababu kuu zinazofanya iwe vigumu ni bei za chakula, ukosefu wa habari na upatikanaji wa chakula cha msimu. Matokeo hutofautianaje kati ya vikundi? "Ikiwa matokeo yanatathminiwa kulingana na vikundi ambavyo washiriki wanahusika, inathibitishwa kuwa ""walimu wanaonyesha kiwango cha juu cha maarifa kuhusu mada tofauti zinazohusiana na uendelevu, kama vile SDGs au Mkataba wa Kijani, haswa ikilinganishwa na wanafunzi,"" anasema Clara de Moraes Prada Gaspar." "Zaidi ya hayo, baadhi ya mambo yanayohusiana na uendelevu yana uvutano mkubwa zaidi juu ya uchaguzi wa chakula cha walimu na wafanyakazi wa utawala kuliko wanafunzi". "Kuhusu maoni ya lishe endelevu, wafanyakazi wa utawala na walimu wanaonyesha dhana sawa ambazo hutofautiana na wanafunzi, ambao huweka umuhimu mkubwa kwa chakula kilichozalishwa ndani ya nchi, ufungaji wa biodegradable na compostable na gharama ya fedha, ""mtafiti anasema." Wanawake na TRS wanaongoza mapambano dhidi ya kupoteza chakula Watu wanaokiri kwamba mara kwa mara hutupa chakula nyumbani ni wengi (karibu 50% ya washiriki), ikifuatiwa na wale ambao wanasema hawafanyi hivyo (karibu 40%). Jinsi ya kuzuia chakula kisitupwe? Kutumia mabaki, kupanga ununuzi na chakula, kununua chakula kidogo na kujifunza mbinu mpya za kupikia ili kuhifadhi chakula bora ni mikakati inayotumiwa zaidi katika mazingira ya nyumbani. "Kwa ujumla, katika maswali mengi tuliona kwamba wanawake wa makundi yote wanaonyesha maarifa zaidi na ufahamu wa masuala yanayohusiana na uendelevu wa chakula. "Kwa mfano, tunaona kwamba wanawake na wanachama wa TRS wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kutumia mikakati inayohusiana na usimamizi wa chakula nyumbani wakati wa kujaribu kuepuka taka ya chakula, ""mtafiti Ricard Celorio-Sardana anasema." Kuongeza mikakati ya mtu binafsi na ya pamoja Matokeo yanaonyesha kuwa kiwango cha maarifa kuhusu masuala ya kiufundi ya uendelevu wa chakula ni wastani au hata chini miongoni mwa wanafunzi. Ingawa masuala ya uendelevu wa chakula ni ya wasiwasi mkubwa, hasa miongoni mwa wanawake na wanafunzi, dhana ya uendelevu wa chakula bado si kipengele muhimu katika uchaguzi wa chakula. Kwa upande wa maoni, utafiti unafunua mtazamo mdogo wa jumla wa dhana ya uendelevu wa chakula, ambayo katika kesi nyingi hupuuza vipimo vya kijamii na kiuchumi. "Kwa miaka mingi, UB imekuwa ikifanya kazi ili kubaki sawa na SDGs katika vitendo vyake vyote na katika maeneo yake yote ya shughuli, ""alisema Oriol Comas-Baste." Hata hivyo, matokeo ya utafiti huu yanaonyesha kuwa ni muhimu kuendelea kufanya juhudi za kuendeleza mipango ambayo inachukua uendelevu kwa njia ya jumla, kwa kuzingatia, juu ya yote, vipimo vya kijamii na kiuchumi, ambavyo tumegundua kiwango cha chini cha maarifa na ufahamu katika jamii ya UB. "Kwa kuongezea, ni muhimu kwamba mikakati hii haijapunguzwi tu kwa kuongeza maarifa ya kinadharia katika eneo hili, lakini pia kusaidia kuitafsiri kuwa vitendo vya mtu binafsi na vya pamoja kwa niaba ya mazoea endelevu zaidi. """ Prata Gaspar, M.C.M. ; Celorio-Sardà, R.; Comas-Basté, O.; Latorre-Moratalla, M.L. ; Aguilera, M.; Llorente-Cabrera, G.A. Puig-Llobet, M.; Vidal-Carou, M.C. " Ujuzi na maoni ya uendelevu wa chakula katika idadi ya chuo kikuu cha Kihispania ". Mipaka ya Lishe, Novemba 2022 Doi: 10.3389 (fnut.2029.702)

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Data and Graphing Math Station Students will love completing this data collection activity. It can help to provide them with fundamental practice in tallying data, graphing data and interpreting data. In Step 1 students count and tally items. In Step 2 they use the tally data they collected to formulate a graph and finally, in Step 3, students interpret the results. The following 4 themes are included: ♥ Favorite Dessert ♥ Animals at the Farm ♥ How Students Get to School ♥ Ocean Animals at the Aquarium Each graph has four categories. The packet includes a USA Version as well as an Australian/UK version. See the preview for more details! Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review. Q & A There are no questions yet

Data na Graphing Math Station Wanafunzi watafurahia kukamilisha shughuli hii ya ukusanyaji wa data. Inaweza kusaidia kuwapa mazoezi ya msingi katika kuhesabu data, grafu data na tafsiri ya data. Katika hatua ya kwanza, wanafunzi wanahesabu na kuhesabu vitu. Katika hatua ya pili, wanafunzi hutumia data zilizokusanywa kutengeneza grafu, na hatimaye katika hatua ya tatu, wanafunzi hufafanua matokeo. "Mapendekezo ya ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama"" na ""Mapambo ya Mnyama.""" Pakiti inajumuisha toleo la Marekani pamoja na toleo la Australia / Uingereza. Tazama picha ya awali kwa maelezo zaidi! Tu logged katika wateja ambao wamenunua bidhaa hii inaweza kuondoka mapitio. Q & A Hakuna maswali bado

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Browse information on various nutrition and food safety topics including food security, nutrient composition, food defense, and local food systems. Discover Detailed Resources Food Safety Topics Key Tools and Products Calculate daily nutrient recommendations based on the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) established by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. The Research Projects Database provides users with information on current food safety research projects from both U.S. and international government and non-government organizations. A searchable database of the latest food safety research articles published by more than 200 peer-reviewed journals, including FDA and USDA authored publications. View recent food and human nutrition research articles from a selection of peer-reviewed journals. View legacy food composition data for macronutrients, micronutrients, phytonutrients, and other compounds from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Explore the nutrients and components in foods using this USDA database.

Angalia habari juu ya mada mbalimbali za lishe na usalama wa chakula ikiwa ni pamoja na usalama wa chakula, muundo wa virutubisho, ulinzi wa chakula, na mifumo ya chakula ya ndani. Kwa mfano, katika utafiti wa Usalama wa Chakula, utafiti wa chakula unaonyesha kwamba viwango vya kila siku vya virutubisho vinaweza kutegemea kiwango cha chakula cha kawaida (DRIs) kilichoanzishwa na Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi, Uhandisi na Tiba. Hifadhidata ya Miradi ya Utafiti hutoa watumiaji habari juu ya miradi ya sasa ya utafiti wa usalama wa chakula kutoka kwa serikali ya Marekani na kimataifa na mashirika yasiyo ya serikali. Hifadhidata ya utafiti wa usalama wa chakula iliyochapishwa na zaidi ya majarida 200 ya ukaguzi wa rika, pamoja na machapisho ya FDA na USDA. Tazama makala za hivi karibuni za utafiti wa chakula na lishe ya binadamu kutoka kwa uteuzi wa majarida yaliyochunguzwa na wenzao. "Kutumia data ya ""Ubora wa Chakula"" kwa ajili ya macronutrients, micronutrients, phytonutrients, na misombo mingine kutoka USDA National Nutrient Database kwa ajili ya Standard Reference." Kujifunza zaidi kuhusu virutubisho na viungo katika chakula kwa kutumia database ya USDA.

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Every parent wants to give their child the best possible start in life so that they can have the best chance of success in the future. Educational toys are one way to do this. A critical component of this start is concealed in something that regularly entrances kids: toys. Although educational toys don’t look as exciting as best-selling ones, they have a lot going for them. Toy pushchairs and puppets, two of a child’s favorite everyday toys, are also considered instructional toys. Learn all about educational toy sourcing and its uses here! What are toys for education? It’s not always considered an educational toy if a toy only teaches children academic subjects like literacy or math. Educational toys, on the other hand, are toys designed to stimulate a child’s mind and enhance learning. - Development of motor skills Motor skills are the actions and movements of the body’s muscles. At the point when youngsters play, for example, when they go around or get things, they normally improve their coordinated abilities. As well as speeding up engine expertise advancement, instructive toys can further develop explicit engine ranges of abilities, such as fine engine capacities, which are the little muscle bunches in the hands, fingers, and thumbs. - Begin handling issues We foster the capacity to tackle issues as kids and use them throughout our lives. As grown-ups, we will confront issues at work or home and utilize our inborn critical abilities to think to address them and concoct an answer. - Encourage Social Contact Even though the modern digital world unquestionably has some advantages, children’s exposure to screens has also resulted in unintended consequences. Because of the proliferation of tablets, smartphones, and digital learning methods, it is much simpler for children to engage solely in digital interactions without developing social interaction skills. - Improve your eye-hand coordination One of the main formative capacities for young people is dexterity. Hand-eye coordination teaches children how to use their eyes to track and synchronize the movement of their hands for activities like drawing, writing, and reading. - Encourage Original Thought The messiest and best forms of play encourage original thought! Cutting, crafting, drawing, modeling, painting, and pasting are all examples of play activities that can help develop creative thinking and creativity. Creative thinking has recently become a highly sought-after skill among employers due to its potential to influence both major and minor business decisions that have a positive impact on a company’s success. - Improved Methods of Communication A child is communicating as soon as they cry for the first time. It then develops into a necessary component of everyone’s existence. Kids should be encouraged to develop these skills as early as possible because communication is important. This will help them learn how to express themselves effectively and with confidence. Even though children learn to communicate primarily through reading, listening to adults or other children, and imitating what they say, educational toys can also aid in this process.

Kila mzazi anataka kumpa mtoto wake mwanzo bora iwezekanavyo katika maisha ili wawe na nafasi bora ya mafanikio katika siku zijazo. Vitu vya kuchezea vya kielimu ni njia moja ya kufanya hivyo. Sehemu muhimu ya mwanzo huu imefichwa katika kitu ambacho mara kwa mara huingia watoto: vitu vya kuchezea. Ingawa vitu vya kuchezea vya kielimu havionekani kuwa vya kusisimua kama vile vinavyouzwa sana, vina faida nyingi. Viti vya kuchezea na wanasesere, vichezeo viwili vya kila siku vinavyopendwa na mtoto, pia huonwa kuwa vichezeo vya kufundisha. Jifunze yote kuhusu elimu ya kuchezea sourcing na matumizi yake hapa! Vitu vya kuchezea vya elimu ni nini? Si mara zote kuchukuliwa toy elimu kama toy tu anafundisha watoto masomo ya kitaaluma kama kusoma na kuandika au hisabati. Kwa upande mwingine, vitu vya kuchezea vya kielimu ni vitu vya kuchezea vilivyokusudiwa kuchochea akili ya mtoto na kuboresha kujifunza. - Maendeleo ya ujuzi wa motor Ujuzi wa motor ni vitendo na harakati za misuli ya mwili. Wakati watoto wachanga wanapocheza, kwa mfano, wanapokuwa wakizunguka au kupata vitu, kwa kawaida wanaboresha uwezo wao wa kuratibu. Pamoja na kuharakisha maendeleo ya ujuzi wa injini, vitu vya kuchezea vya kuelimisha vinaweza kuendeleza zaidi safu za wazi za uwezo wa injini, kama vile uwezo mzuri wa injini, ambayo ni vikundi vidogo vya misuli katika mikono, vidole, na vidole. - Anza kushughulikia masuala Tunakuza uwezo wa kushughulikia masuala kama watoto na kuzitumia katika maisha yetu yote. Kama watu wazima, tutakabiliwa na masuala kazini au nyumbani na tutatumia uwezo wetu wa kiakili wa asili kufikiri ili kuyazungumzia na kutengeneza jibu. - Kuhamasisha Mawasiliano ya Jamii Ingawa bila shaka ulimwengu wa kisasa wa dijiti una faida fulani, kuambukizwa kwa watoto kwa skrini pia kumesababisha matokeo yasiyotarajiwa. Kwa sababu ya kuenea kwa vidonge, simu mahiri, na mbinu za kujifunza za dijiti, ni rahisi zaidi kwa watoto kushiriki tu katika mwingiliano wa dijiti bila kuendeleza ujuzi wa mwingiliano wa kijamii. - Kuboresha mwongozo wako wa macho na mikono Mojawapo ya uwezo kuu wa kuunda kwa vijana ni ustadi. Mfano wa utaratibu wa mkono na jicho ni jinsi ya kutumia macho kufuatilia na kusawazisha mwendo wa mikono yao katika shughuli kama vile kuchora, kuandika, na kusoma. - Kuhamasisha Mawazo ya Asili Aina mbaya zaidi na bora za kucheza hutia moyo mawazo ya asili! Kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora, kuchora. Kufikiria kwa ubunifu hivi karibuni kumekuwa ujuzi unaotafutwa sana kati ya waajiri kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa kuathiri maamuzi makubwa na madogo ya biashara ambayo yana athari nzuri kwa mafanikio ya kampuni. - Mbinu za Kuboresha Mawasiliano Mtoto anawasiliana mara tu anapolia kwa mara ya kwanza. Kisha inakuwa sehemu muhimu ya uhai wa kila mtu. Watoto wanapaswa kuchochewa kuendeleza ustadi huu mapema iwezekanavyo kwa sababu mawasiliano ni muhimu. Hilo litawasaidia kujifunza jinsi ya kujieleza kwa ustadi na kwa uhakika. Ingawa watoto hujifunza kuwasiliana hasa kwa kusoma, kusikiliza watu wazima au watoto wengine, na kuiga yale wanayosema, vitu vya kuchezea vya kielimu vinaweza pia kusaidia katika mchakato huu.

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Rice and beans is a well-liked combination of foods that is not only delicious, but also good for you. Other well-known examples of food combinations, such as corn and lima beans (succotash), tomatoes and avocados, and even orange juice and oatmeal, provide benefits beyond those gained by eating these sound nutritional choices individually.1 For example, the combination of rice and beans provides complete dietary protein (containing all the essential amino acids we need to build all the other proteins in our bodies). Similarly, the succotash combination of lima beans and corn contains high concentrations of essential amino acids. When you combine avocados and tomatoes, the fat from the avocado helps your body more efficiently use heart-healthy and cancer-fighting antioxidants such as lycoprene contained in the tomato. A heart-healthy breakfast consisting of real oatmeal, such as oatmeal made from rolled oats or steel cut oats, and real orange juice (not from concentrate) provides a potent combination of phenols that are associated with reduced atherosclerosis and cancer. 2,3 These combinations are specific examples of the more general principle of food combining by which you combine proteins and complex carbohydrates at every meal. When you combine these complementary sources of nutrition on a regular basis, you retrain your body's metabolism. By consuming a "slow-burning" energy source, you're providing high-quality fuel for the next three to four hours. Several very good things occur as a result. Energy utilization is optimized, that is, your body gets more benefit out of every calorie it's burning. Additionally, insulin levels are stabilized throughout the day. Over time, food combining helps a person become a leaner machine and helps reduce the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. These benefits are especially important for people who have been told they are hypoglycemic or pre-diabetic. Of course, you should always check with your doctor to make sure a food combining strategy is right for you. When you add a program of regular, vigorous exercise to your food combining lifestyle choice, you obtain even more profound benefits. The vigorous exercise you're doing raises your body's basal metabolic rate. Your body begins to burn calories even when you're asleep. Owing to the increase in lean muscle mass you're gaining from exercising over time, you're burning more calories throughout the day. You find yourself craving more nutritious foods, that is, those that will provide higher-quality nutrition, such as the nutrition contained in such combinations as rice and beans and oatmeal and orange juice. Thus, your positive lifestyle choices contain their own positive feedback system. The better choices you make, the healthier you become, and the healthier you want to be. The long-term results are enhanced health and well being for you, your family, and your friends. 1Liu RH: Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Adv Nutr 4(3):384S-392S, 2013 2Hu D, et al: Fruits and vegetables consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Stroke 45(6):1613-1619, 2014 3Thomburg KL, Challis JR: How to build a healthy heart from scratch. Adv Exp Med Biol 814:205-216, 2014

Mchele na maharagwe ni mchanganyiko wa chakula ambacho sio tu ni kitamu, lakini pia ni nzuri kwa afya. Mfano mwingine unaojulikana wa mchanganyiko wa vyakula kama vile mahindi na maharagwe, nyanya na avocado, na hata juisi ya machungwa na oatmeal, hutoa faida zaidi ya zile zinazopatikana kwa kula vyakula hivyo vya lishe kwa kibinafsi. Vivyo hivyo, mchanganyiko wa maharagwe ya lima na mahindi una kiasi kikubwa cha asidi za amino muhimu. Wakati wa kuchanganya avocados na nyanya, mafuta kutoka kwa avocado husaidia mwili wako kutumia kwa ufanisi zaidi antioxidants zenye afya ya moyo na kupambana na saratani kama lycoprene iliyo ndani ya nyanya. Chakula cha asubuhi chenye afya ya moyo, kama vile oatmeal halisi, kama vile oatmeal iliyotengenezwa kutoka kwa oats rolled au oats iliyokatwa kwa chuma, na juisi halisi ya machungwa (si kutoka kwa mchanganyiko) hutoa mchanganyiko wenye nguvu wa phenol zinazohusiana na kupunguza atherosclerosis na kansa. Mchanganyiko huu ni mfano wa jumla wa kanuni ya mchanganyiko wa chakula, ambayo huchanganya protini na wanga tata katika kila mlo. Unapochanganya vyanzo hivi vya lishe kwa ukawaida, unafanya mazoezi ya kimetaboliki ya mwili wako. Kwa kutumia chanzo cha nishati cha "kuwaka polepole", unatoa mafuta yenye ubora wa juu kwa muda wa saa tatu hadi nne zijazo. Matokeo ni kwamba mambo mengi mazuri yanatokea. Kwa hivyo, matumizi ya nishati ya mwili hupatikana kwa njia bora, na mwili wako hupata faida zaidi kutoka kwa kila kalori inayowaka. Kwa kuongezea, viwango vya insulini huimarika siku nzima. Kwa muda, kuchanganya chakula husaidia mtu kuwa mashine nyepesi na husaidia kupunguza uwezekano wa kuendeleza ugonjwa wa kisukari wa aina ya 2. Faida hizi ni muhimu hasa kwa watu ambao wameambiwa kwamba wana hypoglycemic au pre-diabetic. Kwa kweli, unapaswa daima kuangalia na daktari wako ili kuhakikisha mkakati wa kuchanganya chakula ni sahihi kwa ajili yenu. Unapoongeza mpango wa mazoezi ya kawaida, yenye nguvu kwa chakula chako, unachagua mtindo wa maisha, unapata faida kubwa zaidi. Mazoezi ya mwili yako huongeza kiwango cha msingi cha kimetaboliki. Mwili wako huanza kuchoma kalori hata unapolala. Kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa misuli ya mwili, unachukua kalori zaidi kwa siku. Unapata kuwa unataka vyakula vyenye lishe zaidi, yaani, vyakula vinavyotoa lishe bora zaidi, kama vile lishe iliyo katika mchanganyiko kama vile mchele na maharagwe na unga wa oat na maji ya machungwa. Kwa hiyo, uchaguzi wako mzuri wa mtindo wa maisha una mfumo wao wa kurudia mambo mazuri. Kadiri unavyofanya maamuzi mazuri, ndivyo unavyokuwa na afya nzuri na jinsi unavyotaka kuwa na afya nzuri. Matokeo ya muda mrefu ni afya bora na ustawi kwa ajili yako, familia yako, na marafiki wako. 1 (Kichwa) - Sehemu za afya za matunda na mboga katika mlo. "Adv Nutr 4 (3) 384S-392S, 2013: ""Ulaji wa matunda na mboga na hatari ya kiharusi: uchambuzi wa meta wa masomo ya cohorte ya baadaye.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Kufanya Ugonjwa wa Moyo"" ya Challis JR, ""Kufanya Ugonjwa wa Moyo"" ni ""Kufanya Ugonjwa wa Moyo Uwe na Afya.""" Adv Exp Med Biol 814205216

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A pioneer of this approach is Roman Kaiser, a Swiss fragrance chemist who developed a technology called “headspace” in the 1970s that made it possible to capture and analyze the scent given off by flowers and other objects. Using a glass container, a pump, and a sampling trap that gathers molecules using a solvent or coated surface, the system allows a chemist or perfumer to gather the volatile scent molecules exuded by an object without harming it.[...] Perfumers like New York-based Christopher Brosius have used headspace to re-create less obvious smells, like the odor of an old fur coat or a well-worn paperback. Their goal is an artistic one, but the same approach could serve as the beginning of a database. Imagine having a library of scents specific to a particular time or place, from the strangely sweet aroma of a plastic-wrapped CD case to the blend of horse dung and candy that permeates Boston’s Faneuil Hall. Other historians are attempting to recreate scents from the past, from a cologne used by Napoleon Bonaparte to a Viking-era latrine. What historical smell would you like to experience? Link -via Althouse | Photo by Flickr user Dennis Wong used under Creative Commons license

"Mwanasayansi wa kemia wa Uswisi Roman Kaiser alianzisha teknolojia ya ""headspace"" katika miaka ya 1970 ambayo ilifanya iwezekane kukamata na kuchambua harufu inayotolewa na maua na vitu vingine." Kwa kutumia chombo cha kioo, pampu, na mtego wa kuchukua sampuli ambayo hukusanya molekuli kwa kutumia kioevu au uso uliofunikwa, mfumo huo huruhusu mtaalamu wa kemia au mtengenezaji wa manukato kukusanya molekuli za harufu inayotokana na kitu bila kuiharibu. Wauzaji wa manukato kama Christopher Brosius wa New York wametumia nafasi ya kichwa kuunda tena harufu zisizo dhahiri, kama harufu ya koti la manyoya ya zamani au kitabu cha karatasi kilichovunjika. Lengo lao ni la kisanii, lakini mbinu hiyohiyo yaweza kutumika kama mwanzo wa hifadhidata. Fikiria kuwa na maktaba ya harufu maalum kwa wakati au mahali fulani, kutoka harufu ya ajabu tamu ya plastiki-wrapped CD kesi kwa mchanganyiko wa farasi mbolea na peremende kwamba permeates Boston's Faneuil Hall. Wanahistoria wengine wanajaribu kuunda tena harufu za wakati uliopita, kuanzia harufu ya cologne iliyotumiwa na Napoleon Bonaparte hadi choo cha enzi ya Viking. Ungependa kuonja harufu gani ya kihistoria? -via Link Althouse | Picha na mtumiaji wa Flickr Dennis Wong kutumika chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons

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Stepping on the path toward personal development will make you feel great and confident about your life. To achieve your goals, you must draw on different sources of inspiration and motivation. This article will present some highly effective tips that you will be able to put into use immediately. Stress is the foe of happiness. When we are feeling stressed, our minds aren’t just affected. Our entire bodies are too. In order to reach your goals, the stress in your mind must be destroyed. Schedule in relaxation times throughout the day, clearing your mind in a peaceful setting. Having this time every day can make you more peaceful and happy with yourself. In personal development, when you avoid making a decision, you also avoid seizing an opportunity. You need to face these decisions with confidence, even if you aren’t totally sure. When you make good decisions, it builds up your self esteem and your instincts. If you make mistakes, take the time to analyze what you did wrong, and learn from them. A bad choice will just open up the door for a better one. Have a clear understanding of the obstacles between you and your success. This is hard to do for a lot of people. Even so, identifying personal weak points is a critical initial step in order for them to be dealt with. If you are successful in moving obstacles out of your way, you may find that your life’s path is easier to navigate. Keep a journal with you so whenever ideas hit, you can record them. Pack some paper with you when you go out. Just write down what their idea or thought is and then develop it more when you have the time and are feeling creative. Remember to practice your core principles. Every person’s identity rests on a set of beliefs that are vital to them. When your core principles are well-thought-out and defensible, acting in accordance with them will improve your self esteem. Maintaining your core foundation allows for consistency in life and builds good character. Compose a pep talk for yourself. Make a list of all the good things about you, and put it on a postcard. You can take this with you wherever you go, and review it when you want motivation. Better yet, videotape yourself reading it aloud and view the video frequently. Why should you do this? Use one or all of these tips to accelerate your own personal development goals. Although this can be hard work, you’ll be able to work with peace of mind by knowing you now have excellent advice that can assist you.

Kuingia kwenye njia ya maendeleo ya kibinafsi kutakufanya uhisi vizuri na ujasiri juu ya maisha yako. Ili kufikia malengo yako, ni lazima ufuate vyanzo tofauti vya msukumo na kichocheo. Makala hii itakupa vidokezo muhimu sana ambavyo utaweza kutumia mara moja. Mkazo ni adui wa furaha. Tunapokuwa na mfadhaiko, si akili yetu tu inayohusika. Miili yetu yote pia iko hivyo. Ili kufikia malengo yako, lazima mkazo katika akili yako uangamizwe. Panga wakati wa kupumzika wakati wa mchana, na uondolee akili yako katika mazingira ya amani. Kuwa na wakati huu kila siku kunaweza kukufanya uwe na amani zaidi na uwe na furaha na wewe mwenyewe. Katika maendeleo ya kibinafsi, unapoepuka kufanya uamuzi, pia unazuia kutumia fursa. Unahitaji kukabiliana na maamuzi haya kwa ujasiri, hata kama hujui kabisa. Unapofanya maamuzi mazuri, unazidisha kujithamini na hisia zako. Ikiwa umekosea, chukua wakati wa kuchanganua makosa yako na kujifunza kutokana nayo. Chaguo baya hufungua mlango kwa chaguo bora. Kuwa na uelewa wa wazi wa vikwazo kati yako na mafanikio yako. Hii ni vigumu kufanya kwa watu wengi. Hata hivyo, kutambua udhaifu wa mtu binafsi ni hatua muhimu ya kwanza ili kushughulikiwa. Ikiwa utafanikiwa kuondoa vizuizi, huenda ukaona kwamba njia yako ya maisha itakuwa rahisi zaidi. Weka jarida lako na wakati wowote wazo litakapotokea, unaweza kulirekodi. Weka karatasi fulani pamoja nawe unapoenda nje. Weka wazo lako au wazo lako chini na uendelee kulifanyia kazi wakati unapokuwa na wakati na unajisikia kuwa na ubunifu. Kumbuka kutekeleza kanuni zako za msingi. Utambulisho wa kila mtu unategemea imani fulani ambazo ni muhimu kwake. Kama kanuni zako za msingi ni vizuri kufikiriwa nje na defensible, kutenda kwa mujibu wa wao itaboresha kujithamini yako. Kudumisha msingi wako wa msingi huwezesha uthabiti katika maisha na kujenga tabia nzuri. Jiandikie hotuba ya kujitia moyo. Fanya orodha ya mambo yote mazuri juu yako na uandiwe kwenye kadi ya posta. Unaweza kuchukua hii na wewe popote unapoenda, na kuitazama wakati unataka motisha. Hata bora zaidi, jiweke kwenye video ukisoma kwa sauti na uone video hiyo mara nyingi. Kwa nini ufanye hivyo? Tumia moja au zote za vidokezo hivi kuharakisha malengo yako ya maendeleo ya kibinafsi. Ingawa hii inaweza kuwa kazi ngumu, utaweza kufanya kazi kwa amani ya akili kwa kujua sasa una ushauri bora ambao unaweza kukusaidia.

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Reading, Rate, Recall When it comes to our personal growth, culture and development, literacy is one of the most important skills. As a learner in higher education, you will need a wide range of literacy skills to achieve your goals both as a learner and professional. Whether you are reading content online or by print, how effective you are at reading will be a factor in your success as a learner. As part of being successful, it is important to consider how fast (rate) you read and how much you can remember (recall) afterward. The tips and resources provided are designed to help you be successful in your higher education journey. General Reading Improvement - Dartmouth Academic Skills Center: Reading Techniques – Strategies for improving reading rate and comprehension - Active Reading Strategies: Remember and Analyze What You Read – Active Reading Strategies - Spritz – When you’re spritzing, you’re reading text one word at a time in our “redicle,” a special visual frame we designed for reading. - Zap Reader – Web-based speed-reading program - Rewordify – Powerful, free, online software that improves reading, learning, and teaching. - Online Student Readiness Tutorial

Kusoma, Kupima, Kukumbuka: Katika ukuaji wa kibinafsi, utamaduni na maendeleo, kusoma na kuandika ni moja ya ujuzi muhimu zaidi. Kama mwanafunzi katika elimu ya juu, unahitaji mbalimbali ya ujuzi wa kusoma na kuandika ili kufikia malengo yako kama mwanafunzi na mtaalamu. Kama wewe ni kusoma maudhui online au kwa kuchapisha, jinsi ufanisi wewe ni katika kusoma itakuwa sababu ya mafanikio yako kama mwanafunzi. Ili ufanikiwe, ni muhimu kuzingatia jinsi unavyosoma haraka na jinsi unavyoweza kukumbuka. Vidokezo na rasilimali zinazotolewa zimekusudiwa kukusaidia kufanikiwa katika safari yako ya elimu ya juu. "Kupitia utafiti wa utafiti wa Dartmouth Academic Skills Center, ""Ubora wa kusoma: mbinu za kuboresha kiwango cha kusoma na uelewa"" na ""Mkakati wa kusoma: Kumbuka na kuchambua kile unachosoma"" na ""Mkakati wa kusoma: Spritz"" na ""Ukitoa, unasoma maandishi neno moja kwa wakati katika ""redikeli"" yetu, sura maalum ya kuona tuliyoiunda kwa ajili ya kusoma." - Zap Reader <unk> Programu ya kusoma kwa kasi ya mtandao <unk> Rewordify <unk> Programu yenye nguvu, ya bure, ya mtandaoni ambayo inaboresha kusoma, kujifunza, na kufundisha. - Online Mwanafunzi Utayari Tutorial

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Cold hands and feet are a natural process by which the body regulates temperature and maintains life. When your body detects the cold, it starts redirecting more blood to vital internal organs, which means diverting blood away from non-essential extremities like your hands and feet, making them cold and stiff. Still, cold hands can be very uncomfortable and make simple tasks difficult, and in frigid temperatures, there is even a risk of frostbite. So it's important to have some tips on how to warm up your hands when it's cold, and there are plenty of ways to do it. Natural ways to solve “how to warm up hands” - Get moving. The most effective way to solve how to warm up hands is to exercise, getting the blood flowing to your muscles and skin, and warming your entire body. If your hands get cold when you're out for a walk, pick up the pace, or do some chores around the house to get yourself moving. Do some squats, jumping jacks, or other cardio exercises. - Do hand exercises. Getting up in place and exercising isn't always an option, so if your hands are getting cold and you can't get your heart rate up with aerobic exercise, do some hands and feet. Examples include wiggling toes and fingers, moving hands in circles, and clenching and releasing hands and feet. Those hand exercises would do a great favor how to warm up hands. - Massage your hands and arms. Another way how to warm up hands, and get the blood flowing to your hands again is with a massage. Especially during the dry winter months, take the time to massage the oil or cream into the skin of your arms, wrists, and hands. Don't forget to massage between your fingers and fingertips. Eat heart-healthy foods One way how to warm up hands is to boost circulation, and eat for heart health—that's key. Try including heart-healthy foods such as fatty fish, nuts, olive oil, and fruits and vegetables in your diet. These foods do wonders for your circulation, which is essential for adequate blood flow and temperature regulation. Foods that boost your cycle include salmon, bananas, dark chocolate, and Brussels sprouts. Know when to see a doctor. While cold hands and feet are natural, the doctor would tell you how to warm up hands. And if you start to experience numbness, skin color changes, hard or tight skin, sores and blisters, hair loss, or memory loss. Do remember to ask your doctor, many health conditions can cause cold hands, including: - Raynaud's disease - Nerve damage - Vitamin B12 deficiency Warming gadgets to solve “how to warm up hands” Disposal hand warmer For “how to warm up hands”，disposal hand warmers are the first line of defense for fingers that always feel frozen, and these instant ones heat up anywhere, fit into pockets, and provide up to hours of warmth. But once the oxidation is complete, the disposal hand warmer will stop heating and can no longer be used. Hot water bottle The hot water bottle is the home savior of solving how to warm up hands. It's made from thick and durable rubber and is covered in a super fluffy cover. A thermos is a rubber or thermoplastic bottle with a hollow space inside into which hot water can be poured and stored. The screw cap is used to completely enclose the water in the surrounding air. Over time, as more heat energy is released and dissipated, the hot water in the bottle gradually cools until it eventually reaches the same temperature as the surrounding room. Rechargeable hand warmers Indoors, you could crank up a space heater or sit in front of a roaring fire. But on the go, the rechargeable hand warmers can be very effective at how to warm up your hands. The go-to choice is the Ocoopa Union 2s rechargeable hand warmers, complete with rechargeable batteries, which can produce a massive heat output run time of 8+ hours on low. Helping to solve how to warm up your hands while saving buy disposable hand warmers again and again. Moreover, you can continue to use your hand warmer even in summer, the Ocoopa Union 2s rechargeable hand warmers can be used as a power bank to charge your digital products. Heated gloves work by using batteries to power a heating element built into the glove. The heating element heats the air inside the glove, which in turn warms your hands. Heated gloves typically have three different settings that allow you to control how warm they are, so you can adjust them based on the temperature outside and how cold your hands are. A good gadget for how to warm up your cold hands. All in all, for those people who purchase cost-effective ones. We prefer to recommend the rechargeable hand warmers like Ocoopa Union 2s. They use a rechargeable battery, which has three advantages, large capacity, more environmental protection, and recycling, and they can keep warm for longer hours under normal conditions. And the Ocoopa rechargeable hand warmers have an exquisite appearance, which can become one of the fashionable weapons in winter,and it is also very convenient to carry. Your perfect way solving how to warm up hands in the cold weather.

Kuugua kwa mikono na miguu ni mchakato wa asili ambao mwili unadhibiti joto na kudumisha maisha. Wakati mwili wako unapogundua baridi, huanza kuelekeza damu zaidi kwa viungo muhimu vya ndani, ambayo inamaanisha kuelekeza damu mbali na viungo visivyo muhimu kama mikono na miguu, na kuifanya kuwa baridi na ngumu. Hata hivyo, mikono baridi inaweza kuwa ngumu kufanya kazi rahisi, na katika hali ya hewa ya baridi kali, kuna hatari ya kuugua baridi kali. Kwa hivyo, ni muhimu kujua jinsi ya kupasha mikono yako joto wakati wa baridi kali, na kuna njia nyingi za kufanya hivyo. Njia za asili za kutatua <unk> jinsi ya kupasha mikono joto <unk> - Ongeza mwendo. Njia bora ya kupasha joto mikono yako ni kufanya mazoezi, na kuingiza damu kwenye misuli na ngozi yako. Ikiwa mikono yako inakuwa baridi unapokuwa nje kutembea, ongeza mwendo au fanya kazi za nyumbani ili uendelee na shughuli zako. Fanya mazoezi ya kupiga magoti, kuruka-ruka, au mazoezi mengine ya moyo. - Fanya mazoezi ya mikono. Kuamka mahali na kufanya mazoezi sio chaguo la kawaida, kwa hivyo ikiwa mikono yako inakuwa baridi na huwezi kupata kiwango cha moyo wako na mazoezi ya aerobic, fanya mikono na miguu. Mifano hutia ndani kutikisa vidole vya miguu na vidole, kuzungusha mikono kwa mviringo, na kukaza na kuachilia mikono na miguu. Mazoezi ya mikono yaweza kukusaidia sana kupasha joto mikono yako. - Massage mikono yako na mikono. Njia nyingine ya kupasha joto mikono yako na kufanya damu iweze kutiririka kwenye mikono yako ni kwa kutumia massage. Katika majira ya baridi kali, tumia mafuta ya mafuta ya mafuta kwenye mikono yako. Usisahau kutikisa kati ya vidole vyako na vidole vya vidole. Kula chakula cha afya ya moyo Njia moja ya jinsi ya kupasha mikono ni kuongeza mzunguko wa damu, na kula kwa afya ya moyo - hiyo ni ufunguo. Jaribu kuingiza vyakula vyenye afya ya moyo kama vile samaki wenye mafuta, karanga, mafuta ya zeituni, na matunda na mboga katika mlo wako. Vyakula hivi vinafanya maajabu kwa mzunguko wako wa damu, ambao ni muhimu kwa mtiririko wa damu wa kutosha na udhibiti wa joto. Vyakula vinavyoongeza mzunguko wako vinatia ndani samaki aina ya salmoni, ndizi, chokoleti nyeusi, na mboga za Brussels. Jua wakati wa kumwona daktari. Ikiwa mikono na miguu ni baridi, ni muhimu kujua jinsi ya kupasha joto. Ikiwa unaanza kupata maumivu ya kichwa, mabadiliko ya rangi ya ngozi, ngozi ngumu au ngumu, vidonda na vidonda, kupoteza nywele, au kupoteza kumbukumbu. "Kumbuka kuuliza daktari wako, hali nyingi za afya zinaweza kusababisha mikono baridi, ikiwa ni pamoja na: ugonjwa wa Raynaud, uharibifu wa neva, upungufu wa vitamini B12, vifaa vya joto vya ""kufanya mikono iwe moto"" na ""kuweka mikono iwe moto"" ni mstari wa kwanza wa ulinzi kwa vidole ambavyo daima vinahisi baridi, na hizi za haraka zina joto mahali popote, zinafaa mfukoni, na hutoa joto hadi saa." Lakini mara tu oxidation ni kamili, kuondoa mkono warmer itaacha joto na haiwezi tena kutumika. Chupa ya maji moto ni njia ya kuokoa nyumba ya kupasha joto mikono. Ni ya chuma cha pua na ni ya kudumu na imefunikwa na kifuniko cha super fluffy. Thermos ni chupa ya mpira au thermoplastic yenye nafasi tupu ndani ambayo maji moto yanaweza kumwagika na kuhifadhiwa. Screw cap ni kutumika kwa kabisa kuzunguka maji katika hewa ya karibu. Baada ya muda, maji ya chupa hiyo yanapopungua joto, maji hayo hupungua polepole hadi kufikia joto la chumba kilichomzunguka. Kwa hivyo, kwa kuwa vifaa vya kupasha joto mikono vinaweza kuchajiwa ndani ya nyumba, unaweza kuingiza heater ya nafasi au kukaa mbele ya moto mkali. Kwa upande mwingine, vifaa vya kupasha joto mikono vinavyoweza kuchajiwa vinaweza kuwa na nguvu zaidi kwa kupasha joto mikono yako. Ocoop Union 2s ni hand warmer rechargeable, pamoja na betri rechargeable, ambayo inaweza kuzalisha joto kubwa pato kukimbia muda wa saa 8 juu ya chini. Jinsi ya kupanua mikono yako wakati wa kuokoa kununua warmers mkono disposable Kwa hivyo, kwa sababu ya kupanua nguvu za mkono, Ocoop Union 2s inaweza kutumika kama benki ya nguvu ya kuchaji vifaa vyako vya dijiti. Vifaa vya kupasha moto hufanya kazi kwa kutumia betri ili kupepea nguvu sehemu ya kupasha joto iliyojengwa ndani ya glavu. Kifaa hicho cha kupasha joto hupasha hewa ndani ya glavu, ambayo hufanya mikono yako iwe na joto. Vifaa vya kupasha joto vya kawaida vina mipangilio mitatu tofauti ambayo hukuruhusu kudhibiti jinsi ya joto, kwa hivyo unaweza kuibadilisha kulingana na joto nje na jinsi mikono yako ilivyo baridi. Hii ni kifaa cha kupendeza cha kupasha joto mikono yako baridi. Kwa ujumla, kwa wale watu ambao kununua gharama nafuu. Kwa hivyo, ni bora kutumia vifaa vya kupasha joto vya mikono kama vile Ocoop Union 2s. Bateria ya kuchaji ina faida tatu: uwezo mkubwa, ulinzi zaidi wa mazingira, na kurudishwa tena, na inaweza kuhifadhi joto kwa masaa mengi chini ya hali ya kawaida. Ocoopa rechargeable hand warmers ni moja ya silaha za mtindo wa msimu wa baridi, na ni rahisi sana kubeba. Njia yako kamili ya kutatua jinsi ya kupasha mikono joto katika hali ya hewa baridi.

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The Viking Age man from Galgedil, Denmark. About 1 000 AD The first time I heard this story it almost sounded like a saga. But it is all true. Some 1 100 years ago there were two half- brothers living in Denmark, in the era we call the Viking period. Violent times; and the two brothers both took part in this. One brother went over to England. He was buried in a mass grave in Oxford, together with a huge number of his Viking friends. The other brother surely might have been abroad taking part in Viking raids; he was a quite heavy set man with a number of marks from violence/battle on his skeleton. But he died in Galgedil, Denmark, where his bones were found some 20 years ago. His DNA was registered in the Atlas database, as was the DNA from his brother buried in Oxford. A database with ancient DNA can produce great surprises…like a DNA match. The skeleton in Oxford, England, had a DNA match with the skeleton in Galgedil, Denmark!!! The family relationship between them, according to DNA, is half brothers, or uncle and nephew. So, after 1 100 years apart the two brothers lie side by side at the National Museum in Copenhagen. Science, saga and family joined together. Moving. I had the honour to reconstruct one of them, the man found in Galgedil. Unfortunately the facial skeleton of the man found in Oxford was not complete, and therefore not suitable for making a reconstruction. But this guy from Galgedil was a delight to work with. And many thanks to my superb colleague Cathrine Abrahamsson, helping me in this project. National Museum of Denmark.

Mtu wa Enzi ya Viking kutoka Galgedil, Denmark. Mwaka wa 1000 KK, wakati wa kwanza kusikia hadithi hii, ilionekana kama hadithi ya hadithi. Lakini yote ni kweli. Miaka 100 hivi iliyopita, ndugu wawili wa kambo waliishi Denmark, katika kipindi tunachoita kipindi cha Viking. Nyakati za vurugu; na ndugu wawili wote wawili walishiriki katika hili. Ndugu mmoja alienda Uingereza. Alizikwa katika kaburi la pamoja huko Oxford, pamoja na idadi kubwa ya marafiki wake wa Viking. Ndugu mwingine alikuwa nje ya nchi akishiriki katika mashambulizi ya Viking, alikuwa mtu mzito sana na alama kadhaa za vurugu kwenye mifupa yake. Alikufa huko Galgedal, Denmark, ambako mifupa yake ilipatikana miaka 20 hivi iliyopita. DNA yake ilisajiliwa katika hifadhidata ya Atlas, kama vile DNA ya ndugu yake aliyezikwa Oxford. Hifadhidata yenye DNA ya kale yaweza kutokeza mshangao mkubwa... kama vile mechi ya DNA. Mfano wa mifupa ya Oxford, Uingereza, na ule wa Galgedi, Denmark. Kwa mujibu wa DNA, uhusiano wa familia kati yao ni ndugu wa kambo, au mjomba na mpwa. Baada ya miaka 1,100, ndugu hao wawili wamelala kando kando katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Copenhagen. Sayansi, hadithi na familia ziliungana pamoja. Kuhama. Nilikuwa na heshima ya kurekebisha mmoja wao, mwanamume aliyepatikana huko Galgedil. Kwa bahati mbaya, mifupa ya uso ya mtu aliyepatikana huko Oxford haikuwa kamili, na kwa hiyo haikufaa kwa ajili ya ujenzi. Lakini mtu huyu kutoka Galgedil alikuwa furaha ya kufanya kazi naye. Na shukrani nyingi kwa mwenzangu mzuri Cathrine Abrahamsson, kunisaidia katika mradi huu. Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Denmark.

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Anyone who’s abused opiates for three or more months has likely developed some degree of dependence on the drug’s effects. Ideally, opiates should only be used on a short-term basis, whether for medicinal or recreational purposes. Any longer than this, and it becomes increasingly difficult to stop or reduce drug use. While it is possible to detox on your own, the risks and complications that develop during the detox stage can make it especially difficult to follow through. Opiate detox treatment programs provide the necessary physical and psychological supports needed to get you through this critical stage of the recovery process. Opiate’s Debilitating Effects on the Brain Opiate-based drugs in general share a chemical structure that’s similar to the brain’s own neurotransmitter chemicals. When using opiates on a regular basis, the brain readjusts its chemical processes to accommodate opiate effects. According to the University of Delaware, these changes become more and more pronounced the longer a person keeps taking the drug. Over time, a person loses the ability to stop taking opiate or reduce drug use as the brain’s chemical processes become more and more dependent on the drug’s effects to function. Opiate detox programs administer medication therapies that work to support damaged brain chemical processes, which greatly increases the likelihood of maintaining ongoing abstinence. Overwhelming Withdrawal Effects Stopping drug use after a period of long-term opiate abuse sends the brain and body into withdrawal. Withdrawal develops out of the brain’s inability to regulate bodily processes in the absence of the drug’s effects. Withdrawal effects typically take the form of: - Sleepless nights - Depression symptoms - Bouts of anxiety - Drug cravings In effect, withdrawal effects become a driving force behind continued drug use. Without the needed supports in place, the risk of relapse is high. In addition to medication therapies, opiate detox treatment programs provide ongoing support and guidance to help you make it through the detox withdrawal period. The Psychological Component After so many months of using opiates, the brain develops a certain degree of chemical imbalance that ultimately starts to interfere with a person’s psychological well-being. Over time, getting and using opiates becomes the primary motivation in one’s daily life, dictating his or her choices and behaviors. This aspect of drug abuse lies at the heart of the addiction problem. Opiate detox programs employ a range of behavioral-based treatment interventions designed to help you extinguish the thinking patterns that drive addiction-based behaviors and develop the type of healthy lifestyle practices that make ongoing abstinence possible. The risk of relapse runs high with opiate addiction regardless of how long a person has maintained abstinence, according to the U. S. National Library of Medicine. This risk comes with certain dangers, especially during and after detox periods. In effect, the brain’s tolerance level for opiates plummets during detox. In the event of relapse, the likelihood of overdose rises considerably as the brain can no longer tolerate the drug’s effects like before. Opiate detox treatment programs work closely with you to develop an aftercare plan to ensure you have the needed treatment supports in place after completing detox. Doing It Right the First Time Considering the damaging effects of prolonged opiate abuse, ensuring you make it through the initial detox stage has a considerable bearing on your recovery progress as well as helping to ensure your overall safety in the process. For these reasons, it’s best to get needed opiate detox treatment help rather than go it alone. If you’re struggling with a drug problem and considering getting treatment help, please feel free to call our toll-free helpline at 800-442-6158 Who Answers? for more information.

Mtu yeyote ambaye ametumia dawa za kulevya kwa miezi mitatu au zaidi yaelekea amekuwa na kiwango fulani cha utegemezi wa athari za dawa hiyo. Kwa kweli, dawa za kulevya zinapaswa kutumiwa kwa muda mfupi tu, iwe kwa ajili ya matibabu au kwa ajili ya tafrija. Kwa muda mrefu zaidi ya hapo, inakuwa vigumu zaidi na zaidi kuacha au kupunguza matumizi ya dawa za kulevya. Ingawa ni rahisi kuondoa sumu kwa njia ya kibinafsi, hatari na matatizo yanayotokea wakati wa hatua ya kuondoa sumu yanaweza kufanya iwe vigumu sana kufuata. Programu za matibabu ya detox ya opioid hutoa msaada wa kimwili na kisaikolojia unaohitajika kukupitia hatua hii muhimu ya mchakato wa kupona. Opioid's Debilitating Effects on the Brain Dawa za msingi wa opioid kwa ujumla zinashiriki muundo wa kemikali ambao ni sawa na kemikali za neurotransmitter za ubongo. Wakati wa kutumia dawa za kulevya kwa ukawaida, ubongo hurekebisha utaratibu wake wa kemikali ili kukabiliana na athari za dawa za kulevya. Kulingana na Chuo Kikuu cha Delaware, mabadiliko hayo huwa wazi zaidi na zaidi kadiri mtu anavyoendelea kutumia dawa hiyo. Baada ya muda, mtu hupoteza uwezo wa kuacha kutumia dawa za kulevya au kupunguza matumizi ya dawa za kulevya wakati michakato ya kemikali ya ubongo inakuwa inategemea zaidi na zaidi athari za dawa za kulevya kufanya kazi. Programu za detox ya opioid hutumia matibabu ya dawa ambayo hufanya kazi ili kusaidia michakato ya kemikali ya ubongo iliyoharibiwa, ambayo huongeza sana uwezekano wa kudumisha kujizuia kwa kuendelea. Kuondoa matumizi ya dawa za kulevya baada ya kipindi cha muda mrefu cha matumizi mabaya ya opiate hutuma ubongo na mwili katika kujiondoa. Uondoaji huanzia kwa kutokuwa na uwezo wa ubongo wa kudhibiti michakato ya mwili bila athari za dawa. Matokeo ya kujiondoa kwa kawaida huchukua fomu ya: - Usiku usio na usingizi - Dalili za unyogovu - Matatizo ya wasiwasi - Tamaa ya dawa za kulevya Kwa kweli, athari za kujiondoa huwa nguvu inayoendesha nyuma ya matumizi ya dawa za kulevya. Bila utegemezo unaohitajika, hatari ya kurudia ugonjwa huo ni kubwa. Kwa kuongezea matibabu ya dawa, programu za matibabu ya detox ya opiate hutoa msaada na mwongozo wa kuendelea kukusaidia kupitia kipindi cha kujiondoa cha detox. Baada ya miezi mingi ya kutumia dawa za kulevya, ubongo huendeleza kiwango fulani cha usawa wa kemikali ambao hatimaye huanza kuingilia afya ya kisaikolojia ya mtu. Baada ya muda, kupata na kutumia dawa za kulevya inakuwa kichocheo kikuu katika maisha ya kila siku ya mtu, kuamua uchaguzi wake na tabia. Sehemu hii ya matumizi mabaya ya dawa za kulevya ndiyo msingi wa tatizo la uraibu. Programu za detox ya opioid hutumia aina ya hatua za matibabu ya tabia iliyoundwa kukusaidia kuzima mifumo ya kufikiri ambayo huendesha tabia za kulevya na kuendeleza aina ya mazoea ya maisha yenye afya ambayo hufanya kuendelea kujizuia iwezekanavyo. Uwezekano wa kurudi nyuma ni mkubwa kwa ulevi wa dawa za kulevya, bila kujali ni kwa muda gani mtu amedumisha kujizuia, kulingana na Maktaba ya Kitaifa ya Tiba ya Marekani. Hatari hii huambatana na hatari fulani, hasa wakati wa na baada ya vipindi vya kuondoa sumu. Kwa kweli, kiwango cha ubongo cha kuvumilia dawa za kulevya hupungua sana wakati wa kuondoa sumu. Katika tukio la kurudi nyuma, uwezekano wa overdose huongezeka sana kama ubongo hauwezi tena kuvumilia athari za dawa kama hapo awali. Programu za matibabu ya detox ya opioid hufanya kazi kwa karibu na wewe ili kuendeleza mpango wa utunzaji wa baada ya kuhakikisha una msaada wa matibabu unaohitajika baada ya kumaliza detox. Kwa kuzingatia athari mbaya za matumizi ya dawa za kulevya kwa muda mrefu, kuhakikisha kwamba unafanya kupitia hatua ya kwanza ya detox ina athari kubwa kwa maendeleo yako ya kupona na pia kusaidia kuhakikisha usalama wako kwa ujumla katika mchakato. Kwa sababu hizi, ni bora kupata msaada unaohitajika wa matibabu ya detox ya opiate badala ya kwenda peke yake. Ikiwa una tatizo la madawa ya kulevya na unafikiria kupata msaada wa matibabu, tafadhali jisikie huru kupiga simu yetu ya msaada ya bure kwenye 800-42-6158 - Nani Anayejibu? kwa habari zaidi.

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Harnessing artificial intelligence's (AI) potential is an unprecedented opportunity for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to mitigate and better adapt to the effects of climate change. Levering data, and digital technologies to build effective institutions for a resilient future in SIDS is a top priority SIDS will discuss at the 4th International Conference. AI's ability to collect, process and analyse vast and time-consuming data can: - Inform predictions about environmental changes, allowing for early deployment of mitigation efforts; - Forecast extreme events, model natural hazards, identify early warning signs and provide decision support for disaster risk reduction; and Help manage the aftermath of disaster by assessing the severity of the situation and assisting first responders prioritise when and where to respond. However, most SIDS’s national statistical systems (NSS) lack the data infrastructure and skills needed to support the use of emerging technologies and innovations. Technological advances and the use of AI will move ahead, and SIDS need to be prepared to take advantage of them by having a comprehensive approach to statistical capacity development, investment, and strategic partnerships. Initial steps might include promoting data and digital literacy, investing in digital infrastructure to facilitate access to AI-powered services (e.g. data digitalization, access to high-speed internet, data storage and cloud computing capabilities) and engaging with partners (e.g. CSOs and private actors) to leverage knowledge transfer, funding opportunities and access to AI tools. This annual roundtable of SIDS, organized in the margins of the 55th session of the United Nations Statistics Commission, convenes representatives of NSOs from SIDS and regional and multilateral organizations to share their good practices and knowledge on how to better prepare SIDS to harness the advantages of data innovations and AI to tackle climate change and achieve sustainable development. The event is organised by PARIS21 in collaboration with the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Pacific Community (SPC), and the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB). What opportunities can digitalisation bring to NSOs in SIDS? - Are there examples of the use of AI in official statistics or government in SIDS? - How can NSOs accelerate capacity building on the use of AI and digital technologies? - What are the solutions at regional levels? |SIDS countries, CARICOM, SPC, PARIS21, UN DESA, UN OHRLLS, CDB

Kutumia uwezo wa akili bandia ni fursa isiyo na kifani kwa nchi ndogo za kisiwa zinazoendelea (SIDS) kupunguza na kukabiliana vizuri na athari za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Kuunganisha data na teknolojia za dijiti kujenga taasisi bora kwa ajili ya siku zijazo thabiti katika SIDS ni kipaumbele cha juu SIDS itazungumzia katika Mkutano wa Kimataifa wa 4th. Uwezo wa AI kukusanya, kusindika na kuchanganua data kubwa na inayotumia muda unaweza: kuandaa utabiri wa mabadiliko ya mazingira, kuruhusu utoaji wa mapema wa juhudi za kupunguza; kutabiri matukio ya hali ya juu, kuunda hatari za asili, kutambua ishara za onyo la mapema na kutoa msaada wa uamuzi wa kupunguza hatari ya maafa; na kusaidia kusimamia athari za maafa kwa kutathmini uzito wa hali na kusaidia wa kwanza kujibu. Hata hivyo, mifumo ya takwimu ya kitaifa (NSS) ya SIDS haijapata miundombinu ya data na ujuzi unaohitajika kusaidia matumizi ya teknolojia na uvumbuzi unaojitokeza. Maendeleo ya kiteknolojia na matumizi ya AI yataendelea, na SIDS zinahitaji kuwa tayari kuitumia kwa kuwa na mbinu ya kina ya maendeleo ya uwezo wa takwimu, uwekezaji, na ushirikiano wa kimkakati. Hatua za kwanza zinaweza kujumuisha kukuza data na ujuzi wa dijiti, kuwekeza katika miundombinu ya dijiti ili kuwezesha upatikanaji wa huduma zinazoendeshwa na AI. Utoaji wa data, upatikanaji wa mtandao wa kasi, kuhifadhi data na uwezo wa kompyuta ya wingu (Cloud Computing) na kushirikiana na washirika (kwa mfano, Vifaa vya AI vya Ujasusi: Kuwezesha uhamisho wa maarifa, fursa za ufadhili na upatikanaji wa zana za AI Meza ya Mzunguko ya kila mwaka ya SIDS, iliyoandaliwa katika ukingo wa Mkutano wa 55 wa Tume ya Takwimu ya Umoja wa Mataifa, inakusanya wawakilishi wa NSOs kutoka SIDS na mashirika ya kikanda na ya kimataifa ili kushiriki mazoea yao mazuri na maarifa juu ya jinsi ya kuandaa SIDS vizuri zaidi kutumia faida za data na AI kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na kufikia maendeleo endelevu. Mkutano huo umepangwa na Umoja wa Mataifa na Umoja wa Mataifa kwa ushirikiano na Jumuiya ya Karibea (CARICOM), Jumuiya ya Pasifiki (SPC) na Benki ya Maendeleo ya Karibea (CDB). Ni nini digital inaweza kuleta kwa NSE katika SIDS? - Je, kuna mifano ya matumizi ya AI katika takwimu rasmi au serikali katika SIDS? Jinsi gani NCS inaweza kuharakisha kujenga uwezo juu ya matumizi ya AI na teknolojia za dijiti? - Ni nini suluhisho katika ngazi za kikanda? Nchi za SIDS, CARICOM, SPC, PARIS21, UN DESA, UN OHRLLS, CDB

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That cotton t-shirt you bought for £2 from a fast fashion brand? It’s fairly likely that child labour was involved in its production. We’d all like to think that child labour in the fashion industry is a thing of the past. Sadly, that’s not the case, and most of us have been supporting it without knowing. What is “child labour” in the fashion industry? Child labour refers to the exploitation of children through work that: - Deprives them of their childhood - Is mentally and/or physically harmful - Interferes with school attendance Child labour in fashion can happen at any stage of the supply chain, from harvesting resources to spinning yarn and putting the actual garments together. Cotton production, however, tends to be the most likely, since 71% of all child labour is found in agriculture. But is child labour in fashion still a thing nowadays? Photo credit: Adam Cohn Yes, child labour in fashion is still a thing. Even though it’s forbidden by law in most countries, it continues to be a problem, especially in developing areas. It’s not a coincidence that those are exactly the countries from which most fast fashion brands outsource their garments. And, as if it weren’t heartbreaking enough that child labour in fashion still exist, it’s been rising, too. It declined by 30% between 2000 and 2012, but then the number of children in child labour rose by 8.4 million (reaching 160 million worldwide) within 4 years. The COVID-19 pandemic was amongst the main factors, from schools being closed to the economic challenges it presented. Why is there child labour in fast fashion? Sadly, cheap and unregulated child labour is especially still a thing in fast fashion because it helps keep the costs so low. Some of the reasons that maintain child labour in the fashion supply chain are: - Many of its stages involve low-skilled tasks - Some employers prefer hiring children for cotton picking because their smaller fingers are less likely to damage the crop - Children are considered more obedient, and they’re often lured in with fake promises - At least 29.8 millions of people are kept in modern slavery conditions: sometimes, when the adults in a family can’t survive on their wages alone, they feel like they have no other choice than to bring their children into slave labour in fashion What you can do about child labour in the fashion industry as a conscious consumer Of course, it’s an extremely difficult situation, and nobody can solve it overnight. However, here are some starting points to fight against child labour in fashion: - Educate yourself and share your knowledge. Maybe, before reading this article, you didn’t know that many fast fashion clothing hid child labour. Being aware of it is already a great first step! - If you can, consider donating to organisations actively working to tackle child labour, like Anti-Slavery International - Demand transparency and avoid fashion brands that don’t tell you who made their clothes. Remember: if a garment is so cheap that it sounds too good to be true, it usually hides a dreadful price - Support ethical and transparent fashion brands - Choose organic cotton over cotton - Look for third-party certifications like Fair Trade International, Better Cotton Initiative, or Fair Wear Association. On Project Cece, you can use them as filters to browse the clothing range of hundreds of fairtrade fashion brands! Overall, we believe that being vocal and voting with our money are some of the best things we can do to fight child labour in the fashion industry (and beyond). Just because we can’t see it, it doesn’t mean it's no longer there! Share our story It goes beyond finding eco-friendly garments! Here’s how to buy sustainable clothing through 6 questions, from mindset to your wardrobe and how you use it. These factories aren’t as distant as we believe, neither in time nor space! Here’s the reality of sweatshops in Europe or behind popular high street brands. The Fashion Revolution movement started after this 2013 disaster: has this industry really changed when it comes to worker rights and environmental problems?

T-shati ya pamba ya £ 2 kutoka kwa mtindo wa haraka Inawezekana sana kwamba kazi ya watoto ilihusika katika uzalishaji wake. Sisi sote tungependa kufikiri kwamba kazi ya watoto katika sekta ya mitindo ni jambo la zamani. Kwa kusikitisha, sivyo ilivyo, na wengi wetu tumekuwa tukiiunga mkono bila kujua. Ni nini "kazi ya watoto" katika sekta ya mitindo? Kazi ya watoto ni kazi ambayo huwatia katika hali ya kutokuwa na maisha ya utotoni, ambayo ni hatari kwa akili na mwili, ambayo huathiri ufikiaji wa shule, na ambayo inaweza kutokea katika hatua yoyote ya mlolongo wa usambazaji, kutoka kwa kuvuna rasilimali hadi kutengeneza vitambaa. Kwa upande mwingine, idadi ya watoto wanaofanya kazi katika kilimo ni kubwa, kwa kuwa asilimia 71 ya watoto wanaofanya kazi katika kilimo ni watoto. Lakini je, kazi ya watoto katika mitindo bado ni jambo la siku hizi? Picha: Adam Cohen: Kazi ya watoto katika mitindo ya nguo bado ni jambo la kawaida Ingawa imepigwa marufuku kisheria katika nchi nyingi, inaendelea kuwa tatizo, hasa katika maeneo yanayoendelea. Si bahati mbaya kwamba hizo ndizo nchi ambazo bidhaa nyingi za mitindo ya haraka hutumia nje nguo zao. Na, kana kwamba haikuwa ya kutosha kuvunja moyo kwamba kazi ya watoto katika mtindo bado ipo, imekuwa ikiongezeka, pia. Idadi ya watoto wanaofanya kazi ilizidi kuongezeka kwa asilimia 8.4 milioni mwaka 2012 na kufikia milioni 160 duniani kote. Janga la COVID-19 lilikuwa moja ya sababu kuu, kutoka kwa shule kufungwa hadi changamoto za kiuchumi zilizowasilishwa. Kwa nini kazi ya watoto inazidi kuwa maarufu? Kwa bahati mbaya, kazi ya watoto ya bei nafuu na isiyo na udhibiti bado ni jambo la haraka kwa sababu inasaidia kuweka gharama chini sana. """Wanaume wengi wanafanya kazi ya chini ya ujuzi, baadhi ya waajiri wanapendelea kuajiri watoto kwa ajili ya kuvuna pamba kwa sababu vidole vyao vidogo ni chini ya uwezekano wa kuharibu mazao, watoto ni kuchukuliwa kuwa zaidi ya kutii, na wao ni mara nyingi lured katika ahadi bandia, angalau 29.8 milioni ya watu ni kushikiliwa katika hali ya kisasa utumwa: wakati mwingine, wakati watu wazima katika familia hawawezi kuishi juu ya mshahara wao peke yao, wanahisi kama hawana chaguo ila kuleta watoto wao katika kazi ya utumwa katika mtindo." Hata hivyo, hapa ni baadhi ya pointi za kuanzia kupambana na kazi ya watoto katika mtindo: - Jifunze mwenyewe na kushiriki maarifa yako. Labda, kabla ya kusoma makala hii, hujui kwamba nguo nyingi za mtindo wa haraka zilificha kazi ya watoto. Kujua jambo hilo ni hatua ya kwanza yenye kutokeza! - Kama unaweza, fikiria kutoa mchango kwa mashirika yanayofanya kazi kwa bidii kupambana na kazi ya watoto, kama vile Anti-Slavery International - Omba uwazi na kuepuka bidhaa za mitindo ambazo hazikuambia ni nani aliyetengeneza nguo zao. "Kumbuka: ikiwa nguo ni ya bei nafuu sana kwamba inaonekana nzuri sana kuwa kweli, kwa kawaida huficha bei mbaya. - Kuunga mkono bidhaa za mitindo ya maadili na uwazi - Chagua pamba ya kikaboni juu ya pamba - Tafuta vyeti vya chama cha tatu kama Fair Trade International, Better Cotton Initiative, au Fair Wear Association. """ Kwenye Mradi wa Cece, unaweza kuzitumia kama vichungi kuchunguza aina ya nguo ya mamia ya bidhaa za mitindo ya biashara ya haki! Kwa ujumla, tunaamini kuwa kuwa na sauti na kupiga kura na pesa zetu ni baadhi ya mambo bora tunaweza kufanya kupambana na kazi ya watoto katika tasnia ya mitindo (na zaidi). Kwa sababu tu hatuwezi kuiona, haimaanishi kwamba haipo tena! Kugawana hadithi yetu Inaenda zaidi ya kupata nguo eco-kirafiki! Hapa ni jinsi ya kununua nguo endelevu kupitia maswali sita, kutoka kwa mawazo hadi wardrobe yako na jinsi unavyotumia. Viwanda hivi si mbali kama tunavyoamini, wala katika wakati wala katika nafasi! Hapa ni ukweli wa sweatshops katika Ulaya au nyuma ya maarufu high street bidhaa. "Mapinduzi ya mitindo ya nguo yameanza baada ya msiba wa 2013: ""Je, sekta hii imebadilika kweli linapokuja haki za wafanyakazi na matatizo ya mazingira?"""

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Tour of UN Headquarters in New York The United Nations Headquarters is located on an 18-acre site along the East River in New York City. Home to the international organization, The United Nations, the striking glass-fronted “Secretariat” building dominates the New York midtown skyline. The building, which opened in 1951, was instantly popular with tourists and continues to be one of the most popular destinations in New York City. The United Nations was formed at the end of World War II to replace the ineffective and limited League of Nations. Promoted by the Allies of WW II – France, Russia, France, and the US, the United Nations came into being in 1945 with 51 member nations. Today, the organization includes virtually all of the world’s sovereign nations. Only Vatican City, Palestine, the Cook Islands, and Taiwan are not members. (The Vatican has official observer status.) The United Nations is made up of several administrative bodies, including the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice. In addition, there are interdisciplinary agencies, such as WHO (World Hunger Organization), UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund), the World Bank, and the IMF (International Monetary Fund). It is these humanitarian agencies as well as the UN’s power to deploy peacekeeping forces, which have helped the organization succeed where the League of Nations could not. The Headquarters Complex The UN Headquarters building was completed in 1950 and opened on January 1, 1951. The complex sits on an 18-acre site along the East River between 42nd and 48th Sts. The land for the United Nations complex was purchased using an $8.5 million donation from John D. Rockefeller Jr. The United Nations is an international territory belonging to the member nations, not a part of the United States, and the complex has its own security force, fire-fighting department, and postal service. The most striking building — called the Secretariat — was designed by an international team of architects, including the Frenchman, Le Corbusier; Brazilian Oscar Niemeyer; and the American architectural firm of Harrison and Abramovitz. The striking glass-sided building stands 505 feet tall and has 39 floors. The narrow ends are constructed of white marble. The front of the building sports a flagged court, displaying the flags of all of the UN member nations. Today, the United Nations headquarters complex employs over 4500 staff members from 200 countries. Visiting the United Nations The United Nations Headquarters building is one of the most visited sites in New York City. Over 37 million visitors have toured the building since it opened in 1951. The complex is easily accessible via subway, bus, and taxi from all over the New York area. Driving is discouraged, as the complex does not have a public parking lot. Visitors are welcome to browse through the changing exhibits in the lobby at no charge. Exhibits cover a wide range of topics having to do with the UN’s missions. In addition to the lobby exhibits, visitors may take a guided tour of the main Headquarters building. Tours include the UN’s extensive art collection, comprised of donations from the member nations; the delegation meeting rooms; and the General Assembly Hall. The tour ends at the UN postage Centre. After the tour, visitors can browse the gift store, and UN bookshop, and relax in the coffee shop, before departing. Tours are offered every day except for holidays and days when the UN is hosting special events or conferences. The tour is not suitable for children under 5 years of age. Please note that the UN is a non-smoking facility. Location: First Avenue at 46th Street, New York City, New York Phone: 212 963-8687 Click here to visit United Nations Headquarters’ official website.

Makao makuu ya Umoja wa Mataifa (UN) iko katika eneo la ekari 18 kando ya Mto East. Makao makuu ya shirika la kimataifa, Umoja wa Mataifa, jengo lenye kuvutia la <unk>Secretariat<unk> lenye kioo cha mbele linatawala mandhari ya katikati ya jiji la New York. Jengo hilo lilijengwa mwaka 1951 na mara moja likawa maarufu kwa watalii na linaendelea kuwa mojawapo ya maeneo maarufu zaidi ya New York City. Umoja wa Mataifa ulianzishwa baada ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Ulimwengu, na kuichukua nafasi ya Jumuiya ya Mataifa, ambayo ilikuwa na nguvu nyingi. Umoja wa Mataifa ulianzishwa mwaka 1945 na mataifa 51 wanachama. Leo, shirika hilo linatia ndani karibu mataifa yote yenye uhuru ulimwenguni. Jiji la Vatikani, Palestina, Visiwa vya Cook, na Taiwan tu ndio wasio washiriki. (Vatikani ina hadhi ya rasmi ya mtazamaji.) Umoja wa Mataifa una mashirika kadhaa ya kiutawala, ikiwa ni pamoja na Baraza la Usalama, Baraza la Uchumi na Jamii, Baraza la Usimamizi, na Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki. Kwa kuongezea, kuna mashirika ya kitaaluma, kama vile WHO (Shirika la Ulimwengu la Njaa), UNICEF (Mfuko wa Dharura wa Watoto wa Kimataifa wa Umoja wa Mataifa), Benki ya Ulimwengu, na IMF (Mfuko wa Fedha wa Kimataifa). Ni mashirika haya ya kibinadamu na pia uwezo wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa kupeleka vikosi vya kuhifadhi amani, ambayo yameisaidia shirika hilo kufanikiwa ambapo Jumuiya ya Mataifa haikuweza. Jengo la Makao Makuu ya Umoja wa Mataifa lilijengwa mnamo 1950 na kufunguliwa Januari 1, 1951. Jengo hilo linapatikana katika eneo la ekari 18 kando ya Mto East kati ya barabara ya 42nd na 48th. Jengo hilo lilinunuliwa kwa dola milioni 8.5 kutoka kwa John D. Rockefeller Jr. Umoja wa Mataifa ni eneo la kimataifa linalomilikiwa na mataifa wanachama, si sehemu ya Marekani, na jengo hilo lina vikosi vyake vya usalama, idara ya kuzima moto, na huduma ya posta. Jengo lenye kuvutia zaidi - lililoitwa Sekretarieti - lilibuniwa na kikundi cha kimataifa cha wasanifu-ujenzi, kutia ndani Mfaransa, Le Corbusier; Mbrasili Oscar Niemeyer; na kampuni ya usanifu-ujenzi ya Marekani ya Harrison na Abramovitz. Jengo hilo lenye umbo la kioo lina urefu wa mita 505 na lina ghorofa 39. Vipande vyenye nyembamba vimetengenezwa kwa marumaru meupe. Mbele ya jengo hilo kuna uwanja wenye bendera, unaoonyesha bendera za mataifa yote wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa. Leo, makao makuu ya Umoja wa Mataifa yana wafanyakazi zaidi ya 4,500 kutoka nchi 200. Jengo la Makao Makuu ya Umoja wa Mataifa ni mojawapo ya maeneo yanayotembelewa zaidi katika Jiji la New York. Zaidi ya wageni milioni 37 wametembelea jengo hilo tangu lilipofunguliwa mwaka 1951. Jengo hilo linaweza kufikiwa kwa urahisi kwa kutumia gari-moshi la chini ya ardhi, basi, na teksi kutoka sehemu zote za eneo la New York. Kuendesha gari hakupendekezi, kwa kuwa jengo hilo halina mahali pa kuegesha magari kwa ajili ya umma. Wageni wanakaribishwa kutazama maonyesho yanayobadilika-badilika katika ukumbi wa wageni bila malipo. Maonyesho yanajumuisha mada mbalimbali zinazohusiana na misheni ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Mbali na maonyesho ya ukumbi wa wageni, wageni wanaweza kutembelewa na mwongozo wa jengo kuu la Makao Makuu. Ziara hizo zinatia ndani mkusanyiko mkubwa wa sanaa wa Umoja wa Mataifa, uliofanyizwa na michango kutoka kwa mataifa wanachama; vyumba vya mikutano ya wajumbe; na Jumba la Mkutano Mkuu. Ziara hiyo inamalizika katika Kituo cha Posta cha Umoja wa Mataifa. Baada ya ziara, wageni wanaweza kuvinjari duka la zawadi, na duka la vitabu la UN, na kupumzika katika duka la kahawa, kabla ya kuondoka. Ziara zinatolewa kila siku isipokuwa siku za likizo na siku wakati Umoja wa Mataifa ni mwenyeji wa matukio maalum au mikutano. Ziara hii haifai kwa watoto chini ya miaka mitano. Tafadhali kumbuka kwamba Umoja wa Mataifa ni kituo cha wasiovuta sigara. Kituo cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza cha kwanza.

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A Guide for Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurship is an exciting journey, filled with opportunities for growth and success. However, the path to success is not without its challenges, and one of the most crucial aspects that can make or break a business is effective cash flow management. Cash flow, simply put, is the movement of funds in and out of your business. It’s about timing and management – ensuring you have enough cash on hand to meet your business needs. In this guide, we’ll explore the importance of cash flow management for entrepreneurs, discuss strategies to improve it, and look at tools and techniques that can help in maintaining a healthy cash flow. Understanding Cash Flow What is Cash Flow? Cash flow refers to the net balance of cash moving into and out of a business at any given time. It’s different from profitability in that it only deals with the actual cash available. Profitable businesses can still struggle if their cash flow is poor, highlighting the importance of good cash flow management. Types of Cash Flow - Operating Cash Flow: Cash generated from your business’s main activities, like selling products or services. - Investing Cash Flow: Cash used for or generated from investing activities like purchasing assets. - Financing Cash Flow: Cash flow related to financing activities, including loans, equity, and dividend payments. The Importance of Cash Flow Management Effective cash flow management allows you to: - Pay expenses on time, including suppliers and employees. - Take advantage of new opportunities, such as bulk purchase discounts or new ventures. - Maintain good relationships with lenders and investors by managing debts responsibly. - Forecast and plan for future growth or downturns. Strategies for Improving Cash Flow 1. Efficient Invoicing and Collections - Prompt Invoicing: Issue invoices immediately after a sale or completion of a service. - Clear Payment Terms: Have explicit payment terms and follow up on overdue payments. - Incentives for Early Payment: Offer discounts for early payments to encourage quicker cash inflow. 2. Managing Expenses - Regular Review of Expenses: Regularly review and categorize expenses to identify areas for cost-cutting. - Negotiate with Suppliers: Work out better payment terms or discounts with suppliers. - Control Inventory: Avoid overstocking, which ties up cash in unsold inventory. 3. Cash Flow Forecasting - Regular Forecasts: Make regular cash flow forecasts to anticipate and prepare for future cash needs. - Scenario Planning: Plan for different scenarios, including best-case and worst-case situations. 4. Access to Funding - Lines of Credit: Establish lines of credit for emergencies or unexpected shortfalls. - Invoice Factoring: Consider using invoice factoring to get immediate cash for your receivables. 5. Technology and Automation - Accounting Software: Use accounting software to track cash flow in real-time. - Automated Payments and Invoicing: Automate payments and invoicing to save time and reduce errors. Tools and Techniques for Cash Flow Management 1. Accounting Software Tools like QuickBooks, Xero, or FreshBooks can help in managing your cash flow by providing real-time insights into your finances. 2. Cash Flow Statement A cash flow statement is a vital financial statement that shows the cash generated and used during a specific time period. 3. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Identify and monitor KPIs relevant to your business’s cash flow, such as Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) or operating cash flow ratio. Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 1. Overestimating Future Sales - Realistic Forecasting: Be conservative in your sales forecasts and prepare for variability. 2. Underestimating Costs - Comprehensive Budgeting: Factor in all potential costs, including unexpected ones, in your budget. 3. Ignoring Cash Flow Forecasts - Regular Reviews: Regularly review and update your cash flow forecasts to stay prepared. Cash flow management is not just about survival; it’s about laying the groundwork for sustainable growth and success. By understanding your cash flow, implementing effective strategies, and using the right tools, you can navigate the financial challenges of entrepreneurship and steer your business towards a prosperous future. Remember, cash flow management is an ongoing process and requires constant attention. Stay vigilant, plan ahead, and your business will be well-positioned to thrive in any economic environment.

Mwongozo kwa Wafanyabiashara Biashara ni safari ya kusisimua, iliyojaa fursa za ukuaji na mafanikio. Hata hivyo, njia ya mafanikio si bila changamoto zake, na moja ya mambo muhimu zaidi ambayo inaweza kufanya au kuvunja biashara ni usimamizi mzuri wa mtiririko wa fedha. Cashflow ni harakati ya fedha ndani na nje ya biashara yako. Ni kuhusu muda na usimamizi - kuhakikisha una fedha za kutosha mkononi ili kukidhi mahitaji ya biashara yako. Katika mwongozo huu, tutajifunza umuhimu wa usimamizi wa mtiririko wa fedha kwa wajasiriamali, kujadili mikakati ya kuboresha, na kuangalia zana na mbinu ambazo zinaweza kusaidia katika kudumisha mtiririko wa fedha afya. Kuelewa Cash Flow Nini ni Cash Flow? Mtiririko wa fedha inahusu usawa wa fedha kusonga ndani na nje ya biashara wakati wowote. Ni tofauti na faida katika kwamba inahusika tu na fedha halisi inapatikana. Biashara zenye faida bado zinaweza kupambana ikiwa mtiririko wao wa fedha ni duni, ikionyesha umuhimu wa usimamizi mzuri wa mtiririko wa fedha. Aina ya Cash Flow - Operating Cash Flow: Cash yanayotokana na shughuli kuu ya biashara yako, kama kuuza bidhaa au huduma. - Kuwekeza Cash Flow: Cash kutumika kwa au zinazozalishwa kutoka shughuli za uwekezaji kama vile kununua mali. - Ufadhili Cash Flow: Cash mtiririko kuhusiana na shughuli za fedha, ikiwa ni pamoja na mikopo, equity, na malipo ya gawio. Usimamizi wa Mtiririko wa Fedha: Usimamizi wa Mtiririko wa Fedha unaoweza kutekelezwa kwa ufanisi unakupa uwezo wa kulipa gharama kwa wakati, ikiwa ni pamoja na wauzaji na wafanyikazi. - Tumia fursa mpya, kama vile punguzo la ununuzi wa wingi au biashara mpya. - Kudumisha mahusiano mazuri na wakopeshaji na wawekezaji kwa kusimamia madeni kwa uwajibikaji. - Utabiri na mpango kwa ajili ya ukuaji wa baadaye au downturns. Mkakati wa kuboresha mtiririko wa fedha Invoicing na Collections ufanisi - Invoicing haraka: Ishara invoices mara moja baada ya kuuza au kukamilika kwa huduma. - Maelezo ya wazi ya malipo: Kuwa na maneno ya wazi ya malipo na kufuatilia malipo ya marehemu. - Vichocheo kwa ajili ya malipo ya mapema: Kutoa punguzo kwa ajili ya malipo ya mapema kuhamasisha haraka fedha zinazoingia. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Kusimamia Gharama - Mapitio ya mara kwa mara ya Gharama: Mapitio ya mara kwa mara na kuainisha gharama ili kutambua maeneo ya kupunguza gharama. - Mazungumzo na wauzaji: Kufanya kazi juu ya masharti bora ya malipo au punguzo na wauzaji. - Udhibiti wa Hifadhi: Kuepuka overstocking, ambayo ties up fedha katika hifadhi unsold. 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Cash Flow Forecasting - Regular Forecasts: Kufanya mara kwa mara cash flow utabiri wa kutarajia na kujiandaa kwa ajili ya mahitaji ya baadaye ya fedha. - Mipango ya matukio: Mpango kwa ajili ya matukio tofauti, ikiwa ni pamoja na hali bora na mbaya zaidi. 4. Uwe na uhakika Upatikanaji wa Fedha - Mipaka ya Mikopo: Kuanzisha mipaka ya mikopo kwa ajili ya dharura au upungufu unatarajiwa. - Invoice Factoring: Fikiria kutumia invoice factoring kupata fedha mara moja kwa ajili ya madeni yako. 5. Uwe na mtazamo mzuri. Teknolojia na Automation - Accounting Software: Matumizi ya programu ya uhasibu kufuatilia mtiririko wa fedha katika muda halisi. - Automatic Malipo na Invoicing: Automatic malipo na invoicing kuokoa muda na kupunguza makosa. Vifaa na Mbinu za Usimamizi wa Mtiririko wa Fedha 1. Programu za uhasibu kama vile QuickBooks, Xero, au FreshBooks zinaweza kusaidia katika kusimamia mtiririko wako wa fedha kwa kutoa ufahamu wa wakati halisi katika fedha zako. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Taarifa ya Mtiririko wa Fedha (Cash Flow Statement) ni taarifa ya kifedha inayoonyesha fedha zilizotokezwa na kutumika katika kipindi fulani cha wakati. 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Kiongozi wa Utendaji: Tambua na ufuatiliaji wa KPI zinazohusiana na mtiririko wa fedha wa biashara yako, kama vile Siku za Uuzaji (DSO) au uwiano wa Mtiririko wa Fedha ya Uendeshaji. Mapungufu ya Kawaida na Jinsi ya Kuyaepuka Kupunguza Mauzo ya Baadaye - Utabiri wa Kihali: Uwe mwangalifu katika utabiri wako wa mauzo na uwe tayari kwa kutofautiana. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Kupunguza Gharama - Kupanga Bajeti ya Ukomavu: Fikiria gharama zote zinazoweza kutokea, kutia ndani zile zisizotarajiwa, katika bajeti yako. 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Kupuuza utabiri wa mtiririko wa fedha - Mapitio ya mara kwa mara: Mara kwa mara angalia na sasisha utabiri wako wa mtiririko wa fedha ili uwe tayari. Usimamizi wa mtiririko wa fedha si tu kuhusu kuishi; ni kuhusu kuweka msingi wa ukuaji endelevu na mafanikio. Kwa kuelewa mtiririko wako wa fedha, kutekeleza mikakati ya ufanisi, na kutumia zana sahihi, unaweza kusafiri changamoto za kifedha za ujasiriamali na kuongoza biashara yako kuelekea siku zijazo zenye mafanikio. Kumbuka, usimamizi wa mtiririko wa fedha ni mchakato unaoendelea na unahitaji uangalifu wa mara kwa mara. Kuwa makini, kupanga mbele, na biashara yako itakuwa katika nafasi nzuri ya kusitawi katika mazingira yoyote ya kiuchumi.

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325-million-year-old amphibian bones discovered in County Clare10 October 2019 The fossilised bones of a tiny amphibian-like creature that scurried around the shores of County Clare 325 million years ago have been discovered. The fossilised bones were discovered by Dr Eamon Doyle, geologist for the Burren and Cliffs of Moher UNESCO Global Geopark and Clare County Council. The two small bones have been described by Dr Doyle and fossil vertebrate researcher Aodhán Ó Gogáin of Trinity College Dublin in the latest volume of the Irish Journal of Earth Sciences, published by the Royal Irish Academy. The article is free to download here. The 10mm-long bones come from a leg and possibly a hip bone from a small amphibian that would have been an ancestor to the first lizards which ultimately evolved into the dinosaurs 100 million years later. The amphibian lived during a geological time called the Carboniferous Period which lasted from 360 to 299 million years ago. This is an important period in the evolution of life as it is during this time that amphibians evolved from fish and first began to colonise the land. The fact that amphibian bones are rare finds in rocks of this age highlights the importance of Dr Doyle’s discovery. The amphibian from Clare, which would fit in the palm of your hand, probably lived along a swampy coastline, either in an estuary or along rivers further inland and may have been washed out to sea during a storm or flood, the bones eventually settling onto the muddy seafloor where they were buried and turned to fossils. Image: Artist’s interpretation of Carboniferous tetrapod from Scotland by Rachel Carr, copyright National Museums Scotland. Inset: Fossil amphibian bone from County Clare In the news Stay up to date with the Royal Irish Academy newsletterSign up now

Mifupa ya amfibia ya miaka milioni 325 imegunduliwa katika eneo la Clare, Uingereza, na kuonekana kama mifupa ya kiumbe cha aina ya amfibia kilichokuwa kikiishi karibu na pwani ya eneo hilo miaka milioni 325 iliyopita. Mifupa hiyo iligunduliwa na Eamon Doyle, mtaalamu wa jiolojia wa Burren na Cliffs of Moher, UNESCO Global Geopark na Clare County Council. "Kama ilivyoelezwa na Dk Doyle na Aodhán Ó Gaillam, mtafiti wa mifupa ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wa Trinity College Dublin, ""Mifupa hiyo miwili ndogo imeelezwa katika toleo la hivi karibuni la jarida la Irish Journal of Earth Sciences, lililochapishwa na Royal Irish Academy." Makala hiyo inaweza kupakuliwa kwa bure hapa. Mifupa hiyo yenye urefu wa milimita 10 ilitokana na mguu na labda mfupa wa kiuno wa amfibia mdogo ambaye alikuwa babu wa mbawakawa wa kwanza ambao baadaye waliibuka kuwa dinosaurs. Amphibians waliishi katika kipindi cha jiolojia kinachoitwa kipindi cha kaboni, ambacho kiliendelea kutoka miaka milioni 360 hadi 299. Hii ni kipindi muhimu katika mageuzi ya maisha, kwani ni wakati huu kwamba amfibia walitokana na samaki na kuanza kuimiliki ardhi. Ukweli kwamba mifupa ya amfibia ni ya nadra kupatikana katika miamba ya umri huu huonyesha umuhimu wa ugunduzi wa Dakt. Doyle. Amphibian kutoka Clare, ambayo ingeweza kufaa katika kiganja cha mkono wako, pengine aliishi kando ya pwani ya mvua, ama katika estuary au kando ya mito zaidi ndani ya nchi na inaweza kuwa kuoshwa nje ya bahari wakati wa dhoruba au mafuriko, mifupa hatimaye kukaa juu ya udongo wa bahari ambapo walikuwa kuzikwa na kugeuka fossils. Picha: Tafsiri ya msanii ya Carboniferous tetrapod kutoka Scotland na Rachel Carr, hakimiliki Makumbusho ya Kitaifa ya Scotland. "Kutoka kwa ""Fossil Amphibian Bone"" kutoka County Clare, Ireland, na ""Fossil Amphibian Bone"" kutoka Ireland, Ireland, na Ireland, na ""Fossil Amphibian Bone"" kutoka County Clare, Ireland, na Ireland."

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Aluminum: The Game-Changer in Agricultural Grain Storage The agricultural industry has long sought materials that can improve efficiency and reduce waste, and aluminum has emerged as a key player, especially in grain storage facilities. Its adoption marks a significant shift in the way we approach agricultural storage solutions. The Role of Aluminum in Grain Storage Aluminum’s journey in agriculture began with its use in grain storage, thanks to its numerous advantages. For instance, in 1981, Latvia built six aluminum storage units, each capable of storing 1,500 tons of food, exemplifying the material’s effectiveness. Similarly, Zhengzhou, Henan, witnessed the construction of a significant aluminum alloy plate granary, with a capacity of over 12,000 tons. Advantages of Aluminum Alloy Granaries The benefits of using aluminum alloy in granaries are manifold. They offer rapid construction, cost-effectiveness, and are light yet strong and durable. Their excellent air tightness and stable storage temperature are vital in preserving grain quality and reducing losses. Innovations in Grain Storage: Aluminum’s Contribution Aluminum has brought innovation to both large mechanized silos and smaller household granaries. In large-scale storage, aluminum facilitates mechanization and automation, while in rural areas, small household aluminum alloy granaries are becoming increasingly popular. These granaries, ranging from 4 to 100 tons, are instrumental in improving grain storage and can be equipped with ventilation and fumigation devices in larger models. Addressing Storage Challenges in Rural Areas In rural areas, where a significant portion of grain storage occurs, aluminum plays a crucial role in reducing losses due to pests and environmental factors. These small, yet efficient aluminum granaries are a step forward in addressing the storage challenges faced by rural populations. Aluminum’s Impact on Grain Quality and Public Health The use of aluminum in granaries directly impacts the quality of stored grain, thereby benefiting public health. Enhanced grain quality, reduced contamination risks, and better storage conditions are some of the direct benefits of aluminum granaries. The introduction of aluminum into agricultural grain storage has been a game-changer. Its ability to address key storage challenges while improving efficiency and grain quality positions aluminum as a material of the future in agricultural practices. As we continue to innovate and improve agricultural methods, the role of aluminum will undoubtedly expand, offering new possibilities and solutions in this vital sector.

Aluminium: Mchanganyiko wa Mchanganyiko katika Uhifadhi wa Chakula cha Kilimo - Aluminamu imekuwa ikitafuta vifaa vya kuhifadhi nafaka na kupunguza taka kwa muda mrefu, na alumini imeibuka kama mchezaji muhimu, hasa katika vifaa vya kuhifadhi nafaka. Kupitishwa kwake huashiria mabadiliko makubwa katika njia tunayopitia suluhisho za kuhifadhi kilimo. Kazi ya Aluminium katika kuhifadhi nafaka Safari ya alumini katika kilimo ilianza na matumizi yake katika kuhifadhi nafaka, shukrani kwa faida zake nyingi. Kwa mfano, Latvia ilijenga vituo sita vya kuhifadhi vyuma vya alumini mwaka 1981, kila kimoja kikiwa na uwezo wa kuhifadhi tani 1,500 za chakula, na hivyo kuonyesha ufanisi wa vifaa hivyo. Zhengzhou, Henan, ni mji wa kwanza wa China kujenga hifadhi ya chakula ya alumini yenye uwezo wa kutengeneza zaidi ya tani 12,000. Faida za Aluminium Alloy Granaries Faida za kutumia alumini alloy katika granaries ni nyingi. Zinatengenezwa haraka, hazina gharama nyingi, na ni nyepesi lakini zenye nguvu na zenye kudumu. Uvumilivu wao bora wa hewa na joto thabiti la kuhifadhi ni muhimu katika kuhifadhi ubora wa nafaka na kupunguza hasara. Ubunifu katika Hifadhi ya Mbegu: Mchango wa Aluminium Aluminium imeleta ubunifu kwa silos kubwa za mitambo na maghala madogo ya chakula cha nyumbani. Katika kuhifadhi kwa kiwango kikubwa, alumini inawezesha uendeshaji wa mashine na automatisering, wakati katika maeneo ya vijijini, nyumba ndogo za alumini alloy granaries zinakuwa maarufu zaidi. Hifadhi hizi za nafaka, kuanzia tani 4 hadi 100 zinafanya kazi katika kuboresha uhifadhi wa nafaka na zinaweza kuwa na vifaa vya uingizaji hewa na fumigation katika mifano kubwa. Kuhifadhi na kuhifadhi mbegu katika maeneo ya vijijini: Katika maeneo ya vijijini, ambapo sehemu kubwa ya kuhifadhi nafaka hutokea, alumini ina jukumu muhimu katika kupunguza hasara kutokana na wadudu na mambo ya mazingira. Hifadhi hizi ndogo, lakini zenye ufanisi za alumini ni hatua ya mbele katika kushughulikia changamoto za kuhifadhi zinazokabiliwa na wakazi wa vijijini. Aluminium <unk>s Athari juu ya ubora wa nafaka na afya ya umma Matumizi ya alumini katika granaries moja kwa moja huathiri ubora wa nafaka kuhifadhiwa, hivyo kufaidika afya ya umma. Kuboresha ubora wa nafaka, kupunguza hatari ya uchafuzi, na hali bora za kuhifadhi ni baadhi ya faida za moja kwa moja za maghala ya nafaka ya alumini. Kuanzishwa kwa alumini katika kuhifadhi nafaka za kilimo kumebadili mambo. Uwezo wake wa kukabiliana na changamoto kuu za kuhifadhi wakati wa kuboresha ufanisi na ubora wa nafaka huweka alumini kama nyenzo ya siku zijazo katika mazoea ya kilimo. """Kama tunaendelea kubuni na kuboresha mbinu za kilimo, jukumu la alumini bila shaka litapanuka, ikitoa uwezekano mpya na suluhisho katika sekta hii muhimu."

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Summary: We live in nation of "rights" but if my rights conflict with yours we can end up in court, in a church split or in a family division. How do we avoid letting our desire to defend our rights to ruin our lives? OPEN: I’m going to read from the words of an ancient document. When I’m finished I’m going to ask you what document these words are from (we put the words up on the screen and underlined the word “Rights” in the passage): “When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness….” Does anyone know where these words come from? (the opening words to the “Declaration of Independence”) Now I don’t know if you noticed, but the word “Rights” (as in “unalienable Rights”) began with the capital letter “R” (I underlined it for you). The fact that this word was capitalized indicates that our nation’s founders regarded this declaration of our “RIGHTS” to be highly important – and so they capitalized it!! The United States of America is a NATION of RIGHTS. In fact, our nation’s founders saw fit to include additional document to Constitution. It’s called the “Bill Of Rights” and it listed 10 amendments declaring the rights of individuals and states in our nation. These rights are (theoretically) rights that neither the President nor the Congress, nor Court or Lawyers… can take away from us. Among those RIGHTS (listed in the Bill Of Rights) are the rights to freedom of religion, of speech, of the press… and so on. Now just in case they missed something, the founders put this as the 10th amendment “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.” In other words – if the Constitution didn’t give a specific authority to the Federal Government, then the Federal Government did not have the right to claim that authority. If it did so… it would be violating the rights of the States or of Individuals. Our Nation’s Founders realized that unless they restricted the power of the Federal Govt. our elected officials might be tempted to run roughshod over folks and create a tyranny where people would be enslaved. Realizing this, they put a high premium on our individual RIGHTS. So, this nation is a nation of RIGHTS. That’s how we were founded. And we should thank God every day that we were blessed by being born into a nation like this one. But as much a blessing it is to live in a nation where our “RIGHTS” protected there can be a problem if YOUR rights conflict with MY rights (or vice versa). When your rights and my rights clash… then we have a problem! When that happens it too often leads to lawsuits, church splits, and even family divisions. And we have a case study of that kind of conflict right here in the book of Mark: “And James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came up to him and said to him, ‘Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask of you.’ And he said to them, ‘What do you want me to do for you?’ And they said to him, ‘Grant us to sit, one at your right hand and one at your left, in your glory.’ Jesus said to them, ‘You do not know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I drink, or to be baptized with the baptism with which I am baptized?’ And they said to him, ‘We are able.’ And Jesus said to them, ‘The cup that I drink you will drink, and with the baptism with which I am baptized, you will be baptized, but to sit at my right hand or at my left is not mine to grant, but it is for those for whom it has been prepared.’ And when the ten heard it, they began to be indignant at James and John. Mark 10:35-41 Now, what’s the problem here? Why are the other disciples indignant at James and John? Well, all the disciples believed Jesus was about to set up as an earthly Kingdom, and (of course as King) He would appoint people to serve as officials. They all presumed that important task would fall to them, as His close and trusted followers. Those who would sit at right and left hand seats were special positions of power and authority, and only the most trusted most important of those officials would be given that honor.

"Tunaishi katika taifa la ""haki"" lakini ikiwa haki zangu zinapingana na zako tunaweza kuishia mahakamani, katika mgawanyiko wa kanisa au katika mgawanyiko wa familia." Tunawezaje kuepuka kuruhusu tamaa yetu ya kutetea haki zetu iharibu maisha yetu? Nitasoma maneno ya hati ya kale. "Ninapomaliza, nitakuuliza ni hati gani maneno haya yanatoka (tuliweka maneno kwenye skrini na kuangazia neno ""Haki"" katika kifungu): ""Wakati katika mwendo wa matukio ya kibinadamu inakuwa muhimu kwa watu kufuta vifungo vya kisiasa ambavyo vimewaunganisha na wengine na kuchukua kati ya nguvu za dunia, nafasi tofauti na sawa ambayo Sheria za Asili na Mungu wa Asili zinawapa haki, heshima ya heshima kwa maoni ya wanadamu inahitaji kwamba wanapaswa kutangaza sababu ambazo zinawafanya kujitenga." """Tunaona ukweli huu kuwa dhahiri, kwamba watu wote wameumbwa sawa, kwamba wamepewa na Muumba wao haki fulani zisizoweza kuondolewa, kwamba kati ya hizi ni Maisha, Uhuru na Ufuatiliaji wa Furaha."" - John F. Kennedy" "Hii ni maneno ya kwanza ya ""Tangazo la Uhuru"" (Julisho la Uhuru) ""Hakika haki"" (kama katika ""Haki zisizoweza kuondolewa") huanza kwa herufi kubwa ""R"" (Nimeiweka chini kwa ajili yenu)." Ukweli kwamba neno hili liliandikwa kwa herufi kubwa unaonyesha kwamba waanzilishi wa taifa letu waliona tangazo hili la "HAKI" zetu kuwa muhimu sana <unk> na kwa hivyo waliliandika kwa herufi kubwa!! Marekani ni taifa la haki. Kwa kweli, waanzilishi wa taifa letu waliona inafaa kuingiza hati ya ziada katika Katiba. "Katika sheria hiyo, ""Bill of Rights"" inaorodheshwa na kuandikwa marekebisho kumi ya sheria ambayo yanatangaza haki za watu binafsi na serikali katika taifa letu." Hizi ni haki (kwa nadharia) haki ambazo wala Rais wala Bunge, wala Mahakama au Wanasheria... hawawezi kutuchukua. Miongoni mwa HAKI hizo (zilizotajwa katika Muswada wa Haki) ni haki za uhuru wa dini, wa kusema, wa vyombo vya habari... na kadhalika. "Kwa mfano, kama sheria ya Marekani haikutoa mamlaka maalum kwa serikali ya shirikisho, serikali ya shirikisho haikuwa na haki ya kudai mamlaka hiyo.""" Kama ingefanya hivyo... ingekuwa ikivunja haki za Mataifa au za Watu binafsi. Waanzilishi wa Taifa letu walitambua kwamba isipokuwa wakipunguza nguvu za Serikali ya Shirikisho. "Wakuu wetu waliochaguliwa wanaweza kujaribiwa kuwapiga watu miguu na kuunda utawala wa kimabavu ambapo watu watakuwa watumwa.""" Wakiwa na ufahamu wa jambo hilo, wao huweka thamani kubwa juu ya HAKI zetu za kibinafsi. Kwa hiyo, taifa hili ni taifa la haki. Hivyo ndivyo tulivyoanzishwa. Tunapaswa kumshukuru Mungu kila siku kwa kuwa tumebarikiwa kuzaliwa katika taifa kama hili. Lakini kama baraka ni kuishi katika taifa ambapo <unk>Haki zetu<unk> kulindwa kunaweza kuwa na tatizo kama haki zako mgogoro na haki zangu (au kinyume chake). Haki zako na haki zangu zinaposhindana... basi tuna tatizo! Hilo linapotokea mara nyingi sana huongoza kwenye kesi za kisheria, mgawanyiko wa kanisa, na hata mgawanyiko wa familia. "Kama ilivyoandikwa katika kitabu cha Marko, ""Yakobo na Yohana wana wa Zebedayo wakamjia wakamwambia, 'Mwalimu, tunataka ututendee chochote tutakachokuomba.' ""Wakauliza, ""Mnataka niwatendee nini?""Wakamwambia, ""Tupatie nafasi ya kuketi mmoja upande wako wa kulia na mwingine upande wako wa kushoto katika utukufu wako.""" "Je, mnaweza kunywa kikombe ninachokunywa mimi, au kubatizwa kwa ubatizo ninaobatizwa nao?""+ Wakamjibu: ""Tunaweza.""+ Yesu akawaambia: ""Mtakunywa kikombe ninachokunywa, na ubatizo ninaobatizwa nao mtabatizwa.+ Lakini kuketi upande wangu wa kulia au upande wangu wa kushoto si kazi yangu kuwapa, bali ni kazi ya wale ambao tayari wamebatizwa." Mark 10:35-41 - Sasa, tatizo ni nini? Kwa nini wanafunzi wengine wanamkasirikia Yakobo na Yohana? Wanafunzi wote waliamini kwamba Yesu alikuwa karibu kuanzisha Ufalme wa kidunia, na (kwa kweli akiwa Mfalme) angeweka watu rasmi ili watumikie wakiwa maofisa. Wote walidhani kwamba kazi hiyo muhimu ingewaangukia wao, wakiwa wafuasi wake wa karibu na wa kuaminika. Wale walioketi kwenye viti vya kulia na vya kushoto walikuwa na nafasi za pekee za mamlaka, na tu wale waliotegemeka zaidi kati ya maafisa hao walipewa heshima hiyo.

<urn:uuid:196dd728-4985-4387-b274-7b3c1ab3dcf5>

CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://www.sermoncentral.com/sermons/i-have-my-rights-jeff-strite-sermon-on-independence-210006?ref=SermonSerps

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00213.warc.gz

One of the favorite physical games of children is cop and culprit. One kid becomes a thief or culprit, and the other becomes a cop to catch him/her. The game usually requires them to run after each other until they catch the culprit. The game provided inspiration to many kids to join forces and contribute to the restoration of justice. However, the real crime scenes are completely different. In real life, most criminal acts come to light only after their occurrence, and investigating the crime scene is the only way to find and reach the culprit. Crime scene investigation is also not a piece of cake at all. It makes people utilize their skills and expertise to infer the situation correctly. Kidzania provides an opportunity for children to do crime scene investigation and polish their skills. Keep scrolling down this article to explore what children can learn from crime scene investigations at Kidzania and how it can impact their life. Top 7 Learnings at Crime Scene Investigation at Kidzania If your child is interested in joining the forces, it does not mean that they are fit for that too. They might have wrong assumptions about the field, as well as they might not be sharp enough to join it. Practicing at Kidzania crime scene investigations can build their potential and train them, in addition to making them familiar with real-life situations. Here are some of the major learnings children can get by being a part of crime scene investigations at Kidzania. 1. Technology Literacy The first and foremost learning children can get from crime scene investigation is technology literacy. Catching the culprits in the act of crime is not always possible; this is where modern technologies like CCTV monitoring, DNA test, forensic investigation come to the identification of the culprit. Many parents get Kidzania Dubai tickets so their kids can learn about the latest technologies being used in the field and have fact-based knowledge instead of false assumptions. Collaboration is the second learning children get from crime scene investigations at Kidzania. They learn that the bigger problems and issues always come with a lot of risks. One wrong move can worsen the whole situation. Therefore, it is always better to develop collaboration with reliable sources and work through bigger issues collectively and maximize the success rate. Communication is another significant learning children get from investigating the crime scenes at Kidzania. Catching a culprit is not an easy task. Everyone has to put in all their effort and ensure to strengthen their communication to avoid negativities. For instance, if an officer has identified the culprit and not shared it with the team, the culprit can harm them to keep their identity hidden. So, proper communication is more than necessary in every field of life. One of the basic skills children can learn through crime scene investigations is adaptability. Crime scenes are like puzzles, but it does not mean that children will always have all pieces of the puzzle to solve the case. They might have to suffice with given circumstances and resolve the case too. In such a situation, they will have to adapt instead of blaming it and halting the case, thinking it cannot be resolved without the missing puzzle piece. 5. Attention to Details Children can learn to pay attention to details by performing crime scene investigations at Kidzania. The kid’s mind works strangely. At times they can repeat conversations of adults even when they have not been listening actively. At other times, they forget their multiple-times learned the lesson. So, such activities can train their mind to stay focused and grasp the little details to draw solutions to the issue. 6. Critical Thinking Crimes have become quite complicated. At times, the culprit is not the one highlighted by the evidence, but they can be framed for it. In such cases, the little minds cannot follow the dots of evidence and punish the person but have to use critical thinking. It helps them think out of the box and reach the real culprit instead of stage one and resolve the case. 7. Problem Solving Problem-solving is the most crucial learning children can get crime scene investigations at Kidzania. Crimes are nothing less than problems with numerous propositions, assumptions, and inclinations; however, only a single logical solution can help find the culprit. Such investigations train young minds to solve problems. You can also visit Kidzania with your kids and let your children become logical and critical problem solvers. Does your child want to do a crime scene investigation? If your child wants to take on the challenges of crime scene investigation, or you think they need to learn and improve some skills, Kidzania is the best place to help them explore and enjoy. The learning experiences at the place feel like fun and play. So, grab the tickets immediately and let your children learn and enjoy in real-life settings.

Mojawapo ya michezo inayopendwa na watoto ni ya polisi na mhalifu. Mvulana mmoja anakuwa mwizi au mhalifu, na mwingine anakuwa polisi ili kumkamata. Kwa kawaida mchezo huo huwafanya wakimbie kila mmoja baada ya mwingine hadi wamkamate mhalifu. Mchezo huo ulitoa msukumo kwa watoto wengi kuungana na kuchangia kurudishwa kwa haki. Hata hivyo, matukio halisi ya uhalifu ni tofauti kabisa. Katika maisha halisi, vitendo vingi vya uhalifu hufunuliwa tu baada ya kutokea, na kuchunguza eneo la uhalifu ni njia pekee ya kupata na kufikia mhalifu. Uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu pia si jambo rahisi. Inawafanya watu watumie ustadi na utaalamu wao kuhitimisha hali hiyo kwa usahihi. Kidzania hutoa fursa kwa watoto kufanya uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu na kusafisha ujuzi wao. Kuendelea kugeuka chini makala hii kuchunguza nini watoto wanaweza kujifunza kutoka uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu katika Kidzania na jinsi inaweza kuathiri maisha yao. Kidzania: Utafiti wa Uhalifu wa Kidzania: Ikiwa mtoto wako anapenda kujiunga na vikosi, haimaanishi kwamba wanafaa kwa hilo pia. Wanaweza kuwa na dhana mbaya kuhusu uwanja huo, na pia wanaweza kuwa na akili kidogo ya kujiunga nao. Kujifunza katika uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu la Kidzania kunaweza kujenga uwezo wao na kuwafundisha, pamoja na kuwafanya wajue hali za maisha halisi. Hapa kuna baadhi ya masomo makuu ambayo watoto wanaweza kupata kwa kuwa sehemu ya uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu huko Kidzania. 1. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Ujuzi wa Teknolojia Ujuzi wa kwanza na wa kwanza ambao watoto wanaweza kupata kutoka kwa uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu ni ujuzi wa teknolojia. "Kukamata wahalifu wakati wa uhalifu sio rahisi, na teknolojia za kisasa kama vile ""CTV"" zinasaidia kutambua wahalifu." Wazazi wengi hupata tiketi za Kidzania Dubai ili watoto wao waweze kujifunza juu ya teknolojia za hivi karibuni zinazotumiwa katika uwanja na kuwa na maarifa ya msingi wa ukweli badala ya dhana za uwongo. Ushirikiano ni kujifunza pili watoto kupata kutoka uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu katika Kidzania. Wanajifunza kwamba matatizo makubwa na masuala daima kuja na hatari nyingi. Hatua moja isiyofaa yaweza kuharibu hali nzima. Kwa hiyo, ni bora daima kuendeleza ushirikiano na vyanzo vya kuaminika na kufanya kazi kupitia masuala makubwa kwa pamoja na kuongeza kiwango cha mafanikio. Mawasiliano ni kujifunza nyingine muhimu watoto kupata kutoka kuchunguza matukio ya uhalifu katika Kidzania. Kumkamata mhalifu si kazi rahisi. Kila mtu lazima aweke katika juhudi zao zote na kuhakikisha kuimarisha mawasiliano yao ili kuepuka hasi. Kwa mfano, kama afisa amemtambua mhalifu na hakusambaza habari hiyo kwa timu, mhalifu anaweza kumdhuru ili kuhifadhi utambulisho wake. Kwa hiyo, mawasiliano sahihi ni muhimu sana katika kila sehemu ya maisha. Mojawapo ya ustadi wa msingi ambao watoto wanaweza kujifunza kupitia uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu ni uwezo wa kuzoea mambo. "Mambo ya uhalifu ni kama ""puzzle"" lakini haimaanishi kwamba watoto wataweza kuunda mambo yote ya kueleza." Huenda wakalazimika kukubali hali zilizopo na kusuluhisha kesi hiyo pia. Katika hali kama hiyo, watalazimika kukabiliana badala ya kuilaumu na kusimamisha kesi, wakifikiri haiwezi kutatuliwa bila kipande cha puzzle kinachokosekana. 5. Uwe na mtazamo mzuri. Uangalifu kwa Maelezo Watoto wanaweza kujifunza kuzingatia maelezo kwa kufanya uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu katika Kidzania. Akili ya mtoto huyo hufanya kazi kwa njia ya ajabu. Nyakati nyingine wanaweza kurudia mazungumzo ya watu wazima hata wakati ambapo hawajawahi kusikiliza kwa makini. Nyakati nyingine, wao husahau kwamba wamejifunza somo hilo mara nyingi. Kwa hiyo, shughuli kama hizo zaweza kuzoeza akili yao kukaza fikira na kuelewa mambo madogo-madogo ili kupata suluhisho la tatizo. 6. Uwe na uhakika Uhalifu wa Kufikiria kwa Uhakiki umekuwa mgumu sana. Wakati mwingine, mhalifu si yule anayewekwa wazi na uthibitisho, lakini anaweza kuashiriwa kwa sababu hiyo. Katika hali kama hizo, akili ndogo haziwezi kufuata nukta za ushahidi na kumwadhibu mtu lakini lazima zitumie kufikiri kwa ukali. Hii inasaidia kufikiri nje ya sanduku na kufikia mhalifu halisi badala ya hatua ya kwanza na kutatua kesi. 7. Uwe na mtazamo gani? Kutatua matatizo ni muhimu zaidi kujifunza watoto wanaweza kupata uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu katika Kidzania. Uhalifu ni tatizo lenye hoja nyingi, dhana, na mwelekeo; hata hivyo, suluhisho moja tu la kimantiki linaweza kusaidia kumtafuta mhalifu. Uchunguzi kama huo hufundisha akili za vijana kutatua matatizo. Unaweza pia kutembelea Kidzania na watoto wako na kuwaacha watoto wako kuwa watatuaji wa matatizo ya kimantiki na muhimu. Je, mtoto wako anataka kufanya uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu? Ikiwa mtoto wako anataka kuchukua changamoto za uchunguzi wa eneo la uhalifu, au unafikiri wanahitaji kujifunza na kuboresha ujuzi fulani, Kidzania ni mahali pazuri pa kuwasaidia kuchunguza na kufurahia. Majaribio ya kujifunza katika mahali hapo huhisi kama furaha na kucheza. Kwa hiyo, chukua tiketi mara moja na uwache watoto wako wajifunze na kufurahia katika mazingira ya maisha halisi.

<urn:uuid:63f18ef4-a9fa-488d-b794-4fb94b1698a3>

CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://www.sharepostings.com/crime-scene-investigation-at-kidzania-what-can-kids-learn/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00213.warc.gz

Making primitive huts and tools from scratch using only natural materials found in the wild is a skill that many may wish they had, but rarely ever have had the opportunity to learn. For new YouTuber Primitive Technology, making these huts and tools appear to be a part of his everyday life – and now he’s spreading the knowledge. Since establishing his Primitive Technology YouTube channel in May of 2015, he has gathered over 5.5 million views on just seven videos – including over 3 million views alone on his ‘Building a primitive wattle and daub hut from scratch‘ video – which went viral days after being launched. Of course, building a hut efficiently requires the use of at least one or two hand tools though – and Primitive Technology isn’t leaving us out in the cold with that one, either. In his ‘Making A Celt Stone Axe From Scratch‘ video, PT walks us through the manufacturing process of a stone celt axe – an axe that uses a polished stone head wedged into a hole or mortise at the end of a wooden handle – using only primitive tools and materials. The head of the axe alone took just over a week to make due to his decision to use a particularly large piece of basalt. The process of shaping the head involved hammering, pecking, grinding and polishing repeatedly until a final shape was formed. The handle took significantly less time to create at just over a day. “A chisel was made from stone and a mallet made from a log. These were used to cut the tree for the handle and shape it once down,” says PT. “Fire was used to harden the wood and also to help shape the mortise. The ax was then used to cut down a tree the day after the handle was a tree itself. It is a more efficient tool for felling trees than the hand ax I made and at the time of uploading this video has cut down 4 trees which I will use later.”

Kutengeneza vibanda na vifaa vya kawaida kutoka mwanzo kwa kutumia vifaa vya asili tu vilivyopatikana katika mazingira ya asili ni ustadi ambao wengi wanaweza kutamani kuwa nao, lakini mara chache wamekuwa na fursa ya kujifunza. Kwa YouTuber mpya Primitive Technology, kufanya vibanda na zana hizi zinaonekana kuwa sehemu ya maisha yake ya kila siku <unk> na sasa anaeneza maarifa. Tangu kuanzisha kituo chake cha YouTube cha Primitive Technology mnamo Mei 2015, amekusanya maoni zaidi ya milioni 5.5 kwenye video saba tu - ikiwa ni pamoja na maoni zaidi ya milioni 3 peke yake kwenye video yake ya 'Kuunda kibanda cha primitive wattle na daub kutoka mwanzo' ambayo ilienda virusi siku chache baada ya kuzinduliwa. Bila shaka, kujenga kibanda kwa ufanisi inahitaji matumizi ya angalau moja au mbili zana mkono ingawa <unk> na Primitive Teknolojia si kuondoka sisi nje katika baridi na kwamba moja, ama. Katika video yake ya 'Making A Celt Stone Axe From Scratch', P.T. anatupeleka kupitia mchakato wa utengenezaji wa shoka la mawe la Celt - shoka ambalo hutumia kichwa cha mawe kilichopakwa rangi kilichowekwa ndani ya shimo au mortise mwishoni mwa kiganja cha mbao - kwa kutumia zana na vifaa vya msingi tu. Kichwa cha shoka peke yake kilichukua zaidi ya juma moja kutengenezwa kwa sababu ya uamuzi wake wa kutumia kipande kikubwa hasa cha basalt. Utaratibu wa kufanyiza kichwa hicho ulihusisha kupiga, kupiga, kusaga, na kupaka rangi mara kwa mara hadi umbo la mwisho lilipofanyizwa. Mkono huo ulichukua muda mfupi sana kuundwa kwa zaidi ya siku moja. <unk> Chombo cha kuchonga kilitengenezwa kwa mawe na nyundo ilitengenezwa kwa mti. Hizi zilitumiwa kukata mti kwa ajili ya kushughulikia na kuufanyiza mara moja chini, <unk> anasema PT. <unk>Moto ulitumiwa kuimarisha mbao na pia kusaidia kutengeneza umbo la mortise. Kisha shoka lilitumiwa kukata mti siku iliyofuata baada ya kiganja hicho kuwa mti yenyewe. Ni chombo bora zaidi cha kukata miti kuliko shoka nililotengeneza na wakati wa kupakia video hii imekatwa miti minne ambayo nitaitumia baadaye.

<urn:uuid:04554166-29e3-4fdd-888d-68199e820c58>

CC-MAIN-2024-10

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In emerging markets worldwide, cryptocurrency is becoming a significant player in financial transactions and inclusion. Unlike traditional banking systems, cryptocurrencies offer unique advantages such as lower transaction fees, accessibility, and the bypassing of currency instability. This post explores the impact of cryptocurrency in these markets, highlighting real-world applications and their implications for the future. Overcoming Banking Barriers Many individuals in emerging markets need access to traditional banking services. Cryptocurrencies, accessible via smartphones, offer an entry point into the financial world for the unbanked populations, providing services ranging from savings to transfers and payments. Platforms like Immediate Peak facilitate using cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to store and transfer money between users. Countries like the Philippines and El Salvador are prime examples of how cryptocurrencies transform remittances. Blockchain technology allows expatriates to send money home quickly and with lower fees than traditional banking channels. Cryptocurrencies present an alternative to preserve value in countries facing economic instability and hyperinflation, such as Venezuela. The adoption of Bitcoin and other digital currencies to escape rapidly devaluing local currencies is on the rise. Boosting Local Economies Cryptocurrency adoption can stimulate local economies by facilitating more accessible and secure transactions for goods and services. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can particularly benefit from the low transaction costs and access to a broader market. Enhancing Financial Literacy and Empowerment The rise of cryptocurrency in emerging markets is accompanied by increased financial literacy. Learning to navigate the crypto space can empower individuals and communities, giving them control over their financial futures. Case Study: El Salvador’s Bitcoin Experiment El Salvador made headlines as the first country to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender. This bold move aims to reduce remittance costs and attract investment, showcasing the potential of cryptocurrencies to reshape national economies. The Role of Mobile Technology The widespread use of mobile phones in emerging markets is a crucial enabler of cryptocurrency adoption. Mobile wallets and apps allow users to store, send, and receive digital currencies without access to a bank. Challenges to Adoption While the potential is vast, challenges remain, including regulatory hurdles, market volatility, and the need for technological infrastructure to support the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies. The Importance of Regulation Effective regulation can mitigate risks without stifling innovation. Countries are exploring integrating cryptocurrencies into their legal and financial systems, ensuring security and consumer protection. The Future of Work Cryptocurrencies are also transforming the gig economy, enabling freelancers in emerging markets to accept payments from anywhere in the world. This global accessibility is opening up new opportunities for the workforce in these regions. Education and Capacity Building For sustainable growth, ongoing education around blockchain and cryptocurrency is crucial. Initiatives aimed at increasing digital literacy can support these technologies’ safe and effective use. The Path Forward Cryptocurrency integration into emerging markets represents a significant shift in the global financial landscape. With careful regulation, education, and infrastructure development, cryptocurrencies could pave the way for a new financial inclusion and economic growth era. Cryptocurrency promises to transform financial transactions in emerging markets, offering a path to financial inclusion for the unbanked, stability in the face of economic turmoil, and new opportunities for economic development. As the world becomes increasingly digital, the role of cryptocurrencies in emerging markets is set to grow, marking an exciting chapter in the evolution of global finance.

Katika masoko yanayoibuka ulimwenguni kote, cryptocurrency inakuwa mchezaji muhimu katika shughuli za kifedha na ujumuishaji. Tofauti na mifumo ya jadi ya benki, sarafu za sarafu hutoa faida za kipekee kama vile ada ya chini ya shughuli, upatikanaji, na kuepukana na kutokuwa na utulivu wa sarafu. Ujumbe huu unachunguza athari za cryptocurrency katika masoko haya, ikionyesha matumizi ya ulimwengu halisi na athari zao kwa siku zijazo. Kushinda Vizuizi vya Benki Watu wengi katika masoko yanayoibuka wanahitaji upatikanaji wa huduma za jadi za benki. Cryptocurrencies, kupatikana kupitia simu mahiri, kutoa hatua ya kuingia katika ulimwengu wa fedha kwa ajili ya unbanked idadi ya watu, kutoa huduma kuanzia akiba kwa uhamisho na malipo. "Platform kama ""Peak ya Mara moja"" inasaidia kutumia sarafu kama Bitcoin kuhifadhi na kuhamisha pesa kati ya watumiaji." Nchi kama vile Ufilipino na El Salvador ni mifano bora ya jinsi sarafu za sarafu zinabadilisha uhamisho. Teknolojia ya blockchain inaruhusu wahamiaji kutuma pesa nyumbani haraka na kwa ada ya chini kuliko njia za jadi za benki. Fedha za sarafu zinawasilisha mbadala wa kuhifadhi thamani katika nchi zinazokabiliwa na ukosefu wa utulivu wa kiuchumi na mfumuko wa bei, kama vile Venezuela. Kuchukua Bitcoin na sarafu nyingine za dijiti ili kuepuka kupunguzwa kwa thamani ya sarafu za ndani ni kuongezeka. Kuongeza Uchumi wa Mitaa: Kuchukua cryptocurrency inaweza kuchochea uchumi wa mitaa kwa kuwezesha shughuli za ufikiaji na salama zaidi kwa bidhaa na huduma. Kampuni ndogo na za kati (SMEs) zinaweza hasa kufaidika na gharama za chini za shughuli na upatikanaji wa soko pana. Kuongeza Ujuzi wa Fedha na Uwezeshaji Kuongezeka kwa cryptocurrency katika masoko yanayotokea kunasababisha kuongezeka kwa ujuzi wa kifedha. Kujifunza jinsi ya kuendesha nafasi ya crypto inaweza kuwawezesha watu binafsi na jamii, kuwapa udhibiti juu ya siku zao za baadaye za kifedha. El Salvador ni nchi ya kwanza duniani kupitisha Bitcoin kama njia ya kisheria ya malipo. Hatua hii ya ujasiri inakusudia kupunguza gharama za uhamisho na kuvutia uwekezaji, ikionyesha uwezo wa sarafu za sarafu za kuunda upya uchumi wa kitaifa. """Utumizi wa simu za mkononi katika masoko yanayoibuka ni kipaumbele muhimu cha kupitishwa kwa sarafu." Mkoba wa simu na programu huruhusu watumiaji kuhifadhi, kutuma, na kupokea sarafu za dijiti bila upatikanaji wa benki. Wakati uwezekano ni mkubwa, changamoto bado zipo, ikiwa ni pamoja na vizuizi vya udhibiti, kutofautiana kwa soko, na hitaji la miundombinu ya kiteknolojia kusaidia kupitishwa kwa sarafu za sarafu. Umuhimu wa Udhibiti Udhibiti mzuri unaweza kupunguza hatari bila kuzuia uvumbuzi. Nchi zinachunguza kuunganisha sarafu za sarafu katika mifumo yao ya kisheria na kifedha, kuhakikisha usalama na ulinzi wa watumiaji. Fedha za sarafu pia zinabadilisha uchumi wa gig, ikiwezesha wafanyikazi wa kujitegemea katika masoko yanayoibuka kukubali malipo kutoka mahali popote ulimwenguni. Upatikanaji huu wa kimataifa unafungua fursa mpya kwa nguvu za kazi katika mikoa hii. Mafunzo na Ujenzi wa Uwezo Kwa ukuaji endelevu, elimu inayoendelea karibu na blockchain na cryptocurrency ni muhimu. Mipango inayolenga kuongeza ujuzi wa dijiti inaweza kusaidia matumizi salama na yenye ufanisi ya teknolojia hizi. Kuunganishwa kwa cryptocurrency katika masoko yanayoibuka inawakilisha mabadiliko makubwa katika mazingira ya kifedha ya kimataifa. Kwa udhibiti wa uangalifu, elimu, na maendeleo ya miundombinu, sarafu za sarafu zinaweza kuunda njia ya ujumuishaji mpya wa kifedha na enzi mpya ya ukuaji wa kiuchumi. Cryptocurrency inaahidi kubadilisha shughuli za kifedha katika masoko yanayoibuka, ikitoa njia ya ujumuishaji wa kifedha kwa wasio na benki, utulivu katika hali ya msukosuko wa kiuchumi, na fursa mpya za maendeleo ya kiuchumi. """Kama ulimwengu unakuwa zaidi na zaidi digital, jukumu la cryptocurrencies katika masoko yanayotokea ni kuweka kukua, kuashiria sura ya kusisimua katika mageuzi ya fedha ya kimataifa."

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Astronomers searching the sky for comets with the aid of early telescopes occasionally misidentified hazy, indistinct patches as distant travelers. In an effort to eliminate some of the confusion, French astronomer Charles Messier compiled a catalog of over one hundred of these objects, known as nebulae, over the course of his lifetime. Charles Messier was the tenth of twelve children born to a wealthy French family on June 26, 1730. The loss of his father at the age of eleven changed the family's financial status, however, and Messier left formal education to be schooled at home by his older brother. At the age of 21, Messier took a position with the Astronomer to the French Navy, where he kept careful records of the observations of the heavens. Messier went on to serve as the chief astronomer of the Marine Observatory in 1759 and later became the Astronomer of the Navy himself in 1771. He became a member of the prestigious Royal Society of London in 1764. In 1770, at the age of 40, Messier married Marie-Francoise de Vermauchampt. Tragically, his wife died in childbirth less than two years later, along with Messier's new son. Over the course of his career, Messier discovered forty nebulae and 13 comets. He compiled a list of nebulous objects in the Northern Hemisphere known as the Messier Catalog. Messier died on April 12, 1817, at the age of 86. In 1757, Messier began searching for a comet whose return was predicted by Edmond Halley. However, a mistake in the calculations of his employer led to the unfortunate Messier searching in the wrong patch of sky. On August 28, 1758, Messier discovered a fuzzy patch in the constellation of Taurus. Repeated observations revealed that the patch didn't move in relation to the background stars, and so was not a comet. The nebula became the first entry in his catalog, Messier 1 or M1, also known as the Crab Nebula. The second object in his catalog, M2, was a nebula previously discovered by an Italian astronomer. With the identification of a third nebula, a globular cluster, Messier bent himself to the task of scouring the heavens for these potentially confusing objects. He later said that he undertook his search "so that astronomers would no more confuse these same nebulae with comets just beginning to appear." Messier applied himself to the search with determination. In a seven-month period in 1764, he added 38 objects to his catalog. On March 18, 1781, Messier recorded nine new nebulae. He also began to include nebulae discovered by other astronomers. In addition to the Crab Nebula, the Messier Catalog also contains M31 — the Andromeda Galaxy — the Milky Way's closest neighbor. The Orion Nebula (M42 and M43) and the Pleiades (M45) are also part of the list. M40 is a binary star. [Image: Spectacular Photo Reveals Bright Nebula Near Orion's Belt] By 1781, Messier had identified one hundred and three nebulae as part of his catalog. Forty of the objects had been discovered by Messier himself. Seven objects known to have been recorded by Messier were added to the catalog in the twentieth century, with the final entry, M110, added in 1967. Messier's catalog still functions as a useful tool for amateur astronomers scouring the Northern Hemisphere today. —Nola Taylor Redd - Famous Astronomers - 50 Fabulous Deep-Space Nebula Photos - M78 Near Orion's Belt: Sifting the Bright Cosmic Dust | Video - Gallery: Strange Nebula Shapes, What Do You See? Get the Space.com Newsletter Breaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more! Nola Taylor Tillman is a contributing writer for Space.com. She loves all things space and astronomy-related, and enjoys the opportunity to learn more. She has a Bachelor’s degree in English and Astrophysics from Agnes Scott college and served as an intern at Sky & Telescope magazine. In her free time, she homeschools her four children. Follow her on Twitter at @NolaTRedd

Wataalamu wa nyota waliotafuta nyota za nyota angani kwa kutumia darubini za mapema mara kwa mara waliona kwa makosa sehemu zenye ukungu na zisizo wazi kuwa wasafiri wa mbali. Kwa sababu ya kutokuwa na uhakika kuhusu jinsi nyota hizo zilivyoonekana, Charles Messier, mtaalamu wa nyota wa Ufaransa, aliandika orodha ya nyota zaidi ya mia moja zilizokuwa zikiitwa nebulae. Charles Messier alikuwa mtoto wa kumi kati ya watoto kumi na wawili, alizaliwa katika familia tajiri ya Ufaransa mnamo Juni 26, 1730. Baada ya kupoteza baba yake akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na moja, hali ya kifedha ya familia ilibadilika, na Messier aliacha elimu rasmi ili afundishwe nyumbani na ndugu yake mkubwa. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 21, Messier alijiunga na jeshi la wanamaji la Ufaransa, ambako aliandika kwa uangalifu juu ya mambo aliyoona angani. Messier alitumikia kama mkuu wa wataalamu wa nyota wa Marine Observatory mnamo 1759 na baadaye akawa mtaalamu wa nyota wa Navy mnamo 1771. Mwaka 1764 alijiunga na Royal Society ya London. Mwaka 1770 akiwa na umri wa miaka 40, Messier aliolewa na Marie-Françoise de Vermauchampt. Kwa kusikitisha, mke wake alikufa alipokuwa akizaa chini ya miaka miwili baadaye, pamoja na mwana mpya wa Messier. Katika kipindi cha kazi yake, Messier aligundua nebula 40 na kometi 13. Alitengeneza orodha ya vitu visivyoonekana vizuri katika Kizio cha Kaskazini kinachoitwa Messier Catalog. Messier alikufa Aprili 12, 1817, akiwa na umri wa miaka 86. Mnamo 1757, Messier alianza kutafuta kometi ambayo Edmond Halley alitabiri ingerudi. Hata hivyo, kosa katika hesabu za mwajiri wake lilimfanya Messier asiye na bahati atafute mahali pasipofaa angani. Mnamo Agosti 28, 1758, Messier aligundua mviringo wa mviringo katika kundi la nyota la Taurus. Uchunguzi uliorudiwa-rudiwa ulifunua kwamba sehemu hiyo haikuhama ikilinganishwa na nyota za nyuma, na hivyo haikuwa kometi. Nebula hiyo ilikuwa sehemu ya kwanza ya orodha yake, Messier 1 au M1, inayojulikana pia kama Crab Nebula. Mwili wa pili katika orodha yake, M2, ulikuwa nebula iliyogunduliwa hapo awali na mtaalamu mmoja wa nyota Mwitaliano. Baada ya kutambua nebula ya tatu, kundi la nyota lenye umbo la mviringo, Messier akaanza kuchunguza anga ili kupata vitu hivyo ambavyo vingeweza kumchanganya mtu. Baadaye alisema kwamba alifanya utafiti huo "ili wataalamu wa nyota wasiweze tena kuchanganyikiwa na nebula hizo na kometi ambazo zilikuwa zinaanza kuonekana". Messier alijitolea kutafuta kwa azimio. Katika kipindi cha miezi saba mwaka wa 1764, aliongeza vitu 38 kwenye orodha yake. Mnamo Machi 18, 1781, Messier alipiga picha ya nebula tisa mpya. Pia alianza kutia ndani nebulae zilizogunduliwa na wataalamu wengine wa nyota. Mwangaza wa Messier unaonekana katika galaxy ya M31 (Manga ya Andromeda) ambayo ni jirani ya Milky Way. Nebula ya Orion (M42) na Pleiades (M45) pia ni sehemu ya orodha hiyo. M40 ni nyota ya binary. "Mfano wa ""Nebula ya Nuru"" karibu na ukanda wa Orion: Messier aliorodhesha nebula 103 katika orodha yake ya nyota." Vitu 40 kati ya hivyo vilikuwa vimegunduliwa na Messier mwenyewe. Mifano saba ya Messier iliongezwa katika orodha hiyo katika karne ya ishirini, na ya mwisho, M110, iliongezwa mwaka wa 1967. Katalogi ya Messier bado ni chombo muhimu kwa wataalamu wa nyota wa amateur wanaochunguza Kizio cha Kaskazini leo. "Nola Taylor Redd - Wataalamu maarufu wa nyota - Picha 50 za Nebula za Angani - M78 Karibu na Ukanda wa Orion: Kuchanganua Vumbi la Cosmic Bright | Video - Gallery: Maumbo ya Nebula ya ajabu, Unaona Nini?" Kupata Space.com Newsletter Breaking nafasi ya habari, updates karibuni juu ya roketi launches, skywatching matukio na zaidi! Taylor Tillman ni mwandishi wa Space.com. Anapenda mambo yote yanayohusiana na anga na elimu ya nyota, na anafurahia fursa ya kujifunza mengi zaidi. Ana shahada ya kwanza katika Kiingereza na Astrophysics kutoka chuo cha Agnes Scott na alihudumu kama intern katika Sky & Telescope magazine. Katika wakati wake wa kupumzika, anawafundisha watoto wake wanne nyumbani. Mfuateni kwenye Twitter @NolaTrade

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Roving the Red Planet June 19 2018 Seventy-six million kilometres away on the planet Mars, two robotic rovers have been toiling for years in the name of science. This month has brought success for one them and trouble for the other. For the older rover, Opportunity, it's bad news. Over the past few weeks a huge dust storm has spread to cover a quarter of the entire planet. Opportunity is solar-powered and is no longer receiving enough sunlight to function, so almost all its systems have been shut down to conserve energy. Hopefully this will enable it to ride out the storm but Martian dust clouds can last for months, making survival very difficult. A silver lining is that NASA's other rover, along with several space probes orbiting Mars, are well-placed to study this storm and learn a lot about extreme weather on other planets. If Opportunity does succumb to the storm it will be the end of a spectacularly successful mission. This rover was only designed to last three months on Mars but has been working almost flawlessly for over fiften years. The other rover, Curiosity, is not affected by the storm and is having a much better time. In one of its most significant discoveries since landing there in 2012, Curiosity has found clear evidence of organic molecules on Mars. This doesn't necessarily indicate life but organics are important building blocks of life as we know it. This discovery will keep scientists excited and busy for a long time. Mars is currently in a good position to be seen from New Zealand in the evening. A striking deep red colour, it rises in the east at about 8:30 pm and will rise a little earlier each night in the coming weeks. Speaking of Jupiter, last month we talked about the possible termination of the Juno mission. NASA has since announced that Juno is safe and the mission has been extended for three years. Let's hope for similar good news from Mars and our stoic robo-friend Opportunity.

Mwezi wa Jua unaelekea kwenye sayari ya Mars, Jumanne, Juni 19, 2018 - Karibu kilomita milioni 76 mbali na sayari hiyo, roboti mbili za kivita zimekuwa zikijitahidi kwa miaka mingi kwa jina la sayansi. Mwezi huu umeleta mafanikio kwa mmoja wao na matatizo kwa mwingine. Kwa rover ya zamani, Opportunity, ni habari mbaya. Katika wiki chache zilizopita, dhoruba kubwa ya vumbi imeenea kufunika robo ya sayari nzima. Opportunity inaendeshwa na nishati ya jua na haipati mwangaza wa kutosha wa jua kufanya kazi, kwa hivyo karibu mifumo yake yote imefungwa ili kuokoa nishati. Kwa matumaini hii itawezesha kuendesha nje ya dhoruba lakini mawingu ya vumbi ya Mars inaweza kudumu kwa miezi, na kufanya kuishi vigumu sana. Kwa upande mwingine, rover nyingine ya NASA, pamoja na vipimo kadhaa vya anga vinavyozunguka sayari ya Mars, viko mahali pazuri pa kuchunguza dhoruba hii na kujifunza mengi juu ya hali ya hewa kali kwenye sayari nyingine. Ikiwa Opportunity itaangamia kwa dhoruba hiyo itakuwa mwisho wa utume uliofanikiwa sana. Rover hii ilitengenezwa tu kudumu miezi mitatu kwenye Mihiri lakini imekuwa ikifanya kazi karibu bila kasoro kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi na tano. Rover nyingine, Curiosity, haijaathiriwa na dhoruba na ina wakati bora zaidi. Katika uchunguzi wake wa kwanza tangu kutua mnamo 2012, Curiosity ilipata ushahidi wa molekuli za kikaboni kwenye sayari ya Mars. Hii haimaanishi kwamba kuna uhai, lakini vitu vilivyo na viumbe hai ni vitu muhimu vinavyojenga uhai kama tunavyojua. Ugunduzi huo utawafanya wanasayansi wawe na shughuli nyingi kwa muda mrefu. Kwa sasa sayari ya Mars iko katika hali nzuri ya kuonekana kutoka New Zealand jioni. Jua la rangi nyekundu kali linatokea mashariki karibu saa 8:30 jioni na litatokea mapema kila usiku katika wiki zijazo. Kwa kuongea na Jupita, mwezi uliopita tulizungumza juu ya uwezekano wa kukomesha utume wa Juno. NASA imesema kuwa Juno ni salama na imepanua muda wa safari hiyo kwa miaka mitatu. Hebu tutegemee habari nzuri kama hizo kutoka Mars na rafiki yetu wa roboti Opportunity.

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Making polymer chemistry 'click' by Staff Writers Berkeley CA (SPX) Jul 27, 2017 A team of researchers has developed a faster and easier way to make sulfur-containing polymers that will lower the cost of large-scale production. The achievement, published in Nature Chemistry and Angewandte Chemie, opens the door to creating new products from this class of polymers while producing far less hazardous waste. The researchers' reaction technique, dubbed SuFEx for sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange, combined with a newly identified class of catalysts that speed up the reactions, could be used to make everything from water bottles and mobile phone cases to medical devices and bulletproof glass. When a useful molecule is discovered, there are few reactions that chemists can use that are simple and efficient enough to meet the industrial production requirements for cost-effectively scaling up. In 2001, Nobel laureate K. Barry Sharpless introduced a new concept to organic chemistry known as "click chemistry," describing a suite of controllable, highly reactive reactions that are high-yielding and require little to no purification. Following nature's example, click reactions follow simple protocols, use readily available starting materials, and work under mild reaction conditions with benign starting reagents. Click chemistry has become a valuable tool for generating large libraries of potentially useful compounds as industries look to discover new drugs and materials. Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's (Berkeley Lab) Molecular Foundry, a facility that specializes in nanoscale science, worked with a team led by Sharpless and Peng Wu, professors at the Scripps Research Institute (TSRI). The team created long chains of linked sulfur-containing molecules, termed polysulfates and polysulfonates, using a SuFEx click reaction. "Click chemistry is a powerful tool for materials discovery, but synthetic chemists are often not well-equipped to characterize the polymers they create," said Yi Liu, director of the Organic Synthesis facility at the Molecular Foundry. "We can provide a broad spectrum of expertise and instrumentation that can expand the scope and impact of their research." The SuFEx reaction, introduced as a new family of click reactions in 2014, reliably and quickly creates new chemical bonds, connecting compounds together with sulfates or sulfonates. While polysulfates have shown great potential as competitors to polycarbonates (strong plastics used for eyewear lenses and water bottles, for example), they have been rarely used for industrial applications due to a lack of reliable and easily scalable synthetic processes. To overcome the challenges of mass-manufacturing polysulfates and polysulfonates, the TSRI team explored various catalysts and starting reagents to optimize the SuFEx reaction. They relied on their collaborators at the Molecular Foundry to assess physical properties and determine if the newly created polymers were thermally stable products. Polymers are assembled from smaller molecules - like stringing a repeating pattern of beads on a necklace. In creating a polysulfonate "necklace" with SuFEx, the researchers identified ethenesulfonyl fluoride-amine/aniline and bisphenol ether as good "beads" to use and found that using bifluoride salt as a catalyst made the previously slow reaction "click" into action. Researchers found that the high efficiency of the reaction results in a remarkable 99 percent conversion, from starting reactants to products, in less than an hour. Researchers found that the new reaction requires 100 to 1,000 times less catalyst than other known methods, resulting in significantly less hazardous waste. Bifluoride salts are also much less corrosive than previously used catalysts, allowing for a wider range of starting substrate "beads," which researchers said they hope could lead to its adoption for a range of industrial processes. "There are many new polymers that haven't been widely used by industry before," said Liu. "By reducing waste and improving product purity, we lower the cost and make this reaction much more industry friendly." The Molecular Foundry is a DOE Office of Science User Facility that provides free access to state of the art equipment and multidisciplinary expertise in nanoscale science to visiting scientists from all over the world. Nashville TN (SPX) Jul 25, 2017 Two-dimensional materials that can multitask. That is the result of a new process that naturally produces patterned monolayers that can act as a base for creating a wide variety of novel materials with dual optical, magnetic, catalytic or sensing capabilities. "Patterned materials open up the possibility of having two functionalities in a single material, such as catalyzing a chemica ... read more Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Space Technology News - Applications and Research |The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2024 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. All articles labeled "by Staff Writers" include reports supplied to Space Media Network by industry news wires, PR agencies, corporate press officers and the like. 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"Kufanya kemia ya polima ""bonyeza"" na Waandishi wa Wafanyakazi Berkeley CA (SPX) Jul 27, 2017 ""Timu ya watafiti imebuni njia ya haraka na rahisi ya kutengeneza polima zenye sulfuri ambayo itapunguza gharama ya uzalishaji wa kiwango kikubwa." Ufanisi huo, uliochapishwa katika Nature Chemistry na Angewandte Chemie, unafungua mlango kwa ajili ya kuunda bidhaa mpya kutoka darasa hili la polima wakati wa kuzalisha taka hatari kidogo. Utafiti huo unaitwa Sufex (Sulfur Fluoride Exchange) na unajumuisha aina mpya ya kichocheo kinachoongeza kasi ya athari za kemikali, na inaweza kutumika kutengeneza kila kitu kutoka chupa za maji hadi vifaa vya matibabu na glasi zisizo na risasi. Wakati molekuli muhimu imegunduliwa, kuna athari chache ambazo wanakemia wanaweza kutumia ambazo ni rahisi na ufanisi wa kutosha kukidhi mahitaji ya uzalishaji wa viwanda kwa kuongeza gharama. "Mwaka wa 2001, K. Barry Sharpless, mshindi wa tuzo ya Nobel, alianzisha dhana mpya ya kemia ya kikaboni inayojulikana kama ""kimia ya click,"" ikielezea seti ya athari zinazoweza kudhibitiwa, zenye athari kubwa ambazo zinatoa matokeo ya juu na zinahitaji kusafishwa kidogo au hakuna." Kufuatia mfano wa asili, athari za bonyeza hufuata itifaki rahisi, hutumia vifaa vya kuanza vinavyopatikana kwa urahisi, na hufanya kazi chini ya hali ya athari laini na reagents za kuanza zisizo na madhara. "Kemia ya ""Click"" imekuwa chombo muhimu cha kutengeneza maktaba kubwa ya misombo yenye manufaa, wakati viwanda vinatafuta kugundua dawa mpya na vifaa." Wanasayansi wa Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (BRL) Molecular Foundry, kituo cha sayansi ya nanoscale, walifanya kazi na timu iliyoongozwa na Sharpless na Peng Wu, maprofesa katika Taasisi ya Utafiti ya Scripps. Timu hiyo ilitengeneza minyororo mirefu ya molekuli zenye sulfuri, zinazoitwa polysulfates na polysulfonates, kwa kutumia athari ya bonyeza ya SuFEx. "Kemia ya Click ni chombo chenye nguvu cha kugundua vifaa, lakini mara nyingi wanakemia wa synthetic hawajawa na vifaa vya kutosha kuelezea polima wanazotengeneza, ""alisema Yi Liu, mkurugenzi wa kituo cha Organic Synthesis katika Molecular Foundry." "Tunaweza kutoa utaalam na vifaa mbalimbali vinavyoweza kupanua upeo na athari za utafiti wao". SuFex ni aina ya athari ya kemikali ya kipekee ambayo hutengeneza viungo vipya vya kemikali na kuunganisha sulfates na sulfonates. Ingawa polysulphates wameonyesha uwezo mkubwa kama washindani wa polycarbonates (plastiki imara kutumika kwa lenses kioo na chupa za maji, kwa mfano), wao wamekuwa mara chache kutumika kwa ajili ya maombi ya viwanda kutokana na ukosefu wa kuaminika na urahisi scalable michakato synthetic. Ili kuepuka changamoto za utengenezaji wa wingi wa polysulphates na polysulfonates, timu ya TSRI ilichunguza vimeng'enya mbalimbali na reagents za kuanza ili kuboresha athari ya SuF-X. Walitegemea washirika wao katika Molecular Foundry kutathmini mali za kimwili na kuamua kama polima zilizotengenezwa hivi karibuni zilikuwa bidhaa thabiti za joto. Polima hufanyizwa kutokana na molekuli ndogo - kama vile nyuzi za shanga zinazorudiwa-rudiwa kwenye mkufu. Katika kuunda polysulfonate "mkufu" na SuFex, watafiti walitambua ethenesulfonyl fluoride-amine (ASF) na bisphenol ether (BFE) kama "beads" nzuri kutumia na kugundua kwamba kutumia chumvi ya bifluoride kama kichocheo alifanya awali polepole athari "click" katika hatua. Watafiti walipata kwamba ufanisi wa juu wa athari hiyo unasababisha mabadiliko ya 99% ya ajabu, kutoka kwa reagents ya kuanza hadi bidhaa, katika chini ya saa moja. Watafiti walipata kwamba athari mpya inahitaji catalyst mara 100 hadi 1,000 chini ya njia nyingine zinazojulikana, na kusababisha taka hatari kidogo. Bifluoride chumvi ni pia chini sana corrosive kuliko catalysts kutumika hapo awali, kuruhusu kwa ajili ya mbalimbali pana ya kuanza substrate "beads", ambayo watafiti alisema wanatarajia inaweza kusababisha kupitishwa kwa ajili ya mbalimbali ya michakato ya viwanda. "Kuna polima nyingi mpya ambazo hazijatumiwa sana na viwanda hapo awali", akasema Liu. "Kwa kupunguza taka na kuboresha usafi wa bidhaa, tunapunguza gharama na kufanya mmenyuko huu kuwa wa kirafiki zaidi kwa sekta". The Molecular Foundry ni ofisi ya DOE ya vifaa vya watumiaji wa sayansi ambayo hutoa upatikanaji wa bure wa vifaa vya kisasa na utaalam wa kitaaluma katika sayansi ya nanoscale kwa wanasayansi wanaotembelea kutoka kote ulimwenguni. "Nashville, Tennessee, Julai 25, 2017 ""Vitu viwili vya pande mbili vinavyoweza kufanya kazi nyingi.""" Hii ni matokeo ya mchakato mpya ambao hutengeneza monolayers za asili ambazo zinaweza kutumika kama msingi wa kuunda vifaa mbalimbali vya ubunifu na uwezo wa macho, sumaku, catalytic au sensing. "Vifaa vya mtindo hufungua uwezekano wa kuwa na kazi mbili katika nyenzo moja, kama vile kuchochea kemikali... soma zaidi Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Space Technology News - Maombi na Utafiti: ""Maudhui hapa, isipokuwa kama inajulikana kuwa ya umma, ni Copyright 1995-2024 - Space Media Network." Tovuti zote zinachapishwa nchini Australia na zinategemea tu sheria za Australia na zinaongozwa na kanuni za Matumizi ya Haki kwa ripoti za habari na madhumuni ya utafiti. Habari za AFP, UPI na IANS zina hati miliki ya Agence France-Presse, United Press International na Indo-Asia News Service. Habari za ESA ni hati miliki ya Shirika la Anga la Ulaya. Vifaa vyote vya NASA ni vya umma. Haki za urithi za ziada zinaweza kutumika kwa jumla au sehemu kwa pande nyingine za dhati. "Vitu vyote vilivyoandikwa ""Na Waandishi wa Wafanyakazi"" vinajumuisha ripoti zinazotolewa kwa Space Media Network na waya za habari za sekta, mashirika ya PR, maafisa wa vyombo vya habari vya ushirika na kadhalika." Makala kama hizo huandaliwa na kuhaririwa na wafanyakazi wa Space Media Network kulingana na thamani ya habari ya ripoti kwa sekta yetu na wasomaji wa kitaaluma. Matangazo ya biashara hayamaanisha kuidhinisha, kukubali, au idhini ya maoni yoyote, taarifa au habari zinazotolewa na Space Media Network kwenye ukurasa wowote wa wavuti uliochapishwa au mwenyeji na Space Media Network. Sheria ya Ulinzi wa Takwimu ya Jumla (GDPR) - Watangazaji wetu hutumia kuki mbalimbali na kama vile kutoa banner bora ya matangazo inapatikana kwa wakati mmoja. Wauzaji wote wa matangazo ya mtandao wana sera za GDPR (Uhitaji Halali) ambazo zinakubaliana na kanuni za EU za ukusanyaji wa data. Kwa kutumia tovuti zetu unakubali matangazo ya kutegemea kuki. Ikiwa haukubaliani na hii, lazima uache kutumia tovuti hii kuanzia Mei 25, 2018. Taarifa ya faragha. Habari zaidi inaweza kupatikana hapa kwenye Kuhusu Sisi.

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This course will focus on the key features of autism that distinguish it from other disorders. The reason I suggested this topic is because of the increase in the number of diagnosed cases of autism. Sometimes I'm called into a case where a child has been diagnosed with autism, but it turns out that the child doesn't have autism after all. Therefore, it is important, as I'm sure we would all agree, to get this diagnosis correct. Speech language pathologists are learning more and more about autism and more commonly being involved in, or is sometimes the primary diagnostician of autism spectrum disorders. As you can see, I think we are uniquely qualified to do that diagnostic very appropriately and accurately, so I hope that you will learn how to participate in diagnosing autism and how to get the diagnosis right. Is it Autism? So, is it autism? It is a question that seems to continue to elude us. Autism is a serious medical condition that bestows lifelong issues for individuals with the condition, their family, and their community. Accurate diagnosis is important for the individual, their family, and everybody who cares about them. The diagnostic criteria for autism has changed, but the disorder remains the same as when Leo Kanner identified it in 1943. It's a disorder that evidences itself in the presentation of social, communication, and behavioral symptoms. There is still no reliable medical test to identify autism and there's no standardized measure that alone can diagnose the condition either. The best method of identifying autism continues to be by observation of skilled professionals who work extensively within the autistic population in collaboration with their families, educators, and medical professionals. Together, we can put the pieces of the puzzle together and render an accurate autism diagnosis. A good place to begin is to understand the diagnostic signs of autism that collectively yield the diagnosis of autism and are either specific to autism or might indicate just one facet of the disorder. Who are the diagnosticians who participate in this process? Autism can be diagnosed by a wide range of professionals including doctors, teachers, educators, and therapists like speech language pathologists. It doesn't have to be any one of these individuals, so it's important to recognize we can play a very important, if not a main role in performing the diagnosis as speech language pathologists. Who Is Qualified to Assess the Core Features of ASD Who is qualified to assess the core features of ASD? The core features involve communication, social skills, and behavior. I would argue that the speech language pathologist is the diagnostician of choice for diagnosing autism. As recommended by ASHA, we need to have extensive experience before we take on this role, but if you, as a speech language pathologist, have extensive experience in this population, you may be one of the more qualified diagnosticians on the team. It's important to remember that. Roles of the SLP: ASD and SCD In 2006, ASHA came out with a series of papers to delineate more information for speech-language pathologists about autism spectrum disorders. One of those papers delineates the roles and responsibilities of speech-language pathologists in diagnosing and treating autism spectrum disorders. - Assessment and Intervention Even if we do play one of the major roles in the diagnostic procedure, we need to do this in collaboration with other people, including the family members, educators, medical professionals, anyone who's been involved with the child. We can play a role in screening for autism spectrum disorders. There are a number of good screening tools available for assessing the condition and assessing the communicative and social abilities of the child and intervening in those ways as well as making the actual diagnosis. Speech-language pathologists also participate in research relative to autism spectrum disorders and in advocating for these individuals and their families. We can play a role in many ways and I encourage you to consult this 2006 paper from ASHA regarding the many different ways that we can participate. ASD: New Diagnostic Parameters Changing Criteria for Diagnosing Autism (APA) How have the diagnostic criteria changed for autism spectrum disorders? For many years, the diagnostic and statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association specified a set of diagnostic criteria that are globally used to diagnose the condition. In 2013 they had a major revision of these criteria. As of 2017, there are many individuals with autism spectrum disorder or Asperger's disorder or PDD-NOS who still have those diagnoses and based on the 2013 standards or diagnostic criteria, they keep those diagnoses until they are re-evaluated. There are many different diagnostic terms today and it's important to be aware of the criteria under which individuals were diagnosed and re-diagnosed if they are reassessed in the future. In 2000, the DSM-4 specified that there were five pervasive developmental disorders. One of those was autistic disorder, or autism, as we more commonly refer to it. It was one of five disorders which were entitled pervasive developmental disorders because they were pervasive into almost every aspect of the individual's life. Autistic disorder was diagnosed by a series of social, behavioral, and communication symptoms that I will discuss shortly. Asperger's disorder, on the other hand, was differentiated from autism in that the individuals with this condition were very fluent with their language. They most-likely presented some early language delays, but once they learned language they spoke in sentences conversationally in a very fluent way. This very much differentiated it from autistic disorder in which individuals had life-long difficulty putting communication together, even if they achieve conversational language. A lot of times it was still very difficult for them to put their thoughts into words and to think in words. There were three other pervasive developmental disorders in this category. One was pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified, or PDD-NOS. This turned out to be the most popular category of pervasive developmental disorder. It was intended to be for individuals who exhibited some characteristics of autism, yet not enough characteristics to give the full diagnosis of autistic disorder. The original authors of the DSM-4 intended this to be a placeholder condition when diagnosticians, maybe very early in development, were not sure whether the child was going to present the full autistic disorder or maybe just had a few characteristics that they may develop out of over time. It was really meant to be a placeholder in which a new diagnosis, or a new evaluation, was conducted in a year or so to determine whether or not autistic disorder or Asperger's disorder or some other condition was present. However, in practice, PDD-NOS was a diagnosis that frequently stuck and followed the child for quite a long time. The other two other conditions in this category were Rett's Disorder and childhood disintegrative disorder. These were both neurodegenerative conditions that are genetic or neurological in origin and are much rarer than the other three conditions, as it turns out. The DSM-4 specified that a diagnosis of autism or Asperger's syndrome or PDD-NOS needed to be rendered by the time the child was three years of age and the presenting symptoms should be there for the diagnosis to be rendered by that time. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association, after a long period of study and consultation with many autism experts, set forward a new group of diagnostic standards. They did away with the category of pervasive developmental disorders and renamed a category of autism spectrum disorders all for itself. In a sense this gave the diagnosis of autism a greater standing in the psychiatric community. They completely revamped how autism was diagnosed and while you will still see the communication, social, and behavioral components in the diagnosis, they became a little more specific in terms of exactly what behaviors we wanted to look for. This is a good change and one that has helped us to know what we're looking for better than we did before. Specifically, for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders there will be social, communication, and interaction deficits, restricted behaviors, activities and interests similar to before. Now, instead of diagnosing autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, PDD-NOS, autism is diagnosed based on a level of severity. Level 1 individuals with autism are those that require the least support. They have more communication. They're much more verbal. They are going to communicate in sentences or conversationally. Level 2 individuals need some support from others. Level 3 are individuals with autism who have minimal verbal ability, certainly limited understanding of language, limited social skills, and behavioral aspects that would be expected and they are going to require very substantial support to be independent. No longer does the diagnosis have to be rendered by age three, but rather just very early in development. Diagnoses Then and Now: A Comparison The diagnoses then and now could be laid out according to Figure 1. Figure 1. Diagnoses Then and Now: A comparison. On the left side of figure 1, there are autism levels 1, 2 and 3. This used to be represented by diagnosis such as autism, pervasive developmental disorder, high functioning autism, or Asperger's syndrome, but the new diagnosis would either be at level 1, 2 or 3. We would expect people who formerly had a diagnosis of Asperger's syndrome or high functioning autism to be level 1 and people with autism or a diagnosis of PDD-NOS would most likely be at 2 or 3. They also added a new diagnostic category – social communication disorder. This one is especially interesting for speech language pathologists. These are individuals who evidence all of the pragmatic language deficits that we often see such as difficulties with nonverbal communication and difficulty interacting with others. But, they don’t have all of the other symptoms of autism. Diagnoses that were commonly used in this category before were nonverbal learning disorder and some people with Asperger syndrome may have fallen into this category as well. ASD: Social Communication and Interaction Deficits Let’s take a closer look at the criteria to help you sort out the criteria that were used formerly and those that are being used in new diagnostic evaluations since 2013. There are new diagnostic standards for diagnosing autism spectrum disorder. Social-emotional reciprocity. The APA specified that this is a disorder with primary social, communication, and interaction deficits. Notice that the language has changed and that they're understanding that the social communication piece of this is very important and that individuals with autism present persistent deficits in these areas, particularly in the area of social-emotional reciprocity. For example, failing to engage with other people, failing to be interested in the communication of other people, difficulty initiating, difficulty taking turns. Perhaps there is difficulty with joint attention, just sharing attention with another person you want to communicate with, difficulty showing off and sharing the joy of something with another human being. These are characteristics that we don't see in children with autism early on. Some of these skills can be developed and we work very hard to develop them. But when we see a child for a diagnostic, we're looking for these kind of core deficits in social-emotional reciprocity. Nonverbal communication. We're also looking for deficits in nonverbal communication. I was glad to see the APA including this category because it's very important. Nonverbal communication are those nonverbal communicative messages that carry so much meaning, like our eye messages. What are we saying with our eyes? Are we saying that we're interested in someone's communication or not? Are we saying with our eyes that we understand what someone's saying or we don't? Are we saying with our eyes that we're being a little bit sarcastic and that our verbal message doesn't match our nonverbal message? There are all kinds of eye messages that we send to one another. Similarly, we use our voice to communicate a lot of nonverbal information. Are we asking a question or are we making a statement? Are we hoping that someone's going to listen to us? Are we changing our vocal register when we talk to young children or when we talk to other people or not? There are many types of voice messages that we send to one another when we're sending a verbal message. Then there's our body language that helps to get across our meaning. How close or far away we stand to people also says something about the communicative message that we're sending. People with autism don't read these signals very well. They're having a hard enough time decoding the verbal piece of the message and they're just not very good at being able to simultaneously read all of these nonverbal signals and encode meaning from them. Negotiating social relationships. People with autism have difficulty approaching other people, knowing how to start a verbal or nonverbal interaction with them, and this goes on into having difficulty making friends and maintaining relationships later. ASD: Restricted Behaviors, Activities, Interests Another category in the new diagnostics standards is similar but kind of collapses across some of the former categories as restricted behaviors, activities, and interests. Repetitive stereotypic movements, speech or use of objects. People with autism do have some repetitive stereotypic movements. Sometimes we refer to these as stereotypies, or motor movements that don't seem to have any purpose but are repeated over and over again. This also happens with speech in terms of echolalia, saying things over and over again for no apparent reason, and using objects repetitively, not necessarily for the function they were intended. Insistence on sameness and routines. It was replete through Leo Kanner's early papers, that children with this new condition that he had identified wanted things to be the same. They wanted a routine. They didn't just want it. They seemed to need it. Anytime the routine was broken they would react negatively to it and often scream and tantrum. So this insistence on sameness and need for routine continues today as one of the seminal characteristics of this disorder. Restricted interests; fixations. Individuals with autism are typically not interested in too many things and may be fixated on certain topics or on certain things. Often during a diagnostic evaluation, I often ask the family if given a short period of time to do whatever the individual wanted, what would they do. Usually, if the person has autism, the family can tell me one or two things that the individual likes to do over and over again, or with higher functioning individuals there is something they like to talk about over and over again. Hyper- or hypo- sensory experiences. People with autism have a lot of altered sensory experiences. Quite simply, they don't experience the world the way you and I do. They're often hypersensitive to certain smells or sounds, which means that they don't hear things the way we do. They don't hear your voice the way I would hear your voice. They don't see things the way that we would see things. One time, a little girl with autism told me that my hair looked like a halo. When she described it to me more in depth, she said that she could see each individual hair on my head as if it was an individual thing rather than hair as you and I would see it. People with autism are not experiencing the world from a sensory perspective in the same way as you or I, so it may not be surprising that they're not responding to it the same way either.

Kozi hii itazingatia sifa kuu za ugonjwa wa akili zinazomtofautisha na magonjwa mengine. Sababu ya kuanzisha hii ni kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa idadi ya wagonjwa wa ugonjwa wa akili. Wakati mwingine mimi huitwa katika kesi ambapo mtoto amepatikana na ugonjwa wa akili, lakini inageuka kuwa mtoto hana ugonjwa wa akili baada ya yote. Kwa hiyo, ni muhimu, kama nina uhakika sisi sote tutakubaliana, kupata utambuzi huu sahihi. Wataalamu wa lugha ya hotuba wanajifunza zaidi na zaidi juu ya ugonjwa wa akili na mara nyingi wanahusika katika, au wakati mwingine ni mgonjwa wa msingi wa matatizo ya autism. Kama unavyoona, ninaamini tuna sifa za kipekee za kufanya uchunguzi huo kwa usahihi na usahihi, kwa hivyo natumaini utajifunza jinsi ya kushiriki katika utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa akili na jinsi ya kupata utambuzi sahihi. Je, ni ugonjwa wa akili? Kwa hiyo, je, ni ugonjwa wa akili? Ni swali ambalo linaonekana kuendelea kutotufanya tuelewe. Autism ni hali mbaya ya afya ambayo hutoa matatizo ya maisha kwa watu walio na hali hiyo, familia zao, na jamii yao. Uchunguzi sahihi ni muhimu kwa mtu binafsi, familia yake, na kila mtu anayemjali. Ugonjwa wa autism umebadilika, lakini bado ni ugonjwa ambao Leo Kanner aliugundua mwaka 1943. Ni ugonjwa unaojitokeza katika dalili za kijamii, za mawasiliano, na za tabia. Bado hakuna mtihani wa matibabu wa kuaminika wa kutambua ugonjwa wa akili na hakuna kipimo cha kawaida ambacho peke yake kinaweza kugundua hali hiyo. Njia bora ya kutambua ugonjwa wa akili ni kupitia uchunguzi wa wataalamu wenye ujuzi ambao hufanya kazi kwa wingi ndani ya idadi ya watu wenye ugonjwa wa akili kwa kushirikiana na familia zao, walimu, na wataalamu wa matibabu. Pamoja, tunaweza kuunganisha vipande vya fumbo hilo na kutoa utambuzi sahihi wa ugonjwa wa akili. Sehemu nzuri ya kuanza ni kuelewa dalili za utambuzi wa autism ambazo kwa pamoja hutoa utambuzi wa autism na ni maalum kwa autism au inaweza kuonyesha tu kipengele kimoja cha ugonjwa. Ni waganga gani wanaoshiriki katika mchakato huu? Ugonjwa wa autism unaweza kugunduliwa na wataalamu mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na madaktari, walimu, walimu, na wataalamu wa tiba kama vile wataalamu wa lugha ya usemi. Kwa hivyo, ni muhimu kutambua kwamba tunaweza kucheza jukumu muhimu sana, ikiwa sio jukumu kuu, katika kufanya utambuzi kama wataalamu wa lugha ya hotuba. Ni nani anayehitimu kutathmini sifa za msingi za ASD? Sifa za msingi zinahusisha mawasiliano, ustadi wa kijamii, na tabia. Kwa hivyo, kwa sababu ya hali ya lugha ya lugha, mtaalamu wa lugha ya lugha ni mtu wa kwanza kugundua ugonjwa wa autism. Kama ilivyoelezwa na ASHA, tunahitaji kuwa na uzoefu mkubwa kabla ya kuchukua jukumu hili, lakini kama wewe, kama mtaalamu wa lugha ya hotuba, una uzoefu mkubwa katika idadi hii, unaweza kuwa mmoja wa wataalamu wa utambuzi wenye sifa zaidi katika timu. Ni muhimu kukumbuka hilo. Katika mwaka wa 2006, ASHA ilitoa safu ya karatasi ili kuelezea habari zaidi kwa wataalamu wa lugha ya hotuba kuhusu matatizo ya autism. Mojawapo ya karatasi hizo inaonyesha majukumu na majukumu ya wataalamu wa magonjwa ya usemi na lugha katika kugundua na kutibu matatizo ya autism. Hata kama tuna jukumu kubwa katika utaratibu wa utambuzi, tunahitaji kufanya hivyo kwa kushirikiana na watu wengine, ikiwa ni pamoja na wanafamilia, walimu, wataalamu wa matibabu, mtu yeyote ambaye amehusika na mtoto. Kwa hivyo, ni muhimu sana kufanya uchunguzi wa uchunguzi wa ugonjwa wa autism spectrum. Kuna njia kadhaa za uchunguzi zinazotumiwa kuamua hali ya mtoto na uwezo wake wa kuwasiliana na kuwasiliana na kuingilia kati kwa njia hizo na pia kuamua ugonjwa. Wataalamu wa lugha ya hotuba pia wanashiriki katika utafiti unaohusiana na matatizo ya autism na katika kutetea watu hawa na familia zao. "Kama sehemu ya mpango huu, tunakuomba uangalie makala hii ya ASHA ya 2006 kuhusu ""Njia nyingi za kushiriki.""" "AUTISM: ""New Diagnostic Parameters Changing Criteria for Diagnosing Autism"" (APA) - ""Mipango mpya ya utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa akili"" (AASD) ni kipengele cha kwanza katika orodha ya magonjwa ya akili." Kwa miaka mingi, mwongozo wa utambuzi na takwimu wa Chama cha Psychiatric cha Amerika ulifafanua seti ya vigezo vya utambuzi ambavyo hutumiwa ulimwenguni kote kugundua hali hiyo. Mwaka 2013 walifanya marekebisho makubwa ya kanuni hizo. Kwa mfano, watu wengi wenye ugonjwa wa Asperger au autism spectrum disorder (ASD) bado wana utambuzi huo, na kulingana na viwango vya 2013 au vigezo vya utambuzi, wanahifadhi utambuzi huo hadi watakapopimwa tena. Kuna aina nyingi za utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa kisukari, na ni muhimu kujua ni kwa nini watu walipigwa na kuambukizwa na kuambukizwa tena. DSM-4 ilionyesha kuwa kuna matatizo matano ya maendeleo. Mojawapo ya matatizo hayo ilikuwa ugonjwa wa akili, au ugonjwa wa akili, kama tunavyouita kwa kawaida. "Hiyo ni moja ya matatizo matano ya akili ambayo yanaitwa ""pervasive developmental disorder"" kwa sababu yanahusisha karibu kila sehemu ya maisha ya mtu." Ugonjwa wa autism uligunduliwa kwa mfululizo wa dalili za kijamii, za tabia, na za mawasiliano ambazo nitazungumzia hivi karibuni. Kwa upande mwingine, ugonjwa wa Asperger ulitofautiana na ugonjwa wa akili kwa sababu watu walio na ugonjwa huo waliweza kuzungumza lugha yao kwa ufasaha. "Wanaweza kuwa na ""kuchelewa kwa lugha"" mapema, lakini mara tu wanapofundisha lugha, wanazungumza katika sentensi kwa njia ya mazungumzo kwa njia ya ufasaha." Hii ni tofauti kubwa na ugonjwa wa autism, ambapo watu wana shida ya maisha ya kuweka mawasiliano pamoja, hata kama wanafikia lugha ya mazungumzo. Mara nyingi ilikuwa vigumu sana kwa watu hao kueleza mawazo yao kwa maneno. Kulikuwa na matatizo mengine matatu ya ukuzi katika jamii hii. Ugonjwa wa Uendelezaji wa Kuenea, Haujatajwa vinginevyo (PDD-NOS) Hii ilionekana kuwa jamii maarufu zaidi ya ugonjwa wa ukuzi unaoenea. Ilikuwa ni kwa ajili ya watu ambao walionyesha baadhi ya sifa za autism, lakini si sifa za kutosha kutoa utambuzi kamili wa ugonjwa wa autism. "Wanahabari wa awali wa DSM-4 walitaka hii kuwa hali ya ""masharti"" wakati wagonjwa, labda mapema sana katika maendeleo, hawakuwa na uhakika kama mtoto alikuwa akitoa ugonjwa kamili wa autism au labda alikuwa na sifa chache ambazo zinaweza kuendeleza nje ya muda." "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""mfano wa kwanza wa utambuzi mpya wa ugonjwa wa akili ni uchunguzi wa uchunguzi wa ugonjwa wa akili wa Asperger au ugonjwa wa autism.""" Hata hivyo, katika mazoezi, PDD-NOS ilikuwa utambuzi ambao mara nyingi ulishikilia na kumfuata mtoto kwa muda mrefu. Hali nyingine mbili katika jamii hii zilikuwa Ugonjwa wa Rett na Ugonjwa wa Uharibifu wa Utoto. Kwa sababu ya hali ya neurodegenerative, ambayo ni ya asili ya urithi au neurological, ni muhimu sana kwa watu wenye ugonjwa wa akili. DSM-4 ilionyesha kwamba utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa akili au Asperger ulihitaji kutolewa wakati mtoto alikuwa na umri wa miaka mitatu na dalili za kuwasilisha zinapaswa kuwapo kwa utambuzi wa utambuzi. Mwaka 2013, Shirika la Tiba ya Akili la Marekani (APA) baada ya muda mrefu wa utafiti na kushauriana na wataalamu wengi wa ugonjwa wa akili, lilianzisha kundi jipya la viwango vya utambuzi. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""ugonjwa wa maendeleo ya kuenea"" ni aina ya ugonjwa wa autism wa kawaida, na ""ugonjwa wa autism wa kawaida"" ni aina ya ugonjwa wa autism wa kawaida." Kwa njia fulani hilo lilifanya utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa akili uwe na umaana mkubwa zaidi katika jamii ya wagonjwa wa akili. "Walifanya marekebisho kamili ya jinsi autism ilivyogunduliwa na wakati bado utaona mawasiliano, kijamii, na vipengele vya tabia katika utambuzi, walikuja kuwa maalum zaidi katika suala la ""ni tabia gani hasa tulitaka kuangalia.""" Hii ni mabadiliko mazuri na moja ambayo imetusaidia kujua nini sisi ni kuangalia kwa bora kuliko tulifanya kabla. Kwa mfano, kwa ugonjwa wa autism, kuna matatizo ya kijamii, mawasiliano, na mwingiliano, tabia zilizopunguzwa, shughuli na maslahi sawa na hapo awali. Kwa sasa, badala ya kugundua ugonjwa wa Asperger, ugonjwa wa PTSD, ugonjwa wa autism unagunduliwa kulingana na kiwango cha ukali. Watu wenye ugonjwa wa akili wa kiwango cha kwanza ndio wanaohitaji msaada mdogo zaidi. Wana mawasiliano mengi zaidi. Wao ni zaidi ya maneno. Wanaweza kuwasiliana kwa kutumia sentensi au mazungumzo. Watu wa kiwango cha pili wanahitaji msaada kutoka kwa wengine. Watu wenye autism ya kiwango cha tatu wana uwezo mdogo wa kusema, uwezo mdogo wa kuelewa lugha, ujuzi mdogo wa kijamii, na tabia ambazo zinatarajiwa, na wanahitaji msaada mkubwa ili wawe huru. Si lazima utambuzi ufanywe kufikia umri wa miaka mitatu, bali ni mapema sana katika ukuzi. Ugonjwa wa zamani na sasa: Ulinganisho Ugonjwa wa zamani na sasa unaweza kuelezwa kulingana na Mchoro wa 1. Picha ya 1. Uchunguzi Wakati huo na Sasa: Ulinganisho. Upande wa kushoto wa picha ya kwanza unaonyesha viwango vya autism vya 1, 2 na 3. "Hii ni pamoja na autism, ""pervasive developmental disorder,"" ""high functioning autism,"" au ""Asperger's syndrome,"" lakini kwa sasa, ugonjwa huo umepatikana katika viwango vya 1 na 2." Watu ambao walikuwa na ugonjwa wa Asperger au autism ya hali ya juu walikuwa katika kiwango cha kwanza, na watu wenye ugonjwa wa autism au PDD-NOS walikuwa katika kiwango cha pili au tatu. Pia waliongeza jamii mpya ya utambuzi <unk> ugonjwa wa mawasiliano ya kijamii. Hii moja ni hasa ya kuvutia kwa pathologists lugha ya hotuba. Watu hawa wanaonyesha matatizo yote ya lugha ya vitendo ambayo mara nyingi tunaona kama vile ugumu wa mawasiliano yasiyo ya maneno na ugumu wa kuingiliana na wengine. Lakini, hawana dalili nyingine zote za ugonjwa wa akili. Ugonjwa wa Asperger ni ugonjwa wa kujifunza usio wa maneno, na watu wengine wanaosumbuliwa na ugonjwa huo wanaweza pia kuanguka katika jamii hii. ASD: Uwasiliano wa Jamii na Ukosefu wa Maingiliano Hebu tuangalie kwa karibu vigezo ili kukusaidia kutenganisha vigezo vilivyotumiwa hapo awali na zile zinazotumiwa katika tathmini mpya za utambuzi tangu 2013. Kuna viwango vipya vya utambuzi vya kugundua ugonjwa wa autism. Uwezo wa kuwasiliana kwa njia ya kijamii na kihisia-moyo. APA ilibainisha kwamba hii ni ugonjwa na msingi wa kijamii, mawasiliano, na upungufu wa mwingiliano. "Kumbuka kwamba lugha imebadilika na kwamba wanaelewa kwamba sehemu ya mawasiliano ya kijamii ni muhimu sana na kwamba watu wenye autism wana mapungufu ya kudumu katika maeneo haya, hasa katika eneo la ushirikiano wa kijamii na kihisia. """ Kwa mfano, kushindwa kushirikiana na watu wengine, kushindwa kuvutiwa na mawasiliano ya watu wengine, ugumu wa kuanzisha, ugumu wa kuchukua zamu. Labda kuna ugumu wa kuzingatia pamoja, kushiriki tu uangalifu na mtu mwingine unayetaka kuwasiliana naye, ugumu wa kuonyesha na kushiriki furaha ya kitu na mwanadamu mwingine. Hii ni tabia ambayo hatuoni katika watoto wenye ugonjwa wa akili mapema. Baadhi ya ujuzi huu unaweza kuendelezwa na tunafanya kazi kwa bidii sana kuuweka. Lakini tunapomwona mtoto kwa utambuzi, tunatafuta aina hizi za upungufu wa msingi katika ushirikiano wa kijamii-hisia. Mawasiliano yasiyo ya maneno. Pia tunatafuta upungufu katika mawasiliano yasiyo ya maneno. """Nilikuwa na furaha kuona APA ikijumuisha jamii hii kwa sababu ni muhimu sana." Mawasiliano yasiyo ya maneno ni ujumbe wa mawasiliano usio wa maneno ambao una maana nyingi, kama ujumbe wa macho yetu. Tunasema nini kwa macho yetu? Je, unasema kwamba tunapendezwa na mawasiliano ya mtu au la? Je, sisi kwa macho yetu tunasema kwamba tunaelewa kile ambacho mtu mwingine anasema au hatuna? Je, sisi ni kusema na macho yetu kwamba sisi ni kuwa kidogo sarcastic na kwamba ujumbe wetu wa mdomo hailingani ujumbe wetu nonverbal? Kuna aina zote za ujumbe wa macho ambayo sisi kutuma kwa kila mmoja. Vivyo hivyo, tunatumia sauti yetu kuwasiliana na watu habari nyingi zisizo za maneno. Je, tunauliza swali au tunafanya taarifa? Je, tunatumaini kwamba mtu fulani atatusikiliza? Je, tunabadilisha sauti zetu tunapozungumza na watoto wadogo au tunapozungumza na watu wengine? Kuna aina nyingi za ujumbe wa sauti ambazo tunatuma kwa kila mmoja wetu wakati tunatuma ujumbe wa mdomo. Pia kuna lugha ya mwili ambayo husaidia kuelezea maana ya maneno. Ukaribu wetu au umbali wetu kutoka kwa watu unaonyesha ujumbe tunaopeleka. Watu wenye ugonjwa wa akili hawawezi kusoma ishara hizi vizuri sana. "Wanajaribu sana kufunua ujumbe wa maneno, na hawawezi kusoma ishara zote zisizo za maneno kwa wakati mmoja na kuunda maana kutoka kwao.""" Kufanya mazungumzo juu ya mahusiano ya kijamii. Watu wenye ugonjwa wa akili wana shida ya kukaribia watu wengine, kujua jinsi ya kuanza mwingiliano wa maneno au usio wa maneno nao, na hii inaendelea kuwa na shida ya kufanya marafiki na kudumisha mahusiano baadaye. "A.S.D. (Restricted Behaviors, Activities, Interests) ni aina ya ugonjwa wa akili unaoweza kuonekana kwa njia tofauti na ule unaoweza kuonekana kwa njia tofauti, na kwa sababu ya tabia, shughuli na maslahi yaliyopunguzwa.""" Mageuzi ya mara kwa mara ya kawaida, usemi au matumizi ya vitu. Watu wenye ugonjwa wa akili wana baadhi ya harakati za kawaida zinazorudiwa-rudiwa. "Wakati mwingine tunaita hizi ""mabadiliko ya kawaida"" au ""harakati za magari"" ambazo zinaonekana kuwa hazina kusudi lolote lakini zinarudiwa tena na tena." "Hii pia hutokea na hotuba katika suala la echolalia, kusema mambo tena na tena bila sababu ya wazi, na kutumia vitu mara kwa mara, si lazima kwa ajili ya kazi walikuwa wamekusudiwa. """ Kusisitiza juu ya usawa na utaratibu. Leo Kanner aliandika katika kitabu chake cha kwanza cha utafiti kuhusu hali ya watoto, na alionyesha kwamba watoto waliopata ugonjwa huo walitaka mambo yawe sawa. Walitaka utaratibu. Hawakutaka tu. Walionekana kuwa wanahitaji msaada huo. Wakati wowote utaratibu ulipovunjwa wao wangeitikia vibaya na mara nyingi walipiga kelele na kukasirika. Kwa hiyo, kusisitiza juu ya kuwa sawa na kuhitaji utaratibu huendelea leo kama moja ya sifa kuu za ugonjwa huu. Mapendezi yaliyopunguzwa; mapendezi ya kudumu. Watu wenye ugonjwa wa akili kwa kawaida hawapendezwi na mambo mengi sana na wanaweza kuwa na mtazamo wa mambo fulani au mambo fulani. Katika uchunguzi wa matibabu, mara nyingi mimi huwauliza familia ikiwa wapewa muda mfupi wa kufanya chochote ambacho mtu huyo anataka, wangefanya nini. Kwa kawaida, ikiwa mtu ana ugonjwa wa akili, familia inaweza kuniambia kitu kimoja au viwili ambavyo mtu huyo anapenda kufanya tena na tena, au na watu wa hali ya juu kuna kitu wanachopenda kuzungumza juu yake tena na tena. Hyper- au hypo- hisia uzoefu. Watu wenye ugonjwa wa akili wana uzoefu mwingi wa hisia uliobadilika. Kwa ufupi, hawajionea ulimwengu kama wewe na mimi. Wao ni hypersensitive kwa harufu au sauti, na hivyo hawawezi kusikia mambo kama sisi. Hawasikii sauti yako kama mimi ningesikia sauti yako. Hawaoni mambo kwa njia ambayo sisi tungeyaona. "Mara moja, msichana mmoja aliyekuwa na ugonjwa wa akili aliniambia kwamba nywele zangu zilikuwa kama ""mwisho wa dunia.""" "Aliponielezea kwa kina zaidi, alisema kwamba angeweza kuona kila nywele moja kichwani mwangu kama kwamba ilikuwa kitu cha mtu binafsi badala ya nywele kama wewe na mimi tungeiona.""" Watu wenye ugonjwa wa akili hawajionea ulimwengu kutoka kwa mtazamo wa hisia kwa njia ile ile kama wewe au mimi, kwa hivyo inaweza kuwa haishangazi kwamba hawajibu kwa njia ile ile pia.

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In the early 1900s, an arcade was a magical place where people of all ages gathered to experience the latest in entertainment technology. Arcades were filled with games, rides, and other amusements that promised a thrilling escape from the monotony of daily life. From shooting galleries to racing games, these electrifying venues offered a chance to test one’s skills and enjoy the company of friends and family. As technology advanced, so did the excitement of the arcade, and it soon became a beloved part of American culture. Come along as we explore the sights and sounds of the arcade in the early 1900s, a time when fun was just a quarter away. An arcade in the early 1900s was a popular entertainment venue that featured a variety of coin-operated games and amusements. These arcades were often found in urban areas and were popular among both children and adults. They typically featured games such as pinball, shooting galleries, and various skill-based challenges, as well as vending machines and other forms of automation. Arcades were an important part of the entertainment culture of the early 20th century and helped to pave the way for the modern video game industry. The Evolution of Arcade Games Early Arcade Games Mechanical Arcade Games Early arcade games were primarily mechanical devices that required players to insert a coin and manipulate a lever or button to play. One of the most popular mechanical arcade games was the gun game, which involved a gun-shaped controller that players used to shoot targets on a screen. These games were often simple in design but highly addictive, as players competed against each other to see who could get the highest score. Another popular mechanical arcade game was the boxing game, which simulated a boxing match between two players. Players would stand on either side of a screen and use two joysticks to control their respective boxers, who would punch and dodge each other’s attacks. These games were often fast-paced and intense, and could be played by people of all ages. Shooting games were also popular mechanical arcade games in the early 1900s. These games typically involved a gun-shaped controller and a screen filled with moving targets. Players would aim and shoot at the targets, trying to get as many hits as possible within a set time limit. Shooting games were often seen as a form of entertainment for both young and old, and could be found in many arcades throughout the world. Other Mechanical Games In addition to gun games, boxing games, and shooting games, there were many other mechanical arcade games that were popular in the early 1900s. These included games like pinball, which involved a small ball that players had to guide around a maze-like playfield; redemption games, which awarded players with tickets or prizes for certain actions; and electro-mechanical games, which used electronic components to create more complex gameplay mechanics. Coin-Operated Arcade Games Penny Arcade Games As the popularity of mechanical arcade games grew, so did the variety of games available. Penny arcade games, for example, were small, self-contained machines that could be played for just a penny. These games often featured simple graphics and gameplay mechanics, but were still highly addictive and popular among players. Skee-ball alleys were another type of coin-operated arcade game that became popular in the early 1900s. These games involved players rolling a small ball up a ramp and trying to land it in one of several target areas. The game was designed to be played by multiple players at once, and could be found in many amusement parks and arcades throughout the world. Photo booths were also popular coin-operated arcade games in the early 1900s. These booths allowed players to take their picture and receive a small print-out as a souvenir. Photo booths were often found in amusement parks and other tourist destinations, and were a fun way for people to capture a memory of their day out. Other Coin-Operated Games In addition to penny arcade games, skee-ball alleys, and photo booths, there were many other coin-operated arcade games that were popular in the early 1900s. These included games like video racing games, which used small screens and electronic controls to simulate driving; video redemption games, which awarded players with tickets or prizes for certain actions; and electro-mechanical games, which used electronic components to create more complex gameplay mechanics. The Birth of Video Arcade Games The early 1970s marked the birth of video arcade games, which revolutionized the gaming industry. One of the first video arcade games was Pong, a simple yet addictive game that paved the way for the development of more complex video games. Pong was a two-dimensional sports game that involved a ball bouncing around the screen, and two paddles controlled by players to hit the ball back and forth. The objective of the game was to outscore the opponent by hitting the ball past them. Pong was played on an analog TV screen, which displayed a black and white version of the game. Popularity of Pong Pong was an instant hit and quickly became popular in bars, restaurants, and other public places. The game’s simple yet addictive gameplay made it an instant classic, and people loved the fact that they could play against their friends or other players. The game’s popularity led to the development of more video arcade games, which quickly became a staple of the gaming industry. Influence on the Gaming Industry Pong’s success inspired game developers to create more complex and sophisticated video games, leading to the development of the first home consoles and the creation of entire genres of games. The arcade game industry continued to grow, and by the 1980s, it had become a billion-dollar industry, with millions of people visiting arcades every week to play the latest video games. The Significance of Arcades in the Early 1900s Social Impact of Arcades Arcades in the early 1900s had a significant impact on society, as they offered a unique space for people to gather and share experiences. These impacts can be further explored by examining how arcades brought people together, created shared experiences, and provided entertainment options. Bringing People Together Arcades in the early 1900s played a crucial role in bringing people together. These spaces offered a venue for socializing, which was especially important during a time when many people lived far apart from one another. Arcades were often located in bustling city centers, making them easily accessible to a wide range of individuals. Additionally, the games and attractions available in arcades provided a common ground for people to connect over. Whether it was sharing tips on how to win a particular game or simply enjoying each other’s company while trying out new machines, arcades offered a unique opportunity for people to bond with one another. Creating Shared Experiences Arcades in the early 1900s also had a significant impact on the creation of shared experiences. These spaces offered a wide range of games and attractions that could be enjoyed by people of all ages and backgrounds. From shooting galleries to carnival games, arcades provided a place for people to try new things and create memories that would last a lifetime. Furthermore, the atmosphere of arcades was often lively and exciting, with the sounds of cheering and laughter filling the air. This created a sense of community among arcade-goers, as they all shared in the experience of enjoying themselves in this unique environment. Providing Entertainment Options In addition to bringing people together and creating shared experiences, arcades in the early 1900s also provided much-needed entertainment options. At a time when there were few other forms of entertainment available, arcades offered a much-needed escape for individuals looking to have some fun. The games and attractions available in arcades were often designed to be interactive and engaging, making them a popular choice for people looking to pass the time. Whether it was playing a game of chance or testing one’s skills in a shooting gallery, arcades provided a wide range of options for individuals to enjoy. Overall, the social impact of arcades in the early 1900s was significant. These spaces brought people together, created shared experiences, and provided much-needed entertainment options. As such, they played an important role in shaping the social landscape of the time. Economic Impact of Arcades In the early 1900s, arcades played a significant role in the economic development of cities and towns across the United States. The emergence of arcades was driven by several factors, including the rise of technology, changing social attitudes, and the growing popularity of leisure activities. The economic impact of arcades was substantial, creating jobs, providing business opportunities, and encouraging investment in technology. Arcades were significant sources of employment in the early 1900s. They created jobs for managers, attendants, repair personnel, and technicians. Many young people found work in arcades, and the industry provided opportunities for those who were not skilled or educated. Arcades also employed artists, musicians, and performers who entertained customers. Arcades provided business opportunities for entrepreneurs who saw the potential for profit in the industry. Arcades were popular destinations for people of all ages, and they attracted a diverse range of customers. Entrepreneurs could open their own arcades or invest in existing ones, and many made significant profits from their ventures. The popularity of arcades also led to the development of other related businesses, such as manufacturers of arcade machines and suppliers of parts and accessories. Investment in Technology Arcades encouraged investment in technology, particularly in the development of new games and machines. As technology advanced, arcade owners invested in new equipment and games to keep their businesses competitive. This led to a cycle of innovation, with new games and machines being developed and introduced to the market. The investment in technology also led to the development of new industries, such as the video game industry, which eventually became a multibillion-dollar global market. In conclusion, the economic impact of arcades in the early 1900s was significant. They created jobs, provided business opportunities, and encouraged investment in technology. The industry played a vital role in the economic development of cities and towns across the United States and helped shape the leisure culture of the country. Cultural Impact of Arcades Arcades in the early 1900s had a profound impact on the cultural landscape of the time. They served as a hub for entertainment, socialization, and technological innovation. Here are some ways in which arcades influenced pop culture: Influence on Pop Culture Arcades played a significant role in shaping pop culture during the early 1900s. They introduced new forms of entertainment that became popular among people of all ages. Some of the most notable influences of arcades on pop culture include: - The development of video games: Arcades were the birthplace of video games, with classic games like Pong and Space Invaders first appearing in the 1970s. These games were not only popular in arcades but also gained a massive following in homes with the advent of gaming consoles. - Influence on movies: Arcades also had an impact on the movie industry, with films like Tron (1982) and The Wizard (1989) featuring arcades as key settings. These movies showcased the futuristic and exciting world of video games and helped to popularize the concept of virtual reality. - Influence on music: The music of the early 1900s was heavily influenced by the sounds of the arcade. Many popular musicians of the time, including Jean Michel Jarre and Vangelis, incorporated electronic sounds and synthesizers into their music, creating a unique and futuristic sound that was inspired by the technology of the arcade. Overall, the cultural impact of arcades during the early 1900s was significant and far-reaching. They helped to shape the future of entertainment and paved the way for new forms of technology and innovation. The Legacy of Early Arcades Early arcades played a significant role in shaping the gaming industry and popular culture. The legacy of these early arcades can be seen in several aspects, including the enduring popularity of arcade games, the evolution of the gaming industry, and the impact of arcades on society and culture. Enduring Popularity of Arcade Games The popularity of arcade games in the early 1900s was enduring. These games were often simple yet addictive, and their popularity transcended geographical and cultural boundaries. Even today, the appeal of classic arcade games remains strong, with many retro-style games still being developed and played. Evolution of the Gaming Industry The early arcades were also instrumental in the evolution of the gaming industry. They provided a platform for game developers to experiment with new technologies and gameplay mechanics, paving the way for the development of more complex and sophisticated games. Many of the games and concepts developed in the early arcades continue to influence modern gaming. The Impact of Arcades on Society and Culture Arcades also had a significant impact on society and culture. They provided a space for people to socialize and have fun, particularly for those who may not have had access to other forms of entertainment. The arcades also helped to create a sense of community, bringing people together around a shared interest in gaming. Additionally, the success of the early arcades inspired the development of other forms of entertainment, such as amusement parks and cinemas. Overall, the legacy of early arcades can be seen in the enduring popularity of arcade games, the evolution of the gaming industry, and the impact that arcades had on society and culture. 1. What was an arcade in the early 1900s? An arcade in the early 1900s was a type of entertainment venue that was popular in many cities across the United States. Arcades were typically large, open-air structures that were built in public parks or other public spaces. They were designed to provide a place for people to go and socialize, play games, and enjoy various forms of entertainment. 2. What types of games could be found in an arcade in the early 1900s? In the early 1900s, arcades typically offered a variety of games and activities for people to enjoy. Some of the most popular games included carnival-style games such as ring toss, balloon darts, and shooting galleries. Many arcades also had mechanical devices, such as fortune tellers and penny arcades, which were coin-operated machines that played music or displayed moving images. 3. Who went to arcades in the early 1900s? Arcades in the early 1900s were popular among people of all ages and backgrounds. They were especially popular among young people, who would often go to arcades with their friends on weekends or after school. Arcades were also popular among families, who would often go to the park and visit the arcade as a way to spend time together and have fun. 4. What was the significance of arcades in the early 1900s? Arcades played an important role in the social and cultural life of many cities in the early 1900s. They provided a place for people to go and socialize, and they were often seen as a symbol of the vitality and energy of the city. Arcades also played a role in the development of popular culture, as they helped to popularize new forms of entertainment and leisure activities. 5. How did arcades change over time? Over time, arcades evolved and adapted to changing tastes and technologies. In the mid-20th century, for example, many arcades began to feature newer, more technologically advanced games such as video games and pinball machines. Today, arcades continue to be popular destinations for entertainment and leisure, although they may look and feel quite different from the arcades of the early 1900s.

Katika karne ya 20, arcade ilikuwa mahali pa ajabu ambapo watu wa umri wote walikusanyika ili kufurahia teknolojia ya hivi karibuni ya burudani. Majumba ya michezo yalijaa michezo, matembezi, na vitumbuizo vingine vilivyoahidi kutoroka kwa kusisimua kutoka katika maisha ya kila siku. Kutoka kwenye maonyesho ya risasi hadi michezo ya mashindano, maeneo haya yenye kusisimua yalitoa nafasi ya kupima ustadi wa mtu na kufurahia ushirika wa marafiki na familia. Kadiri teknolojia ilivyokua, ndivyo michezo ya kuigiza ilivyokua yenye kusisimua, na punde si punde ikawa sehemu inayopendwa sana ya utamaduni wa Marekani. Kujiunga na sisi kama sisi kuchunguza sights na sauti ya arcade katika mapema 1900s, wakati wakati furaha ilikuwa tu robo mbali. Katika karne ya 19 na 20 arcade ilikuwa maarufu kwa ajili ya michezo ya kufurahisha na michezo ya kufurahisha. Mara nyingi viwanja hivyo vilipatikana katika maeneo ya mijini na vilipendwa na watoto na watu wazima. Kwa kawaida, michezo kama vile pinball, kupiga risasi, na changamoto mbalimbali za ustadi, pamoja na mashine za kuuza na aina nyingine za automatisering. Arcade ilikuwa sehemu muhimu ya utamaduni wa burudani wa karne ya 20 na ilisaidia kuandaa njia kwa ajili ya sekta ya kisasa ya michezo ya video. Mchezo wa Arcade ni mchezo wa kwanza wa michezo ya arcade ambayo ilihitaji wachezaji kuingiza sarafu na kutumia kifaa cha kubeba au kifungo. Mchezo wa arcade wa kifaa cha kutengeneza bunduki ni mchezo wa mchezo wa bunduki, ambao unahusisha kidhibiti cha umbo la bunduki ambacho wachezaji walitumia kupiga risasi kwenye lengo kwenye skrini. Michezo hiyo ilikuwa rahisi lakini ilisababisha uraibu mkubwa, kwa kuwa wachezaji walishindana ili kuona ni nani angeweza kupata alama ya juu zaidi. Mchezo mwingine maarufu wa arcade ulikuwa mchezo wa ndondi, ambao ulifananisha mechi ya ndondi kati ya wachezaji wawili. Wachezaji wangesimama pande zote mbili za skrini na kutumia joysticks mbili kudhibiti wapiganaji wao, ambao wangepiga na kuepuka mashambulizi ya kila mmoja. Mara nyingi michezo hiyo ilikuwa yenye kasi na yenye nguvu, na ingeweza kuchezwa na watu wa umri wote. Michezo ya risasi pia ilikuwa maarufu katika miaka ya 1900. Michezo hiyo kwa kawaida ilihusisha kidhibiti chenye umbo la bunduki na kiwambo kilichojaa malengo yanayoenda. Wachezaji wangelenga na kupiga risasi kwenye malengo, wakijaribu kupata risasi nyingi iwezekanavyo ndani ya muda uliowekwa. Michezo ya risasi mara nyingi ilionekana kama aina ya burudani kwa vijana na wazee, na inaweza kupatikana katika arcades nyingi duniani kote. Pamoja na michezo ya bunduki, michezo ya ndondi, na michezo ya risasi, kulikuwa na michezo mingine mingi ya arcade ya mitambo ambayo ilikuwa maarufu mapema miaka ya 1900. Michezo kama pinball, ambayo ilihusisha mpira mdogo ambao wachezaji walihitaji kuongoza kuzunguka uwanja wa michezo kama labyrinth, michezo ya ukombozi ambayo iliwapa wachezaji tikiti au tuzo kwa vitendo fulani, na michezo ya umeme ya umeme ambayo ilitumia vifaa vya elektroniki kuunda mitambo ngumu zaidi ya mchezo. Coin-Operated Arcade Michezo Penny Arcade Michezo Kama umaarufu wa mitambo ya arcade mitambo ilikua, hivyo alifanya aina ya michezo inapatikana. Michezo ya arcade ya senti, kwa mfano, ilikuwa mashine ndogo zenye kujitegemea ambazo zingeweza kuchezwa kwa senti moja tu. Michezo hii mara nyingi featured graphics rahisi na gameplay mechanics, lakini bado walikuwa sana addictive na maarufu miongoni mwa wachezaji. Skee-balls ni aina ya mchezo wa arcade unaotumiwa na sarafu ambayo ilipata umaarufu katika miaka ya 1900. Michezo hiyo ilihusisha wachezaji wakipiga mpira mdogo juu ya mteremko na kujaribu kuupiga katika mojawapo ya maeneo kadhaa ya lengo. Mchezo huo ulibuniwa ili uchezwe na wachezaji wengi kwa wakati mmoja, na unaweza kupatikana katika mbuga nyingi za burudani na arcades ulimwenguni kote. Picha za picha pia zilikuwa maarufu katika michezo ya arcade ya sarafu mapema miaka ya 1900. Vituo hivyo viliwawezesha wachezaji kupiga picha na kupokea picha ndogo kama zawadi. Vituo vya kupiga picha vilipatikana katika mbuga za burudani na maeneo mengine ya utalii, na vilikuwa njia ya kufurahisha kwa watu kukamata kumbukumbu ya siku yao nje. Pamoja na michezo ya penny arcade, viwanja vya michezo ya mpira wa miguu, na vibanda vya picha, kulikuwa na michezo mingine mingi ya arcade iliyotumiwa na sarafu ambayo ilikuwa maarufu mapema miaka ya 1900. Michezo kama vile michezo ya mbio za video, ambayo hutumia skrini ndogo na udhibiti wa elektroniki kuiga kuendesha gari, michezo ya video ya ukombozi, ambayo inatoa wachezaji tiketi au tuzo kwa vitendo fulani, na michezo ya umeme ya umeme, ambayo hutumia vifaa vya elektroniki kuunda mitambo ya mchezo ngumu zaidi. Kuanzia mwanzo wa miaka ya 1970, video arcade michezo ilianza kuanzishwa na kuanzishwa kwa michezo ya video. Pong ni moja ya michezo ya kwanza ya video ya arcade, ambayo iliweka njia kwa maendeleo ya michezo ya video ngumu zaidi. Pong ni mchezo wa michezo wa pande mbili ambao unahusisha mpira unaoruka kwenye skrini, na paddles mbili zinazodhibitiwa na wachezaji kugonga mpira mbele na nyuma. Kusudi la mchezo huo lilikuwa kumshinda mpinzani kwa kumpiga mpira. Pong ilichezwa kwenye kiwambo cha televisheni cha analog, ambacho kilionyesha toleo la mchezo huo la rangi nyeusi na nyeupe. Pong Pong ilipendwa sana na watu wengi na ikawa maarufu haraka katika baa, mikahawa, na mahali pengine pa umma. Mchezo wa mchezo huo ni rahisi lakini addictive gameplay alifanya hivyo classic papo hapo, na watu walipenda ukweli kwamba wangeweza kucheza dhidi ya marafiki wao au wachezaji wengine. Umaarufu wa mchezo huo ulisababisha maendeleo ya michezo zaidi ya arcade ya video, ambayo haraka ikawa msingi wa tasnia ya michezo ya kubahatisha. Mafanikio ya Pong yaliwachochea watengenezaji wa michezo kuunda michezo ya video ngumu zaidi na ya hali ya juu, ikisababisha maendeleo ya consoles za kwanza za nyumbani na uundaji wa aina nzima ya michezo. Sekta ya michezo ya arcade iliendelea kukua, na kufikia miaka ya 1980, ilikuwa imekuwa sekta ya dola bilioni, na mamilioni ya watu wakitembelea michezo ya arcade kila wiki kucheza michezo ya video ya hivi karibuni. Kuanzia mwanzo wa karne ya XNUMX, Arcade ilikuwa na athari kubwa kwa jamii, kwani ilitoa nafasi ya kipekee kwa watu kukusanyika na kushiriki uzoefu. Athari hizi zinaweza kuchunguzwa zaidi kwa kuchunguza jinsi arcades zilivyoleta watu pamoja, kuunda uzoefu wa pamoja, na kutoa chaguzi za burudani. Kuunganisha watu pamoja: Arcades katika miaka ya 1900 mapema alicheza jukumu muhimu katika kuleta watu pamoja. Maeneo hayo yalikuwa mahali pa kuwasiliana, jambo lililokuwa muhimu hasa katika nyakati ambazo watu wengi waliishi mbali sana. Mara nyingi majumba ya michezo ya kuigiza yalikuwa katika vituo vya jiji vilivyo na shughuli nyingi, na hivyo yaliweza kufikiwa kwa urahisi na watu wengi. Kwa kuongezea, michezo na vivutio vilivyopatikana katika majumba ya michezo vilitoa mahali pa kawaida pa watu kuungana. Kama ilikuwa kushiriki vidokezo juu ya jinsi ya kushinda mchezo fulani au tu kufurahia kila mmoja kampuni wakati kujaribu nje mashine mpya, arcades alitoa nafasi ya kipekee kwa watu wa dhamana na kila mmoja. Kuunda Arcade ya Uzoefu wa Pamoja katika miaka ya 1900 pia ilikuwa na athari kubwa kwa uundaji wa uzoefu wa pamoja. Maeneo hayo yalikuwa na michezo na vivutio vingi ambavyo vingeweza kufurahishwa na watu wa umri na malezi mbalimbali. Kutoka kwenye maonyesho ya risasi hadi michezo ya carnival, maonyesho ya michezo ya kubahatisha yaliwapa watu nafasi ya kujaribu vitu vipya na kuunda kumbukumbu ambazo zingedumu maisha yao yote. Isitoshe, mara nyingi mandhari ya majumba ya michezo ilikuwa yenye msisimko na yenye kusisimua, na sauti za makofi na kicheko zilienea hewani. Hii iliunda hisia ya jamii miongoni mwa arcade-goers, kama wao wote alishiriki katika uzoefu wa kufurahia wenyewe katika mazingira haya ya kipekee. Kuongeza kwa kuunganisha watu pamoja na kuunda uzoefu wa pamoja, majumba ya michezo ya mapema ya 1900 pia yalitoa chaguzi za burudani zinazohitajika sana. Wakati ambapo kulikuwa na aina chache za burudani zilizopatikana, michezo ya kuigiza ilitoa njia ya kutoroka iliyohitajiwa sana kwa watu wanaotafuta kujifurahisha. Michezo na vivutio inapatikana katika arcades walikuwa mara nyingi iliyoundwa kuwa maingiliano na kuvutia, na kuwafanya chaguo maarufu kwa watu kuangalia kupita wakati. Iwe ilikuwa kucheza mchezo wa bahati au kupima ujuzi wa mtu katika gallery ya risasi, arcades zinazotolewa mbalimbali ya chaguzi kwa watu binafsi kufurahia. Kwa ujumla, athari za kijamii za arcades katika miaka ya mapema ya 1900 zilikuwa muhimu. Maeneo hayo yaliwaunganisha watu, yakitokeza mambo waliyojifunza pamoja, na kutoa burudani ambazo zilikuwa zinahitajika sana. Kwa hiyo, walifanya kazi muhimu katika kuunda mazingira ya kijamii ya wakati huo. Katika miaka ya 1900, Arcade ilicheza jukumu muhimu katika maendeleo ya kiuchumi ya miji na vijiji kote Marekani. Kuibuka kwa michezo ya kuigiza kulisababishwa na mambo kadhaa, kutia ndani ongezeko la teknolojia, mabadiliko ya mitazamo ya kijamii, na kuongezeka kwa umaarufu wa shughuli za burudani. Athari za kiuchumi za majumba ya michezo zilikuwa kubwa, zikitokeza kazi, zikitoa fursa za biashara, na zikichochea uwekezaji katika teknolojia. Arcade ilikuwa moja ya vituo vya kazi katika miaka ya 1900. Waliunda kazi kwa ajili ya wasimamizi, wahudumu, wafanyakazi wa kurekebisha, na mafundi. Vijana wengi walipata kazi katika majumba ya michezo, na sekta hiyo iliwapa fursa wale ambao hawakuwa na ustadi au elimu. Majumba ya michezo pia yalitumia wasanii, wanamuziki, na waigizaji ambao waliwatumbuiza wateja. Majumba ya michezo yalitokeza fursa za kibiashara kwa wajasiriamali waliotazama uwezekano wa kupata faida katika sekta hiyo. Majumba ya michezo ya kuigiza yalikuwa mahali pa kupumzikia kwa watu wa umri wote, na yaliwavutia wateja wa aina mbalimbali. Wafanyabiashara wangeweza kufungua majumba yao wenyewe ya michezo au kuwekeza katika yale yaliyokuwapo, na wengi walipata faida kubwa kutokana na biashara zao. Upendwa wa arcade pia ulisababisha maendeleo ya biashara nyingine zinazohusiana, kama vile watengenezaji wa mashine za arcade na wauzaji wa sehemu na vifaa. Uwekezaji katika Teknolojia Arcades alichochea uwekezaji katika teknolojia, hasa katika maendeleo ya michezo mpya na mashine. Kadiri teknolojia ilivyokua, wamiliki wa majumba ya michezo waliwekeza katika vifaa vipya na michezo ili kudumisha biashara zao zikiwa na ushindani. Hii ilisababisha mzunguko wa uvumbuzi, na michezo mpya na mashine zinazotengenezwa na kuanzishwa kwenye soko. Uwekezaji katika teknolojia pia ulisababisha maendeleo ya viwanda vipya, kama vile viwanda vya michezo ya video, ambayo hatimaye ikawa soko la kimataifa la mabilioni ya dola. Kwa hivyo, kwa ujumla, athari za kiuchumi za arcade za mapema 1900 zilikuwa kubwa. Ziliunda kazi, zikatoa fursa za kibiashara, na kuhamasisha uwekezaji katika teknolojia. Sekta hiyo ilicheza fungu muhimu katika maendeleo ya kiuchumi ya miji na vijiji kote Marekani na ilisaidia kuunda utamaduni wa burudani wa nchi. Utamaduni wa Arcade: Arcade ni moja ya michezo ya kuigiza ya kwanza ya karne ya XNUMX ambayo ilibadilisha mazingira ya utamaduni wa wakati huo. Zilikuwa kitovu cha vitumbuizo, ushirika, na uvumbuzi wa kiteknolojia. Katika miaka ya 1900 na 1920, michezo ya kuigiza ilichukua sehemu kubwa katika kuunda utamaduni wa pop. Walianzisha aina mpya za vitumbuizo ambavyo vilianza kupendwa na watu wa umri wote. Miongoni mwa mambo muhimu zaidi ya arcade katika utamaduni wa pop ni pamoja na: - Maendeleo ya michezo ya video: Arcades walikuwa mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa michezo ya video, na michezo ya kawaida kama Pong na Space Invaders kwanza kuonekana katika miaka ya 1970. Michezo hii haikuwa maarufu tu katika majumba ya michezo bali pia ilipata wafuasi wengi katika nyumba kwa kuibuka kwa consoles za michezo ya kubahatisha. "Mambo ya michezo ya kuigiza ya Arcade pia yalitia ndani filamu kama ""Tron"" (1982) na ""The Wizard"" (1989) ambazo zilikuwa na michezo ya kuigiza kama mazingira muhimu." Sinema hizo zilionyesha ulimwengu wa michezo ya kompyuta wenye kuvutia na wenye kutazamisha wakati ujao na zisaidia kueneza wazo la hali halisi. Muziki wa karne ya 20 uliathiriwa sana na sauti za michezo ya kubahatisha. Wanamuziki wengi maarufu wa wakati huo, ikiwa ni pamoja na Jean-Michel Jarre na Vangelis, waliingiza sauti za elektroniki na synthesizers katika muziki wao, kuunda sauti ya kipekee na ya baadaye ambayo ilichochewa na teknolojia ya arcade. Kwa ujumla, athari za kitamaduni za arcades wakati wa mapema 1900s zilikuwa muhimu na za mbali. Walisaidia kuunda wakati ujao wa burudani na kutayarisha njia kwa ajili ya aina mpya za teknolojia na uvumbuzi. Urithi wa Arcades Mapema Arcades mapema alicheza jukumu muhimu katika kuunda sekta ya michezo ya kubahatisha na utamaduni maarufu. Urithi wa michezo hii ya mapema ya arcade unaweza kuonekana katika mambo kadhaa, ikiwa ni pamoja na umaarufu wa michezo ya arcade, mageuzi ya tasnia ya michezo ya kubahatisha, na athari za michezo ya kubahatisha kwenye jamii na utamaduni. Kuendelea kwa mchezo wa Arcade ni moja ya michezo maarufu zaidi ya miaka ya 1900. Mara nyingi michezo hiyo ilikuwa rahisi lakini ilisababisha uraibu, na umaarufu wake ulivuka mipaka ya kijiografia na kitamaduni. Hata leo, rufaa ya michezo ya classic arcade bado nguvu, na michezo mingi retro-style bado kuwa maendeleo na alicheza. Mageuzi ya Sekta ya Michezo ya Kubahatisha Arcades mapema pia walikuwa muhimu katika mageuzi ya sekta ya michezo ya kubahatisha. Wao zinazotolewa jukwaa kwa ajili ya watengenezaji mchezo majaribio na teknolojia mpya na gameplay mechanics, kuandaa njia kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya michezo zaidi tata na sophisticated. Michezo mingi na dhana zilizotengenezwa katika arcades mapema kuendelea kushawishi michezo ya kisasa. Athari ya Arcades juu ya Jamii na Utamaduni Arcades pia alikuwa na athari kubwa juu ya jamii na utamaduni. Ni mahali pa watu kuwasiliana na kujifurahisha, hasa kwa wale ambao hawawezi kuwa na upatikanaji wa aina nyingine za burudani. Majumba ya michezo pia yalisaidia kuunda hisia ya jamii, kuwaleta watu pamoja karibu na maslahi ya pamoja katika michezo ya kubahatisha. Kwa kuongezea, mafanikio ya majumba ya michezo ya mapema yalichochea maendeleo ya aina nyingine za vitumbuizo, kama vile mbuga za vitumbuizo na sinema. Kwa ujumla, urithi wa arcade mapema inaweza kuonekana katika umaarufu endelevu wa michezo ya arcade, mageuzi ya sekta ya michezo ya kubahatisha, na athari kwamba arcade alikuwa juu ya jamii na utamaduni. 1. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Ni nini kilichotokea kwa arcade katika karne ya 20? Arcade ni aina ya burudani mahali ambapo watu wengi katika Marekani. Kwa kawaida, majumba ya michezo yalikuwa makubwa, yalijengwa katika bustani za umma au mahali pengine pa umma. Vifaa hivyo vilitengenezwa ili kuwa mahali ambapo watu wangeweza kuwasiliana, kucheza michezo, na kufurahia aina mbalimbali za tafrija. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Ni aina gani ya michezo ambayo inaweza kupatikana katika maduka ya michezo ya mapema? Katika miaka ya 1900, michezo ya arcade ilikuwa na michezo na shughuli nyingi za kufurahisha. Baadhi ya michezo iliyojulikana zaidi ilitia ndani michezo ya mtindo wa karamu kama vile kutupa pete, kupiga risasi kwa puto, na kupiga risasi. Pia, kulikuwa na vifaa vya kuigiza, kama vile mashine za kutabiri bahati na mashine za kuigiza zilizotumiwa na sarafu. Ni nani aliyetembelea Arcade katika miaka ya 1900? Arcade ni maarufu katika miaka ya 1900 na watu wa umri wote na asili. Walikuwa maarufu hasa miongoni mwa vijana, ambao mara nyingi walienda kwenye maonyesho ya michezo pamoja na marafiki zao mwishoni mwa juma au baada ya shule. Arcade pia ilikuwa maarufu miongoni mwa familia, ambao mara nyingi kwenda bustani na kutembelea arcade kama njia ya kutumia muda pamoja na kuwa na furaha. 4. Uwe na uhakika Ni nini kilichotokea kwa Arcade katika miaka ya 1900? Arcade ilikuwa sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya kijamii na kitamaduni ya miji mingi katika miaka ya 1900. Walikuwa mahali pa watu kwenda na kushirikiana na watu, na mara nyingi walionwa kuwa ishara ya nguvu na nguvu za jiji. Majumba ya michezo pia yalichangia maendeleo ya utamaduni maarufu, kwa kuwa yalisaidia kueneza aina mpya za vitumbuizo na shughuli za burudani. 5. Uwe na mtazamo mzuri. Majumba ya michezo yalibadilikaje kadiri wakati ulivyopita? Kadiri wakati ulivyopita, majumba ya michezo yalibadilika na kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya mapendezi na teknolojia. Katika karne ya 20, kwa mfano, michezo ya kubahatisha ilianza kuwa na michezo mpya zaidi ya kiteknolojia, kama vile michezo ya video na mashine za pinball. Leo, arcades zinaendelea kuwa maeneo maarufu kwa ajili ya burudani na burudani, ingawa wanaweza kuangalia na kujisikia tofauti kabisa na arcades ya mapema 1900.

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Elizabeth was born in her parents’ London home, or in a horse-drawn ambulance on the way to the hospital. Maybe it was those Scottish genes and her challenging entry into this world that led to her long and hardy life. She was educated by a governess until the age of eight. When she was fourteen, Britain declared war on Germany. Four of her brothers served, and her elder brother, Fergus, died as an officer in the Black Watch Regiment. Another brother was captured and held as a POW until the end of the war. Glamis Castle was turned into a convalescent home for wounded soldiers, which the future Queen helped run. One of the soldiers she treated wrote in her autograph book that she was to be “Hung, drawn, & quartered … Hung in diamonds, drawn in a coach and four, and quartered in the best house in the land.” She was never meant to be Queen. She married the Duke of York – second in line to the throne. And her beloved husband, Bertie, was shy and had a speech impediment now made famous by the movie “The King’s Speech”. But, as her biographer James Wentworth Day writes, “Her gaiety conquered his shyness. She gave him confidence. When he rose to speak, she flashed him a quick smile. It gave him the spur he needed.” In the Second World War, Adolf Hitler described her as “the most dangerous woman in Europe.” During the Blitz, when the Cabinet asked her to take the children and leave London, she said: “The children won’t go without me. I won’t leave the King. And the King will never leave.” So they stayed throughout the war. She regularly visited the factories and neighborhoods of the East End of London, which was under constant bombing attack. Buckingham Palace was bombed several times, prompting her to remark: “I’m glad we got hit. It makes me feel I can look the East End in the face.” A typical Scot, she was famous for her strong principles, physical courage and sense of duty. Peter Ustinov wrote of her facing a student riot at the University of Dundee in 1968. When students were throwing toilet rolls like streamers, she got out of her car, picked one up, and approached the student who’d thrown it. “Was this yours? Oh, could you take it?” The student was dumbfounded, and the mob quieted and backed away. She was well-known for her dry wit. When she heard that the Duchess of Mountbatten had been buried at sea, she said: “Dear Edwina, she always did like to make a splash.” Once she accompanied the gay writer Noel Coward to a gala, and noticed him eye the soldiers on guard – she whispered: “I wouldn’t if I were you, Noel. They count them before they put them out.” If you want to know how to live to be a hundred, you might look to her love of the occasional alcoholic beverage. She drank gin – and Dubonnet – and port – and martini – and champagne. She is estimated to have enjoyed 70 alcoholic drinks a week! Once, when a case of drink was given for the Royal party at Christmas, but it wasn’t known if they would be coming, she said: “Well, I could polish the whole lot off myself.” But nothing ever interfered with her performing her duties. She opened events, attended funerals, was never concerned about the popularity of her duties. She was active in showing herself and helping end racial inequality in South Africa. She survived many illnesses. She was twice a cancer survivor, and overcame many accidents. When a fish bone stuck in her throat, and she was rushed to an emergency operation, she joked afterwards “the salmon have got their own back.” What else would a Scot say? Her beloved husband, King George VI, died in 1952, and she became “Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother” to avoid confusion with her daughter Queen Elizabeth II. To the public, she was affectionately known as the Queen Mother, or simply the Queen Mum. She loved dogs and horses, and was an excellent judge of race horses, particularly steeplechasers. She owned horses that won more than 500 races, although she never placed bets. In 1995 her right hip was replaced. In 1998 her left hip was replaced, following a fall at Sandringham stables. Her 100th birthday was celebrated with a commemorative £20 banknote issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland (Scottish banks are allowed to issue their own banknotes – if you’d like to see, I have some. Last time I was back, they had become unacceptable in Scotland, but were still legal tender in England!). At one celebration event, the Archbishop of Canterbury mistakenly went to pick up her wine glass, only to be admonished by the alert centenarian’s “That’s mine!” which caused widespread amusement. She broke her collar bone later in the year, and in December 2001, the 101 year old fell and broke her pelvis – but still insisted on standing for the National Anthem at the memorial service for her late husband. Just three days later, her second daughter, Princess Margaret died. The queen Mum fell at Sandringham House and was in a wheelchair with a badly cut arm – but she was determined to travel from Norwich to Windsor, to attend Margaret’s funeral, two days later. Seven weeks later, she passed away in her sleep, at the age of 101, with Queen Elizabeth II at her bedside. As Army Cadet of the Year, I had the honor and pleasure of being presented to the Queen Mother at a garden party in Buckingham Palace – and she was every bit as others have described her – a true Scot – interested – chatty – hospitable – unassuming – a genuinely charming lady. Among all the uniforms there that day – the Royal Marines Band – the Regiment of Guards – she noticed my hodden grey uniform and came over to chat. Hodden grey, the tartan of the London Scottish Regiment, came from the tartan worn by the common folk in Scotland – made from blending one strand of black wool to twelve of white before weaving – and made famous in Burns’ “A Man’s A Man For A’ That” “What though on hamely fare we dine; Wear hodden grey, an’ a that; Gie fools their silks, and knaves their wine; A Man’s a Man for a’ that.” The London Scottish, wearing the hodden grey since 1859, became part of the Gordon Highlanders in 1937.

Elizabeth alizaliwa katika nyumba ya wazazi wake ya London, au katika gari la wagonjwa la farasi lililosafirishwa hadi hospitalini. Labda ni kwa sababu ya chembe zake za urithi za Scotland na changamoto zake za kuingia katika ulimwengu huu ambazo zilimwongoza kwenye maisha yake marefu na magumu. Alifundishwa na mwalimu wa shule hadi alipokuwa na umri wa miaka minane. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na minne, Uingereza ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Ujerumani. Ndugu zake wanne walitumikia, na ndugu yake mkubwa, Fergus, alikufa akiwa afisa katika Kikosi cha Black Watch. Ndugu mwingine alikamatwa na kufungwa kama mfungwa wa vita hadi mwisho wa vita. Ngome ya Glamis iligeuzwa kuwa nyumba ya kupumzika kwa askari waliojeruhiwa, ambayo Malkia wa wakati ujao alisaidia kuendesha. "Mmoja wa askari aliowapa matibabu aliandika katika kitabu chake cha autograph kwamba alikuwa ""Atapigwa, kuchorwa, na kugawanywa katika sehemu nne... Alitundikwa katika almasi, kuchorwa katika gari na nne, na kugawanywa katika nyumba bora katika nchi.""" Aliolewa na Duke wa York <unk> wa pili katika mstari wa kiti cha enzi. Na mume wake mpendwa, Bertie, alikuwa mwenye haya na alikuwa na tatizo la usemi ambalo sasa limejulikana kwa sababu ya filamu ya "The King's Speech". Lakini, kama mwandishi wa maisha yake James Wentworth Day aandikavyo, "Mchanganyiko wake ulishinda aibu yake. Alimpa uhakika. Alipoinuka ili azungumze, mwanamke huyo alimtabasamu kwa haraka. "Hata hivyo, wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia, Adolf Hitler alimwita ""mwanamke hatari zaidi Ulaya"" na wakati wa Blitz, wakati Baraza la Mawaziri lilimwomba kuchukua watoto na kuondoka London, alisema: ""Watoto hawatakwenda bila mimi.""" Mimi sitamwacha Mfalme. Na Mfalme hataacha kamwe. <unk> Hivyo walibaki wakati wote wa vita. Alitembelea kwa ukawaida viwanda na vitongoji vya East End ya London, ambayo ilikuwa chini ya mashambulizi ya mabomu ya mara kwa mara. Jumba la Buckingham lilipigwa bomu mara kadhaa, na kumfanya aseme: "Ninafurahi kwamba tuligongwa". Inafanya nijihisi naweza kutazama East End usoni. <unk> Mskoti wa kawaida, alikuwa maarufu kwa kanuni zake kali, ujasiri wa kimwili na hisia ya wajibu. "Peter Ustinov aliandika juu ya ""mashambulizi ya wanafunzi"" katika Chuo Kikuu cha Dundee mwaka 1968." Wanafunzi walipokuwa wakitupa vijiti vya choo kama vipande vya maji, alishuka kutoka kwenye gari lake, akachukua kimoja, na kumkaribia mwanafunzi aliyekuwa amemtupa. <unk>Je, hii ilikuwa yako? Oh, unaweza kuchukua? <unk> Mwanafunzi alikuwa stunned, na umati wa watu kutulia na nyuma mbali. Alijulikana sana kwa sababu ya akili yake ya ucheshi. "Wakati aliposikia kwamba Duchess wa Mountbatten alikuwa kuzikwa baharini, alisema: ""Mpendwa Edwina, yeye daima alifanya kama kufanya splash.""Pindi moja yeye aliongozwa na mwandishi gay Noel Coward kwa gala, na aliona yake jicho askari juu ya ulinzi, yeye whispered: ""Singependa kama mimi ni wewe, Noel.""" Wao kuhesabu yao kabla ya kuweka yao nje. <unk> Kama unataka kujua jinsi ya kuishi kuwa mia, unaweza kuangalia kwa upendo wake wa kinywaji pombe mara kwa mara. Alikunywa gin <unk> na Dubonnet <unk> na bandari <unk> na martini <unk> na champagne. Inakadiriwa kwamba alikuwa akinywa kileo 70 kwa juma! "Wakati mmoja, wakati kesi ya kinywaji ilitolewa kwa ajili ya chama cha Royal wakati wa Krismasi, lakini haijulikani kama wangekuja, alisema: ""Naam, ningeweza polish mengi yote mbali mwenyewe.""Lakini hakuna kitu kamwe kuingiliwa na kazi yake." Alifungua matukio, alihudhuria mazishi, hakuwa na wasiwasi kuhusu umaarufu wa majukumu yake. Alikuwa akifanya kazi ya kujionyesha na kusaidia kukomesha ukosefu wa usawa wa rangi nchini Afrika Kusini. Aliokoka magonjwa mengi. Alishinda kansa mara mbili, na alishinda aksidenti nyingi. "Mfano, wakati mfupa wa samaki ulipokamatwa kwenye koo lake na kupelekwa kwenye upasuaji wa dharura, alijiambia kwa ucheshi: ""Samaki wana mgongo wao wenyewe.""" Mfalme George VI alikufa mwaka 1952 na yeye akawa Malkia Elizabeth II ili kuepuka kuchanganyikiwa na binti yake. Kwa umma, alijulikana kwa upendo kuwa Malkia Mama, au kwa ufupi Malkia Mama. Alipenda mbwa na farasi, na alikuwa hakimu bora wa farasi wa mbio, hasa steeplechasers. Alishinda mbio zaidi ya 500 za farasi, ingawa hakuweka bets. Mwaka 1995 alipewa upasuaji wa kuondoa kiuno chake cha kulia. Mwaka 1998 alibadilishwa kiuno chake cha kushoto baada ya kuanguka kwenye kibanda cha Sandringham. Siku ya kuzaliwa kwake ya miaka 100 ilisherehekewa na noti ya kumbukumbu ya £ 20 iliyotolewa na Benki ya Royal ya Scotland (banki za Scotland zinaruhusiwa kutoa noti zao wenyewe - ikiwa ungependa kuona, nina zingine). Mara ya mwisho niliporudi, walikuwa wamekuwa haikubaliki katika Scotland, lakini walikuwa bado kisheria malipo katika Uingereza!). Katika sherehe moja, Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury alienda kwa makosa kuchukua glasi yake ya divai, tu kuwa admonished na tahadhari centenarian 'Hiyo ni yangu!'ambayo ilisababisha burudani kuenea. Alipigwa na kuvunjika kwa mfupa wa kiganja mwaka huo, na mnamo Desemba 2001, mzee huyo mwenye umri wa miaka 101 alianguka na kuvunja pelvis yake, lakini bado alisisitiza kusimama kwa wimbo wa kitaifa katika huduma ya ukumbusho kwa mumewe marehemu. Siku tatu tu baadaye, binti yake wa pili, Malkia Margaret, alikufa. Malkia Mama alianguka katika Sandringham House na alikuwa katika kiti cha magurudumu na mkono vibaya kukata <unk> lakini alikuwa na nia ya kusafiri kutoka Norwich kwa Windsor, kuhudhuria mazishi ya Margaret, siku mbili baadaye. Baada ya muda wa wiki saba, alifariki akiwa amelala akiwa na umri wa miaka 101, akiwa na Malkia Elizabeth wa Pili kando ya kitanda chake. Kama Cadet wa Jeshi la Mwaka, nilikuwa na heshima na furaha ya kuwa iliyotolewa kwa Malkia Mama katika chama bustani katika Buckingham Palace <unk> na yeye alikuwa kila kidogo kama wengine wameelezea yake <unk> Scot kweli <unk> nia <unk> chatty <unk> ukarimu <unk> lady kweli charming. Miongoni mwa sare zote huko siku hiyo - Royal Marines Band - Regiment ya Walinzi - aliona sare yangu ya kijivu hodden na alikuja kuzungumza. "Hodden Grey, Tartan ya London Scottish Regiment, ilitokana na tartan iliyovaliwa na watu wa kawaida huko Scotland, iliyotengenezwa kwa kuchanganya kamba moja ya sufu nyeusi na kumi na mbili nyeupe kabla ya kufuma, na ilijulikana katika Burns, ""A Man's a Man for a Man"" - ""What though on hamely fare we dine; Wear Hodden Grey, an a that; fools their silks, and knaves their wine; A man's a man for a man"" - ""The London Scots, wearing the Hodden Grey since 1859, became part of the Gordon Highlanders in 1937."

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Have you ever wondered how to properly use the word “muscle” in a sentence? “Muscle” is a noun that refers to a tissue in the body that contracts to produce movement. In the context of grammar, when using “muscle” in a sentence, it is important to pair it with appropriate verbs to describe the action the muscle is performing. 7 Examples Of Muscle Used In a Sentence For Kids - Muscles help us move our bodies. - We need to exercise to make our muscles strong. - We use our muscles when we run and jump. - Eating healthy food is important for our muscles. - We can feel our muscles when we touch our arms. - We can make silly faces by using the muscles in our face. - Our hearts are also muscles that help pump blood in our bodies. 14 Sentences with Muscle Examples - Muscle fatigue can be reduced through regular exercise and proper nutrition. - It is important to maintain a good balance between muscle strengthening and cardio exercises. - Stretching is crucial to prevent muscle cramps and injuries during workouts. - Eating a diet high in protein can help in muscle recovery and growth after intense workouts. - Adequate rest is essential for muscle recovery and overall fitness progress. - Regular resistance training is key to building muscle mass and strength. - It is important to warm up before exercising to prepare your muscles for the workout ahead. - Hydrating properly is essential for maintaining muscle function and preventing cramps. - Listening to your body and knowing when to rest is crucial for avoiding muscle strain. - Muscle imbalances can lead to poor posture and increase the risk of injuries. - Incorporating yoga or Pilates into your workout routine can help improve muscle flexibility and balance. - Proper form is essential in weightlifting to target specific muscle groups effectively. - Gradually increasing the intensity of your workouts can help in muscle growth and strength development. - Getting enough sleep is essential for muscle repair and growth, especially after intense workouts. How To Use Muscle in Sentences? Muscle is a group of tissues in the body that helps with movement and support. To use the word Muscle in a sentence, start by identifying the specific muscle you want to talk about. For example, “The athlete’s muscle was sore after an intense workout.” In this sentence, muscle refers to a specific muscle in the athlete’s body that is experiencing discomfort. Next, make sure to provide context for the word Muscle in your sentence. You can describe its function, location, or appearance to give a clearer picture to your readers. For instance, “Her muscle flexed when she lifted the heavy weight.” This sentence provides context by showing the action that the muscle is involved in. Additionally, you can use Muscle in a sentence to discuss strength, agility, or physical fitness. For example, “Building muscle through weight training can improve overall health.” This sentence highlights the connection between muscle and health benefits. Remember that Muscle is a versatile word that can be used in various contexts. By providing specific details and context in your sentences, you can effectively communicate the meaning and importance of Muscle to your audience. In conclusion, sentences with the word “muscle” can describe various aspects related to physical strength, anatomy, or exercise. These sentences often highlight the importance of maintaining a healthy and toned muscular system for optimal functioning of the body. Whether discussing muscle growth through weightlifting or the benefits of stretching to prevent muscle injuries, these sentences underscore the significance of incorporating regular physical activity into one’s lifestyle. Furthermore, sentences with “muscle” can also refer to metaphorical strength, such as the resolve and determination needed to overcome challenges. They serve as a reminder that just as our physical muscles require training and care to stay strong, our mental and emotional resilience also needs nurturing to cope with life’s difficulties. Embracing the concept of muscle in both physical and metaphorical contexts can inspire us to strive for overall wellbeing and strength in our daily lives.

Je, umewahi kujiuliza jinsi ya kutumia neno "misuli" kwa usahihi katika sentensi? "Misipuli" ni jina linalomaanisha tishu ya mwili inayokunjwa ili kufanya mwendo. Katika muktadha wa sarufi, wakati wa kutumia <unk>muscle<unk> katika sentensi, ni muhimu kuunganisha na vitenzi vinavyofaa kuelezea hatua ambayo misuli inafanya. Mifano 7 ya Misuli Kutumiwa Katika Sentensi Kwa Watoto - Misuli Inatusaidia Kusonga Miili Yetu. - Tunahitaji kufanya mazoezi ili kufanya misuli yetu iwe na nguvu. - Tunatumia misuli yetu tunapokimbia na kuruka. - Kula vyakula vyenye afya ni muhimu kwa misuli yetu. - Tunaweza kuhisi misuli yetu tunapogusa mikono yetu. - Tunaweza kufanya nyuso za kipumbavu kwa kutumia misuli ya uso wetu. Moyo ni misuli ambayo husaidia kusukuma damu katika mwili. 14 Sentensi zenye Mifano ya Misuli - Uchovu wa misuli waweza kupunguzwa kupitia mazoezi ya kawaida na lishe sahihi. - Ni muhimu kudumisha usawa mzuri kati ya kuimarisha misuli na mazoezi ya moyo. - Kujipanua ni muhimu ili kuzuia maumivu ya misuli na majeraha wakati wa mazoezi. - Kula chakula chenye protini nyingi kunaweza kusaidia katika kupona na ukuaji wa misuli baada ya mazoezi makali. - Kupumzika vya kutosha ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kupona misuli na maendeleo ya jumla ya fitness. - Mazoezi ya kawaida ya upinzani ni muhimu kwa kujenga misuli na nguvu. - Ni muhimu kupasha joto kabla ya kufanya mazoezi ili kutayarisha misuli yako kwa ajili ya mazoezi ya mbele. - Ni muhimu kuwa na maji ya kutosha ili kudumisha utendaji wa misuli na kuzuia maumivu ya tumbo. - Kusikiliza mwili wako na kujua wakati wa kupumzika ni muhimu ili kuepuka mkazo wa misuli. - Ukosefu wa usawa wa misuli waweza kusababisha msimamo mbaya na kuongeza hatari ya majeraha. Kuingiza yoga au Pilates katika mazoezi yako ya kawaida kunaweza kusaidia kuboresha kubadilika kwa misuli na usawa. - Fomu sahihi ni muhimu katika kuinua uzito ili kulenga vikundi maalum vya misuli kwa ufanisi. - Kuongeza hatua kwa hatua nguvu ya mazoezi yako kunaweza kusaidia katika ukuaji wa misuli na maendeleo ya nguvu. - Kulala vya kutosha ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kurekebisha misuli na ukuzi, hasa baada ya mazoezi makali. Jinsi ya Kutumia Misuli Katika Sentensi? Misuli ni kundi la tishu katika mwili ambayo husaidia katika harakati na msaada. Ili kutumia neno Misuli katika sentensi, anza kwa kutambua misuli maalum unataka kuzungumza juu. Kwa mfano, <unk>Msuli wa mwanariadha ulikuwa na maumivu baada ya mazoezi makali.<unk> Katika sentensi hii, misuli inahusu misuli maalum katika mwili wa mwanariadha ambayo inakabiliwa na usumbufu. Ifuatayo, hakikisha kutoa muktadha kwa neno Misuli katika sentensi yako. Unaweza kueleza kazi yake, mahali pake, au jinsi anavyoonekana ili kuwapa wasomaji wako picha iliyo wazi zaidi. Kwa mfano, <unk> Misuli yake ilinyenyekezwa alipoinua uzito mzito.<unk> Sentensi hii hutoa muktadha kwa kuonyesha hatua ambayo misuli inahusika. Kwa kuongezea, unaweza kutumia Muscle katika sentensi ili kuzungumzia nguvu, wepesi, au afya ya kimwili. Kwa mfano, <unk>Kujenga misuli kupitia mazoezi ya uzito kunaweza kuboresha afya ya jumla.<unk> Sentensi hii inaangazia uhusiano kati ya misuli na faida za afya. Kumbuka kwamba "misuli" ni neno linaloweza kutumiwa katika hali mbalimbali. Kwa kutoa maelezo maalum na muktadha katika sentensi zako, unaweza kuwasiliana kwa ufanisi maana na umuhimu wa Misuli kwa watazamaji wako. Kwa kumalizia, sentensi zenye neno <unk>muscle<unk> zinaweza kuelezea mambo mbalimbali yanayohusiana na nguvu za kimwili, anatomia, au mazoezi. Mara nyingi sentensi hizo huonyesha umuhimu wa kudumisha mfumo wa misuli wenye afya na wenye nguvu ili mwili ufanye kazi vizuri. Iwe ni kujadili ukuaji wa misuli kupitia kuinua uzito au faida za kunyoosha ili kuzuia majeraha ya misuli, sentensi hizi zinaangazia umuhimu wa kuingiza shughuli za kawaida za mwili katika mtindo wa maisha wa mtu. Isitoshe, sentensi zenye maneno "misuli" zaweza pia kumaanisha nguvu za mfano, kama vile azimio na azimio linalohitajiwa ili kushinda magumu. "Hizi ni kama ukumbusho kwamba kama vile misuli yetu ya kimwili inahitaji mafunzo na huduma ili kubaki imara, nguvu zetu za akili na kihisia pia zinahitaji kulishwa ili kukabiliana na matatizo ya maisha.""" Kuchukua wazo la misuli katika muktadha wa kimwili na mfano inaweza kutuhamasisha kujitahidi kwa ustawi wa jumla na nguvu katika maisha yetu ya kila siku.

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What should one do to observe the ancient season of the Church? Should they ditch “sweets and meats” during Lent? Should they don sackcloth and sit in ashes? Is Lent more about losing something or gaining something? Parishioners will be taking cues from preachers on the purpose and value of observing the season of Lent. For Lutherans, the forty-day Lenten season is an important one. But behind the question of what to do during Lent lies more foundational questions: What is Lent? Do the Scriptures mention it? Why do we observe it? Though the Scriptures do not specifically mention Lent, it has a longstanding tradition in the Church closely derived from the contents of Scripture. As Christ prepared for Good Friday and the Resurrection, so too the Church tethered to the life of Christ through the liturgical calendar follows her Lord into sin’s death and resurrection life. The biblical narrative moves the Church to emulate and, therefore, externalize the narrative of her Savior’s journey to Jerusalem to accomplish redemption where something is lost (sin) and something is gained (resurrection life). Lent simply engages the Church and each Christian in the rhythm and patterns of sanctification: Death to sin and the pursuit of holiness. Lent fosters an intensive time for the baptized to live as the baptized according to the pattern of Romans 6:1-7. Lent began very simply as a time of preparation for Easter or, synonymously, resurrection life. This is the driving force behind Lent: The Christian practicing the future of resurrection life in the here and now. This was a legitimate pursuit because Holy Baptism brought resurrection to the human spirit in this life with the resurrection of the body in the life to come. This is the driving force behind Lent: The Christian practicing the future of resurrection life in the here and now. From the earliest times it was customary for Christians in most places to fast before Easter (known then as “the Paschal Feast”). It was a fasting before the feasting, a celibacy before the celebration. At first this was a two-day fast (Friday and Saturday). As time passed, this fast was extended. The earliest reference to a forty day fast leading up to Easter is the Second Festal letter of Athanasius in 330 AD, though the practice may be traced to the late 200’s. Indeed, it stands as an ancient observance and a fine opportunity, in step with the global Church, to preach the virtues of observing Lent. For our early Christian forbearers, Lent had two major emphases. First, it was a time of repentance and denial of self that inhibited baptismal, that is to say, resurrection life. All Christians were to examine their lives according to the Ten Commandments and Jesus’ summation of the Law in Mark 12:30-31 and repent accordingly, considering what it cost their Savior to redeem them, but also to strive to “walk in the Spirit” (Galatians 5:16). Second, it was a time of instruction for catechumens, that is, those who desired the resurrection of their spirits in Holy Baptism. During Lent they learned the Christian faith by studying the Apostles’ Creed. Upon examination they were baptized and received the Lord’s Supper in the joyous resurrection service of Easter. This is fitting given the meaning and significance of baptism: The old self being buried with Christ in baptism and raised to newness of life (Romans 6:3-5). At the time of the Reformation, some Christian radicals wanted to eliminate Lent since Scripture did not explicitly command it. Luther, however, urged it be kept, not out of any necessity (one does not need to observe Lent to be either saved or sanctified) but because he saw Lent as an opportunity for the strengthening of faith and distinctive proclamation of Christ’s suffering, death, and resurrection. “Lent, Palm Sunday, and Holy Week shall be retained,” wrote Luther, “not to force anyone to fast, but to preserve the Passion history and the Gospels appointed for that season” (Luther’s Works, 53:90). Here Luther, ever conservative, reminds us Lent should be preserved in part because it reminds Christians of the Passion of Jesus and encourages them to meditate and act upon it. However, no one should be forced to participate. It should be voluntary. To be sure, this is in keeping with the teachings of Scripture (2 Corinthians 3:17; Galatians 2:4; 5:1, 13). In other words, you do not have to come to mid-week Lenten Services or observe Lenten devotions at home. But, at the same time our fathers in the Church in the Reformation tradition, our pastors and elders, recognized that the keeping of Lent is for our greater spiritual good because it promotes striving for resurrection life in the here and now by living as the baptized, repenting of sin and embracing the way of sanctification. Luther, ever conservative, reminds us Lent should be preserved in part because it reminds Christians of the Passion of Jesus and encourages them to meditate and act upon it. Therefore, Lent recalls the time Christ spent, shortly before beginning his public ministry, overcoming temptation (on our behalf!) in the wilderness (Matthew 4:2; Mark 1:13; Luke 4:2). It is derived from an Anglo-Saxon word, “lencten” (= lengthen), meaning “spring” or the time of the lengthening of the days. Lent is one of the six seasons of the Christian calendar and is a forty-day period (representing the forty days Jesus spent in the wilderness) beginning on Ash Wednesday and ending with the celebration of the Easter Vigil on Easter morning. The period is actually 46 days, but since Sundays are feast days, they are never included in the count. These six Sundays, then, are not referred to as Sundays of Lent, but Sundays in Lent, because on these days of celebrating our Lord’s resurrection fasting should not apply, though we respect the season by omitting the “Alleluias” and the Gloria. Preachers should feel at liberty to promote its disciplines and hallmark it within the calendar as a time intended to be a period of preparation and penitence marked by voluntary fasting, sobriety, meditation, and almsgiving. The season prompts us to remember the forgiveness of our sins and failures in temptation in lieu of Christ’s availing passion, victorious death, His resurrection, and how much God loves us. In other words, Lent preaches Law and Gospel. It accentuates the possibility of living as regenerate humanity amid our fallen humanity. Lutherans, as well as Anglicans, Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Christians, and some Presbyterians and Methodists, retain Lent to this day in continuity with the worldwide and historic Christian Church as a salutary outward discipline that gives Christians a wonderful opportunity for spiritual renewal. Our Lutheran observance of Lent combines many of the above features. Through Bible studies and mid-week and Sunday Lenten services highlighted by catechetical preaching, as well as devotional materials for the home, we come face to face with whatever sin may be hindering our walking in the Spirit, that is, walking in newness of life. But most profoundly, we not merely as individuals but as a Church come face to face with the Gospel of Jesus which forgives and removes our sin and gives us the strength to live anew. There are two guiding principles for the observance of Lent. During this season, the baptized should grow in their faith and love toward Jesus crucified, and we should exercise a penitent heart while always keeping an eye on the victory of God on Easter. The season of Lent gives almost unparalleled opportunity for preachers to placard before their auditors the Cross of Christ and beckon Christians to take up their cross and follow Him. It opens wide a door to preach the Third Use of the Law so frequently neglected in preaching today — namely heralding the ethical expectations of life in the Kingdom, indeed, heralding that the King has expectations for our sanctification according to His Word and in the power of the Holy Spirit. Auditors not only expect to hear about the ethic of the Kingdom, but they also welcome it. Boldly preach devotion to Christ and repentance of worldliness and bring the comfort of the Gospel for the forgiveness of sins and our failures, along with the truth and hope that resurrection life is worthy of pursuit in the here and now. ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTOR Rev. John J. Bombaro, Ph.D. (King’s College, University of London) is a missionary of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, serving as the Assistant Director of Theological Education at the Luther Academy, Rīga, Latvia.

Ni nini mtu anapaswa kufanya ili kushika majira ya kale ya Kanisa? Je, wanapaswa kuondoa "sweet na nyama" wakati wa Lent? Je, wavalie nguo za magunia na kuketi katika majivu? Je, Mlo wa Kwaresima ni juu ya kupoteza kitu au kupata kitu? Waumini wa kanisa watakuwa wakichukua maagizo kutoka kwa wahubiri juu ya kusudi na thamani ya kushika msimu wa Kwaresima. Kwa Walutheri, kipindi cha siku arobaini cha Kipindi cha Kwaresima ni muhimu. Lakini nyuma ya swali la nini cha kufanya wakati wa Kwaresima kuna maswali ya msingi zaidi: Kwaresima ni nini? Je, Maandiko yanataja jambo hilo? Kwa nini tunasherehekea sikukuu hiyo? Ingawa Maandiko hayajaja Fasta, ni utamaduni wa muda mrefu katika Kanisa ambao unatokana na maandishi ya Maandiko. Kama Kristo alivyojitayarisha kwa ajili ya Ijumaa Kuu na Ufufuo, ndivyo Kanisa linalounganishwa na maisha ya Kristo kupitia kalenda ya liturujia linamfuata Bwana wake katika maisha ya dhambi, kifo na ufufuo. Hadithi ya Biblia inahamasisha Kanisa kuiga na, kwa hivyo, kuingiza hadithi ya safari ya Mwokozi wake kwenda Yerusalemu ili kutimiza ukombozi ambapo kitu kinapotea (dhambi) na kitu kinapata (maisha ya ufufuo). "Lent inashirikisha Kanisa na kila Mkristo katika mwendo na mifumo ya utakatifu: ""Kifo kwa dhambi na kufuatilia utakatifu.""" "Kufikia sasa, wakati wa Kwaresima ni wakati wa ""kuishi kwa bidii kama wale waliobatizwa"" kulingana na mfano wa Waroma 6:1-7." "Lent ilianza kama ""wakati wa kutayarisha kwa ajili ya Pasaka au, kwa maana nyingine, maisha ya ufufuo.""" Hii ndiyo nguvu inayoongoza nyuma ya Lent: Mkristo kufanya mazoezi ya maisha ya baadaye ya ufufuo hapa na sasa. Hii ilikuwa ni kazi halali kwa sababu ubatizo mtakatifu ulileta ufufuo kwa roho ya binadamu katika maisha haya pamoja na ufufuo wa mwili katika maisha ya baadaye. Hii ndiyo nguvu inayoongoza nyuma ya Lent: Mkristo kufanya mazoezi ya maisha ya baadaye ya ufufuo hapa na sasa. Tangu nyakati za kale ilikuwa desturi kwa Wakristo katika maeneo mengi kufunga kabla ya Pasaka (iliyojulikana wakati huo kuwa <unk>Sherehe ya Pasaka<unk>). Ilikuwa ni kufunga kabla ya karamu, kutokuwa na ndoa kabla ya sherehe. Mwanzoni huo ulikuwa siku mbili za kufunga (Ijumaa na Jumamosi). Kadiri wakati ulivyopita, kufunga huko kuliongezeka. "Kutumia ""siku 40 za kufunga"" kabla ya Pasaka ni jambo la kawaida katika historia ya Kikristo, lakini ni jambo la kawaida katika historia ya Kikristo." Kwa kweli, ni sherehe ya kale na fursa nzuri, kwa kufuata Kanisa la ulimwengu, kuhubiri wema wa kushika Kwaresima. Kwa mababu zetu Wakristo wa mapema, Kipindi cha Kwaresima kilikuwa na mambo mawili makuu. Kwanza, ilikuwa ni wakati wa toba na kujikana ambayo ilizuia ubatizo, yaani, maisha ya ufufuo. Wakristo wote walipaswa kuchunguza maisha yao kulingana na Amri Kumi na muhtasari wa Sheria ya Yesu katika Marko 12:30-31 na kutubu ipasavyo, wakizingatia kile Mkombozi wao alichohitaji kuwakomboa, lakini pia kujitahidi 'kutembea katika Roho' (Wagalatia 5:16). "Kwa mfano, wakati wa ubatizo wa Kikristo, ""katekumeni"" (watume wa mafundisho ya Kikristo) walihitaji kufufuliwa kwa roho zao katika ubatizo mtakatifu." Wakati wa Kipindi cha Kwaresima walijifunza imani ya Kikristo kwa kujifunza Imani ya Mitume. Baada ya kuchunguzwa walibatizwa na kupokea Mlo wa Jioni wa Bwana katika ibada ya furaha ya ufufuo ya Pasaka. "Hili ni jambo linalofaa kwa kuzingatia maana na umuhimu wa ubatizo: ""Mtu wa zamani"" akiwekwa chini pamoja na Kristo katika ubatizo na kufufuliwa kuwa maisha mapya (Waroma 6: 3-5)." Wakati wa Marekebisho Makubwa ya Kidini, Wakristo fulani wenye msimamo mkali walitaka kuondoa Sikukuu ya Kwaresima kwa kuwa Maandiko hayakuamuru waziwazi. Hata hivyo, Luther alisisitiza kwamba sikusanyiko hilo liendelee, si kwa sababu ya uhitaji (mtu hahitaji kushika Sikukuu ya Msalaba ili awe ameokolewa au kutakaswa), bali kwa sababu aliona Sikukuu ya Msalaba kuwa fursa ya kuimarisha imani na kutangaza kwa njia ya pekee mateso, kifo, na ufufuo wa Kristo. "Lent, Palm Jumapili, na Wiki Takatifu lazima kuhifadhiwa, "aliandika Luther, "si kulazimisha mtu yeyote kufunga, lakini kuhifadhi historia ya Passion na Injili waliowekwa kwa ajili ya msimu huo" (Luther's Kazi, 53:90). Luther, ambaye alikuwa msaidizi wa kihistoria wa kanisa la Kikristo, alitoa maoni ya kwamba kipindi cha Kwaresima kinapaswa kuhifadhiwa kwa sababu kinawakumbusha Wakristo kuhusu mateso ya Yesu na kuwachochea kutafakari na kutenda kulingana na mateso hayo. Hata hivyo, hakuna mtu anayepaswa kulazimishwa kushiriki. Inapaswa kuwa ya hiari. Kwa kweli, hilo linapatana na mafundisho ya Maandiko (2 Wakorintho 3:17; Wagalatia 2:4; 5:1, 13). Kwa maneno mengine, si lazima uje kwenye ibada za Kwaresima katikati ya juma au ufanye ibada za Kwaresima nyumbani. Lakini wakati huohuo, baba zetu katika Kanisa katika mapokeo ya Marekebisho Makubwa, wachungaji wetu na wazee, walitambua kwamba kuadhimisha Kipindi cha Kwaresima ni kwa ajili ya manufaa yetu ya kiroho, kwa sababu huendeleza kujitahidi kwa ajili ya maisha ya ufufuo hapa na sasa kwa kuishi kama wale waliobatizwa, kujuta dhambi na kuikubali njia ya utakatifu. Luther, ambaye alikuwa msaidizi wa kihafidhina, alituambia kwamba kipindi cha Kwaresima kinapaswa kuhifadhiwa kwa sababu kinawakumbusha Wakristo kuhusu mateso ya Yesu na kuwachochea kutafakari na kutenda kulingana na mateso hayo. Kwa hiyo, Kipindi cha Kwaresima kinakumbuka wakati ambao Kristo alitumia, muda mfupi kabla ya kuanza huduma yake ya hadharani, kushinda kishawishi (kwa niaba yetu!) Katika jangwa (Mathayo 4:2, Marko 1:13, Luka 4:2). Linatokana na neno la Anglo-Saxon, <unk>lencten<unk> (= kupanua), linalomaanisha <unk>spring<unk> au wakati wa kupanua siku. Kipindi cha Kwaresima ni kipindi cha siku 40 (kuwakilisha siku 40 Yesu alitumia jangwani) kuanzia Jumatano ya Ash na kumalizika na sherehe ya Easter Vigil asubuhi ya Pasaka. Kwa kweli, ni siku 46, lakini kwa kuwa Jumapili ni siku za sikukuu, hazihusishwi kamwe katika hesabu. "Siku hizi sita za Jumapili, basi, hazitajwi kama Jumapili za Kwaresima, bali Jumapili katika Kwaresima, kwa sababu katika siku hizi za kusherehekea ufufuo wa Bwana wetu, kufunga haipaswi kutumika, ingawa tunaheshimu msimu kwa kuondoa ""Alleluia"" na ""Gloria.""" Wahubiri wanapaswa kujisikia huru kuendeleza nidhamu zake na kuishika alama ndani ya kalenda kama wakati unaokusudiwa kuwa kipindi cha maandalizi na toba iliyotiwa alama na kufunga kwa hiari, utulivu, kutafakari, na kutoa misaada. Kipindi hiki kinatuchochea kukumbuka msamaha wa dhambi zetu na kushindwa katika majaribu badala ya mateso ya Kristo, kifo cha ushindi, ufufuo wake, na jinsi Mungu anavyotupenda. Kwa maneno mengine, Kipindi cha Kwaresima huhubiri Sheria na Injili. Inaonyesha uwezekano wa kuishi kama ubinadamu uliorudishwa katikati ya ubinadamu wetu uliopotea. Walutheri, pamoja na Waanglikana, Wakatoliki wa Kirumi, Wakristo wa Orthodox wa Mashariki, na baadhi ya Presbyterians na Methodists, wanashikilia Lent hadi leo katika mwendelezo na Kanisa la Kikristo la ulimwengu na la kihistoria kama nidhamu ya nje ya afya ambayo huwapa Wakristo fursa nzuri ya upya wa kiroho. Maadhimisho yetu ya Kilutheri ya Kipindi cha Kwaresima huchanganya mambo mengi yaliyotajwa hapo juu. Kupitia masomo ya Biblia na huduma za katikati ya wiki na Jumapili za Kwaresima, na pia kupitia mahubiri ya catechetical, na pia kupitia vifaa vya ibada kwa ajili ya nyumbani, tunakabiliwa na dhambi yoyote ambayo inaweza kuwa inazuia kutembea katika Roho, yaani, kutembea katika maisha mapya. Lakini zaidi ya yote, sisi si kama watu binafsi tu bali kama Kanisa tunakabiliwa uso kwa uso na Injili ya Yesu ambayo husamehe na kuondoa dhambi zetu na kutupa nguvu ya kuishi upya. Kuna kanuni mbili zinazoongoza katika kushika Mlo wa Kwaresima. Katika kipindi hiki, waliobatizwa wanapaswa kukua katika imani na upendo wao kwa Yesu msalabani, na tunapaswa kutumia moyo wa kutubu wakati wa kuweka macho yetu daima juu ya ushindi wa Mungu katika Pasaka. Kipindi cha Kwaresima kinatoa fursa isiyo na kifani kwa wahubiri kuweka mbele ya wasikilizaji wao msalaba wa Kristo na kuwaalika Wakristo kuchukua msalaba wao na kumfuata. "Hii inafungua wazi mlango wa kuhubiri matumizi ya tatu ya Sheria ambayo mara nyingi hupuuzwa katika kuhubiri leo, yaani, kutangaza matarajio ya maadili ya maisha katika Ufalme, kwa kweli, kutangaza kwamba Mfalme ana matarajio ya kutukuzia kulingana na Neno lake na katika nguvu ya Roho Mtakatifu. """ "Wachunguzi hawataraji tu kusikia juu ya maadili ya Ufalme, lakini pia wanaikaribisha. """ Hubiri kwa ujasiri ujitoaji kwa Kristo na toba ya ulimwengu na kuleta faraja ya Injili kwa msamaha wa dhambi na kushindwa kwetu, pamoja na ukweli na matumaini kwamba maisha ya ufufuo ni ya thamani ya kufuatilia hapa na sasa. Kuhusu Mchangiaji Rev. John J. Bombaro, Ph.D. (King's College, Chuo Kikuu cha London) ni mmishonari wa Kanisa la Kilutheri Missouri Synod, akitumikia kama Msaidizi Mkurugenzi wa Elimu ya Theolojia katika Chuo cha Luther, Rīga, Latvia.

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What is bone grafting? These bone graft products contain an organic compound that enters your bone-producing cells (osteoblasts) to make them productive. This compound is essential in the role of bone formation and without it, natural bone will not form. The compound already exists in the body, but because our bodies lack adequate amounts of it to regenerate enough new bone, your dentist would have to to place our bone graft in the affected area. Since the bone that will form is new, it will be stronger, healthier, and more vital. The Science behind it! SteinerBio bone graft products are designed to regenerate healthy vital bone that is capable of supporting a dental implant for a lifetime. SteinerBio bone graft products do not contain human or animal products and have been cleared by the FDA for implant placement, unlike human cadaver bone grafts (allograft). Also, unlike allografts, our synthetic bone graft products safely regenerate your own bone tissue. These grafts have been categorized by the FDA as both a medical device and a drug. In fact, the FDA allows to claim that our grafts stimulate osteogenesis, or true bone regeneration. Additionally, our grafts are expressly cleared by the FDA for implant placement. Why is bone graft needed? When a tooth is removed, bone in the socket is exposed to the oral environment and is filled with bacteria. To prevent the bone from being infected, our bodies produce an inflammatory response. The extraction socket begins to fill with a gelatinous fibrin clot that is packed with inflammatory cells sent to the area by your body to fight infection. If infection is warded off, your gums will slowly grow over the fibrin clot and the clot is converted into a very dense fibrous tissue. This fibrous tissue is very slowly replaced with bone over a period of months. However, because the bone is left exposed to heal on its own without the aid of a bone graft, the body reacts with an intense inflammatory reaction, resulting in a significant amount of bone loss during the healing process. The Different Bone Graft Materials: - Xenografts: Grafting using bone of a pig or cow. - Allografts: Grafting using bone of a human - Alloplast: Grafting using dual phase calcium phosphate based synthetic bone graft material. The Problem with non synthetic bone grafts: Xenografts as well as Allografts have some dangers that come when used for bone grafting. The number one concern with both is disease transmission. Not all bone grafting can be properly disinfected and it puts the patient at risk of diseases such as PERVS, HIV, and Hepatitis. Another concern would be sinus and maxillary bone pathoses as well of rejection of the donor tissue from the patients immune system. The Success of Steiner! With synthetic bone grafting, it is made in a lab and can be properly disinfected before placed in the patient. It has an organic compound that enters your bone producing cells as soon as the extracted tooth is removed and the graft is inserted into the socket. Steiner Bone Grafting is fully resorbed and replaces your own bone completely. Dr. Wiele has been placing synthetic bone grafting for years and believes that it is a successful component in preventing dry socket, failed implant placement and preserving the integrity and life of your bone no matter what age. Either New Patient or Established, Wiele Dental Associates can help you reach your dental goals without losing the sight of a whole body approach and clean and safe materials.

Upasuaji wa mifupa ni nini? Vifaa hivi vya kupandikiza mifupa vina kiwanja cha kikaboni ambacho huingia katika chembe zako zinazozalisha mifupa (osteoblasts) ili kuzifanya ziwe na uwezo wa kuzalisha. Kiwanja hiki ni muhimu katika jukumu la uundaji wa mifupa na bila yake, mfupa wa asili hautakufanyizwa. Dondoo hii iko tayari katika mwili, lakini kwa sababu miili yetu haina kiasi cha kutosha cha dondoo ili kuzalisha mifupa mpya, daktari wako wa meno atahitaji kuweka graft yetu ya mfupa katika eneo lililoathiriwa. Kwa kuwa mfupa utakaojitokeza ni mpya, utakuwa wenye nguvu zaidi, wenye afya zaidi, na wenye nguvu zaidi. Sayansi iliyo nyuma yake! Steiner Bio ni bidhaa ya mifupa ya kupandikiza ambayo ni muhimu kwa afya ya mifupa na inaweza kuunga mkono implant ya meno kwa maisha. SteinerBio mifupa graft bidhaa hazina binadamu au wanyama bidhaa na wamekuwa cleared na FDA kwa ajili ya implant placement, tofauti na binadamu maiti mifupa graft (allograft). Pia, tofauti na allografts, bidhaa zetu za mchanganyiko wa mifupa ya mifupa hufufua kwa usalama tishu yako ya mfupa. Vifaa hivyo vimewekwa katika orodha ya vitu vinavyotumiwa na FDA kama vifaa vya matibabu na dawa. Kwa kweli, FDA inaruhusu kudai kwamba grafts zetu kuchochea osteogenesis, au regeneration ya kweli ya mfupa. Kwa kuongezea, grafts zetu zimekubaliwa wazi na FDA kwa uwekaji wa implant. Kwa nini upandikizaji wa mifupa huhitajiwa? Wakati jino linapoondolewa, mfupa ulio katika shimo la jino hufunuliwa na mazingira ya mdomo na kujazwa na bakteria. Ili kuzuia mifupa isiambukizwe, miili yetu hutokeza mmenyuko wa uvimbe. Mfuko wa kuondoa huanza kujazwa na clot ya gelatinous fibrin ambayo imejaa seli za uvimbe zilizotumwa kwa eneo hilo na mwili wako kupambana na maambukizo. Ikiwa maambukizo yanaondolewa, meno yako yatakua polepole juu ya damu ya fibrin na damu hiyo hubadilishwa kuwa tishu nyembamba sana. Viungo hivyo vya nyuzi hubadilishwa polepole na mifupa kwa miezi kadhaa. Hata hivyo, kwa sababu mfupa hufunuliwa kwa uponyaji wake mwenyewe bila msaada wa graft ya mfupa, mwili huitikia kwa athari kali ya uchochezi, na kusababisha kiasi kikubwa cha kupoteza mfupa wakati wa mchakato wa uponyaji. Vifaa tofauti vya kupandikiza mifupa: - Xenografts: Kupandikiza kwa kutumia mfupa wa nguruwe au ng'ombe. - Allografts: Grafting kutumia mfupa wa binadamu - Alloplast: Grafting kutumia mbili awamu calcium phosphate msingi synthetic mfupa graft nyenzo. Xenograft na allograft ni aina ya mifupa ambayo hutumiwa kwa ajili ya upandikizaji wa mifupa. Hangaiko la kwanza katika mambo yote mawili ni kuambukizwa kwa magonjwa. Kwa sababu si mifupa yote inayoweza kuambukizwa, mgonjwa anaweza kuambukizwa virusi kama vile virusi vya HIV, virusi vya kuambukiza na virusi vya ini. Wasiwasi mwingine ungekuwa sinus na mifupa ya maxillary pathoses pamoja na kukataliwa kwa tishu ya mchangiaji kutoka kwa mfumo wa kinga wa wagonjwa. Mafanikio ya Steiner! Kwa kutumia mifupa ya synthetic, inapatikana katika maabara na inaweza kuharibiwa vizuri kabla ya kuwekwa kwa mgonjwa. Ni kemikali ya kikaboni ambayo huingia kwenye chembe zinazozalisha mifupa mara tu jino linapoondolewa na graft kuingizwa kwenye socket. Steiner Bone Grafting huchukuliwa kabisa na kuchukua nafasi ya mfupa wako mwenyewe kabisa. Dr. Wiesel amekuwa akifanya upandikizaji wa mifupa ya synthetic kwa miaka na anaamini kuwa ni sehemu ya mafanikio katika kuzuia socket kavu, implant implant kushindwa na kuhifadhi uadilifu na maisha ya mfupa wako bila kujali umri. Kwa wagonjwa wapya au waliojulikana, Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada wa Msaada.

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Every year, about 105, 000 people in North America needs a kidney transplant. But, less than 20, 000 (a 1/5 of these people) will actually receive a new kidney. Will we one day be able prevent people from dying from kidney disease by growing transplantable kidneys from stem cells? In one study, scientists in Australia grew complex groupings of kidney tissue from stem cells derived from human skin. The stem cells were grown in a chemical cocktail which caused the cells to change into kidney cells, and the cells self-organized into groupings of tissue known as organoids. These kidney organoids contained important structural components normally found in kidneys, namely the blood-filtering structures known as nephrons and their associated collecting ducts. Furthermore, the organoids were surrounded by cells which normally form connective tissue and blood vessels in kidneys. The organoids were developmentally similar to human fetal kidneys in the first trimester of gestation. In another study, published online in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, scientists in Japan overcame a barrier faced by previous attempts at growing functioning kidneys, namely the need for a pathway to drain the urine that is produced. The research group had previously grown kidney structures by using human stem cells transplanted into rat embryos, but these structures lacked a pathway to drain urine, and a build-up of urine limited the development of the kidneys. In the new research, the scientists developed a technique to provide the necessary drainage system, whereby embryonic bladders were transplanted along with developing kidneys into recipient animals. The technique was successfully demonstrated in rats and pigs. The pathways drained urine to the bladders of the host animals, and the kidneys continued to develop. The kidney is a complex, highly structured organ composed of many distinct cell types performing functions which include removal of metabolic wastes, maintaining acid-base balance and regulating salt and fluid balance. A number of challenges must be overcome to successfully grow a functioning kidney from stem cells. The stem cells must be induced to develop into the various types of kidney cells; the cells must organize into the anatomical structures of the kidney including the waste removal structures and associated drainage paths; and the newly grown kidneys must grow and function in the host patient. The new studies are important advances toward the goal of stem-cell-derived kidneys which may one day alleviate the shortage of transplantable donor kidneys.

Kila mwaka, watu zaidi ya 105,500 katika Amerika ya Kaskazini wanahitaji upandikizaji wa figo. Lakini, chini ya 20,000 (kiasi cha 1 katika 5 ya watu hawa) kwa kweli watapokea figo mpya. Je, siku moja tutaweza kuzuia watu wasife kutokana na ugonjwa wa figo kwa kukuza figo zinazoweza kupandikizwa kutoka kwa chembe za msingi? Katika utafiti mmoja, wanasayansi huko Australia walikua vikundi tata vya tishu za figo kutokana na chembe za msingi zilizotokana na ngozi ya binadamu. Chembe hizo za msingi zilipandwa katika mchanganyiko wa kemikali, na hivyo kugeuka kuwa chembe za figo, na chembe hizo zikajipanga zenyewe kuwa makundi ya tishu inayoitwa organoids. Vipengele hivyo vya figo vilikuwa na sehemu muhimu za muundo zinazopatikana kwa kawaida katika figo, yaani, miundo ya kuchuja damu inayojulikana kama nephrons na mifereji yao ya kukusanya. Isitoshe, organoids zilizungukwa na chembe ambazo kwa kawaida hufanyiza tishu ya kuunganisha na mishipa ya damu katika figo. Viungo hivyo vilikuwa na maendeleo yanayofanana na figo za mtoto wa kiume katika miezi mitatu ya kwanza ya ujauzito. Katika utafiti mwingine uliochapishwa mtandaoni katika jarida la Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, wanasayansi nchini Japan walishinda kizuizi kilichokabiliwa na majaribio ya zamani ya kukuza figo zinazofanya kazi, yaani, uhitaji wa njia ya kuondoa mkojo unaotokezwa. Watafiti hao walikuwa wametengeneza figo kwa kutumia seli za asili za binadamu zilizopandikizwa kwenye viini vya panya, lakini figo hizo hazikuwa na njia ya kuondoa mkojo na kuunganisha mkojo kulizuia ukuaji wa figo. Katika utafiti huo, wanasayansi walianzisha mbinu ya kuingiza mifupa ya tumbo la uzazi pamoja na figo katika wanyama waliopokea. Mbinu hiyo ilionyeshwa kwa mafanikio kwenye panya na nguruwe. Njia hizo zilitoa mkojo kwenye kibofu cha mkojo cha wanyama waliowatenga, na figo ziliendelea kukua. Figo ni chombo tata, kimeundwa sana, kilicho na aina nyingi tofauti za seli, na kazi zake ni kuondoa taka za kimetaboliki, kudumisha usawa wa asidi na msingi, na kudhibiti usawa wa chumvi na maji. Ni lazima changamoto kadhaa zishindwe ili kufanikiwa kukuza figo inayofanya kazi kutoka kwa chembe za msingi. Chembe za msingi lazima ziendelezwe kuwa aina mbalimbali za seli za figo; chembe lazima ziendelezwe kuwa miundo ya anatomical ya figo ikiwa ni pamoja na miundo ya kuondoa taka na njia zinazohusiana za mifereji; na figo mpya zinazokua lazima zikue na kufanya kazi katika mgonjwa mwenyeji. Utafiti huo mpya ni hatua muhimu kuelekea lengo la figo zinazotokana na seli za shina ambazo siku moja zinaweza kupunguza upungufu wa figo za wafadhili zinazoweza kupandikizwa.

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This quite rare and interesting surname is not topographical. It has absolutely nothing to do with either 'swatting' or 'ridges'. It is in fact an early baptismal name and derives from the Old English pre 7th Century personal name 'Swetric.' This is compound of the two elements 'swet' meaning 'sweet' and 'ric' meaning ruler hence 'sweet-ruler'. Its earliest recording as a surname was in the early fourteenth century (see below). Perhaps not surprisingly there are many variant forms of the surname including Swatheridge, Swatridge, Swatradge and Swalteridge, all are rare in a national sense.Examples of the recordings include Sarah Swatridge who was baptised at St. Swithins church, Southwark on May 10th 1761, whilst William Swatridge was a witness at St Lukes church, Old Street, Finsbury, on March 13th 1767. A later recording is that of Henry, son of George and Ann Swatridge who was baptised on August 18th 1864 at St. Mary's Church, Westminster. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of William Swetrich, which was dated 1309, in the Subsidy Rolls, Bedfordshire, during the reign of King Edward 11, known as 'Edward of Caernafon', 1307 - 1327. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling. © Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2024

Jina hili la familia lisilo la kawaida na lenye kupendeza si la kijiografia. Haina chochote kabisa cha kufanya na ama'swatting' au 'ridges'. "Jina la kwanza la ubatizo linatokana na jina la Kiingereza la kale la kabla ya karne ya saba ""Swetric.""" Hii ni mchanganyiko wa vipengele viwili'swet' maana'sweet' na 'ric' maana mtawala kwa hiyo'sweet-tawala'. Rekodi yake ya kwanza kama jina la familia ilikuwa mwanzoni mwa karne ya kumi na nne (tazama hapa chini). "Jina la familia la Swatridge linatokana na jina la familia la Swatridge, ambalo lilitokana na jina la familia la Swatridge, ambalo lilitokana na jina la familia ya Swatridge, ambalo lilitokana na jina la familia ya Swatridge, ambalo lilitokana na jina la familia ya Swatridge, ambayo ilitokana na jina la familia ya Swatridge, ambayo ilitokana na jina la familia ya Swatridge.""" "Hii ni kwa sababu ya kuwa Henry, mwana wa George na Ann Swatridge, alibatizwa mnamo Agosti 18, 1864 katika Kanisa la St. Mary, Westminster.""" "Jina la familia ya Edward la kwanza lilitokana na William Swetrich, ambaye aliandikwa ""William"" katika kitabu cha ""Subsidy Rolls"" cha Bedfordshire, wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme Edward wa 11 (Edward wa Caernarfon) (1307-1327)." Majina ya familia yakawa ya lazima wakati serikali zilipoanzisha kodi ya kibinafsi. Huko Uingereza hii ilijulikana kuwa Kodi ya Uchaguzi. Kwa karne nyingi, majina ya familia katika kila nchi yameendelea "kuendelea" mara nyingi yakiongoza kwenye tofauti za kushangaza za herufi ya awali. Copyright: Jina asili utafiti 1980 - 2024

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How often have you started marking some of your students’ writing and been left pondering ways to encourage them to use more descriptive language? It’s something that takes time and practise and it is important to create as many opportunities for your students to explore and discover ways to expand their sentences! In this blog, I’m going to feature a teaching resource that is available to download and can be used in a variety of ways. I will also be sharing some of my hints and tips for helping students improve their descriptive sentence writing. Boring Sentences and Wow Sentences As a teacher, I would often use the terminology boring sentences and wow sentences when discussing how to improve writing. As a class, we would talk about the importance of using additional descriptive words in our sentences and how this can affect the reader’s experience. A simple activity I would do with the students would be to ask them to close their eyes and listen as I said, ‘I just ate an apple.’ I would often get a few little giggles or strange looks. I’d then ask my students some probing questions: - Can they imagine me eating the apple and what it might taste like? - Do they know what colour the apple is? - Do they know if it was a crunchy apple or a yukky bruised apple? I would then ask them to close their eyes again, and listen as I said ‘I just ate a juicy, crunchy, delicious red apple.’ Instantly, no matter how young the students were, they understood the importance of those additional descriptive words in a sentence. Review Parts of Speech These bright and cheerful parts of speech educational posters are the perfect addition to your classroom when focusing on improving your students writing. Parts of speech are a critical grammar concept for your students to understand to help improve their writing. The main parts of speech that students must have an understanding of when utilising the ideas in this blog are nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Along with these posters, here are a few other resources that may spark some inspiration: Introduce ‘Boring’ Sentence Examples It is important to note that when discussing boring sentences – I would never use a student’s writing as an example. Any writing in my eyes is worth applause, especially in the early years, so I was always conscious of this fact and would always just create some boring sentence examples to use. That’s the beauty of this download, it includes 60 flash cards that have examples of boring sentences. The title of this resource is ‘Dressing Up a Sentence’, discuss with your students why this resource is called this. What does ‘dressing up’ mean, brainstorm and write down what the students say. You may have to steer them in the right direction, that dressing up is when you make the effort to look nice and presentable, adding accessories to an outfit, etc. That’s what your students are going to do with these boring sentences – you are going to dress them up so that they are wow sentences! Whole Class Activity Idea Pick one of the boring sentences from the Dressing Up A Sentence Resource and discuss with your students that as a class you are going to brainstorm a variety of different adjectives, adverbs and more information to make this sentence exciting. Here’s an example: The elephant stomped. As a class talk about what is the noun? (elephant) What did the elephant do? What is the verb? (stomped). As a class, students brainstorm adjectives that could describe the elephant. Once you have a number of adjectives for the elephant, the next brainstorming is for some adverbs that describe verb in the sentence – stomped. Next, students can then brainstorm some more information to add to the sentence which is where… Where could the elephant be stomping? Using the whole class brainstormed words, encourage your students to have a go at re-writing the sentence using some of the words that the class brainstormed. Small Group or Individual Work Activities Another activity you could do is to utilise a similar approach but in a small group situation such as during Literacy Groups in the classroom. Colour coding the words is a great way to visually show sentence structure and encourage students to have a play around with the sentence. Sometimes writing words on paper seem so final, so giving them the ability to move words around easily is extremely helpful. When the smaller group brainstorm words – just write these words on different coloured paper and then cut it all up. Ensure the original sentence is on a different colour as well. As a group, students can explore the different ways to set up the sentence. Individual Activities to Expand Students’ Sentences We just love when our members share ways they have used our resources in their classroom – it means it has been quality assured by kids themselves! “The kids totally loved ‘dressing up’ sentences today – such an effective activity from Teach Starter” – @misslearningbee. Check out this clever little bee… Miss J from @sparkle_n_teach has laminated the boring sentence cards and placed them on a ring. Students then flip to a sentence and re-write the sentence adding more detail to it as they go using a whiteboard. What is it with whiteboards? Kids love writing on them! This activity idea is a fantastic progression from using the template as students become more confident adding more detail to their sentences as they go rather than doing the initial brainstorming. Over time with activities such as the above – students will start to work out ways they can make their own sentences more interesting. Another habit I got my students into is that when they had finished their own writing – they would highlight a sentence that they thought was a little boring and have a go at re-writing that sentence at the bottom of their page! Expanding Vocabulary in the Classroom Equip your students with more knowledge and vocabulary to use when expanding their sentences by introducing a word of the week with your students. We have a collection of Word of the Week teaching resources that can help you set up this initiative in the classroom. Check out Ali’s blog Word of the Week | Expanding Vocabulary in the Classroom.

Ni mara ngapi umewahi kuwa na wasiwasi kuhusu jinsi unavyoweza kuwafanya wanafunzi wako watumie lugha ya kuelezea? Ni kitu ambacho inachukua muda na mazoezi na ni muhimu kuunda fursa nyingi kwa wanafunzi wako kuchunguza na kugundua njia za kupanua sentensi zao! Katika blogi hii, nitaonyesha rasilimali ya ufundishaji ambayo inapatikana kwa kupakuliwa na inaweza kutumika kwa njia mbalimbali. Pia nitashiriki baadhi ya vidokezo na vidokezo vyangu vya kuwasaidia wanafunzi kuboresha uandishi wao wa sentensi za ufafanuzi. "Kama mwalimu, mara nyingi nilitumia maneno ""sentensi za kuchosha"" na ""sentensi za wow"" wakati wa kujadili jinsi ya kuboresha uandishi." Kama darasa, tutazungumza juu ya umuhimu wa kutumia maneno ya ziada ya kuelezea katika sentensi zetu na jinsi hii inaweza kuathiri uzoefu wa msomaji. "Kila kitu ninachoweza kufanya ni kuwauliza wanafunzi kufunga macho yao na kusikiliza wakati ninasema, ""Nilila tu apple"" - mara nyingi ningepata kicheko kidogo au kuangalia ajabu." Kisha niliwauliza wanafunzi wangu maswali ya kuchunguza: - Je, wanaweza kuniona nikila tofaa hilo na ladha yake inaweza kuwaje? - Je, wanajua rangi ya tofaa hilo? - Je, wanajua kama ilikuwa apple crunchy au apple yukky bruised? "Kisha niliwaomba kufunga macho yao tena na kusikiliza nilipokuwa nikisema ""Nilila tu apple nyekundu yenye ladha nzuri, yenye ladha nzuri"" mara moja, bila kujali vijana walikuwa na umri gani, walielewa umuhimu wa maneno hayo ya ziada ya kuelezea katika sentensi." Sehemu za hotuba: Sehemu hizi za hotuba zenye kuvutia na zenye furaha ni nyongeza kamili kwa darasa lako wakati wa kuzingatia kuboresha uandishi wa wanafunzi wako. Sehemu za hotuba ni dhana muhimu ya sarufi kwa wanafunzi wako kuelewa kusaidia kuboresha uandishi wao. Sehemu kuu za hotuba ambazo wanafunzi lazima wawe na uelewa wa wakati wa kutumia mawazo katika blogi hii ni majina, sifa, vitenzi, na adverbs. Pamoja na mabango haya, hapa ni rasilimali nyingine chache ambazo zinaweza kuchochea msukumo: Kuanzisha <unk> Boring <unk> Sentence Mifano Ni muhimu kutambua kwamba wakati wa kujadili sentensi boring <unk> Mimi kamwe kutumia mwanafunzi <unk>s kuandika kama mfano. Kila kitu kilichoandikwa katika macho yangu kinastahili makofi, haswa katika miaka ya mapema, kwa hivyo siku zote nilikuwa na ufahamu wa ukweli huu na siku zote ningeunda tu mifano ya sentensi ya kuchosha ya kutumia. Hii ni moja ya mapendekezo ya programu hii, ambayo ina kadi 60 za flash ambazo zina mifano ya sentensi za kuchosha. Kichwa cha rasilimali hii ni <unk>Dressing Up Sentence<unk>, kuzungumzia na wanafunzi wako kwa nini rasilimali hii inaitwa hii. Nini "kuvalia up" ina maana, brainstorm na kuandika kile wanafunzi kusema. Unaweza kuwa na kuongoza katika mwelekeo sahihi, kwamba dressing up ni wakati wewe kufanya juhudi ya kuangalia nzuri na presentable, kuongeza accessories kwa outfit, nk. Hiyo ni nini wanafunzi wako ni kwenda kufanya na sentensi hizi boring <unk> wewe ni kwenda mavazi yao juu hivyo kwamba wao ni sentensi wow! "Kama ""Mfano wa Kazi ya Darasa Lote"" Chagua sentensi moja ya kuchosha kutoka kwa Rasilimali ya Sentensi ya ""Kuvaa"" na kuzungumzia na wanafunzi wako kwamba kama darasa utafanya brainstorming ya aina mbalimbali za sifa, adverbs na habari zaidi ili kufanya sentensi hii ya kusisimua." Hapa kuna mfano: Tembo alikataa. Kama darasa kuzungumza juu ya nini ni jina? (Sikoni) Tembo alifanya nini? Kitenzi ni nini? (Akimshambulia). Wakiwa darasa, wanafunzi hufikiria majina yanayoweza kuelezea tembo huyo. Mara baada ya kuwa na idadi ya sifa kwa tembo, ijayo brainstorming ni kwa baadhi ya adverbs kwamba kuelezea kitenzi katika sentensi <unk> stomped. "Wanafunzi wanaweza pia ""brainstorm"" maelezo zaidi ya kuongeza kwenye sentensi, ambayo ni wapi tembo anaweza kuwa akipiga?" Kwa kutumia maneno ya darasa lote, washauri wanafunzi wako wajaribu kuandika sentensi tena kwa kutumia baadhi ya maneno ambayo darasa limefanya. Kazi ndogo ya kikundi au ya kibinafsi: Mazoezi mengine ambayo unaweza kufanya ni kutumia mbinu kama hiyo lakini katika hali ya kikundi kidogo kama vile wakati wa Vikundi vya Kusoma na Kuandika katika darasa. Rangi coding maneno ni njia kubwa ya kuona kuonyesha muundo wa sentensi na kuhamasisha wanafunzi kuwa na kucheza karibu na sentensi. Wakati mwingine kuandika maneno kwenye karatasi huonekana kuwa ya mwisho sana, kwa hiyo kuwapa uwezo wa kuhamisha maneno kwa urahisi ni muhimu sana. Wakati kikundi kidogo brainstorm maneno <unk> tu kuandika maneno haya juu ya karatasi tofauti rangi na kisha kukata yote juu. Hakikisha sentensi ya awali ni juu ya rangi tofauti pia. Wakiwa kikundi, wanafunzi wanaweza kuchunguza njia tofauti-tofauti za kuanzisha sentensi. Shughuli za kibinafsi kupanua wanafunzi <unk> Sentences Sisi tu upendo wakati wanachama wetu kushiriki njia wamekuwa kutumika rasilimali zetu katika darasa lao <unk> ina maana imekuwa ubora uhakika na watoto wenyewe! <unk> Watoto walipenda kabisa <unk> dressing up <unk> sentences leo <unk> shughuli kama hiyo ya ufanisi kutoka Teach Starter <unk> @misslearningbee. Angalia nyuki huyu mdogo mwenye akili... Bi J kutoka @sparkle_n_teach amepaka kadi za sentensi za kuchosha na kuziweka kwenye pete. Wanafunzi kisha kugeuka kwa sentensi na kuandika upya sentensi kuongeza maelezo zaidi kwa hiyo kama wao kwenda kutumia ubao mweupe. Ni nini na vitambaa nyeupe? Watoto hupenda kuandika juu yao! Hii ni hatua ya juu kutoka kwa kutumia template, kwani wanafunzi wanakuwa na uhakika zaidi wa kuongeza maelezo zaidi kwa sentensi zao wanapokwenda badala ya kufanya brainstorming ya awali. Baada ya muda na shughuli kama vile hapo juu <unk> wanafunzi wataanza kufanya kazi njia wanaweza kufanya sentensi zao wenyewe kuvutia zaidi. Tabia nyingine niliyowafanya wanafunzi wangu ni kwamba walipomaliza kuandika <unk> wangeangazia sentensi ambayo walidhani ilikuwa ya kuchosha kidogo na kujaribu kuandika tena sentensi hiyo chini ya ukurasa wao! Kuongeza msamiati katika darasa: Weka wanafunzi wako na maarifa zaidi na msamiati wa kutumia wakati wa kupanua sentensi zao kwa kuanzisha neno la wiki na wanafunzi wako. "Kama ""Neno la wiki"" rasilimali za kufundisha zinaweza kukusaidia kuanzisha mpango huu darasani." Angalia blogu ya Ali Neno la Wiki | Kuongeza Usemi katika Darasa.

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Each passing year, machine vision is finding its way into applications that were not commercially feasible — and in some cases, impossible — prior to new software advances such as deep learning and related neural network processing techniques. Despite being some 50 years along the maturation curve, machine vision is just beginning to see its full potential as it heads toward the next industrial revolution, marked by increased machine-to-machine cooperation and machine-to-human collaboration. The growth in machine vision adoption, prompted in large part by the convergence of advanced imaging analysis, robotics, machine learning, and related automation, is leading to creative, never-before-seen solutions, to unique challenges inside and outside the factory. As the “eyes” of the system, machine vision cameras will remain critical to the development of next-level solutions in a variety of growing global markets. Sensor Type: CCD, CMOS, and More Since global shutters came to complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) optical sensors, the market has long predicted the demise of the charge-coupled detector (CCD) due to advantages of CMOS. It has a cheaper manufacturing process, higher speed operation, and ability to integrate microprocessors, memory, and other standard electronic blocks on chip (e.g., Xilinx's Xinq, Intel Movidius, Max10, and Cyclone). But like so many predictions, each new year brings renewed — and mistaken — reports of CCD's demise. CCD maintains a strong position in life sciences and related applications because of its ability to reduce the depth of the silicon layer on the back of the sensor (back-thin) for greater optical sensitivity, lack of fixed pattern noise, and lower noise floor. However, CMOS has taken over the majority of the machine vision market. CCD sensors still offer fewer dead pixels compared with standard CMOS chip yields and higher quantum efficiency/responsivity, which is important for near infrared (NIR), scientific, and life science applications. These include microscopy and endoscopy applications, where sensitivity is critical to acquiring useful images. Other types of sensors include microbolometer and InGaAs sensors in IR/thermal vision applications — a common technique used to monitor assets based on operating temperature in forges, metal working, and related applications. Resolution: Area Arrays, Line Scan Every few years, optical sensor yields improve enough to reduce costs to where machine vision customers can jump from one resolution plateau to the next. This holds true whether we are talking area arrays or linear arrays, i.e., line scan cameras. In general, more resolution offers one of two benefits: either more pixels to help identify a defect in an image (e.g., smaller defects on shrinking wafer traces), or the ability to do more inspections in a given field of view (e.g., large wafer/flat-panel inspections) — especially as even “dumb” component cameras start to add user-set multiple regions of interest to their available feature offerings. In 2018, the most common component camera went from 2 to 5 megapixels (MP). In the next couple of years, camera OEMs are predicting a jump to 10 MP as the standard size of a machine vision sensor array. This is achievable while still maintaining realistic pixel sizes of several microns square so that the most commonly available optics still have the ability to resolve light on individual pixels. This is unlike the massive sensor arrays in smart phones with cheap optics that cannot deliver on the true resolution promise of 12+ MP sensors with pixels of 1.4 μm. Conversely, some of the largest machine vision cameras today for the semiconductor industry offer 50 MP with 5-μm pitch pixels, providing massive resolutions at viable pixel sizes for standard camera optics. Within the line scan segment, 8k array lengths are the new norm, up from 4k line scan. Thanks to the ability to build just one, or only a few, rows of pixels, line scan cameras are able to maintain large pixel sizes for light sensitivity more easily while still running at high readout speeds. In some cases, they use multiple “taps” to read out sections of a long linear array sensor and time domain integration (TDI) to bin multiple rows of pixels into a single pixel value. These techniques allow new cameras to keep up with increasing production line speeds. Insiders say the next linear array plateau is likely to be 15 to 16k linear arrays, which will place additional requirements on the optics to capture as much light as possible across the full sensor length. The challenge of matching optics with larger sensor sizes sporting smaller pixels will continue into the future among both area and linear array sensor groups. Camera experts say 3-μm pixels is the line at which developing effective, cost-efficient, optics becomes problematic, if not practically impossible, using today's optical manufacturing technology. Speed: Area Arrays, Line Scan Higher speed, usually defined by a camera's frame rate, allows customers to inspect more products per minute and/or help to freeze the motion of fast-moving objects while limiting blur. This improves the machine vision system's ability to make an accurate automated decision or measurement. Today, 200 fps speeds for area arrays and 70 kHz frame rates for 4k linear arrays are fairly common, with maximum frame rates two to three times above those levels. Luckily for the camera interfaces, few customers operate machine vision cameras at 100% of full frame rate. Instead, common applications acquire several images in a very short period of time and then send the data to the processing unit in a burst, easing the bandwidth requirements on imaging networks. GigE Vision can accommodate the majority of applications and the frame rates and data transmission bandwidth requirements of the associated cameras. I/O specialists in imaging network applications, however, say they are seeing interest in 2.5 Gpbs GigE Vision over NBASE-T as an intermediate step towards 10GigE. Today, consumer markets have yet to adopt 10GigE as the default port in desktops and laptops due to cost, power consumption, and thermal design challenges. In general, machine vision camera OEMs of area and linear arrays believe that while special cases will always exist in which customers want cameras that run at higher speeds, most applications are adequately served by today's off-the-shelf camera offerings. If a bottleneck exists for a given application, it's usually in the network at this point. This necessitates a move toward a frame grabber–based protocol such as Camera Link High Speed, which has a higher throughput than standard GigE Vision and USB3 Vision. Color Cameras and Lighting Machine vision integrators estimate that despite regular growth of color machine vision cameras, 90% of machine vision applications are solved by a monochrome camera. Traditionally, the reason has been cost, as color cameras are more expensive than monochrome cameras with the same resolution. The cost-per pixel issue becomes more pronounced if the color camera uses the common Bayer filter, which reduces the camera's resolution to one-third of the original resolution. For the most accurate color representation, 3CCD cameras have been the standard. These cameras use a prism to separate the colors, rather than filters applied directly to a single array. In this case, each sensor acquires one color channel, and the three separate images are combined in software to produce a more realistic representation of the object than is achievable by using Bayer filters. Additionally, this more costly approach does not come with a resolution penalty. For the most accurate print inspection applications, for example, prism-based chip line scan cameras have been the gold standard for years. This has been due to the accuracy of the color representation, the ability to limit spectral overlap between channels, and improved spatial alignment between color channels. In the past year, the machine vision camera market has seen the first line scan camera to offer different polarization filters applied to different rows, a useful feature for flat-panel display inspection. Camera OEMs expect this trend toward multichannel, customized filtering to continue. Lighting is also taking a more active role in machine vision solutions in general, but in color applications in particular. Cameras with multiple exposures and regions of interest can perform multiple inspections, many of which may require different illumination techniques. Some camera OEMs are using single-sensor cameras and time domain rather than optical filtering to separate color channels. This results in multispectral solutions with lower throughput and lower cost but requires more complex illumination sources and controls. The most prevalent applications for machine vision cameras still use visible light. Certain applications, however, utilize less popular lighting methods, such as x-ray, ultraviolet (UV), near infrared (NIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), and long-wave infrared (LWIR). One of the most common applications for x-ray lighting is metallurgy inspection, which shows structural defects or fatigue in metal components. NIR lighting is used to present higher-contrast images in applications such as food inspection, where it becomes possible to identify nonorganic or dead products that may be present among fresh ones. Other agricultural inspection applications use NIR lighting to identify rotten fruit or vegetables. NIR is also used in waste management, recycling, and in the semiconductor industry. UV, SWIR, and LWIR are still very niche for machine vision applications. Other Technology Developments and Trends As robotic vision becomes more common and machine vision extends its support to applications beyond the plant floor, the need for accurate 3D machine vision increases. Today, designers have many different ways to solve a 3D vision application: stereovision using multiple cameras to detect 3D position based on slight changes in perspective; single-camera 3D, where images are acquired from different locations and use perspective processing similar to stereovision to determine 3D position; single camera, either area or line scan, with structured light projection; and static camera with multiple unstructured illumination sources positioned around the target (known as photometric 3D). Options abound and will only continue to grow. In response, many machine vision camera makers now offer optimized 3D cameras with factory-calibrated measurement systems that greatly simplify the integration of 3D vision. Furthermore, GeniCam 3.0 has simplified the detection and programming of standard 3D camera solutions, removing one of the last remaining challenges to increased 3D camera market adoption. Smart Cameras and Embedded Vision Any discussion of embedded vision needs to start with a discussion about the future of smart cameras, because smart cameras represent the first volume application for embedded vision technology. Embedded machine vision systems combine all elements of a machine vision system, including image acquisition, image processing, and communication in a form factor that prizes compact size and low power consumption. Previously, smart camera integration was done at the board level. These systems put all elements on as few boards as possible in a single enclosure. However, 2018 marked the first year that traditional machine vision companies were able to access new system-on-a-chip (SoC) solutions such as the Xilinx Xinq, which combines Arm cores and FPGA arrays on a single chip. The industry is still waiting on volume access to Intel's Movidius SoC chipset. It is safe to say that this new highly integrated vision SoC solution could significantly alter smart camera capability, performance and cost. It will open up an unprecedented market opportunity to embed machine vision in an unlimited number of nontraditional applications that would benefit from automated imaging functionality. As this report indicates, for sensor companies that sell into both the machine vision industry and nontraditional markets, the opportunities outside machine vision far exceed traditional industrial applications. Backlight Illumination and High Dynamic Range The ability to back-thin and therefore increase the photoactive area of the sensor to make it more sensitive, is a driving force behind the continuance of CCD sensors. At the same time, high-dynamic-range (HDR) capabilities on CMOS sensors are allowing a sensor to capture a car's license plate in near dark without being blinded by headlights just outside the camera's field of view. Both approaches to improving the sensitivity of sensors are expected to continue, eventually leading to backlit CMOS sensors that offer more of the benefits of CCD sensors without sacrificing speed and cost. What the Future Looks Like As this article shows, machine vision camera technology is accelerating in adoption and diversity, making it possible for amateurs to solve simple vision sensor applications while integrators break new ground in vision-guided robotics, autonomous navigation, and other complex applications. These trends are expected to continue into the foreseeable future as the world finds new ways to empower machines — and people — by helping them see through machine vision lenses. This article was written by Alex Shikany, Vice President of Membership & Business Intelligence with the Association for Advancing Automation (A3) and Winn Hardin, Contributing Editor for A3. For more information, contact Mr. Shikany at

Kila mwaka unaopita, maono ya mashine yanapata njia yake katika maombi ambayo hayakuwezekana kibiashara - na katika hali zingine, haiwezekani - kabla ya maendeleo mapya ya programu kama vile kujifunza kina na mbinu zinazohusiana za usindikaji wa mtandao wa neva. Ingawa ni miaka 50 kwenye mteremko wa kukomaa, maono ya mashine yanaanza tu kuona uwezo wake kamili wakati inakwenda kuelekea mapinduzi ya viwanda ya pili, iliyoonyeshwa na kuongezeka kwa ushirikiano wa mashine-kwa-mashine na mashine-kwa-binadamu. Ongezeko la matumizi ya maono ya mashine, iliyoongozwa kwa sehemu kubwa na kuunganishwa kwa uchambuzi wa picha za juu, roboti, kujifunza mashine, na automatisering inayohusiana, inaongoza kwa suluhisho za ubunifu, ambazo hazijawahi kuonekana, kwa changamoto za kipekee ndani na nje ya kiwanda. Kama "macho" ya mfumo, kamera za maono ya mashine zitabaki muhimu kwa maendeleo ya suluhisho la ngazi inayofuata katika aina mbalimbali za masoko ya kimataifa yanayokua. Kwa sababu shutters za ulimwengu zilikuja kwa sensorer za macho za semiconductor za oksidi ya chuma (CMOS), soko limedokeza kwa muda mrefu kifo cha detector ya malipo ya pamoja (CCD) kwa sababu ya faida za CMOS. Ina mchakato wa utengenezaji wa bei nafuu, utendaji wa kasi zaidi, na uwezo wa kuunganisha microprocessors, kumbukumbu, na vitalu vingine vya elektroniki kwenye chip (kwa mfano, Xilinx's Xing, Intel's Movidius, Max10, na Cyclone). Lakini kama utabiri mwingi, kila mwaka mpya huleta ripoti mpya na za makosa za kifo cha CCD. CCD ina nafasi kubwa katika sayansi ya maisha na matumizi yanayohusiana kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa kupunguza kina cha tabaka la silicon nyuma ya sensor (nyembamba nyuma) kwa unyeti mkubwa wa macho, ukosefu wa kelele ya muundo wa kudumu, na sakafu ya chini ya kelele. Hata hivyo, CMOS imechukua zaidi ya soko la maono ya mashine. CCD sensorer bado kutoa chini ya pixel wafu ikilinganishwa na kiwango cha kawaida CMOS chip mavuno na juu quantum ufanisi na responsiveness, ambayo ni muhimu kwa karibu infrared (NIR), sayansi, na maisha sayansi maombi. Hizi ni pamoja na matumizi ya microscopy na endoscopy, ambapo unyeti ni muhimu kwa kupata picha muhimu. Aina nyingine za sensorer ni pamoja na microbolometer na InGaAs sensorer katika IR-thermal maonyesho maombi - mbinu ya kawaida kutumika kufuatilia mali kulingana na joto la uendeshaji katika forges, chuma kazi, na maombi yanayohusiana. Kila baada ya miaka michache, matokeo ya sensorer ya macho hupata kuboresha kutosha kupunguza gharama ambapo wateja wa maono ya mashine wanaweza kuruka kutoka kwa eneo moja la azimio hadi jingine. Hii inashikilia kweli kama sisi ni kuzungumza eneo safu au safu linear, yaani, line scan kamera. Kwa ujumla, azimio zaidi hutoa moja ya faida mbili: ama pikseli zaidi kusaidia kutambua kasoro katika picha (kwa mfano, kasoro ndogo juu ya kupungua kwa alama za wafer), au uwezo wa kufanya ukaguzi zaidi katika uwanja fulani wa mtazamo (kwa mfano, ukaguzi mkubwa wa wafer-flat-paneli) - haswa kama hata kamera za sehemu za "bubu" zinaanza kuongeza maeneo mengi ya kupendeza kwa huduma zao zinazopatikana. Katika 2018, kamera ya kawaida ya sehemu iliondoka kutoka 2 hadi 5 megapixels (MP). Katika miaka ijayo, OEMs ya kamera zinatabiri kuruka hadi 10 MP kama ukubwa wa kawaida wa safu ya sensorer ya maono ya mashine. Hii inaweza kupatikana wakati bado kudumisha pixel ukubwa wa kweli wa microns kadhaa mraba, hivyo kwamba optics kawaida inapatikana bado na uwezo wa kutatua mwanga juu ya pixels moja. Hii ni tofauti na safu kubwa za sensorer katika simu mahiri na optics ya bei nafuu ambayo haiwezi kutoa ahadi ya azimio la kweli la sensorer za 12+ MP na pikseli za 1.4 μm. Kwa upande mwingine, baadhi ya kamera kubwa za maono ya mashine leo kwa sekta ya semiconductor hutoa 50 MP na pikseli za 5μm, kutoa azimio kubwa kwa ukubwa wa pixel inayofaa kwa optics ya kawaida ya kamera. Katika sehemu ya line scan, urefu wa 8k array ni kiwango kipya, juu kutoka 4k line scan. Kwa sababu ya uwezo wa kujenga safu moja tu ya pikseli, kamera za skanning za mstari zinaweza kudumisha ukubwa mkubwa wa pikseli kwa unyeti wa mwanga kwa urahisi zaidi wakati bado zinaendesha kwa kasi ya juu ya kusoma. Katika baadhi ya kesi, wao kutumia <unk>taps<unk> nyingi kusoma nje sehemu ya muda mrefu linear array sensor na wakati uwanja ushirikiano (TDI) bin safu nyingi za pixels katika pixel moja thamani. Mbinu hizo huruhusu kamera mpya ziweze kukabiliana na kuongezeka kwa kasi ya mstari wa utengenezaji. "Watu wa ndani wanasema ""plateau ya mstari wa mstari wa 15k hadi 16k"" ambayo itaweka mahitaji ya ziada kwenye optics ili kukamata mwanga mwingi iwezekanavyo katika urefu kamili wa sensor." Changamoto ya kulinganisha optics na ukubwa mkubwa wa sensor michezo pixels ndogo itaendelea katika siku zijazo kati ya wote eneo na linear safu sensor makundi. Wataalamu wa kamera wanasema pikseli ya 3mm ni mstari ambapo kuendeleza ufanisi, gharama nafuu, optics inakuwa tatizo, kama si vigumu, kutumia teknolojia ya utengenezaji wa macho ya leo. Kasi: Mipangilio ya eneo, Scan ya Mstari: Kasi ya juu, kwa kawaida hufafanuliwa na kiwango cha sura ya kamera, inaruhusu wateja kuchunguza bidhaa zaidi kwa dakika na kusaidia kuzima mwendo wa vitu vinavyohamia haraka wakati wa kupunguza blur. Hii inaboresha uwezo wa mfumo wa maono ya mashine kufanya uamuzi sahihi wa kiotomatiki au kipimo. Sasa, kasi ya fps ya 200 kwa safu za eneo na viwango vya fremu za 70kHz kwa safu za 4k za mstari ni za kawaida, na viwango vya fremu za juu mara mbili hadi tatu juu ya viwango hivyo. Kwa bahati nzuri, kamera za macho za mashine zina uwezo wa kufanya kazi kwa kiwango cha 100% cha fremu kamili. Badala yake, maombi ya kawaida kupata picha kadhaa katika kipindi kifupi sana cha muda na kisha kutuma data kwa kitengo cha usindikaji katika mlipuko, kupunguza mahitaji ya bandwidth juu ya mitandao ya picha. GigE Vision inaweza kukaribisha idadi kubwa ya maombi na viwango vya fremu na mahitaji ya upana wa bendi ya uhamisho wa data ya kamera zinazohusiana. Wataalamu wa IOT katika maombi ya mtandao wa picha wanasema wanaona maslahi katika 2.5Gbps GigE Vision juu ya NBA SE-T kama hatua ya kati kuelekea 10Gbps. Kwa sasa, soko la watumiaji bado halijakubali 10GigE kama bandari ya default katika desktops na laptops kwa sababu ya gharama, matumizi ya nguvu, na changamoto za muundo wa joto. Kwa ujumla, OEMs ya kamera za maono ya mashine ya eneo na safu za mstari wanaamini kwamba wakati kesi maalum zitatokea wakati wowote ambapo wateja wanataka kamera zinazoendesha kwa kasi ya juu, maombi mengi yanatumika kwa kutosha na matoleo ya kamera ya leo. Kama bottleneck ipo kwa ajili ya maombi fulani, ni kawaida katika mtandao katika hatua hii. Hii inahitaji hoja kuelekea frame grabber <unk> msingi itifaki kama vile Kamera Link High Speed, ambayo ina throughput ya juu kuliko kiwango GigE Vision na USB3 Vision. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Integrators ya Maono ya Mashine inakadiria kwamba licha ya ukuaji wa kawaida wa kamera za maono ya rangi, 90% ya maombi ya maono ya mashine yanatibiwa na kamera ya monochrome.""" Kwa kawaida, sababu imekuwa gharama, kama rangi kamera ni ghali zaidi kuliko monochrome kamera na azimio sawa. "Kulingana na ""gharama kwa pixel"" ya kamera, kamera ya rangi hutumia kichujio cha Bayer, ambayo hupunguza azimio la kamera hadi theluthi moja ya azimio la awali." Kwa ajili ya uwakilishi sahihi zaidi wa rangi, kamera za 3CCD zimekuwa kiwango. Kamera hizi hutumia prism kutenganisha rangi, badala ya filters kutumika moja kwa moja kwa safu moja. Katika kesi hii, kila sensor hupata moja rangi channel, na picha tatu tofauti ni pamoja katika programu ya kuzalisha uwakilishi zaidi ya kweli ya kitu kuliko ni kupatikana kwa kutumia filters Bayer. Kwa kuongezea, mbinu hii ya gharama kubwa haija na adhabu ya azimio. Kwa ajili ya maombi sahihi zaidi ya ukaguzi wa uchapishaji, kwa mfano, prism-msingi chip line scan kamera wamekuwa kiwango cha dhahabu kwa miaka. Hii imekuwa kutokana na usahihi wa uwakilishi wa rangi, uwezo wa kupunguza spectral overlap kati ya njia, na kuboreshwa nafasi alignment kati ya njia za rangi. Katika mwaka uliopita, soko la kamera ya maono ya mashine liliona kamera ya kwanza ya skanning ya mstari kutoa vichungi tofauti vya polarization vinavyotumika kwa safu tofauti, kipengele muhimu kwa ukaguzi wa kuonyesha ya jopo tambarare. OEMs kutarajia mwenendo huu kuelekea multichannel, customized kuchuja kuendelea. Taa pia inachukua jukumu lenye nguvu zaidi katika suluhisho la maono ya mashine kwa ujumla, lakini katika matumizi ya rangi haswa. Kamera na exposures nyingi na mikoa ya maslahi inaweza kufanya ukaguzi nyingi, wengi ambao inaweza kuhitaji mbinu tofauti ya taa. Baadhi ya OEMs kamera ni kutumia single-sensor kamera na muda domain badala ya upimaji optical kutenganisha njia za rangi. Hii husababisha ufumbuzi wa multispectral na throughput ya chini na gharama ya chini lakini inahitaji vyanzo vya taa na udhibiti tata zaidi. Maombi ya kawaida kwa kamera za maono ya mashine bado hutumia mwanga unaoonekana. Hata hivyo, matumizi fulani hutumia njia za taa zisizo maarufu sana, kama vile X-ray, ultraviolet (UV), karibu na infrared (NIR), infrared ya mawimbi mafupi (SWIR), na infrared ya mawimbi marefu (LWIR). Moja ya matumizi ya kawaida kwa ajili ya X-ray taa ni ukaguzi metallurgy, ambayo inaonyesha kasoro za muundo au uchovu katika vipengele chuma. NIR ni njia ya kuonyesha picha za hali ya juu katika matumizi kama vile ukaguzi wa chakula, ambapo inawezekana kutambua bidhaa zisizo za kikaboni au zilizokufa ambazo zinaweza kuwapo kati ya zile safi. Maombi mengine ya ukaguzi wa kilimo hutumia taa ya NIR kutambua matunda au mboga zilizooza. NIR pia hutumiwa katika usimamizi wa taka, kuchakata, na katika sekta ya semiconductor. UV, SWIR, na LWIR bado ni niche sana kwa ajili ya maombi ya maono ya mashine. Kwa kuwa maono ya roboti yanazidi kuwa ya kawaida na maono ya mashine yanaongeza msaada wake kwa matumizi zaidi ya sakafu ya kiwanda, hitaji la maono sahihi ya mashine ya 3D huongezeka. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Stereovision"" ni aina ya kamera ya 3D ambayo hutumia kamera nyingi kugundua nafasi ya 3D kulingana na mabadiliko madogo ya mtazamo, 3D ya kamera moja, ambapo picha zinapatikana kutoka maeneo tofauti na hutumia usindikaji wa mtazamo sawa na 3D ya 3D, kamera moja, ama eneo au scan ya mstari, na makadirio ya mwanga iliyoundwa, na kamera ya static na vyanzo vingi vya taa zisizo na muundo zilizowekwa karibu na lengo." Kuna chaguzi nyingi na zitaendelea kuongezeka. Kwa sababu hiyo, watengenezaji wengi wa kamera za maono ya mashine sasa hutoa kamera za 3D zilizoboreshwa na mifumo ya kipimo iliyopangwa kiwanda ambayo inawezesha ushirikiano wa maono ya 3D. Zaidi ya hayo, GeniCam 3.0 imeboresha utambuzi na programu ya ufumbuzi wa kawaida wa kamera ya 3D, kuondoa moja ya changamoto za mwisho zilizobaki kwa kuongezeka kwa kupitishwa kwa soko la kamera ya 3D. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""Mazungumzo yoyote ya maono yaliyoingizwa yanahitaji kuanza na majadiliano juu ya siku zijazo za kamera za akili, kwa sababu kamera za akili zinawakilisha matumizi ya kwanza ya wingi kwa teknolojia ya maono yaliyoingizwa.""" Mifumo ya maono ya mashine iliyoingizwa huchanganya vipengele vyote vya mfumo wa maono ya mashine, pamoja na upatikanaji wa picha, usindikaji wa picha, na mawasiliano katika sababu ya fomu ambayo inashinda ukubwa mdogo na matumizi ya nguvu ya chini. Hapo awali, ushirikiano wa kamera ya smart ulifanywa katika ngazi ya bodi. Mifumo hii kuweka vipengele vyote juu ya bodi chache iwezekanavyo katika enclosure moja. Mwaka 2018 ilikuwa mwaka wa kwanza kwa makampuni ya kuona mashine kupata ufumbuzi mpya wa mfumo kwenye chip (SoC) kama vile Xilinx Xing, ambayo inachanganya cores za ARM na safu za FPGA kwenye chip moja. Sekta bado ni kusubiri kwa kiasi cha upatikanaji wa Intel Movidius SoC chipset. Ni salama kusema kwamba hii mpya sana jumuishi maono SoC ufumbuzi inaweza kwa kiasi kikubwa kubadilisha uwezo smart kamera, utendaji na gharama. "Hii itafungua fursa ya soko isiyo na kifani ya kuingiza maono ya mashine katika idadi isiyo na kikomo ya maombi yasiyo ya jadi ambayo yatanufaika na utendaji wa picha ya kiotomatiki. """ Kama ripoti hii inaonyesha, kwa makampuni ya sensor ambayo kuuza katika sekta ya mashine ya maono na masoko yasiyo ya jadi, fursa nje ya mashine ya maono kupita mbali matumizi ya jadi ya viwanda. Backlight, mwangaza wa nyuma na High Dynamic Range: Uwezo wa back-thin na hivyo kuongeza eneo photoactive ya sensor kufanya hivyo nyeti zaidi ni nguvu ya kuendesha nyuma ya kuendelea kwa sensorer CCD. "Kama vile, uwezo wa ""high dynamic range"" (HDR) kwenye sensorer za CMOS inaruhusu sensorer kukamata nambari ya gari karibu na giza bila kufichwa na taa za mbele nje ya uwanja wa kuona wa kamera." Njia zote mbili za kuboresha unyeti wa sensorer zinatarajiwa kuendelea, na hatimaye kusababisha sensorer za CMOS zilizo na backlit ambazo hutoa faida zaidi za sensorer za CCD bila kutoa sadaka ya kasi na gharama. Kama makala hii inaonyesha, teknolojia ya kamera ya maono ya mashine inaongeza kasi katika kupitishwa na utofauti, ikifanya iwezekane kwa wapenzi kutatua maombi rahisi ya sensorer ya maono wakati wajumuishaji wanavunja ardhi mpya katika roboti inayoongozwa na maono, urambazaji wa kujitegemea, na matumizi mengine magumu. Mwelekeo huu unatarajiwa kuendelea katika siku zijazo zinazotazamiwa wakati ulimwengu unapopata njia mpya za kuwezesha mashine <unk> na watu <unk> kwa kuwasaidia kuona kupitia lensi za maono ya mashine. Alex Shikany, Mkurugenzi Msaidizi wa Ushirikiano na Ujasusi wa Biashara katika Chama cha Kuendeleza Automation (A3A) na Winn Hardin, Mhariri Msaidizi wa A3A Kwa maelezo zaidi, wasiliana na Shikari katika:

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Adware and spyware are not necessarily the same thing, though these terms are often used interchangeably. Both, however, can be bothersome, as they tend to slow down computers while increasing pop-ups and advertisements. Here are some suggestions for removing spyware as well as some clarification on the differences between spyware and adware. Adware refers to software that is supported by advertisements (usually banner ads or pop-up ads). Such sofware is generally free and downloadable from the Internet. While this type of software is not really harmful, too many adware programs (read that as free programs supported by advertisements) installed on the same computer can cause a computer to slow down significantly. Spyware is a much broader category referring to any malicious software that may partially take over part of a computer without the user’s consent. Thus, there is a fine line between adware and spyware, as many users probably wouldn’t consent to some of the activity caused by certain programs they downloaded innocently. As a preventative measure, if downloading free software, it’s best to read the terms and conditions and/or FAQ (frequently asked questions) to know if adware is involved. Some spyware, however, is blatantly installed without users’ consent. This spyware often can monitor activity and Internet browsing habits to deliver unsolicited advertisements. And worse yet, certain spyware may try and capture personal information. It can be difficult to determine what kind of spyware your computer may have. Thus, it’s best to avoid all types. Here are three different free programs designed for the removal of adware / spyware: 1) For Spybot Search & Destroy, click here. Spybot is probably the least intuitive and/or user friendly of the three listed here, though its ability to find and remove adware / spyware is top notch. 2) For Ad-Aware Personal Edition, click here. Ad-Aware is more user friendly than Spybot, though it doesn’t necessarily catch everything Spybot does. In cases where a computer has excessive spyware, it may be advantageous to install both programs. 3) For Microsoft Anti-Spyware Beta (“Beta” meaning that it’s still in testing), click here. Microsoft’s solution is by far the most user friendly and comprehensive. It also has some nice touches, such as a threat meter, which tells you how much of a threat each piece of spyware is as well as gives you a brief description. The only disadvantage to Microsoft’s solution at this point is its intrusiveness. The program likes to run constantly in the background and give you update messages daily. Much of this can be turned off in the advanced settings. If you need help installing or running any of these applications, each of the links above have more information. It should also be noted that there are other anti-spyware programs available outside of these three, which may also work well.

Adware na spyware si lazima kitu kimoja, ingawa maneno haya ni mara nyingi kutumika kwa kubadilishana. Hata hivyo, zote mbili zinaweza kusumbua, kwa kuwa hufanya kompyuta ziwe polepole huku zikiongeza madirisha na matangazo ya biashara. Hapa ni baadhi ya mapendekezo kwa ajili ya kuondoa spyware kama vile baadhi ya ufafanuzi juu ya tofauti kati ya spyware na adware. Adware inahusu programu ambayo inasaidiwa na matangazo (kwa kawaida matangazo ya bendera au matangazo ya pop-up). Kwa kawaida programu hizo ni za bure na zinaweza kupakuliwa kwenye Intaneti. Ingawa programu hii si hatari sana, programu nyingi za adware (soma kwamba kama programu za bure zinazoungwa mkono na matangazo) zilizowekwa kwenye kompyuta moja zinaweza kusababisha kompyuta kupunguza kasi kwa kiasi kikubwa. Spyware ni jamii pana zaidi inayohusu programu yoyote mbaya ambayo inaweza kuchukua sehemu ya kompyuta bila idhini ya mtumiaji. Hivyo, kuna mstari mwembamba kati ya adware na spyware, kama watumiaji wengi pengine bila kukubali baadhi ya shughuli unasababishwa na programu fulani wao kupakuliwa innocently. Kama hatua ya kuzuia, kama kupakua programu ya bure, ni bora kusoma masharti na masharti na / au FAQ (maswali yanayoulizwa mara kwa mara) kujua kama adware ni kushiriki. Hata hivyo, programu fulani za ujasusi huwekwa waziwazi bila idhini ya watumiaji. Programu hii ya ujasusi mara nyingi inaweza kufuatilia shughuli na tabia za kuvinjari mtandao ili kutoa matangazo yasiyotakiwa. Na jambo baya zaidi ni kwamba programu fulani za ujasusi zaweza kujaribu kukamata habari za kibinafsi. Inaweza kuwa vigumu kujua ni aina gani ya programu-jambazi ambayo kompyuta yako inaweza kuwa nayo. Kwa hiyo, ni afadhali kuepuka aina zote. Programu tatu za bure za kuondoa spyware za adware: Spybot ni pengine chini intuitive na user-kirafiki ya tatu waliotajwa hapa, ingawa uwezo wake wa kupata na kuondoa adware spyware ni juu notch. Kwa ajili ya Ad-Aware Personal Edition, bonyeza hapa. Ad-Aware ni zaidi ya mtumiaji kirafiki kuliko Spybot, ingawa si lazima kukamata kila kitu Spybot hufanya. Katika visa ambapo kompyuta ina spyware kupita kiasi, inaweza kuwa na faida ya kufunga programu zote mbili. Kwa Microsoft Anti-Spyware Beta (Beta ina maana kwamba bado ni katika majaribio), bonyeza hapa. Ufumbuzi wa Microsoft ni kwa mbali zaidi ya mtumiaji kirafiki na kina. Pia ina baadhi ya vidokezo nzuri, kama vile kipimo cha tishio, ambacho kinakuambia ni tishio gani kila kipande cha spyware na pia kinakupa maelezo mafupi. Hasara tu kwa ufumbuzi wa Microsoft katika hatua hii ni intrusiveness yake. Programu anapenda kukimbia daima katika background na kukupa ujumbe wa update kila siku. Mengi ya haya yanaweza kuzimwa katika mipangilio ya juu. Kama unahitaji msaada wa kufunga au kuendesha yoyote ya maombi haya, kila moja ya viungo hapo juu kuwa na habari zaidi. Ni lazima pia kumbuka kwamba kuna programu nyingine anti-spyware inapatikana nje ya hizi tatu, ambayo pia inaweza kufanya kazi vizuri.

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Step-up in basis, also known as stepped-up basis, is a wrinkle in the federal tax code that can help heirs avoid or reduce taxes on inherited assets. This aspect of the tax code changes the value—known as the “cost basis”—of an inherited asset, including stocks or property. As a result, the heir may receive a reduction in the capital gains tax they must pay on the inherited assets. For others, according to the recent article, “What Is Step-Up In Basis?” from Forbes, it allows families to avoid paying what would be a normal share in capital gains taxes by passing assets across generations. Estate planning attorneys often incorporate this into estate plans for their clients to minimize taxes and protect assets. Here’s how it works. If someone sells an inherited asset, a step-up in basis may protect them from higher capital gains taxes. A capital gains tax occurs when an asset is sold for more than it originally cost. A step-up in basis considers the asset’s fair market value when it was inherited versus when it was first acquired. This means there has been a “step-up” from the original value to the current market value. Assets held for generations and passed from original owners to heirs are never subject to capital gains taxes, if the assets are never sold. However, if the heir decides to sell the asset, any tax is assessed on the new value, meaning only the appreciation after the asset had been inherited would face capital gains tax. For example, Michael buys 200 shares of ABC Company stock at $50 a share. Jasmine inherits the stock after Michael’s death. The stock’s price is valued at $70 a share by then. When Jasmine decides to sell the shares five years after inheriting them, the stock is valued at $90 a share. Without the step-up in basis, Jasmine would have to pay capital gains taxes on the $40 per share difference between the price originally paid for the stock ($50) and the sale price of $90 per share. Other assets falling under the step-up provision include artwork, collectibles, bank accounts, businesses, stocks, bonds, investment accounts, real estate and personal property. Assets not affected by the step-up rule are retirement accounts, including 401(k)s, IRAs, pensions and most assets in irrevocable trusts. If someone gives a gift during their lifetime, the recipient retains the basis of the person who made the gift—known as “carryover basis.” Under this basis, capital gains on a gifted asset are calculated using the asset’s purchase price. Say Michael gave Jasmine five shares of ABC Company stock when it was priced at $75 a share. The carryover basis is $375 for all five stocks. Then Jasmine decides to sell the five shares of stock for $150 each, for $750. According to the carryover basis, Jasmine would have a taxable gain of $375 ($750 in sale proceeds subtracted by the $375 carryover basis = $375). The gift giver is usually responsible for any gift tax owed. The tax liability starts when the gift amount exceeds the annual exclusion allowed by the IRS. For example, if Michael made the gift in 2018, he could avoid gift taxes on a gift he gave to Jasmine that year with a value of up to $15,000. This gift tax exemption for 2023 is $17,000. Talk with your estate planning attorney to see if a step-up in basis can help avoid or reduce taxes. If you would like to learn more about tax planning, please visit our previous posts. Reference: Forbes (March 28, 2023) “What Is Step-Up In Basis?” Photo by Nataliya Vaitkevich

Mfano wa hatua-up katika msingi ni wrinkles katika kodi ya kodi ya shirikisho ambayo inaweza kusaidia warithi kuepuka au kupunguza kodi juu ya mali urithi. Kipengele hiki cha kanuni ya kodi hubadilisha thamani - inayojulikana kama "msingi wa gharama" ya mali iliyorithiwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na hisa au mali. Matokeo yake, mrithi anaweza kupokea kupunguzwa kwa kodi ya faida ya mtaji ambayo lazima alipe juu ya mali zilizorithiwa. "Kwa wengine, kulingana na makala ya hivi karibuni, ""Ni nini hatua ya juu katika msingi?"" kutoka Forbes, inaruhusu familia kuepuka kulipa kile ambacho kitakuwa sehemu ya kawaida katika kodi ya faida ya mtaji kwa kupitisha mali katika vizazi." Wanasheria wa mipango ya mali mara nyingi huingiza hii katika mipango ya mali kwa wateja wao kupunguza kodi na kulinda mali. Hapa ni jinsi inavyofanya kazi. Kama mtu anauza mali kurithiwa, hatua-up katika msingi inaweza kulinda yao kutoka kwa kodi ya juu ya faida ya mtaji. Kodi ya faida ya mtaji hutokea wakati mali inauzwa kwa zaidi ya gharama yake ya awali. Hatua-juu katika msingi inachukua mali ya thamani ya soko wakati ilirithiwa dhidi ya wakati ilipopatikana kwanza. Hii ina maana kumekuwa na "hatua-up" kutoka thamani ya awali kwa thamani ya sasa ya soko. Mali zilizowekwa kwa vizazi na kupitishwa kutoka kwa wamiliki wa awali kwa warithi hazifai kamwe kwa kodi ya faida ya mtaji, ikiwa mali hazijawahi kuuzwa. Hata hivyo, ikiwa mrithi anaamua kuuza mali, kodi yoyote inahesabiwa juu ya thamani mpya, ikimaanisha tu thamani baada ya mali ilikuwa kurithiwa ingekabiliwa na kodi ya faida ya mtaji. Kwa mfano, Michael ananunua hisa 200 za ABC Company kwa $ 50 kwa hisa. Jasmine anarithi hisa baada ya kifo cha Michael. Bei ya hisa hiyo inakadiriwa kuwa $ 70 kwa hisa wakati huo. Jasmine aliamua kuuza hisa hizo miaka mitano baada ya kuirithi, hisa hizo zilikuwa na thamani ya dola 90 kwa hisa. Bila hatua ya msingi, Jasmine ingekuwa kulipa kodi ya faida ya mtaji juu ya $ 40 kwa tofauti ya hisa kati ya bei ya awali kulipwa kwa hisa na bei ya kuuza ya $ 90 kwa hisa. Mali nyingine zinazohusika katika hatua ya juu ni pamoja na kazi za sanaa, vitu vya kukusanya, akaunti za benki, biashara, hisa, dhamana, akaunti za uwekezaji, mali isiyohamishika na mali binafsi. Mali ambazo hazikuathiriwa na sheria ya hatua ya juu ni akaunti za kustaafu, pamoja na 401 (k), IRA, pensheni na mali nyingi katika amana zisizoweza kuondolewa. Ikiwa mtu anatoa zawadi wakati wa maisha yake, mpokeaji huhifadhi msingi wa mtu aliyefanya zawadi inayojulikana kama msingi wa uhamisho, chini ya msingi huu, faida ya mtaji kwenye mali ya zawadi inahesabiwa kwa kutumia bei ya ununuzi wa mali. Michael alipewa hisa tano za ABC wakati bei ya hisa ilikuwa $ 75 kwa hisa. Kwa mfano, kiwango cha uhamisho wa $ 375 kwa hisa zote tano. Jasmine aliamua kuuza hisa zake kwa $ 750 kila moja. Kwa mujibu wa msingi wa uhamisho, Jasmine ingekuwa na faida ya kodi ya $ 375 ( $ 750 katika mapato ya mauzo, ikiondolewa na msingi wa uhamisho wa $ 375 = $ 375). Kwa kawaida mtoaji wa zawadi huwa na daraka la kulipa kodi yoyote ya zawadi inayostahili. Mshahara wa kodi huanza wakati kiasi cha zawadi kinazidi ukaguzi wa kila mwaka ulioruhusiwa na IRS. Kwa mfano, ikiwa Michael alifanya zawadi hiyo mwaka wa 2018, angeweza kuepuka kodi ya zawadi kwa zawadi aliyoipa Jasmine mwaka huo yenye thamani ya hadi $ 15,000. Msaada wa kodi ya zawadi kwa mwaka 2023 ni $ 17,000. Zungumza na wakili wako wa mipango ya mali ili uone ikiwa hatua ya juu ya msingi inaweza kusaidia kuepuka au kupunguza kodi. Ikiwa unataka kujifunza zaidi juu ya mipango ya kodi, tafadhali tembelea machapisho yetu ya awali. "Mfano: ""Forbes"" (Mchi 28, 2023) <unk>Ni nini hatua ya juu katika msingi?<unk> Picha na Natalya Vaitkevich"

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://www.texastrustlaw.com/category/gift-tax/gst-tax/

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What Is SEO aka Search Engine Optimization? We've all heard about SEO but as with many things marketing, acronyms and explanations can be confusing and abstract. SEO stands for “search engine optimization”. But what IS Search Engine Optimization? The first thing we need to contend with is: SEO is not the objective. SEO is a process to help us reach our objectives. The objective is (typically) to get the highest Google ranking you possibly can. SEO is like gymnastics... Imagine for a second you are a gymnast. You do cartwheels. You are one of the best cartwheelers in your country. And in gymnastics, like all sports, you need a sporting body that lists the best gymnasts in your chosen discipline. This gymnastics index is organised and managed by the Gymnastics Sporting Authority. You really want to be on this index because it will give you access to more fans, more opportunities to compete at the highest levels and more sponsorship deals. This index lets people know who the best gymnasts are. It is an important index. To get onto an index, you first need to register with the sporting authority and then improve your routines to be seen as the most skilled in your category. The cartwheeling category. It is through strategy, practice and specialised tactics that you will climb your way up this index so that the offers, the fans and the sponsorship deals will roll in. But how do you get on the index in the first place? How do you get this massive authority to notice you? Imagine assistants are sent out to gather info by the Sporting Authority. They list each gymnast by name, verify registration and information so that a scout can go check out each gymnast to see who is the best. The Scout Scout A scout then takes this list, goes to each gym, watches each gymnast perform and rates their abilities based on the rules set out by the Sporting Authority. They consider each personal skill set and then decide where a gymnast ranks on the index. Now imagine a gymnastics enthusiast is looking for the best cartwheeler. The scout has this information and will give fans a specialised list. Let's put down the analogy for a second... The gymnasts are the websites. The Sporting Authority is Google. The scout assistant is a Google Bot and a Scout is an algorithm. Search engines like Google, use bots to read pages on the internet. They collect information about each page and put them on a list. From this list, Algorithms analyze websites and pages -taking into account hundreds of ranking factors or signals- to determine the order websites should appear in the search results in a given category for a given query. Now, the last part is where things get a bit more complicated but we're just going to focus on the bigger picture. So as you can see there are several factors involved in getting your site ranked on Google. This ENTIRE process is SEO. How do we get the algorithm to re-rank us higher than our original position? We use our specialised SEO skills. First, we might find out what the problems are on the site and we make improvements. We can put more relevant content on our sites for the algorithm to re-consider where it places us on Google (for a given query). But more on that another time... If you'd like a quick way to improve your SEO, run your site through the SEO Check Up and get started! To find out what else you can do to improve your website ranking, sign up to my newsletter!

SEO ni nini au Search Engine Optimization? Sisi sote tumesikia juu ya SEO, lakini kama ilivyo na mambo mengi ya uuzaji, vifupisho na maelezo yanaweza kuwa ya kutatanisha na ya abstract. SEO inasimama kwa <unk>utafutaji injini optimization<unk>. Lakini ni nini Search Engine Optimization? Jambo la kwanza tunahitaji kushindana nalo ni: SEO si lengo. SEO ni mchakato wa kusaidia kufikia malengo yako. Lengo ni (kwa kawaida) kupata cheo cha juu cha Google unachoweza. SEO ni kama mazoezi ya viungo... Hebu fikiria kwa dakika moja kwamba wewe ni mwanariadha wa mazoezi ya viungo vya mwili. Wewe hufanya magurudumu ya gari. Wewe ni mmoja wa cartwheelers bora katika nchi yako. Katika mazoezi ya mazoezi ya mwili, kama katika michezo yote, unahitaji mwili wa michezo ambao unaorodhesha wanariadha bora katika taaluma yako iliyochaguliwa. Kiwango hiki cha mazoezi ya viungo vya mwili hupangwa na kusimamiwa na Mamlaka ya Michezo ya Viungo vya Mwili. "Utakua unataka kuwa kwenye orodha hii kwa sababu itakupa upatikanaji wa mashabiki zaidi, fursa zaidi za kushindana katika viwango vya juu na mikataba zaidi ya udhamini. """ Kiashiria hiki huwafanya watu wajue ni nani wanaofanya mazoezi bora zaidi. Ni faharisi muhimu. Ili kuingia kwenye orodha, kwanza unahitaji kujiandikisha na mamlaka ya michezo na kisha kuboresha mazoea yako ili kuonekana kama mtaalamu zaidi katika jamii yako. Jamii ya kuendesha gari. Ni kupitia mkakati, mazoezi na mbinu maalum kwamba utapanda njia yako juu ya faharisi hii ili ofa, mashabiki na mikataba ya udhamini iweze kuingizwa. Lakini ni jinsi gani unaweza kuingia kwenye orodha hiyo? Jinsi gani unaweza kupata mamlaka hii kubwa ya kukugundua? Hebu wazia wasaidizi wanatumwa nje kukusanya habari na Mamlaka ya Michezo. Wanaorodhesha kila mwanariadha kwa jina, kuthibitisha usajili na habari ili scout aende kuangalia kila mwanariadha kuona ni nani bora. Scout huchukua orodha hii, huenda kwenye kila jumba la mazoezi, huangalia kila mwanariadha wa mazoezi ya mwili akifanya kazi na hupima uwezo wao kulingana na sheria zilizowekwa na Mamlaka ya Michezo. Wao hufikiria kila ustadi wa kibinafsi na kisha kuamua mahali ambapo mwanariadha wa mazoezi ya viungo vya mwili anastawi kwenye faharisi. Sasa fikiria mpenzi wa mazoezi ya viungo vya mwili akitafuta mchezaji bora zaidi wa kuendesha gari. Scout ana habari hii na atawapa mashabiki orodha maalumu. Hebu kuweka chini analogy kwa ajili ya pili... Gymnasts ni tovuti ya michezo. Mamlaka ya Michezo ni Google. Msaidizi wa scout ni Google Bot na Scout ni algorithm. Injini za utafutaji kama Google, hutumia bots kusoma kurasa kwenye mtandao. Wao hukusanya habari kuhusu kila ukurasa na kuziweka kwenye orodha. Kutoka orodha hii, algorithms kuchambua tovuti na kurasa -kuchukua katika akaunti mamia ya makundi ya mambo au ishara - kuamua utaratibu tovuti lazima kuonekana katika matokeo ya utafutaji katika jamii fulani kwa ajili ya swali fulani. Sehemu ya mwisho ni ambapo mambo yanakuwa magumu zaidi, lakini tutaangalia picha kubwa. Kama unavyoona, kuna mambo kadhaa yanayohusika katika kupata tovuti yako kwenye Google. Utaratibu huu wote ni SEO. Jinsi gani tunaweza kupata algorithm ya re-rank sisi juu kuliko nafasi yetu ya awali? Tunatumia ujuzi wetu wa SEO. Kwanza, tunaweza kujua ni nini matatizo ni kwenye tovuti na sisi kufanya maboresho. "Kama tunafanya hivyo, tunaongeza ""mengi"" kwenye tovuti zetu ili algorithm iweze kufikiria tena mahali ambapo inatuweka kwenye Google (kwa swali fulani)." Lakini zaidi juu ya kwamba wakati mwingine... Kama unataka njia ya haraka ya kuboresha SEO yako, kukimbia tovuti yako kupitia SEO Check Up na kuanza! Ili kujua nini kingine unaweza kufanya ili kuboresha tovuti yako cheo, kujiandikisha kwa jarida langu!

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://www.thedigitalbeour.com/seo-is-like-gymnastics/category/all

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HIIT is the process of alternating between intense periods of anaerobic exercise and recovery periods of exercise. Anaerobic exercise – like sprinting – is exercise of an intensity high enough to begin lactic acid fermentation in muscles, which promotes strength, speed and explosive power. Alternating between short periods of anaerobic exercise and periods of aerobic exercise results in a highly efficient workout. For best results, the periods of high intensity should be performed at almost maximum effort, and the slower periods at around 50% effort. Why do HIIT? HIIT is great for muscle development, but not in the sense of strength or muscles you would use for weight training. It gets you fitter much faster. According to a study published in the Journal of Physiology, HIIT delivers all the benefits of a steady state of cardio in a fraction of the time because of the way it works your muscles. Studies carried out by the Motreal Heart Institute have shown that participants doing two HIIT workout sessions a week boosted their brain oxygenation within four months. Not only good for your body, HIIT is great for your mind too. Adults who are in good health and exercise already should try HIIT to see how it increases their fitness. A good level of fitness is best for those starting out with HIIT, so complete beginners or those who haven’t been to the gym for a while might struggle. HIIT is intense, so it is recommended that you do no more than three sessions a week to avoid injury or unnecessary stress on your joints. More isn’t always better when it comes to HIIT. Do you have any top tips for HIIT to share with us? Get in touch through Facebook or Twitter and we’ll share our favourite pieces of advice with our followers!

HIIT ni mchakato wa kubadilishana kati ya vipindi vya nguvu ya mazoezi ya anaerobic na vipindi vya kupona ya mazoezi. Mazoezi ya anaerobic - kama sprinting - ni mazoezi ya nguvu ya kutosha kuanza fermentation asidi lactic katika misuli, ambayo kukuza nguvu, kasi na nguvu ya mlipuko. Kubadilishana kati ya vipindi vifupi vya mazoezi ya anaerobic na vipindi vya mazoezi ya aerobic husababisha mazoezi yenye ufanisi sana. Kwa matokeo bora, vipindi vya nguvu za juu zinapaswa kufanywa kwa karibu juhudi ya juu, na vipindi vya polepole kwa karibu juhudi ya 50%. Kwa nini HIIT? HIIT ni nzuri kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya misuli, lakini si katika maana ya nguvu au misuli ambayo unaweza kutumia kwa ajili ya mafunzo ya uzito. Inakufanya uwe na afya bora haraka zaidi. Kulingana na utafiti uliochapishwa katika jarida la Journal of Physiology, mazoezi ya juu ya mwili hutoa faida zote za hali ya kudumu ya cardio katika sehemu ndogo ya wakati kwa sababu ya jinsi inavyofanya kazi misuli yako. Utafiti uliofanywa na Taasisi ya Moyo ya Montreal ulionyesha kuwa washiriki waliofanya mazoezi mawili ya HIIT kwa wiki waliongeza oksijeni ya ubongo wao ndani ya miezi minne. HIIT ni nzuri kwa mwili wako na akili yako pia. Watu wazima ambao wana afya nzuri na tayari wanafanya mazoezi wanapaswa kujaribu HIIT kuona jinsi inavyoongeza afya yao. Kiwango kizuri cha mazoezi ni bora kwa wale wanaanza na HIIT, kwa hivyo waanzilishi kamili au wale ambao hawajawahi kwenda kwenye mazoezi kwa muda wanaweza kupambana. HIIT ni mazoezi ya nguvu, kwa hivyo inashauriwa kufanya zaidi ya vipindi vitatu kwa wiki ili kuepuka majeraha au mkazo usio wa lazima kwenye viungo vyako. Zaidi si daima bora linapokuja HIIT. Je, una vidokezo vya juu vya HIIT vya kushiriki nasi? Kuwasiliana kupitia Facebook au Twitter na sisi kushiriki vipande yetu favorite ya ushauri na wafuasi wetu!

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://www.thefitnessstore.co.uk/blog/cardio-fitness/hiit-a-beginners-guide/

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Acne breakouts on your face can be of varying sizes. While small zits might clear up within a few days, a big pimple on the face can take a long time to heal. Scroll through this article to explore the causes, types, and treatment methods for big pimples. Understanding the Science Behind Big Pimples A small pimple will heal faster because it is usually closer to the surface of the skin. When a pimple occurs deep within your skin, it is highly unlikely to disappear fast. Popping or squeezing your pimples might make them more inflamed and take them longer to heal. Popping or squeezing pimples with your finger or poking them with a needle can never be a good idea. Messing around with your pimple can make it last for a long duration. Even the smallest zit can transform into a huge one if you pop or pick it. If you try to pop or pick your pimples, it can damage your skin and contribute to serious scarring. It happens because the pimple is often pushed deeper within the skin. Squeezing your pimples causes increased pressure on the already swollen pores. Moreover, dirt, debris, and dead cells can penetrate deeper into the pores. It breaks the wall of the hair follicle and makes the infection spread. Even though you might be tempted to squeeze or drain your large zits, avoid it at all costs. The role of hormones in pimple formation A big red pimple on the face can often be a result of cystic or hormonal acne. Hormonal fluctuations make the sebaceous glands of the body overactive. As a result, you might notice an excessive production of sebum inside your pores. As the oil interacts with bacteria, dirt, and dead cells, they clog the pores and lead to acne. This hormonal imbalance is particularly prevalent during the teenage years, pregnancy, or a few days before menstruation. That’s why pimples and acne breakouts are so common during these stages. Moreover, some women experience increased breakouts on their skin during menopause. Types of big pimples Whiteheads and blackheads occur due to clogged pores, but inflammation doesn’t accompany them. So, whiteheads and blackheads remain small in size because of their non-inflammatory nature. But a few types of big bumps on the face can include: - Papules: These are red or pink, inflamed bumps that feel tender to the touch. - Pustules: These are red and tender bumps that often contain pus. - Cysts: These are red and painful breakouts occurring deep within the skin. - Nodules: These are hard and painful knots occurring deep within the skin. How to identify them on your face The easiest way to identify big bumps on the face is by checking whether they are painful. Usually, big pimples will feel painful and always be tender. Moreover, you will notice redness around the area of the pimple. In some cases, big pimples might also come with pus. Lifestyle habits and skincare practices that can help prevent big pimples If you are suffering from a big pimple, embrace these lifestyle habits and skincare products: Get rid of impurities You need to effectively remove all impurities from your face to keep big pimples at bay. The Clearing & Calming Acne Face Wash will provide you with fresh skin free from dirt, dust, and excess oil. It eliminates all bacteria on the surface of the skin to keep pores open and prevent pimples. If your skin becomes excessively dry, the sebaceous glands will try to lubricate it through increased oil production. This overproduction of sebum combines with dirt, debris, and dead cells to block pores and trigger breakouts. But once you meet the hydration needs of your skin, sebum production will be in check. The Acne Care & Healing Gel Moisturiser with Tea Tree & Cica is all you need to replenish your skin. This lightweight moisturiser can also help speed up the acne healing process and prevent future breakouts to make your skin texture smooth. It will strengthen the skin barrier and provide your skin with a soothing sensation. Use a spot treatment At times, you might be tempted to squeeze out a small pimple, thinking that it would appear instantly. But it might backfire on you, and the pimple might end up getting bigger and staying longer on your face. In case you need instant removal from pimples, rely on the Overnight Acne Spot Corrector. You can apply it overnight to effectively shrink the pimples and get clear skin. A big pimple on your face can largely affect your appearance and bring down your confidence levels. While they might take longer than usual to disappear from your face, big pimples are not permanent. Remain patient with your skincare regimen and continue with healthy, hygienic practices to tackle the issue of big pimples on your face. - Do I need surgery for big pimples? You will rarely need surgery for a pimple. But if your breakouts are too big and won’t go away easily, surgery might be the only solution. A dermatologist recommends surgery only when the pimple is too deep inside your skin. - Can I drain out my pimples using a needle? Draining out your pimples with a needle is never a good idea. You should refrain from such tactics to prevent your acne breakouts from seriously damaging your skin. This kind of attempt can push your acne deeper and leave permanent scarring.

Vipande vya mkojo kwenye uso wa mtu vinaweza kuwa na ukubwa tofauti. Ingawa vidonda vidogo vya ngozi vinaweza kupotea baada ya siku chache, vidonda vikubwa vya uso vinaweza kuchukua muda mrefu kutibu. Tazama makala hii ili uone sababu, aina, na njia za kutibu vidonda vikubwa. Uwezo wa kugundua pimple kubwa: Pimple ndogo itapona haraka kwa sababu kwa kawaida iko karibu na uso wa ngozi. Pimples huonekana ndani ya ngozi yako, na ni vigumu kupotea. Kufinya au kukandamiza pimples yako kunaweza kuifanya iwe na uvimbe zaidi na kuchukua muda mrefu kutibu. Kufinya au kufinya vidonda kwa kidole au kuvichoma kwa sindano si jambo zuri. Kuchanganya na pimples yako inaweza kufanya iwe ya muda mrefu. Hata zizi dogo zaidi linaweza kugeuka kuwa kubwa sana ikiwa utapiga au kuichukua. Unapojaribu kuondoa au kuondoa pimples, inaweza kuharibu ngozi yako na kuchangia kuharibika kwa ngozi. Jambo hilo hutokea kwa sababu mara nyingi mkojo huingia ndani zaidi ya ngozi. Kukandamiza vidonda vyako husababisha shinikizo kuongezeka kwenye pores zilizofukuka tayari. Isitoshe, uchafu, mabaki, na chembe zilizokufa zaweza kuingia ndani zaidi ya pores. Inavunja ukuta wa follicle ya nywele na kufanya maambukizo kuenea. Hata kama unaweza kujaribiwa kufinya au kuondoa vidonda vyako vikubwa, uiepuke kwa njia yoyote ile. Homa ya Pimples: Pimples kubwa nyekundu juu ya uso inaweza kuwa matokeo ya cystitis au acne ya homoni. Mabadiliko ya homoni hufanya tezi za mafuta za mwili ziwe na utendaji wa kupita kiasi. Kwa sababu hiyo, huenda ukaona kwamba unazalisha mafuta mengi sana ndani ya madoa. Mafuta hayo yanaposhirikiana na bakteria, uchafu, na chembe zilizokufa, huficha nywele na kusababisha kuvu. Ukosefu huo wa usawaziko wa homoni hutokea hasa wakati wa ujana, wakati wa ujauzito, au siku chache kabla ya hedhi. Hiyo ndiyo sababu vidonda na vidonda vya mkojo ni vya kawaida sana katika hatua hizi. Isitoshe, wanawake fulani hupata uvimbe mwingi zaidi kwenye ngozi yao wakati wa kukoma kwa hedhi. Aina za pimples kubwa Whiteheads na blackheads kutokea kutokana na pores clogged, lakini uchochezi haina kuandamana nao. Kwa hiyo, whiteheads na blackheads kubaki ndogo katika ukubwa kwa sababu ya asili yao yasiyo ya uchochezi. Aina ya tumbo kubwa ya papules ni nyekundu au nyekundu, tumbo la mkojo, na huonekana nyeti kwa kugusa. - Pustules: Hizi ni nyufa nyekundu na nyembamba ambazo mara nyingi huwa na umajimaji. - Cysts: Hizi ni nywele nyekundu na zenye maumivu zinazotokea ndani ya ngozi. - Nodules: Hizi ni knots ngumu na chungu kutokea ndani ya ngozi. Njia rahisi ya kutambua bumps kubwa juu ya uso ni kwa kuangalia kama wao ni uchungu. Kwa kawaida, vidonda vikubwa vitakuwa na maumivu na sikuzote vitakuwa vyenye uchungu. Isitoshe, utaona mwekundu karibu na eneo la mkojo. Katika visa fulani, vidonda vikubwa vyaweza pia kuja pamoja na umajimaji. Mazoea ya maisha na mazoea ya utunzaji wa ngozi ambayo yanaweza kusaidia kuzuia pimples kubwa Ikiwa unateseka na pimples kubwa, piga mazoea haya ya maisha na bidhaa za utunzaji wa ngozi: Ondoa uchafu unahitaji kuondoa uchafu wote kutoka kwa uso wako ili kuepuka pimples kubwa. Utoaji wa uso wa Acne Clearing & Calming utakupa ngozi safi bila uchafu, vumbi, na mafuta ya ziada. Inaondoa bakteria zote kwenye uso wa ngozi ili kuweka pores wazi na kuzuia pimples. Ngozi yako inapoisha sana, tezi za mafuta hujaribu kuinyunyiza kwa kuongeza mafuta. Uzalishaji huo wa kupita kiasi wa sebum huchanganyika na uchafu, mabaki, na chembe zilizokufa ili kuzuia pores na kusababisha kuvuja. Lakini mara tu unapokidhi mahitaji ya ngozi yako ya maji, uzalishaji wa sebum utakuwa chini ya udhibiti. Acne Care & Healing Gel Moisturizer na Tea Tree & Cica ni yote unahitaji kujaza ngozi yako. Moisturizer hii nyepesi inaweza pia kusaidia kuharakisha mchakato wa uponyaji wa acne na kuzuia kupasuka kwa baadaye ili kufanya muundo wa ngozi yako kuwa laini. Inaimarisha kizuizi cha ngozi na kutoa ngozi yako na hisia ya kutuliza. Tumia matibabu ya mahali hapo Nyakati nyingine, huenda ukashawishiwa kufinya mkojo mdogo, ukifikiri kwamba utaonekana mara moja. Lakini inaweza kuwa na athari mbaya kwako, na pimple inaweza kuishia kuwa kubwa na kukaa kwa muda mrefu juu ya uso wako. Ikiwa unahitaji kuondoa pimples mara moja, tegemea Overnight Acne Spot Corrector. Unaweza kuitumia usiku kucha ili kupunguza vidonda na kupata ngozi safi. Pimples kubwa juu ya uso wako inaweza kuathiri sana muonekano wako na kupunguza viwango vya kujiamini. Ingawa huenda ikachukua muda mrefu zaidi kuliko kawaida kupotea, vidonda vikubwa si vya kudumu. Kuwa na subira na utaratibu wako wa utunzaji wa ngozi na kuendelea na mazoea ya afya na usafi ili kukabiliana na suala la pimples kubwa kwenye uso wako. - Je, ninahitaji upasuaji kwa ajili ya pimples kubwa? Ni mara chache sana utakapohitaji kufanyiwa upasuaji kwa sababu ya mkojo. Lakini ikiwa nywele zako ni kubwa sana na hazitapita kwa urahisi, upasuaji waweza kuwa suluhisho pekee. Daktari wa ngozi hupendekeza upasuaji tu wakati kiwiko hicho kikiwa kina kirefu sana ndani ya ngozi yako. - Je, naweza kuondoa vidonda vyangu kwa kutumia sindano? Kutengeneza pimples kwa kutumia sindano si jambo zuri. Unapaswa kuepuka mbinu hizo ili kuzuia vidonda vyako vya mkojo visiharibu ngozi yako. Jitihada kama hizo zaweza kuimarisha uvimbe wako na kuacha makovu ya kudumu.

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My first exposure to foreign cultures was through a Japanese classmate in kindergarten. Until then I had lived in a limited world, unaware of other cultures, countries, and the vastness of universe. But Takeshi expanded my horizons, introducing me to the culture of his home country, an interesting place called Japan. Suddenly foreign cultures became a tangible reality. I learned that Japanese people ate raw fish and removed their shoes when entering homes. More importantly, I learned that my beloved M.U.S.C.L.E. toys originated from Japan where it was known as Kinnikuman and even had its own comic and cartoon! Takeshi also taught my class about origami – the Japanese art of paper folding. I recall being surprised by the delicate paper, overwhelmed by the detailed instructions, and impressed by Takeshi's finished product – a beautiful paper crane (that looked much better than my attempt, which looked more like a backhoe). Little did we know that Takeshi's origami did much more than expose us to Japanese culture – it helped shape our developing brains. Recent research shows that origami is more than just a cultural pastime or art. In fact, it might be the best activity for children's developing minds, making it perfect for school curriculums everywhere. The Developing Child Although children develop at varying rates, every age has developmental benchmarks. For example, four-year-olds can clean-up, dress themselves, and begin to show hand preference. The average five-year-old can grip utensils, write and draw, and begin to comprehend rules. These stages can be found in any child development textbook, but BrooksHealth.org presents a great overview in their pamphlet entitled, A Guide To Your Child's Gross & Fine Motor Development. As a kindergarten teacher I find a clear-cut distinction between the age groups' abilities and the accuracy of these benchmarks shocked me. For example songs and dances work best with the four-year olds because they cannot yet grasp a game's rules and structure. However, with only a year's difference between them, five-year olds can understand instructions, follow rules, and can therefore play games. Due to these acute developmental differences, lesson-planning varies by age group. Nature versus Nurture – Providing an Appropriate Learning Environment Although the nature versus nurture debate – whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) takes preference in determining a child's development – continues today, most experts agree that opportunities for children to practice and improve their developing skills are imperative. As James Arthur and Ian Davies explain in The Routledge Education Studies Textbook, "Nowadays even the most devoted environmentalists or hereditarians admit that both nature and nurture play an obvious role in the development and functioning of human intelligence" (99). Skills can be divided into two main categories, cognitive and motor. Sociability and following instructions, rules, and routine make up cognitive skills while motor skills consist of physical abilities like hand coordination, balance, and dexterity. Although cognitive and motor skills differ, they can develop together in the brain. Bill Jenkins, Ph.D. of Scientific Learning explains, "These abilities (cognitive and motor) were attributed to separate areas of the brain… But… research show(s) that both (cognitive and motor areas of the brain) could be activated during certain motor or cognitive tasks." It's no surprise that nursery schools and kindergartens facilitate activities and environments to spur a young child's development in both respects. Japanese kindergartens emphasize real-life situations like cleaning up, serving lunch, and packing up. Since students are together throughout the day and cooperation is encouraged, social interaction is constant. As a result, cognitive skill development is naturally incorporated into a student's school life. More deliberate activities like rajio taisou (calisthenics), arts and crafts, dances, and te-asobi (hand-play) facilitate motor development. Origami, a kindergarten staple, facilitates both cognitive and motor skill development, making it an excellent activity for children. At times teachers incorporate paper folding into lessons as a classroom activity. But constant access to instruction books and origami paper encourages children to explore and practice the activity on their own during free play. With widespread accessibility and practice, Japan has embraced origami as an essential element in providing an appropriate learning environment. Origami and the Developing Brain But Japan isn't alone in recognizing origami as a developmental tool. In fact, Amera Khanam of A Learner's Diary explains that "Friedrich Froebel, the godfather of kindergarten, "was the first to introduce origami into formal education… Froebel recognized the value of children learning through play and exploration. He considered the manipulation of the paper as a means for children to discover for themselves the principles of math and geometry." Mr. Froebel pinpointed origami as a perfect activity for childhood development. And he isn't alone, recent research has served to bolster the claim. Hagit Shalev of Theragami (New York's Educational-Therapeutic Origami Program For Children and Adolescents) wrote, "In this learning by doing activity, (in which co-ordination and motor control play an important part), there is a continuous interaction of the action and thought process. Children watch how each fold leads to a more advanced one and how together they all progress to create a life-like pliable material… Origami is a method of active research. There is a gradual progression, a sequential order, research into new relationships of folds, and creative possibilities which encourage the advancement of new ideas." Katrin and Yuri Shumakov of Oriland performed extensive research on origami's effect's on children's brain activity in their 2000 study entitled "Left Brain and Right Brain at Origami Training." They reported, "Our findings allow recommending… origami training for (the) development of motor, intellectual and creative abilities of children…. The training of origami… causes intensive interaction of brain hemispheres and… effectively develops motor, intellectual and creative abilities (of) children." Origami's varying levels of difficulty provides another benefit – tiered learning. As A Guide To Your Child's Gross & Fine Motor Development shows, children use mastered skills as a springboard for learning new skills. While children master specific origami projects, a child will never master origami – there is always another, more difficult project waiting to be challenged. Kurt W. Fischer of The University of Denver explains, "(Children's) development is relatively continuous and gradual, and the person (child) is never at the same level for all skills. The development of skills must be induced by the environment, and only the skills induced most consistently will typically be at the highest level that the individual is capable of" (Fischer, 480). As children level-up, they need new, more complex activities to push their development. My previous article on beigoma (battle tops) exemplifies the process. At first, four year olds are given simple tops that involve pulling a string or spinning the stem between their palms. These tops familiarize the younger children with the top's physics and skill sets needed to make them spin. The experience with those tops will be reapplied and expanded on when the children are five years old and they learn to use more difficult tops. With no limit to its complexity or difficulty, origami proves to be the perfect developmental activity once again. Some origami activities require only a few simple folds (like this mouse). Others include detailed instructions with numerous, complex folds (like this elephant). In fact, some origami is so complex one can continue the practice into adulthood. There's no end to the challenge – just check out this rose! Mr. Fischer continued, "The level of skills that are strongly induced by the environment is limited, however, by the highest level of which the person is capable. As the individual develops, this highest level increases, and so she can be induced to extend these skills to the new, higher level." When practicing origami, a child improves at his own pace. Once a simple origami is completed, the child can move onto more complicated ones, constantly using mastered skills to build new skills and level up. And with a wide range of difficulty, the activity suits children at all ages and all skill levels. Children and Origami From a teacher or parent's standpoint, origami is a perfect activity to foster a child's development. But there's another benefit as well – (most) children love origami. What makes origami such an enjoyable activity? Origami caters to a child's interests. Children can create anything through origami – from useful wallets and protection amulets, to cool bugs and cute animals, to toys like shuriken, swords, and tops. One boy even made a Nintendo 3ds which could play any game imaginable (or should it be – only games imaginable?). With so many options available, children can choose something that they want to create. This makes origami more motivating than other, by-the-book school activities. Origami empowers children with choice. Children choose what to make, what kind of paper to use and what color to make it. Once the origami is complete a child has control over it and can chose what to do with it. Many of my students use their origami as a way to show they care by giving them as presents. The Sadako Sasaki story of One Thousand Cranes famously exemplifies origami gift giving. Origami builds self-confidence. Mistakes are forgivable as paper can be unfolded and refolded. Completing a project creates a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction. Furthermore, with the finished product at hand, there's a sense of instant gratification. There's no wait for glue, paint or clay to dry. A child can instantly enjoy the fruits of her labors. Perhaps Hagit Shalev of Teragami put it best, "To the unsuspecting child, the transformation of the flat sheet of paper into a three dimensional form, using only two hands, seems almost magical." Origami For All Okay, maybe doing origami once in kindergarten wasn't enough to actually shape my brain. But Takeshi's well made crane showed that his consistent practice paid off – he could follow the directions and make the correct folds in the paper. I never did origami again (until recently) so I never leveled up – but the experience left a lasting impression. Connecting my childhood experience to what I know today, Japan and origami seem like the perfect fit. Learned patience and attention to detail can later be applied to cultural practices like flower arrangement, bonsai trees, tea ceremony and writing kanji – as well as the Japanese workplace. Therefore paper folding is the perfect activity to start children on their way to successful adulthood in Japan. Yet, with all its benefits there's no reason origami shouldn't be embraced as an educational tool outside Japan as well. It doesn't take much – a piece of paper is all you need to watch the rich and challenging world of origami unfold (or fold?) before you. In fact, most of you probably have the necessary tools in your pocket right now! Get folding!

Utafiti wangu wa kwanza wa lugha ya Kijapani ulifanyika katika shule ya chekechea. Kufikia wakati huo nilikuwa nimeishi katika ulimwengu ulio na mipaka, bila kujua kuhusu tamaduni nyingine, nchi, na ulimwengu mkubwa sana. Lakini Takeshi alipanua mtazamo wangu, akinifunulia utamaduni wa nchi yake, mahali pazuri sana kinachoitwa Japani. Kwa ghafula tamaduni za kigeni zikawa jambo halisi. Nilijifunza kwamba Wajapani hula samaki mbichi na huondoa viatu vyao wanapokuwa wakiingia nyumbani. Lakini muhimu zaidi, nilijifunza kwamba M.U.S.C.L.E. yangu mpendwa Vichezeo vilitoka Japani ambapo vilijulikana kama Kinnikuman na hata vilikuwa na vichekesho na katuni zake mwenyewe! Takeshi pia alifundisha darasa langu kuhusu origami - sanaa ya Kijapani ya kupindika karatasi. Nakumbuka nilishangazwa na karatasi nyembamba, nilikumbwa na maagizo ya kina, na kuvutiwa na bidhaa ya Takeshi iliyokamilika - crane nzuri ya karatasi (ilionekana bora zaidi kuliko jaribio langu, ambalo lilionekana kama backhoe). Hatukujua kwamba origami ya Takeshi ilifanya mengi zaidi ya kutufunua utamaduni wa Kijapani - ilisaidia kuunda ubongo wetu unaokua. Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kwamba origami si jambo la kitamaduni au la kisanii tu. Kwa kweli, inaweza kuwa shughuli bora kwa akili za watoto zinazositawi, ikiifanya iwe kamili kwa mtaala wa shule kila mahali. Ingawa watoto wanakua kwa viwango tofauti-tofauti, kila umri una viwango vya maendeleo. Kwa mfano, watoto wenye umri wa miaka minne wanaweza kusafisha, kuvaa mavazi yao wenyewe, na kuanza kuonyesha upendeleo wa mikono. Mtoto wa miaka mitano anaweza kushikilia vyombo, kuandika na kuchora, na kuanza kuelewa sheria. "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu cha BrooksHealth, ""Mwongozo wa Maendeleo ya Mtoto Wako ya Gross na Fine Motor.""" Kama mwalimu wa chekechea, nimepata tofauti ya wazi kati ya uwezo wa makundi ya umri na usahihi wa vigezo hivi vimenishtua. Kwa mfano, nyimbo na dansi hufanya kazi vizuri zaidi kwa watoto wa miaka minne kwa sababu hawawezi kuelewa sheria na muundo wa mchezo. Hata hivyo, kwa kuwa kuna tofauti ya mwaka mmoja tu kati yao, watoto wenye umri wa miaka mitano wanaweza kuelewa maagizo, kufuata sheria, na kwa hiyo wanaweza kucheza michezo. Kwa sababu ya tofauti hizi kali za maendeleo, mipango ya masomo hutofautiana kulingana na kikundi cha umri. Ingawa mjadala wa asili dhidi ya kulea - ikiwa chembe za urithi (asili) au mazingira (kulea) inachukua upendeleo katika kuamua maendeleo ya mtoto - unaendelea leo, wataalamu wengi wanakubali kwamba fursa kwa watoto kufanya mazoezi na kuboresha ujuzi wao wa maendeleo ni muhimu. "James Arthur na Ian Davies, katika kitabu cha The Routledge Education Studies Textbook, wanasema: ""Leo hata wanaharakati wa mazingira au wa urithi wanaamini kwamba asili na malezi hutimiza jukumu la wazi katika maendeleo na utendaji wa akili ya binadamu.""" Ujuzi unaweza kugawanywa katika makundi mawili makuu, utambuzi na motor. Uwezo wa kushirikiana na kufuata maagizo, sheria, na utaratibu hufanyiza ustadi wa utambuzi huku ustadi wa utendaji wa mwili ukiwa na uwezo wa kimwili kama vile uratibu wa mikono, usawaziko, na ustadi. Ingawa ustadi wa utambuzi na wa mwendo hutofautiana, waweza kusitawi pamoja katika ubongo. "Bill Jenkins, Ph.D. ya Mafunzo ya Sayansi, anaelezea: ""Uwezo huu (kugundua na motor) ulihusishwa na maeneo tofauti ya ubongo, lakini utafiti unaonyesha kwamba wote (kugundua na motor maeneo ya ubongo) inaweza kuwa kuanzishwa wakati wa kazi fulani motor au utambuzi.""" Haishangazi kwamba shule za chekechea na shule za chekechea zina shughuli na mazingira ya kuchochea maendeleo ya mtoto mdogo katika mambo yote mawili. Shule za chekechea za Kijapani hukazia hali za maisha halisi kama vile kusafisha, kuandaa chakula cha mchana, na kufunga mizigo. Kwa kuwa wanafunzi wanakuwa pamoja siku nzima na ushirikiano unahimizwa, mwingiliano wa kijamii ni wa daima. Matokeo ni kwamba, maendeleo ya ustadi wa utambuzi huingizwa kwa kawaida katika maisha ya shule ya mwanafunzi. Shughuli zenye makusudi zaidi kama vile rajio taisou (calisthenics), sanaa na ufundi, dansi, na te-asobi (kucheza kwa mikono) huwezesha ukuzi wa utendaji wa magari. Origami, chakula cha msingi cha shule ya chekechea, huwezesha ukuzi wa ujuzi wa utambuzi na wa mwendo, na hivyo kuwa shughuli bora kwa watoto. Nyakati nyingine walimu huingiza kukunja karatasi katika masomo kama utendaji wa darasani. Lakini upatikanaji wa mara kwa mara wa vitabu vya maagizo na karatasi ya origami huwatia moyo watoto kuchunguza na kufanya shughuli hiyo peke yao wakati wa kucheza bure. Pamoja na upatikanaji na mazoezi ya kuenea, Japan imekubali origami kama kipengele muhimu katika kutoa mazingira sahihi ya kujifunza. Origami na Ubongo Unaoendelea Kuendelea Lakini Japani si pekee katika kutambua origami kama chombo cha maendeleo. "Kama ilivyoelezwa na Amera Khanam, ""Friedrich Froebel, baba wa kambo wa shule ya chekechea, alikuwa wa kwanza kuanzisha origami katika elimu rasmi, Froebel alitambua thamani ya watoto kujifunza kupitia kucheza na kuchunguza.""" Aliona kutumia karatasi kuwa njia ya watoto kugundua wenyewe kanuni za hesabu na jiometri". Bw. Froebel alitaja origami kuwa zoezi zuri sana kwa ajili ya ukuzi wa utotoni. Na si yeye peke yake, utafiti wa hivi karibuni umethibitisha madai hayo. "Hagith Shalev, Mkurugenzi wa Programu ya New York ya Elimu ya Origami ya Watoto na Vijana, aliandika: ""Kupitia kujifunza kwa kufanya shughuli, (ambayo ushirikiano na udhibiti wa magari hucheza sehemu muhimu), kuna mwingiliano wa kuendelea wa hatua na mchakato wa kufikiri." Watoto huangalia jinsi kila fold inavyoongoza kwa moja ya juu zaidi na jinsi pamoja wote wanavyoendelea kuunda nyenzo inayoweza kubadilika kama maisha... Origami ni njia ya utafiti wa kazi. Kuna maendeleo ya hatua kwa hatua, utaratibu wa mfululizo, utafiti wa mahusiano mapya ya folds, na uwezekano wa ubunifu ambao kuhamasisha maendeleo ya mawazo mapya. "Katrin na Yuri Shumakov, wa Oriland, walifanya utafiti wa kina juu ya athari za origami kwenye shughuli za ubongo wa watoto katika utafiti wao wa 2000 wenye kichwa ""Ubongo wa kushoto na ubongo wa kulia katika mafunzo ya origami.""" Waliripoti, "Ugunduzi wetu huruhusu kupendekeza... mafunzo ya origami kwa (ku) maendeleo ya uwezo wa magari, akili na ubunifu wa watoto.... Mazoezi ya origami... husababisha mwingiliano mkali wa hemispheres za ubongo na... kwa ufanisi huendeleza uwezo wa magari, akili na ubunifu (wa) watoto". Viwango tofauti vya ugumu wa origami hutoa faida nyingine - kujifunza kwa ngazi. Kama inavyoonyeshwa na kitabu A Guide To Your Child's Gross & Fine Motor Development, watoto hutumia ustadi wao wa kufanya kazi kama kichocheo cha kujifunza ustadi mpya. Wakati watoto ustadi maalum origami miradi, mtoto kamwe ustadi origami <unk> kuna daima mwingine, miradi ngumu zaidi kusubiri kuwa changamoto. "Kurt W. Fischer, Mkurugenzi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Denver, anasema: ""Kuzaliwa kwa mtoto ni hatua kwa hatua na kwa kuendelea, na mtu (mwana) hajawahi kuwa katika kiwango kimoja kwa ujuzi wote." Maendeleo ya ujuzi lazima kuchochewa na mazingira, na tu ujuzi induced zaidi mfululizo itakuwa kawaida katika ngazi ya juu kwamba mtu ni uwezo wa" (Fischer, 480). Watoto wanapokuwa na uwezo wa kuboresha, wanahitaji shughuli mpya, zenye kutatanisha zaidi ili kuendeleza ukuzi wao. Makala yangu ya awali juu ya beigoma (vitu vya juu vya vita) inaonyesha utaratibu huo. Mwanzoni, watoto wenye umri wa miaka minne hupewa viatu rahisi ambavyo huhusisha kuvuta kamba au kugeuza shina kati ya mikono yao. Vipande hivyo huwafundisha watoto wadogo mambo ya fizikia na ustadi unaohitajiwa ili viweze kuzunguka. Uzoefu wa juu hizo utafanywa tena na kupanuliwa wakati watoto wanapokuwa na umri wa miaka mitano na wanajifunza kutumia juu ngumu zaidi. Bila kikomo cha utata au ugumu wake, origami inathibitika kuwa shughuli kamili ya maendeleo tena. Baadhi ya shughuli za origami huhitaji tu folds chache rahisi (kama panya hii). Nyingine hutia ndani maagizo ya kina yenye mipangilio mingi, tata (kama vile tembo huyu). Kwa kweli, baadhi ya origami ni tata sana hivi kwamba mtu aweza kuendelea kuzifanya hadi anapokuwa mtu mzima. Hakuna mwisho wa changamoto <unk> tu kuangalia rose hii! "Fischer aliendelea kusema, ""Lengo la ujuzi ambao ni nguvu induced na mazingira ni mdogo, hata hivyo, na ngazi ya juu ambayo mtu ni uwezo." "Kama mtu anavyoendelea kukua, kiwango hiki cha juu huongezeka, na hivyo anaweza kushawishiwa kupanua ujuzi huu hadi kiwango kipya, cha juu zaidi. """ Mtoto anapofanya mazoezi ya origami, yeye huendelea kuboresha mambo kwa mwendo wake mwenyewe. Baada ya kumaliza kazi rahisi ya origami, mtoto anaweza kuendelea na kazi ngumu zaidi, akitumia daima ustadi aliokuwa nao ili kujenga ustadi mpya na kuboresha kiwango chake. Na kwa sababu ya ugumu mbalimbali, shughuli hiyo inafaa watoto wa umri wote na wa kiwango chochote cha ustadi. Origami ni mchezo wa kuvutia sana kwa wazazi na walimu, na ni moja ya michezo bora zaidi ya kuvutia watoto. Lakini kuna faida nyingine pia <unk> (watoto wengi) wanapenda origami. Ni nini kinachofanya kazi ya kuhariri iwe yenye kufurahisha sana? Origami hutimiza mapendezi ya mtoto. Watoto wanaweza kuunda chochote kupitia origami <unk> kutoka mikoba muhimu na amulets ulinzi, kwa baridi bugs na wanyama cute, kwa toys kama shuriken, upanga, na juu. Mvulana mmoja hata alifanya Nintendo 3ds ambayo inaweza kucheza mchezo wowote imaginable (au lazima iwe <unk> tu michezo imaginable?). Kwa kuwa kuna chaguzi nyingi, watoto wanaweza kuchagua kitu wanachotaka kutengeneza. Hilo hufanya origami iwe yenye kuchochea zaidi kuliko shughuli nyingine za shule za kawaida. Origami huwapa watoto uwezo wa kuchagua. Watoto huchagua kile watakachotengeneza, aina ya karatasi watakayotumia na rangi watakayotengeneza. Baada ya origami kukamilika mtoto ana udhibiti juu yake na anaweza kuchagua nini cha kufanya nayo. Wanafunzi wengi wa shule ya msingi wa Marekani hutumia origami kama njia ya kuonyesha kwamba wanajali watoto wao. Hadithi ya Sadako Sasaki ya One Thousand Cranes ni mfano maarufu wa kutoa zawadi za origami. Origami hujenga uhakika wa kibinafsi. Makosa yaweza kusamehewa kwa kuwa karatasi yaweza kufunguliwa na kufunguliwa tena. Kukamilisha mradi husababisha hisia ya kutimiza jambo na kuridhika. Isitoshe, kwa kuwa bidhaa imekamilika iko mkononi, kuna hisia ya kuridhika mara moja. Hakuna kusubiri kwa ajili ya gundi, rangi au udongo kukauka. Mtoto anaweza kufurahia matunda ya kazi yake mara moja. "Hagith Shalev, mwandishi wa kitabu cha Teragami, anasema: ""Kwa mtoto asiye na shaka, kugeuza karatasi ya gorofa kuwa kipande cha pande tatu kwa kutumia mikono miwili tu, huonekana kama uchawi.""" Origami kwa wote: Jinsi ya kufanya origami katika shule ya chekechea Lakini crane ya Takeshi iliyotengenezwa vizuri ilionyesha kwamba mazoezi yake ya daima yalilipa - angeweza kufuata maagizo na kufanya mipangilio sahihi kwenye karatasi. Sijawahi kufanya origami tena (hadi hivi karibuni) kwa hiyo sikuwahi kupanda ngazi <unk> lakini uzoefu huo uliacha hisia ya kudumu. Kuunganisha uzoefu wangu wa utotoni na kile ninachojua leo, Japani na origami zinaonekana kama zinafaa kikamilifu. "Kufundisha uvumilivu na uangalifu kwa maelezo inaweza baadaye kutumika kwa mazoea ya kitamaduni kama ""mipangilio ya maua,"" ""miti ya bonsai,"" ""msherehekeo wa chai"" na ""kuandika kanji"" kama vile mahali pa kazi ya Kijapani." Kwa hiyo, kupindika karatasi ni zoezi bora la kuwaongoza watoto katika maisha yao ya mafanikio wakiwa watu wazima nchini Japani. Hata hivyo, kwa faida zake zote hakuna sababu origami haipaswi kukumbukwa kama chombo cha elimu nje ya Japani pia. Haichukui mengi <unk> kipande cha karatasi ni wote unahitaji kuangalia tajiri na changamoto ya dunia ya origami kufunuliwa (au fold?) kabla ya wewe. Kwa kweli, yaelekea wengi wenu mna vifaa vinavyohitajika katika mfuko wenu sasa hivi! Kupata folding!

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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The world has many incredible monuments, but only a few have been recognized as the wonders of the world. The first record of “7 wonders of the world’ was first given by Antipater of Sidon, the Greek poet of the second century B.C. He created a list of the seven most impressive constructions based on popularity among the sightseers. He chose ‘7’ because Greeks consider it a lucky number. Current new wonders of the world were chosen by an online contest that was voted on by millions of people. Each wonder of the world consists of interesting facts, and that’s why they are on the list of wonders. Here let’s know about the incredible facts about Italy’s most iconic sight, the Tower of Pisa. Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts - It took two centuries to complete the building. The construction work started in 1773, and the work stopped twice, the first time for 100 years and the second time in 1284. - The Leaning Tower of Pisa was not built in this unique way; it was an accident! The Tower of Pisa began to lean in the late 1770s because of inadequate foundation. - The tower of Pisa is not only a leaning tower in Pisa. Due to the soft subsoil, there are many other leaning towers in Pisa. - Engineers predict the tower to remain stable for the next 200 hundred years. After that, it might slowly resume its tilt. - The tower has leaned in multiple directions. Over hundreds of years, many engineers tried to tilt the tower upwards but failed due to the center of gravity. - Mussolini considered the tower a national disgrace and embarrassment to Italy. Mussolini’s engineers drilled the tower and poured 200 tonnes of concrete, which added a tenth of a degree to the tilt and made it worse. - There are approximately 294 steps on the north and 296 steps on the south side of the tower. Yes, you can reach the top of the tower and enjoy the fascinating view. - When America invaded Italy, the soldiers asked to destroy all the tall buildings to protect them from enemy snipers. But, the Americans were impressed by the beauty of the tower, so they decided not to destroy it. - There are seven huge bells on the top of the tower. The bells were built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano. Each bell nearly weighs 8,000 pounds and denotes musical major scale. - The main intention of building the Tower of Pisa is to show off all the city treasures.

Kuna vitu vingi vya ajabu katika ulimwengu, lakini ni vichache tu ambavyo vimetambuliwa kama maajabu ya ulimwengu. "Mfano wa ""muujiza wa saba wa dunia"" ni Antipatro wa Sidoni, mshairi Mgiriki wa karne ya pili KK." Alifanya orodha ya majengo saba yenye kuvutia zaidi kulingana na umaarufu wake miongoni mwa watalii. Alichagua <unk>7<unk> kwa sababu Wagiriki huiona kuwa namba ya bahati. Maajabu ya ulimwengu ya sasa yalichaguliwa na mashindano ya mtandaoni ambayo yalipigiwa kura na mamilioni ya watu. Kila ajabu ya ulimwengu ina mambo ya kuvutia, na hiyo ndiyo sababu ziko kwenye orodha ya maajabu. Hapa hebu kujua kuhusu ukweli ajabu kuhusu Italia's iconic zaidi mtazamo, Mnara wa Pisa. Mnara wa Pisa uliopindukia - Ilichukua karne mbili kukamilisha jengo hilo. Kazi ya ujenzi ilianza mwaka wa 1773 na ilisimamishwa mara mbili, mara ya kwanza kwa miaka 100 na mara ya pili mwaka wa 1284. - Mnara wa Pisa uliopindukia haukujengwa kwa njia hiyo ya pekee; ilikuwa aksidenti! Mnara wa Pisa ulianza kuanguka mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1770 kwa sababu ya msingi usiofaa. Mnara wa Pisa ni mnara wa juu zaidi wa Pisa. Kwa sababu ya udongo laini, kuna minara mingine mingi yenye mwinuko huko Pisa. Wataalamu wa ujenzi wa mnara huo wanasema utaendelea kuwa imara kwa miaka 200 ijayo. Baada ya hapo, huenda ikaanza tena kugeuka polepole. - Mnara umepindukia katika pande nyingi. Kwa miaka mingi, wahandisi wengi walijaribu kuinua mnara huo lakini wakashindwa kwa sababu ya nguvu za mvuto. - Mussolini aliona mnara huo kuwa aibu ya kitaifa na aibu kwa Italia. Wahandisi wa Mussolini walichimba mnara na kutiririka tani 200 za saruji, ambayo iliongeza digrii ya kumi kwa mwinuko na kuifanya iwe mbaya zaidi. Kuna ngazi 294 upande wa kaskazini na 296 upande wa kusini. Unaweza kufika juu ya mnara na kufurahia mandhari yenye kuvutia. - Wakati Marekani ilivamia Italia, askari waliomba kuharibu majengo yote marefu ili kuwalinda kutoka snipers adui. Lakini, Wamarekani walivutiwa na uzuri wa mnara huo, kwa hiyo wakaamua kutouangamiza. - Kuna kengele saba kubwa juu ya mnara. Kengele hizo zilijengwa na Tommaso di Andrea Pisano. Kila kengele ina uzito wa karibu pauni 8,000 na inaonyesha kiwango cha muziki cha major. - Kusudi kuu la kujenga Mnara wa Pisa ni kuonyesha hazina zote za jiji.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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|Data are presented for nitrate, dinitrogen and argon concentrations and 15N14N ratios in groundwater, with radiocarbon ages up to 40,000 yr. for three confined sandstone aquifers in the western Kalahari of South West Africa/Namibia. The nitrate is probably generated within the soil of the recharge areas, and its production rate during the period 3000-40,000 B.P. has remained between 0.5 and 1.6 meq NO−3l−1 of recharge water, with ° 15N between + 4 and + 8‰. Variations in the amount of nitrate and of “excess air” in groundwater recharge are found, and can only reflect changes in the environmental conditions during recharge. They must therefore be caused by the climatic changes that have taken place during the past 25,000 yr.

Takwimu za nitrate, dinitrogen na argon na uwiano wa 15N14N katika maji ya chini ya ardhi, na umri wa radiocarbon hadi miaka 40,000, kwa aquifers tatu za mchanga zilizofungwa katika Kalahari ya magharibi ya Afrika Kusini Magharibi na Namibia. Nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate ya nitrate. Kwa mfano, kiwango cha maji ya NO3 (mwisho wa maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji ya maji. Tofauti katika kiasi cha nitrati na "hewa ya ziada" katika recharge maji ya chini ya ardhi ni kupatikana, na inaweza tu kutafakari mabadiliko katika hali ya mazingira wakati wa recharge. Kwa hiyo, ni lazima zilisababishwa na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yaliyotokea katika miaka 25,000 iliyopita.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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University Health System Lab Plays Important Public Health Role When the flu virus tried to sneak into San Antonio this flu season, it was Kathleen Lawless who sounded the alarm. Lawless, manager of Microbiology Services at University Health System, oversees a staff of 45 medical laboratory scientists and some impressive technology occupying a maze of labs on University Hospital’s third floor. She and her team hunts down and identifies the viruses and bacteria that make people sick. They have plenty of business, in a sprawling healthcare system that handles 830,000 outpatient visits and 22,000 hospital admissions each year. With such a large volume, the lab often is the first to identify new infections or disease trends in the community. Lawless works closely with the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, reporting her findings. “No day is the same. Every day brings something interesting. My husband always asks me, what are you going to be doing today? I tell him, I don’t know.” Lawless, the daughter of a former military officer assigned to NATO, spent part of her childhood in Fontainebleau, France, just southeast of Paris. Her father suggested she pursue a career teaching French, but she discovered a passion for science at a young age. She’s worked at University Health System for 32 years. This year wasn’t the first that Lawless has identified the first culture-confirmed flu case in Bexar County. Metro Health relies on a network of contributing doctors, hospitals and labs to track flu and other infections locally. The lab at UHS is one of the most important in that volunteer network, not only because it’s one of the busiest. It’s also a full-service virology lab —something most hospitals don’t have. “The ability to perform these tests locally represents a pivotal advance for our epidemiology surveillance and the public health of our community,” said Dr. Anil Mangla, chief of epidemiology at Metro Health. The tools have improved vastly since early in her career when Lawless grew flu viruses in egg culture and applied fluorescent stains to cells on microscope slides. In 2009, the lab got Multiplex PCR technology that allows the detection of up 13 different respiratory infections and strains from a single sample, including flu, rhinovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus — and one or two others most people have never heard of, such as human metapneumovirus. That technology also changed the way clinicians understand cold and flu season. A surprising number of patients, it turns out, are infected with more than one bug at the same time. “Rhinovirus seems to be the biggest culprit. People have rhino and they feel a little down. Then they’re exposed to a second virus, and that may cause them to come and see a doctor.” Another important tool was acquired in the wake of a big federal investment in community labs after 9-11, and concerns about bioterrorism. At that time the lab gained a device that automatically extracts DNA and RNA from cells to study. Prior to that, the process was slow and labor-intensive. “It quadrupled our capacity to do DNA extraction and our ability to respond to pandemics, as we saw in 2009-10 when the Swine Flu hit us.” It’s also not uncommon that the lab picks up some exotic bugs from time to time, given the rise in international travel and the growing diversity of the population in South Texas. “Interestingly enough, in the past few years we’ve had an influx of refugees from Africa, Southeast Asia,” Lawless said. “We have seen some interesting parasites that we ordinarily don’t see in this country. There have been several cases of malaria, which were imported (by patients infected in another country). We’ve gotten some of the more unusual hepatitis viruses that we don’t ordinarily see in our population.” And while the technology to detect and identify infectious agents continues to improve, with more rapid tests available to community clinics and doctor’s offices, Lawless said there will always be a need for a highly advanced lab able to find and study rare and new diseases — especially in a major teaching and research center such as University Hospital. “There will always be something for us to do,” Lawless said.

Utafiti wa Chuo Kikuu cha San Antonio ulionyesha kuwa ugonjwa wa homa ulipojaribu kuingia San Antonio, ilikuwa Kathleen Lawless ambaye alipiga kengele. Lawless, meneja wa huduma za microbiolojia katika mfumo wa afya wa chuo kikuu, anaongoza wafanyakazi wa wanasayansi wa maabara ya matibabu 45 na teknolojia ya kuvutia inayomiliki maabara ya maabara kwenye ghorofa ya tatu ya Hospitali ya Chuo Kikuu. Yeye na timu yake huwinda na kutambua virusi na bakteria zinazofanya watu wagonjwa. Kwa mfano, katika nchi ya Marekani, mfumo wa huduma za afya unaoshughulikia majaribio ya wagonjwa 830,000 na uandikishaji wa wagonjwa 22,000 kwa mwaka. Kwa kiasi kikubwa kama hicho, maabara mara nyingi ni ya kwanza kutambua maambukizo mapya au mwenendo wa ugonjwa katika jamii. Lawless anafanya kazi kwa karibu na Wilaya ya Afya ya San Antonio Metropolitan na Vituo vya Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa huko Atlanta, akiri matokeo yake. <unk>Hakuna siku sawa. Kila siku huleta jambo fulani lenye kupendeza. Mume wangu hunuliza kila wakati, utafanya nini leo? "Laure, binti ya afisa wa zamani wa jeshi aliyetumwa NATO, alitumia sehemu ya utoto wake huko Fontainebleau, Ufaransa, kusini mashariki mwa Paris.""" Baba yake alipendekeza afanye kazi ya kufundisha Kifaransa, lakini aligundua shauku ya sayansi akiwa na umri mdogo. Alifanya kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Afya kwa miaka 32. Mwaka huu haukuwa wa kwanza Lawless kutambua kesi ya kwanza ya mafua iliyothibitishwa na utamaduni katika Kaunti ya Bexar. Metro Health inategemea mtandao wa madaktari, hospitali na maabara kusaidia kufuatilia mafua na maambukizi mengine ndani ya nchi. Maabara katika UHS ni moja ya muhimu zaidi katika mtandao huo wa kujitolea, si tu kwa sababu ni moja ya shughuli nyingi. Pia ni maabara ya virolojia ya huduma kamili - kitu ambacho hospitali nyingi hazina. "Uwezo wa kufanya vipimo hivi ndani ya nchi inawakilisha maendeleo muhimu kwa ajili ya ufuatiliaji wetu wa magonjwa na afya ya umma ya jamii yetu,"" alisema Daktari Anil Mangla, mkuu wa magonjwa ya magonjwa katika Metro Health." "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, Lawless alianzisha ""kuzalisha virusi vya mafua katika utamaduni wa mayai na kutumia rangi za fluorescent kwenye seli kwenye slaidi za darubini.""" "Mwaka 2009, maabara hiyo ilipata teknolojia ya ""Multiplex PCR"" ambayo inaruhusu kugundua maambukizo 13 tofauti ya njia za kupumua na aina kutoka kwa sampuli moja, ikiwa ni pamoja na homa, rhinovirus, parainfluenza, virusi vya kupumua vya syncytial na moja au mbili wengine ambao watu wengi hawajawahi kusikia, kama vile metapneumovirus ya binadamu." Teknolojia hiyo pia ilibadili jinsi madaktari wanavyoelewa majira ya homa na homa. Inasemekana kwamba idadi kubwa ya wagonjwa huambukizwa virusi zaidi ya moja kwa wakati mmoja. <unk> Rhinovirus inaonekana kuwa mhalifu mkubwa zaidi. Watu wengi wanaona rhino na wanaona kuwa ni hatari. "Kisha wanakabiliwa na virusi vya pili, na hiyo inaweza kuwafanya waje na kumwona daktari. ""Kifaa kingine muhimu kilipatikana baada ya uwekezaji mkubwa wa shirikisho katika maabara ya jamii baada ya 9-11 na wasiwasi juu ya ugaidi wa kibiolojia." Wakati huo, maabara hiyo ilipata kifaa kinachoweza kuchimba DNA na RNA kutoka kwa chembe kwa njia ya moja kwa moja ili kuchunguza. Kabla ya hapo, mchakato huo ulikuwa wa polepole na ulihitaji kazi nyingi. "Hiyo iliongeza mara nne uwezo wetu wa kufanya uchimbaji wa DNA na uwezo wetu wa kukabiliana na magonjwa ya janga, kama tulivyoona katika 2009-10 wakati Gripia ya Nguruwe ilipotushika. ""Hiyo pia si nadra kwamba maabara hupata baadhi ya wadudu wa kigeni mara kwa mara, kutokana na kuongezeka kwa safari za kimataifa na kuongezeka kwa utofauti wa idadi ya watu katika Texas Kusini. """ "Inavutia sana, katika miaka michache iliyopita tumekuwa na mtiririko wa wakimbizi kutoka Afrika, Asia ya Kusini Mashariki", Lawless alisema. <unk>Tumeona baadhi ya vimelea vya kuvutia ambavyo kwa kawaida hatuoni katika nchi hii. Kumekuwa na visa kadhaa vya malaria, ambavyo vililetwa (na wagonjwa walioambukizwa katika nchi nyingine). "Hata hivyo, ""tuna virusi vya hepatitis visivyo vya kawaida ambavyo hatuwezi kuona kwa kawaida katika idadi yetu ya watu,"" na wakati teknolojia ya kugundua na kutambua vimelea vya maambukizi inaendelea kuboresha, na vipimo vya haraka zaidi vinapatikana kwa kliniki za jamii na ofisi za daktari, Lawless alisema ""kutakuwa na haja ya maabara ya hali ya juu inayoweza kupata na kusoma magonjwa nadra na mapya, haswa katika kituo kikuu cha ufundishaji na utafiti kama Hospitali ya Chuo Kikuu.""" "Kila wakati kutakuwa na kitu cha kufanya", Lawless akasema.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://www.universityhealth.com/news/lab-plays-important-public-health-role

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Durga Rahasya offers to the reader an interpretation of Durga via the intricate symbolism of the three stories interspersed with lauds and the two characters Suratha and Samadhi involved in the Durga process, recipient of it through sage Medhas. The interpretation given in the Introduction and five brief chapters is followed by an innovative transcreation of the Durga text. About the Author: SOM RANCHAN was Professor of English in USA and India with a brief stint as editor. Authored over fifty books: twenty-two of poetry, others in religion, psychology, myth, folklore, etc. An authority on Sri Aurobindo, Vivekananda, Former Fulbrighter, Hazen Fellow, HRD, Himachal Academy's Fellow, recently was an IIAS Fellow.

Durga Rahasya inatoa msomaji tafsiri ya Durga kupitia ishara ngumu ya hadithi tatu zilizochanganywa na sifa na wahusika wawili Surata na Samadhi wanaohusika katika mchakato wa Durga, mpokeaji wake kupitia Medhas. Tafsiri iliyotolewa katika Utangulizi na sura tano fupi inafuatwa na transcreation ya ubunifu ya maandishi ya Durga. Kuhusu mwandishi: Som Ranchan alikuwa Profesa wa Kiingereza nchini Marekani na India na muda mfupi kama mhariri. Mwandishi wa vitabu zaidi ya hamsini: ishirini na mbili za mashairi, wengine katika dini, saikolojia, hadithi, hadithi za watu, nk. "Hawa ni miongoni mwa watu ambao wamepewa jina la ""Sri Aurobindo Vivekananda,"" ""Fullbright,"" ""Hasen Fellow,"" ""HRD,"" ""Himachal Academy Fellow,"" na ""IIAS Fellow."""

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We use echocardiograms, a type of non-invasive ultrasound, to monitor the size, shape, and function of your pet’s heart. Echocardiography is a diagnostic tool that provides veterinarians with a live view of the heart as it functions. Sound waves bounce off of the heart back into the echocardiogram, where an ultrasound of the heart is displayed on a screen for a cardiologist to assess. If your pet is having heart-related health issues, diagnostic tools such as an Echocardiogram can be used to help diagnose the problem and provide direction to your doctor as to treatment options. Our doctors may recommend an echocardiogram if they hear that your pet has a heart murmur during an exam, if we are planning to schedule anesthesia for your senior pet, or if they are experiencing any symptoms of heart-related conditions. If your pet is experiencing symptoms such as lethargy, fainting, shortness of breath, or other irregular behaviors, contact us immediately as those could be indications of heart disease. Echocardiograms may be used in conjunction with other tests such as EKG Veterinarians use EKG testing and echocardiograms to evaluate your pet's heart. They are both noninvasive, safe with no risk of exposure to radiation, and only take a few minutes. They’re performed typically with the pet lying down on a padded table. An Echocardiogram is a type of ultrasound that is performed on a pet’s chest. High-frequency sound waves produced by a transducer are directed towards the heart. These waves are then displayed onto a screen, providing a detailed live view of the heart, its chambers and compartments, and its blood flow. Our cardiologists can use these tests to identify any abnormalities in the heart as well as to check its overall health. Echocardiograms can help our doctors diagnose any heart conditions your pet may suffer from, as well as monitor any treatments being administered to aid in your pet’s heart function.

Uchunguzi wa echocardiogram ni aina ya ultrasound isiyo ya uvamizi, ambayo huonyesha jinsi moyo wa mnyama wako unavyofanya kazi. Echocardiography ni chombo cha utambuzi ambacho huwapa madaktari wa mifugo picha ya moyo unaofanya kazi. Sauti ya moyo huonekana kwenye ultrasound ya moyo na kuonyeshwa kwenye skrini ili daktari wa moyo aweze kuitathmini. Ikiwa mnyama wako ana matatizo ya moyo, vifaa vya utambuzi kama vile echocardiogram vinaweza kutumika kusaidia kugundua tatizo na kutoa mwelekeo kwa daktari wako kuhusu chaguzi za matibabu. Madaktari wanaweza kupendekeza echocardiogram kama wao kusikia kwamba mnyama wako ana murmur ya moyo wakati wa uchunguzi, kama sisi ni mipango ya ratiba anesthesia kwa ajili ya mnyama wako mzee, au kama wao ni uzoefu dalili yoyote ya hali ya moyo. Ikiwa mnyama wako ana dalili kama vile uchovu, kukosa fahamu, kukosa pumzi, au tabia nyingine zisizo za kawaida, wasiliana nasi mara moja, kwani hizo zinaweza kuwa dalili za ugonjwa wa moyo. Uchunguzi wa EKG (Echocardiogram) ni njia ya uchunguzi wa moyo wa mnyama, na kwa hivyo, kwa sababu ya hali ya afya ya mnyama, ni muhimu kuchunguza moyo wa mnyama. Vipimo hivyo ni salama, havina hatari ya kuathiriwa na mnururisho, na huchukua dakika chache tu. Wao ni uliofanywa kwa kawaida na pet amelala chini juu ya meza padded. Echocardiogram ni aina ya ultrasound ambayo hufanywa kwenye kifua cha mnyama. Mawimbi ya sauti yenye mzunguko wa juu yanayotokezwa na transducer huelekezwa kuelekea moyo. Kisha mawimbi hayo huonyeshwa kwenye kiwambo, na kutoa picha ya moyo, vyumba vyake, na mtiririko wa damu. Wataalamu wa moyo wanaweza kutumia vipimo hivyo kutambua kasoro zozote katika moyo na pia kuchunguza afya yake kwa ujumla. Echocardiogram inaweza kusaidia waganga wako kugundua hali yoyote ya moyo ambayo mnyama wako anaweza kuwa nayo, na pia kufuatilia matibabu yoyote yanayotolewa kusaidia kazi ya moyo wa mnyama wako.

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© Marcel Burkhardt About the Institute The Swiss Ornithological Institute in Sempach is a non-profit foundation supported by the public. It focuses on studies of wild birds and acquires the scientific basis for the conservation of birds and their habitats. Birds draw our attention to changes in the environment. Supported by hundreds of volunteers, we monitor the populations of breeding birds, migrants and winter visitors in Switzerland. Thanks to this work, 500'000 waterbirds find safe winter habitats on Swiss lakes and rivers every year. Based on the data and recommendations of the Swiss Ornithological Institute, the Swiss Government designated the reserves of international and national importance for waterbirds and migrants in our country. The Swiss Ornithological Institute investigates changes in the populations of wild birds. Our studies evaluate how birds adapt to present-day landscapes influenced by man and what they require to survive. We study where birds forage, how widely they range and why and where they die. For this purpose, we developed and used miniature transmitters that are among the world’s smallest. This knowledge is crucial in allowing us to take specific action in agricultural areas and in forests. Nature is to benefit by the knowledge of the Swiss Ornithological Institute. To achieve as much as possible for the birds, we closely work together with authorities, planners, nature conservancy organisations, farmers and foresters. In cooperation with farmers, we were able to show that they profit by a nature-friendly agriculture as do Yellowhammer, Common Quail, Common Kestrel and many other animals and plants of cultivated land. As for consumers, they receive healthy products. We disseminate information on birds and their conservation. By means of the media, exhibitions, books, CD-ROMs and booklets we would like to arouse interest and joy but also raise awareness about problems. Information and Advice Centre Employees of the Swiss Ornithological Institute answer up to 100 questions daily. Every year more than 1000 birds are treated by specialists at our institute.

Marcel Burkhardt Kuhusu Taasisi Taasisi ya Ornithological ya Uswisi huko Sempach ni msingi usio wa faida unaoungwa mkono na umma. Inazingatia masomo ya ndege wa porini na hupata msingi wa kisayansi kwa ajili ya uhifadhi wa ndege na makazi yao. Ndege huvutia uangalifu wetu kwa mabadiliko katika mazingira. Kwa msaada wa mamia ya wajitoleaji, tunasimamia idadi ya ndege wa kuzaliana, wahamiaji na wageni wa majira ya baridi nchini Uswisi. Kwa sababu ya kazi hii, ndege wa maji 500,000 hupata makazi salama ya majira ya baridi kali kwenye maziwa na mito ya Uswisi kila mwaka. Kwa mujibu wa taarifa za Taasisi ya Ornithology ya Uswisi, serikali ya Uswisi imeweka hifadhi za kimataifa na za kitaifa kwa ndege wa maji na wahamiaji nchini mwetu. Taasisi ya Ornithological ya Uswisi inachunguza mabadiliko katika idadi ya ndege wa porini. Uchunguzi wetu unathamini jinsi ndege wanavyojipatanisha na mandhari ya leo inayoathiriwa na mwanadamu na kile wanachohitaji ili kuishi. Tunajifunza mahali ambapo ndege hutafuta chakula, ni mbali kadiri gani wanavyoenea na kwa nini na wapi wanakufa. Kwa kusudi hili, tulitengeneza na kutumia vipeperushi vidogo ambavyo ni miongoni mwa vidogo zaidi ulimwenguni. Ujuzi huu ni muhimu katika kuruhusu sisi kuchukua hatua maalum katika maeneo ya kilimo na katika misitu. Kwa mfano, katika nchi za Ulaya, kuna aina ya ndege inayojulikana kama Swiss Ornithological Institute. Ili kufikia zaidi iwezekanavyo kwa ndege, tunafanya kazi kwa karibu na mamlaka, wapangaji, mashirika ya uhifadhi wa asili, wakulima na misitu. Kwa kushirikiana na wakulima, tuliweza kuonyesha kwamba wao pia wananufaika na kilimo cha asili kama vile Yellowhammer, Common Quail, Common Kestrel na wanyama wengine wengi na mimea ya ardhi iliyolimwa. Kwa upande wa watumiaji, wao hupokea bidhaa zenye afya. Tunatangaza habari kuhusu ndege na uhifadhi wao. Kwa njia ya vyombo vya habari, maonyesho, vitabu, CD-ROMs na vijitabu tunataka kuamsha maslahi na furaha lakini pia kuongeza ufahamu kuhusu matatizo. Kituo cha Habari na Ushauri: Wafanyakazi wa Taasisi ya Ornithology ya Uswisi hujibu hadi maswali 100 kila siku. Kila mwaka zaidi ya ndege 1000 hutibiwa na wataalamu katika taasisi yetu.

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Staging Race: Black Performers in Turn of the Century America (Paperback)Karen Sotiropoulos (author) We will also notify you if no further stock is available and share alternative book recommendations we will contact you when this item is next available to order Staging Race casts a spotlight on the generation of black artists who came of age between 1890 and World War I in an era of Jim Crow segregation and heightened racial tensions. As public entertainment expanded through vaudeville, minstrel shows, and world's fairs, black performers, like the stage duo of Bert Williams and George Walker, used the conventions of blackface to appear in front of, and appeal to, white audiences. At the same time, they communicated a leitmotif of black cultural humor and political comment to the black audiences segregated in balcony seats. With ingenuity and innovation, they enacted racial stereotypes onstage while hoping to unmask the fictions that upheld them offstage. Drawing extensively on black newspapers and commentary of the period, Karen Sotiropoulos shows how black performers and composers participated in a politically charged debate about the role of the expressive arts in the struggle for equality. Despite the racial violence, disenfranchisement, and the segregation of virtually all public space, they used America's new businesses of popular entertainment as vehicles for their own creativity and as spheres for political engagement. The story of how African Americans entered the stage door and transformed popular culture is a largely untold story. Although ultimately unable to erase racist stereotypes, these pioneering artists brought black music and dance into America's mainstream and helped to spur racial advancement. Publisher: Harvard University Press Number of pages: 304 Dimensions: 235 x 156 mm Nowadays black minstrels are not seen as black performers trapped into humiliating roles, but as black performers helping to define what blackness was. Karen Sotiropoulos, in her extremely useful history, Staging Race: Black Performers in Turn of the Century America, argues that the popular stage was a part of the political debate. - Darryl Pinckney, New York Review of Books By examining the history of leading black artists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Sotiropoulos addresses an important and often overlooked aspect of African American history. Staging Race is a valuable addition to the field of cultural studies and offers readers a new perspective on the role of commercial amusements and celebrity artists in the transformation of American race relations during the twentieth century. - Scott A. Newman, Journal of American History Karen Sotiropoulos tells the riveting story of a group of black intellectuals who challenged social Darwinism, imperialism, segregation and promoted a discourse of black nation-building. Brilliantly written and conceived, Staging Race will force us all to rethink early 20th century black musical theater, as well as black political thought during the so-called ‘nadir’ of African American history. - Robin D. G. Kelley, author of Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination In Staging Race, Karen Sotiropoulos casts the politics of turn-of-the-century African-American entertainment in a new light. Tracing such figures as Bert Williams, Aida Overton Walker, and James Reese Europe, she reveals how black entertainers pushed against the minstrel stereotypes they were expected to perform, inserting social and political themes to speak directly to black audiences and over the heads of whites. They created performers’ organizations, established a black-owned sheet music company, and eventually broke onto the Broadway stage. Meticulous in its research, powerfully argued, and elegantly written, this is a first-rate work of scholarship. - Kathy Peiss, University of Pennsylvania Sotiropoulos has written an exciting original piece of work that will prompt scholars to re-think what they knew about African American performers during the ‘nadir.’ She convincingly asserts that these artists played into and used the racist stereotypes that were being promulgated as a way of gaining space in the public arena. In using those stereotypes the African American performers were in a dialogue with their African American audiences about issues of personhood as well as critiquing the stereotype themselves. This is an important book. - Kenneth Goings, Ohio State University You may also be interested in... Would you like to proceed to the App store to download the Waterstones App?

"Karen Sotiropoulos, mwandishi wa ""Staging Race: Black Performers in Turn of the Century America"" anasema: ""Tutawasiliana na wewe ikiwa hakuna hisa zaidi na tutashiriki mapendekezo ya vitabu vingine, tutakuwasiliana wakati bidhaa hii itapatikana kwa utaratibu wa ""Staging Race"" inawakilisha kizazi cha wasanii weusi ambao walifikia umri kati ya 1890 na Vita vya Kwanza vya Ulimwengu katika enzi ya Jim Crow." Wakati burudani ya umma ilipanuka kupitia vaudeville, maonyesho ya minstrel, na maonyesho ya ulimwengu, waigizaji weusi, kama duo ya hatua ya Bert Williams na George Walker, walitumia mikataba ya uso mweusi kuonekana mbele ya, na kuvutia, watazamaji weupe. Wakati huo huo, waliwasiliana na leitmotif ya ucheshi wa kitamaduni wa weusi na maoni ya kisiasa kwa watazamaji weusi waliotenganishwa katika viti vya balcony. Kwa ubunifu na uvumbuzi, walianzisha mitazamo ya rangi kwenye jukwaa huku wakitumaini kufunua hadithi bandia zilizowasaidia nje ya jukwaa. Kwa kutegemea sana magazeti ya weusi na maoni ya kipindi hicho, Karen Sotiropoulos anaonyesha jinsi waigizaji weusi na watunzi walivyojihusisha katika mjadala wa kisiasa kuhusu jukumu la sanaa ya kujieleza katika mapambano ya usawa. Licha ya vurugu za rangi, ukosefu wa haki za kupiga kura, na kutenganishwa kwa karibu nafasi zote za umma, walitumia biashara mpya za burudani maarufu za Amerika kama magari ya ubunifu wao wenyewe na kama nyanja za ushiriki wa kisiasa. Hadithi ya jinsi Waafrika Wamarekani waliingia mlango wa hatua na kubadilisha utamaduni maarufu ni hadithi isiyoelezwa sana. Ingawa hatimaye hawakuweza kufuta mitazamo ya ubaguzi wa rangi, wasanii hawa wa upainia walileta muziki na densi za weusi katika jamii kuu ya Amerika na kusaidia kuchochea maendeleo ya rangi. "Mchoro wa ""Misteri ya Black"" wa Harvard University Press, ulichapishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1960 na ""Misteri ya Black"" ya mwaka wa 1960 ni moja ya nyimbo za kihistoria za kihistoria ambazo zinaonyesha jinsi watu weusi wanavyofanya kazi zao." Karen Sotiropoulos, katika kitabu chake cha Staging Race: Black Performers in Turn of the Century America, anasema kwamba hatua ya watu wengi ilikuwa sehemu ya mjadala wa kisiasa. Darryl Pinckney, Mhariri wa New York wa Vitabu, kwa kuchunguza historia ya wasanii weusi wa mwisho wa karne ya kumi na tisa na mapema ya ishirini, Sotiropoulos anashughulikia kipengele muhimu na mara nyingi hupuuzwa cha historia ya Kiafrika ya Amerika. Staging Race ni nyongeza muhimu kwa uwanja wa masomo ya kitamaduni na inatoa wasomaji mtazamo mpya juu ya jukumu la burudani za kibiashara na wasanii maarufu katika mabadiliko ya mahusiano ya rangi ya Amerika katika karne ya ishirini. "Karen Sotiropoulos, mwandishi wa ""Jarida la Historia ya Marekani,"" anaelezea hadithi ya kundi la wasomi weusi ambao walipinga Darwinism ya kijamii, imperialism, na ubaguzi na kukuza mazungumzo ya ujenzi wa taifa nyeusi." "Kutokana na maandishi na mawazo ya kipaji, ""Staging Race"" itatulazimisha sisi sote kufikiria tena mapema karne ya 20 ya muziki wa weusi, na vile vile mawazo ya kisiasa ya weusi wakati wa ""nadir"" ya historia ya Afrika-Amerika." "Karen Sotiropoulos, mwandishi wa Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination in Staging Race, anasema: ""Mambo ya kisiasa ya burudani ya Afrika-Amerika ya mwishoni mwa karne hii yanaonekana katika mwangaza mpya." Akijaribu kufuatilia takwimu kama vile Bert Williams, Aida Overton Walker, na James Reese Ulaya, yeye anafunua jinsi wasanii weusi walivyopinga mitazamo ya minstrel ambayo walitarajiwa kufanya, kuingiza mandhari za kijamii na kisiasa kuzungumza moja kwa moja kwa watazamaji weusi na juu ya vichwa vya wazungu. Waliunda mashirika ya watendaji, wakaanzisha kampuni ya muziki inayomilikiwa na weusi, na hatimaye wakaingia kwenye jukwaa la Broadway. Kwa kuwa kitabu hicho kimechunguza mambo kwa uangalifu sana, kimedaiwa kwa nguvu, na kuandikwa kwa ustadi, ni kitabu cha elimu cha hali ya juu. Kathy Peis, Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania, Sotiropoulos ameandika kazi ya awali ya kusisimua ambayo itawasukuma wasomi kufikiria tena kile walichojua juu ya wasanii wa Kiafrika wa Amerika wakati wa 'Nadir' - anasema kwa kuvutia kwamba wasanii hawa walicheza na kutumia stereotypes za ubaguzi wa rangi ambazo zilikuwa zikitangazwa kama njia ya kupata nafasi katika uwanja wa umma. Kwa kutumia stereotypes hizo, waigizaji wa Kiafrika-Wamarekani walikuwa katika mazungumzo na watazamaji wao wa Kiafrika-Wamarekani juu ya masuala ya utu na pia kukosoa stereotype wenyewe. Kitabu hiki ni muhimu. - Kenneth Goings, Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Ohio Unaweza pia kuwa na nia ya... Je, ungependa kuendelea na Duka la Programu kupakua Programu ya Waterstones?

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Same Book, Lower Price: Accessible Course Materials With Willo It’s no secret that secondary and post-secondary education is expensive, and there are many changing factors in today’s digital boom. Student loan debt amounts to nearly $1.6 trillion in the United States alone. While college course materials sales have increased by 3% in the past three years, book sales are currently the lowest they’ve been since 2013. Students don’t want to pay for textbooks that are overpriced beyond their constrained budgets. In a recent educational survey of undergraduate students, 65% admitted they avoided essential textbook purchases because of unreasonable costs. Having access to their required course materials can be the difference between passing or failing a course for students. The resources a student has at their disposal should not be the deciding factor in their success in higher education. Course materials affordability and access have never been more important. Even though the rise of digital materials in today’s higher education system is timely and important, what are institutes of higher learning doing to make materials more affordable? And how are students navigating the options available? Overpriced Course Materials Come With a Cost Publishers and campus stores need to make money, but student equity is a pressing campus concern. Students pursue a college education to access the support, resources, and skills they need to fulfill important careers that contribute to the larger community. But with the financial demands of colleges today, accessing course materials is a primary stressor to many. Full-time undergraduate students can expect to spend an average of $1,345 out of pocket for course materials in a single year. Of full-time students surveyed, 1 in 4 claimed they had to work extra hours or even skip meals to afford the costs of required materials. This poses a serious threat to students’ grades, learning outcomes, and overall academic experience. How Can Students Get the Lowest Price on Course Materials? Fortunately, there are many options today that make access to course materials more affordable. Several prominent examples include: - Digital textbooks and eBooks - Open Educational Resources (OER) - Inclusive Access and Equitable Access programs - State and federal funding But even with all of these new developments, not all students experience equal access to the materials they need. When the campus bookstore isn’t the most affordable option, students will look to third-party websites and wholesalers. This strategy can be time-consuming, overwhelming, and even risky. How can students free themselves from the overwhelming work of searching for the most affordable course materials options? Better yet, how can students better utilize their financial aid or campus funds to secure the most affordable course materials option? Your school can make this possible for all. With Willo, you put digital access into the hands of every student — equipping them to get the right materials at the best price. Willo for the Most Affordable Access to Course Materials Willo is a powerful digital course material delivery platform that academic institutions can leverage for student access. No matter what LMS stack, store business model, or access program your campus operates with, Willo helps your campus champion digital learning opportunities into the future. - Keep course material transactions on campus - Enable students to use campus-based funds - Offer students the lowest price on course materials - Ensure codeless, digital day-one access - Integrate with any LMS - Works with your campus access program Students, faculty, campus stores, and institutions all benefit from the Willo Lab’s revolutionary LTI integrations. We exist to support your campus in making education more affordable, accessible, and successful for all. At our core, we believe students come first, which means as digital learning continues to grow, your campus needs a more secure solution that supports the evolving future of education. Learn more about the most affordable, equitable digital learning platform today. Schedule some time to see the Willo platform in action.

Kitabu kimoja, Bei ya Chini: Vifaa vya Kozi vinavyoweza kupatikana na Willo Si siri kwamba elimu ya sekondari na baada ya sekondari ni ghali, na kuna sababu nyingi zinazobadilika katika ukuaji wa dijiti ya leo. Kwa mfano, madeni ya wanafunzi ya Marekani yanafikia dola bilioni 1.6 kwa mwaka mmoja. Wakati mauzo ya vifaa vya masomo ya chuo kikuu yameongezeka kwa 3% katika miaka mitatu iliyopita, mauzo ya vitabu kwa sasa ni ya chini zaidi tangu 2013. Wanafunzi hawataki kulipa vitabu vya masomo ambavyo ni ghali sana zaidi ya bajeti zao zilizopunguzwa. Katika utafiti wa hivi karibuni wa wanafunzi wa shahada ya kwanza, 65% walikiri kuwa waliepuka kununua vitabu muhimu kwa sababu ya gharama zisizo na busara. Kuweza kupata vifaa vya kozi vinavyohitajika kunaweza kuwa tofauti kati ya kupitisha au kushindwa kozi kwa wanafunzi. Vifaa ambavyo mwanafunzi anavyoweza kutumia havipaswi kuwa sababu ya kuamua mafanikio yake katika elimu ya juu. Uwezo wa gharama nafuu wa vifaa vya kozi na upatikanaji haukuwa muhimu zaidi. Hata ingawa kuongezeka kwa vifaa vya dijiti katika mfumo wa elimu ya juu ya leo ni ya wakati na muhimu, taasisi za elimu ya juu zinafanya nini kufanya vifaa kuwa vya bei nafuu zaidi? Na wanafunzi wanafanyaje ili wajue chaguzi zinazopatikana? Vifaa vya Kozi vya Bei ya Juu vinakuja na Gharama Wachapishaji na maduka ya chuo wanahitaji kupata pesa, lakini usawa wa wanafunzi ni wasiwasi wa chuo kikuu. Wanafunzi hufuata elimu ya chuo kikuu ili kupata msaada, rasilimali, na ujuzi wanaohitaji kutimiza kazi muhimu ambazo zinachangia jamii kubwa. Lakini kwa mahitaji ya kifedha ya vyuo vikuu leo, kupata vifaa vya kozi ni mkazo wa msingi kwa wengi. Wanafunzi wa chuo kikuu wa wakati wote wanaweza kutarajia kutumia wastani wa $ 1,345 kutoka mfukoni kwa vifaa vya kozi katika mwaka mmoja. Kati ya wanafunzi wa wakati wote waliohojiwa, 1 katika 4 walidai kwamba walilazimika kufanya kazi ya ziada au hata kuruka chakula ili kulipia gharama za vifaa vinavyohitajika. Hii ni tishio kubwa kwa wanafunzi 'grades, matokeo ya kujifunza, na uzoefu wa jumla wa kitaaluma. Wanafunzi Wanawezaje Kupata Bei ya Chini Zaidi ya Vifaa vya Kozi? Kwa bahati nzuri, kuna chaguzi nyingi leo ambazo hufanya upatikanaji wa vifaa vya kozi kuwa rahisi zaidi. Mifano kadhaa maarufu ni pamoja na: Vitabu vya masomo vya dijiti na eBooks, Rasilimali za Elimu ya Wazi (OER), Programu za Ufikiaji wa Pamoja na Ufikiaji wa Haki, na Fedha za Jimbo na Shirikisho. Wakati duka la vitabu la chuo sio chaguo la bei nafuu zaidi, wanafunzi watatazama tovuti za mtu wa tatu na wauzaji wa jumla. Mbinu hiyo yaweza kuchukua wakati mwingi, kuwa ngumu sana, na hata kuwa hatari. Wanafunzi wanawezaje kujikomboa kutoka kwa kazi kubwa ya kutafuta chaguzi za vifaa vya kozi vya bei nafuu zaidi? Kwa nini wanafunzi hawawezi kutumia fedha zao za chuo kikuu ili kupata vifaa vya masomo vya bei nafuu? Shule yako inaweza kufanya hivyo iwezekane kwa wote. Pamoja na Willo, wewe kuweka upatikanaji digital katika mikono ya kila mwanafunzi <unk> kuwaandaa kupata vifaa sahihi kwa bei bora. Willow ni jukwaa la nguvu la utoaji wa vifaa vya kozi za dijiti ambazo taasisi za kitaaluma zinaweza kutumia kwa ufikiaji wa wanafunzi. Bila kujali LMS stack, duka, au programu ya upatikanaji, Willow inasaidia chuo chako kuendeleza fursa za kujifunza za dijiti katika siku zijazo. - Kuhifadhi shughuli za vifaa vya kozi katika chuo - Kuwezesha wanafunzi kutumia fedha za chuo - Kutoa wanafunzi bei ya chini zaidi kwenye vifaa vya kozi - Kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa siku moja ya dijiti bila nambari - Kuunganisha na LMS yoyote - Kazi na programu yako ya upatikanaji wa chuo Wanafunzi, walimu, maduka ya chuo, na taasisi zote hufaidika na ushirikiano wa LTI wa Willow Lab. Tuko ili kusaidia chuo chako katika kufanya elimu iwe ya bei nafuu zaidi, kupatikana, na kufanikiwa kwa wote. Kwa msingi wetu, tunaamini wanafunzi wanakuja kwanza, ambayo inamaanisha kuwa kujifunza kwa dijiti inaendelea kukua, chuo chako kinahitaji suluhisho salama zaidi ambalo linaunga mkono maendeleo ya elimu ya siku zijazo. Jifunze zaidi kuhusu jukwaa la kujifunza la dijiti lenye bei nafuu na usawa zaidi leo. Panga wakati wa kuona jukwaa la Willo likifanya kazi.

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The Fascinating Connection: Understanding How the Brain Links and Communicates By Adedayo Ebenezer Oyetoke Published on: June 24th 2023 | 5 mins, 937 words Views: 208 The human brain is a remarkable organ that enables us to think, feel, and interact with the world around us. It is a complex network of billions of neurons, constantly communicating and forming connections. In this blog, we will delve into the captivating world of brain connectivity and communication, exploring the intricate mechanisms that underlie our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. 1. The Neuronal Network: At the core of brain communication lies the intricate network of neurons. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals, forming the building blocks of our brain. They are connected through synapses, tiny gaps where information is exchanged. This network allows for the transmission of signals across different regions of the brain, enabling various cognitive processes. 2. Electrical Signaling: One of the primary ways neurons communicate is through electrical signals. When a neuron receives a stimulus, it generates an electrical impulse called an action potential. This electrical signal travels along the neuron's axon, eventually reaching the synapse. At the synapse, the electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal. 3. Chemical Signaling: Chemical signaling, also known as synaptic transmission, is a crucial mechanism for brain communication. When an action potential reaches the synapse, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers. These neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron, transmitting the signal to the next neuron in the circuit. 4. Brain Regions and Networks: The brain is divided into different regions, each responsible for specific functions. These regions are interconnected through neural pathways, forming complex networks. For example, the prefrontal cortex is involved in decision-making and executive functions, while the amygdala plays a key role in processing emotions. Understanding these networks helps us comprehend how different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes. 5. Plasticity and Learning: The brain's ability to adapt and change is known as neuroplasticity. Through experience and learning, the connections between neurons can be strengthened or weakened. This process allows the brain to reorganize itself, forming new pathways and optimizing communication. Neuroplasticity plays a crucial role in our ability to acquire new skills, recover from injuries, and adapt to changing environments. 6. Technological Advances: Advancements in science and technology have revolutionized our understanding of brain connectivity. Techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) allow researchers to study brain activity and connectivity in real-time. These tools have provided valuable insights into how different brain regions communicate and interact. 7. Brain-Computer Interfaces: The field of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) holds immense potential for the future. BCIs aim to establish a direct communication pathway between the brain and external devices, bypassing traditional means of communication. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the lives of individuals with disabilities, allowing them to control prosthetic limbs or communicate through thought alone. 8. Brain Waves and Communication: Another fascinating aspect of brain communication is the presence of brain waves. Brain waves are rhythmic patterns of electrical activity generated by the synchronized firing of neurons. These waves can be measured using EEG and provide valuable insights into different states of consciousness, such as sleep, meditation, and focused attention. Different types of brain waves, such as alpha, beta, theta, and delta, are associated with specific cognitive processes and mental states. 9. Communication Disorders: Understanding how the brain links and communicates is crucial in comprehending communication disorders. Conditions such as aphasia, dyslexia, and autism spectrum disorders can affect the brain's ability to process and transmit information effectively. Studying the underlying mechanisms of these disorders helps researchers develop targeted interventions and therapies to improve communication abilities. 10. Emotions and Brain Communication: Emotions play a significant role in our daily lives, and they are closely intertwined with brain communication. The limbic system, including the amygdala and hippocampus, is responsible for processing and regulating emotions. Communication between the limbic system and other brain regions influences our emotional experiences and responses. Understanding these connections can shed light on emotional disorders and contribute to the development of effective treatments. 11. Language and Brain Connectivity: Language is a fundamental aspect of human communication, and its processing involves intricate brain connectivity. Different regions of the brain, such as Broca's area and Wernicke's area, are involved in language production and comprehension. The connections between these regions and other brain areas enable us to understand and express thoughts and ideas. Studying language-related brain connectivity enhances our understanding of language disorders and aids in developing language therapies. 12. Future Implications: Advancements in brain connectivity research have the potential to revolutionize various fields. In the realm of medicine, understanding brain communication can lead to improved treatments for neurological disorders, brain injuries, and mental health conditions. In the field of artificial intelligence, insights into brain connectivity can inspire the development of more efficient and human-like algorithms. Additionally, advancements in brain-computer interfaces may open up new possibilities for human-machine interactions and enhance our cognitive capabilities. 13. Ethical Considerations: As we delve deeper into understanding brain connectivity, it is essential to address ethical considerations. The ability to manipulate brain communication raises questions about privacy, consent, and potential misuse of technology. Striking a balance between scientific progress and ethical boundaries is crucial to ensure responsible and beneficial applications of brain connectivity research. The intricate web of connections within the human brain is a captivating subject of study. From the electrical and chemical signaling between neurons to the complex networks that underlie our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, understanding brain connectivity is key to unraveling the mysteries of the mind. As science and technology continue to advance, our knowledge of brain communication will expand, leading to new insights, therapies, and innovations that shape the future of science, technology, and human potential.

"Kutokana na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu"" na ""Mwili wa Mtu." Ni mtandao tata wa mabilioni ya chembe za neva, zinazohusiana na kufanyiza uhusiano daima. Katika blogi hii, tutazungumzia ulimwengu wa kuvutia wa muunganisho wa ubongo na mawasiliano, tukichunguza taratibu ngumu ambazo zina msingi wa mawazo yetu, hisia, na tabia. 1. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Mtandao wa Neuroni: Katika kiini cha mawasiliano ya ubongo kuna mtandao tata wa neuroni. Neuroni ni chembe za kipekee zinazopeleka ishara za umeme na kemikali, na hivyo hufanyiza sehemu za msingi za ubongo wetu. Zinaunganishwa kupitia synapses, mapengo madogo ambako habari hubadilishana. Mtandao huo huruhusu ishara zipelekwe katika sehemu tofauti-tofauti za ubongo, na hivyo kuwezesha michakato mbalimbali ya utambuzi. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Ishara za umeme: Mojawapo ya njia kuu ambazo chembe za neva huwasiliana ni kupitia ishara za umeme. Neuron inapopokea kichocheo, hutokeza msukumo wa umeme unaoitwa uwezo wa kutenda. Ishara hiyo ya umeme husafiri kando ya axon ya neuron, na hatimaye hufikia synapse. Katika synapse, ishara ya umeme hubadilishwa kuwa ishara ya kemikali. 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Ujumbe wa kemikali: Ujumbe wa kemikali, unaojulikana pia kama maambukizi ya synaptic, ni utaratibu muhimu wa mawasiliano ya ubongo. Wakati nguvu ya utendaji inapofika kwenye synapse, huchochea kutolewa kwa neurotransmitters, ambazo ni wajumbe wa kemikali. Vipeperushi hivi vya neva hupita katika pengo la synaptic na kuunganisha kwa receptors kwenye neuron inayopokea, kusambaza ishara kwa neuron inayofuata katika mzunguko. 4. Uwe na uhakika Sehemu za Ubongo na Mitandao: Ubongo umegawanywa katika sehemu tofauti-tofauti, kila moja ikiwa na daraka la utendaji fulani. Sehemu hizo zimeunganishwa kupitia njia za neva, na kufanyiza mitandao tata. Kwa mfano, prefrontal cortex inahusika katika kufanya maamuzi na kazi za utekelezaji, wakati amygdala ina jukumu muhimu katika usindikaji wa hisia. Kuelewa mitandao hii hutusaidia kuelewa jinsi maeneo tofauti ya ubongo yanavyofanya kazi pamoja ili kuunga mkono michakato mbalimbali ya utambuzi. 5. Uwe na mtazamo mzuri. Uwezo wa ubongo wa kubadilika na kubadilika unaitwa neuroplasticity. Kupitia uzoefu na kujifunza, uhusiano kati ya chembe za neva unaweza kuimarishwa au kudhoofishwa. Utaratibu huo huruhusu ubongo kujipanga upya, kufanyiza njia mpya na kuboresha mawasiliano. Neuroplasticity ina jukumu muhimu katika uwezo wetu wa kupata ujuzi mpya, kupona kutokana na majeraha, na kukabiliana na mazingira yanayobadilika. 6. Uwe na uhakika Maendeleo ya Teknolojia: Maendeleo ya kisayansi na teknolojia yamebadili kabisa uelewa wetu wa uhusiano wa ubongo. Utafiti wa MRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) na electroencephalography (EEG) ni njia za kugundua utendaji wa ubongo na uwezo wa kuunganisha. Vifaa hivyo vimetusaidia kuelewa jinsi sehemu mbalimbali za ubongo zinavyowasiliana na kuingiliana. 7. Uwe na mtazamo gani? Ubunifu wa ubongo na kompyuta (BCI) ni uwanja wa ubunifu wa ubongo na kompyuta (BCI) ambao una uwezo mkubwa wa kuendeleza ubunifu wa ubunifu. BCI ni njia ya mawasiliano ya moja kwa moja kati ya ubongo na vifaa vya nje, kuzunguka njia za jadi za mawasiliano. Teknolojia hii ina uwezo wa kubadili maisha ya watu wenye ulemavu, ikiwaruhusu kudhibiti viungo vya kimetengenezwa au kuwasiliana kupitia mawazo tu. 8. Uwe na mtazamo gani? Mawimbi ya Ubongo na Mawasiliano: Sehemu nyingine yenye kuvutia ya mawasiliano ya ubongo ni kuwepo kwa mawimbi ya ubongo. Mawimbi ya ubongo ni mifumo ya utendaji wa umeme unaotokezwa na utendaji wa wakati mmoja wa chembe za neva. Mawimbi hayo yanaweza kupimwa kwa kutumia EEG na kutoa ufahamu muhimu kuhusu hali tofauti za ufahamu, kama vile usingizi, kutafakari, na kukaza fikira. Aina tofauti za mawimbi ya ubongo, kama vile alpha, beta, theta, na delta, huhusianishwa na michakato maalum ya utambuzi na hali za akili. 9. (a) Kwa nini? Ugonjwa wa mawasiliano: Kuelewa jinsi ubongo unavyounganisha na kuwasiliana ni muhimu katika kuelewa matatizo ya mawasiliano. Hali kama vile aphasia, dyslexia, na matatizo ya autism spectrum yanaweza kuathiri uwezo wa ubongo wa kuchanganua na kupitisha habari kwa ufanisi. Kujifunza utaratibu wa msingi wa matatizo hayo husaidia watafiti kutengeneza matibabu na matibabu yanayoweza kuboresha uwezo wa kuwasiliana. Kumi. Hisia na Uwasiliano wa Ubongo: Hisia zina jukumu muhimu katika maisha yetu ya kila siku, na zinaunganishwa kwa karibu na mawasiliano ya ubongo. Mfumo wa limbic, kutia ndani amygdala na hippocampus, unawajibika kwa usindikaji na udhibiti wa hisia. Mawasiliano kati ya mfumo wa limbic na maeneo mengine ya ubongo huathiri uzoefu wetu wa kihisia-moyo na majibu. Kuelewa uhusiano huo kunaweza kutusaidia kuelewa magonjwa ya kihisia-moyo na kutusaidia kupata matibabu yenye matokeo. 11. (a) Kwa nini? Lugha na Uunganisho wa Ubongo: Lugha ni kipengele cha msingi cha mawasiliano ya binadamu, na usindikaji wake unahusisha uunganisho tata wa ubongo. Sehemu tofauti za ubongo, kama vile eneo la Broca na eneo la Wernicke, zinahusika katika utengenezaji na uelewa wa lugha. Mawasiliano kati ya sehemu hizo na sehemu nyingine za ubongo hutusaidia kuelewa na kueleza mawazo na mawazo. Kujifunza uhusiano wa ubongo unaohusiana na lugha huongeza uelewa wetu wa matatizo ya lugha na husaidia katika kuendeleza tiba za lugha. 12. (a) Kwa nini? Matokeo ya wakati ujao: Maendeleo katika utafiti wa muunganisho wa ubongo yana uwezo wa kubadili nyanja mbalimbali. Katika uwanja wa tiba, kuelewa mawasiliano ya ubongo kunaweza kusababisha matibabu bora ya magonjwa ya neva, majeraha ya ubongo, na hali za afya ya akili. Katika uwanja wa akili bandia, ufahamu wa muunganisho wa ubongo unaweza kuhamasisha maendeleo ya algorithms ufanisi zaidi na binadamu-kama. Kwa kuongezea, maendeleo katika miunganisho ya ubongo na kompyuta yanaweza kufungua uwezekano mpya wa mwingiliano wa binadamu na mashine na kuboresha uwezo wetu wa utambuzi. 13. (a) Kwa nini? Kwa sababu ya maadili, ni muhimu kuelewa zaidi kuhusu uhusiano wa ubongo. Uwezo wa kudhibiti mawasiliano ya ubongo huinua maswali kuhusu faragha, idhini, na uwezekano wa kutumia vibaya teknolojia. Kufanya usawa kati ya maendeleo ya kisayansi na mipaka ya maadili ni muhimu kuhakikisha matumizi ya wajibu na manufaa ya utafiti wa muunganisho wa ubongo. Mtandao tata wa uhusiano ndani ya ubongo wa binadamu ni somo lenye kuvutia la kujifunza. Kuanzia ishara za umeme na kemikali kati ya nyuroni hadi mitandao tata ambayo hutegemea mawazo yetu, hisia, na tabia, kuelewa muunganisho wa ubongo ni ufunguo wa kufunua mafumbo ya akili. Kadiri sayansi na teknolojia zinavyoendelea kusonga mbele, maarifa yetu ya mawasiliano ya ubongo yataongezeka, na kuongoza kwenye ufahamu mpya, matibabu, na uvumbuzi ambao huunda siku zijazo za sayansi, teknolojia na uwezo wa binadamu.

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So, what exactly is nitrile? It is a synthetic rubber that acts as a great substitute for latex. It doesn’t pose any allergen threats like its latex counterpart, and it is also inherently chemically resistant and stronger than latex. Nitrile is inherently BPA free as well as waterproof. A synthetic rubber, nitrile is man-made in a laboratory, as a byproduct of petroleum. The demand for nitrile has grown steadily from its outset during World War I when a shortage of natural rubber prompted its development. Nitrile comes in medical grade and industrial grade. But what does this mean for you? Industrial grade nitrile gloves are best used in situations where you will be handling harsh chemicals. Some of these industries include janitorial services, food services, and automotive shops. Industrial grade nitrile gloves also offer wearers a higher level of puncture resistance. Medical grade nitrile gloves are appropriate for use in environments where you’ll be coming in contact with environmental contaminates or blood-borne pathogens. You might also see them labeled as examiner gloves, and they can be used in places like dental office, laboratories, hospitals, and cleanrooms. One key difference about medical grade nitrile gloves is that they must undergo a series of rigorous tests in order to meet safety guidelines set forth by the FDA. All gloves come in a variety of thicknesses, which are measured in mils. One mil is one-thousandth of an inch. When it comes to disposable nitrile gloves, you’ll find the thicknesses can range anywhere from 4 mil for general purpose gloves all the way up to 15 mils for more heavy-duty industrial nitrile gloves.

Ni nini hasa nitrile? Ni mpira wa synthetic ambao hufanya kazi kama mbadala mzuri wa latex. Haisababishi vitisho vya mzio kama mwenzake wa latex, na pia ni ya asili ya kukinza kemikali na nguvu kuliko latex. Nitrile ni asili BPA bure kama vile waterproof. Nitrili ni mpira wa synthetic, uliotengenezwa na binadamu katika maabara, kama bidhaa ya chini ya mafuta. Kwa sababu ya upungufu wa nitrili, ambayo ilitengenezwa wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Ulimwengu, nitrili ilitengenezwa kwa sababu ya upungufu wa mpira wa asili. Nitrile inapatikana katika kiwango cha kitiba na kiwango cha viwanda. Lakini hilo lamaanisha nini kwako? Vitambaa vya nitrile vya kiwango cha viwandani hutumiwa vizuri zaidi katika hali ambapo utashughulikia kemikali kali. Baadhi ya viwanda hivyo vinatia ndani huduma za usimamizi wa nyumba, huduma za vyakula, na maduka ya magari. glavu za nitrile za kiwango cha viwandani pia huwapa watumiaji kiwango cha juu cha upinzani wa kupasuka. Medical daraja nitrile glavu ni sahihi kwa ajili ya matumizi katika mazingira ambapo utakuwa kuja katika kuwasiliana na uchafuzi wa mazingira au damu-kupitishwa vimelea. Pia, gloves hizi zinaweza kutumika katika maeneo kama vile ofisi ya meno, maabara, hospitali, na vyumba safi. Kwa sababu ya ubora wa gloves za nitrile, ni muhimu kwamba zinapaswa kukamilika kwa mfululizo wa vipimo vya ukali ili kukidhi miongozo ya usalama iliyowekwa na FDA. glavu zote kuja katika aina mbalimbali ya unene, ambayo ni kipimo katika mils. Mil moja ni elfu moja ya inchi. Kwa ajili ya gloves nitrile, ni muhimu kuzingatia kwamba ni muhimu kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kawaida, na kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kawaida, ni muhimu kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kawaida.

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Masjid Al-Aqsa is a location with enormous historical, religious, and cultural significance that is located in the center of Jerusalem’s Old City. This famous building is a source of pride for Muslims all over the world and serves as a representation of harmony and peace. Masjid Al-Aqsa has witnessed countless events that have shaped the development of human civilization throughout its millennia-long history. In this blog post, we’ll set out on a fascinating exploration of the intriguing past and significance of Masjid Al-Aqsa. Early Islamic history can be used to trace the origins of Masjid Al-Aqsa. Islam holds that during the miraculous Night Journey (Isra and Mi’raj), the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was transported from the Kaaba in Mecca to Masjid Al-Aqsa. This journey highlighted the importance of the location, which led to its sanctification in Islamic thought. Not only is Masjid Al-Aqsa revered by Muslims, but it also has a special place in Christianity and Judaism. The location is linked to several biblical incidents in Christianity, including the reports of Jesus Christ (peace be upon him) giving lessons in the temple. It is considered the site of the First and Second Temples for Jews. Masjid Al-Aqsa’s current building exhibits stunning Islamic architecture that combines elements from the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Crusader periods. Awe-inspiring mosaics, graceful domes, and majestic minarets are evidence of the skill and craftsmanship of the past. The Dome of the Rock, a magnificent gold-topped shrine in the middle of the Noble Sanctuary, is one of Masjid Al-Aqsa’s most recognizable features. This architectural masterpiece dates back to 691 CE. It is of great religious significance to Muslims because it preserves the Foundation Stone, which is thought to be where the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is said to have entered the heavens during the Night Journey. Masjid Al-Aqsa has experienced the rise and fall of many empires. Each historical era has left its mark on the location, from the early Islamic caliphates to the Crusaders, the Ottoman Empire, and the modern era. The identity of Masjid Al-Aqsa has been shaped by this extensive historical tapestry, making it a tangible reminder of the things that happened in the past. Masjid Al-Aqsa underwent significant changes during the Crusades as the Crusaders turned it into a church. The mosque’s original use was reinstated after Salah ad-Din retook Jerusalem in 1187, and succeeding Islamic emperors invested in its renovation to preserve its luxury. Masjid Al-Aqsa has long been a center for learning, drawing academics from various disciplines. It has been crucial in maintaining and spreading knowledge in fields like theology, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Numerous scholars have visited its halls with advanced human knowledge. For Muslims, Jerusalem has great religious significance. After Mecca and Medina, it is regarded as the third holiest site in Islam. During their prayers, Muslims worldwide face Masjid Al-Aqsa, demonstrating its spiritual significance and closeness to the hearts of millions of people. Masjid Al-Aqsa has not been immune to political tensions despite its significance. The location has been the focal point of conflicts between various groups over the years, making it susceptible to harm and destruction. It continues to be challenging to preserve its historical and cultural heritage, which calls for cooperation and understanding on a global scale. Despite the difficulties, numerous initiatives and organizations have worked tirelessly to maintain and safeguard Masjid Al-Aqsa. To preserve this priceless aspect of our cultural heritage for future generations, efforts are being made through restoration initiatives, educational initiatives, and awareness campaigns. Masjid Al-Aqsa, a site revered by millions and treasured for its cultural, religious, and historical significance, stands as a testament to the intertwined histories of civilizations. We understand Masjid Al-Aqsa’s importance in promoting harmony and understanding among various communities worldwide as we learn more about its rich history. By defending and preserving this iconic building, we ensure that the lessons learned in the past continue to motivate and direct us toward a future marked by peace and respect for one another. Batman138 Bro138 Dolar138 Gas138 Gudang138 Hoki99 Ligaciputra Panen77 Zeus138 Kilat77 Planet88 Gaspol168 Sikat88 Rupiah138 Garuda138 Gacor77 Roma77 Sensa138 Panen138 Slot138 Gaco88 Elanggame Candy99 Cair77 Max7 Best188 Space77 Sky77 Luxury777 Maxwin138 Bosswin168 Cocol88 Slot5000 Babe138 Luxury138 Jet77 Bonanza138 Bos88 Aquaslot Taktik88 Lord88 Indobet Slot69 Paus138 Tiktok88 Panengg Bingo4d Stars77 77dragon Warung168 Receh88 Online138 Tambang88 Asia77 Klik4d Bdslot88 Gajah138 Bigwin138 Markas138 Yuk69 Emas168 Key4d Harta138 Gopek178 Imbaslot Imbajp Deluna4d Luxury333 Pentaslot Luxury111 Cair77 Gboslot Pandora188 Olxtoto Slotvip Eslot Kuy138 Imbagacor Bimabet

Masjid Al-Aqsa ni eneo lenye umuhimu mkubwa wa kihistoria, kidini, na kitamaduni ambalo liko katikati ya Jiji la Kale la Yerusalemu. Jengo hili maarufu ni chanzo cha fahari kwa Waislamu duniani kote na hutumika kama uwakilishi wa maelewano na amani. Msikiti wa Al-Aqsa umeshuhudia matukio mengi ambayo yameunda maendeleo ya ustaarabu wa binadamu katika historia yake ya maelfu ya miaka. Katika chapisho hili la blogi, tutaanza uchunguzi wa kuvutia wa zamani wa kuvutia na umuhimu wa Masjid Al-Aqsa. Historia ya mapema ya Kiislamu inaweza kutumika kufuatilia asili ya Masjid Al-Aqsa. Uislamu unaamini kwamba wakati wa safari ya usiku (Isra na Mi'raj), Mtume Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) alipelekwa kutoka Ka'bah huko Mecca hadi Masjid al-Aqsa. Safari hiyo ilionyesha umuhimu wa eneo hilo, na hilo lilifanya liwe takatifu katika mawazo ya Kiislamu. Si kwamba tu Masjid Al-Aqsa inaheshimiwa na Waislamu, lakini pia ina nafasi maalum katika Ukristo na Dini ya Kiyahudi. Mahali hapo pana uhusiano na matukio kadhaa ya Kibiblia katika Ukristo, ikiwa ni pamoja na ripoti za Yesu Kristo (amani iwe juu yake) akitoa masomo katika hekalu. Inaonwa kuwa mahali pa Hekalu la Kwanza na la Pili la Wayahudi. Jengo la sasa la Masjid Al-Aqsa lina usanifu-ujenzi wa kiislamu wenye kuvutia ambao unachanganya mambo kutoka nyakati za Umayyad, Abbasid, na Crusader. Michoro yenye kuvutia, vibao vyenye kupendeza, na minara yenye fahari ni uthibitisho wa ustadi na ufundi wa zamani. Dome of the Rock, hekalu lenye dhahabu katikati ya Mahali Patakatifu, ni mojawapo ya sehemu zinazotambulika zaidi za Masjid Al-Aqsa. Jengo hilo la kihistoria lilijengwa mwaka wa 691 W.K. Mji huo una umuhimu mkubwa kwa Waislamu kwa sababu una jiwe la msingi ambalo linadhaniwa kuwa ni mahali ambapo Mtume Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) aliingia mbinguni wakati wa safari ya usiku. Masjid Al-Aqsa imepitia kuongezeka na kuanguka kwa milki nyingi. Kila enzi ya kihistoria imeacha alama yake katika eneo hilo, kuanzia enzi za mapema za Uislamu hadi enzi za Warusi, Milki ya Ottoman, na enzi za kisasa. "Jina la Masjid al-Aqsa limetengenezwa na ""mzizi"" huu wa kihistoria, na kuifanya kuwa ukumbusho halisi wa mambo yaliyotokea wakati uliopita." Masjid Al-Aqsa ilibadilika sana wakati wa Vita vya Msalaba wakati wa vita vya Msalaba walipoibadilisha kuwa kanisa. Jengo hilo lilirudishwa katika matumizi yake ya awali baada ya Salah ad-Din kuuteka Yerusalemu mwaka 1187, na maliki wa Kiislamu waliochukua nafasi ya baadaye waliwekeza katika ukarabati wake ili kuhifadhi anasa yake. Kwa muda mrefu Masjid Al-Aqsa imekuwa kituo cha kujifunza, ikivutia wasomi kutoka taaluma mbalimbali. Imekuwa muhimu katika kudumisha na kueneza maarifa katika nyanja kama vile theolojia, hisabati, elimu ya nyota, na tiba. Wasomi wengi wametembelea majumba yake wakiwa na ujuzi wa hali ya juu wa kibinadamu. Kwa Waislamu, Yerusalemu ina maana kubwa ya kidini. Baada ya Mecca na Medina, inahesabiwa kuwa mahali patakatifu pa tatu katika Uislamu. Wakati wa sala zao, Waislamu duniani kote wanakabiliwa na Msikiti wa Al-Aqsa, kuonyesha umuhimu wake wa kiroho na ukaribu na mioyo ya mamilioni ya watu. Msikiti wa Al-Aqsa haujakosa mvutano wa kisiasa licha ya umuhimu wake. Eneo hilo limekuwa kitovu cha migogoro kati ya vikundi mbalimbali kwa miaka mingi, na hivyo kuwa hatari ya kuharibiwa na kuharibiwa. Inaendelea kuwa changamoto kuhifadhi urithi wake wa kihistoria na kitamaduni, ambayo inahitaji ushirikiano na uelewevu kwa kiwango cha kimataifa. Licha ya matatizo hayo, mipango na mashirika mengi yamefanya kazi bila kuchoka ili kudumisha na kulinda Masjid Al-Aqsa. Ili kuhifadhi sehemu hii ya thamani ya urithi wetu wa kitamaduni kwa vizazi vijavyo, juhudi zinafanywa kupitia mipango ya ukarabati, mipango ya elimu, na kampeni za ufahamu. Jumba la Masjid al-Aqsa, ambalo linaheshimiwa na mamilioni ya watu na linalotambuliwa kwa umuhimu wake wa kitamaduni, kidini na kihistoria, ni ushahidi wa historia ya ustaarabu iliyounganishwa. """Tunaelewa umuhimu wa Msikiti wa Al-Aqsa katika kukuza maelewano na uelewevu kati ya jamii mbalimbali duniani kote, tunapojifunza zaidi juu ya historia yake tajiri." Kwa kutetea na kuhifadhi jengo hili la kihistoria, tunahakikisha kwamba masomo tuliyojifunza katika siku za nyuma yanaendelea kutuhamasisha na kutuongoza kuelekea siku zijazo zilizowekwa alama na amani na kuheshimiana. "Batman, G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I. Joe, na G.I.O.D."""

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If you have ever jumped to the wrong conclusion, made a terrible mistake thanks to your inbuilt biases or been subtly nudged back to your senses, then you are (a) human and (b) already on personal terms with the work of Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony and Cass Sunstein. Thanks to their academic and popular writing, the world is now very familiar with what are collectively called “cognitive biases” – systematic errors in human thinking – and ways to correct them. Sunstein co-wrote the highly influential book Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth and happiness with Richard Thaler, while Kahneman popularised the work that won him the Nobel prize in economics in 2002 with his book Thinking, Fast and Slow. Sibony is the author of You’re About to Make a Terrible Mistake: How biases distort decision-making and what you can do to fight them. You may think that, in no small part thanks to their efforts, the swamp of human fallibility has been well and truly drained by now. But that would be yet another mistake. Kahneman, Sibony and Sunstein say there is an even more important source of warped decision-making. The three have banded together in a behavioural science supergroup to draw attention to what they call “noise” – persistent inconsistencies in professional judgements that lead to bad outcomes in all walks of life. Kahneman and Sibony spoke to New Scientist about the group’s new book Noise: A flaw in human judgment (Little, Brown Spark in the UK; William Collins in the US). Sunstein was due to join the conversation, but was called away at the last minute by his…

Kama umewahi kuruka kwa hitimisho baya, alifanya kosa kubwa shukrani kwa upendeleo wako wa ndani au ulipigwa kwa busara kurudi kwa hisia zako, basi wewe ni (a) binadamu na (b) tayari katika masharti ya kibinafsi na kazi ya Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibelius na Cass Sunstein. "Kwa sababu ya maandishi yao ya kitaaluma na maarufu, ulimwengu sasa unajua sana kile kinachoitwa kwa pamoja ""upendeleo wa utambuzi"" - makosa ya utaratibu katika kufikiri kwa binadamu - na njia za kuyarekebisha." "Kama mwandishi wa kitabu cha ""Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness"" na Richard Thaler, Kahneman alishirikiana na Richard Thaler katika kuunda kitabu cha ""Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness"" ambacho kilimpatia tuzo ya Nobel ya Uchumi mwaka 2002." Sibony ni mwandishi wa Wewe ni Karibu Kufanya Kosa Kubwa: Jinsi Upendeleo Unavyopotoza Utekelezaji wa Maamuzi na Nini Unaweza Kufanya Ili Kupigana Nao. Unaweza kufikiri kwamba, kwa sehemu kubwa, shukrani kwa juhudi zao, mabwawa ya kutokosea kwa wanadamu yametoweka kabisa sasa. Lakini hilo lingekuwa kosa jingine. Kahneman, Sibony na Sunstein wanasema kuna chanzo muhimu zaidi cha maamuzi yaliyopotoka. "Wanafunzi hao watatu wameungana katika kikundi cha sayansi ya tabia ili kuvutia kile wanachokiita ""ngurumo"" - kutoelewana kwa muda mrefu katika maamuzi ya kitaaluma ambayo husababisha matokeo mabaya katika nyanja zote za maisha." "Kahneman na Siboni walizungumza na New Scientist kuhusu kitabu kipya cha kikundi hicho ""Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment"" (Little, Brown Spark, Uingereza; William Collins, Marekani)." Sunstein alikuwa na sababu ya kujiunga na mazungumzo, lakini aliitwa mbali katika dakika ya mwisho na yake...

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I like to compare the process of education to a three-step ladder, which is being climbed together by students and their teacher. If you are familiar with Ron Prokopy's work, you can probably tell after reading these words that he influenced me a lot. On the first step, a teacher is supposed to convey to the students certain information, and the students are supposed to acquire it. Obviously, this is a very important step by itself; it also has to be passed on the way to the other two steps. However, I consider it to be a complete failure when the only thing learned by the students is how to take notes and then reproduce them during an exam. Scientific progress is currently proceeding at such a pace that a large portion of this knowledge might be outdated a few years after the students' graduation. Therefore, it is extremely important to continue to the next step, where the students learn how to obtain information on their own, and how to process it in the most rational way. Reaching the second step requires some additional effort, but it is absolutely essential for student success in the real world. The third step is the most challenging one. On that step, the students are supposed to develop the skill of analytical thinking. It is my deep belief that the ultimate goal of education is to produce the people who can distinguish between right and wrong on their own. Therefore, I see my primary duty as an educator in assisting my students to achieve this goal. For all my classes, I like to make student presentations, review papers, discussion sessions, and independent research projects to be a significant part of student activities. I also usually offer my students an opportunity to critique a variety of entomology-related materials, ranging from the "Bug's Life" movie to Green Party press releases, and from Syngenta advertisements to peer-reviewed papers published in scientific journals. Currently, I teach the following classes: BIO 391-0003 / BIO 511, Insect Ecology Course Objectives. The overall goal of this class is to provide students with an understanding of intricate interactions between insects and their environment. More specifically, the students completing this course are expected to - Describe the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on insect biology - Explain mechanisms of population regulation - Rationalize the concept of energy flow through trophic levels in an ecosystem - Place ecological interactions in their evolutionary context - Show appreciation of insect contribution to maintaining diversity of life on Earth General Course Description. The course covers fundamental concepts in ecology as they apply to insects on population, community, and ecosystem levels. Materials are presented in the form of lectures, discussions of primary scientific literature, and hands-on exercises. Syllabus. Click here to get a copy of the current syllabus in PDF format. BIO 455/555, Biological Invasions Course Objectives. Biological Invasions is listed within Area V (Ecology) of the School of Biology and Ecology curriculum. Joining this class is expected to contribute to student understanding of the interactions of organisms and their environments and the consequences of these interactions for population, community, and ecosystem dynamics. Specific objectives to be met by taking this course include being able to describe biotic and abiotic factors that influence the dynamics of populations and to use ecological principles to explain the consequences of human activity (current economic and social issues). Students completing Biological Invasions will also improve the array of the tools for life-long learning and should be able to demonstrate the ability to use resources at hand to gather information, clearly articulate questions and answers to others, and assess the accuracy of science reports presented in the media. The students completing this course are expected to - Know theoretical bases of invasion biology - Understand mechanisms behind species establishment in non-native areas - Understand the impacts of exotic organisms at the population and ecosystem levels - Appreciate economic and sociopolitical issues surrounding exotic species - Know alternative approaches to managing invasive species General Course Description. In an increasingly global society, virtually no areas remain sheltered from invasion by alien species. Currently, invasion by alien species is recognized as one of the major environmental problems worldwide. Failure to address this issue may have dire consequences, including disruption of vital ecological processes, loss of agricultural, forestry, and fishery resources, and epidemics of serious diseases within human populations. This course is designed to serve as an introduction to invasion biology, a rapidly growing area of applied biology. It is assumed that the students have already taken a course in introductory ecology and are familiar with basic ecological concepts. In this course, students will learn about the mechanisms of natural and human-mediated biological invasions, their consequences from ecological, economic, political, and ethical perspectives, and review management options available for prevention and/or mitigation of the negative impacts of invasive species. The intent is that a strong foundation in ecological principles will lead to an understanding of what causes biological invasions and what are the possible ways of dealing with them.

"Ninaweza kulinganisha mchakato wa elimu na ngazi ya hatua tatu, ambayo ni kupanda pamoja na wanafunzi na mwalimu wao. """ Ikiwa unajua kazi ya Ron Prokopi, unaweza kusema baada ya kusoma maneno haya kwamba aliniathiri sana. Katika hatua ya kwanza, mwalimu anapaswa kuwapa wanafunzi habari fulani, na wanafunzi wanapaswa kuipata. Ni wazi kwamba hatua hii ni muhimu sana yenyewe, lakini pia inapaswa kupitishwa kwenye njia ya hatua nyingine mbili. Hata hivyo, mimi huona kuwa ni kushindwa kabisa wakati kitu pekee ambacho wanafunzi hujifunza ni jinsi ya kuchukua maelezo na kisha kuirudia wakati wa mtihani. Maendeleo ya kisayansi yanaendelea kwa kasi sana hivi kwamba sehemu kubwa ya maarifa haya yanaweza kuwa ya kizamani miaka michache baada ya wanafunzi kuhitimu. Kwa hiyo, ni muhimu sana kuendelea na hatua inayofuata, ambapo wanafunzi kujifunza jinsi ya kupata habari kwa wenyewe, na jinsi ya kuchakata kwa njia ya busara zaidi. Kufikia hatua ya pili inahitaji juhudi za ziada, lakini ni muhimu kabisa kwa mafanikio ya mwanafunzi katika ulimwengu halisi. Hatua ya tatu ndiyo ngumu zaidi. Katika hatua hiyo, wanafunzi wanatazamiwa kukuza ustadi wa kufikiri kwa njia ya uchambuzi. "Ninaamini sana kwamba lengo kuu la elimu ni kuzalisha watu ambao wanaweza kutofautisha kati ya haki na makosa wenyewe. """ Kwa hiyo, ninaona wajibu wangu wa kwanza kama mwalimu katika kuwasaidia wanafunzi wangu kufikia lengo hili. Katika madarasa yangu yote, napenda kufanya maonyesho ya wanafunzi, karatasi za ukaguzi, vikao vya majadiliano, na miradi ya utafiti huru kuwa sehemu muhimu ya shughuli za wanafunzi. "Mimi pia kutoa wanafunzi wangu nafasi ya kukosoa aina mbalimbali ya entomology-kuhusiana vifaa, kuanzia ""Bug ya Maisha"" filamu kwa Green Party taarifa za vyombo vya habari, na kutoka Syngenta matangazo ya biashara kwa karatasi peer-kukaguliwa kuchapishwa katika majarida ya kisayansi." Kwa sasa, ninafundisha madarasa yafuatayo: BIO 391-511 - Lengo la Kozi ya Ikolojia ya Wadudu. Lengo la jumla la darasa hili ni kuwapa wanafunzi uelewa wa mwingiliano tata kati ya wadudu na mazingira yao. Wanafunzi wanaohitimu kozi hii wanatazamiwa kuelezea athari za viumbe hai na viumbe hai kwenye biolojia ya wadudu, kuelezea utaratibu wa udhibiti wa idadi ya wadudu, kuelezea dhana ya mtiririko wa nishati kupitia viwango vya trophic katika mazingira, kuweka mwingiliano wa ikolojia katika muktadha wao wa mageuzi, na kuonyesha uthamini wa mchango wa wadudu katika kudumisha utofauti wa maisha duniani. Kozi inashughulikia dhana za msingi katika ikolojia kama wao kuomba kwa wadudu juu ya idadi ya watu, jamii, na ngazi ya mazingira. Vifaa ni iliyotolewa katika fomu ya mihadhara, majadiliano ya fasihi ya msingi ya kisayansi, na mazoezi ya mikono. Mtaala wa masomo. Bonyeza hapa kupata nakala ya mtaala wa sasa katika muundo wa PDF. BIO 455 - Biological Invasions Mauaji ya kibiolojia yameorodheshwa ndani ya Eneo V (Ekolojia) ya Shule ya Biolojia na Ekolojia mtaala. Kujiunga na darasa hili kunatarajiwa kuchangia uelewa wa mwanafunzi wa mwingiliano wa viumbe na mazingira yao na matokeo ya mwingiliano huu kwa idadi ya watu, jamii, na mienendo ya mazingira. Lengo la msingi la masomo haya ni kuweza kuelezea viungo vya biotic na abiotic vinavyoathiri nguvu za idadi ya watu na kutumia kanuni za ikolojia kuelezea matokeo ya shughuli za binadamu (matatizo ya sasa ya kiuchumi na kijamii). Wanafunzi wanaokamilisha Biological Invasions pia wataboresha safu ya zana za kujifunza maisha yote na wanapaswa kuwa na uwezo wa kuonyesha uwezo wa kutumia rasilimali zilizo karibu kukusanya habari, kuelezea maswali na majibu kwa wengine, na kutathmini usahihi wa ripoti za kisayansi zilizowasilishwa katika vyombo vya habari. Wanafunzi wanaokamilisha kozi hii wanatarajiwa kujua misingi ya nadharia ya biolojia ya uvamizi, kuelewa utaratibu wa kuanzisha spishi katika maeneo yasiyo ya asili, kuelewa athari za viumbe vya kigeni katika idadi ya watu na viwango vya mazingira, kuthamini masuala ya kiuchumi na kijamii yanayohusu spishi za kigeni, na kujua mbinu mbadala za kusimamia spishi za uvamizi. Katika jamii inayozidi kuwa ya ulimwenguni pote, karibu hakuna maeneo yanayobaki yakiwa salama kutokana na uvamizi wa spishi za kigeni. Kwa sasa, uvamizi wa spishi za kigeni unatambuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya matatizo makubwa ya kimazingira ulimwenguni pote. Kushindwa kushughulikia suala hili kunaweza kuwa na matokeo mabaya, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuvuruga michakato muhimu ya ikolojia, kupoteza mali za kilimo, misitu, na uvuvi, na magonjwa makubwa ya janga ndani ya idadi ya watu. Kozi hii ni iliyoundwa kutumika kama utangulizi wa biolojia ya uvamizi, eneo la kukua kwa kasi ya biolojia kutumika. Inadhaniwa kwamba wanafunzi tayari wamechukua kozi katika mazingira ya utangulizi na wanajua dhana za msingi za ikolojia. Katika kozi hii, wanafunzi watajifunza juu ya utaratibu wa uvamizi wa asili na wa binadamu, matokeo yao kutoka kwa mtazamo wa ikolojia, kiuchumi, kisiasa na maadili, na kupitia chaguzi za usimamizi zinazopatikana kwa kuzuia na kupunguza athari mbaya za spishi za uvamizi. Lengo ni kwamba msingi imara katika kanuni za ikolojia itasababisha uelewa wa nini husababisha uvamizi wa kibiolojia na ni nini njia zinazowezekana za kushughulika nao.

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Somos+, Kaned Garrido, We Cubans know that we want a democracy, and from now on we must chart the course for it to be one that we can be proud of, because not all democracies are of the same quality. There are countries that hold elections to decide who will govern them, yet also suffer poverty, injustice and violence in the streets. Is the ability of the people to vote enough to make a nation great? Many believe that because democracy coexists with hunger in poor countries, democracy is insufficient to solve the problems. The 2013 survey by Latinobarómetro* found that 19.2% of Latin Americans had no preference between a democratic or an undemocratic regime. Another 14.9% believed that in some circumstances an authoritarian government can be preferable to a democratic one. This skepticism runs throughout the Third World. But instead of renouncing democracy, it is necessary to differentiate its forms and focus on building better ones. This has worked for the most developed nations, due to their having higher quality standards. Mikel Barreda, a professor at the University of Catalunya, conducted a study to measure the quality of democracy in 19 Latin American countries. He found Chile, Uruguay and Costa Rica are the countries with the highest quality of democracy in the region. What defines the quality of a democracy? Political rights and civil liberties are fundamental. According to the reports of Freedom House, Europe ranks in first place in terms of freedom, with 86%, and the Americas in second place, with 71%. Satisfaction with the system, and electoral participation, are critical factors; democracies where most people vote are better qualified. The turnout defines how included citizens are in the decisions of their governments. Corruption and abuse of power seriously degrade societies, so mechanisms for accountability are essential. Institutions are needed that excercise political control over governments and oversee their management. There is also vertical accountability. The press, citizens, and NGOs can make demands regarding the responsibilities of governments. So an underlying assurance remains that if the institutions are corrupt or unresponsive, the citizens can bring about justice. How can we achieve a democracy of high quality for Cuba? The literature on this topic is extensive, but clearly certain factors play crucial roles in determining the democratic quality of a country. Freedom of expression and civil rights are essential to ensure the proposal and debate of ideas. No ruler, doctrine, or thought can be shielded from discussion. It will always be possible to reform what is wrong, to improve what should be changed. The countries that often lead the worldwide democracy indexes are Scandinavian: Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Without obstructing freedoms they have facilitated the greatest possible equality among their citizens. Without major differences in political and economic power, democracy manages to be more equitable. When the interests of the people are more connected they often find common ground. Empathy and compromise flow in the debates. Institutions should provide spaces for the spectrum of all political and social positions, ensuring the possibility of fair participation and competion in elections. We also need a system of solid parties, that is, parties strongly institutionalized, with a vision and a commitment to the long term. This way there can be an effective accountability of work done by civil servants, because the parties assume responsibility to the voters. We will have to work hard to create the institutions we want, so that it is not an isolated democracy, made for the elites. It must be built with the participation and opinions of all. We cannot repeat the history of other countries that imported their democracies without having the foundation of a political culture to support them. We have to build it ourselves, with the acceptance and commitment of everyone, with their colors and differences . . . a Cuban democracy. *A public-opinion survey of 20,000 people in 18 Latin American countries. The survey is on-line here. Translated by Tomás A.

"""Somos+,"" Kaneda Garrido alisema, ""Wakuba tunajua kwamba tunataka demokrasia, na kuanzia sasa ni lazima tuangalie njia ili iwe ya kujivunia, kwa sababu demokrasia zote si za ubora sawa." Kuna nchi ambazo zinafanya uchaguzi kuamua nani atawatawala, lakini pia zinakabiliwa na umaskini, ukosefu wa haki na vurugu barabarani. Je, uwezo wa watu wa kupiga kura unatosha kufanya taifa liwe kubwa? Wengi wanaamini kwamba kwa sababu demokrasia inapatikana pamoja na njaa katika nchi maskini, demokrasia haitoshi kutatua matatizo. Uchunguzi wa Latinobarometer wa 2013 uligundua kuwa 19.2% ya Wamarekani wa Kilatini hawakuwa na upendeleo kati ya utawala wa kidemokrasia au usio wa kidemokrasia. "Wengine 14.9% waliamini kwamba katika hali fulani serikali ya kimabavu inaweza kuwa bora kuliko serikali ya kidemokrasia.""" Ushuku huo unaenea kotekote katika Ulimwengu wa Tatu. Lakini badala ya kuachana na demokrasia, ni muhimu kutofautisha aina zake na kuzingatia kujenga bora. Hii imefanya kazi kwa mataifa yaliyoendelea zaidi, kwa sababu ya kuwa na viwango vya juu zaidi vya ubora. Mikel Bareda, profesa wa Chuo Kikuu cha Catalonia, alitoa utafiti wa kuweza kupima ubora wa demokrasia katika nchi 19 za Amerika ya Kusini. Chile, Uruguay na Costa Rica ni nchi zenye demokrasia ya hali ya juu zaidi katika eneo hilo. Ni nini hufafanua ubora wa demokrasia? Haki za kisiasa na uhuru wa kiraia ni za msingi. Kulingana na ripoti ya Freedom House, Ulaya ina nafasi ya kwanza kwa uhuru, na 86%, na Amerika katika nafasi ya pili, na 71%. Kuridhika na mfumo, na ushiriki wa uchaguzi, ni mambo muhimu; demokrasia ambapo watu wengi kupiga kura ni bora sifa. Ujumbe hufafanua jinsi raia wanavyojumuishwa katika maamuzi ya serikali zao. Ufisadi na matumizi mabaya ya mamlaka huharibu sana jamii, kwa hiyo utaratibu wa kutoa hesabu ni muhimu. Taasisi zinahitajika ambazo zinafanya udhibiti wa kisiasa juu ya serikali na kusimamia usimamizi wao. Pia kuna uwajibikaji wa wima. Vyombo vya habari, raia, na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali yanaweza kutaka serikali iwe na daraka. Kwa hiyo, kuna uhakika kwamba ikiwa taasisi ni dhaifu au hazijibu, wananchi wanaweza kuleta haki. Jinsi gani tunaweza kufikia demokrasia ya ubora wa juu kwa Cuba? Maandishi juu ya mada hii ni makubwa, lakini ni wazi sababu fulani kucheza majukumu muhimu katika kuamua ubora wa kidemokrasia ya nchi. Uhuru wa kujieleza na haki za kiraia ni muhimu ili kuhakikisha pendekezo na mjadala wa mawazo. Hakuna mtawala, fundisho, au wazo linaloweza kuhifadhiwa kutokana na mjadala. Sikuzote itakuwa na uwezekano wa kurekebisha kile kilicho kibaya, kuboresha kile kinachopaswa kubadilishwa. Nchi ambazo mara nyingi huongoza viashiria vya kidemokrasia ulimwenguni ni za Skandinavia: Norway, Sweden, na Denmark. Bila kuzuia uhuru wao wamewezesha usawa mkubwa iwezekanavyo kati ya raia wao. Bila tofauti kubwa katika nguvu za kisiasa na kiuchumi, demokrasia inafanikiwa kuwa sawa zaidi. Wakati maslahi ya watu yanaunganishwa zaidi mara nyingi hupata msingi wa kawaida. Uelewa na makubaliano hutiririka katika mijadala. Taasisi zinapaswa kutoa nafasi kwa wigo wa nafasi zote za kisiasa na kijamii, kuhakikisha uwezekano wa ushiriki wa haki na ushindani katika uchaguzi. """Tunahitaji mfumo wa vyama imara, yaani vyama vyenye taasisi imara, na maono na kujitolea kwa muda mrefu." Kwa njia hii kunaweza kuwa na uwajibikaji wa kazi iliyofanywa na watumishi wa umma, kwa sababu vyama huchukua jukumu kwa wapiga kura. """Tutahitaji kufanya kazi kwa bidii kuunda taasisi tunazotaka, ili isiwe demokrasia iliyojitenga, iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya wasomi." Ni lazima ijengwe kwa ushiriki na maoni ya wote. "Hatuwezi kurudia historia ya nchi nyingine ambazo zilipeleka demokrasia zao bila kuwa na msingi wa utamaduni wa kisiasa kuunga mkono.""" Ni lazima tuijenge wenyewe, kwa kukubalika na kujitolea kwa kila mtu, na rangi zao na tofauti zao. . . Demokrasia ya Cuba Uchunguzi wa maoni ya umma uliofanywa kwa watu 20,000 katika nchi 18 za Amerika ya Kusini Uchunguzi huo uko mtandaoni hapa. Ilitafsiriwa na Tomás A.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

http://en.somosmascuba.com/2015/10/a-democracy-of-course-but-how-good/

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Healthy soils function as a vital, living ecosystem to sustain plants, animals, and humans. Maintaining and building healthy soils is the foundation of farming systems to supply food and fiber to the world. Soils provide plants with mineral nutrition, water storage, and physical support for growth. Soils maintain the quality of air and water. Ultimately, soils support life. Many biological, chemical, and physical processes interact to develop the variety of soils on today’s landscape. Soils differ across landscapes because five factors come together in any location: - parent material, - local biology, - climate, and Healthy soils provide a multitude of services that simultaneously benefit agriculture and the environment. Moreover, healthy soils benefit all farmers, from small vegetable gardeners to large row-crop operations. Healthy soils offer many benefits: - Enhanced organic matter and soil organisms improve soil structure, aeration, water retention, drainage, and nutrient availability for plant growth. - Reduced tillage and efficient fertilizer use reduce expenses. - Soils protect natural resources. - Increased soil cover year-round can sequester carbon from the air and store it in the soil, benefitting air quality, soil health, and wildlife and plant diversity. - Increased organic matter enables soil to hold more water and reduce runoff. - Favorable soil water retention, combined with nutrient management practices, prevents nutrients from contaminating water bodies, thereby protecting water resources and aquatic habitats. - Reducing trips across fields reduces emissions and improves air quality. Healthy soil is important for continued food and fiber production. However, building and maintaining soil health, particularly organic matter, requires management commitment and execution. Here are steps to follow when developing a management plan: - Develop the farm strategic plan, including personal life goals. - Develop the business plan. - Use Web Soil Survey to learn your soils intimately. - Educate yourself on crops and their markets. - Educate yourself on the “hows” of crops and conservation practices.Develop and follow a conservation plan that includes a nutrient management plan, based on current soil-testing data from a reputable laboratory. Follow it. - Develop and follow a budget, and track the budget performance with monthly, quarterly, and annual accounting.Get the work done. - Stay informed so you can ask the hard questions of “experts.” - Evaluate after a crop year and go back to Web Soil Survey and study your soils again. What we see as soil health is an intersection of biology, chemistry, and physics. While measuring properties such as soil organic matter (and thus soil carbon), pH, and plant nutrient status is straightforward, measuring soil health is challenging and the subject of much current research. Innovative practices that promote soil health while supporting economic and environmental sustainability are featured in the http://extension.msstate.edu/natural-resources/environment/reach program. The REACH publication http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/natural-resource-conservation-agriculture was used to develop the current information. A variety of soil health resources are online: The Mississippi State University Extension Service offers many helpful publications on a variety of topics: Overall Nutrient Management and Fertilizers Early fall is one of the best times to test your soil. A soil test can tell you if your lawn or garden needs critical nutrients and how much. This way, your plants and your wallet will stay healthy. You won’t waste your money applying fertilizer or lime that your plants don’t need. Having healthy soil in your garden results in healthy plants. Whether you’re planting vegetables, flowers, grass, trees, shrubs, or anything in between, a soil sample is the first thing to check off the list. Gathering a soil sample from your landscape and having it tested by MSU Extension’s Soil Testing Lab should be the initial step in any gardening adventure. Plus, it’s pretty easy to do!

Udongo wenye afya ni mfumo muhimu wa ikolojia unaoweza kuendeleza mimea, wanyama, na wanadamu. Kuhifadhi na kujenga udongo wenye afya ni msingi wa mifumo ya kilimo ya kutoa chakula na nyuzi kwa ulimwengu. Udongo hutoa mimea virutubisho vya madini, maji, na utegemezo wa kimwili kwa ukuzi. Udongo huhifadhi hali nzuri ya hewa na maji. Hatimaye, udongo hutegemeza uhai. Utaratibu mwingi wa kibiolojia, kemikali, na kimwili huingiliana ili kuendeleza aina mbalimbali za udongo katika mandhari ya leo. Udongo ni tofauti katika mazingira kwa sababu mambo matano kuja pamoja katika eneo lolote: - mzazi nyenzo, - biolojia ya ndani, - hali ya hewa, na udongo afya kutoa huduma nyingi ambayo wakati huo huo faida kilimo na mazingira. Isitoshe, udongo wenye afya unawafaidi wakulima wote, kuanzia wakulima wadogo wa mboga hadi wakulima wakubwa wa mstari. Udongo wenye afya hutoa faida nyingi: - Kuongeza vitu vya kikaboni na viumbe vya udongo kuboresha muundo wa udongo, uingizaji hewa, kuhifadhi maji, mifereji, na upatikanaji wa virutubisho kwa ukuaji wa mimea. - Kupunguza kilimo na matumizi bora ya mbolea hupunguza gharama. - Udongo hulinda rasilimali za asili. Kuongezeka kwa udongo mwaka mzima kunaweza kuondoa kaboni kutoka hewani na kuhifadhi katika udongo, ikinufaisha ubora wa hewa, afya ya udongo, na wanyama wa porini na utofauti wa mimea. - Ongezeko la vitu vya kikaboni hufanya udongo uweze kubeba maji mengi na kupunguza maji yanayotiririka. - Uhifadhi mzuri wa maji ya udongo, pamoja na mazoea ya usimamizi wa virutubisho, huzuia virutubisho kuchafua miili ya maji, na hivyo kulinda rasilimali za maji na makazi ya majini. - Kupunguza safari katika mashamba hupunguza uzalishaji na kuboresha ubora wa hewa. Udongo wenye afya ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kuendelea kutokeza chakula na nyuzi. Hata hivyo, kujenga na kudumisha afya ya udongo, hasa vitu vya kikaboni, inahitaji kujitolea na utekelezaji wa usimamizi. Hapa ni hatua za kufuata wakati wa kuendeleza mpango wa usimamizi: - Kuendeleza mpango wa mkakati wa shamba, ikiwa ni pamoja na malengo ya maisha ya kibinafsi. - Kuendeleza mpango wa biashara. - Tumia Web Soil Survey kujifunza udongo wako intimately. - Jifunze kuhusu mazao na masoko yake. - Jifunze juu ya "jinsi" ya mazao na mazoea ya uhifadhi. Kuendeleza na kufuata mpango wa uhifadhi ambao unajumuisha mpango wa usimamizi wa virutubisho, kulingana na data ya sasa ya majaribio ya udongo kutoka kwa maabara ya sifa. Fuata mwongozo huo. - Kuendeleza na kufuata bajeti, na kufuatilia utendaji wa bajeti na kila mwezi, robo mwaka, na uhasibu wa kila mwaka. Kupata kazi kufanyika. - Kukaa taarifa ili uweze kuuliza maswali ngumu ya <unk> wataalamu.<unk> - Tathmini baada ya mwaka wa mazao na kurudi kwa Web Soil Survey na kujifunza udongo wako tena. Tunachoona kuwa afya ya udongo ni mchanganyiko wa biolojia, kemia, na fizikia. Wakati kupima mali kama vile udongo kikaboni (na hivyo udongo kaboni), pH, na hali ya virutubisho vya mimea ni rahisi, kupima afya ya udongo ni changamoto na mada ya utafiti mwingi wa sasa. Mazoea ya ubunifu ambayo huendeleza afya ya udongo wakati wa kusaidia uendelevu wa kiuchumi na mazingira yanaonyeshwa katika programu ya http: extension.msstate.edu.natural-resources-environment-reach. Uchapishaji wa REACH http: extension.msstate.edu::publications/natural-resource-conservation-agriculture ulitumiwa kuendeleza habari ya sasa. Kwa mfano, huduma ya uendelezaji wa Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Mississippi inatoa machapisho mengi ya kusaidia juu ya mada mbalimbali: Usimamizi wa Chakula cha Jumla na Mbolea. Uchunguzi wa udongo unaweza kukuambia kama lawn yako inahitaji virutubisho muhimu na kiasi gani. Kwa njia hii, mimea yako na mkoba wako utaendelea kuwa na afya. Huwezi kupoteza pesa zako kwa kutumia mbolea au chokaa ambayo mimea yako haihitaji. Kuwa na udongo wenye afya katika bustani yako husababisha mimea yenye afya. Iwe wewe ni kupanda mboga, maua, nyasi, miti, vichaka, au chochote kati ya, sampuli ya udongo ni kitu cha kwanza kuangalia nje ya orodha. Kuchukua sampuli ya udongo kutoka kwa mazingira yako na kuifanya ijaribishwe na Maabara ya Upimaji wa Udongo ya MSU Extension inapaswa kuwa hatua ya kwanza katika safari yoyote ya bustani. Kwa kuongezea, ni rahisi sana kufanya hivyo!

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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09 Aug New article: Sustainability and innovation in staple crop production in the US Midwest New article out titled “Sustainability and innovation in staple crop production in the US Midwest”. Read it here: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14735903.2013.806408 ABSTRACT: An agroecosystem is constrained by environmental possibility and social choices, mainly in the form of government policies. To be sustainable, an agroecosystem requires production systems that are resilient to natural stressors such as disease, pests, drought, wind and salinity, and to human constructed stressors such as economic cycles and trade barriers. The world is becoming increasingly reliant on concentrated exporting agroecosystems for staple crops, and vulnerable to national and local decisions that affect resilience of these production systems. We chronicle the history of the United States staple crop agroecosystem of the Midwest region to determine whether sustainability is part of its design, or could be a likely outcome of existing policies particularly on innovation and intellectual property. Relative to other food secure and exporting countries (e.g. Western Europe), the US agroecosystem is not exceptional in yields or conservative on environmental impact. This has not been a trade-off for sustainability, as annual fluctuations in maize yield alone dwarf the loss of caloric energy from extreme historic blights. We suggest strategies for innovation that are responsive to more stakeholders and build resilience into industrialized staple crop production. Keywords: agrobiodiversity; biotic and abiotic stress; genetic modification; intellectual property; market concentration

"Mwanzoni mwa mwaka huu, ""Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji wa Utekelezaji.""" "Kama ilivyoelezwa katika makala ya ""Mtazamo wa Utamaduni wa Kilimo"" ya Tandfonline, ""Mtazamo wa Kilimo"" ni ""Mtazamo wa Kilimo"" ambao unahusu mazingira na mazingira ya kilimo, na ""Mtazamo wa Kilimo"" ni ""Mtazamo wa Kilimo.""" Ili kuwa endelevu, mfumo wa kilimo unahitaji mifumo ya uzalishaji ambayo ni sugu kwa sababu za kiasili kama magonjwa, wadudu, ukame, upepo na chumvi, na kwa sababu za binadamu kama vile mzunguko wa kiuchumi na vizuizi vya biashara. Ulimwengu unazidi kutegemea mifumo ya kilimo ya nje ya mazao ya msingi, na unaathiriwa na maamuzi ya kitaifa na ya ndani ambayo huathiri nguvu za mifumo hii ya uzalishaji. "Tunaandika historia ya kilimo cha Marekani cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo cha kilimo.""" Kwa mujibu wa nchi nyingine za usalama wa chakula na nchi za kuuza nje (kwa mfano Katika nchi za Ulaya Magharibi, mfumo wa kilimo wa Marekani si wa kipekee katika mavuno au wa kihafidhina katika athari za mazingira. Hii haikuwa biashara kwa ajili ya uendelevu, kama fluctuations ya kila mwaka katika mazao ya mahindi peke yake dwarf hasara ya nishati ya kalori kutoka kwa blights kali ya kihistoria. "Tunapendekeza mikakati ya uvumbuzi ambayo inahusika na wadau zaidi na kujenga uthabiti katika uzalishaji wa mazao ya viwanda. """ Maneno muhimu: agrobiodiversity; biotic na abiotic mkazo; mabadiliko ya maumbile; mali ya akili; mkusanyiko wa soko

<urn:uuid:111604c1-8373-4179-b30d-cfce41a576ec>

CC-MAIN-2024-10

http://foodgovernance.com/new-article-sustainability-and-innovation-in-staple-crop-production-in-the-us-midwest/

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Welcome to our environmental monitoring and forecasting site. This site is meant to provide you with an overview of current, past and future conditions in the Okavango system. We present here a variety of hydrological, meteorological, remote sensing and environmental data from the Okavango Delta and its environs. These data are/were collected during ORI research projects, through monitoring programme run by ORI and various Botswana government institutions, and from various internet repositories. You will also find here results of climatological and hydrological forecasts for the Okavango System. At this stage the forecasts are issued from time to time, but we are working on providing these on a regular basis. About the Delta The Okavango Delta is a large flood-pulsed wetland located in northern Botswana. It is a part of the Okavango Basin. The Basin spans from the Cubango and Cuito Rivers flowing from Angola through Namibia, to the Makgadikgadi Pans region of Botswana. The entire system is driven by the annual flood, whereby highly seasonal rainfall generates a flood wave that takes months to move through approximately 1000 km chain of channels and 20,000 km2 of wetlands. Magnitude of the flood changes from year to year and from decade to decade. Here, we are trying to make sense of this variability, and make it more understandable to people who live and work in the Okavango, and people who are just interested in it.

Karibu kwenye tovuti yetu ya ufuatiliaji na utabiri wa mazingira. Tovuti hii inakusudia kukupa muhtasari wa hali ya sasa, ya zamani na ya baadaye katika mfumo wa Okavango. Katika makala hii, tutakuonyesha data mbalimbali za maji, hali ya hewa, uchunguzi wa mbali na mazingira kutoka Okavango Delta na maeneo yake. Takwimu hizi zinakusanywa wakati wa miradi ya utafiti ya ORI, kupitia programu ya ufuatiliaji inayoendeshwa na ORI na taasisi mbalimbali za serikali ya Botswana, na kutoka kwa hifadhi mbalimbali za mtandao. Pia utapata hapa matokeo ya utabiri wa hali ya hewa na hydrological kwa Mfumo wa Okavango. Katika hatua hii utabiri hutolewa mara kwa mara, lakini tunafanya kazi ya kutoa hizi kwa ukawaida. Kuhusu Delta Delta ya Okavango ni eneo kubwa la mvua lenye mafuriko lililo kaskazini mwa Botswana. Ni sehemu ya Bonde la Okavango. Bonde hilo linaanzia mito ya Cubango na Cuito inayotiririka kutoka Angola kupitia Namibia, hadi eneo la Makgadikgadi Pans la Botswana. Mtiririko wa mvua wa msimu wa msimu huunda wimbi la mafuriko ambalo huchukua miezi kusonga kupitia mnyororo wa mifereji ya kilomita 1,000 na maeneo ya mvua ya kilomita 20,000 kwa mwaka. Ukubwa wa mafuriko hubadilika-badilika kutoka mwaka mmoja hadi mwingine na kutoka mwongo mmoja hadi mwingine. "Hapa, tunajaribu kuelewa tofauti hii, na kuifanya iwe rahisi kuelewa kwa watu wanaoishi na kufanya kazi katika Okavango, na watu ambao wanavutiwa nayo tu. """

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

http://okavangodata.ub.bw/ori/?lang=setswana

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Primo Levi’s Moments of Reprieve is a story collection based on his one-year stay in Auschwitz. The stories follow his other writings about the experience, and for those those who don’t know, Levi was an Italian Jew and trained chemist. In 1943 he joined a group of partisans in the Italian mountains and was captured and sent to Auschwitz to work at a factory camp. He used his bread rations to pay another prisoner for German lessons, and with his knowledge of the language and his background as a chemist he was assigned to a factory producing synthetic rubber for Hitler’s armies. He survived by avoiding hard labor and trading stolen materials from the factory for extra food. Auschwitz was liberated by the Russians in 1945 while Levi lay in the camp hospital with scarlet fever. The SS evacuated the camp as the Red Army approached, forcing all but the gravely ill on a long death march. Levi’s illness spared him this fate. It would be another ten months in refugee camps before Levi returned to Italy. In later writings he noted the millions of displaced people on the roads and trains throughout Europe in that period. After his experience he wrote several books, novels, collections of short stories, essays, and poems. His best-known work is Survival in Auschwitz, an account of his year in the death camp and rightfully called a work of genius. Moments of Reprieve is a collection of stories, vignettes, and character sketches, a tribute to moments when man’s better angels confront living hell. Levi’s characters are based on real people, some appearing in his other works, and some fictionalized from memory. He published the stories in 1981 after thinking he was finished writing about his experience, but the memories of people and their survival strategies – not always successful – compelled him to honor their lives. The characters whose stories demanded to be told were eventually given what Levi called “the ambiguous perennial existence of literary characters.” With the logic of a scientist and the inspiration of an artist Levi sets his stories and characters against a background of horror. Hunger, beatings, and death are part of daily life. In these tales of survival a man sings few lines of opera to lighten a situation, the gift of a turnip is monumental, a half-slice of bread can be leveraged for favors. In one story Levi risks his life by writing a letter for another prisoner, his payment a ration of bread and a small pocket knife – itself worth five rations of bread. In another, a barracks chief saves the soup ration for a prisoner who asks permission to observe the Yom Kippur fast since eating is forbidden on the day of atonement. The barracks chief, a German ex-communist now cooperating with the Nazis, calls him meshuge, crazy. He is astounded that anyone would refuse a daily ration of watery soup. Later, perhaps from his own sense of guilt, the chief asks why anyone would make such a sacrifice. The prisoner, named Ezra, a Cantor from a small Lithuanian village, tries to explain atonement as a general concept, and when the chief asks about forgiveness for his own sins Ezra tactfully refers him to the Bible. The chief agrees to save the soup for Ezra’s next-day ration. At the rubber factory Levi worked in a lab alongside non-prisoners with whom he was forbidden to speak words unrelated to work. One day a young German technician who appeared to like him asked – in whispers – if he could fix a flat on her bicycle. Levi considered this invitation to break the rules “potentially useful.” Having fixed the flat after a risky process of finding the tools, he was rewarded with a hard-boiled egg and four sugar cubes, a treasure trove for any prisoner. In telling the story Levi remarks, “One human German does not whitewash the innumerable or indifferent ones, but it does have the merit of breaking a stereotype.” My own reaction to a visit to Auschwitz years ago was numbing. This was an industrialized death camp where over a million people were murdered, some shot, but most gassed and cremated. I passed under the infamous entry sign that said in German, Work Sets You Free. With other tourists I walked the cleanly swept streets in silence: how difficult to imagine or even speak about what happened here. What people, what sounds, who filled these streets at daily roll call, who sat behind desks in the broom-clean buildings, who gave the beatings and did the shooting at the Execution Wall? It’s all there, but it isn’t. I entered the gas chamber and stared up at the nozzles which sprayed the Zyclon-B gas over those who thought they were getting a shower. I exited to the ovens and rail cars once packed with bodies. In an evidence building I stood in silence before glass fronted rooms containing belongings taken from the condemned: one room packed with pots and pans, another with boots and shoes, another with luggage, the leather dried and discolored with time, another filled with crutches, wooden limbs and assorted prosthetics, another with a mountain of hair shorn from the victims. After the visit I rarely spoke about what I’d seen. I wrote almost nothing in my journals. On the few occasions when I mentioned that I’d been to Auschwitz and nearby Birkenau, I felt as if I was bragging, or revealing a terrible secret because to express what I’d seen would somehow profane the dead. What right did I have? Our present circumstance frees me from this constraint. Does one so easily jump from death camps in Poland to our own conflicted country with its nearly 200 immigration/detention facilities usually located far from major cities where they attract minimal attention? The answer must be yes. Think of our prison system, one of the fastest growing industries. Think of how we maintain the largest immigration/detention infrastructure in the world, detaining hundreds of thousands per year. These include legal permanent residents with longstanding family and community ties, asylum-seekers, and victims of human trafficking – detained for weeks, months, and sometimes years in county jails and for-profit prisons. So there is a parallel, and while those detained may may not be gassed or burned to ashes, other transgressions abound as their lives are taken away. Shortly after his arrival in Auschwitz, after his hair was shorn and his clothing surrendered, Levi stood naked in the snow clutching a bundle of rags and a pair of ill-fitting boots. This was the uniform he and others would wear. He wrote, “Then for the first time we became aware that our language lacks words to express this offense, the demolition of a man.” Levi died in 1987 from injuries sustained in a fall from a third-story apartment landing. His death was officially ruled a suicide, but some have suggested the fall was accidental. He leaves one answer to our current state in this epitaph to Survival in Auschwitz: You who live safe In your warm houses, You who find, returning in the evening, Hot food and friendly faces: Consider if this is a man Who works in the mud Who does not know peace Who fights for a scrap of bread Who dies because of a yes or a no. Consider if this is a woman, Without hair and without name With no more strength to remember, Her eyes empty and her womb cold Like a frog in winter. Meditate that this came about: I commend these words to you. Carve them in your hearts At home, in the street, Going to bed, rising; Repeat them to your children, Or may your house fall apart, May illness impede you, May your children turn their faces from you.

Primo Levi's Moments of Reprieve ni mkusanyiko wa hadithi kulingana na kukaa kwake mwaka mmoja huko Auschwitz. "Hii ni kwa sababu ya hadithi zake za ""Mwanamke wa Levi"" na ""Mwanamke wa Levi"" ambao ni Wayahudi wa Italia na wanasayansi wa kemikali." Mwaka 1943 alijiunga na kundi la wapiganaji wa kupigana katika milima ya Italia na kukamatwa na kupelekwa Auschwitz kufanya kazi katika kambi ya viwanda. Alitumia chakula alichokuwa amepata kulipia mfungwa mwingine masomo ya Kijerumani, na kwa sababu ya ujuzi wake wa lugha na uzoefu wake wa kuwa mtaalamu wa kemia, alipewa kazi katika kiwanda cha kutengeneza mpira wa synthetic kwa ajili ya majeshi ya Hitler. Aliokoka kwa kuepuka kazi ngumu na kubadilishana vifaa vilivyodukuliwa kutoka kiwanda kwa chakula cha ziada. Auschwitz ilifunguliwa na Warusi mwaka 1945 wakati Levi alikuwa amelazwa katika hospitali ya kambi akiwa na homa ya rangi nyekundu. Jeshi la SS liliondoka kambini wakati Jeshi Nyekundu lilipokaribia, likilazimisha wote isipokuwa wale waliokuwa wagonjwa sana waende kwenye maandamano marefu ya kifo. Ugonjwa wa Lawi ulimzuia asipatwe na hali hiyo. Angekuwa miezi mingine kumi katika kambi za wakimbizi kabla ya Levi kurudi Italia. Katika maandishi yake ya baadaye alitaja mamilioni ya watu waliohamishwa barabarani na kwenye magari-moshi kotekote Ulaya katika kipindi hicho. Baada ya uzoefu wake aliandika vitabu kadhaa, riwaya, makusanyo ya hadithi fupi, insha, na mashairi. "Kazi yake maarufu zaidi ni ""Uhai katika Auschwitz,"" akaunti ya mwaka wake katika kambi ya kifo na haki kuitwa kazi ya kipaji." "Moments of Reprieve" ni mkusanyiko wa hadithi, vichekesho, na picha za wahusika, heshima kwa wakati ambapo malaika bora wa mwanadamu wanakabiliwa na kuzimu ya kuishi." Wahusika wa Levi wanategemea watu halisi, baadhi yao wanaonekana katika kazi zake nyingine, na wengine ni wa uwongo kutoka kumbukumbu. Alichapisha hadithi hizo mwaka 1981 baada ya kufikiri alikuwa amemaliza kuandika juu ya uzoefu wake, lakini kumbukumbu za watu na mikakati yao ya kuishi - sio mafanikio kila wakati - ilimlazimisha kuheshimu maisha yao. "Watu ambao hadithi zao zilitaka kuelezwa, hatimaye walipewa kile ambacho Levi aliita ""kuwepo kwa kudumu kwa wahusika wa fasihi"" na ""kwa mantiki ya mwanasayansi na msukumo wa msanii,"" Levi anaweka hadithi zake na wahusika dhidi ya mandhari ya kutisha." Njaa, mapigo, na kifo ni sehemu ya maisha ya kila siku. Katika hadithi hizi za kuishi, mtu anaimba mistari michache ya opera ili kupunguza hali, zawadi ya turnip ni ya kihistoria, nusu ya kipande cha mkate inaweza kutumika kwa neema. Katika hadithi moja, Lawi anadharau uhai wake kwa kuandika barua kwa ajili ya mfungwa mwingine, akilipwa kipimo cha mkate na kisu kidogo cha mfukoni - ambacho kina thamani ya vipimo vitano vya mkate. Katika picha nyingine, mkuu wa kambi anaweka akiba ya supu kwa ajili ya mfungwa anayeomba ruhusa ya kufunga siku ya Yom Kippur kwa kuwa ni marufuku kula siku ya upatanisho. Mkuu wa kambi, aliyekuwa Kamuni wa Ujerumani ambaye sasa anafanya kazi pamoja na Wanazi, anamwita meshuge, mpumbavu. Anashangaa kwamba mtu yeyote angekataa kipimo cha kila siku cha mchuzi wenye maji. Baadaye, labda kwa sababu ya hisia zake mwenyewe za hatia, mkuu huyo anauliza kwa nini mtu yeyote angefanya dhabihu kama hiyo. Mfungwa huyo, Ezra, ambaye ni Mtawala wa Kanisa kutoka kijiji kidogo cha Lithuania, anajaribu kumweleza kuhusu upatanisho kama wazo la jumla, na wakati mkuu anapomwuliza kuhusu msamaha wa dhambi zake mwenyewe, Ezra kwa busara anamweleza Biblia. Kiongozi huyo anakubali kuhifadhi supu hiyo kwa ajili ya chakula cha siku inayofuata cha Ezra. Alipokuwa katika kiwanda cha mpira, Levi alifanya kazi katika maabara pamoja na watu wasio wafungwa ambao alikatazwa kuzungumza nao maneno yasiyo na uhusiano na kazi. Siku moja fundi mmoja kijana Mjerumani ambaye alionekana kumpenda aliuliza <unk> kwa sauti ya chini <unk> kama angeweza kurekebisha baiskeli yake iliyokuwa imepasuka. Levi aliona mwaliko huo wa kuvunja sheria kuwa wenye manufaa, na baada ya kurekebisha nyumba hiyo baada ya kutafuta vifaa vya kuifanya iwe salama, alipewa yai lililokaushwa na sukari nne, hazina kubwa kwa mfungwa yeyote. "Kama Levi anavyosema, ""Mtu mmoja wa Ujerumani haangalizi watu wengi au wasio na hisia, lakini ana sifa ya kuvunja maoni ya kawaida."" - Alizungumza kuhusu maisha yake katika kambi ya Auschwitz." Huko kulikuwa na kambi ya mauaji ya viwanda ambapo watu zaidi ya milioni moja waliuawa, baadhi walipigwa risasi, lakini wengi waliuawa kwa kutumia gesi na kuchomwa moto. "Kutoka kwenye ishara ya kuingia kwenye nyumba hiyo, niliona maneno haya kwa Kijerumani: ""Kazi Inakuweka Huru.""" Pamoja na watalii wengine nilitembea katika barabara zilizosafishwa kwa usafi kwa ukimya: ni vigumu sana kuwazia au hata kusema juu ya yale yaliyotokea hapa. Ni watu gani, ni sauti gani, waliojaa katika barabara hizi kila siku, walioketi nyuma ya dawati katika majengo yaliyotiwa safi, waliopiga na kupiga risasi kwenye ukuta wa mauaji? Yote yapo, lakini hayapo. "Niliingia ndani ya chumba cha gesi na kutazama juu kwenye nozzles ambayo kunyunyizia gesi Zyklon-B juu ya wale ambao walidhani walikuwa kupata kuoga. """ Nilikwenda kwenye tanuri na magari-moshi yaliyokuwa yamejaa maiti. """Nilisimama kimya mbele ya vyumba vyenye vioo vyenye vitu vilivyotwaliwa kutoka kwa waliohukumiwa: chumba kimoja kilichojaa sufuria na sufuria, kingine chenye viatu na viatu, kingine chenye mizigo, ngozi iliyokauka na kufifia kwa muda, kingine kilichojaa mikongojo, viungo vya mbao na vipande mbalimbali vya nywele, kingine chenye mlima wa nywele zilizokatwa kutoka kwa waathiriwa." Baada ya ziara hiyo, ni mara chache sana nilizungumza juu ya yale niliyoona. Sikuandika karibu chochote katika majarida yangu. Katika pindi chache nilizotaja kwamba nilikuwa Auschwitz na karibu Birkenau, nilihisi kama mimi alikuwa boasting, au kufunua siri ya kutisha kwa sababu kueleza kile nilikuwa na kuona ingekuwa kwa njia fulani kuchafua wafu. Nilikuwa na haki gani ya kufanya hivyo? Hali yetu ya sasa inaniweka huru kutoka kwa kizuizi hiki. Je, mtu anaweza kuruka kwa urahisi kutoka kambi za kifo nchini Poland kwenda nchi yetu yenye migogoro na karibu vituo vyake vya uhamiaji 200 vya kizuizini ambavyo kwa kawaida viko mbali na miji mikubwa ambapo huvutia umakini mdogo? Jibu lazima liwe ndiyo. Fikiria mfumo wetu wa magereza, mojawapo ya viwanda vinavyoendelea kwa kasi zaidi. "Tunaendelea na kazi yetu ya kuimarisha mfumo wa uhamiaji na wa kuhifadhi watu duniani, na tunaweka mamia ya maelfu ya watu kizuizini kila mwaka.""" Hizi ni pamoja na wakazi wa kudumu wa kisheria na uhusiano wa muda mrefu wa familia na jamii, wanaotafuta hifadhi, na waathirika wa biashara ya binadamu - waliokamatwa kwa wiki, miezi, na wakati mwingine miaka katika magereza ya kaunti na magereza ya faida. Kwa hiyo kuna ulinganifu, na ingawa wale waliokamatwa huenda wasiangamizwe au kuchomwa moto, makosa mengine yanapatikana kwa wingi wakati maisha yao yanapoondolewa. Muda mfupi baada ya kuwasili Auschwitz, baada ya nywele zake kukatwa na nguo zake kuachwa, Levi alisimama uchi kwenye theluji akishikilia mfuko wa vitambaa na jozi ya viatu visivyofaa. Huo ndio mavazi ambayo yeye na wengine wangevaa. "Aliandika, ""Kisha kwa mara ya kwanza tuligundua kwamba lugha yetu haina maneno ya kuelezea kosa hili, uharibifu wa mtu."" - Levi alikufa mwaka 1987 kutokana na majeraha aliyoyapata katika kuanguka kutoka ghorofa ya tatu ya ghorofa ya ghorofa." Kifo chake kilitangazwa rasmi kuwa ni kujiua, lakini wengine wamedokeza kwamba kuanguka kwake kulikuwa kwa aksidenti. "Mtu mmoja aliandika hivi: ""Ninyi mnaoishi salama katika nyumba zenu zenye joto, ninyi mnaopata chakula cha moto na nyuso za kirafiki wakati wa jioni, fikiria kama huyu ni mtu anayefanya kazi katika matope, ambaye hajui amani, anayepigana kwa ajili ya kipande cha mkate, ambaye anakufa kwa sababu ya ndiyo au hapana.""" Fikiria kama huyu ni mwanamke, bila nywele na bila jina, bila nguvu ya kukumbuka, macho yake tupu na tumbo lake baridi kama chura wakati wa majira ya baridi. Fikiria kwamba hili lilitokea: Ninakupendekeza maneno haya. "Weka katika mioyo yako, nyumbani, barabarani, unapokwenda kulala, unapoinuka; warudi kwa watoto wako; au nyumba yako iwe imeharibika, ugonjwa uwe kikwazo chako, watoto wako wakuondoe uso wao."""

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Luckily there is help at hand: How we can treat clefts. Cleft lips and palates can be surgically closed. "Depending upon the characteristics of the cleft," explains Prof. Sailer, "the treatment can be completed with one single operation, for example in the case of an isolated cleft of the lip or the palate. But that has to be decided on a case-by-case basis." Depending upon the characteristics of the cleft the treatment can be completed with one single operation. In the case of more complex malformations, up to three to five operations may be necessary until completion of facial growth by the age of 15 - 18. "There are a number of preconditions required in order to start treatment", says the globally renowned cleft specialist, "A child with a cleft lip or palate in India should be at least six months old and weigh five kilos in order to be viable for operation. That way we are absolutely certain that the anaesthetic will not be problem for the organism." Until that time the child can use a palatal plate which separates the nasal from the oral cavity and allows the child to drink its mother's milk. In our Cleft-centres we now use special splints designed for "nasoalveolar moulding". After the operation, most cleft-children require speech therapy in order to boost their speech development. Because without having normal, understandable speech it is hardly possible for a cleft-child to integrate into society.

Kwa bahati nzuri kuna msaada uliopo: Jinsi ya kutibu vidonda. Mdomo na mdomo uliotenganishwa waweza kufungwa kwa upasuaji. "Kulingana na sifa za ufa, matibabu yanaweza kukamilika kwa upasuaji mmoja tu, kwa mfano katika kesi ya ufa wa mdomo au wa mdomo. """ Lakini hilo lazima liamuliwe kila wakati". Ikitegemea sifa za ufa matibabu inaweza kukamilika na operesheni moja tu. Kwa wale ambao wana matatizo makubwa ya kimaumbile, upasuaji wa tatu hadi tano unaweza kuhitajika hadi kukamilika kwa ukuaji wa uso kufikia umri wa miaka 15-18. "Kuna hali kadhaa zinazohitajika ili kuanza matibabu, ""anasema mtaalamu maarufu wa ufa wa mdomo, ""Mtoto aliye na mdomo au mdomo uliogawanyika nchini India anapaswa kuwa na umri wa miezi sita na kupima kilo tano ili aweze kufanywa upasuaji." Kwa njia hiyo tuna uhakika kabisa kwamba dawa ya kutuliza haitakuwa tatizo kwa mwili." Kwa hivyo, mtoto anaweza kutumia sahani ya palatal ambayo hutenganisha pua na mdomo na kumruhusu kunywa maziwa ya mama. Katika vituo vyetu vya Cleft sasa tunatumia mipako maalum iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya "kufanyiza nasalveolar". Baada ya upasuaji huo, watoto wengi wenye ufa wanahitaji matibabu ya usemi ili kuimarisha uwezo wao wa kusema. Kwa sababu bila kuwa na usemi wa kawaida, unaoeleweka, haiwezekani kwa mtoto mwenye ugonjwa wa kiwiko kuungana na jamii.

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a single-page bill that would end right-to-work laws. |More than half of U.S. states have right-to-work laws on the books. If a proposed Senate bill passes, they would be erased. Image courtesy Wikimedia During a Senate meeting Sept. 20, Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts introduced a bill that would repeal the sections of the 70-year-old Taft-Hartley Act that allow states to enact right-to-work legislation If passed, no one who benefited from a collective bargaining agreement would be able to avoid paying their share to negotiate and enforce it. Warren said she introduced the bill to coincide with the fourth round of meetings among Canada, Mexico and U.S. to reshape the North American Free Trade Agreement in early October. "The country is in the middle of renegotiating NAFTA, which was a bad deal for American workers," Warren said. "If we want to protect workers and expect a level playing field in international trade deals, we need to start at home — and that means banning states from imposing restrictions that prevent workers from joining together to fight for their future." Sens. Sherrod Brown of Ohio and Kirsten Gillibrand of New York were the first co-sponsors of the “Protecting Workers and Improving Labor Standards Act” and have since been joined by Maggie Hassan of New Hampshire, Jeff Merkley of Oregon, Edward J. Markey of Massachusetts and Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin. The bill also has six co-sponsors in the House. There are no Republican co-sponsors, and with majorities in both houses of Congress and President Trump in the White House, the bill’s chance of passage is not great. |Sen. Sherrod Brown of Ohio was the first of 12 co-sponsors, six in the Senate and six in the House. photo courtesy AFL-CIO But, said IBEW Political and Legislative Department Director Austin Keyser, the NAFTA negotiations make it necessary to try. “The president says he wants to renegotiate NAFTA, at least in part, because cheap labor and lax worker protections in Mexico hurt Americans,” Keyser said. “Our position, and the position of the Canadian government, is that right-to-work laws do the exact same thing to Canadian workers and American workers outside right-to-work states.” Twenty-seven states have enacted so-called right-to-work legislation. Most states in the South acted as soon as Taft-Hartley was passed in 1947, but five states -- Michigan, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri—have adopted right-to-work laws since 2012. Despite claims made by corporate lobbyists that push that they improve local economies and create new jobs, right-to-work states have slower growth, lower wages, worse job safety and shorter life expectancies. It’s a boon to some companies and their CEOs, but hurt employers who do right by their workers. Right-to-work isn’t bad only because it hammers workers’ wallets, Keyser said. “Joining in union with other people is a right that comes from the Constitution. States shouldn’t have been allowed to limit our rights to free speech and assembly to begin with,” Keyser said. “It is long past time we got rid of laws that not only rig the economy, they take away our freedoms.”

Sheria ya ukurasa mmoja ambayo ingekomesha sheria za haki ya kufanya kazi. Zaidi ya nusu ya majimbo ya Marekani yana sheria za haki ya kufanya kazi. Ikiwa muswada uliopendekezwa wa Seneti unapitishwa, utafutwa. Katika mkutano wa Seneti Septemba 20, Seneta Elizabeth Warren wa Massachusetts aliwasilisha muswada ambao ungeondoa sehemu za Sheria ya Taft-Hartley ya miaka 70 ambayo inaruhusu majimbo kutekeleza sheria ya haki ya kufanya kazi. Warren alisema alitoa muswada huo wakati wa mkutano wa nne kati ya Canada, Mexico na Marekani wa kurekebisha Mkataba wa Biashara Huru ya Amerika Kaskazini (NAFTA) mapema Oktoba. "Nchi iko katikati ya kujadili tena NAFTA, ambayo ilikuwa mpango mbaya kwa wafanyakazi wa Marekani", Warren alisema. """Ikiwa tunataka kulinda wafanyakazi na kutarajia uwanja wa michezo sawa katika mikataba ya biashara ya kimataifa, tunahitaji kuanza nyumbani, na hiyo inamaanisha kupiga marufuku mataifa kutoka kwa kuweka vizuizi vinavyozuia wafanyakazi kuungana pamoja kupigania siku zao za usoni.""" Hisia. "Sherrod Brown wa Ohio na Kirsten Gillibrand wa New York walikuwa wa kwanza kuunga mkono ""Kulinda Wafanyakazi na Kuboresha Viwango vya Kazi"" na tangu wakati huo wamejiunga na Maggie Hassan wa New Hampshire, Jeff Merkley wa Oregon, Edward J. Markey wa Massachusetts na Tammy Baldwin wa Wisconsin." Muswada huo pia una wadhamini sita katika Bunge. Hakuna wafadhili wa Republican, na kwa idadi kubwa katika vyumba vyote viwili vya Bunge na Rais Trump katika Ikulu, nafasi ya muswada huo kupitishwa si kubwa. Sen. Sherrod Brown wa Ohio alikuwa wa kwanza kati ya wasimamizi 12 wa chama hicho, sita katika Baraza la Seneti na sita katika Baraza la Wawakilishi. "Mwanamke huyo, ambaye ni afisa wa idara ya siasa na sheria ya IBEW, Austin Keyser, amesema ""Mjadala wa NAFTA unafanya iwe muhimu kujaribu.""" "Rais anasema anataka kujadili upya NAFTA, angalau kwa sehemu, kwa sababu kazi ya bei nafuu na ulinzi wa wafanyakazi wa lazy nchini Mexico huumiza Wamarekani, "Keyser alisema." "Mtazamo wetu, na msimamo wa serikali ya Canada, ni kwamba sheria za haki ya kufanya kazi hufanya kitu kimoja kwa wafanyakazi wa Canada na wafanyakazi wa Marekani nje ya majimbo ya haki ya kufanya kazi. ""Jimbo la 27 limeanzisha sheria inayoitwa haki ya kufanya kazi." "Mashirika ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ya kimataifa ""TAFFHARTLEY"" ""." "Licha ya madai ya wanasheria wa makampuni ya kulazimisha kwamba ""kuongeza uchumi wa ndani na kuunda ajira mpya,"" majimbo ya haki ya kufanya kazi yana ukuaji wa polepole, mishahara ya chini, usalama mbaya wa kazi na matarajio ya maisha mafupi." Ni neema kwa baadhi ya makampuni na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wao, lakini kuumiza waajiri ambao kufanya haki na wafanyakazi wao. Haki ya kufanya kazi si mbaya tu kwa sababu inashambulia mkoba wa wafanyakazi, Keyser alisema. <unk>Kujiunga katika muungano na watu wengine ni haki inayotokana na Katiba. Mataifa hayangeruhusiwa kupunguza haki zetu za uhuru wa kujieleza na kukusanyika, Keyser alisema. "Ni wakati wa muda mrefu uliopita tuliondoka sheria ambazo si tu rig uchumi, wao kuchukua mbali uhuru wetu".

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Wildlife often struggles to find food during winters that have heavy snow. By spring, many animals are vulnerable and weak. So if you are planning to take your dog on hikes this spring and summer, make sure your pet doesn’t chase or harass any wildlife. Dogs that are off-leash in nature may act on their instincts to chase deer and other big game animals they see. However, that is harmful for the deer because by the end of winter, they are usually in survival mode. “If they get chased, it uses up their energy and they might not survive the winter,” said KJ Pollock, public Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest public affairs specialist. “These animals are often starving, and they can’t afford to waste energy from any actions that cause them to move away from where they are trying to feed.” Deer and other big game animals typically move to lower elevations in search of feed during the snowy winter months, which often brings them closer to roads and other populated urban areas where people and pets may be. While there are many areas throughout the state where dogs aren’t required to stay on a leash, we ask that pet owners not let their dogs chase deer, elk, moose or other wild animals. It can be harmful not only for the wildlife, but also can be dangerous for your pet. “Wildlife is often unpredictable and may injure or kill a dog seen as threatening,” said Covy Jones, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources big game coordinator. (Photo source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

Mara nyingi wanyama-pori hujitahidi kupata chakula wakati wa majira ya baridi kali yenye theluji nyingi. Kufikia majira ya kuchipua, wanyama wengi huwa dhaifu na dhaifu. Kwa hiyo ikiwa unapanga kumchukua mbwa wako kwenye matembezi ya majira ya kuchipua na majira ya kiangazi, hakikisha kwamba mnyama wako hafuati au kutesa wanyama wowote wa porini. Mbwa ambao hawajafungwa kamba kwa asili wanaweza kutenda kulingana na hisia zao za kufuatilia nyati na wanyama wengine wakubwa wanaowaona. Hata hivyo, hilo ni jambo lenye kudhuru kwa nyati kwa sababu mwishoni mwa majira ya baridi kali, kwa kawaida wao huwa katika hali ya kuishi. "Ikiwa wanakimbizwa, inatumia nishati yao na huenda wasiishi msimu wa baridi kali", alisema KJ Pollock, mtaalamu wa masuala ya umma wa Msitu wa Kitaifa wa Uinta-Wasatch-Cache. "Wanyama hawa mara nyingi wanakufa njaa, na hawawezi kumudu kupoteza nishati kutokana na vitendo vyovyote vinavyowafanya waondoke mahali wanapojaribu kula. ""Wanyama wa mwituni na wanyama wengine wakubwa wa mchezo kwa kawaida huhamia maeneo ya chini kutafuta chakula wakati wa miezi ya baridi kali, ambayo mara nyingi huwafanya kuwa karibu na barabara na maeneo mengine ya mijini ambapo watu na wanyama wanaweza kuwa." Wakati kuna maeneo mengi katika jimbo ambapo mbwa si required kukaa juu ya leash, sisi kuuliza kwamba wamiliki wa wanyama wa kufugwa si basi mbwa wao kufuatilia deer, elk, moose au wanyama wengine wa porini. Hii inaweza kuwa hatari kwa wanyama wa pori na pia kwa wanyama wako wa kipenzi. "Wanyama wa porini mara nyingi hawawezi kutabiriwa na wanaweza kuumiza au kuua mbwa anayeonekana kuwa hatari", alisema Covy Jones, mratibu wa mchezo mkubwa wa Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. (Chanzo cha picha: Marekani Huduma ya Samaki na Wanyama wa Pori)

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The Messa da Requiem by Giuseppe Verdi is a musical setting of the Roman Catholic funeral mass (Requiem) for four soloists, double choir and orchestra. It was composed in memory of Alessandro Manzoni, an Italian poet and novelist much admired by Verdi. The first performance in San Marco in Milan on 22 May 1874 marked the first anniversary of Manzoni's death. The work was at one time called the Manzoni Requiem. It is typically not performed in the liturgy, but in a concert of around 85–90 minutes. |Giuseppe Verdi - Messa da Requiem |Deutsche Grammophon - 415 092-2 |Deutsche Grammophon - 415 093-2 |Printed in West Germany by Neef, Wittingen - with barcode

Messa da Requiem ya Giuseppe Verdi ni muziki wa misa ya mazishi ya Katoliki ya Kirumi (Requiem) kwa wanamuziki wanne wa solo, kwaya mbili na okestra. Wimbo huo ulibuniwa kwa kumbukumbu ya Alessandro Manzoni, mshairi na mwandishi wa riwaya Mwitaliano aliyeheshimiwa sana na Verdi. Maonyesho ya kwanza yalifanyika katika San Marco, Milan, tarehe 22 Mei 1874, na kuadhimisha maadhimisho ya miaka miwili tangu kifo cha Manzoni. Wakati mmoja kazi hiyo iliitwa Manzoni Requiem. Kwa kawaida, huchezwa katika maonyesho ya muziki, lakini katika maonyesho ya muziki ya dakika 85-90. "Misa ya Requiem ya Giuseppe Verdi, ""Deutsche Grammophon"" (Deutsche Grammophon) - 415-92-2 (Kichapo cha Ujerumani Magharibi, Neef, Wittingen) - na Barcode"

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A Toronto-based artist and ink-maker traces the history of ink and its impact on the world, in Brian D. Johnson’s lush and visually striking film shot by celebrated cinematographer Nicholas de Pencier. The Colour of Ink Brian D. Johnson Brian D. Johnson’s visually striking The Colour of Ink follows Jason Logan, who creates unique inks for some of the world’s most celebrated artists by using highly unconventional materials, many of which he finds while foraging in locations ranging from the landfill beaches of Toronto’s Leslie Street Spit to the Mojave Desert. Among the more unusual materials he employs are weeds, rocks, and even rust. Logan’s fans range from the legendary Robert Crumb to New Yorker cartoonist Liana Finck and Japanese artist Koji Kakinuma. The film also traces the history of ink, first discovered, almost simultaneously, in Egypt and China. According to Logan though, it was perfected in Japan. Johnson also recounts the sometimes extraordinary efforts and dedication people have brought to creating ink and utilizing it. In one particularly eye-opening example, Logan relates how they would crush 10,000 snails to decorate one toga. Aided by revered cinematographer Nicholas de Pencier, Johnson also explores the radically different colours and textures in one batch of ink, which can vary wildly depending on how deep you dip into an ink well. The tactile and sensuous aspects of art and ink itself are magnificently on display throughout the film. But the film also works as a kind of elegy for an endangered craft and the art forms that depend on it — and the unexpected impacts it may have on our collective psyche. As we move towards fully digital forms of communication and paper and ink are less frequently used, Johnson and his subjects, including Margaret Atwood, worry about the impact on thought and especially memory. (Atwood points out that writing something down remains the best means of remembering it.) Logan argues that the digital world is a monument to short-term memory, and this shift affects how we engage with the world, reducing our involvement almost exclusively to the two dimensional. The Colour of Ink is a visually lush tribute to a practice and art which has had an enormous impact on our history and our collective psyche.

Mtaalamu wa Toronto na mtengenezaji wa wino anafuatilia historia ya wino na athari zake kwa ulimwengu, katika filamu ya Brian D. Johnson ya kupendeza na ya kuvutia ya kuona iliyopigwa na mpiga picha maarufu Nicholas de Pencier. The Colour of Ink ni kitabu cha Brian D. Johnson, ambacho kinamfuata Jason Logan, ambaye hutengeneza wino wa kipekee kwa baadhi ya wasanii mashuhuri duniani kwa kutumia vifaa visivyo vya kawaida, ambavyo vingi anapata wakati akitafuta chakula katika maeneo mbalimbali kuanzia pwani za Toronto hadi Jangwa la Mojave. Miongoni mwa vifaa visivyo vya kawaida anavyotumia ni magugu, mawe, na hata kutu. mashabiki Logan mbalimbali kutoka hadithi Robert Crumb kwa New Yorker cartoonist Liana Finck na Kijapani msanii Koji Kakinuma. Filamu hiyo pia inaonyesha historia ya wino, uliogunduliwa kwa mara ya kwanza, karibu wakati uleule, huko Misri na China. Hata hivyo, kulingana na Logan, iliboreshwa huko Japani. Johnson pia anasimulia jitihada na kujitolea kwa watu ambao wakati mwingine ni wa ajabu katika kutengeneza wino na kuutumia. "Lakini, katika mfano mmoja wa kuvutia sana, Logan anasimulia jinsi walivyochoma konokono 10,000 ili kupamba toga moja.""" Akisaidiwa na mwandishi wa filamu Nicholas de Pencier, Johnson pia anachunguza rangi na muundo tofauti kabisa katika kundi moja la wino, ambao unaweza kutofautiana sana kulingana na jinsi ya kina unavyoingia ndani ya wino vizuri. Sehemu za kugusa na zenye hisia za sanaa na wino yenyewe zinaonyeshwa kwa uzuri katika filamu nzima. Lakini filamu pia inafanya kazi kama aina ya elegia kwa ufundi ulioko hatarini na aina za sanaa ambazo zinategemea <unk> na athari zisizotarajiwa ambazo zinaweza kuwa na juu ya psyche yetu ya pamoja. """Kama tunavyoelekea kwa njia za dijiti za mawasiliano na karatasi na wino hutumiwa mara chache, Johnson na wanafunzi wake, ikiwa ni pamoja na Margaret Atwood, wana wasiwasi juu ya athari kwa mawazo na hasa kumbukumbu." (Atwood aonyesha kwamba kuandika jambo fulani bado ndiyo njia bora ya kukumbuka.) "Logan anasema ""Dunia ya dijiti ni ukumbusho wa kumbukumbu ya muda mfupi, na mabadiliko haya yanaathiri jinsi tunavyojihusisha na ulimwengu, ikipunguza ushiriki wetu karibu tu kwa vipimo viwili.""" Rangi ya Wino ni heshima ya kuona kwa mazoezi na sanaa ambayo imekuwa na athari kubwa kwa historia yetu na psyche yetu ya pamoja.

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Vitamin B6, or pyridoxine, is one of the six B vitamins that are crucial for the body. It has several health benefits. Some of these benefits are improving blood circulation, boosting immunity, and lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. But what does vitamin B6 do to your body exactly? How does it affect your cells, organs, and systems? In this article, we will answer these questions and more. We will also cover the symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency and the best sources of this vitamin in foods. How Vitamin B6 Benefits Your Body in Various Ways One of the main questions that people have about vitamin B6 is: what does vitamin B6 do to your body? The answer is that vitamin B6 has many important health functions. For instance, vitamin B6 helps promote better circulation within the body. It does this by regulating the amount of homocysteine in the blood. Homocysteine is an amino acid that can cause heart problems if it accumulates too much. Vitamin B6 breaks down homocysteine into essential chemicals that the body needs. Another health function of vitamin B6 is that it strengthens the immune system. Vitamin B6 is involved in many chemical reactions related to the immune system. It helps produce antibodies, white blood cells, and cytokines. These immune system components fight off infections and diseases. Vitamin B6 also helps make serotonin, a hormone that regulates mood. Having enough vitamin B6 in the body can contribute to good mood and well-being. Research shows that low levels of vitamin B6 are linked to depression and anxiety. Vitamin B6 also has a protective effect against cancer and cognitive decline. Studies suggest that having adequate vitamin B6 in the blood can lower the risk of developing various types of cancer, especially colorectal cancer. Vitamin B6 also supports brain function by preventing memory loss and dementia. This is because vitamin B6 is essential for homocysteine metabolism, which affects brain health. High levels of homocysteine have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive impairment. How Vitamin B6 Lowers Your Risk of Certain Diseases As you can see, vitamin B6 does a lot for your body. It also helps reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This is because of its role in homocysteine regulation, as mentioned earlier. By keeping homocysteine levels low, vitamin B6 prevents damage to the blood vessels and the heart. Vitamin B6 also improves brain function by enhancing homocysteine metabolism. This helps prevent cognitive decline and dementia, which are common in older adults. Who Needs More Vitamin B6 and Why Vitamin B6 deficiency is rare, but it can happen in some cases. Some conditions that may lead to vitamin B6 deficiency are kidney disease. As well as, malabsorption syndrome and alcohol abuse. These conditions affect the absorption or use of vitamin B6 in the body. People who follow a vegetarian diet may also be at risk of low vitamin B6 intake. This is because they may not consume enough foods that contain vitamin B6. How Much Vitamin B6 Do You Need and Where to Get It The amount of vitamin B6 that you need depends on your age and gender. For adults 50 years and younger, the recommended intake is 1.3 mg of vitamin B6 per day. For men over 50 years, the recommendation is 1.7 mg per day. For women over 50 years, the recommendation is 1.5 mg per day. You can get vitamin B6 from many foods, both animal and plant sources. You can also take vitamin B6 supplements if you have a deficiency or a medical condition that requires it. Some of the foods that are rich in vitamin B6 are chicken, salmon, oatmeal, bananas, nuts, dates, and kale. To ensure that you get enough vitamin B6 for your body, we recommend eating a well-balanced and varied diet that includes these foods. Vitamin B6 is very important for your health and well-being. It helps with circulation, immunity, mood, cancer prevention, and brain function. It also lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. So make sure you eat foods high in vitamin B6 every day. One easy way to do this is to snack on some dates, which are delicious and nutritious. What Does Vitamin B6 Do to Your Body: A Summary of Its Benefits and Sources Vitamin B6 is a vital nutrient that has many health benefits for your body. It helps with blood circulation, the immune system, cancer prevention, and brain function. It also reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. That’s why having enough vitamin B6 for your body is good for your health. You can get vitamin B6 from many foods. Some foods that have a lot of vitamin B6 are chicken, salmon, oatmeal, bananas, nuts, dates, and kale. You should eat different kinds of foods that have vitamin B6 every day. You can also take vitamin B6 supplements if you have a medical condition that requires it or if you are at risk of deficiency. Vitamin B6 is essential for your well-being and happiness. So don’t neglect this important vitamin and enjoy its benefits every day.

Vitamini B6 (Pyridoxine) ni moja ya vitamini B6 muhimu kwa mwili. Ina faida kadhaa za kiafya. Baadhi ya faida hizo ni kuboresha mzunguko wa damu, kuimarisha kinga, na kupunguza hatari ya magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa ya damu. Vitamini B6 hufanya nini kwa mwili wako? Inaathirije chembe zako, viungo, na mifumo yako? Katika makala hii, tutajibu maswali hayo na mengine mengi. Pia, utapata dalili za upungufu wa vitamini B6 na chanzo bora cha vitamini hii katika vyakula. Vitamini B6 ina faida nyingi kwa mwili wako, lakini swali la kwanza ambalo watu wengi wanauliza ni nini vitamini B6 inafanya kwa mwili wako. Vitamini B6 ina kazi nyingi muhimu za afya. Kwa mfano, vitamini B6 husaidia kuboresha mzunguko wa damu mwilini. Inafanya hivyo kwa kudhibiti kiasi cha homocysteine katika damu. Homocysteine ni asidi ya amino ambayo yaweza kusababisha matatizo ya moyo ikiwa hujikusanya kupita kiasi. Vitamini B6 hufupisha homocysteine na kuifanya iwe kemikali muhimu kwa mwili. Vitamini B6 pia ina nguvu katika mfumo wa kinga. Vitamini B6 inahusika katika athari nyingi za kemikali zinazohusiana na mfumo wa kinga. Husaidia kutokeza kingamwili, chembe nyeupe za damu, na cytokines. Sehemu hizo za mfumo wa kinga hupambana na maambukizo na magonjwa. Vitamini B6 pia husaidia kutengeneza serotonini, homoni inayodhibiti hali ya moyo. Kuwa na vitamini B6 ya kutosha katika mwili kunaweza kusaidia hali nzuri ya moyo na ustawi. Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa viwango vya chini vya vitamini B6 vina uhusiano na unyogovu na wasiwasi. Vitamini B6 pia ina athari ya kinga dhidi ya saratani na kupungua kwa utambuzi. Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa kuwa na vitamini B6 ya kutosha katika damu inaweza kupunguza hatari ya kuendeleza aina mbalimbali za kansa, hasa kansa ya utumbo mzito. Vitamini B6 pia huongeza utendaji wa ubongo kwa kuzuia kupoteza kumbukumbu na dementia. Vitamini B6 ni muhimu kwa ajili ya homocysteine metabolism, ambayo huathiri afya ya ubongo. Viwango vya juu vya homocysteine vimeunganishwa na ugonjwa wa Alzheimer na kupooza kwa utambuzi. Vitamini B6 inasaidia kupunguza hatari ya magonjwa fulani, na vitamini B6 inasaidia sana mwili wako. Pia husaidia kupunguza hatari ya magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa ya damu. Hii ni kwa sababu ya jukumu lake katika udhibiti wa homocysteine, kama ilivyoelezwa hapo awali. Kwa kuweka viwango vya homocysteine chini, vitamini B6 huzuia uharibifu wa mishipa ya damu na moyo. Vitamini B6 pia huongeza utendaji wa ubongo kwa kuongeza kimetaboliki ya homocysteine. Hii husaidia kuzuia kupungua kwa uwezo wa kutambua na ugonjwa wa akili, ambao ni wa kawaida kwa watu wazima wazee. Ni nani anahitaji vitamini B6 zaidi na kwa nini upungufu wa vitamini B6 ni nadra, lakini inaweza kutokea katika baadhi ya kesi. Baadhi ya matatizo ya vitamini B6 ni ugonjwa wa figo. Kama vile, ugonjwa wa malabsorption na matumizi mabaya ya pombe. Hali hizi huathiri kunyonya au matumizi ya vitamini B6 katika mwili. Watu ambao hufuata mlo wa mboga wanaweza pia kuwa katika hatari ya ulaji wa chini wa vitamini B6. Hii ni kwa sababu huenda wasile vyakula vya kutosha vyenye vitamini B6. Kiasi cha vitamini B6 unahitaji na wapi kupata? - Kiasi cha vitamini B6 unahitaji inategemea umri wako na jinsia yako. Kwa watu wazima wenye umri wa miaka 50 na chini, inashauriwa kuchukua 1.3 mg ya vitamini B6 kwa siku. Kwa wanaume wenye umri wa miaka 50 na zaidi, inashauriwa kuwa na kipimo cha 1.7 mg kwa siku. Kwa wanawake wenye umri wa miaka 50 na zaidi, inashauriwa kuwa 1.5 mg kwa siku. Vitamini B6 inaweza kupatikana katika vyakula vingi, kama vile wanyama na mimea. Unaweza pia kuchukua vitamini B6 ikiwa una upungufu au hali ya matibabu inayohitaji. Vyakula vyenye vitamini B6 ni kama vile: kuku, samaki, oatmeal, ndizi, karanga, mchele, na kale. Ili kuhakikisha kwamba unapata vitamini B6 ya kutosha kwa mwili wako, tunapendekeza kula chakula cha usawa na tofauti ambayo inajumuisha vyakula hivi. Vitamini B6 ni muhimu sana kwa afya na afya yako. Husaidia mzunguko wa damu, kinga, hali ya moyo, kuzuia kansa, na utendaji wa ubongo. Pia hupunguza hatari ya magonjwa ya moyo na magonjwa ya mishipa ya damu na kupungua kwa uwezo wa kutambua mambo. Kwa hiyo, hakikisha kwamba kila siku unakula vyakula vyenye vitamini B6. Njia moja rahisi ya kufanya hivyo ni kula mchele, ambao ni mtamu na wenye lishe. Vitamini B6 ni muhimu kwa afya ya mwili wako: Vitamini B6 ni muhimu kwa afya ya mwili wako. Husaidia mzunguko wa damu, mfumo wa kinga, kuzuia kansa, na utendaji wa ubongo. Pia hupunguza hatari ya magonjwa ya moyo na magonjwa ya mishipa ya damu na kupungua kwa uwezo wa kutambua mambo. Kwa hiyo, kuwa na vitamini B6 ya kutosha kwa mwili wako ni nzuri kwa afya yako. Unaweza kupata vitamini B6 kutoka kwa vyakula vingi. Vyakula vyenye vitamini B6 nyingi ni kama vile: kuku, samaki, oatmeal, ndizi, karanga, mchele, na kale. Kila siku unapaswa kula vyakula vyenye vitamini B6. Unaweza pia kuchukua vitamini B6 ikiwa una hali ya matibabu inayohitaji au ikiwa uko katika hatari ya upungufu. Vitamini B6 ni muhimu kwa afya na furaha. Kwa hiyo usipuuze vitamini hii muhimu na ufurahie manufaa yake kila siku.

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Understanding Vector Databases Vector databases have become increasingly popular for big data applications due to their ability to handle complex data types and large volumes of data with high performance. Unlike traditional relational databases, vector databases are optimized for dealing with multi-dimensional data, such as images, audio, and sensor data. This makes them a crucial component in the era of big data and the internet of things (IoT). Delve deeper into the subject with this suggested external content. Vector Database! The Challenge of Scalability As the volume of data continues to grow exponentially, the scalability of vector databases has become a major concern. While traditional databases have struggled to keep up with the demand for scalability, vector databases have shown promise in providing efficient solutions for handling large and complex datasets. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed to ensure that vector databases can scale effectively to meet the demands of big data applications. Optimizing for Scalability To address the scalability challenges, database developers and engineers are continuously working on optimizing vector databases for efficient scaling. This includes improving the architecture of the database to handle increasing data volumes, optimizing query processing to ensure fast and reliable performance, and implementing distributed computing and storage solutions to enable seamless scalability across multiple nodes. Advantages of Scalable Vector Databases Scalable vector databases offer several advantages for big data applications. By enabling efficient scaling, organizations can store and process large volumes of complex data without compromising on performance. This allows for real-time analytics, faster processing of queries, and the ability to handle diverse data types without bottlenecks. Scalable vector databases also provide flexibility for growing and evolving data needs, making them a valuable asset for modern data-driven organizations. Furthermore, the scalability of vector databases allows for cost-effective storage and processing of big data. By effectively utilizing resources and scaling horizontally across multiple nodes, organizations can avoid the need for expensive hardware upgrades and infrastructure investments, resulting in significant cost savings. The Future of Scalable Vector Databases With the continuous advancements in technology and the increasing adoption of big data and IoT applications, the future of scalable vector databases looks promising. As database developers and engineers continue to optimize and enhance the scalability of vector databases, organizations can expect to leverage these technologies for handling the growing demands of big data and complex data types. Additionally, the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence capabilities within scalable vector databases opens up new opportunities for advanced analytics and insights, further enhancing the value proposition of these technologies for organizations across various industries. In conclusion, the scalability of vector databases for big data applications is a critical aspect that requires ongoing innovation and optimization. By addressing the challenges and leveraging the advantages of scalable vector databases, organizations can effectively manage and derive valuable insights from the ever-increasing volume and complexity of data in today’s digital landscape. For a complete educational experience, explore this suggested external website. It provides supplementary and worthwhile details on the subject, assisting you in expanding your knowledge of the topic. Vector Database https://zilliz.com/learn/what-is-vector-database. Interested in learning more about the subject discussed in this article? Visit the related posts we’ve specially selected:

Vector Databases ni aina ya data ya data ambayo inapatikana katika maeneo mengi ya ulimwengu kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa kushughulikia aina ngumu za data na kiasi kikubwa cha data na utendaji wa juu. Tofauti na database za jadi za uhusiano, database za vector zimeboreshwa kwa kushughulikia data za vipimo vingi, kama vile picha, sauti, na data za sensor. Hii inawafanya kuwa sehemu muhimu katika enzi ya data kubwa na mtandao wa vitu (IoT). Chunguza zaidi juu ya mada hiyo kwa kutumia yaliyomo nje yaliyopendekezwa. Vector Database! (Kifaa cha kuhifadhi habari) Changamoto ya Scalability Kama kiasi cha data inaendelea kukua exponentially, scalability ya database vector imekuwa wasiwasi mkubwa. Wakati database za jadi zimepambana ili kuendelea na mahitaji ya scalability, database za vector zimeonyesha ahadi katika kutoa ufumbuzi mzuri wa kushughulikia seti kubwa na ngumu za data. Hata hivyo, bado kuna changamoto ambazo zinahitaji kushughulikiwa ili kuhakikisha kwamba database za vector zinaweza kupanda kwa ufanisi ili kukidhi mahitaji ya maombi makubwa ya data. Optimizing kwa Scalability Ili kukabiliana na changamoto scalability, database watengenezaji na wahandisi ni kuendelea kufanya kazi juu ya optimizing vector database kwa ajili ya ufanisi scaling. Hii inajumuisha kuboresha usanifu wa hifadhidata ili kushughulikia kuongezeka kwa kiasi cha data, kuboresha usindikaji wa maswali ili kuhakikisha utendaji wa haraka na wa kuaminika, na kutekeleza uhamisho wa kompyuta na uhifadhi ili kuwezesha upana wa seamless katika nodes nyingi. Faida za Scalable Vector Databases Scalable vector database kutoa faida kadhaa kwa ajili ya maombi kubwa ya data. Kwa kuwezesha upanuzi ufanisi, mashirika yanaweza kuhifadhi na kusindika kiasi kikubwa cha data ngumu bila kuathiriwa na utendaji. Hii inaruhusu kwa wakati halisi uchambuzi, haraka usindikaji wa maswali, na uwezo wa kushughulikia aina mbalimbali za data bila bottlenecks. Vituo vya data vya vector vinavyoweza kupanuliwa pia hutoa kubadilika kwa mahitaji ya data yanayokua na kubadilika, na kuifanya kuwa mali muhimu kwa mashirika ya kisasa yanayoendeshwa na data. Zaidi ya hayo, scalability ya database vector inaruhusu gharama nafuu kuhifadhi na usindikaji wa data kubwa. Kwa kutumia kwa ufanisi rasilimali na kupanua kwa usawa katika nodes nyingi, mashirika yanaweza kuepuka haja ya kuboresha vifaa vya gharama kubwa na uwekezaji wa miundombinu, na kusababisha kuokoa gharama kubwa. Wakati ujao wa Scalable Vector Databases: Pamoja na maendeleo ya kuendelea katika teknolojia na kuongezeka kwa kupitishwa kwa data kubwa na maombi ya IoT, siku zijazo za scalable vector databases zinaonekana kuwa na matumaini. Kama watengenezaji wa database na wahandisi kuendelea kuboresha na kuboresha scalability ya vektor database, mashirika inaweza kutarajia kutumia teknolojia hizi kwa kushughulikia mahitaji ya kuongezeka kwa data kubwa na aina tata ya data. Kwa kuongezea, kuunganishwa kwa uwezo wa kujifunza mashine na akili bandia ndani ya hifadhidata za vector zinazoweza kupanuliwa hufungua fursa mpya za uchambuzi wa hali ya juu na ufahamu, na kuongeza zaidi pendekezo la thamani ya teknolojia hizi kwa mashirika katika tasnia mbalimbali. Kwa kumalizia, scalability ya vektor database kwa ajili ya maombi kubwa ya data ni kipengele muhimu ambayo inahitaji kuendelea ubunifu na uboreshaji. Kwa kushughulikia changamoto na kutumia faida za hifadhidata za vector zinazoweza kupanuliwa, mashirika yanaweza kusimamia na kupata ufahamu muhimu kutoka kwa wingi unaozidi kuongezeka na utata wa data katika mazingira ya leo ya dijiti. Kwa uzoefu kamili wa elimu, kuchunguza hii ilipendekeza tovuti ya nje. Inatoa maelezo ya ziada na yenye thamani juu ya habari hiyo, ikikusaidia kupanua ujuzi wako juu ya habari hiyo. Vector Database: Vector Database: Vector Database: Vector Database Je, ungependa kujifunza zaidi kuhusu habari inayozungumziwa katika makala hii? Tembelea machapisho yanayohusiana ambayo tumechagua maalum:

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As a business owner, you are always looking for ways to improve your bottom line. One way to do this is to invest in projects that have a positive internal rate of return (IRR). But what exactly is IRR, and how can it be used to make sound financial decisions? IRR is a metric used in financial analysis to measure the rate of return of an investment. Put simply, it is the “hurdle rate” that an investment must clear in order for it to be considered financially viable. There are a number of different factors that go into calculating IRR, but the most important one is the Net Present Value (NPV) of the cash flows associated with the investment. The Net Present Value (NPR) of an investment is the sum of all of its projected cash flows, discounted at a certain rate. The discount rate used is typically the company’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The WACC takes into account the riskiness of the investment and reflects the expected return that shareholders require. IRR is important because it allows businesses to compare different investments side-by-side and see which one will generate the highest return. It also takes into account the time value of money, which is crucial when making financial decisions. For example, let’s say you are considering investing in two different projects. Project A has a higher upfront cost but will generate more cash flow over time. Project B has a lower upfront cost but will generate less cash flow over time. Using IRR as your metric, you would choose to invest in Project A because it has a higher expected return. IRR is a valuable metric for businesses to use when evaluating potential investments. It takes into account a number of different factors, including NPV and WACC, and allows businesses to compare different investments side-by-side. When used correctly, IRR can help you make sound financial decisions that will improve your bottom line.

Kama mmiliki wa biashara, wewe ni daima kuangalia kwa njia ya kuboresha mstari wako wa chini. Njia moja ya kufanya hivyo ni kuwekeza katika miradi ambayo ina kiwango cha ndani cha kurudi (IRR) chanya. Lakini ni nini hasa IRR, na inawezaje kutumiwa kufanya maamuzi sahihi ya kifedha? IRR ni kipimo kinachotumiwa katika uchambuzi wa kifedha kupima kiwango cha kurudi kwa uwekezaji. Kwa ufupi, ni "kiwango cha kizuizi" ambacho uwekezaji lazima uondolewe ili ufikie ufanisi wa kifedha. Kuna sababu kadhaa za msingi ambazo zinahusika katika kuhesabu IRR, lakini moja muhimu zaidi ni thamani ya sasa ya usawa (NPV) ya mtiririko wa fedha unaohusiana na uwekezaji. Thamani ya sasa ya Net (NPR) ya uwekezaji ni jumla ya mtiririko wake wote wa fedha unaotarajiwa, discounted kwa kiwango fulani. Kiwango cha discount kutumika ni kawaida kampuni ya wastani wa uzito gharama ya mtaji (WACC). WACC inachukua katika kuzingatia hatari ya uwekezaji na inaonyesha faida inayotarajiwa kwamba wanahisa wanahitaji. IRR ni muhimu kwa sababu inaruhusu biashara kulinganisha uwekezaji tofauti na kuona ni ipi itakayotokeza faida kubwa zaidi. Pia inazingatia thamani ya wakati wa pesa, ambayo ni muhimu wakati wa kufanya maamuzi ya kifedha. Kwa mfano, hebu tuseme wewe ni kuzingatia kuwekeza katika miradi miwili tofauti. Mradi A ina gharama ya juu ya awali lakini itazalisha mtiririko wa fedha zaidi kwa muda. Mradi B ina chini ya gharama ya awali lakini itazalisha chini ya mtiririko wa fedha kwa muda. Kwa kutumia IRR kama kipimo chako, ungechagua kuwekeza katika Mradi A kwa sababu ina mapato ya juu yanayotarajiwa. IRR ni kipimo muhimu kwa biashara kutumia wakati wa kutathmini uwekezaji uwezekano. Kwa mfano, kwa mfano, inazingatia sababu kadhaa, ikiwa ni pamoja na NAV na WACC, na inaruhusu biashara kulinganisha uwekezaji tofauti. Ikiwa unatumia kwa usahihi, IRR inaweza kukusaidia kufanya maamuzi sahihi ya kifedha ambayo yataboresha mstari wako wa chini.

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We know that chickens and other factory farmed animals are fed a steady stream of antibiotics to foster faster growth and to mitigate the spread of disease caused by keeping thousands of animals in cramped, filthy conditions. But did you know that on top of all this, after chickens are slaughtered, their carcasses may be dosed in a powerful bath of chemicals? While the goal of the chemicals is to reduce pathogens in the meat, little or no research has been done on whether these toxins linger in or on the meat and harm public health or the health of production line workers. The scariest part about the chemicals? In the past few decades, the concentration and amount of chemicals has increased dramatically “from an average of two distinct chemicals per kill line a decade ago to four today, and from dilution rates of 20 to 30 parts per million of active ingredient in the 1980s to as much as 8,000 parts per million now,” according to Mother Jones. And, a new USDA plan would have consumer safety relying more on these chemicals and less on plant inspectors. A recent Washington Post story also reports that the USDA is reviewing whether these strong chemicals may actually be covering up salmonella and other pathogens due to the way in which samples are prepared and sent to the lab. To test for pathogens, a carcass is pulled from the production line, placed in a bag filled with a solution, and then the bird is removed from the bag while the bag and solution go to the lab. If, in this process, the chemicals on the bird that are meant to kill the pathogens are not neutralized in the solution fast enough, they continue to kill pathogens in the solution on the way to the lab. Over the past few years, salmonella rates (as tested in labs from these samples) have been cut in half. However, the amount of people getting sick from salmonella in poultry has not improved. The USDA review follows an independent study that suggested the USDA testing method is flawed. Why take the risk? You don’t have to — you can protect your health and animals simply by choosing to leave chickens (and all animals) off your plate. Visit TryVeg.com today for a free Vegetarian Starter Guide.

Kuku na wanyama wengine wa kilimo cha kiwanda wanalishwa dawa za kuua viini ili kuimarisha ukuaji wa haraka na kupunguza kuenea kwa magonjwa yanayotokana na kuweka maelfu ya wanyama katika hali ya uchafu. Lakini unajua kwamba baada ya kuku kuchinjwa, mifupa yao hutiwa kemikali nyingi? Ingawa lengo la kemikali hizo ni kupunguza vimelea katika nyama, utafiti mdogo au hakuna uliofanywa juu ya kama sumu hizi zinasalia ndani au juu ya nyama na kuharibu afya ya umma au afya ya wafanyakazi wa mstari wa uzalishaji. Sehemu ya kutisha zaidi kuhusu kemikali? Katika miongo michache iliyopita, mkusanyiko na kiasi cha kemikali imeongezeka kwa kasi - kutoka wastani wa kemikali mbili tofauti kwa kila mstari wa kuua miaka kumi iliyopita hadi nne leo, na kutoka viwango vya kuyeyushwa vya sehemu 20 hadi 30 kwa kila milioni ya viungo hai katika miaka ya 1980 hadi sehemu 8,000 kwa kila milioni sasa, "alisema Mama Jones. Kwa mujibu wa mpango mpya wa Wizara ya Kilimo ya Marekani, usalama wa watumiaji unategemea zaidi kemikali hizi na chini ya wakaguzi wa mimea. Washington Post pia iliripoti kwamba Wizara ya Kilimo ya Marekani (USDA) inazingatia ikiwa kemikali hizo zenye nguvu zinaweza kuficha salmonella na vimelea vingine kwa sababu ya njia ambayo sampuli huandaliwa na kutumwa kwa maabara. Kwa ajili ya uchunguzi wa virusi, mnyama huondolewa kwenye mstari wa uzalishaji, huwekwa ndani ya mfuko uliojaa suluhisho, kisha ndege huondolewa kwenye mfuko huo huku mfuko na suluhisho zikienda kwenye maabara. Kama kemikali kwenye ndege ambazo zinapaswa kuua vimelea hazijasafishwa haraka vya kutosha, zinaendelea kuua vimelea katika suluhisho hilo. Katika miaka michache iliyopita, viwango vya salmonella (kama vilivyojaribiwa katika maabara kutoka kwa sampuli hizi) vimepunguzwa kwa nusu. Hata hivyo, idadi ya watu wanaogonjwa kutokana na salmonella katika kuku haijaboreshwa. Uchunguzi wa USDA unafuata utafiti huru ambao ulidokeza njia ya upimaji ya USDA ni mbaya. Kwa nini uhatarishe? Huna haja ya <unk> unaweza kulinda afya yako na wanyama kwa kuchagua kuondoka kuku (na wanyama wote) nje ya sahani yako. Tembelea tovuti ya TryVeg.com leo kwa Mwongozo wa Mwanzoni wa Mboga ya bure.

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Choosing Plants For South Facing Windows If you have a south-facing window in your home, consider adding plants to the space. However, there are a few things you should keep in mind before you begin your plant selection. First, make sure you have a good understanding of the light flow from the window and the room temperature. This knowledge will help you choose plants with the proper light and temperature requirements. Why a south-facing window is best for plants: South-facing windows offer a favorable light environment for many types of plants. They can receive between 500 and 1000-foot candles of sunlight each day. In winter, the sun follows a southern arc, resulting in a higher intensity of light in many homes. Some plants that are especially suited for south-facing windows include Pilea perperomiodes, Ponytail palms, and Jade plants. Another great plant for this type of window is the Kalanchoe, a species that thrives in light conditions. Through which direction plant should get light: When selecting plants for south-facing windows, you must remember that the amount of light available in the window should match the amount of direct sunlight the plants will receive. Direct sunlight can be harsh on some plants, causing them to be stressed and burned. Plants should be placed in areas that receive indirect light from the window or covered with thin curtains. Choose the right type of Plants: Bright indirect light is another important consideration when choosing plants for a south-facing window. This light can be beneficial for plants, but it can be too much for some. Plants that receive too much sunlight can dry out the soil and burn their leaves. If this is the case, it might be better to move these plants to the north or east-facing window. Dwarf Citrus trees are a plant for south-facing windows: Dwarf Citrus trees are another plant you can consider for south-facing windows. These plants are cultivated throughout the world and are native to Asia and the Malay Archipelago. Dwarf citrus trees need at least eight hours of full sunlight each day to produce a full harvest of fragrant fruit and flowers. These trees bear citrus, lemons, and limes. If you don’t want to spend a fortune on plants, you can always try a dwarf citrus tree.

Ikiwa una dirisha la upande wa kusini, fikiria kuongeza mimea kwenye nafasi hiyo. Hata hivyo, kuna mambo machache unayopaswa kukumbuka kabla ya kuanza kuchagua mimea. Kwanza, hakikisha unaelewa vizuri mwangaza unaotoka kwenye dirisha na halijoto ya chumba. Ujuzi huo utakusaidia kuchagua mimea yenye mwangaza na joto zinazofaa. Kwa nini madirisha yanayoelekea kusini ni bora kwa mimea: Madirisha yanayoelekea kusini hutoa mazingira mazuri ya mwanga kwa aina nyingi za mimea. Kwa mfano, unaweza kupata mwangaza wa jua kutoka kwa mwangaza wa mwangaza wa jua wa mita 500 hadi 1000 kila siku. Katika majira ya baridi kali, jua hufuata upinde wa kusini, na hivyo kutoa mwangaza mwingi zaidi katika nyumba nyingi. Mimea fulani inayofaa hasa kwa madirisha yanayoelekea kusini inatia ndani Pilea perperomiodes, mitende ya mkia wa farasi, na mimea ya Jade. Mti mwingine mzuri kwa ajili ya aina hii ya dirisha ni Kalanchoe, spishi ambayo hufanikiwa katika hali ya nuru. Wakati wa kuchagua mimea kwa ajili ya madirisha ya kusini, ni lazima ukumbuke kwamba kiasi cha mwanga inapatikana katika dirisha lazima mechi kiasi cha mwanga wa jua moja kwa moja mimea kupokea. Mwangaza wa jua wa moja kwa moja waweza kuwa mkali kwa mimea fulani, ukifanya iwe na mkazo na kuchomwa moto. Mimea inapaswa kuwekwa katika maeneo ambayo hupokea nuru isiyo ya moja kwa moja kutoka dirishani au kufunikwa kwa mapazia nyembamba. Chagua aina sahihi ya mimea: Nuru ya moja kwa moja yenye kung'aa ni jambo jingine muhimu la kuzingatia wakati wa kuchagua mimea kwa dirisha linaloelekea kusini. Nuru hiyo inaweza kuwa na manufaa kwa mimea, lakini inaweza kuwa nyingi sana kwa wengine. Mimea inayopokea nuru nyingi sana ya jua yaweza kukausha udongo na kuchoma majani yake. Ikiwa ni hivyo, huenda ikawa afadhali kuhamisha mimea hiyo kwenye dirisha linaloelekea kaskazini au mashariki. Mti wa Dwarf Citrus ni mmea wa madirisha ya kusini. Mimea hiyo hupandwa ulimwenguni pote na ni ya asili ya Asia na Visiwa vya Malay. Miti ya machungwa ya kipekee huhitaji angalau saa nane za jua kila siku ili kupata mazao mengi ya matunda na maua yenye harufu nzuri. Miti hiyo huwa na matunda ya machungwa, ndimu, na limao. Ikiwa hutaki kutumia pesa nyingi kwa ajili ya mimea, unaweza kujaribu mti mdogo wa machungwa.

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March 4, 2023 Firm Power Generation 2023 The rigorous research reported in this study demonstrates that a 100% transition to renewable energy is feasible and cost effective with strategic, planned overbuilding of renewable capacity. Overbuilding solar, even a little, is found to dramatically reduce the amount (and hence cost) of the energy storage required to overcome the intermittency of renewables. The alternative is an order of magnitude more energy storage (probably Li+ batteries, given current trends) with some significant environmental and resource availability issues and more cost. The amount of overbuilding required depends on the cost of variable renewables relative to the cost of storage. Historically, the capital cost of renewables (particularly solar) has decreased more rapidly than the cost of storage so the cost-optimal amount of overbuilding increases. This sweet spot could change, and the amount of overbuilding required could decrease, if the cost of storage relative to solar decreases in the coming years.The additional renewable capacity in the over-building scenario is called “implicit storage”, as it effectively substitutes for storage. This strategy is cost effective as compared to fossil fuels and “business as usual” because it is now cheaper to build an entirely new utility-scale solar farm and use the energy generated there than it is to operate and fuel an existing coal-fired power plant (Inside Climate News). The ever-decreasing cost of electricity from solar because of technological advancements and $0-cost fuel has eventuated a new paradigm in energy thinking. It’s the first time in human history that planning to overbuild infrastructure makes economic sense. In a 100% renewables future, the economic cost and the environmental impact are lower if we build more variable renewables than we need on an energy basis. Because the results are quite surprising and new to many, they therefore provide crucial, new insight for RE planning purposes, as well as simply validating the claim that a 100% transition is both feasible and affordable. And as such, advocates of renewable energy should work to build public awareness of the potential for implicit storage to lower cost and hasten the transition to 100% renewable energy. What is IEA PVPS TCP? The International Energy Agency (IEA), founded in 1974, is an autonomous body within the framework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) was created with a belief that the future of energy security and sustainability starts with global collaboration. The programme is made up of 6.000 experts across government, academia, and industry dedicated to advancing common research and the application of specific energy technologies. The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS) is one of the TCP’s within the IEA and was established in 1993. The mission of the programme is to “enhance the international collaborative efforts which facilitate the role of photovoltaic solar energy as a cornerstone in the transition to sustainable energy systems.” In order to achieve this, the Programme’s participants have undertaken a variety of joint research projects in PV power systems applications. The overall programme is headed by an Executive Committee, comprised of one delegate from each country or organisation member, which designates distinct ‘Tasks,’ that may be research projects or activity areas. The IEA PVPS participating countries are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, and the United States of America. The European Commission, Solar Power Europe, the Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA), the Solar Energy Industries Association, the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore and Enercity SA are also members. Grid-connected solar power generation, either dispersed or centralized, has developed and grown at the margin of a core of dispatchable and baseload conventional generation. As the penetration of this variable resource increases, the management of the underlying core gradually becomes more complex and costly. The challenge ahead for grid-connected solar is to evolve beyond the margin and the context of underlying conventional generation management. The present report focuses on the challenge of displacement of the underlying conventional generation core by proposing to transform intermittent variable renewable energy (VRE) resources such as solar and wind1 into firm, i.e. effectively dispatchable power generation. Substantiated by in-depth case studies, this report infers that, almost anywhere on the planet, nearly 100% VRE power grids firmly supplying clean power and meeting demand 24/365 are not only possible but would be economically viable, provided that VRE resources are optimally transformed from unconstrained run-of-the weather generation into firm generation. VREs are then capable of entirely displacing all conventional sources economically (provided now emerging grid-forming inverter technology resolves any grid frequency and stability issues resulting from the displacement of conventional rotating power generation). The variable-tofirm transformation enablers include energy storage, the optimum blending of VREs and other renewable resources, geographic dispersion, and supply/demand flexibility. Most importantly this transformation entails overbuilding (see below) and operationally curtailing the VREs ─ a strategy we term applying implicit storage. This strategy ensures acceptable total VRE production costs, which include both generation and grid integration cost. This paper received valuable contributions from several IEA-PVPS Task 16 members and other international experts. Its authors are particularly grateful to Sophie Pelland (CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada) for her careful review and suggestions.

Maelezo ya utafiti wa nguvu ya umeme ya 2020: Utafiti wa kina unaoelezwa katika utafiti huu unaonyesha kuwa mabadiliko ya 100% kwa nishati mbadala ni yawezekana na ya gharama nafuu na ujenzi wa kimkakati, uliopangwa wa uwezo wa mbadala. Kuongeza nishati ya jua, hata kidogo, hupunguza kiasi (na kwa hivyo gharama) ya kuhifadhi nishati inayohitajika kushinda upungufu wa nishati mbadala. Njia mbadala ni utaratibu wa ukubwa zaidi wa kuhifadhi nishati (labda Li + betri, kutokana na mwenendo wa sasa) na baadhi ya masuala muhimu ya mazingira na rasilimali upatikanaji na gharama zaidi. Kiasi cha overbuilding required inategemea gharama ya variable renewables kuhusiana na gharama ya kuhifadhi. Kwa kihistoria, gharama ya mtaji wa nishati mbadala (haswa jua) imepungua kwa kasi zaidi kuliko gharama ya kuhifadhi, kwa hivyo kiasi cha gharama bora cha ujenzi wa ziada huongezeka. "Hii inaweza kubadilika, na kiasi cha overbuilding required inaweza kupungua, kama gharama ya kuhifadhi ikilinganishwa na nishati ya jua kupungua katika miaka ijayo. uwezo wa ziada ya upya katika hali ya overbuilding inaitwa ""kuhifadhi implicit,"" kama ni ufanisi badala ya kuhifadhi." "Mkakati huu ni ufanisi wa gharama ikilinganishwa na mafuta ya makaa ya mawe na ""biashara kama kawaida"" kwa sababu sasa ni nafuu kujenga shamba jipya la jua la matumizi na kutumia nishati iliyozalishwa huko kuliko kuendesha na mafuta ya kituo cha umeme cha makaa ya mawe kilichopo (Ndani ya Habari ya Hali ya Hewa)." Kupungua kwa gharama za umeme kutoka kwa jua kwa sababu ya maendeleo ya kiteknolojia na mafuta ya gharama ya $ 0 imesababisha mfano mpya katika kufikiri kwa nishati. Ni mara ya kwanza katika historia ya binadamu kwamba mipango ya kujenga miundombinu kupita kiasi ina maana ya kiuchumi. Katika siku zijazo za 100% mbadala, gharama za kiuchumi na athari za mazingira ni chini ikiwa tutajenga mbadala zaidi ya mbadala kuliko tunahitaji kwa msingi wa nishati. Matokeo ya utafiti huu ni ya kushangaza na ya kipya kwa wengi, kwa hivyo hutoa ufahamu mpya muhimu kwa madhumuni ya mipango ya RE, na pia tu kuthibitisha madai kwamba mabadiliko ya 100% ni ya uwezekano na ya bei nafuu. Kwa hivyo, watetezi wa nishati mbadala wanapaswa kufanya kazi kujenga ufahamu wa umma wa uwezekano wa kuhifadhi kwa njia ya siri ili kupunguza gharama na kuharakisha mabadiliko ya nishati mbadala 100%. IEA PVPS TCP ni nini? Shirika la Kimataifa la Nishati (IEA) ni shirika la kimataifa la nishati lililoanzishwa mwaka 1974 na linafanya kazi katika mfumo wa Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD). Programu ya Ushirikiano wa Teknolojia (TCP) ilianzishwa kwa imani kwamba siku zijazo za usalama wa nishati na uendelevu huanza na ushirikiano wa kimataifa. Programu hiyo inajumuisha wataalamu 6,000 kutoka serikali, vyuo vikuu na viwanda, ambao wamejitolea kuendeleza utafiti wa pamoja na matumizi ya teknolojia maalum za nishati. IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Program (PPSP) ni mpango wa kimataifa wa nishati ya umeme unaoendeshwa na IEA. "Lengo la mpango huo ni ""kuongeza juhudi za ushirikiano wa kimataifa ambazo zinawezesha jukumu la nishati ya jua ya photovoltaic kama jiwe la msingi katika mpito wa mifumo ya nishati endelevu."" ""Kwa lengo hili, washiriki wa mpango huo wamefanya miradi mbalimbali ya utafiti wa pamoja katika matumizi ya mifumo ya nishati ya PV." Programu ya jumla inaongozwa na Kamati ya Utekelezaji, iliyo na mjumbe mmoja kutoka kila nchi au shirika mwanachama, ambayo huteua "Tasks" tofauti, ambazo zinaweza kuwa miradi ya utafiti au maeneo ya shughuli. Nchi zinazoshiriki katika IEPP ni Australia, Austria, Ubelgiji, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, Ufaransa, Ujerumani, Israel, Italia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Morocco, Uholanzi, Norway, Ureno, Afrika Kusini, Uhispania, Sweden, Uswisi, Thailand, Uturuki na Marekani. Tume ya Ulaya, Solar Power Europe, Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA), Chama cha Viwanda vya Nishati ya Jua, Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Nishati ya Jua ya Singapore na Enercity SA pia ni wanachama. Gridi-kuunganishwa nishati ya jua uzalishaji, ama kutawanyika au centralized, imeendelea na kukua katika pembe ya msingi wa dispatchable na baseload uzalishaji wa kawaida. Kama kupenya ya rasilimali hii kutofautiana huongezeka, usimamizi wa msingi msingi hatua kwa hatua inakuwa ngumu zaidi na gharama kubwa. Changamoto ya mbele kwa ajili ya gridi-kuunganishwa jua ni kuendeleza zaidi ya pembe na muktadha wa msingi wa usimamizi wa uzalishaji wa kawaida. Ripoti hii inazingatia changamoto ya kuhamishwa kwa msingi wa uzalishaji wa kawaida kwa kupendekeza kubadilisha rasilimali za nishati mbadala (VRE) kama vile jua na upepo katika nguvu ya nguvu. kwa ufanisi dispatchable umeme uzalishaji. Kwa kuzingatia utafiti wa kesi, ripoti hii inashughulikia kwamba karibu mahali popote duniani, karibu 100% ya gridi za umeme za VRE zinazotoa nguvu safi na kukidhi mahitaji 24 365 sio tu inawezekana lakini itakuwa ya kiuchumi, ikiwa rasilimali za VRE zimebadilishwa vizuri kutoka kwa kizazi cha hali ya hewa isiyo na kikomo hadi kizazi cha nguvu. VRE inaweza kuchukua nafasi ya vyanzo vyote vya kawaida vya umeme kwa gharama nafuu, ikiwa teknolojia ya inverter ya kuunda gridi inayoibuka sasa itatatua shida yoyote ya mzunguko wa gridi na utulivu unaosababishwa na kuhamishwa kwa uzalishaji wa umeme wa kawaida. Vifaa vya mabadiliko ya kubadilika-ku-kuimarisha ni pamoja na kuhifadhi nishati, mchanganyiko bora wa VRE na rasilimali nyingine mbadala, kutawanyika kwa kijiografia, na kubadilika kwa usambazaji na mahitaji. Muhimu zaidi mabadiliko haya inahusisha overbuilding (tazama hapa chini) na operationally kupunguza VRE - mkakati sisi wito kutumia kuhifadhi implicit. Mkakati huu inahakikisha kukubalika jumla VRE gharama za uzalishaji, ambayo ni pamoja na wote uzalishaji na gharama ya ushirikiano wa gridi. Maelezo ya utafiti huu yalitolewa na wanachama kadhaa wa IEA-PVPS Task 16 na wataalamu wengine wa kimataifa. Waandishi wake wanamshukuru hasa Sophie Pelland (CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada) kwa ukaguzi wake wa uangalifu na mapendekezo.

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What Is Credit Risk? Credit risk is the potential for a loss when a borrower cannot make payments as obligated to a lender. Credit risk is commonly measured and communicated as the likelihood or probability of an individual borrower’s default. Lenders use models such as probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), and exposure at default (EAD) to analyze risk, rank customers, and decide on appropriate strategies for managing this risk. Effective techniques for managing and analyzing risk include: - Understanding the risk and nature of each counterparty - Modeling credit scorecards - Using Monte Carlo simulations to model credit risk based on probability of default or credit migration matrix - Estimate lifetime expected credit losses for regulatory frameworks such as IFRS9 and CECL - Mitigating risk using credit derivatives - Managing complex regulated credit risk model workflows (with Modelscape™)

Hatari ya Mikopo Ni Nini? Hatari ya mkopo ni uwezekano wa hasara wakati mkopeshaji hawezi kufanya malipo kama wajibu kwa mkopeshaji. Hatari ya mkopo ni kawaida kipimo na kuwasiliana kama uwezekano au uwezekano wa mkopeshaji mtu binafsi default. Watoa mikopo hutumia mifano kama vile uwezekano wa default (PD), hasara kutokana na default (LGD), na mfiduo katika default (EAD) kuchambua hatari, nafasi wateja, na kuamua juu ya mikakati sahihi ya kusimamia hatari hii. Utaratibu wa kuongoza na kuamua hatari ni pamoja na: - Kuelewa hatari na asili ya kila mteja - Modeling kadi za alama za mkopo - Kutumia simulation ya Monte Carlo kuunda hatari ya mkopo kulingana na uwezekano wa default au matrix ya uhamiaji wa mkopo - Makadirio ya maisha ya makopo ya matumaini kwa mifumo ya udhibiti kama vile IFRS 9 na CECL - Kupunguza hatari kwa kutumia derivatives ya mkopo - Kusimamia mifumo ya kazi ya mifumo ya mkopo iliyopangwa (na Modelscape).

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In the annals of Islamic history, the Martyrdom of Uthman ibn Affan holds a significant place, marked by both admiration and controversy. Uthman ibn Affan, the third Caliph of Islam, was a key figure during the early days of the Islamic community. This article delves into the life and martyrdom of Uthman ibn Affan, exploring the events leading up to his tragic death, the historical context, and its lasting impact on the Islamic world. Uthman ibn Affan: A Brief Overview Uthman ibn Affan was born into the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe, one of the noblest and most influential families in Mecca. His family’s prestige and wealth were well-known in pre-Islamic Arabia. Uthman’s deep connection with the Prophet Muhammad and his unwavering support during the early days of Islam made him a prominent figure in the history of the religion. Early Life and Conversion to Islam Uthman ibn Affan’s journey to becoming a devoted Muslim began during the early years of Islam. Raised in a wealthy and respected family, Uthman enjoyed the benefits of a comfortable life. However, his life took a significant turn when he encountered the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. Uthman’s conversion to Islam marked a pivotal moment in his life. His faith and dedication to the nascent religion quickly endeared him to the Prophet Muhammad and the early Muslim community. Uthman’s financial contributions to the Islamic cause, particularly during times of hardship, earned him the nickname “Ghani,” meaning generous. Uthman’s Caliphate and Challenges After the deaths of the first two Caliphs, Abu Bakr, and Umar, Uthman was elected as the third Caliph in 644 CE. Various challenges and controversies, including territorial expansions and administrative changes, marked his Caliphate. Uthman’s efforts to compile the Quran into a single standardized text and his construction of water wells across the Arabian Peninsula are noteworthy achievements. However, growing discontent within the Muslim community also marked his Caliphate. Opposition groups accused Uthman of nepotism and favoritism, leading to a series of protests and demands for his resignation. The Siege of Uthman and His Martyrdom The culmination of the opposition’s grievances against Uthman led to a lengthy and tense siege at his home in Medina. The protestors, mainly from Egypt and Iraq, accused him of various wrongdoings, including favoritism towards his Umayyad relatives. Despite his attempts to reconcile with the dissidents, the situation deteriorated. The siege lasted for weeks, with Uthman refusing to use force against the dissenters. Ultimately, the situation escalated, leading to a tragic turn of events. On the 18th of Dhul-Hijjah, 656 CE, Uthman ibn Affan was brutally assassinated inside his home. His martyrdom sent shockwaves throughout the Islamic community, and his death is still a subject of debate among historians. Legacy and Historical Significance The martyrdom of Uthman ibn Affan had profound and lasting effects on the Islamic world. His tragic death not only highlighted the divisions within the Muslim community but also paved the way for a series of civil wars known as the First Fitna. These conflicts fundamentally altered the course of Islamic history and led to the eventual rise of the Umayyad dynasty. Despite the controversies and debates surrounding his rule, Uthman’s contributions to Islam, including the compilation of the Quran and various infrastructure projects, cannot be overlooked. His generosity and dedication to the faith left a lasting legacy. Uthman ibn Affan’s martyrdom stands as a pivotal chapter in Islamic history, marking a period of turbulent change and division within the Muslim community. People remember Uthman for his unwavering faith, generosity, and contributions to Islam, all while controversies characterized his Caliphate. To grasp the early development of Islam and its global impact, it’s crucial to comprehend the events surrounding his martyrdom. Hazrat Uthman was martyred through assassination. He was besieged in his house in Medina and ultimately killed in the year 656 CE. Uthman, the third Caliph, is known for compiling the Quran into a single book, standardizing its script. He also undertook significant construction projects, including the expansion of the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina. “Affan” means “moderate” or “just” in Arabic. Uthman ibn Affan is recognized for his fairness and moderation during his caliphate.

Katika historia ya Uislamu, mauaji ya Uthman ibn Affan yana nafasi kubwa, na yanajulikana kwa heshima na utata. Uthman ibn Affan, Khalifa wa tatu wa Uislamu, alikuwa mtu muhimu katika siku za mwanzo za jamii ya Kiislamu. Makala hii inazungumzia maisha na kifo cha Uthman ibn Affan, ikichunguza matukio yaliyomwongoza kwenye kifo chake cha kusikitisha, muktadha wa kihistoria, na athari yake ya kudumu kwenye ulimwengu wa Kiislamu. Uthman ibn Affan alikuwa mwana wa jamaa ya Umayyad ya kabila la Quraysh, moja ya familia za kifalme na zenye ushawishi mkubwa katika Mecca. Sifa na utajiri wa familia yake ulijulikana sana katika Arabia kabla ya Uislamu. Uhusiano wa kina wa Uthman na Mtume Muhammad na msaada wake usio na mshiko katika siku za mwanzo za Uislamu ulimfanya kuwa mtu mashuhuri katika historia ya dini. Maisha ya Mapema na Kubadilisha kwa Uislamu Safari ya Uthman ibn Affan kuwa Mwislamu mwenye kujitolea ilianza wakati wa miaka ya mapema ya Uislamu. Alipokuwa akikulia katika familia tajiri na yenye kuheshimika, Uthman alifurahia maisha yenye starehe. Hata hivyo, maisha yake yalibadilika sana alipokutana na mafundisho ya Nabii Muhammad. Uongofu wa Uthman kwa Uislamu ulitia alama wakati muhimu katika maisha yake. Imani yake na kujitolea kwake kwa dini hiyo iliyokuwa ikianzishwa haraka ilimfanya apendwe na Mtume Muhammad na jumuiya ya Waislamu wa mapema. Michango ya kifedha ya Uthman kwa sababu ya Kiislamu, hasa wakati wa magumu, ilimpatia jina la utani <unk>Ghani,<unk> linalomaanisha ukarimu. Baada ya kifo cha Khalifa wa kwanza, Abu Bakr, na Umar, Uthman alichaguliwa kuwa Khalifa wa tatu mnamo 644 KK. Changamoto na mabishano mbalimbali, kutia ndani upanuzi wa eneo na mabadiliko ya kiutawala, yaliashiria utawala wake. Jitihada za Uthman za kukusanya Qur'ani katika maandishi moja ya kawaida na ujenzi wake wa visima vya maji katika Peninsula ya Arabia ni mafanikio ya kutokeza. Hata hivyo, kutoridhika kulikua ndani ya jumuiya ya Waislamu pia kulionyesha utawala wake wa Khilafah. Vikundi vya upinzani vilimshtaki Uthman kwa ukoo na upendeleo, na kusababisha mfululizo wa maandamano na madai ya kujiuzulu kwake. Kuzingirwa kwa Uthman na kifo chake cha shahidi: Ukaidi wa upinzani dhidi ya Uthman ulisababisha kuzingirwa kwa muda mrefu na kwa mkazo nyumbani kwake huko Medina. Waandamanaji, hasa kutoka Misri na Iraq, walimshtaki kwa makosa mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na upendeleo kwa jamaa zake wa Umayyad. Licha ya majaribio yake ya kupatanisha na wapinzani, hali ilizorota. Kuzingirwa huko kulidumu kwa majuma kadhaa, na Uthman alikataa kutumia nguvu dhidi ya wapinzani. Mwishowe, hali ilizidi kuwa mbaya, na mambo yakawa mabaya sana. Tarehe 18 Dhul-Hijjah mwaka 656 BK, Uthman ibn Affan aliuawa kwa ukatili ndani ya nyumba yake. Kifo chake cha kifo cha shahidi kilisababisha msukosuko katika jumuiya yote ya Kiislamu, na kifo chake bado ni suala la mjadala miongoni mwa wanahistoria. Urithi na Umuhimu wa Kihistoria Mauaji ya Uthman ibn Affan yalikuwa na athari kubwa na ya kudumu kwenye ulimwengu wa Kiislamu. Kifo chake cha kusikitisha hakikujulisha tu mgawanyiko ndani ya jamii ya Waislamu bali pia kilifungua njia kwa mfululizo wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vinavyojulikana kama Fitna ya Kwanza. Mapigano hayo yalibadili kabisa mwendo wa historia ya Kiislamu na hatimaye kusababisha kuanzishwa kwa nasaba ya Umayyad. Licha ya mabishano na mijadala inayozunguka utawala wake, michango ya Uthman kwa Uislamu, ikiwa ni pamoja na mkusanyiko wa Qur'ani na miradi mbalimbali ya miundombinu, haiwezi kupuuzwa. Ukarimu wake na kujitolea kwake kwa imani kuliacha urithi wa kudumu. Kifo cha Uthman ibn Affan ni sura muhimu katika historia ya Uislamu, ikiashiria kipindi cha mabadiliko ya msukosuko na mgawanyiko ndani ya jamii ya Kiislamu. Watu wanamkumbuka Uthman kwa imani yake isiyotikisika, ukarimu, na michango yake kwa Uislamu, wakati wote wakati mabishano yalipoonyesha Khilafah yake. Ili kuelewa maendeleo ya mapema ya Uislamu na athari yake ya kimataifa, ni muhimu kuelewa matukio yanayozunguka kifo chake. Hazrat Uthman alishuhudiwa kwa kuuawa. Alipigwa ngome katika nyumba yake huko Madina na kuuawa mwaka 656 BK. Uthman, Khalifa wa tatu, anajulikana kwa kukusanya Qur'ani katika kitabu kimoja, na kuifanya iwe na maandishi ya kawaida. Pia alifanya miradi mikubwa ya ujenzi, ikiwa ni pamoja na upanuzi wa Msikiti wa Mtume huko Medina. "Affan" inamaanisha "kiwango" au "tu" katika Kiarabu. Uthman ibn Affan anatambuliwa kwa haki yake na kiasi chake wakati wa utawala wake.

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Published Date: May 27, 2021 What Are Baby Signs? Having a sick child is an upsetting and worrisome experience for all parents. Because very young children can’t talk, parents often have to guessing what’s wrong. Is the baby teething? Does he or she has an earache? Is she cold or wet or simply lonely? How to talk with your baby is a skill you must master. I recall one of my clients and baby Sophia. Long before she could say the word ‘fever’, she was able to tell her mother exactly what she was feeling and what she needed. The baby signs which Sophia and hundreds of thousands of other babies around the world are using are based on both cutting-edge child ‘development research’ and old – fashioned common sense about how babies communicate. These gestures are examples of Baby Signs – simple, easy-to-remember signs that babies can use to talk about things in their world that they don’t have words for yet. In their great desire to communicate, babies often spontaneously figure out ways to “talk,” using simple signs that resemble what they are interested in, such as “painting” for dog, “sniffing” for flowers, and “flapping arms “for bird. This is why we call Baby Signs a “natural sign language.” Unfortunately most parents never appreciate their baby’s ability to learn additional signs beyond bye-bye, yes, and no that can help them communicate in ways that otherwise would be impossible until they can speak. Talking is so easy for adults that we forget how difficult it was to learn. When a baby finally produces a true word, she is demonstrating an impressive degree of mastery over all the large and small body parts necessary to make the particular sounds involved. There’s the tongue to place, the lips to form, the vocal chords to control, the breathing to regulate, and much more. The reason for “baby talk” – those difficult-to-decipher words, such as “wawa” for water – is that babies are physically unable to string together necessary sounds in the words, but are doing their best to practice. It takes time, often until they are three years old, before they have mastered their vocal chords enough to make them do exactly what they want them to do. Baby Signs And American Sign Language We’ve been asked by many of our clients how regular Baby Signs relate to American Sign Language (ASL), the official language of the deaf communities The simple answer is that the Baby Sign method incorporates the most useful, ‘baby friendly” signs from ASL and combines them with signs that babies and parents have created themselves and found particularly useful. We also knew that young babies, with their limited motor coordination, are not able to master many of the complex hand shapes of ASL. Because for hearing babies using sign language is simply language is simply a temporary bridge to speech, our goal has always been to do what is easiest for babies and their parents. Our focus has not been to teach hearing babies a second language but to provide them with the signs that they can use most easily to express their needs, thoughts and feelings until they have words. Research has shown that signs are easiest for babies – and for parents – when they involve simple gestures and when they resemble the things they stand for ( e.g. fingers to lips for eat, arms out straight like wings for airplane). Baby Signs, whether from ASL or not, have been selected based on what has worked best for babies and parents. Benefits For Your Baby Imagine how frustrating it would be if you were unable to talk and had no way to express your needs, fears, and thoughts about the world we live in. It’s no argument, parents know that a hearing disability is a terrible thing. You would feel locked in a prison of isolation, (Like it was during the pandemic outbreak.) Babies often feel this same way, which is why they so frequently throw tantrums and use whatever means they have – pointing and screaming – to try to convey what they are thinking and wanting. More than a decade of research have consistently shown us that daily life with a proverbial baby test everyone’s patience. This is were Baby Signs comes in. One Main Benefit : Makes Family Life Easier and Decreases Tears. Baby Signs alleviate frustration and avoid the need for a baby to be totally dependent on pointing, crying, or an urgent “Uh! Uh! Uh!” to get a message across. In the story of Sophia, as I mentioned above, we’ve seen how using Baby Signs helped a proverbial baby tell her mother what she was experiencing and what she really needed. Not only are children better able to communicate their needs, but parents also find that Baby Signs open a window into their child’s mind that profoundly enriches the experience of parenting. In the following story, Baby Signs helped turn one sleepless night into a sublime experience of sharing for a father long before his son had the vocal ability to speak. A Father’s Experience “Thirteen-month-old Bryce often had difficulty sleeping through the night. One morning just before dawn, he awoke and began to cry. When Bryce’s mom, Karen, heard him, she reached over and gave Bryce’s dad, Norm, a shake. “It’s your turn,” she whispered sleepily to Norm. After a few protests, Norm reluctantly crawled out of bed and went in to comfort Bryce, typically not an easy job. Realizing that racking Bryce was not going to work this time, Norm took Bryce out onto the front porch, sat down on the glider, and began to glide back & forth. Norm felt frustrated sitting on the porch at 5:30 in the morning when he should have been upstairs in his cozy bed. Settling a bit, Bryce noticed the sun peeking up from the horizon. Still whimpering, he looked at his dad with tear-stained cheeks and flashed his fingers, making the Baby Sign for light. Norm’s heart melted and he hugged Bryce tightly. “That’s right, Bryce. This sun is coming up and giving us it’s light.” Norm still remembers this as one of his favorite moments with his son. Let’s consider right now, what young Sophia, Jennifer, and Bryce have in common. I each case a baby, even without words, was able to convey a message and enjoy the experience of being quickly, and accurately understood. Inter-changes such as these foster feelings of competence and trust and help avoid frustration. “The result is a warmer, more satisfying relationship between child and adult.” Here’s something I know You’ll like. Look at

"Kutoka kwa ""Mwezi wa 5, 2021"" - Ni nini alama za mtoto?" Kuwa na mtoto mgonjwa ni jambo lenye kusumbua na lenye kuogopesha kwa wazazi wote. Kwa sababu watoto wadogo sana hawawezi kuzungumza, mara nyingi wazazi hulazimika kukisia ni nini kibaya. Je, mtoto anaanza kutokeza meno? Je, yeye au yeye ana maumivu ya masikio? Je, ana baridi au ana mvua au ni mpweke tu? Jinsi ya kuzungumza na mtoto wako ni ujuzi ambao unapaswa kuufahamu. Mmoja wa wateja wangu, Sophia, alikuwa na mtoto. Muda mrefu kabla ya yeye kusema neno <unk>mwagaji<unk>, alikuwa na uwezo wa kumwambia mama yake hasa nini alikuwa akihisi na nini yeye alihitaji. Ishara za mtoto ambazo Sophia na mamia ya maelfu ya watoto wengine ulimwenguni kote wanatumia zinategemea utafiti wa kisasa wa maendeleo ya mtoto na akili ya kawaida ya zamani juu ya jinsi watoto wanavyowasiliana. Ishara hizi ni mifano ya Ishara za Mtoto - ishara rahisi, rahisi kukumbuka ambazo watoto wanaweza kutumia kuzungumza juu ya mambo katika ulimwengu wao ambayo bado hawana maneno ya kusema. Katika hamu yao kubwa ya kuwasiliana, watoto mara nyingi hujifunza njia za "kuzungumza", wakitumia ishara rahisi zinazofanana na kile wanachopendezwa nacho, kama vile "kuchora" kwa mbwa, "kuvuta harufu" kwa maua, na "kupiga makofi" kwa ndege. "Kwa hivyo, ishara za mtoto ni ""lugha ya ishara ya asili"" - kwa hivyo, wazazi wengi hawajui jinsi mtoto wao anavyoweza kujifunza ishara za ziada zaidi ya ""hapa, hapa, na hapana"" - ambazo zinaweza kuwasaidia kuwasiliana kwa njia ambazo vinginevyo zingekuwa haiwezekani mpaka waweze kuzungumza." Kuzungumza ni rahisi sana kwa watu wazima hivi kwamba tunasahau jinsi ilivyokuwa vigumu kujifunza. Mtoto anapotoa neno sahihi, anaonyesha uwezo mkubwa wa kuweza kutumia sehemu zote kubwa na ndogo za mwili ili kutokeza sauti hususa. Kuna ulimi wa kuwekwa, midomo ya kufanyizwa, kamba za sauti za kudhibiti, kupumua kwa kudhibiti, na mengi zaidi. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""baby talk"" ni neno ambalo ni vigumu kueleweka, kama vile ""wawa"" kwa maji, kwa sababu watoto hawawezi kuunganisha sauti muhimu katika maneno, lakini wanafanya kila wawezalo kufanya mazoezi." Inachukua muda, mara nyingi hadi wanapokuwa na umri wa miaka mitatu, kabla ya kuweza kutumia sauti zao vya kutosha kuwafanya wafanye kile wanachotaka. "Mfano wa ishara za mtoto na lugha ya ishara ya Marekani: ""Mfano wa ishara za mtoto"" ni lugha ya ishara ya Marekani (ASL), ambayo ni lugha rasmi ya jamii ya viziwi, na inaonyesha ishara za mtoto na ishara za wazazi na watoto." "Wanafunzi hao pia waligundua kwamba watoto wadogo, kwa sababu ya uwezo wao mdogo wa kuratibu mambo, hawawezi kuelewa ""mfano"" wa mikono katika lugha ya Kiingereza." Kwa sababu kwa watoto wanaosikia kutumia lugha ya ishara, lugha ni daraja la muda tu kwa usemi, lengo letu daima limekuwa kufanya kile kilicho rahisi zaidi kwa watoto na wazazi wao. """Lengo letu halikuwa kuwafundisha watoto wanaosikia lugha ya pili bali kuwapa ishara ambazo wanaweza kutumia kwa urahisi kueleza mahitaji yao, mawazo na hisia zao mpaka wawe na maneno." Utafiti umeonyesha kwamba ishara ni rahisi kwa watoto wachanga <unk> na kwa wazazi <unk> wakati zinahusisha ishara rahisi na wakati zinafanana na vitu vinavyowakilisha (kwa mfano Vipande vya mikono kwa midomo kwa chakula, mikono moja kwa moja kama mabawa kwa ndege. Kwa mfano, ishara za mtoto, kama kutoka ASL au la, zimechaguliwa kulingana na kile kilichokuwa kikifanya kazi bora kwa watoto na wazazi. Fikiria jinsi ingekuwa vigumu sana ikiwa ungeweza kuzungumza na ungeweza kueleza mahitaji yako, hofu zako, na mawazo yako kuhusu ulimwengu tunaoishi. Hakuna ubishi, wazazi wanajua kwamba ulemavu wa kusikia ni jambo baya sana. "Utakisikia kama umefungwa gerezani, kama ulivyokuwa wakati wa janga hilo.""" Watoto wadogo mara nyingi huhisi hivyo, na hiyo ndiyo sababu mara nyingi wao hutumia njia zozote wanazokuwa nazo - kuonyesha na kupiga kelele - kujaribu kueleza kile wanachofikiri na wanataka. Zaidi ya miaka kumi ya utafiti imetuonyesha mara kwa mara kwamba maisha ya kila siku na mtoto wa mithali hujaribu subira ya kila mtu. Hii ni ambapo Baby Signs huja. Faida Kuu: Inafanya Maisha ya Familia Yawe Rahisi Na Kupunguza Machozi. Ishara za Mtoto hupunguza kukata tamaa na kuepuka uhitaji wa mtoto kuwa tegemezi kabisa kwa kuelekeza, kulia, au <unk>Uh! Uh! (Kushangaa) Uh!<unk> kupata ujumbe katika. Katika hadithi ya Sophia, kama nilivyosema hapo juu, tumeona jinsi kutumia Ishara za Mtoto kulivyomsaidia mtoto wa mithali kumwambia mama yake kile alichokuwa akipitia na kile alichohitaji kweli. Watoto hawawezi tu kuwasiliana vizuri na mahitaji yao, lakini wazazi pia wanapata kwamba ishara za mtoto hufungua dirisha katika akili ya mtoto wao ambayo huongeza sana uzoefu wa uzazi. Katika hadithi ifuatayo, ishara za mtoto zilisaidia kugeuza usiku mmoja usio na usingizi kuwa uzoefu mzuri wa kushiriki kwa baba muda mrefu kabla ya mwanawe kuwa na uwezo wa sauti ya kuzungumza. Uzoefu wa Baba <unk> Bryce mwenye umri wa miezi kumi na mitatu mara nyingi alikuwa na ugumu wa kulala usiku kucha. Asubuhi moja kabla tu ya mapambazuko, aliamka na kuanza kulia. Mama ya Bryce, Karen, alipomsikia, alimfikia na kumshika Norm, baba ya Bryce. "Ni zamu yako", alimsikilizia Norm kwa usingizi. Baada ya maandamano machache, Norm aliruka kutoka kitandani kwa kusita na kuingia ndani kumfariji Bryce, kazi ambayo kwa kawaida si rahisi. Alipoona kwamba kumshambulia Bryce hakutakuwa na matokeo wakati huu, Norm alimchukua Bryce kwenye ukumbi wa mbele, akaketi kwenye glider, na kuanza kuteleza mbele na nyuma. Norm alivunjika moyo kwa kuketi kwenye veranda saa 5:30 asubuhi wakati alipaswa kuwa juu katika kitanda chake kitulivu. Alipokuwa akitulia kidogo, Bryce aliona jua likiangaza kwenye upeo wa macho. Akiwa bado analia, alimtazama baba yake kwa mashavu yaliyotiwa machozi na kutikisa vidole vyake, akifanya Ishara ya Mtoto kwa mwanga. Moyo wa Norm uliyeyuka na akamkumbatia Bryce kwa nguvu. Hiyo ni haki, Bryce. Jua hili linatoka na kutupa nuru yake. Norm bado anakumbuka hii kama moja ya wakati wake favorite na mwanawe. Hebu tuchunguze sasa hivi, kile ambacho Sophia mchanga, Jennifer, na Bryce wanafanana. Katika kila kisa mtoto, hata bila maneno, aliweza kuwasiliana na kufurahia uzoefu wa kueleweka haraka na kwa usahihi. Mabadiliko kama haya kukuza hisia ya uwezo na uaminifu na kusaidia kuepuka kukata tamaa. <unk>Mafanikio ni uhusiano wa joto, wenye kuridhisha zaidi kati ya mtoto na mtu mzima.<unk> Hapa ni kitu ninachojua utapenda. Angalia

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London, April 9 : Internet access must be considered as a basic human right in developing countries else there is a risk of ever-widening inequality, new research has said. People around the globe are so dependent on the Internet to exercise socio-economic human rights such as education, healthcare, work, and housing that online access must now be considered a basic human right, according to researchers from University of Birmingham in the UK. In developing countries, Internet access can make the difference between people receiving an education, staying healthy, finding a home, and securing employment — or not, said the study published in the journal Politics, Philosophy & Economics. “The Internet has unique and fundamental value for the realisation of many of our socio-economic human rights – allowing users to submit job applications, send medical information to healthcare professionals, manage their finances and business, make social security claims, and submit educational assessments,” said Dr Merten Reglitz, lecturer in global ethics at the University of Birmingham. “The Internet’s structure enables a mutual exchange of information that has the potential to contribute to the progress of humankind as a whole — potential that should be protected and deployed by declaring access to the Internet a human right.” The study outlined several areas in developed countries where Internet access is essential to exercise socio-economic human rights, like education, health, housing, work and social security. For people in developing countries, Internet access can also make the difference between receiving an adequate level of healthcare or receiving none. “Small businesses can also raise money through online crowdfunding platforms. The World Bank expects such sums raised in Africa to rise from $32 million in 2015 to $2.5 billion in 2025,” said the study.

"Upatikanaji wa mtandao lazima ufikie kuwa haki ya msingi ya binadamu katika nchi zinazoendelea, vinginevyo kuna hatari ya kuongezeka kwa ukosefu wa usawa, ""utafiti mpya umesema." Watu duniani kote wanategemea sana mtandao ili kutekeleza haki zao za kijamii na kiuchumi kama vile elimu, huduma za afya, kazi na makazi, na kufikia mtandao sasa lazima kuonwa kuwa haki ya msingi ya binadamu, kulingana na watafiti kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Birmingham nchini Uingereza. "Kama vile utafiti unavyoonyesha, ""upatikanaji wa mtandao unaweza kufanya tofauti kati ya watu kupata elimu, kukaa na afya, kupata nyumba, na kupata ajira au la,"" alisema utafiti uliochapishwa katika jarida la siasa, falsafa na uchumi." "Intaneti ina thamani ya kipekee na ya msingi kwa utekelezaji wa haki zetu nyingi za kijamii na kiuchumi za binadamu, ikiruhusu watumiaji kuwasilisha maombi ya kazi, kutuma habari za matibabu kwa wataalamu wa huduma za afya, kusimamia fedha zao na biashara, kufanya madai ya usalama wa kijamii, na kuwasilisha tathmini za elimu, ""alisema Dk Merten Reglitz, mhadhiri wa maadili ya kimataifa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Birmingham." "Ujenzi wa mtandao unawezesha kubadilishana habari ambazo zinaweza kuchangia maendeleo ya binadamu kwa ujumla, uwezo ambao unapaswa kulindwa na kutumiwa kwa kutangaza upatikanaji wa mtandao kama haki ya binadamu, ""aliongeza, ""Utafiti huo ulionyesha maeneo kadhaa katika nchi zilizoendelea ambapo upatikanaji wa mtandao ni muhimu kwa kutekeleza haki za kijamii na kiuchumi kama elimu, afya, makazi, kazi na usalama wa kijamii." Kwa watu katika nchi zinazoendelea, upatikanaji wa mtandao unaweza pia kufanya tofauti kati ya kupokea kiwango cha kutosha cha huduma za afya au kupokea hakuna. <unk> Biashara ndogo ndogo pia inaweza kukusanya fedha kupitia majukwaa ya mtandaoni ya ufadhili wa umma. Benki ya Dunia inatarajia kiasi hicho cha fedha kuchukuliwa katika Afrika kuongezeka kutoka $ 32 milioni katika 2015 hadi $ 2.5 bilioni katika 2025, utafiti huo ulisema.

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30 Oct 2018 How does inflation affect interest rates? To understand why inflation can impact interest rates, you need to know about the Bank of England's 15 Aug 2014 If it is struggling then the interest rates will be low. Interest rates can directly affect inflation, and the Banks are known to increase or decrease 13 Jan 2015 By contrast, deflation - or falling prices - increases the real value of debts Inflation will always reduce the value of money, unless interest rates 30 Oct 2019 For consumers, lower rates do mean cheaper loans, which can impact your mortgage, Here's how the Fed rate cut affects you “If it means the difference between staying ahead of inflation and losing purchasing power, 13 Sep 2019 While such a policy is widely considered valid only for economies in Europe and Japan with chronically low inflation and weak growth, the idea is The inflation rate will not be known in advance. The complexity increases for bonds issued for a long-term, where the And in effect interest rates incorporate a “negative feedback loop” into inflation. When people think of the word inflation they generally think of how inflation affects them. They see rising prices of common commodities like gasoline or food and worry about the rising cost of living. Here’s how you might be affected if the inflation rate rises: It may become more expensive to take out credit. Your existing monthly payments for credit – including your mortgage – may go up if you have a variable interest rate. (A fixed interest rate will protect you, but only until the term Interest rates go up and they go down. These changing interest rates can jump-start economic growth and fight inflation. This, in turn, can affect the unemployment rate. The Federal Reserve Bank, commonly known as the Fed, doesn’t dictate interest rates, but it can affect our financial future because it sets what's known as monetary policy. The real interest rate on an asset is the nominal rate minus the rate of inflation. Because it takes inflation into account, the real interest rate is more indicative of the growth in the investor’s purchasing power. If a bond has a nominal interest rate of 5% and inflation is 2%, the real interest rate is 3%. 1 Nov 2014 Bank tipped to hold for most of 2019, as inflation stays low and Brexit is extended Interest rates stick at 0.75% and tipped to rise in late 2019 if at all and the move holds - it can affect the pricing of some mortgages and Learn how interest rates are determined and how rates affect them this video from Better Money Habits. 9 Aug 2018 The era of low interest rates will last for at least another 20 years, despite of borrowing costs deemed necessary by the MPC to keep inflation in check but would need to announce two quarter-point interest rate increases 27 Sep 2018 If the repo rate continues to go up, banks will raise loan rates, sooner or later. This will lead to higher loan repayment cost for corporates. 29 Mar 2016 What does this mean coupled with last week's interest rate hike? further increases in inflation we would need to see rate hikes of up to 3.3% 12 Jan 2018 He questions two fundamental relationships between inflation and the policy has no long term effect on real (that is, inflation-adjusted) interest rates. to Borio , is that central banks should aim to hit their targets more slowly. The Reserve Bank uses the Official Cash Rate (OCR) in two ways to influence the short-term interest rates your bank offers you. 6 Aug 2017 The inflation rate in the United States, as measured by the annual rate in effect and, most recently, headline inflation was 1.4 percent in June, 2017. whether the Federal Reserve will raise its benchmark interest rate for a If interest rates increase, then you will need to give more interest f Originally Answered: How does interest rates affects inflation? Inflation is the rise over time Like we said earlier, lower interest rates put more borrowing power in the hands of consumers. And when consumers spend more, the economy grows, naturally creating inflation. If the Fed decides that the economy is growing too fast-that demand will greatly outpace supply-then it can raise interest rates, slowing the amount of cash entering the economy. 20 Mar 2019 February marked the first month in which inflation has risen since the summer " The Bank has said it thinks higher interest rates will be appropriate in the and this increases the cost to producers of getting goods to market, increases in financial market efficiency, im- provements forces, we can determine the expected rate of change of Inflation and real and nominal interest rates. 21 Jan 2020 Inflation can impact your business and the wider economy. Here's what it is and why it's How does inflation affect interest rates? Inflation is an Whether you have an existing loan or want to borrow, inflation could affect your terms. Find out how inflation and interest rates are linked in this guide. For the computation of the effective tax rates, assumptions on economic parameters have to be made - in particular on the values of the inflation and interest rate. There is always an increase in interest rates by the Central Bank when the predicted inflation goes beyond the target inflation. Greater interest rates usually translate moderate economic growth. Also, an increase in interest rates will lead to an increase in the associated cost of borrowing and lower disposable income. Like we said earlier, lower interest rates put more borrowing power in the hands of consumers. And when consumers spend more, the economy grows, naturally creating inflation. If the Fed decides that the economy is growing too fast-that demand will greatly outpace supply-then it can raise interest rates, slowing the amount of cash entering the economy.

30 Aprili 2018 - Uwekezaji wa Fedha Utafanyaje? "Kwa nini inflation inaweza kuathiri viwango vya riba, unahitaji kujua kuhusu taarifa ya Benki ya Uingereza ya 15 Aug 2014 ""Ikiwa ina shida, basi viwango vya riba vitakuwa chini.""" "Kama vile Fed inavyopendekeza, ""Uwezo wa kununua"" ni muhimu kwa uchumi wa nchi, na kwa sababu ya kuwa na kiwango cha chini cha riba, kiwango cha Fed cha kupunguzwa kwa kiwango cha chini cha riba kinaweza kuathiri uchumi wa nchi, na kwa sababu ya kuwa na kiwango cha chini cha riba, kiwango cha chini cha riba kinaweza kuathiri uchumi wa nchi." Utata huongezeka kwa ajili ya dhamana iliyotolewa kwa muda mrefu, ambapo na kwa kweli viwango vya riba kuingiza <unk> hasi feedback kitanzi <unk> katika mfumuko wa bei. "Wakati watu wanaposema ""inflation,"" kwa kawaida wanafikiria jinsi inflation inavyowaathiri." Wanaona bei ya bidhaa za kawaida kama vile petroli au chakula ikiongezeka na wana wasiwasi juu ya kuongezeka kwa gharama za maisha. Hapa ni jinsi unaweza kuathiriwa kama kiwango cha mfumuko wa bei huongezeka: Inaweza kuwa ghali zaidi kuchukua mikopo. Malipo yako ya kila mwezi ya mikopo <unk> ikiwa ni pamoja na mkopo wako wa nyumba <unk> inaweza kuongezeka ikiwa una kiwango cha riba kinachoweza kubadilika. Kiwango cha riba cha kudumu kinakutetea, lakini tu hadi kiwango cha riba kinapopanda na kupungua. Mabadiliko hayo ya viwango vya riba yanaweza kuchochea ukuzi wa kiuchumi na kupambana na mfumuko wa bei. Hilo, kwa upande wake, laweza kuathiri kiwango cha ukosefu wa kazi. Fed, ambayo pia inajulikana kama Fed, haitoi viwango vya riba, lakini inaweza kuathiri siku zijazo za kifedha kwa sababu huweka kile kinachojulikana kama sera ya fedha. Kiwango cha riba halisi juu ya mali ni kiwango cha nominal minus kiwango cha mfumuko wa bei. Kwa sababu inachukua ufumbuzi wa bei, kiwango cha riba halisi ni zaidi ya kuonyesha ukuaji katika nguvu ya ununuzi wa mwekezaji. Kwa mfano, ikiwa dhamana ina kiwango cha riba cha 5% na mfumuko wa bei ni 2%, kiwango cha riba halisi ni 3%. "Mwezi Novemba, Benki ya Uingereza ilitangaza kuwa itaendelea na mpango wa ""kuchukua hatua,"" na viwango vya riba vya Uingereza viliendelea kuongezeka hadi 0.75% na ""kuongezeka"" hadi mwisho wa mwaka huu, na ""kuchukua hatua"" inaweza kuathiri bei ya mikopo ya nyumba na ""kujifunza jinsi viwango vya riba vinavyoamuliwa na jinsi viwango vinavyowaathiri"" video hii kutoka Better Money Habits." "Mwaka wa viwango vya chini vya riba utaendelea kwa angalau miaka 20 ijayo, licha ya gharama za kukopa zinazohesabiwa kuwa muhimu na MPC kuweka mfumuko wa bei chini, lakini itahitaji kutangaza ongezeko la asilimia mbili za riba, ""alisema Rais Obama." Hii itasababisha gharama ya juu ya kulipa mkopo kwa mashirika. 29 Mar 2016 - Mfano wa kuvutia zaidi wa kuvutia zaidi wa kuvutia zaidi wa kuvutia zaidi wa kuvutia zaidi "Kama kuna ongezeko la mfumuko wa bei, basi itabidi tuone ongezeko la kiwango cha riba hadi 3.3% "" (Alisema) ""Kuna maswali mawili ya msingi kati ya mfumuko wa bei na sera hiyo haina athari ya muda mrefu kwenye viwango halisi vya riba (yaani, vilivyobadilishwa kwa mfumuko wa bei)." Borrell anasema benki kuu zinapaswa kuwa na lengo la kufikia malengo yao polepole. Benki ya Hifadhi ya Marekani (OTC) hutumia kiwango cha fedha rasmi (OTC) kwa njia mbili ili kuathiri viwango vya riba vya muda mfupi ambavyo benki yako inatoa. "Mwezi Juni, mwaka wa 2017, kiwango cha ulaghai nchini Marekani kilikuwa asilimia 1.4, na kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya Fedha ya Marekani, kiwango cha ulaghai cha Marekani kilikuwa asilimia 1.4, na kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya Fedha ya Marekani, kiwango cha ulaghai cha Marekani kilikuwa asilimia 1.4, na kiwango cha ulaghai cha Marekani kilikuwa asilimia 1.4, na kiwango cha ulaghai kilikuwa asilimia 1.4, na kiwango cha ulaghai kilikuwa asilimia 1.4,.""" Mfumuko wa bei ni kuongezeka kwa muda kama tulivyosema hapo awali, viwango vya chini vya riba huweka nguvu zaidi ya kukopa mikononi mwa watumiaji. Na wakati watumiaji hutumia zaidi, uchumi hukua, kwa kawaida kuunda mfumuko wa bei. Fed inapoamua kuwa uchumi unakua kwa kasi sana, mahitaji yatakuwa ya juu zaidi ya usambazaji, inaweza kuongeza viwango vya riba, kupunguza kiasi cha fedha kuingia katika uchumi. "Mwezi wa Februari ni mwezi wa kwanza ambao mfumuko wa bei umepanda tangu majira ya joto, ""Bodi ya Benki ya Dunia imesema, ""Tunafikiri viwango vya riba vya juu vitakuwa sahihi katika mwaka huu, na hii inaongeza gharama kwa wazalishaji wa kupata bidhaa kwenye soko, kuongezeka kwa ufanisi wa soko la fedha, nguvu za uboreshaji, tunaweza kuamua kiwango cha kutarajiwa cha mabadiliko ya mfumuko wa bei na viwango vya riba halisi na nominal.""" 21 Jan 2020 Mfumuko wa bei unaweza kuathiri biashara yako na uchumi kwa ujumla. Kwa nini na kwa nini inflation huathiri viwango vya riba? Kama una mkopo wa sasa au unataka kukopa, mfumuko wa bei unaweza kuathiri masharti yako. Tafuta jinsi mfumuko wa bei na viwango vya riba vinavyohusiana katika mwongozo huu. Kwa ajili ya mahesabu ya viwango vya kodi ya ufanisi, dhana juu ya vigezo vya kiuchumi lazima kufanywa - hasa juu ya maadili ya mfumuko wa bei na kiwango cha riba. Kwa mfano, kiwango cha riba cha benki kuu huongezeka wakati inflation ya utabiri inapita kiwango cha lengo. Viwango vya juu vya riba kwa kawaida huonyesha ukuaji wa kiuchumi wa wastani. Pia, ongezeko la viwango vya riba itasababisha ongezeko la gharama inayohusiana na kukopa na mapato ya chini ya matumizi. Kama tulivyosema hapo awali, viwango vya chini vya riba huweka nguvu zaidi ya kukopa mikononi mwa watumiaji. Na wakati watumiaji hutumia zaidi, uchumi hukua, kwa kawaida kuunda mfumuko wa bei. Fed inapoamua kuwa uchumi unakua kwa kasi sana, mahitaji yatakuwa ya juu zaidi ya usambazaji, inaweza kuongeza viwango vya riba, kupunguza kiasi cha fedha kuingia katika uchumi.

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Control Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica with three different beneficial entomopathogenic nematodes in fall The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) is one most damaging pests of turfgrass and ornamental plants grown in urban landscapes (Fig. 1 and 2) and golf courses where chemical pesticides are not currently recommended to use for controlling this important insect pest because of their deleterious effects on the human beings, animals and environment. It has been demonstrated that the beneficial entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control agents have a potential to control Japanese beetles. The best time for the application of beneficial nematodes against Japanese beetle is during the late summer (August) to early fall (September-October) because beneficial nematodes will kill the Japanese beetle grubs/larvae before they move deep into the soil for overwintering. Thus, this targeted preventive application of beneficial nematodes should reduce the emergence of Japanese beetle adults during the next spring. Following three beneficial entomopathogenic nematode species when applied at the rate of 1 billion nematodes per acre (which is equivalent to 23000 nematodes per square foot area) have been proved to be effective in infecting and killing grubs and pupae of Japanese beetles. - Heterorhabditis bacteriophora nematodes - Heterorhabditis indica nematodes - Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes You can find more information on the interaction between beneficial entomopathogenic nematode and Japanese beetles at https://blog.bugsforgrowers.com/uncategorized/target-japanese-beetle-larvae-with-entomopathogenic-nematodes-in-the-fall/ - Power, K.T., An, R. and Grewal, PS. 2009. Effectiveness of Heterohabditis bacteriophora strain GPS11 applications targeted against different instars of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. Biological Control 48: 232-236.

Mnyama wa Japani (Popillia japonica) ni wadudu wa kuharibu zaidi wa nyasi na mimea ya mapambo inayokua katika mandhari ya mijini. "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""kiwanda cha dawa za kuua wadudu ni mojawapo ya njia za kuzuia wadudu wa hatari kwa binadamu, wanyama na mazingira.""" Imeonyeshwa kwamba nematodes zenye faida za entomopathogenic kama mawakala wa udhibiti wa kibiolojia zina uwezo wa kudhibiti vipepeo wa Kijapani. Wakati bora wa kutumia nematodes nzuri dhidi ya beetle ya Kijapani ni wakati wa majira ya joto (Agosti) hadi vuli ya mapema (Septemba-Oktoba) kwa sababu nematodes nzuri itaua larvae ya beetle ya Kijapani kabla ya kuhamia ndani ya udongo kwa ajili ya overwintering. Kwa hivyo, matumizi haya ya kuzuia yenye lengo ya nematodes zenye manufaa yanapaswa kupunguza kuibuka kwa watu wazima wa beetle ya Kijapani wakati wa spring ijayo. Aina tatu za nematode za entomopathogenic zinatumiwa kwa kiwango cha nematodes bilioni 1 kwa ekari (ambayo ni sawa na nematodes 23,000 kwa eneo la futi za mraba) na zimeonyeshwa kuwa na ufanisi katika kuambukiza na kuua magugu na pupae ya vimelea vya Kijapani. Heteroptera (Heteroptera) na nematodes (Heteroptera) ni aina ya nematodes ya aina ya Heteroptera, ambayo huathiri wanyama wa asili na wanyama wa asili. - Anita S. (Makumbusho ya Mimea ya Heteroptera) Mwaka 2009 Ufanisi wa matumizi ya Heterohabditis bacteriophora strain GPS11 dhidi ya hatua tofauti za popillia japonica ya Kijapani Biological Control 48236 - Utafiti wa Biolojia

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Take This Course For 95% Off Now! The course titled, “R Programming A-Z™: R for Data Science with Real Exercises!” Is a 10.5-hour course that covers all the important concepts of the R programming language? As the title of the course suggests, the course covers the A-Z of the programming languages of R language. Udemy is a massive open online course (MOOC), provider. The platform has over 50,000 courses in various disciplines. The courses are taught by professors from elite universities all over the world and professionals who work with some of the top-notch tech tools and have made a name for themselves in the field. The quality of teachers is given a major importance as the students need to get the proper learning materials. The certificates from Udemy increases one’s resume value as the recruiters are well aware of the fact that Udemy only imparts the current needs using some of the best approach methods. There are other MOOCs’ too, but very few provide such good service as Udemy provides to its learners. The benefits that one can get by taking up a course from Udemy is a multitude, be it the lesser duration of video lectures with high-quality content, be it the quick response that the students get in the comments section where they post their doubts and queries. Last but not the least, the least price in the market. Topics that are covered in this course with their explanation The course runs for the duration of 10. 5 hours and the following topics are covered in this course: This topic runs for about 40 minutes. This topic covers lectures that help students on how to install the R and R Studio for Mac and Windows Operating Systems. The methods to install software always confuse many. This topic would remove all those confusions that would prevent the students from downloading some malicious software that might induce viruses into the system. The introduction of the R language is also provided under this topic. Few exercises and additional study materials are also provided. Fundamentals of R This topic covers some of the concepts that are unique to R like the creation of vector. The vector is an integral part of the function that accepts inputs and performs on it. The use of box brackets is widespread in R. The other programming languages use circular and flower brackets more than the other types of brackets, whereas R uses box brackets the more. Core principles of programming The various core principles in programming like the usage of loops, logical statements, variables, and operators are taught in this topic. This has to be understood well before one jumps into the concepts that are unique to R. The packages in R are the extension of the functions that are in use in the other languages. Matrices in R The matrices are an important concept in Statistics. The data in statistics are obtained in the form of rows and columns only as they are the values of the different parameters that are obtained as a part of conducting surveys or the historical data like the histogram. The matrices can have any number of rows and columns. The limited number of rows and columns can be operated by manual calculations. A little bigger number in the number of rows and columns can be calculated using the scientific calculator. Still, the time consumed was large only. Thus, the R has this specialized operator functions on Matrices that performs operations quick. There are some functions in R that helps even to name the dimensions of the matrix. The rows can be given a name and the columns as well. The answer that has been obtained can be visualized using plots. The plotting is another good feature in R. Data Frames in R When Speaking of Data Sciences and Data Analytics using R, this concept comes into action. So far, one has read about the functions and the packages in R that complement the statistical calculation of data. The concept of Data Frames explains how R plays a vital role in Data Sciences and Data Analytics. The Data Frames are used to import the data that has been in any forms of extension files. The $ sign is the main aspect of the functions of Data Frames. The data thus obtained as input is scattered and it is not in a state that can be analyzed. One has to perform operations like filtering, sorting, etc., the vector function is used to obtain the input. There are functions like trim to perform operations to provide neat data that can be plotted. The merging of data is also possible. Visualization using GGPlot2 The GGPlot2 is an advanced visualizing tool that is used in R language. The GGPlot2 is used to transform statistical data using some advanced and new concepts like Facets, Co-ordinates, Layer Plotting, etc., this kind of visualization is used these days to provide the movie ratings. A mass survey or polling that is conducted will have data inputs in the form of a histogram and other graphical representations. The values that are obtained in the form of graphs are mapped and transformed that they can be plotted and visualized. The GGPlot2 is an advanced tool that provides excellent visualization. Solutions to Homework This section holds the answers to the questions that have been given as assignments in the sections mentioned above. There are also some concepts that one gets a bonus while purchasing this course. The following are few of the benefits that one derives from this course. R – A throwback The R is a language that is used for statistical computing and graphical representation of data. Before one starts to learn R, one should know some of the basic concepts that are used in programming. The logical thinking is the most important factor to be mastered to learn R. Robert Gentleman, and Ross Ihaka were the ones who developed the R language at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The R can be downloaded for free of cost and be supported on many operating systems like Linux, Windows, etc., the language was developed at the Department of Statistics, University of Auckland. There rose a situation where the government of New Zealand, as well as the firms in New Zealand, needed a good tool to perform statistical analysis on the data and to provide insights for the development. One can only develop by having an account of the statistical data. This language was solely developed keeping this aspect of analyzing and reporting. R and Data Science R is the highly preferred languages of Data Scientists. It is used to provide a solution to critical problems in businesses. R is taught in Universities but not in every University. The clear and lucid presentation of concepts in R is provided by this course from Udemy. The course titled, ” R Programming A-Z™: R For Data Science With Real Exercises!”, serves as a boost to those who wish to learn R and make a career for themselves in the area of Data Analytics and Data Sciences. First of all, what are Data Science and Data Analytics and why is it one of the highly paid jobs? The ones who analyze and provide solutions to some of the most complex problems are always paid high for ages. The times have changed where the Data has taken over the world in all areas, be it transportation, finance, economics. There are very few areas where the quantity of data generated is less. It is not a simple task to handle huge voluminous data, and this is one of the few reasons why these jobs are paid high. Why is there this buzz over the learning of languages like R for Data Sciences and Data Analytics? There are very few languages that are devoted towards statistics as well as storing/analysis. The R performs these tasks to the best that is unparalleled with any other programming languages. There are very few languages that suit the needs of analyzing the data effortlessly. This is the reason why there this buzz over the learning of languages likes R for Data Sciences and Data Analytics These terms would not seem alien to those who are constantly in touch with the tech buzzwords. The ones who have a brief stint with the tech sector already know the value that one would enjoy by the learning of languages like R that complements Data Sciences and Data Analytics. R and Statistics Statistics is one of the oldest forms of sciences. The statistics have gained a lot of momentum, especially after the globalization and liberalization era. The quantity and the variety of jobs have increased. The number of job seekers has increased. The different types of jobs have come into the market. When there is a huge, sudden influx of jobs, there arises a need to create a database to store all the data to analyze the current situation and to predict the prospects. The Statistical analysis department of every firm, every country is infested with the task of working on statistical data and derive useful insights out of it. This was done manually earlier usually calculators to perform calculations. Later came in the use of technology, the Data Base Management Systems, Spreadsheets came into action. When the data size grew, the manual calculations and the simple tech tools were no longer able to manage the data and provide accurate results. This gave the need for the development of languages like R. Now, in this century where state data is ruling the world, R comes to the rescue. Methods by which R solves Statistical problems: There are many inbuilt functions in the R packages. The R package has the functions that can be used to solve the statistical problems. The following are some of the salient features of the course: Who can take up this course? Tips: You can refer to a simple video guide to get the Udemy coupon code. Thus, the language is one of the highly demanded in the jobs in the market. It is only a great choice if one prefers to take up this course without fail. There are very few courses that cover the in-depth concepts so well that too at much less prices. By using the R Programming A-Z™: R For Data Science With Real Exercises! coupon at checkout, you can generate BIG savings up to 95% discount.Get this Deal Now

Kuchukua hii Course kwa 95% Off Sasa! "Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu, ""R-Programming A-ZTM: R for Data Science with Real Exercises"" ni kozi ya masaa 10,5 ambayo inashughulikia dhana zote muhimu za lugha ya programu ya R." Kama jina la kozi inaonyesha, kozi inashughulikia A-Z ya lugha ya programu ya R. Udemy ni moja ya makundi ya mafunzo ya wazi ya mtandaoni (MOOC) ambayo hutoa mafunzo ya bure kwa watumiaji. Programu hiyo ina zaidi ya kozi 50,000 katika taaluma mbalimbali. Kozi hizo zinafundishwa na maprofesa kutoka vyuo vikuu vya juu duniani kote na wataalamu ambao wanafanya kazi na baadhi ya zana za teknolojia ya juu na wamejifanyia jina katika uwanja huo. Ubora wa walimu unapewa umuhimu mkubwa kwani wanafunzi wanahitaji kupata vifaa sahihi vya kujifunza. Udemy inaongeza thamani ya resume ya mtu, kwani waajiri wanajua vizuri ukweli kwamba Udemy hutoa mahitaji ya sasa tu kwa kutumia mbinu bora za mbinu. Kuna MOOCs nyingine pia, lakini chache sana kutoa huduma nzuri kama Udemy hutoa kwa wanafunzi wake. Faida ambazo mtu anaweza kupata kwa kuchukua kozi kutoka Udemy ni wingi, iwe ni muda mdogo wa mihadhara ya video na maudhui ya ubora wa juu, iwe ni majibu ya haraka ambayo wanafunzi hupata katika sehemu ya maoni ambapo wao kuchapisha mashaka yao na maswali. Mwisho lakini si wa mwisho, bei ya chini zaidi katika soko. Mafunzo ya masomo haya yanazungumziwa katika makala hii na maelezo ya masomo haya yanazungumziwa katika makala hii. Katika kipindi hiki cha masomo, masomo ya msingi yanazungumziwa kwa muda wa dakika 40 hivi. Mafunzo haya yanajumuisha masomo ambayo husaidia wanafunzi juu ya jinsi ya kusanikisha R na R Studio kwa Mac na Windows Operating Systems. Mbinu za kufunga programu sikuzote huchanganya wengi. Hii itaondoa machafuko yote ambayo yanaweza kuwazuia wanafunzi kutoka kupakua programu mbaya ambayo inaweza kuingiza virusi kwenye mfumo. Utangulizi wa lugha ya R pia hutolewa chini ya mada hii. Mazoezi machache na vifaa vya ziada vya kujifunza hutolewa pia. Misingi ya R mada hii inashughulikia baadhi ya dhana ambayo ni ya kipekee kwa R kama uumbaji wa vector. Vector ni sehemu muhimu ya kazi ambayo inakubali pembejeo na hufanya juu yake. Kwa mfano, R ni lugha ya programu ya lugha ya R, ambayo hutumia brackets za mviringo na maua zaidi kuliko R. Kanuni za msingi za programu Kanuni mbalimbali za msingi katika programu kama vile matumizi ya loops, taarifa za mantiki, vigezo, na waendeshaji hufundishwa katika mada hii. Hii ni lazima kueleweka vizuri kabla ya mtu kuruka katika dhana kwamba ni ya kipekee kwa R. Vifurushi katika R ni upanuzi wa kazi ambayo ni katika matumizi katika lugha nyingine. Matrices katika R Matrices ni dhana muhimu katika Takwimu. Takwimu za takwimu zinapatikana katika safu na safu tu kama ni maadili ya vigezo tofauti ambazo hupatikana kama sehemu ya kufanya uchunguzi au data ya kihistoria kama histogram. Matrices inaweza kuwa na idadi yoyote ya safu na safu. Idadi ndogo ya safu na safu inaweza kuendeshwa kwa mahesabu ya mwongozo. Idadi kubwa kidogo katika idadi ya safu na safu inaweza kuhesabiwa kwa kutumia calculator kisayansi. Hata hivyo, wakati uliotumiwa ulikuwa mkubwa tu. Hivyo, R ina hii maalumu operator kazi juu ya Matrices kwamba hufanya shughuli haraka. Kuna baadhi ya kazi katika R ambayo husaidia hata jina vipimo vya matrix. Mistari inaweza kupewa jina na safu pia. Jibu ambalo limepatikana linaweza kuonekana kwa kutumia michoro. Data Frames katika R: Data Sayansi na Data Analytics kwa kutumia R Hadi sasa, mtu amesoma kuhusu kazi na vifurushi katika R kwamba kukamilisha hesabu ya takwimu ya data. Dhana ya Data Frames inaelezea jinsi R ina jukumu muhimu katika Sayansi ya Takwimu na Uchambuzi wa Takwimu. Data Frames ni kutumika kwa kuagiza data ambayo imekuwa katika aina yoyote ya faili upanuzi. Nembo ya $ ni sehemu kuu ya kazi ya Data Frames. Takwimu hivyo kupatikana kama pembejeo ni kutawanyika na si katika hali ambayo inaweza kuchambuliwa. Mtu ana kufanya shughuli kama kuchuja, kuchagua, nk, kazi vector ni kutumika kupata pembejeo. Kuna kazi kama trim kufanya shughuli ya kutoa data safi ambayo inaweza kuwa plotted. Kuunganisha data pia inawezekana. GGPlot2 ni programu ya hali ya juu ya kutafakari ambayo hutumiwa katika lugha ya R. GGPlot2 ni mfumo wa uchambuzi wa data ya takwimu, ambayo hutumiwa kwa njia ya mapendekezo ya hali ya juu kama vile Facet, Layer Plotting, na Co-ordinates, na pia kwa njia ya picha ya picha ya picha. Uchunguzi wa wingi au uchaguzi unaofanywa utakuwa na pembejeo za data katika fomu ya histogram na uwakilishi mwingine wa picha. Thamani zinazopatikana katika fomu ya grafu zinapigwa ramani na kubadilishwa ili ziweze kuchorwa na kuonekana. GGPlot2 ni chombo cha juu ambacho hutoa taswira bora. Utaratibu wa kazi za nyumbani: Sehemu hii ina majibu ya maswali ambayo yamepewa kama kazi katika sehemu zilizotajwa hapo juu. Pia kuna baadhi ya dhana kwamba mtu anapata ziada wakati wa kununua kozi hii. Zifuatazo ni baadhi ya manufaa ambayo mtu hupata kutokana na njia hii. R <unk> A throwback R ni lugha ambayo ni kutumika kwa ajili ya hesabu ya takwimu na uwakilishi wa picha ya data. Kabla ya mtu kuanza kujifunza R, mtu anapaswa kujua baadhi ya dhana za msingi ambazo hutumiwa katika programu. "Kufahamu lugha ya R ni muhimu sana kwa watu wengi, lakini ni muhimu sana kwa watu wengi, kama vile Robert Gentleman na Ross Iwata, ambao walianzisha lugha ya R katika Chuo Kikuu cha Auckland, New Zealand.""" R ni lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha ya lugha. Kwa hivyo, kwa sababu ya hali ya sasa, serikali ya New Zealand na kampuni za New Zealand zinahitaji zana nzuri ya kufanya uchambuzi wa takwimu na kutoa ufahamu kwa maendeleo. Mtu anaweza tu kuendeleza kwa kuwa na akaunti ya data ya takwimu. Lugha hii ilitengenezwa tu kuweka kipengele hiki cha kuchambua na kuripoti. R ni lugha ya kwanza ya data ya kisayansi. Ni kutumika kutoa ufumbuzi wa matatizo muhimu katika biashara. R ni kufundishwa katika vyuo vikuu lakini si katika kila chuo kikuu. Uwasilishaji wazi na wazi wa dhana katika R hutolewa na kozi hii kutoka Udemy. "Kosi hiyo, ""R Programming A-ZTM: R kwa Data Sayansi na Real Mazoezi"" ni mafunzo kwa ajili ya wale ambao wanataka kujifunza R na kufanya kazi kwa ajili yao wenyewe katika eneo la Data Analytics na Data Sayansi." Kwanza kabisa, ni nini Data Sayansi na Data Analytics na kwa nini ni moja ya kazi ya juu kulipwa? Wale wanaochambua na kutoa suluhisho kwa baadhi ya matatizo magumu zaidi daima hulipwa kwa miaka mingi. Wakati umebadilika ambapo data imechukua ulimwengu katika maeneo yote, iwe ni usafiri, fedha, uchumi. Kuna maeneo machache sana ambapo kiasi cha data zinazozalishwa ni chini. Ni kazi ngumu sana kushughulikia data kubwa, na hii ni moja ya sababu chache kwa nini kazi hizi ni kulipwa juu. Kwa nini kuna buzz juu ya kujifunza lugha kama R kwa Sayansi ya Takwimu na Uchambuzi wa Takwimu? Kuna lugha chache sana ambazo ni wakfu kwa takwimu kama vile kuhifadhi / uchambuzi. R hufanya kazi hizi kwa bora ambayo ni unparalleled na lugha nyingine yoyote ya programu. Kuna lugha chache sana ambazo zinakidhi mahitaji ya kuchambua data bila juhudi. Kwa sababu hii, kuna buzz juu ya kujifunza lugha kama R kwa Sayansi ya Takwimu na Uchambuzi wa Takwimu. Wale ambao wana stint fupi na sekta ya teknolojia tayari kujua thamani kwamba moja ingekuwa kufurahia kwa kujifunza lugha kama R kwamba kukamilisha Data Sayansi na Data Analytics. R na Takwimu Takwimu ni moja ya aina ya kale ya sayansi. Takwimu zimepata kasi sana, hasa baada ya enzi ya utandawazi na uhuru. Idadi na aina ya kazi zimeongezeka. Idadi ya watu wanaotafuta kazi imeongezeka. Aina mbalimbali za kazi zimeingia sokoni. Wakati kuna wimbi kubwa, ghafla ya kazi, kuna haja ya kuunda hifadhidata kuhifadhi data zote kuchambua hali ya sasa na kutabiri matarajio. Idara ya uchambuzi wa takwimu ya kila kampuni, kila nchi inaathiriwa na kazi ya kufanya kazi kwenye data ya takwimu na kupata ufahamu muhimu kutoka kwake. Hii ilifanywa manually mapema kawaida calculators kufanya mahesabu. Baadaye alikuja katika matumizi ya teknolojia, Data Base Management Systems, Spreadsheets alikuja katika hatua. Wakati ukubwa wa data ulipokua, hesabu za mwongozo na zana rahisi za teknolojia hazikuweza tena kusimamia data na kutoa matokeo sahihi. Hii ilitoa haja ya maendeleo ya lugha kama R. Sasa, katika karne hii ambapo data ya serikali inatawala ulimwengu, R inakuja kuokoa. Mbinu ambayo R hutatua matatizo ya takwimu: Kuna kazi nyingi zilizojengwa ndani ya vifurushi vya R. Kifurushi R ina kazi ambayo inaweza kutumika kutatua matatizo ya takwimu. Baadhi ya mambo muhimu ya kozi hii ni kama ifuatavyo: Kwa mfano, unaweza kutumia kifaa cha video cha Udemy ili kupata nambari ya kuponi. Hivyo, lugha ni moja ya mahitaji ya juu katika kazi katika soko. Ni chaguo zuri tu ikiwa mtu anapendelea kuchukua njia hii bila kukosa. Kuna kozi chache sana ambazo hufunika dhana za kina vizuri sana kwamba pia kwa bei ya chini sana. Kwa kutumia R Programming A-ZTM: R Kwa Sayansi ya Takwimu na Mazoezi halisi! Kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi ya kuponi.

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« PreviousContinue » INFERIOR TENURES AND VILLENAGE. tenures. The term scutage is now commonly used of the tax for which service of the shield was commuted. Originally it meant the obligation to serve in arms forty days in the year, and was attached to every knight's fee. Fealty, with or without homage, and socage together, made up knight's service. Fealty, with or without homage, and any other special service below petty serjeanty, constituted the important class of socaged tenures. The obligation to perform all services indiscriminately, was villenage. In other words, the distinction between gentry and mere freedom lay in the service of arms; between freedom and servitude, in fixed, instead of variable, dues. The distinctions of socage tenure are numerous, as the word came to cover the service of the plough, rent for houses paid immediately to the crown (burgage tenure), or rent by various tenures, even one so debasing as doing the hangman's duty. Sometimes two or three conditions were united; it did not matter, so long as they were not variable. Beneath these middle classes came the large class of villeins. A villein might be regardant, attached to the soil, or in gross, attached to the person of his lord. A freeman might hold land in villenage, and be bound to do villein's service upon it. One of the things that most complicates the consideration of feudal England, is the way in which a personality attached to corporations and lands. Every acre of soil, every institution, was animate, so to speak, with duties and privileges, which had attached to it from time immemorial, and could not be lost. The obligations of a feudal vassal were service in council, in the court of law, and in the field. He was bound to guard his lord's castle during a certain number of days. He was forced to contribute, to redeem his lord from captivity, when his lord's eldest daughter was married, or when the eldest son became knight. These reliefs, as they were called, were at first arbitrary and oppressive. Gradually they were fixed, by custom, at the rate of five pounds for the knight's fee of land, or four hides; this was "the reasonable relief" that is mentioned in Magna Charta. The heriot, or royalty on the goods of a deceased vassal, seems gradually to have been confounded OBLIGATIONS OF FEUDAL SERVICE. by the Normans with a relief which the heir was bound to pay out of his own purse on succeeding to an estate. The heriot conveyed the acknowledgement of former vassalage; and, from analogy, one was claimed by the church at the death of every believer. The relief was rather a recognition of the lord's claim to continued service from an estate. It is important to observe that no man was bound to pay the necessary reliefs more than once to every natural heir of the estates, otherwise a frequent change of owners, by sales or forfeitures, would have been intolerably oppressive. In the case of tenants-inchief, their heiresses were royal wards, whom the king might marry at pleasure. The abuse of this prerogative by monarchs who gave the daughters of noblemen to unworthy favourites, was a grave grievance, of which the barons constantly complained, but which was never effectually redressed. The vassal forfeited his fief if he did not perform its duties, or if he made any attempt on the person or honour of his lord and his family. But these obligations were reciprocal. The lord was not even allowed to raise a stick upon his vassal. Insult, outrage, or the denial of aid or justice, entitled the vassal to withdraw his fief and declare war upon his superior. In cases that did not come to this extremity, the vassal might appeal to a court of his peers, presided over, it is true, by his lord; but a further appeal lay from this to the suzerain. That injustice was often done, is probable. But the institutions of these times are not chargeable with unfairness in their spirit. The great curse of the country was its over-legality, and the belief that it could root out abuses by multiplying systems and laws. It has been said that a freeman might owe service in villenage for lands held on that tenure. But these cases, which Littleton speaks of as folly, were of course comparatively exceptional. During the twelfth century, three men in five were villeins or serfs. In theory, these men were entitled to all the protection of the law; they could not be slain, mutilated, or outraged by their lord. Their condition in practice, of course, varied with the times, the district, and the character of their CAUSES OF EMANCIPATION. owner. The worst point in their state was the right the owner had, if he chose to enforce it within a certain term, to'any real property or merchandize they might acquire, though apparently not to their money, and certainly not to the necessary implements of their occupations. In other words, a peasant could neither be a trader nor a landowner. It is doubtful how far this increased the difficulty for men to buy their own liberty; though they certainly did it at times. Becoming a priest, or escaping to a town, was another means of acquiring liberty; in each case, the man had transferred his service to a new lord. Owners of serfs accordingly legislated against these infringements of their rights; but their best remedy lay in making escape from their estates difficult, as the church and cities were interested in protecting the fugitives. The humane subtlety of English lawyers came to the aid of the oppressed class. The principle of Roman jurisprudence, that slavery is against the law of nature, was reproduced by Bracton;2 and Fortescue finely observes, that the liberty which has been taken from a man seeks every issue to return to him. The remarkable doctrines, that a free father made a free son, and that all cases of doubt were to be decided in favour of liberty, must have emancipated a large class in the middle ages. The first is a gross method to look back upon, though it has issued in good. Nevertheless, it is doubtful, I think, if the men who freed themselves, or who were accounted free as illegitimate, were much more numerous than those who, by their own confession in a court of record, made themselves serfs to obtain subsistence or protection. English 1 Coke upon Littleton, 118, a, b. I assume that if the villein's wainage could not be seized for a fine to the crown, it was regarded as his property, and the enactment in Magna Charta no doubt rested upon old custom, which had been arbitrarily infringed. In the various Latin poems against the men of Norfolk, which Mr. Wright has printed, mention is made of a landowner who oppressed his serfs by hard labour, and took their cattle and money. Yet the villeins clubbed together and bought their freedom of him. It is hardly possible, therefore, that he can have had the right to take their money from them, or he would have done so, when it was tendered in payment.-Early Mysteries, p. 94. 2 Institutes of Justinian, lib. i., tit. iii., s. 2.-Bracton, fol. 5. No one who compares the two passages can doubt that Bracton is copying the Institutes. INFLUENCES OF FEUDALISM ON SOCIETY. liberty is mainly derived from two originals. The plot of ground allowed to the serf remained so long in one family that the notion of a fixed or copyhold tenure was substituted for that of arbitrary service. Or, as the employment of hired soldiers made money more valuable than a large following, and the trade in wool made pasture more profitable than arable land, the great landowners evicted their tenantry, who were thus thrown upon the country, houseless and landless, but free. The universality with which the principles of feudalism were applied can scarcely be exaggerated. In the ordinary life of society, the knight was invested with his order as with a fief, and the woman bound to her husband by a promise resembling the oath of homage. In religion, the great question at issue between church and state was conceived under feudal aspects, and men debated whether pope and emperor were alike supreme in their own demesne, but each owing service to the other for some fief held of him; or one subject to the other, or both independent powers, holding only of Christ, their suzerain. In law, the theory that a monarchy was a fief, and the administration of justice one of its appurtenances, has stamped itself upon English legislation. In itself, it was no small change that the monarch should be called king of England instead of king of the Angles; it substituted the notion of proprietorship for that of headship of a clan. That peculiar feature of these ages, which led them to express their abstract ideas in rigid symbols, to materialize and petrify what would otherwise have been fleeting and vague, contributed to invest legal fictions with an intense reality. Hence it was that the English towns, as soon as they became free and corporate, were treated as barons. Each of them was an organic life, so to speak, with many members, but only one will, and with the responsibilities of an individual. The governing powers of a corporation, its mayor, aldermen, and common council, were the lord of the citizens. Naturally, therefore, they were held re 1 See, e. g., Ockham, Disp. Cler. et Mil. Goldasti. Monarch., vol. i., pp.13-18, and Dante, De Monarchiâ, lib. iii. ORIGIN OF CHIVALRY. sponsible for the actions of any one of their body. The cost of a criminal's offences was assessed on his fellow-citizens; and the debt owed by a single man to the exchequer might be recovered from his township; the act of a deputation was binding on those from whom it came. In these few facts lies the whole representative theory. Once grant that a city can be conceived as a person, and the great democratic problem of expressing every individual will is solved. As feudalism was the conservative element which connected mediæval society with order and property, but threatened to turn it into a hierarchy of castes, so chivalry may be called the element of progress. The one took its stand on what was real; the other devoted itself to ideas. Antiquarians may trace the name chivalry to the fiefs which were bound to supply horsemen, but the institution itself is derived from deeper wants of human nature than the mere need of a militia. It expresses the union of the citizen with the Christian. During many centuries the words of Christ, that his kingdom was not of this world, were interpreted as a command to desert secular society. The silent heroism of men, who fasted and prayed, in fearless unconcern that the world was crashing around them, may command the admiration even of those who deplore it as unintelligent. When Europe was reconstructed, its nobility in every country came in as barbarians and pagans, and were converted by the subject-people, or by their more civilized neighbours. The comrades of Rollo and Guthrum were willing to be baptized, if it were with the sword at their side. Hence the question arose whether war might not be reconciled with religion. The conscience of men answered that it was right to fight for their homes and faith. But the duty of self-defence, though it might kindle enthusiasm, could not create chivalry. Mere brotherhood in arms was not knighthood; it did not distinguish the civilized man from the berserkar. The crusades idealized war. Men who left home and hope behind them, to fight for a shattered cross and a blackened 1 Madox's Firma Burgi, chap. 2, 7, 9.

Previous <unk>Continue <unk> INFERIOR TENURES AND VILLENAGE. tenure. Neno scutage sasa hutumiwa kwa kawaida kwa kodi ambayo huduma ya ngao ilibadilishwa. Mwanzoni ilimaanisha wajibu wa kutumikia katika silaha siku arobaini kwa mwaka, na ilihusishwa na ada ya kila farasi. Uaminifu, pamoja au bila heshima, na socage pamoja, alifanya huduma ya knight ya. Uaminifu, pamoja na au bila heshima, na huduma nyingine yoyote maalum chini ya serjeanty ndogo, iliunda darasa muhimu la tenure socaged. Wajibu wa kufanya huduma zote bila ubaguzi, ilikuwa villenage. Kwa maneno mengine, tofauti kati ya watu wa hali ya juu na uhuru tu ilikuwa katika utumishi wa silaha; kati ya uhuru na utumwa, katika malipo ya kudumu, badala ya kubadilika. "Mambo ya tofauti ya ""socaje tenure"" ni mengi, kama neno lilivyokuja kufunika huduma ya ""plow,"" kodi ya nyumba iliyolipwa mara moja kwa taji (burge tenure), au kodi ya ""tenure"" mbalimbali, hata moja ya hali ya chini kama kufanya wajibu wa hangman." Nyakati nyingine hali mbili au tatu ziliunganishwa; haikuwa na maana, mradi tu hazikuwa tofauti. Chini ya tabaka hilo la kati kulikuwa na tabaka kubwa la watu wa vijijini. Villein angeweza kuwa na uhusiano wa karibu, uliounganishwa na udongo, au kwa ukali, uliounganishwa na mtu wa bwana wake. Freeman inaweza kushikilia ardhi katika villenage, na kuwa amefungwa kufanya huduma ya villein juu yake. Moja ya mambo ambayo zaidi complicates kuzingatia feudal Uingereza, ni njia ambayo utu kushikamana na mashirika na ardhi. Kila ekari ya udongo, kila taasisi, ilikuwa animated, hivyo kusema, na majukumu na mapendeleo, ambayo alikuwa amefungwa kwa hiyo kutoka wakati immemorial, na hakuweza kupotea. Wajibu wa mtumishi wa kifalme ulikuwa kutumikia katika baraza, mahakamani, na shambani. Alilazimika kulinda ngome ya bwana wake kwa siku fulani. Alilazimika kutoa mchango ili kumkomboa bwana wake kutoka uhamishoni wakati binti mkubwa wa bwana wake alipooa au mwana wake mkubwa alipokuwa ametawazwa kuwa shujaa. Mwanzoni, michoro hiyo iliitwa michoro ya ukumbusho, lakini ilikuwa ya kimakusudi na yenye kukandamiza. "Kwa kawaida, kwa sababu ya sheria za kifalme, ""five pounds for the knight's fee of land"" (pamoja na ""four hides"" kwa ajili ya farasi) ilikuwa ni kiasi cha fedha cha kawaida cha kifalme." Hao, au haki ya kifalme juu ya bidhaa za mtawa aliyekufa, inaonekana hatua kwa hatua kuwa ilichanganyikiwa MAHIMU YA HUDUMA YA FEODAL. Normans, na kuondolewa ambayo mrithi alikuwa na wajibu wa kulipa nje ya mfuko wake mwenyewe juu ya kufanikiwa kwa mali. Heru ilionyesha utambuzi wa utumwa wa zamani; na, kwa mfano, moja ilidaiwa na kanisa wakati wa kifo cha kila mwamini. Badala yake, msaada huo ulikuwa utambuzi wa madai ya bwana ya kuendelea kutumikia kutoka kwenye mali. Ni muhimu kutambua kwamba hakuna mtu aliyelazimika kulipa misaada ya lazima zaidi ya mara moja kwa kila mrithi wa asili wa mali, vinginevyo mabadiliko ya mara kwa mara ya wamiliki, kwa mauzo au forfeits, ingekuwa intolerably kukandamiza. Katika kisa cha wakulima-wakuu, warithi wao walikuwa walinzi wa kifalme, ambao mfalme angeweza kuoa kwa furaha. Kutumia vibaya haki hii na wafalme ambao waliwapa binti za watu mashuhuri kwa wapendwa wasiofaa, ilikuwa ni kosa kubwa, ambalo mabwana walilalamika daima, lakini ambalo halikuwahi kusuluhishwa kwa ufanisi. Mtumishi wa mfalme angepoteza fimbo yake ikiwa angekosa kutimiza wajibu wake, au ikiwa angefanya jaribio lolote dhidi ya mtu au heshima ya bwana wake na familia yake. Lakini wajibu huo ulikuwa wa pande zote mbili. Bwana huyo hakuruhusiwa hata kuinua fimbo juu ya mlinzi wake. Utukanaji, ukatili, au kukataa msaada au haki, ulimruhusu mrithi kuondoa fief yake na kutangaza vita dhidi ya mkuu wake. Katika kesi ambazo hazikufika katika hali hii ya mwisho, mtawa angeweza kukata rufaa kwa mahakama ya wenzao, iliyoongozwa, ni kweli, na bwana wake; lakini rufaa zaidi ilikuwa kutoka kwa hii kwa suzerain. Kwamba ukosefu wa haki ulifanywa mara nyingi, ni uwezekano. Lakini taasisi za nyakati hizi hazina hatia ya ukosefu wa haki katika roho yao. Laana kubwa ya nchi ilikuwa uhalali wake wa kupita kiasi, na imani kwamba inaweza kuondoa unyanyasaji kwa kuzidisha mifumo na sheria. Imesema kwamba mtu huru angeweza kuwa na deni la utumishi katika kijiji kwa ajili ya mashamba yaliyokuwa katika mamlaka hiyo. Lakini visa hivi, ambavyo Littleton anazungumzia kuwa upumbavu, bila shaka vilikuwa vya kipekee kwa kulinganisha. Katika karne ya kumi na mbili, wanaume watatu kati ya watano walikuwa wakazi wa vijijini au watumwa. Kwa kweli, watu hao walikuwa na haki ya kupata ulinzi wote wa sheria; hawangeweza kuuawa, kuharibiwa, au kukasirishwa na bwana wao. Hali yao katika mazoezi, bila shaka, ilitofautiana kulingana na nyakati, wilaya, na tabia ya sababu zao za uhuru. mmiliki. Jambo baya zaidi katika hali yao lilikuwa haki ya mmiliki, kama yeye alichagua kutekeleza ndani ya muda fulani, kwa mali yoyote halisi au bidhaa wangeweza kupata, ingawa inaonekana si kwa fedha zao, na hakika si kwa vifaa muhimu ya kazi zao. Kwa maneno mengine, mkulima hangeweza kuwa mfanyabiashara wala mmiliki wa ardhi. Ni shaka ni kwa kadiri gani hii iliongeza ugumu kwa watu kununua uhuru wao wenyewe, ingawa hakika walifanya hivyo wakati mwingine. Kujifanya kuhani au kukimbilia mji mwingine kulikuwa njia nyingine ya kupata uhuru; katika kila kisa, mtu huyo alikuwa amehamisha utumishi wake kwa bwana mpya. Wamiliki wa serf walifanya sheria dhidi ya ukiukaji huu wa haki zao; lakini suluhisho lao bora lilikuwa kufanya kutoroka kutoka kwa mali zao kuwa ngumu, kwani kanisa na miji walipendezwa na kulinda wakimbizi. Ujanja wa kibinadamu wa wanasheria Waingereza ulisaidia tabaka lililodhulumiwa. "Kama ilivyo katika sheria ya Kirumi, kwamba utumwa ni kinyume na sheria ya asili, ilirudishwa na Bracton, na Fortescue kwa makini anasema kwamba uhuru ambao umechukuliwa kutoka kwa mtu anatafuta kila suala la kurudi kwake. """ Mafundisho ya ajabu ya kwamba baba huru hufanya mwana huru, na kwamba kesi zote za shaka zilipaswa kuamuliwa kwa niaba ya uhuru, lazima kuwa zimetolewa kwa jamii kubwa katika enzi za kati. Ya kwanza ni njia mbaya ya kutazama nyuma, ingawa imetolewa kwa wema. Hata hivyo, ni jambo la kushangaza, nadhani, kama watu ambao walijikomboa wenyewe, au ambao walihesabiwa kuwa huru kama wasio halali, walikuwa wengi zaidi kuliko wale ambao, kwa kukiri kwao wenyewe katika mahakama ya rekodi, walijifanya watumwa kupata riziki au ulinzi. "Kama vile ilivyo katika kitabu cha ""Coke on Littleton"" cha mwaka 118 A.D., ""Kama mali ya mwekundu haingeweza kukamatwa kwa faini kwa taji, ilionwa kuwa mali yake, na sheria ya Magna Carta bila shaka ilitegemea desturi ya zamani, ambayo ilikuwa imevunjwa kwa hiari.""" Katika mashairi mbalimbali ya Kilatini dhidi ya watu wa Norfolk, ambayo Mheshimiwa Wright ameweka, ni kutaja ya mmiliki wa ardhi ambaye alinyanyasa serfs yake na kazi ngumu, na alichukua ng'ombe zao na fedha. Hata hivyo, watu wa kijiji hicho walijiunga pamoja na kumnunua ili wapate uhuru. Kwa hiyo, haiwezekani kwamba angeweza kuwa na haki ya kuchukua fedha zao kutoka kwao, au angefanya hivyo, wakati zilipotolewa kwa malipo. - Early Mysteries, p. 2 Taasisi za Justinian, lib. i., tit. iii., s. 2.-Bracton, fol. 5. Uwe na mtazamo mzuri. Hakuna mtu anayelinganisha mistari hiyo miwili anayeweza kutilia shaka kwamba Bracton anataja vitabu vya Taasisi. Uvutano wa Feudalism juu ya Jamii Uhuru ni hasa inayotokana na mbili ya awali. Sehemu ya ardhi iliyopewa mtumwa ilibaki kwa muda mrefu sana katika familia moja hivi kwamba wazo la umiliki wa kudumu au wa kuhifadhiwa lilibadilishwa na lile la huduma ya kimakusudi. Au, kama vile kuajiriwa kwa askari waliolipwa kulipwa kulifanya fedha ziwe na thamani zaidi kuliko wafuasi wengi, na biashara ya sufu ilifanya malisho kuwa yenye faida zaidi kuliko ardhi ya kilimo, wamiliki wakubwa wa ardhi waliwafukuza wakulima wao, ambao kwa hivyo walitupwa kwenye nchi, bila nyumba na bila ardhi, lakini huru. Ni vigumu kupambanua jinsi kanuni za feudalism zilivyotumiwa ulimwenguni pote. Katika maisha ya kawaida ya jamii, farasi alikuwa amevaa vazi lake la kifalme kama fief, na mwanamke alikuwa amefungwa kwa mume wake kwa ahadi inayofanana na kiapo cha heshima. Katika dini, suala kubwa lililokuwa likizungumziwa kati ya Kanisa na Serikali lilitokana na mambo ya kifalme, na watu walibishana kama Papa na Maliki walikuwa wakuu katika maeneo yao wenyewe, lakini kila mmoja alikuwa na wajibu wa kumtumikia mwingine kwa ajili ya fief fulani aliyokuwa nayo; au mmoja alikuwa chini ya mwingine, au wote wawili walikuwa na mamlaka huru, wakimtegemea Kristo tu, mtawala wao. Katika sheria, nadharia kwamba ufalme ulikuwa fief, na utawala wa haki moja ya appertenances yake, imekuwa stamped yenyewe juu ya sheria ya Kiingereza. "Hakuna tofauti kubwa kwamba mfalme wa Uingereza aliitwa ""mfalme wa Uingereza"" badala ya ""mfalme wa Waingereza"" na kwamba jina la ""mfalme wa Uingereza"" lilibadilishwa kuwa ""mfalme wa familia.""" "Usawa huo wa kipekee wa enzi hizi, ambao uliwaongoza kuelezea mawazo yao ya abstract katika ishara ngumu, kuunda na kuimarisha kile ambacho kingeweza kuwa cha muda mfupi na kisicho wazi, ilichangia kuweka hadithi za kisheria na hali halisi ya ""mzito.""" Kwa hiyo, miji ya Uingereza, mara tu ilipokuwa huru na ya ushirika, ilitendewa kama mabwana. Kila moja ilikuwa uhai wa kiumbe, kwa kusema, wenye viungo vingi, lakini mapenzi moja tu, na majukumu ya mtu mmoja. Mamlaka za utawala wa shirika, meya wake, maelekezi, na baraza la kawaida, zilikuwa bwana wa raia. Kwa hiyo, kwa kawaida, walikuwa uliofanyika re 1 Angalia, kwa mfano, Ockham, Disp. Cler. na Mil. Goldasti. Monarch, Buku la 1. " (trg) =""10""> Katika kitabu chake cha Dante, kitabu cha De Monarchias,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, iii. Asili ya Chevalerie kuwajibika kwa matendo ya mtu yeyote katika mwili wao. Gharama ya makosa ya mhalifu ilihesabiwa kwa wananchi wenzake; na deni la mtu mmoja kwa hazina inaweza kulipwa kutoka kwa mji wake; kitendo cha mjumbe kilikuwa cha kulazimisha wale ambao walitoka. Katika mambo haya machache iko nadharia nzima ya mwakilishi. Mara tu mji ukiweza kufasiriwa kama mtu, tatizo kubwa la kidemokrasia la kueleza kila mapenzi ya mtu binafsi litatatuliwa. Kama vile feudalism ilikuwa ni kiungo cha kihafidhina ambacho kiliunganisha jamii ya enzi za kati na utaratibu na mali, lakini kilitisha kuigeuza kuwa utaratibu wa tabaka, hivyo chivalry inaweza kuitwa kiungo cha maendeleo. Moja ilichukua msimamo wake juu ya kile kilichokuwa halisi; ile nyingine ilijitolea kwa mawazo. "Wanafalsafa wa kale wanaweza kufuatilia jina ""chivalry"" kwa feuds ambayo walikuwa na wajibu wa kutoa wapanda farasi, lakini taasisi yenyewe ni inayotokana na mahitaji ya kina ya asili ya binadamu kuliko tu haja ya jeshi." Inaonyesha muungano wa raia na Mkristo. Kwa karne nyingi maneno ya Kristo kwamba ufalme wake haukuwa wa ulimwengu huu yalifafanuliwa kuwa amri ya kuiacha jamii ya kilimwengu. Ujasiri wa kimya wa watu waliofunga na kuomba, bila hofu na bila kujali kwamba ulimwengu ulikuwa ukianguka kuzunguka kwao, unaweza kuvutia hata wale wanaolihuzunisha kama lisilo la akili. Wakati Ulaya ilipojengwa upya, watu wake mashuhuri katika kila nchi waliingia kama watu wa kienyeji na wapagani, na wakageuzwa imani na watu walio chini yao, au na majirani zao wenye ustaarabu zaidi. Rollo na Guthrum walikuwa tayari kubatizwa, ikiwa ni kwa upanga upande wao. Kwa hiyo swali lilitokea kama vita vingeweza kupatanishwa na dini. Dhamiri ya watu ilijibu kwamba ilikuwa sawa kupigana kwa ajili ya nyumba zao na imani yao. Lakini wajibu wa kujilinda, ingawa inaweza kuwasha shauku, hakuweza kujenga chivalry. Urafiki wa silaha tu haukuwa ushujaa; haukutofautisha mtu mwenye ustaarabu na mtu mwenye hasira. Vita vya Msalaba vilipendekeza vita. """Wanaume walioacha nyumba na matumaini nyuma yao, kupigana kwa msalaba uliovunjika na msalaba mweusi"" (1 Madox, Firma Burgi, chap." 2, 7, na 9.

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Collaborate early and often In an era where the only constant is change, our culture as consumers is always evolving. With technology playing an increasingly central role in our daily lives, we expect everything to be available at the push of a button – and as customized an experience as possible. Whether using our smartphones to order food or browsing an app for a new home, we have become reliant upon different forms of technology to satisfy a myriad of needs. So how does product design fit into the way we consume goods and services? Product design as a verb is to create a new product to be sold by a business to its customers. Designing a product is a very broad concept, it is essentially the efficient and effective generation and development of ideas through a design process that leads to new products. Thus, it is a major aspect of new product development. However, many business experts will agree that product design is the process of identifying a market opportunity, clearly defining the user’s needs and problem, developing a proper solution for that problem, and validating the solution with real users. When considering high-quality products or features, designers must understand business objectives, know the elements of a good design, and be able to answer the following questions: What problem are we solving? Who has this problem? What do we want to achieve? Answering these questions allows design engineers to understand the user experience of a product as a whole, and not simply the interaction (feel) or visual (look) part of a design. These design principles apply to both physical products and digital product design. Finding a solution to a problem includes the following five basic phases: Research: In order to develop a deeper understanding of your consumer audience, you must conduct and gather research to cater to the people for whom you are designing your product/service for. This is crucial. Define: Create a point of view that is based on user needs and insights. Brainstorm: In order to generate a wide range of potential solutions, design thinking and brainstorming sessions are required during this phase of product development. Prototype: After narrowing down design concepts, build a prototype (or series of prototypes) to test your hypothesis. Creating a prototype allows the designer to discover if they’re on the right track, and it often sparks different ideas that you wouldn’t have come up with otherwise to further streamline product development. However, depending on the product, physical prototyping tools can be very expensive so digital design can be significantly more cost-effective in the beginning stages of product design and problem-solving pain points within the design. Test: Return to your users for feedback. As we’ve discussed, creating and building great products (and great brands) is contingent upon forward-thinking design implementation. Today’s businesses essentially rely upon their product design team to give their products or services an aesthetic and functional edge over their competitors while maintaining relevance in a world where technological advancement never sleeps. A Product Designer helps to define the experience and interface of products (also known as ‘User Experience’ or UX and ‘User Interface’ or UI) while defining the brand and marketing strategy around those products. Essentially, it is creating a brand and executing that identity through every phase of the product or services’ lifespan and design strategy – aesthetically, experientially, tactilely, ergonomically, and technologically speaking, of course. - Category: Application Testing - Client: Kers - Location: Usa - Completed Date: 2018 - Project Value: 50k - Mananer: Skermset - Designer: Istiak

Ushirikiana mapema na mara nyingi Katika enzi ambapo mabadiliko pekee ni ya mara kwa mara, utamaduni wetu kama watumiaji unabadilika kila wakati. Na teknolojia kucheza jukumu la kuongezeka kwa msingi katika maisha yetu ya kila siku, tunatarajia kila kitu kuwa inapatikana kwa kubonyeza kifungo <unk> na kama customized uzoefu iwezekanavyo. Kama kutumia simu zetu za mkononi ili kuagiza chakula au kuvinjari programu kwa ajili ya nyumba mpya, tumekuwa kutegemea aina mbalimbali za teknolojia ili kuridhisha mahitaji mengi. Kwa hivyo, jinsi gani muundo wa bidhaa unafaa katika njia yetu ya kutumia bidhaa na huduma? Ubunifu wa bidhaa kama kitenzi ni kuunda bidhaa mpya ili kuuzwa na biashara kwa wateja wake. Kubuni bidhaa ni dhana pana sana, ni kimsingi ufanisi na ufanisi kizazi na maendeleo ya mawazo kupitia mchakato wa kubuni ambayo inaongoza kwa bidhaa mpya. Hivyo, ni kipengele muhimu cha maendeleo ya bidhaa mpya. Hata hivyo, wataalamu wengi wa biashara watakubali kwamba kubuni bidhaa ni mchakato wa kutambua fursa ya soko, kufafanua wazi mahitaji ya mtumiaji na tatizo, kuendeleza ufumbuzi sahihi kwa tatizo hilo, na kuthibitisha ufumbuzi na watumiaji halisi. Wakati wa kuzingatia bidhaa za ubora wa juu au vipengele, wabunifu lazima kuelewa malengo ya biashara, kujua vipengele vya muundo mzuri, na kuwa na uwezo wa kujibu maswali yafuatayo: Ni tatizo gani tunalolitatua? Ni nani aliye na tatizo hilo? Tunataka kufikia nini? Kujibu maswali haya inaruhusu wahandisi wa kubuni kuelewa uzoefu wa mtumiaji wa bidhaa nzima, na sio tu mwingiliano (hisia) au sehemu ya kuona (kuangalia) ya muundo. Kanuni hizi za kubuni zinatumika kwa bidhaa za kimwili na kubuni bidhaa za dijiti. Utafiti: Ili kuendeleza uelewa wa kina wa watazamaji wako wa watumiaji, lazima ufanye utafiti na kukusanya ili kukidhi watu ambao unaunda bidhaa yako au huduma. Hilo ni jambo muhimu sana. Kufafanua: Kuunda mtazamo kwamba ni msingi juu ya mahitaji ya mtumiaji na ufahamu. Brainstorming: Ili kuunda aina mbalimbali ya ufumbuzi uwezekano, kubuni kufikiri na brainstorming vikao ni required wakati wa awamu hii ya maendeleo ya bidhaa. Prototype: Baada ya kupunguza dhana ya kubuni, kujenga prototype (au mfululizo wa prototypes) kupima nadharia yako. Kuunda prototype inaruhusu mbuni kugundua kama wao ni juu ya kufuatilia haki, na mara nyingi sparks mawazo tofauti kwamba wewe bila kuja na vinginevyo zaidi streamline maendeleo ya bidhaa. Hata hivyo, kulingana na bidhaa, vifaa vya prototyping vya kimwili vinaweza kuwa ghali sana, kwa hivyo muundo wa dijiti unaweza kuwa na ufanisi zaidi katika hatua za mwanzo za muundo wa bidhaa na kufuta matatizo ya maumivu ndani ya muundo. Mtihani: Rudi kwa watumiaji wako kwa maoni. Kama tulivyojadili, kuunda na kujenga bidhaa kubwa (na bidhaa kubwa) ni contingent juu ya maendeleo-kufikiri kubuni utekelezaji. Biashara ya leo kimsingi hutegemea timu yao ya kubuni bidhaa ili kuwapa bidhaa zao au huduma zao ubora wa aesthetic na kazi juu ya washindani wao wakati wa kudumisha umuhimu katika ulimwengu ambapo maendeleo ya kiteknolojia hayalala kamwe. Mfanyabiashara wa bidhaa husaidia kufafanua uzoefu na interface ya bidhaa (pia inajulikana kama 'User Experience' au 'UX' na 'User Interface' au 'UI') wakati wa kufafanua chapa na mkakati wa uuzaji kuzunguka bidhaa hizo. Kimsingi, ni kuunda brand na kutekeleza kwamba utambulisho kupitia kila awamu ya bidhaa au huduma ya maisha na mkakati wa kubuni - aesthetically, experientially, tactile, ergonomically, na kiteknolojia kuzungumza, bila shaka. - Jamii: Majaribio ya Maombi - Mteja: Kers - Mahali: USA - Tarehe ya Kukamilika: 2018 - Thamani ya Mradi: 50k - Mananer: Skermset - Mbuni: Istiak

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Fascinating Tips on How to Write an Essay About a Book If done properly, writing an essay about a book may be a fun and gratifying activity. However, a poor strategy can make writing your essay difficult and limit your ability to engage readers. It takes thorough reading, critical thinking, and persuasive writing abilities to write an essay about a book. These pointers in this article can assist you in producing an intriguing and interesting essay that will amaze your readers, regardless of whether you are writing a book review, literary analysis, or any other form of essay. With the help of these suggestions, you will be able to successfully analyze the book, communicate your ideas, and arrange your thoughts. Without further ado, let’s get started. How to introduce a book in an essay Writing a strong start for an essay on a book is crucial since it establishes the tone for the rest of your article. Here are some pointers on how to successfully introduce a book in your essay: - Introduce your hook:where possible, start with a hook that pulls the reader’s attention to your topic. This might be a passage from the book, a startling statistic, or a fascinating anecdote. - Offer context: to help the reader grasp the context, include some background information about the book, including the author, title, publishing date, and any other pertinent information. - Thesis statement: the last sentence of your introduction should be the thesis statement. This sentence needs to be precise, short and focused on the key idea you want to convey. - Be objective: when discussing a book, stay free of any personal prejudices or opinions that can influence the reader. Instead, give a brief overview of the book’s main points, topics, and ideas. How to start an essay about a book It can be difficult to get started on a book essay, but here are some pointers: - Read the book thoroughly, making notes as you go, before you begin writing your essay. You can utilize this to better comprehend the book’s themes, characters, and plot in your essay. - Select a certain subject or issue to concentrate on in your article. This might be anything from a character literary analysis to a discussion of the themes or symbolism of the work. - Grab the reader’s attention at the beginning of your essay using a strong first line. You may opt to use a memorable phrase, a startling piece of information, or an interesting question. - Provide a summary of the book, including its author, title, publication date, and any other pertinent information that may help the reader grasp the situation. - Conclude your introduction with a thesis statement that sums up your essay’s major point or aim. The claim ought to be precise and targeted at the subject you’ve chosen. How to write the name of a book in an essay When writing the name of a book in an essay, it is important to follow a specific format to ensure consistency and accuracy. Here are a few guidelines to help you: - Italicize the title of the book:a book’s title should be italicized and not enclosed in quotation marks. - Capitalize the first letter of each word in the title: all major words in the title should be capitalized, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. All articles, prepositions, and conjunctions should be written in lowercase unless they are the first word in the title. - Add further details: if the book has a subtitle, place it after the title, separated by a colon. Great topic ideas for an essay on books A book I just read an essay - Themes: list and discuss the book’s main topics. How do the characters and the storyline relate to these themes? What perceptions of the human condition do they offer? - Plot:talk about the book’s significant developments and how they add to the overall narrative. Are there any noteworthy climaxes or turning points? How does the author build suspense and tension? - Writing style: look at the author’s writing style. What literary devices does the author use, such as metaphor, symbolism, or foreshadowing? How do these techniques improve the narrative? My favorite book essay - Why you choose this book: describe your favorite book’s appeal. What initially attracted you to it? Did someone recommend it to you, or did you find it on your own? - Characters:describe the book’s main character you like the best. What about them do you admire? How do they advance the narrative as a whole? - Emotional impact:talk about how the book affected your emotions. Did it inspire you or make you cry or laugh? What particular passages or quotations have the biggest impact on you? The book I like most essay - Timeless appeal: describe why you believe this book has staying power. Even though it was published a long time ago, why is it still relevant to readers today? - Personal response: discuss how the book personally affected you. What aspects of it did you enjoy or dislike? Did it make you rethink your beliefs or pose a challenge to them? - Personal connection: describe your relationship to the book personally. Does it bring to mind a certain moment in your life? Does it fit with the ideals or life experiences you have?

Kuandika insha kuhusu kitabu: Kama kufanyika kwa usahihi, kuandika insha kuhusu kitabu inaweza kuwa shughuli ya kufurahisha na kuridhisha. Hata hivyo, mkakati duni unaweza kufanya kuandika insha yako ngumu na kupunguza uwezo wako wa kuvutia wasomaji. Inahitaji kusoma kwa undani, kufikiri kwa njia ya uchambuzi, na uwezo wa kuandika kwa ushawishi ili kuandika insha kuhusu kitabu. Vipengele hivi vinaweza kukusaidia kuandika insha yenye kuvutia na yenye kuvutia ambayo itawashangaza wasomaji wako, iwe unakagua kitabu, unachambua fasihi, au unaandika insha nyingine yoyote. Kwa msaada wa mapendekezo haya, utaweza kuchanganua kitabu hicho kwa mafanikio, kueleza mawazo yako, na kupanga mawazo yako. Bila kupanua zaidi, hebu kuanza. Kuandika mwanzo mzuri kwa insha juu ya kitabu ni muhimu kwani huanzisha sauti kwa sehemu iliyobaki ya makala yako. Hapa ni baadhi ya vidokezo juu ya jinsi ya kufanikiwa kuanzisha kitabu katika insha yako: - Kuanzisha ndoano yako: pale iwezekanavyo, kuanza na ndoano ambayo inachukua msomaji'mtazamo wa mada yako. Hilo laweza kuwa sehemu ya kitabu hicho, takwimu zenye kushangaza, au hadithi yenye kuvutia. - Kutoa muktadha: ili kumsaidia msomaji kuelewa muktadha, ni pamoja na baadhi ya habari ya msingi kuhusu kitabu, ikiwa ni pamoja na mwandishi, jina, tarehe ya kuchapishwa, na habari nyingine yoyote husika. - Thesis taarifa: sentensi ya mwisho ya utangulizi wako inapaswa kuwa taarifa thesis. Sentensi hii inahitaji kuwa sahihi, fupi na ililenga wazo kuu unataka kufikisha. - Uwe mwenye kupinga mambo: unapozungumzia kitabu, usiwe na ubaguzi wowote wa kibinafsi au maoni yanayoweza kumathiri msomaji. Badala yake, taja kwa ufupi mambo makuu, mada, na mawazo ya kitabu hicho. Jinsi ya Kuandika insha ya Kitabu: Unaweza kuwa na shida kuanza kuandika insha ya kitabu, lakini hapa kuna vidokezo: Soma kitabu kwa uangalifu, ukiandika maelezo unapokwenda, kabla ya kuanza kuandika insha yako. Unaweza kutumia hii kuelewa vizuri kitabu cha mandhari, wahusika, na njama katika insha yako. - Chagua habari fulani au suala la kukazia katika makala yako. Hii inaweza kuwa kitu chochote kutoka kwa uchambuzi wa fasihi ya tabia hadi majadiliano ya mandhari au ishara ya kazi. - Kukamata msomaji'mtazamo mwanzoni mwa insha yako kwa kutumia mstari wa kwanza nguvu. Unaweza kuchagua kutumia usemi unaokumbukwa, habari yenye kustaajabisha, au swali lenye kupendeza. - Toa muhtasari wa kitabu hicho, kutia ndani mwandishi wake, kichwa, tarehe ya kuchapishwa, na habari nyingine yoyote inayofaa ambayo yaweza kumsaidia msomaji kuelewa hali hiyo. - Kumalizia utangulizi wako na taarifa thesis kwamba muhtasari wako insha ya uhakika kuu au lengo. Madai yanapaswa kuwa sahihi na kulenga mada ambayo umechagua. Jinsi ya kuandika jina la kitabu katika insha Wakati wa kuandika jina la kitabu katika insha, ni muhimu kufuata muundo maalum ili kuhakikisha uthabiti na usahihi. Hapa ni miongozo michache ya kukusaidia: - Italicise jina la kitabu: kitabu <unk>s jina inapaswa kuwa italicised na si kuzungukwa katika quotation marks. - Andika herufi kubwa herufi ya kwanza ya kila neno katika kichwa: maneno yote makubwa katika kichwa yanapaswa kuandikwa kwa herufi kubwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na majina, vitenzi, sifa, na viambishi. Makala zote, viambishi, na viambishi vinapaswa kuandikwa kwa herufi ndogo isipokuwa ni neno la kwanza katika kichwa. - Ongeza maelezo zaidi: ikiwa kitabu kina kichwa kidogo, kiweke baada ya kichwa, kikiwa kimegawanywa na alama mbili. Mawazo mazuri ya mada kwa insha juu ya vitabu Kitabu Nimesoma tu insha - Mandhari: orodha na kujadili mada kuu za kitabu. Wahusika na hadithi zinahusianaje na mandhari hizo? Zinaonyesha nini kuhusu hali ya kibinadamu? - Plot:zungumza juu ya maendeleo muhimu ya kitabu na jinsi wanavyoongeza kwa hadithi ya jumla. Je, kuna matukio yoyote yenye kutokeza au yenye kubadilisha mambo? Mwandishi hujengaje mkazo na mkazo? - Mtindo wa kuandika: angalia mtindo wa kuandika wa mwandishi. Mwandishi hutumia mbinu gani za fasihi, kama vile mfano, mfano, au ishara? Mbinu hizo zinaboreshaje simulizi? Maandishi ya kitabu ninachokipenda - Kwa nini unachagua kitabu hiki: eleza kile kinachokuvutia kuhusu kitabu unachokipenda. Ni nini kilichokuvutia mwanzoni? Je, mtu fulani alikushauri ufanye hivyo, au ulijifunza mwenyewe? - Wahusika: kuelezea kitabu'mtu mkuu wewe kama bora. Ni nini kinachokuvutia juu yao? Wanaendelezaje simulizi hilo kwa ujumla? - Athari ya kihisia:zungumza juu ya jinsi kitabu hicho kilivyoathiri hisia zako. Je, ulikuchochea au kukufanya ulie au kucheka? Ni mistari gani ya Biblia au maneno gani ya Biblia ambayo yamekushangaza zaidi? Kitabu ninachokipenda zaidi insha - Mwaliko wa milele: eleza kwa nini unaamini kitabu hiki kina nguvu ya kukaa. Ingawa kitabu hicho kilitolewa miaka mingi iliyopita, ni nini kinachotusaidia leo? - Jibu la kibinafsi: zungumzia jinsi kitabu hicho kilivyokuathiri kibinafsi. Ni mambo gani uliyofurahia au usiyopenda? Je, ulifanya ubadili imani yako au ukawa na shaka kuhusu imani yako? - Uhusiano wa kibinafsi: eleza uhusiano wako na kitabu kibinafsi. Je, hilo linakukumbusha jambo fulani katika maisha yako? Je, inalingana na maadili au mambo uliyojionea maishani?

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Imaginative play is so fun and helpful for children in many different ways. However, parents are oftentimes at a loss as to how to encourage this, especially with screen time being so enticing to children. Here are some benefits to imaginative play as well as some suggestions for how to easily incorporate it into your family life! Benefits of Imaginative Play Why is imaginative play so important? One primary reason is that imaginative play helps the brain to develop in healthy ways. Specifically, children learn ways of thinking that positively impact social functioning, identity development, and self-confidence. If a child can imagine something, the brain lights up differently than if a child passively consumes something (e.g. TV, etc.). Imaginative tasks building stronger connections to different parts of the brain that can improve how the brain solves problems, interprets situations, and creates new ideas. Let’s consider several of the many benefits of imaginative play: Critical Thinking: Imaginative play helps develop a child’s brain so that it is able to offer a stronger foundation for critical thinking. This critical thinking skill will continue to develop as child becomes a teenager and ultimately an adult. Children develop a sense of curiosity through play, which can lead to them thinking more deeply and comprehensively about concepts or ideas. Obviously this depends on the child’s development, but encouraging imagination can be important at nearly any age. Personal Identity: Imaginative play enables a child to explore different identities and learn more about themselves. When a child gets to play out a fantasy of being another person, another gender, an animal, or any other imaginative role they are having the opportunity to explore many possibilities of who they are or could be. This also helps children hone in on their interests and what they like to do. Empathy: Imaginative play helps a child to develop empathy. We know that empathy is quite important and that it is not a quality human beings are naturally born with; it has to be taught. By pretending to be someone else, a child is able to see the world through another set of eyes, and is thus developing this essential socio-emotional skill. They also get to play out scenarios or situations between multiple play characters which can help them understand how situations or events impact relationships and emotions. Conflict Management: Imaginative play helps children learn conflict management skills. Children will not always agree when playing. Imaginative play gives them an opportunity to rupture and repair their relationships, learn to compromise, know that is is okay to disagree, and learn how to advocate for themselves. A Sense of Control: Imaginative play gives children a sense of control in their lives. Overall, children experience very little power and control in their own lives. They are typically told when and what to eat, when to sleep, when to wake up, and where they are going. In imaginative play, children can create an imaginary world in which they get to make all of the decisions! Implementing Imaginative Play Finding time, space, settings, and opportunities for imaginative play will hopefully be easier than you think! Here are some ideas to consider: Boredom: Let children be bored. Boredom encourages them to use their brains and get creative. One way to do this is by limiting screen time, as most activities with screens involve passively consuming content. Don’t allow the tablet, video game, or TV screen to provide the source of entertainment, but instead encourage your children to generate their own entertainment creatively. Humans have lived for thousands of years without screens, so in many ways it is more natural to use imagination rather than having it “spoon fed” to us through a screen. Don’t micromanage: Get out of their way! Give them a few toys (or not!) and let them figure it out. You do not have to suggest anything or direct their play. Who knows what type of world they may create without adult interference. You may find them recreating a scene from a favorite story…or creating an entirely new story! Outdoor time: Get children outside. Trees, bushes, and other vegetation can become all sorts of things in a child’s mind, such as a hideout, a house, or a castle. Sometimes less truly is more. Simplifying the toys our children have and focusing on those that enable children to utilize their creativity can be quite helpful. An added advantage is that many of these playthings I will mention are far more affordable than many of the fancy, high profile toys out there. Here are some of my favorite items that encourage imaginative play: Building Blocks: With blocks, children are able to create any sort of world that interests them! Some of my favorite blocks are called Tree Blocks. They are made from trunks and branches of trees. These are great for creating gnome homes and other fantastical dwellings. Natural Materials: Items from nature such as rocks, shells, sticks, flowers, and seed pods that you can collect from walks and hikes can become so many things in a child’s imagination! Making clothing for the fairies from natural materials is truly enchanting. Textiles: Play silks are a favorite of mine. They are typically dyed squares of silk, kind of like a silk scarf. They can be used to create many things from dress-up cloths (fairy, pirate, etc) to doll or animal carriers. Fabric is great too. Using an old sheet to make a fort in the back yard or the park can provide for endless fun! Or letting children use fabric scraps to sew whatever they want can truly spark their creativity and give them a wonderful sense of accomplishment. Dress-up Clothes: An old hat, funny shoes, or a cast-off bridesmaid’s dress all provide delightful fun. Children can become anyone they want to with just a few items. Thrift stores are wonderful places to build up a wardrobe! Boxes: Ah, the trusty cardboard box. No article on play would be complete without this classic standby! Small boxes can be used for building or hiding treasures. Large boxes can turn into forts, houses, schools, or stores. Any and all of these ideas can be combined in different ways to create wonderfully fulfilling activities. Your children will derive tremendous value from the opportunity to play creatively and though they might need encouragement from you to break existing “screen habits,” the advantages of imaginative play are well worth it. About Dr. Katie Godfrey Dr. Godfrey excels at building meaningful connections with her clients as they work together in a warm, non-judgmental environment where her clients can experience being deeply cared for as they work together to transform their lives.

Mchezo wa kuwazia ni wa kufurahisha na wenye manufaa kwa watoto katika njia nyingi tofauti. Hata hivyo, mara nyingi wazazi hawajui jinsi ya kuhimiza jambo hilo, hasa kwa kuwa watoto hupenda sana kutazama sinema. Hapa kuna faida za kucheza kwa kuwa na mawazo na pia madokezo ya jinsi ya kuingiza mchezo huo katika maisha yako ya familia! Faida za Kucheza kwa Kuwa na Mawazo Kwa nini kucheza kwa kuwa na mawazo ni muhimu sana? Sababu moja kuu ni kwamba kucheza kwa kuwa na mawazo mengi husaidia ubongo ukue kwa njia nzuri. Hasa, watoto hujifunza njia za kufikiri ambazo huathiri vizuri utendaji wa kijamii, ukuzi wa utambulisho, na kujiamini. Ikiwa mtoto anaweza kufikiria kitu, ubongo huwaka tofauti na ikiwa mtoto hutumia kitu (kwa mfano, TV, nk.). Kazi za kutafakari hujenga uhusiano wa nguvu na sehemu tofauti za ubongo ambazo zinaweza kuboresha jinsi ubongo unavyoweza kutatua matatizo, kutafsiri hali, na kuunda mawazo mapya. Hebu tuchunguze faida kadhaa za kucheza kwa mawazo: Kufikiria kwa Makali: Kucheza kwa mawazo husaidia kuendeleza ubongo wa mtoto ili uweze kutoa msingi thabiti wa kufikiri kwa makali. Uwezo huo wa kufikiri kwa njia ya kufikiri utaendelea kukua kadiri mtoto anavyoendelea kukua na hatimaye kuwa mtu mzima. Watoto huendeleza hisia ya udadisi kupitia mchezo, ambayo inaweza kuwaongoza kufikiria kwa kina zaidi na kwa kina zaidi juu ya dhana au mawazo. Ni wazi kwamba hilo hutegemea ukuzi wa mtoto, lakini kuchochea mawazo yaweza kuwa muhimu karibu na umri wowote. Utu: Mchezo wa kuwazia unamwezesha mtoto kuchunguza utambulisho tofauti na kujifunza zaidi juu yake mwenyewe. Mtoto anapopata kucheza nje ya ndoto ya kuwa mtu mwingine, jinsia nyingine, mnyama, au jukumu lingine lolote la mawazo, ana nafasi ya kuchunguza uwezekano mwingi wa wao ni nani au wanaweza kuwa. Hii pia husaidia watoto kusitawisha mapendezi yao na kile wanachopenda kufanya. Kuonyesha hisia-mwenzi: Kucheza kwa kuwa na mawazo mengi husaidia mtoto asitawishe hisia-mwenzi. Tunajua kwamba hisia-mwenzi ni muhimu sana na kwamba si sifa ambayo wanadamu huzaliwa nayo; lazima ifundishwe. Kwa kujifanya kuwa mtu mwingine, mtoto anaweza kuona ulimwengu kupitia macho mengine, na hivyo anaendeleza ujuzi huu muhimu wa kijamii na kihisia. Pia, unaweza kucheza matukio na matukio kati ya wahusika wengi, ambayo inaweza kusaidia kuelewa jinsi matukio na matukio kuathiri mahusiano na hisia. Usimamizi wa Migogoro: Mchezo wenye kuwa na mawazo mengi husaidia watoto kujifunza ustadi wa kusimamia migogoro. Watoto hawatakubaliana sikuzote wanapocheza. Mchezo wa kuwazia huwapa fursa ya kuvunja na kurekebisha mahusiano yao, kujifunza kufanya makubaliano, kujua kwamba ni sawa kutokubaliana, na kujifunza jinsi ya kujitetea. Kujipanga: Mchezo wa kubuniwa na watoto huwapa hisia ya kuwa na uwezo wa kuongoza maisha yao. Kwa ujumla, watoto hupata nguvu na udhibiti mdogo sana katika maisha yao wenyewe. Kwa kawaida wao husema ni lini na nini cha kula, ni lini kulala, ni lini kuamka, na ni wapi wanaenda. Katika mchezo wa kuwazia, watoto wanaweza kuunda ulimwengu wa kuwazia ambao wao huweza kufanya maamuzi yote! Kupata wakati, nafasi, mazingira, na fursa za kucheza kwa kuwa na mawazo yatakuwa rahisi kuliko unavyofikiri! Hapa kuna baadhi ya mambo ya kuzingatia: Kuchoshwa huwachochea kutumia akili zao na kuwa wabunifu. Njia moja ya kufanya hivyo ni kwa kupunguza muda wa skrini, kwani shughuli nyingi na skrini zinahusisha matumizi ya yaliyomo. Usiruhusu kompyuta kibao, mchezo wa video, au televisheni iwe chanzo cha burudani, bali badala yake themeza watoto wako wafanye burudani yao wenyewe kwa njia ya ubunifu. Wanadamu wameishi kwa maelfu ya miaka bila skrini, kwa hiyo kwa njia nyingi ni asili zaidi kutumia mawazo badala ya kuwa nayo <unk>kinywaji<unk> kwetu kupitia skrini. Usifanye kazi ndogo ndogo: Ondoka kando yao! Wape vitu vichache vya kuchezea (au la!) na waache wajifunze. Huna haja ya kupendekeza chochote au kuelekeza mchezo wao. Ni nani anayejua ni aina gani ya ulimwengu ambao wanaweza kuunda bila kuingiliwa na watu wazima. Unaweza kuwapata wakirekodi mandhari kutoka kwa hadithi wanayopenda... au kuunda hadithi mpya kabisa! Wakati wa nje: Weka watoto nje. Miti, vichaka, na mimea mingine inaweza kuwa vitu vya kila aina katika akili ya mtoto, kama vile mahali pa kujificha, nyumba, au ngome. Nyakati nyingine ni afadhali kuwa na mambo machache. Kuongeza ujasiri katika michezo ya watoto wetu na kuwapa fursa ya kutumia ubunifu wao kunaweza kusaidia. Jambo jingine la kushangaza ni kwamba vitu vingi vya kuchezea ambavyo tumezungumzia ni vya bei rahisi kuliko vitu vingine vya kuchezea vya hali ya juu. Hapa kuna baadhi ya vitu ninavyopenda ambavyo vinatia moyo mchezo wa kuwa na mawazo: Vipande vya ujenzi: Kwa kutumia vipande vya ujenzi, watoto wanaweza kuunda ulimwengu wowote unaowavutia! Baadhi ya vitalu ninavyopenda vinaitwa vitalu vya miti. Hizo hutengenezwa kutokana na magogo na matawi ya miti. Hizi ni kubwa kwa ajili ya kujenga nyumba gnome na makazi mengine ya ajabu. Vifaa vya asili: Vitu vya asili kama vile miamba, makombora, vijiti, maua, na mbegu ambazo unaweza kukusanya kutoka kwa matembezi na matembezi vinaweza kuwa vitu vingi sana katika mawazo ya mtoto! Kutengeneza mavazi kwa ajili ya fairies kutoka vifaa vya asili ni kweli kuvutia. Vifaa vya nguo: Ninataka sana mavazi ya hariri. Kwa kawaida ni mraba wa hariri uliotiwa rangi, kama shati la hariri. Wanaweza kutumika kuunda vitu vingi kutoka nguo za mavazi (fairy, pirate, nk) hadi waendeshaji wa wanasesere au wanyama. Kitambaa ni kubwa pia. Kutumia kitambaa cha zamani kutengeneza ngome katika bustani ya nyuma au bustani kwaweza kutoa tafrija isiyo na mwisho! "Kuwapa watoto vipande vya kitambaa vya kushona chochote wanachotaka kunaweza kuchochea ubunifu wao na kuwapa hisia nzuri ya ""kufanikiwa.""" Mavazi ya kuvaa: Kofia ya zamani, viatu vya kuchekesha, au mavazi ya bibi-arusi yaliyotupwa mbali yote hutoa furaha yenye kupendeza. Watoto wanaweza kuwa mtu yeyote wanaotaka kwa vitu vichache tu. Maduka ya vitu vya zamani ni mahali pazuri sana pa kujenga kabati la nguo! Mifuko: Mifuko ya makaratasi ya kuaminika Hakuna makala kuhusu kucheza ambayo ingekuwa kamili bila hii ya kawaida ya kusubiri! Masanduku madogo yaweza kutumiwa kwa ajili ya ujenzi au kuficha hazina. Masanduku makubwa yanaweza kugeuzwa kuwa ngome, nyumba, shule, au maduka. Kila moja ya mawazo haya inaweza kuchanganywa kwa njia tofauti ili kuunda shughuli za ajabu za kutimiza. Watoto wako watapata thamani kubwa kutoka kwa fursa ya kucheza kwa ubunifu na ingawa wanaweza kuhitaji kutiwa moyo kutoka kwako kuvunja mazoea ya skrini ya sasa, faida za kucheza kwa mawazo ni sawa. Katie Godfrey ni mtaalamu wa kujenga uhusiano wa maana na wateja wake wakati wanafanya kazi pamoja katika mazingira ya joto, yasiyo ya hukumu ambapo wateja wake wanaweza kupata huduma ya kina wakati wanafanya kazi pamoja kubadilisha maisha yao.

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Charles Nelson of East London worked as a knocker-up for 25 years. He woke up early morning workers such as doctors, market traders and drivers. 1929. The knocker-upper profession started during and lasted well into the Industrial Revolution when alarm clocks were neither cheap nor reliable. A knocker-up’s job was to rouse sleeping people so they could get to work on time. They would be paid a few pence a week to make the rounds and rouse workers, banging on their doors with a short stick or rapping on upper windows with a long pole. The knocker-up would not move on until he received confirmation that his drowsy client was up and moving.

Charles Nelson, wa London Mashariki, alifanya kazi ya kuhamisha mimba kwa miaka 25. Aliamsha wafanyakazi wa asubuhi kama vile madaktari, wafanyabiashara wa soko na madereva. Mwaka wa 1929. Kazi ya kupiga kengele ilianza wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda na iliendelea hadi wakati ambapo saa za kuamsha hazikuwa za bei nafuu wala zenye kutegemeka. Kazi ya mtunza-mimba ilikuwa kuwaamsha watu waliokuwa wamelala ili waweze kufika kazini kwa wakati. Walikuwa wakipokea senti chache kwa juma ili kufanya mzunguko na kuwaamsha wafanyakazi, wakipiga milango yao kwa fimbo fupi au kupiga madirisha ya juu kwa fimbo ndefu. Mfanya-mimba huyo hakutaka kuendelea na kazi hadi alipopokea uthibitisho kwamba mteja wake mwenye usingizi alikuwa ameamka na kuhamia.

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Gifted and Talented Education (GATE) - GT Program is available for students in grades K - 12th. - In the academic core areas of English Language Arts, Math, Science, and Social Studies the curriculum is differentiated to offer enriched and accelerated learning opportunities for the gifted learner. What Your _ Grader Needs to Know The popular Core Knowledge Grader Series From What Your Preschooler Needs to Know through What Your Sixth Grader Needs to Know, this eight-volume Core Knowledge Series for parents, teachers, and children offers an engaging, illustrated guide to the essential knowledge outlined in the Core Knowledge Sequence. Each book provides information and activities on stories and poems, common sayings, history and geography, math, science, visual arts, and music, as well as suggestions for related readings and resources. The kindergarten and first-grade books also include sections on how children learn to read. The Texas Performance Standards Project (TPSP)- a resource for providing differentiated instruction to gifted/talented (G/T) students (and can be used for providing enhanced academic opportunities for all students) William&Mary - The Center for Gifted Education- Campuses utilize the curriculum resources developed by the Center for Gifted Education at College of William and Mary. The Texas Association for the Gifted & Talented (TAGT)- an organization of educators and parents dedicated to meeting the unique needs of gifted and talented students National Association for Gifted Children (NAGC)- has worked to increase public awareness about these key questions and to affect positive change.

Elimu ya Gifted na Talented (GATE) - Programu ya GT inapatikana kwa wanafunzi katika madarasa ya K - 12th. - Katika maeneo ya msingi ya kitaaluma ya Kiingereza Lugha Sanaa, Hisabati, Sayansi, na Mafunzo ya Jamii mtaala ni tofauti kutoa utajiri na kuharakisha fursa za kujifunza kwa mwanafunzi mwenye vipaji. "Kama ""Kilele cha Ujuzi"" (Kilele cha Ujuzi) na ""Kilele cha Ujuzi"" (Kilele cha Ujuzi) na ""Kilele cha Ujuzi"" (Kilele cha Ujuzi) na ""Kilele cha Ujuzi"" (Kilele cha Ujuzi) na ""Kilele cha Ujuzi"" (Kilele cha Ujuzi) na ""Kilele cha Ujuzi"" (Kilele cha Ujuzi)." Kila kitabu hutoa habari na shughuli juu ya hadithi na mashairi, misemo ya kawaida, historia na jiografia, hisabati, sayansi, sanaa za kuona, na muziki, pamoja na mapendekezo ya usomaji na rasilimali zinazohusiana. Vitabu vya shule ya chekechea na vya darasa la kwanza pia vina sehemu kuhusu jinsi watoto wanavyojifunza kusoma. The Texas Performance Standards Project (TPSP) ni rasilimali ya kutoa mafundisho tofauti kwa wanafunzi wenye vipaji (G&T) na inaweza kutumika kwa kutoa fursa za kitaaluma zilizoimarishwa kwa wanafunzi wote. Chama cha Texas kwa Gifted & Talented (TAGT) ni shirika la walimu na wazazi wa watoto wenye vipaji na wenye vipaji, na shirika la watoto wenye vipaji (NAGK) ni shirika la watoto wenye vipaji na vipaji.

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He begins his marketing campaign for the conquest of North India via hardships, betrayals and struggles amongst his court docket members. He was then defeated by Muhammad Shaybani Khan, and as part of a deal to save lots of their life, his elder sister, Khanzada needed to marry Shaybani. She then falls in love with Shaybani, however she in the end chooses her brother over him, methods him and becomes a reason for his dying. The Ottoman Empire disintegrated and was partitioned after its defeat in World War I. The empire had already been in decline for tons of of years, struggling to maintain up a bloated bureaucracy or a centralized administrative structure after numerous makes an attempt at reform. The problem was exacerbated further by the rise of more localized pursuits throughout the empire, such because the rise of nationalist movements. Upon the Ottomans’ defeat in World War I, a combination of nationalist movements and partition agreements among the Allied powers forced its disintegration into quite a few territories, with Turkey as the empire’s instant successor. Originating in Söğüt (near Bursa, Turkey), the Ottoman dynasty expanded its reign early on via intensive raiding. This was enabled by the decline of the Seljuq dynasty, the earlier rulers of Anatolia, who have been struggling defeat from Mongol invasion. After a hundred and fifty years of rule by Mughal viceroys, Bengal gained semi-independence as a dominion beneath the Nawab of Bengal in 1717. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II (1759–1806) made futile makes an attempt to reverse the Mughal decline. Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761 during which Afghans have been victorious. In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan management and in 1784 they officially grew to become the protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until the Second Anglo-Maratha War. By 1857 a substantial part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company’s management. The Empire ( The Empire Brunei welcomes discerning travellers with its sumptuous luxurious, warm hospitality and pure serenity. The prestigious five-star resort includes stunning personal seashores, lagoons, five pools, a championship golf course, four eating places and a cinema, offering a number of guest experiences. Traveling on his Super Star Destroyer, the Sith and his fleet arrived on the system and deployed troops for a floor assault. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a nicely. However, by this time Lodi’s empire was already crumbling, and it was truly the Rajput Confederacy which was the strongest power of Northern India beneath the capable rule of Rana Sanga of Mewar. He defeated Babur within the Battle of Bayana. However, in the decisive Battle of Khanwa which was fought close to Agra, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the Rajput military of Sanga. This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian historical past, as it sealed the destiny of Northern India for the subsequent two centuries. The Mughal imperial construction, nonetheless, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur’s grandson, Akbar. This imperial construction lasted till 1720, until shortly after the dying of the last main emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire additionally achieved its most geographical extent. Reduced subsequently to the area in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The story begins from Farghana where the younger prince Babur is topped as emperor at a young age after the death of his father, Umar Sheikh. The Nawabs permitted European companies to arrange trading posts throughout the area, together with companies from Britain, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Portugal and Austria. The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. The Emperor remained omnipotent, with Grand Moff Tarkin and Darth Vader acting as his main enforcers. Their space station, the dreaded Death Star, had been completed — a development that allowed the Emperor to completely dissolve the Senate. Before they had been rediscovered in the Nineteen Eighties, it was believed by trendy metallurgists to be technically inconceivable to produce hole metal globes with none seams. A 17th century celestial globe was also made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 (now in Pakistan). It is now housed on the National Museum of Scotland. They have been directed on the goal and fired by lighting the fuse, however the trajectory was somewhat erratic. The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is talked about for the times of Akbar and Jahangir. There is a nationwide community of greater than 1.2 million UnitedHealthcare Empire Plan participating providers, together with over 70,000 Managed Physical Network (MPN) suppliers for chiropractic care and physical therapy. Osman and his warriors took benefit of a declining Seljuq dynasty, which had been severely weakened by the Mongol invasions. The Ottoman dynasty continued to broaden for several generations, controlling a lot of southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa at its peak. Osman’s grandson Murad I laid the foundation for an institutionalized Ottoman state, continued by Murad’s son Bayezid I. The Mughal Empire is conventionally mentioned to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a chieftain from what’s right now Uzbekistan, who employed help from the neighboring Safavid and Ottoman Empires, to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, within the First Battle of Panipat, and to brush down the plains of North India. After a crushing defeat within the war of 1857–1858 which he nominally led, the final Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. Zafar was exiled to Rangoon, Burma. His spouse Zeenat Mahal and some of the remaining family members accompanied him. The first period of Ottoman historical past was characterized by virtually continuous territorial enlargement, during which Ottoman dominion spread out from a small northwestern Anatolian principality to cowl most of southeastern Europe and Anatolia. The political, economic, and social institutions of the classical Islamic empires have been amalgamated with those inherited from Byzantium and the good Turkish empires of Central Asia and have been reestablished in new types that were to characterize the realm into fashionable times. The Ottoman Empire began on the very end of the 13th century with a series of raids from Turkic warriors (known as ghazis) led by Osman I, a prince (bey) whose father, Ertugrul, had established a power base in Söğüt (near Bursa, Turkey).

Anaanza kampeni yake ya uuzaji kwa ajili ya ushindi wa India ya Kaskazini kupitia ugumu, usaliti na mapambano kati ya wanachama wake wa docket ya mahakama. Alipokuwa akishindwa na Muhammad Shaybani Khan, dada yake mkubwa Khanzada aliamua kumwoa Shaybani. Alipenda sana Shaybani, lakini mwishowe alimchagua ndugu yake badala yake, na hivyo akawa sababu ya kifo chake. Milki ya Ottoman ilivunjika na kugawanywa baada ya kushindwa katika Vita vya Kwanza vya Ulimwengu. Milki hiyo ilikuwa tayari imeshuka kwa miaka mingi, ikijitahidi kudumisha uburudani ulioongezeka au muundo wa utawala wa kati baada ya majaribio mengi ya marekebisho. Tatizo hilo lilizidi kuongezeka kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa shughuli za kikanda katika milki yote, kama vile kuongezeka kwa harakati za kitaifa. Baada ya kushindwa kwa Uturuki katika Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia, mchanganyiko wa harakati za kitaifa na makubaliano ya mgawanyiko kati ya nguvu za Muungano ulilazimisha uharibifu wake katika maeneo machache, na Uturuki kama mrithi wa papo hapo wa milki. Kutoka Söğüt (karibu na Bursa, Uturuki), nasaba ya Ottoman ilipanua utawala wake mapema kupitia uvamizi mkali. Miongoni mwa mambo ya kushangaza ni kwamba utawala wa Seljuk, ambao ulikuwa wa kwanza katika Anatolia, ulipoteza nguvu zake kwa sababu ya uvamizi wa Wamongolia. Baada ya miaka 150 ya utawala wa wafalme wa Mughal, Bengal ilipata uhuru wa nusu kama milki chini ya Nawab wa Bengal mnamo 1717. Mfalme wa Mughal Shah Alam II (1759-1806) alishinda vita na kuongoza utawala wa Mughal. Vita vya Panipat vya tatu vilipiganwa kati ya Milki ya Maratha na Waafghani (wenye uongozi wa Abdali) mnamo 1761 wakati ambao Waafghani walishinda. Mwaka 1771, Wahindi walichukua Delhi kutoka kwa utawala wa Afghanistan na mwaka 1784 waliendelea kuwa walinzi wa maliki huko Delhi, hali ambayo iliendelea hadi Vita vya Pili vya Anglo-Maratha. Kufikia mwaka wa 1857, sehemu kubwa ya India ya zamani ya Mughal ilikuwa chini ya usimamizi wa Kampuni ya India Mashariki. The Empire Brunei inakaribisha wasafiri wenye busara na ukarimu wake wa kifahari, ukaribishaji wa joto na utulivu safi. Kituo cha kifahari cha nyota tano kina pwani za kibinafsi, mabwawa, mabwawa matano, uwanja wa gofu ya ubingwa, maeneo manne ya kula na sinema, ikitoa uzoefu wa wageni. Akiwa akisafiri kwa Mwangamizi wake wa Nyota, Sith na meli zake waliwasili kwenye mfumo huo na kupeleka vikosi kwa ajili ya shambulio la sakafu. Kabla ya vita, Babur alitafuta kibali cha Mungu kwa kuondoa pombe, kuvunja vyombo vya divai na kumimina divai vizuri. Hata hivyo, wakati huo milki ya Lodi ilikuwa tayari ikivunjika, na kwa kweli ilikuwa Rajput Confederation ambayo ilikuwa nguvu kubwa zaidi ya India Kaskazini chini ya utawala wenye uwezo wa Rana Sanga wa Mewar. Alimshinda Babur katika Vita vya Bayana. Katika vita vya Khanwa, majeshi ya Timurid ya Babur yalishinda majeshi ya Rajput ya Sanga. Mapigano hayo yalikuwa ya kihistoria na ya kuamua hatima ya India kwa karne mbili zilizopita. Hata hivyo, ujenzi wa kifalme wa Mughal, wakati mwingine huanzia 1600, kwa utawala wa mjukuu wa Babur, Akbar. Ujenzi huo wa kifalme ulidumu hadi 1720, hadi muda mfupi baada ya kifo cha maliki mkuu wa mwisho, Aurangzeb, ambaye wakati wa utawala wake milki hiyo ilipata upana wake wa kijiografia. Baada ya kuondolewa katika eneo la Delhi ya Kale na karibu na 1760, milki hiyo ilifutwa rasmi na Raj ya Uingereza baada ya uasi wa India wa 1857. Hadithi inaanza kutoka Farghana ambapo mwana wa kifalme mdogo Babur anaongozwa kama maliki katika umri mdogo baada ya kifo cha baba yake, Umar Sheikh. Nawab waliruhusu makampuni ya Ulaya kuanzisha vituo vya biashara katika eneo hilo, pamoja na makampuni kutoka Uingereza, Ufaransa, Uholanzi, Denmark, Ureno na Austria. Wazungu waliona Bengal kuwa mahali penye utajiri zaidi kwa ajili ya biashara. Mwishoni mwa karne ya 18, Uingereza iliondoa jamii ya watawala wa Mughal kutoka Bengal. Maliki alibaki mwenye nguvu zote, na Grand Moff Tarkin na Darth Vader wakifanya kazi kama watekelezaji wake wakuu. Kituo chao cha angani, nyota ya kifo yenye kuogopwa, kilikuwa kimekamilika - maendeleo ambayo yalimruhusu Maliki kufutilia mbali kabisa Seneti. Kabla ya kugunduliwa tena katika miaka ya 1980, wataalamu wa chuma waliamini kwamba haingewezekana kutengeneza globe za chuma zisizo na mshono. Mwili wa dunia wa karne ya 17 ulibuniwa na Diya-ud-din Muhammad huko Lahore, Pakistan, mwaka 1668. Sasa inapatikana katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Scotland. Walikuwa wameelekezwa kwenye lengo na kufyatua kwa kuwasha fuse, hata hivyo trajectory ilikuwa kiasi fulani erratic. "Kutumia ""mini"" na ""counter-mines"" na mashine za kulipua risasi, ni jambo la kawaida katika nyakati za Akbar na Jahangir." Kuna jamii ya kitaifa ya zaidi ya milioni 1.2 ya watoaji wanaoshiriki katika Mpango wa Milki ya UnitedHealthcare, pamoja na zaidi ya watoaji 70,000 wa Mtandao wa Kimwili ulioongozwa (MPN) kwa huduma ya chiropractic na matibabu ya kimwili. Osman na wapiganaji wake walitumia fursa ya utawala wa Seljuq uliokuwa ukipungua, ambao ulikuwa umedhoofishwa sana na uvamizi wa Wamongolia. Utawala wa Ottoman uliendelea kupanuka kwa vizazi kadhaa, ukidhibiti sehemu kubwa ya kusini-mashariki mwa Ulaya, Mashariki ya Kati, na Afrika Kaskazini wakati wa kilele chake. Mjukuu wa Osman Murad I aliweka msingi wa serikali ya Ottoman, iliyoendelea na mwana wa Murad Bayezid I. Dola ya Mughal ilianzishwa mwaka 1526 na Babur, kiongozi kutoka Uzbekistan, ambaye alitumia msaada kutoka kwa milki za Safavid na Ottoman, kumshinda Sultani wa Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, katika Vita vya Kwanza vya Panipat, na kuharibu nyanda za India Kaskazini. Baada ya kushindwa kwa nguvu katika vita vya 1857-1858 ambavyo aliongoza, Mughal wa mwisho, Bahadur Shah Zafar, alishindwa na Kampuni ya Uingereza ya India Mashariki na kuhamishwa mwaka wa 1858. Zafar alipelekwa uhamishoni Rangoon, Burma. Mke wake Zeenat Mahal na baadhi ya washiriki wa familia waliobaki walimfuata. Kipindi cha kwanza cha historia ya Ottoman kilijulikana kwa upanuzi wa eneo la kuendelea, wakati ambao utawala wa Ottoman ulipanuka kutoka ufalme mdogo wa kaskazini magharibi mwa Anatolia kufunika sehemu kubwa ya kusini mashariki mwa Ulaya na Anatolia. Taasisi za kisiasa, kiuchumi na kijamii za milki za kale za Kiislamu zimeunganishwa na zile zilizorithiwa kutoka Byzantium na milki nzuri za Kituruki za Asia ya Kati na zimeanzishwa tena katika aina mpya ambazo zilikuwa zinaonyesha ufalme katika nyakati za kisasa. Milki ya Ottoman ilianza mwishoni mwa karne ya 13 na mfululizo wa mashambulizi kutoka kwa wapiganaji wa Kituruki (wanaojulikana kama Ghazis) wakiongozwa na Osman I, mkuu (bey) ambaye baba yake, Ertugrul, alikuwa ameanzisha msingi wa nguvu huko Sughd (karibu na Bursa, Uturuki).

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Building a Bright Future Celebrating College Savings Month with Junior Achievement Author: Kelsey Matzinger Published: Friday, 29 Sep 2023 Image caption: JA plays a critical role in preparing young people for their educational journey. The pursuit of higher education has long been heralded as a gateway to a brighter future, providing individuals with the knowledge, skills, and opportunities needed to achieve their dreams. However, the rising costs of college education have made it increasingly challenging for families and students to access this particular path to success. Enter College Saving Month, a dedicated time to raise awareness about the importance of saving for college and the critical role Junior Achievement (JA) plays in preparing young people for their educational journey and beyond. The Cost of Higher Education College tuition costs have been steadily rising for decades, often outpacing inflation rates. This has made higher education financially daunting for many. According to a survey conducted by JA and Citizens, financial concerns are top of mind in many teens, with 70% indicating worries about the costs associated with pursuing education after high school. To cope with high tuition costs, students often resort to taking on significant student loan debt, which can burden them for years after graduation. The financial burden of college can lead to stress and anxiety for both students and their families, potentially affecting academic performance and well-being. The Role of College-Savings Month College Savings Month, celebrated annually in September, serves as a platform to address these financial challenges and promote responsible college savings. It raises awareness about the importance of saving for college from an early age, encouraging families to plan for their children's future education. This month empowers families to take control of their financial future, reduce reliance on student loans, and create a more secure financial foundation. JA's Impact on College Savings By instilling financial literacy and responsible money management, JA equips students and their families with the tools they need to save for college effectively. Our emphasis on entrepreneurship encourages students to think creatively about funding their education, potentially opening doors to scholarships and entrepreneurial ventures, and through JA's career exploration programs, students gain a clearer understanding of their career goals, which can inform their choices when it comes to selecting a college and major. According to our 2021-2022 Alumni Survey Report, a strong majority (82%) of JA Alumni agree they have a strong financial footing, and half of JA Alumni took out loans to pay for college (50%), and the average age reported for paying off their student loans is 30 years old. Celebrating College Savings Month Here's how you can celebrate this month with JA: - Volunteer: Consider volunteering your time and expertise with Junior Achievement. By doing so, you can directly impact the lives of students and help them understand the value of saving for college. - Donate: Donations can go a long way in supporting our programs and expanding our reach to more students. Your contribution can help create a brighter future for countless young minds. - Advocate: Spread the word about JA and College Savings Month through your social networks and community. Encourage others to get involved and make education a top priority. - Participate in JA Programs: If you're a parent, teacher, or school administrator, consider incorporating JA programs into your curriculum. These programs can complement College Savings Month initiatives and provide students with valuable life skills. College Savings Month serves as a reminder of the importance of investing in education. It's an opportunity for families to assess their financial goals and plan for their children's higher education. Junior Achievement complements this mission by equipping young people with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in college and beyond. By celebrating College Savings Month with us, we can empower future generations to reach their full potential. Through financial literacy, career readiness, and entrepreneurship education, we instill values that align with the goals of saving for college: financial security, career opportunities, personal growth, and the legacy of education. Together, we can create a brighter and more promising future for our youth.

Kujenga Baadaye Nzuri: Kuadhimisha Mwezi wa Akiba ya Chuo Kikuu na Mafanikio ya Junior - Kelsey Matzinger, Mhariri wa Habari, Jumatano, Septemba 29, 2023 Kwa muda mrefu, elimu ya juu imekuwa ikitangazwa kuwa njia ya kuingia katika wakati ujao mzuri, ikitoa ujuzi, ustadi, na fursa zinazohitajika ili watu wafikie ndoto zao. Hata hivyo, kuongezeka kwa gharama za elimu ya chuo kikuu kumefanya iwe vigumu zaidi kwa familia na wanafunzi kupata njia hii maalum ya mafanikio. Mwezi wa Kuokoa Chuo ni wakati wa kuongeza ufahamu juu ya umuhimu wa kuokoa kwa ajili ya chuo kikuu na jukumu muhimu Junior Achievement (JA) ina katika kuandaa vijana kwa ajili ya safari yao ya elimu na zaidi. Gharama ya masomo ya chuo kikuu imekuwa ikiongezeka kwa miongo kadhaa, mara nyingi ikizidi viwango vya mfumuko wa bei. Hilo limefanya elimu ya juu iwe ngumu kifedha kwa wengi. Kulingana na utafiti uliofanywa na JA na Citizens, wasiwasi wa kifedha ni juu ya akili katika vijana wengi, na 70% ya vijana wanaonyesha wasiwasi juu ya gharama zinazohusiana na kufuatia elimu baada ya shule ya sekondari. Ili kukabiliana na gharama za juu za masomo, mara nyingi wanafunzi huchukua madeni makubwa ya mkopo wa mwanafunzi, ambayo yanaweza kuwazidisha kwa miaka mingi baada ya kuhitimu. Mfumo wa kifedha wa chuo kikuu unaweza kusababisha mkazo na wasiwasi kwa wanafunzi na familia zao, na uwezekano wa kuathiri utendaji wa kitaaluma na ustawi. Mwezi wa Akiba ya Chuo, unaofadhiliwa kila mwaka mnamo Septemba, hutumika kama jukwaa la kushughulikia changamoto hizi za kifedha na kukuza akiba ya chuo kikuu inayowajibika. Inazidisha ufahamu juu ya umuhimu wa kuokoa kwa chuo kutoka umri mdogo, kuwahimiza familia kupanga elimu ya baadaye ya watoto wao. Mwezi huu unawapa familia nguvu ya kudhibiti wakati wao ujao wa kifedha, kupunguza utegemezi wao kwa mikopo ya wanafunzi, na kuunda msingi salama zaidi wa kifedha. Kwa kuingiza elimu ya kifedha na usimamizi wa pesa wenye uwajibikaji, JA huwapa wanafunzi na familia zao zana wanazohitaji kuokoa kwa chuo kikuu kwa ufanisi. "Kufanya hivyo, inawasaidia wanafunzi kufikiria kwa ubunifu juu ya kufadhili elimu yao, uwezekano wa kufungua milango kwa masomo na biashara, na kupitia programu za utafutaji wa kazi ya JA, wanafunzi wanapata uelewa wazi wa malengo yao ya kazi, ambayo yanaweza kuelezea chaguzi zao linapokuja kuchagua chuo kikuu na ""kubwa.""" Kulingana na ripoti ya utafiti wa wanafunzi wa zamani wa 2021-2022, asilimia 82 ya wanafunzi wa zamani wa JA wanakubali kuwa wana msingi thabiti wa kifedha, na nusu ya wanafunzi wa zamani wa JA walichukua mikopo ya kulipia chuo kikuu, na umri wa wastani wa kulipa mikopo yao ya mwanafunzi ni miaka 30. Kuadhimisha Mwezi wa Akiba ya Chuo Hapa ni jinsi unavyoweza kusherehekea mwezi huu na JA: Kujitolea: Fikiria kujitolea wakati wako na utaalam na Junior Achievement. Kwa kufanya hivyo, unaweza kuathiri moja kwa moja maisha ya wanafunzi na kuwasaidia kuelewa thamani ya kuokoa kwa ajili ya chuo kikuu. - Mchango: Mchango unaweza kwenda mbali katika kuunga mkono programu zetu na kupanua kufikia yetu kwa wanafunzi zaidi. Mchango wako unaweza kusaidia kuunda siku zijazo zenye kung'aa kwa akili nyingi za vijana. - Mtetezi: Kueneza neno kuhusu JA na Chuo cha Akiba ya Mwezi kupitia mitandao yako ya kijamii na jamii. Watie moyo wengine wahusike na fanya elimu iwe kipaumbele cha juu. Ikiwa wewe ni mzazi, mwalimu, au msimamizi wa shule, fikiria kuingiza programu za JA katika mtaala wako. Programu hizi zinaweza kukamilisha mipango ya Mwezi wa Akiba ya Chuo na kuwapa wanafunzi ujuzi muhimu wa maisha. Mwezi wa Akiba ya Chuo hutumika kama kikumbusho cha umuhimu wa kuwekeza katika elimu. Ni fursa kwa familia kutathmini malengo yao ya kifedha na kupanga elimu ya juu ya watoto wao. Junior Achievement inasaidia utume huu kwa kuwapa vijana maarifa na ujuzi wanaohitaji ili kufanikiwa katika chuo kikuu na zaidi. Kwa kusherehekea Mwezi wa Akiba ya Chuo na sisi, tunaweza kuwawezesha vizazi vya baadaye kufikia uwezo wao kamili. Kupitia elimu ya kifedha, utayari wa kazi, na elimu ya ujasiriamali, tunapendekeza maadili ambayo yanalingana na malengo ya kuokoa kwa chuo kikuu: usalama wa kifedha, fursa za kazi, ukuaji wa kibinafsi, na urithi wa elimu. Pamoja, tunaweza kuunda siku zijazo zenye kung'aa na zenye kuahidi zaidi kwa vijana wetu.

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As the world turns its attention towards sustainable energy solutions, Puerto Rico is stepping into the forefront of the solar revolution. The Caribbean island, with its abundant sunlight, is witnessing a surge in solar energy installations. From cutting-edge technologies to innovative government policies, Puerto Rico is shaping the future of solar energy in remarkable ways. Puerto Rico is now revolutionizing its investment in solar power. It is taking advantage of the availability of sunlight almost all year round. The government has seen this opportunity and is now making a step toward getting more solar innovations in the future. Solar panel installer in Puerto Rico from Small Energy Bill has contributed to building solar panel systems in the area. If you need to shift to a greener energy source, then you can rely on them. Emerging Technologies in Solar Panel Efficiency and Design in Puerto Rico Some technologies are arising in Puerto Rico as they try to take advantage of harnessing energy from the sun. Advanced photovoltaic materials are one of them, as they can boost up capture of energy even in areas with low-light conditions. Another new technology for solar panels is the bifacial solar panels. This kind of solar panel can capture energy from both sides, meaning the volume of energy that can be saved is higher. The Growth of Solar Battery Storage Systems in Puerto Rican Homes and Businesses Due to the weather concerns that are happening in Puerto Rico residents have learned to invest in solar battery storage. In times when power outage happens due to tropical storms, stored energy has been a lifesaver for them. It has been advantageous both for residents and business owners to have solar batteries to cover their energy needs during emergencies. Government Policies and Incentives Shaping the Future of Solar in Puerto Rico In line with promoting solar energy usage in the area, the government has come up with strategies to motivate people to shift to greener sources of energy. Tax credits, net metering programs, and grants are being offered to homeowners and business owners who would invest in solar panel energy systems for their energy needs. This program has made solar panels more affordable for everyone. The Rise of Community Solar Projects and Their Impact in Puerto Rico Community solar projects are gaining momentum as a collaborative approach to harnessing solar energy in Puerto Rico. These projects allow residents who may not have suitable rooftops or financial means to benefit from solar power. By pooling resources and sharing the output of a centralized solar installation, communities can collectively reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to the island’s sustainability goals. Community solar projects are fostering a sense of shared responsibility and resilience in the face of energy challenges. Adaptation of Solar Energy Systems to Puerto Rico’s Unique Climate and Topography The topography of Puerto Rico has made it challenging for solar energy systems to be installed as they have to be equipped with more sturdy as the area is often visited by hurricanes and tropical storms. Solar panels and their structures should be able to withstand high winds and it has to be equipped with automatic shutdown when extreme weather conditions arise. These are just a few challenges in adapting to the solar energy system, still, the government is giving its best to continue supporting what they have started in their solar energy project. They are working hand in hand with solar providers to come up with a set-up that is customized to adapt to the climate and topography of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico is on the cusp of a solar energy revolution, driven by technological advancements, government support, and a growing commitment to sustainable practices. The future of solar in Puerto Rico holds promise for increased energy independence, resilience, and a cleaner, more sustainable environment. As the island continues to embrace solar solutions, it stands as a shining example of how renewable energy can power a brighter and more sustainable future. Getting advice and suggestions from someone who knows the ropes on how the solar panel system works is ideal for Puerto Rico to achieve its goal of powering their island to a more sustainable source of energy. Solar providers who are determined to build their names will dedicate effort, research, and time to coming up with a perfect setup and matching it with the needs of the area. So dealing with the right solar provider matters a lot.

Wakati ulimwengu unazunguka kwa njia za nishati endelevu, Puerto Rico inaendelea kuongoza katika mapinduzi ya jua. Kisiwa hicho cha Karibea, chenye jua nyingi, kinashuhudia ongezeko kubwa la mitambo ya nishati ya jua. Kutoka teknolojia za hali ya juu hadi sera za kisasa za serikali, Puerto Rico inaunda siku zijazo za nishati ya jua kwa njia za kushangaza. Puerto Rico sasa inabadilisha uwekezaji wake katika nishati ya jua. Inatumia fursa ya kuwa na nuru ya jua karibu mwaka mzima. Serikali imeona fursa hii na sasa inafanya hatua kuelekea kupata uvumbuzi zaidi wa jua katika siku zijazo. Mfungaji wa paneli za jua huko Puerto Rico kutoka Small Energy Bill amechangia kujenga mifumo ya paneli za jua katika eneo hilo. Ikiwa unahitaji kubadilisha kwa chanzo cha nishati cha kijani kibichi, basi unaweza kutegemea. Teknolojia ya Solar Panel Efficiency na Design katika Puerto Rico Vifaa vya hali ya juu vya photovoltaic ni mojawapo, kwa kuwa vinaweza kuongeza kukamata nishati hata katika maeneo yenye hali ya mwanga wa chini. Teknolojia nyingine mpya ya paneli za jua ni paneli za jua za bifacial. Kwa mfano, paneli za jua zinaweza kuhifadhi nishati kutoka pande zote mbili, na hivyo kuokoa nishati ya kutosha. Kuongezeka kwa Mifumo ya Kuhifadhi Batri ya Jua katika Nyumba na Biashara za Puerto Riko Kwa sababu ya wasiwasi wa hali ya hewa unaotokea katika Puerto Riko, wakazi wamejifunza kuwekeza katika kuhifadhi betri ya jua. Wakati ambapo umeme unapoanguka kwa sababu ya dhoruba za kitropiki, nishati iliyohifadhiwa imekuwa kiokoaji cha maisha yao. Ni muhimu kwa wakazi na wamiliki wa biashara kuwa na betri za jua ili kukidhi mahitaji yao ya nishati wakati wa dharura. Mipango ya Serikali ya Kuunda Baadaye ya Nishati ya Jua huko Puerto Rico: Kwa kuzingatia kukuza matumizi ya nishati ya jua katika eneo hilo, serikali imekuja na mikakati ya kuhamasisha watu kuhamia vyanzo vya nishati vya kijani kibichi. Msaada wa kodi, programu za kipimo cha wavu, na ruzuku zinapewa wamiliki wa nyumba na wamiliki wa biashara ambao watawekeza katika mifumo ya nishati ya paneli za jua kwa mahitaji yao ya nishati. Programu hii imefanya paneli za jua ziwe nafuu zaidi kwa kila mtu. Kuongezeka kwa Miradi ya Jua ya Jumuiya na Athari Zake huko Puerto Rico Miradi ya jua ya Jumuiya inapata kasi kama mbinu ya ushirikiano ya kutumia nishati ya jua huko Puerto Rico. Miradi hii inaruhusu wakazi ambao wanaweza kuwa hawana paa zinazofaa au njia za kifedha kufaidika na nishati ya jua. Kwa kuunganisha rasilimali na kushiriki pato la kituo cha jua, jamii zinaweza kupunguza alama yao ya kaboni na kuchangia malengo ya uendelevu wa kisiwa hicho. Miradi ya jua ya jamii inaendeleza hisia ya jukumu la pamoja na nguvu katika kukabiliana na changamoto za nishati. Utaratibu wa nishati ya jua kwa hali ya hewa ya Puerto Rico na topografia ya Puerto Rico imefanya kuwa changamoto kwa mifumo ya nishati ya jua kuwa imewekwa kama wao kuwa na vifaa zaidi imara kama eneo ni mara nyingi alitembelea na vimbunga na dhoruba za kitropiki. Paneli za jua na miundo yao inapaswa kuwa na uwezo wa kuvumilia upepo mkali na lazima iwe na vifaa vya kuzima moja kwa moja wakati hali mbaya ya hali ya hewa inatokea. Hizi ni changamoto chache tu katika kukabiliana na mfumo wa nishati ya jua, bado serikali inatoa bora yake kuendelea kusaidia kile wameanza katika mradi wao wa nishati ya jua. Kampuni hiyo inashirikiana na kampuni za nishati ya jua ili kuunda mfumo wa nishati ya jua unaolingana na hali ya hewa na mazingira ya Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico iko kwenye kilele cha mapinduzi ya nishati ya jua, inayoendeshwa na maendeleo ya kiteknolojia, msaada wa serikali, na kujitolea kwa mazoea endelevu. Wakati ujao wa nishati ya jua huko Puerto Rico una ahadi ya kuongezeka kwa uhuru wa nishati, uimara, na mazingira safi, endelevu zaidi. """Kama kisiwa hicho kinaendelea kukumbatia suluhisho la jua, inasimama kama mfano mzuri wa jinsi nishati mbadala inaweza kuendesha siku zijazo zenye mwangaza na endelevu zaidi." Kujiunga na ushauri wa mtu anayejua jinsi mfumo wa paneli za jua unavyofanya kazi ni bora kwa Puerto Rico kufikia lengo lake la kuimarisha kisiwa chao kwa chanzo cha nishati endelevu zaidi. Watoaji wa jua ambao wameamua kujenga majina yao wataweka juhudi, utafiti, na wakati wa kuja na usanidi kamili na kuifanikisha na mahitaji ya eneo hilo. Kwa hiyo, ni muhimu sana kuchagua mtoaji wa nishati ya jua anayefaa.

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Most blockchains are designed as a decentralized database that functions as a distributed digital ledger. These blockchain ledgers record and store data in blocks, which are organized in a chronological sequence and are linked through cryptographic proofs. The creation of blockchain technology brought up many advantages in a variety of industries, providing increased security in trustless environments. However, its decentralized nature also brings some disadvantages. For instance, when compared to traditional centralized databases, blockchains present limited efficiency and require increased storage capacity. Since blockchain data is often stored in thousands of devices on a distributed network of nodes, the system and the data are highly resistant to technical failures and malicious attacks. Each network node is able to replicate and store a copy of the database and, because of this, there is no single point of failure: a single node going offline does not affect the availability or security of the network. In contrast, many conventional databases rely on a single or a few servers and are more vulnerable to technical failures and cyber-attacks. Confirmed blocks are very unlikely to be reversed, meaning that once data has been registered into the blockchain, it is extremely difficult to remove or change it. This makes blockchain a great technology for storing financial records or any other data where an audit trail is required because every change is tracked and permanently recorded on a distributed and public ledger. For example, a business could use blockchain technology to prevent fraudulent behavior from its employees. In this scenario, the blockchain could provide a secure and stable record of all financial transactions that take place within the company. This would make it much harder for an employee to hide suspicious transactions. In most traditional payment systems, transactions are not only dependent on the two parties involved, but also on an intermediary – such as a bank, credit card company, or payment provider. When using blockchain technology, this is no longer necessary because the distributed network of nodes verify the transactions through a process known as mining. For this reason, Blockchain is often referred to as a ‘trustless’ system. Therefore, a blockchain system negates the risk of trusting a single organization and also reduces the overall costs and transaction fees by cutting out intermediaries and third parties. The Proof of Work consensus algorithm that protects the Bitcoin blockchain has proven to be very efficient over the years. However, there are a few potential attacks that can be performed against blockchain networks and 51% attacks are among the most discussed. Such an attack may happen if one entity manages to control more than 50% of the network hashing power, which would eventually allow them to disrupt the network by intentionally excluding or modifying the ordering of transactions. Despite being theoretically possible, there was never a successful 51% attack on the Bitcoin blockchain. As the network grows larger the security increases and it is quite unlikely that miners will invest large amounts of money and resources to attack Bitcoin as they are better rewarded for acting honestly. Other than that, a successful 51% attack would only be able to modify the most recent transactions for a short period of time because blocks are linked through cryptographic proofs (changing older blocks would require intangible levels of computing power). Also, the Bitcoin blockchain is very resilient and would quickly adapt as a response to an attack. Another downside of blockchain systems is that once data has been added to the blockchain it is very difficult to modify it. While stability is one of blockchain’s advantages, it is not always good. Changing blockchain data or code is usually very demanding and often requires a hard fork, where one chain is abandoned, and a new one is taken up. Blockchain uses public-key (or asymmetric) cryptography to give users ownership over their cryptocurrency units (or any other blockchain data). Each blockchain address has a corresponding private key. While the address can be shared, the private key should be kept secret. Users need their private key to access their funds, meaning that they act as their own bank. If a user loses their private key, the money is effectively lost, and there is nothing they can do about it. Blockchains, especially those using Proof of Work, are highly inefficient. Since mining is highly competitive and there is just one winner every ten minutes, the work of every other miner is wasted. As miners are continually trying to increase their computational power, so they have a greater chance of finding a valid block hash, the resources used by the Bitcoin network has increased significantly in the last few years, and it currently consumes more energy than many countries, such as Denmark, Ireland, and Nigeria. Blockchain ledgers can grow very large over time. The Bitcoin blockchain currently requires around 200 GB of storage. The current growth in blockchain size appears to be outstripping the growth in hard drives and the network risks losing nodes if the ledger becomes too large for individuals to download and store. Despite the downsides, blockchain technology presents some unique advantages, and it is definitely here to stay. We still have a long road to mainstream adoption, but many industries are getting to grips with the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain systems. The next few years will likely see businesses and governments experimenting with new applications to find out where blockchain technology adds the most value.

Blockchain ni mfumo wa kuunganisha na kuunganisha data ya decentralized ambayo hufanya kazi kama ledger ya digital. Blockchain ledgers kurekodi na kuhifadhi data katika vitalu, ambayo ni kupangwa katika mfululizo wa muda na ni kushikamana kupitia uthibitisho cryptographic. Uundaji wa teknolojia ya blockchain ulileta faida nyingi katika tasnia mbalimbali, ikitoa usalama ulioongezeka katika mazingira yasiyo ya uaminifu. Hata hivyo, asili yake ya kutokuwa na mamlaka pia huleta hasara fulani. Kwa mfano, ikilinganishwa na hifadhidata za jadi za kituo, blockchains zina ufanisi mdogo na zinahitaji uwezo mkubwa wa kuhifadhi. Kwa kuwa data ya blockchain mara nyingi huhifadhiwa katika maelfu ya vifaa kwenye mtandao uliosambazwa wa nodes, mfumo na data ni sugu sana kwa kushindwa kwa kiufundi na mashambulizi mabaya. Kila node ya mtandao ina uwezo wa kuiga na kuhifadhi nakala ya hifadhidata, na kwa sababu hii, hakuna hatua moja ya kushindwa: node moja kwenda nje ya mtandao haina kuathiri upatikanaji au usalama wa mtandao. Kinyume chake, hifadhidata nyingi za kawaida hutegemea seva moja au chache na ni dhaifu zaidi kwa kushindwa kwa kiufundi na mashambulizi ya mtandao. Blocks kuthibitishwa ni uwezekano mdogo sana kuwa reversed, maana kwamba mara moja data imekuwa kusajiliwa katika blockchain, ni vigumu sana kuondoa au kubadilisha. Hii inafanya blockchain teknolojia kubwa kwa ajili ya kuhifadhi rekodi za kifedha au data nyingine yoyote ambapo kufuatilia kufuatilia inahitajika kwa sababu kila mabadiliko ni kufuatiliwa na kudumu kumbukumbu juu ya usambazaji na umma ledger. Kwa mfano, biashara inaweza kutumia teknolojia ya blockchain kuzuia tabia ya udanganyifu kutoka kwa wafanyikazi wake. Katika hali hii, blockchain inaweza kutoa rekodi salama na imara ya shughuli zote za kifedha ambazo hufanyika ndani ya kampuni. Hilo lingefanya iwe vigumu zaidi kwa mfanyakazi kuficha shughuli zenye kutilika shaka. Katika mifumo mingi ya malipo ya jadi, shughuli si tu hutegemea pande mbili zinazohusika, lakini pia juu ya mpatanishi - kama vile benki, kampuni ya kadi ya mkopo, au mtoa huduma ya malipo. Wakati wa kutumia teknolojia ya blockchain, hii si muhimu tena kwa sababu mtandao wa nodes kusambazwa kuthibitisha shughuli kupitia mchakato unaojulikana kama madini. Kwa sababu hii, Blockchain ni mara nyingi inajulikana kama "trustless" mfumo. Kwa hiyo, mfumo wa blockchain hupunguza hatari ya kuamini shirika moja na pia hupunguza gharama za jumla na ada za shughuli kwa kukata waingiliaji na watu wa tatu. Algorithm ya Proof-of-Work (PWT) ambayo inahifadhi blockchain ya Bitcoin imethibitishwa kuwa na ufanisi mkubwa. Hata hivyo, kuna mashambulizi ya uwezekano wa kuwa na uwezo wa kutekelezwa dhidi ya mitandao ya blockchain, na mashambulizi ya 51% ni miongoni mwa zaidi kujadiliwa. Shambulio kama hilo linaweza kutokea ikiwa chombo kimoja kinashinda kudhibiti zaidi ya 50% ya nguvu ya hashing ya mtandao, ambayo hatimaye itawawezesha kuvuruga mtandao kwa kuondoa au kurekebisha utaratibu wa shughuli. Ingawa ni uwezekano wa kiakili, hakuna mashambulizi ya 51% ya mafanikio yaliyotokea kwenye blockchain ya Bitcoin. Kadiri mtandao unavyoongezeka, usalama unaongezeka, na ni uwezekano mdogo kwamba wachimbaji watawekeza pesa nyingi na rasilimali kushambulia Bitcoin, kwani wanatozwa vizuri kwa kutenda kwa uaminifu. Kwa upande mwingine, shambulio la 51% la mafanikio litabadilisha tu shughuli za hivi karibuni kwa muda mfupi kwa sababu vitalu vimeunganishwa kupitia uthibitisho wa cryptographic (kubadilisha vitalu vya zamani itahitaji viwango visivyoonekana vya nguvu ya kompyuta). Pia, blockchain Bitcoin ni imara sana na haraka kurekebisha kama majibu ya shambulio. Jambo jingine la chini la blockchain ni kwamba mara moja data imeongezwa kwenye blockchain ni vigumu sana kuibadilisha. Wakati utulivu ni moja ya faida blockchain, si daima nzuri. Kubadilisha data au nambari ya blockchain ni kawaida sana na mara nyingi inahitaji hard fork, ambapo mnyororo mmoja ni kutelekezwa na mpya ni kuchukuliwa. Blockchain hutumia ufunguo wa umma (au asymmetric) cryptography kutoa watumiaji umiliki juu ya vitengo vyao cryptocurrency (au data nyingine yoyote blockchain). Kila anwani ya blockchain ina ufunguo binafsi unaolingana. Wakati anwani inaweza kushirikiwa, ufunguo binafsi inapaswa kuhifadhiwa siri. Watumiaji wanahitaji ufunguo wao wa kibinafsi kupata fedha zao, ikimaanisha kwamba wao kutenda kama benki yao wenyewe. Ikiwa mtumiaji anapoteza ufunguo wake wa kibinafsi, pesa zinapotea kwa ufanisi, na hakuna kitu wanaweza kufanya juu yake. Blockchains, hasa wale kutumia Uthibitisho wa Kazi, ni inefficient sana. Kwa kuwa uchimbaji wa madini ni ushindani mkubwa na kuna mshindi mmoja tu kila dakika kumi, kazi ya wachimbaji wengine wote inapotea bure. Kama wachimbaji wa madini wanajaribu kuongeza nguvu zao za hesabu, wana nafasi kubwa ya kupata hash halali ya block, rasilimali zinazotumiwa na mtandao wa Bitcoin zimekuwa zikiongezeka sana katika miaka michache iliyopita, na kwa sasa hutumia nishati zaidi kuliko nchi nyingi kama vile Denmark, Ireland na Nigeria. Blockchain ledgers inaweza kukua kubwa sana kwa muda. Bitcoin blockchain inahitaji karibu 200 GB ya kuhifadhi. Ukuaji wa sasa katika ukubwa wa blockchain inaonekana kuwa outstripping ukuaji katika diski ngumu na mtandao hatari ya kupoteza nodes kama ledger inakuwa kubwa sana kwa watu binafsi kupakua na kuhifadhi. Licha ya hasara zake, teknolojia ya blockchain ina faida za kipekee, na ni dhahiri hapa kukaa. Bado tuna njia ndefu ya kupitishwa kwa kawaida, lakini viwanda vingi vinashughulikia faida na hasara za mifumo ya blockchain. Katika miaka ijayo, biashara na serikali zitakuwa na uzoefu wa majaribio ya matumizi mapya ili kujua ni wapi teknolojia ya blockchain inaongeza thamani zaidi.

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સૈર કર દુનિયાકી ગાફિલ, જિંદગાની ફિર કહાં. જિંદગાની અગર રહી તો , નૌજવાની ફિર કહાં . importance of travelling essay:- These verses of the famous Urdu shayar explain the importance of travel to him. The monotonous life from birth to death makes festivals, occasions, fairs and tourism as enjoyable and memorable. Travel has always been at the forefront of human life, be it primitive man or modern technology. Travel has a different significance at every stage of life. In Gujarati it is said that, “ફરે તે ચરે” means if you travel, you will learn something and you will enjoy your life. At least oncence in a year everyone should visit some place. It helps you to get mental relax. You will get new energy for the remaining year. As soon as you hear the word travel, many different pictures come to your mind, your mind dances and your feet become hurried. Such a huge word that it seems difficult to explain in a nutshell, even if the meaning of travel is to say travel means to go from place to place. Travel is also called emigration. In which country means place and aton means to wander. But travel cannot be limited to just traveling. Travel is all about getting to know a place, enjoying it, and enjoying it for a while. Must Read : The rainy season essay in english The importance of travelling :- Every continent on earth is naturally different from each other. Diversity is found in the folklore, habitat, fauna and flora of each region. In some areas there are high mountains and in some areas there are deserts or plains. There are snow-capped peaks and rushing rivers. There is also diversity in the people and animals of each area. These variations attract people to travel to different places. Travel in antiquity:- Travel has been a major part of human life since prehistoric times. Primitive man lived a nomadic life and traveled from forest to forest in search of food. Due to lack of travel facilities, they were living a nomadic life in the early stages. Even on a very short journey, a long time flows. Then gradually they would have been traveling with the help of animals like horses, camels. The main purpose of his trip was to find food, but due to constant travel he was familiar with the characteristics of animals and plants in many areas. It was his nomadic life that led him to a permanent life by the river. Thus, it can be seen that even for the beginning of a permanent life, his traveling life proved to be helpful. Must Read : ambapani eco tourism, Tapi, Gujarat The importance of travel in life:- Man gets tired of constant monotonous life. The blind race behind money and conveniences makes life dull. In modern times, life has become very hectic. Travel plays a very important role in making such a dull life alive and pleasant. When a person goes for a tour, he sees new things, places, magnificent constructions, rivers, mountains, springs, trees etc. Beautiful cities, gardens, natural beauty, and mountainous terrain enchant her mind. It entertains the person, which proves to be very beneficial for health. To escape the unbearable heat of summer, one goes for hiking in high mountainous places. He knows about the folk life, accommodation, dress etc. from traveling to different places. Which awakens the spirit of brotherhood. At every stage of life, travel is of paramount importance. Students have a curiosity to learn something new in life. There is so much more to learn about any historical place and natural places than just reading from books, a real tour of places of historical and natural significance. A lot can be learned about the geographical location of any place, its folklore, natural features etc. What is read is forgotten but what is seen is always memorable. Children get acquainted with nature through trips to places of natural importance like forests, parks, reservoirs, riverside places, zoos etc. Their curiosity is satisfied. They develop the qualities of love of nature and protection of the environment. Must Read : kevdi eco tourism Surat, Gujarat It is fun to hang out with friends in your youth and to make those moments of life memorable. The only way to have fun is to travel freely and enjoy life to the fullest. Due to the convenience of travel these days, remote tourist destinations can be reached in a very short time. A variety of rides and recreational facilities at tourist destinations make the trip enjoyable. Nowadays, adventurous tourists are risking their lives to travel to places with different natural features. They have also climbed Mount Everest, the highest peak in the Himalayas. Nowadays people have to travel very long distances due to the convenience of fast travel. International travel is being promoted. Due to which people have come to know about the life, customs, environment, historical places etc. of the countries of the world. Relations between the countries are improving due to international travel. The spirit of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” has developed. Indeed, the importance of travel has multiplied in today’s hectic and stressful life. It is through tourism that pride, love of nature and brotherhood towards cultural heritage is born in people. Thus travel benefits the individual as well as the society and the country so the importance of travel is increasing in every country. The Department of Tourism is constantly striving for the development of tourist destinations and the convenience of tourists by the Government of India. Written by:- Mrs. Snehal Rajan Jani. Must Read : Nadabet border (Seema Darshan)

Sair kar duniaaki gafil, જિંદગાની ફિર કહાં. Na kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni kama ni umuhimu wa kusafiri insha:- Hizi mistari ya maarufu Urdu shayar kueleza umuhimu wa kusafiri kwake. Maisha ya kawaida kutoka kuzaliwa hadi kifo hufanya sherehe, hafla, maonyesho na utalii kuwa ya kufurahisha na ya kukumbukwa. Kusafiri kumekuwa sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya wanadamu, iwe ni ya wanadamu wa kale au ya kisasa. Kusafiri kuna maana tofauti katika kila hatua ya maisha. Katika Kigujarati inasemekana kwamba, "Farehe te chere" inamaanisha kwamba ukienda, utajifunza kitu na utafurahia maisha yako. Angalau mara moja kwa mwaka kila mtu anapaswa kutembelea mahali fulani. Inakusaidia kupumzika kiakili. Utapata nishati mpya kwa mwaka uliobaki. "Kama tu unaposikia neno ""kusafiri,"" picha nyingi tofauti zinakuja akilini mwako, akili yako hucheza dansi na miguu yako inaharakisha." "Hiyo ni neno kubwa sana, na ni vigumu kueleza kwa ufupi, hata kama maana ya ""kusafiri"" ni ""kusafiri"" yaani kwenda mahali fulani." Kusafiri huitwa pia uhamiaji. "Nchi inamaanisha ""mahali"" na ""aton"" inamaanisha ""kutembea.""" Lakini kusafiri hakupaswa kuelekezwa tu kwenye safari. Kusafiri ni kuhusu kujua mahali fulani, kuifurahia, na kuifurahia kwa muda fulani. Lazima usome: The rainy season essay in english Umuhimu wa kusafiri:- Kila bara duniani ni tofauti kwa asili kutoka kwa kila mmoja. Tofauti hupatikana katika tamaduni za watu, makao, wanyama na mimea ya kila eneo. Katika maeneo fulani kuna milima mirefu na katika maeneo mengine kuna jangwa au nyanda. Kuna vilele vilivyofunikwa na theluji na mito yenye mvua nyingi. Pia kuna tofauti kati ya watu na wanyama wa kila eneo. Tofauti hizo huwavutia watu kusafiri kwenda mahali pengine. Kusafiri katika nyakati za kale:- Kusafiri kumekuwa sehemu kubwa ya maisha ya kibinadamu tangu nyakati za kabla ya historia. Mwanadamu wa kale aliishi maisha ya kutangatanga na kusafiri kutoka msitu mmoja hadi mwingine akitafuta chakula. Kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa vifaa vya kusafiri, walikuwa wakiishi maisha ya kutembea-tembea katika hatua za mapema. Hata katika safari fupi sana, muda mrefu unapita. Kisha hatua kwa hatua wangekuwa wakisafiri kwa msaada wa wanyama kama farasi, ngamia. Kusudi kuu la safari yake lilikuwa kutafuta chakula, lakini kwa sababu ya kusafiri mara kwa mara alikuwa na ufahamu wa sifa za wanyama na mimea katika maeneo mengi. Maisha yake ya kutembea-tembea ndiyo yalimwongoza kuishi kwa kudumu kando ya mto. Kwa hiyo, yaweza kuonekana kwamba hata kwa mwanzo wa maisha ya kudumu, maisha yake ya kusafiri yalithibitika kuwa yenye manufaa. Lazima usome: ambapani eco utalii, Tapi, Gujarat Umuhimu wa kusafiri katika maisha:- Mtu hupata uchovu wa maisha ya mara kwa mara monotonous. Mbio za kipofu za kupata pesa na starehe hufanya maisha yawe magumu. Katika nyakati za kisasa, maisha yamekuwa magumu sana. Kusafiri hutimiza fungu muhimu sana katika kufanya maisha hayo yenye kuchosha yawe yenye uhai na yenye kupendeza. Mtu anapokwenda kwa ziara, anaona vitu vipya, maeneo, majengo mazuri, mito, milima, chemchemi, miti nk. Majiji maridadi, bustani, uzuri wa asili, na maeneo ya milimani humvutia. Inamfurahisha mtu, jambo ambalo linafaidi sana afya. Ili kuepuka joto lisiloweza kuvumilika la kiangazi, mtu huenda kutembea-tembea katika maeneo ya milimani. Anajua kuhusu maisha ya watu, malazi, mavazi nk. Kutoka kusafiri kwenda maeneo tofauti. ambayo huamsha roho ya udugu. Katika kila hatua ya maisha, kusafiri ni jambo la maana sana. Wanafunzi wana hamu ya kujifunza jambo jipya maishani. Kuna mengi zaidi ya kujifunza kuhusu mahali yoyote ya kihistoria na maeneo ya asili kuliko tu kusoma kutoka vitabu, ziara halisi ya maeneo ya kihistoria na asili umuhimu. Mengi yanaweza kujifunza kuhusu eneo la kijiografia la mahali popote, hadithi zake za kitamaduni, sifa za asili nk. Kile kinachosomwa husahauliwa lakini kile kinachoonekana sikuzote hukumbukwa. Watoto kupata kufahamiana na asili kupitia safari ya maeneo ya umuhimu wa asili kama misitu, mbuga, mabwawa, maeneo ya mto, bustani za wanyama nk. Udadisi wao umetoshelezwa. Wao huendeleza sifa za kupenda asili na kulinda mazingira. "Kevdi Eco Tourism Surat, Gujarat: ""Ni furaha kutembea na marafiki katika ujana wako na kufanya wakati huo wa maisha usioweza kukumbukwa.""" Njia pekee ya kujifurahisha ni kusafiri kwa uhuru na kufurahia maisha kikamili. Kwa sababu ya urahisi wa kusafiri siku hizi, maeneo ya utalii ya mbali yanaweza kufikiwa kwa muda mfupi sana. Vituo mbalimbali vya kufurahisha na vya burudani katika maeneo ya utalii hufanya safari hiyo iwe yenye kufurahisha. Siku hizi, watalii wenye tamaa ya kujihami wanahatarisha maisha yao ili kusafiri kwenda maeneo yenye asili tofauti. Pia wamepanda Mlima Everest, kilele cha juu zaidi katika Milima ya Himalaya. Siku hizi watu wanapaswa kusafiri umbali mrefu sana kwa sababu ya urahisi wa kusafiri kwa kasi. Safari za kimataifa zinatumiwa. Kwa sababu ambayo watu wamekuja kujua kuhusu maisha, desturi, mazingira, maeneo ya kihistoria nk. ya nchi za ulimwengu. Uhusiano kati ya nchi hizo unaboresha kwa sababu ya kusafiri kimataifa. Roho ya "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" imesitawi. Kwa kweli, umuhimu wa kusafiri umezidi kuwa muhimu katika maisha ya leo yenye msukosuko na mkazo. Ni kupitia utalii kwamba kiburi, upendo wa asili na udugu kuelekea urithi wa kitamaduni huzaliwa katika watu. Kwa hivyo kusafiri kunanufaisha mtu binafsi na jamii na nchi, kwa hivyo umuhimu wa kusafiri unazidi katika kila nchi. Idara ya Utalii inajitahidi daima kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya maeneo ya utalii na urahisi wa watalii na Serikali ya India. Imeandikwa na:- Bi. Snehal Rajan Jani. Lazima usome: Mipaka ya Nadabet (Seema Darshan)

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With summer just barely beginning, its almost guaranteed that you will yourself invited to a summer barbecue or outdoor picnic. The warmer weather conditions may be ideal for some fun in the sun, but they also provide a perfect environment for bacteria and other pathogens in food to multiply rapidly and cause foodborne illness. The following tips will help you to make sure you are serving food safely, and enjoy your summer festivities without a care in the world. For fresh foods like salads, veggies, and fruit, do your best to keep them cold! Insulated coolers with ice packs or frozen gel packs will keep food colder longer, and will prevent bacterial growth on your snacks! Once you’ve served it, it should not sit out for longer than 2 hours, or 1 hour if the outdoor temperature is above 90° F. If it does, throw it out! Not even the ripest of strawberries are worth getting sick over. Organizing your cooler contents is also an important thing to remember. Being organized will help you to prevent cross contamination between things like meats and fresh produce. Keeping raw meats, poultry, and seafood securely wrapped and separate from the produce will keep juices from contaminating any prepared foods. Another good idea to maintain freshness is by separating drinks from your foods. Often times, the drink cooler is opened much more often than the food coolers are – perishable foods will have a fighting chance in a separate cooler, and will ensure that you are able to serve food safely. Of course, what’s a picnic without some good old fashioned grilling? It should go without saying, but be sure to cook your food thoroughly. To be safe, always use a food thermometer on meat and poultry products. Steaks and roasts are at a safe temp of 145 degrees, while poultry is slightly higher with a safe temperature of about 165 degrees. Finally, to be sure you are serving food safely, make you are not using the same platter or utensils that held raw meat, poultry, or seafood allows bacteria from the raw food’s juices to spread to the cooked food. Instead, have a clean platter and utensils ready. It has been estimated that 48 million Americans get it every year. While a scary statistic, it is completely avoidable if you know how to prevent it. Follow these simple tips for serving food safely to make sure that you and your loved ones stay safe and happy all summer long. Sponsored by Keeping it Kleen

Wakati wa majira ya joto, ni karibu uhakika kwamba wewe mwenyewe kualikwa kwa barbeque majira ya joto au picnic nje. Hali ya hewa ya joto inaweza kuwa bora kwa ajili ya baadhi ya furaha katika jua, lakini pia kutoa mazingira kamili kwa bakteria na vimelea vingine katika chakula kuzidisha haraka na kusababisha magonjwa yanayopitishwa na chakula. Vidokezo vifuatavyo vitakusaidia kuhakikisha kwamba unatoa chakula kwa usalama, na kufurahia sherehe zako za majira ya joto bila kujali katika ulimwengu. Kwa vyakula safi kama vile saladi, mboga, na matunda, fanya yote uwezayo kuyaweka baridi! Vifaa vya kupoza vilivyo na barafu au vipande vya gel vilivyohifadhiwa vitahifadhi chakula kikiwa baridi kwa muda mrefu zaidi, na vitazuia bakteria kusitawi kwenye vyakula vyako! Baada ya kuitolea, haipaswi kukaa nje kwa zaidi ya saa mbili, au saa moja ikiwa joto la nje ni juu ya 90 ° F. Ikiwa ndivyo, itupe nje! Hata jordgubbar zilizokomaa si za kusababisha ugonjwa. Pia ni muhimu kukumbuka jinsi ya kupanga vitu vilivyo katika chombo chako cha baridi. Kuandaa chakula kitakusaidia kuzuia kuambukizwa kwa vitu kama vile nyama na vyakula vipya. Kuhifadhi nyama mbichi, kuku, na vyakula vya baharini vimefungwa kwa usalama na kutenganishwa na mazao ya chakula, kutazuia maji ya matunda yasichafue vyakula vyovyote vilivyotengenezwa. Njia nyingine nzuri ya kuhifadhi ladha ni kuondoa vinywaji kwenye chakula. Mara nyingi, baridi ya kinywaji hufunguliwa mara nyingi zaidi kuliko baridi ya chakula - vyakula vinavyoharibika vitakuwa na nafasi ya kupigana katika baridi tofauti, na itahakikisha kuwa unaweza kuhudumia chakula kwa usalama. Bila shaka, ni nini picnic bila baadhi ya nzuri ya zamani grilling? Ni lazima ufanye hivyo, lakini hakikisha kwamba unafanya chakula chako kiwe tayari. Ili uwe salama, sikuzote tumia kipima-joto cha chakula kwenye nyama na bidhaa za kuku. Steaks na roasts ni katika joto salama ya 145 ° C, wakati kuku ni kidogo juu na joto salama ya karibu 165 ° C. Mwishowe, kuhakikisha kwamba wewe ni kuwahudumia chakula salama, kufanya wewe si kutumia sahani sawa au vyombo kwamba uliofanyika nyama mbichi, kuku, au samaki inaruhusu bakteria kutoka juisi ya chakula mbichi kuenea kwa chakula kupikwa. Badala yake, uwe na sahani safi na vyombo tayari. Inakadiriwa kuwa Wamarekani milioni 48 hupata ugonjwa huo kila mwaka. Ingawa ni takwimu ya kutisha, inaweza kuepukwa kabisa ikiwa unajua jinsi ya kuizuia. Fanya kama ilivyoelezwa hapa chini ili kuhakikisha wewe na wapendwa wako mko salama na furaha wakati wote wa majira ya joto. Imetengenezwa na Keeping it Kleen

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://cookingadvicenow.com/serving-food-safely-in-the-summer-months/

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Inspiring stories of social activism, such as the Civil Rights movement and the fight against climate change, abound in history. And it is generally thought that the new social media era has helped cases of activism to succeed. But our research has revealed some major threats, which activists need to understand if they are to be successful in getting their message across to the masses. Social activism refers to a broad range of activities which are beneficial to society or particular interest groups. Social activists operate in groups to voice, educate and agitate for change, targeting global crises. Take, for example, environmental groups such as Greenpeace which aim to curb climate change by targeting governments and major manufacturers with poor environmental records. Or the anti-sweatshop movement, which started with a group of activists in the 19th century organising boycotts aimed at improving the conditions of workers in manufacturing places with low wages, poor working conditions and child labour. Online social activism These days the voices of dissent have increasingly been carried via the evolving medium of the internet. From #Metoo, #TimesUp and #WeStrike to #NeverAgain and #BlackLivesMatter, social activists wield the power of the internet to pressure powerful organisations. The group 350.org, for example, is made up of climate change activists. The group uses online campaigns and grassroots organising to oppose new coal, oil and gas projects. Its aim is to get society moving closer to clean energy solutions that work for all. Online activism allows activists to organise events with high levels of engagement, focus and network strength. On the one hand, researchers suggest that the anonymity offered by online communication provides the possibility of expressing the views of marginalised minority groups that might otherwise be punished or sanctioned. Online activities reinforce collective identity by reducing attention to differences that exist within the group (such as education, social class, and ethnicity). The online threats But other research argues that while this modern form of activism may increase participation in online activities, it might merely create the impression of activism. Or it may even have negative consequences, such as creating social stereotypes including those about feminists and environmentalists or getting social activists arrested as is the case in authoritarian countries. The aim of our research was to develop insights that would obtain better outcomes from online activism, targeting some of society’s most important issues. During our study, we collected data from three YouTube cases of online activism. Our findings suggest that online activism delivers a temporary shock to the organisational elites, help organise collective actions and amplify the conditions for movements to form. The elites fight back But these initial outcomes provoke the elites into action, resulting in counter measures – such as increased surveillance to track activists. For example, some governmental authorities intensified internet filtering, blocked access to several websites and decreased the speed of the internet connection to slow down social activism. These measures prompted self-censorship among activists and a loss of interest among the public in relation to the cause and contributed to the ultimate decline of social activism over time. Our study challenged the optimistic hype around online activism in enabling grassroots social movements by suggesting there is a complex relationship between activists and those groups they are targeting, which makes the outcomes very difficult to predict. As different parties with different interests intervene, they either encourage or inhibit activism. While encouraging actions can take the form of support (such as the thousands of women around the world who posted on social media sharing their stories under #metoo), inhibiting actions may come in the form of information asymmetry (strategies such as filtering and surveillance) from elites. Inhibiting strategies are not limited to authoritarian organisations. Senior managers may also monitor email correspondence of staff, set up structures and hierarchies for access to organisational information, and use information provided by secretive companies to check the status of their employees (for example, blacklisting workers perceived as trouble-makers). Less emotion and more strategic patience Online activists should understand that the dynamics of reaching collective action might not necessarily be the result of critical thinking, lifelong learning or other dimensions of civic engagement. Journalist Nicholas Kristoff has talked about how the anti-sweatshop movement “risks harming the impoverished workers it is hoping to help” by causing mass job redundancies. Similarly, our main message is that online activism could prompt reactions that will result in unintended and long lasting consequences for the activists involved. A common and frequently used approach that risks these types of consequences is to share emotive information through social media. While this is used to inform and capture people’s attention and mobilise as many people as possible, our study suggests that more thought should be put into the consequences of information sharing and what information is most appropriate to be shared. Activists may need to spend more time and energy to create and share information that is less emotive and help people learn about the underlying causes of problem. For example, the activism videos we have researched and commonly see on the internet are essentially reactive and emotive. Instead of focusing on the problem and the need for change, activists can share information that explains why and how the current situation has been created and what can be learned for the future. Online activism in such manner can gradually lead to the development of people who are capable of generating new knowledge and wisdom to respond to changing social environments. However, that requires strategic patience and that is often a scarce resource among activists desperate for change.

Hadithi za kuvutia za uendeshaji wa kijamii, kama vile harakati za Haki za Kiraia na mapambano dhidi ya mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, ni nyingi katika historia. Na kwa ujumla inafikiriwa kwamba enzi mpya ya mitandao ya kijamii imesaidia kesi za uendeshaji wa mafanikio. Lakini utafiti wetu umefunua baadhi ya vitisho vikubwa, ambavyo wanaharakati wanahitaji kuelewa ikiwa wanataka kufanikiwa kupata ujumbe wao kwa watu wengi. Utendaji wa kijamii unahusu aina mbalimbali za shughuli ambazo ni za manufaa kwa jamii au vikundi maalum vya maslahi. Wanaharakati wa kijamii hufanya kazi katika vikundi ili kutoa sauti, kuelimisha na kushawishi mabadiliko, wakilenga mgogoro wa kimataifa. Kwa mfano, vikundi vya mazingira kama vile Greenpeace vinavyolenga kuzuia mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa kwa kulenga serikali na wazalishaji wakuu wenye rekodi duni za mazingira. Harakati ya kupinga kazi za kulazimisha watu kufanya kazi kwa nguvu ilianza katika karne ya 19 na kikundi cha wanaharakati waliopanga kupiga marufuku ili kuboresha hali ya wafanyakazi katika viwanda vya viwanda, na kuleta mshahara wa chini, hali mbaya za kazi na kazi ya watoto. Katika siku hizi, sauti za kutokubaliana zimekuwa zikipelekwa zaidi kupitia njia inayobadilika ya mtandao. Kutoka #MeToo, #TimesUp na #WeStrike hadi #NeverAgain na #BlackLivesMatter, wanaharakati wa kijamii wanatumia nguvu za mtandao kushinikiza mashirika yenye nguvu. 350.org ni mtandao wa kijamii unaoundwa na wanaharakati wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Kikundi hicho hutumia kampeni za mtandaoni na kuandaa msingi ili kupinga miradi mpya ya makaa ya mawe, mafuta na gesi. Lengo lake ni kupata jamii kusonga karibu na ufumbuzi wa nishati safi ambayo kazi kwa wote. Utendaji wa mtandaoni huruhusu wanaharakati kuandaa matukio na viwango vya juu vya ushiriki, umakini na nguvu ya mtandao. Kwa upande mmoja, watafiti wanadokeza kwamba kutokujulikana kwa mawasiliano ya mtandaoni hutoa uwezekano wa kuelezea maoni ya vikundi vya wachache vilivyoondolewa ambao vinginevyo wanaweza kuadhibiwa au kuadhibiwa. Shughuli za mtandaoni huimarisha utambulisho wa pamoja kwa kupunguza umakini kwa tofauti zilizopo ndani ya kikundi (kama vile elimu, darasa la kijamii, na kikabila). Uhatarishaji wa mtandaoni: Utafiti mwingine unasema kwamba wakati aina hii ya kisasa ya uendeshaji inaweza kuongeza ushiriki katika shughuli za mtandaoni, inaweza tu kuunda hisia ya uendeshaji. "Hata hivyo, huenda ikawa na matokeo mabaya, kama vile kuunda maoni ya kawaida ya kijamii, ikiwa ni pamoja na yale kuhusu wanaharakati wa haki za wanawake na mazingira, au kuwafanya wanaharakati wa kijamii wakamatwe kama ilivyo katika nchi zenye utawala wa kimabavu.""" Lengo la utafiti wetu lilikuwa kuendeleza ufahamu ambao ungepata matokeo bora kutoka kwa harakati za mtandaoni, ukielekeza baadhi ya masuala muhimu zaidi ya jamii. Katika utafiti wetu, tulikusanya data kutoka kwa kesi tatu za YouTube za uendeshaji mtandaoni. """Ugunduzi wetu unaonyesha kwamba uendeshaji wa mtandaoni hutoa mshtuko wa muda kwa wasomi wa shirika, kusaidia kuandaa vitendo vya pamoja na kuimarisha hali za kuunda harakati." Wasomi wanapigana lakini matokeo haya ya awali yanawashawishi wasomi kutenda, ikisababisha hatua za kukabiliana - kama vile kuongezeka kwa ufuatiliaji wa kufuatilia wanaharakati. Kwa mfano, baadhi ya mamlaka za serikali ziliongeza ukaguzi wa mtandao, kuziba upatikanaji wa tovuti kadhaa na kupunguza kasi ya muunganisho wa mtandao ili kupunguza kasi ya harakati za kijamii. Hatua hizi zilisababisha kujizuia miongoni mwa wanaharakati na kupoteza maslahi miongoni mwa umma kuhusiana na sababu na kuchangia kupungua kwa mwisho wa harakati za kijamii kwa muda. Utafiti wetu ulipinga msisimko wa matumaini kuhusu uendeshaji wa mtandaoni katika kuwezesha harakati za kijamii za msingi kwa kupendekeza kuna uhusiano tata kati ya wanaharakati na makundi wanayowalenga, ambayo hufanya matokeo kuwa magumu sana kutabiri. Kwa kuwa vyama tofauti-tofauti vyenye maslahi tofauti-tofauti huingilia kati, wao huchochea au kuzuia uchochezi. Wakati hatua za kuhamasisha zinaweza kuchukua fomu ya msaada (kama maelfu ya wanawake ulimwenguni kote ambao walichapisha kwenye media ya kijamii kushiriki hadithi zao chini ya #MeToo), hatua za kuzuia zinaweza kuja katika fomu ya habari asymmetry (mikakati kama vile kuchuja na ufuatiliaji) kutoka kwa wasomi. Mikakati ya kuzuia haipatikani tu katika mashirika ya kimabavu. "Manaja wa juu wanaweza pia kufuatilia barua pepe ya wafanyakazi, kuanzisha miundo na hierarchies kwa ajili ya upatikanaji wa taarifa za shirika, na kutumia taarifa zinazotolewa na makampuni siri kuangalia hali ya wafanyakazi wao (kwa mfano, blacklisting wafanyakazi waliona kama ""troublemakers")."" "Wanajamii wa mtandao wanapaswa kuelewa kwamba nguvu ya kufikia hatua ya pamoja inaweza kuwa sio lazima matokeo ya kufikiri muhimu, kujifunza maisha yote au vipimo vingine vya ushiriki wa kiraia. """ Mwandishi wa habari Nicholas Kristoff amezungumza juu ya jinsi harakati ya kupinga kazi za kulazimisha "inavyohatarisha wafanyakazi maskini ambao inatumaini kuwasaidia" kwa kusababisha kufutwa kazi kwa wingi. "Kwa hivyo, ujumbe wetu kuu ni kwamba uendeshaji wa mtandao unaweza kusababisha athari ambazo zitaongoza kwa matokeo yasiyotarajiwa na ya muda mrefu kwa wanaharakati wanaohusika. """ Njia ya kawaida na inayotumiwa mara nyingi ambayo hatari ya aina hizi za matokeo ni kushiriki habari ya hisia kupitia media ya kijamii. Ingawa hii hutumiwa kutoa habari na kukamata tahadhari ya watu na kuhamasisha watu wengi iwezekanavyo, utafiti wetu unaonyesha kwamba mawazo zaidi yanapaswa kuwekwa katika matokeo ya kushiriki habari na ni habari gani inayofaa zaidi kugawanywa. Wanaharakati wanaweza kuhitaji kutumia muda na nishati zaidi kuunda na kushiriki habari ambayo ni chini ya hisia na kusaidia watu kujifunza kuhusu sababu za msingi za tatizo. Kwa mfano, video za uendeshaji ambazo tumefanya utafiti na kwa kawaida huona kwenye mtandao ni za athari na za hisia. Badala ya kuzingatia tatizo na uhitaji wa mabadiliko, wanaharakati wanaweza kushiriki habari zinazoelezea kwa nini na jinsi hali ya sasa imeundwa na nini kinaweza kujifunza kwa siku zijazo. "Kusafiri kwa njia ya mtandao kwa njia hii inaweza hatua kwa hatua kusababisha maendeleo ya watu ambao ni uwezo wa kuzalisha maarifa mapya na hekima ya kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya mazingira ya kijamii. """ Hata hivyo, hilo huhitaji subira ya kimkakati na mara nyingi hiyo ni rasilimali ndogo miongoni mwa wanaharakati wanaotaka sana mabadiliko.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://copsam.com/going-viral-what-social-media-activists-need-to-know/

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In Germany, during the 1930s there existed a lifestyle magazine called die neue linie that every young German girl wanted to have. One of the first fashion and lifestyle outlets to ever exist and a revolutionary and sensationalist magazine, designed by various notable designers of that time, including the Bauhaus designer Söre Popitz. Graduate of the Bauhaus school, Popitz is the only known woman to come out of this movement and start a career of her own, and one of the only women permitted to enroll in the school to begin with. While there, she studied under the prominent designer Jan Tschichold. Despite the fact that the very few women who were allowed to enroll to the school were encouraged to learn weaving and other “female-orientated” subjects, Popitz managed to barge through the doors of the painting, architecture, and typography departments which were considered “male-oriented” subjects. As such, it comes as no surprise that Popitz ended up becoming one of the most successful women designers of the 20th century. The Bauhaus inspiration was clearly evident in the striped-black, linear ads that Popitz produced for a household appliance company named Thüngia. This ad depicts different stick figures standing beside the company’s sinks or stoves – a stick-figure doctor, a husband and wife, and a group of girls. The poster’s concise lettering on a geometric grid showcasing the vehement Tschicholdian influence in Popitz’s approach to typography. Moreover, the household appliances on each poster are meticulously drawn in thin black lines and lack detailing which, in the language of design, signifies cleanliness and efficiency. Also, Popitz displayed stylish stick- women, rendered abstract yet wearing very detailed clothes, ranging from the traditional to the modern, revolutionarily displaying all types of women – housewives and women alike. Considering the zeitgeist that Popitz operated in, these designs conveyed innovative forms perception and design styles, and were a turning point in the German and European shift toward modernization of graphic design and typography.

"Mwaka wa 1930 gazeti la ""Die neue Linie"" lilichapishwa nchini Ujerumani na kila msichana alitaka kuwa na gazeti hilo." Mfumo wa mtindo wa maisha wa Bauhaus ulibuniwa na mtengenezaji wa wakati huo, Söhre Popitz. Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Bauhaus, Popitz alikuwa mwanamke pekee aliyejulikana kutoka kwa harakati hii na kuanza kazi yake mwenyewe, na mmoja wa wanawake tu walioruhusiwa kujiandikisha katika shule hiyo. Alipokuwa huko, alisomea chini ya mbuni mashuhuri Jan Tschichold. Ingawa wanawake wachache walioruhusiwa kujiandikisha katika shule hiyo walihimizwa kujifunza ufundi wa kushona na masomo mengine ya "wanawake", Popitz alifaulu kuingia katika idara za uchoraji, usanifu, na uchapaji, ambazo zilionwa kuwa masomo ya "wanaume". Kwa hivyo, haishangazi kwamba Popovich alikuwa mmoja wa wasanii wa wanawake wa karne ya 20. Msukumo wa Bauhaus ulikuwa wazi wazi katika matangazo ya mstari mweusi, ya mstari ambayo Popitz alitengeneza kwa kampuni ya vifaa vya nyumbani inayoitwa Thüngia. Tangazo hili linaonyesha sanamu tofauti za fimbo zikiwa ziko kando ya sinki au jiko la kampuni - daktari wa fimbo, mume na mke, na kikundi cha wasichana. Poster's maandishi mafupi juu ya gridi ya kijiometri kuonyesha ushawishi mkali wa Tschicholdian katika mbinu ya Popitz ya typography. Zaidi ya hayo, vifaa vya nyumbani kwenye kila bango vimechorwa kwa uangalifu katika mistari nyembamba nyeusi na kukosa maelezo ambayo, katika lugha ya kubuni, inaonyesha usafi na ufanisi. Pia, Popitz alionyesha wanawake wenye mtindo wa fimbo, waliofanywa kuwa abstract lakini wakiwa wamevaa nguo za kina sana, kuanzia za jadi hadi za kisasa, kwa mapinduzi kuonesha aina zote za wanawake - wakazi wa nyumbani na wanawake sawa. Kwa kuzingatia zeitgeist ambayo Popitz alifanya kazi, miundo hii ilitoa maono ya aina za ubunifu na mitindo ya muundo, na ilikuwa hatua ya kugeuka katika mabadiliko ya Ujerumani na Ulaya kuelekea kisasa cha muundo wa picha na uchapaji.

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A business model may seem like a straightforward concept. But the term has shifted and changed over time. Today, if a company is incapable of creating an innovative and flexible business model, that could be its downfall. Today, technology and innovation are the main players in how successful businesses are run and reinvented. With an explosive amount of information available through big data and the resources provided by digital tech, companies can more easily create and continue to capture value for stakeholders. Businesses that want to start and stay at the cutting edge use design thinking, strategy, and continuous, fearless change in their business models. Some of the most successful businesses today are those that have reinvented the model, disrupting the industry that was and creating the kind of value customers are looking for in the digital era. What is a business model? Does a business model have a simple definition? Yes and no. Business models are the logic behind a company, but the concept can be framed in many different ways. And today, the way the idea has been reframed is inspiring the business owners and CEOs of companies from startups to well-established multinationals. In his book The New, New Thing, Michael Lewis explains that the business model has been thought of as simply the way a business plans to make money. Expanding upon this idea, Peter Drucker talks about the business concept in terms of flexible assumptions about what a company will and will not do: what they get paid for; markets, customers, and competitors; values and behaviors; technology; and a company’s strengths and weaknesses. Joan Magretta adds that a business model is basically a story about how the company will operate, including the activities involved in making and selling a product or service. Alex Osterwalder offers a simplified format for thinking about these hypotheses adopted by startups and established businesses alike, called the business model canvas. This business map is a one-page template that includes space for designing, discussing, and reinventing business models. The nine building blocks included are customer segments, value propositions, channels for delivering value, customer relationships, revenue streams, key resources, activities and partners, and cost structure. The idea of having everything mapped out on one page enables forward-thinking leaders to keep things light and flexible in order to invent or innovatively reiterate their business models as situations change and evolve. Types of business models and tech Business models have been transformed by technology. Interconnectivity, globalization, and a digital, tech-driven world have all allowed innovative thinkers to rethink traditional models in sectors from travel to retail. One example of an age-old business model that has been transformed by tech is the platform business model. In the simplest terms, this model brings buyers and sellers together in one space. An in-person marketplace, auction house, or shopping mall are examples of this model that have been around for decades or even centuries. But digital tech has meant these platforms are no longer confined by time and space. Technology has allowed innovative business owners to use this type of model to create enormous digital networks enabling participation and collaboration across the globe. Some of the most successful companies today, including Airbnb, WhatsApp, Facebook, Google, and Alibaba, are examples of reinvented platform business models that use tech to their advantage. The global business model is another example of one which has been inspired by technology. These models focus on producing and selling globally in a short period of time, relying on the fast pace of globalization and interconnectivity to thrive. The clothing brands Mango and Desigual are good examples of successful models based on selling to small target segments globally in order to achieve economy of scale, in a way that is only possible in a globalized world. Interconnectivity and the digital world has also led to the availability of big data, allowing businesses to make sure they are offering the goods and services customers are actually looking for. The “seeking-excellence” business model depends on creating innovative products or services that consumers didn’t even know they wanted. The most disruptive thinkers today can use big data to analyze trends and find new value propositions that reinvent the business model—like Apple did with the iPod and iTunes store in the early 2000s. Inspiring business models that have broken the status quo Airbnb is one of the most disruptive businesses of the digital era. Founded by a couple of young startupers in 2008, it is the result of a recognized opportunity (when no hotel rooms were available in San Francisco during a conference held in the city), and the technology capable of connecting hosts and renters from around the globe. As they put it on their About Us page, “Airbnb uniquely leverages technology to economically empower millions of people around the world to unlock and monetize their spaces, passions, and talents to become hospitality entrepreneurs.” It is a sharing-economy-based business, eliminating the overhead of owning the rooms that are rented out, like traditional hotels do. And its platform business model—which uses advances in digital tech to create networks that continuously improve—has allowed the business to boom around the world. Uber is at the top of the list as another example of a business that has taken an existing business model and reinvented the wheel. By looking at how a current business model—taxis—could be improved, Uber was able to take a share of a preexisting market using a disruptive, tech-based model for grabbing a ride. Now they have expanded and continue to grow through reiterations of their model, including Uber Eats for food delivery; Uber Freight offering shipping services; Uber Health providing rides for patients and healthcare providers; and even technology groups working towards self-driving vehicles and shared air transportation. In the fast-paced digital world, innovation is a key element of any business model. Executives and CEOs are not responsible for maintaining the status quo defined in one iteration of the business model, but rather for experimenting, learning, and continuously improving to stay ahead of the competition.

Mfano wa biashara waweza kuonekana kuwa wazo la moja kwa moja. Lakini neno hilo limebadilika kadiri wakati unavyopita. Leo, ikiwa kampuni haiwezi kuunda mtindo wa biashara wa ubunifu na rahisi, hiyo inaweza kuwa kuanguka kwake. Leo, teknolojia na uvumbuzi ni wachezaji wakuu katika jinsi biashara zinazofanikiwa zinaendeshwa na kuanzishwa upya. Kwa kiasi kikubwa cha habari inayopatikana kupitia data kubwa na rasilimali zinazotolewa na teknolojia ya dijiti, kampuni zinaweza kuunda kwa urahisi na kuendelea kupata thamani kwa wadau. Biashara ambazo zinataka kuanza na kubaki katika makali ya kukata hutumia mawazo ya kubuni, mkakati, na mabadiliko ya kuendelea, ya ujasiri katika mifano yao ya biashara. Baadhi ya biashara zilizofanikiwa zaidi leo ni zile ambazo zimebadilisha mtindo, zikivuruga tasnia iliyokuwa na kuunda aina ya thamani ambayo wateja wanatafuta katika enzi ya dijiti. Mfano wa biashara ni nini? Je, mfano wa biashara una ufafanuzi rahisi? Ndiyo na hapana. Mifano ya biashara ni mantiki nyuma ya kampuni, lakini dhana inaweza kuwa framed katika njia nyingi tofauti. Na leo, njia ambayo wazo hilo limebadilishwa inawahamasisha wamiliki wa biashara na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kampuni kutoka kwa waanzilishi hadi mashirika ya kimataifa yaliyoanzishwa vizuri. Katika kitabu chake The New, New Thing, Michael Lewis anaelezea kwamba mfano wa biashara umefikiriwa kuwa njia tu ya biashara ya kupanga kupata pesa. "Peter Drucker anaelezea ""mtazamo wa biashara"" katika suala la dhana za kubadilika kuhusu nini kampuni itafanya na haitafanya: nini wanalipwa kwa; masoko, wateja, na washindani; maadili na tabia; teknolojia; na nguvu na udhaifu wa kampuni." "Jon Magretta anaongeza kwamba ""mfano wa biashara ni hadithi kuhusu jinsi kampuni itafanya kazi, ikiwa ni pamoja na shughuli zinazohusika katika kutengeneza na kuuza bidhaa au huduma.""" Alex Osterwalder anatoa muundo rahisi wa kufikiria nadharia hizi zilizopitishwa na waanzilishi na biashara zilizoanzishwa sawa, inayoitwa canvas ya mfano wa biashara. Ramani hii ya biashara ni template ya ukurasa mmoja ambayo inajumuisha nafasi ya kubuni, kujadili, na kuunda upya mifano ya biashara. Sehemu za ujenzi ni sehemu za wateja, mapendekezo ya thamani, njia za kutoa thamani, mahusiano ya wateja, mito ya mapato, rasilimali muhimu, shughuli na washirika, na muundo wa gharama. Wazo la kuwa na kila kitu kilichopangwa kwenye ukurasa mmoja huwawezesha viongozi wa kufikiri mbele kuweka mambo nyepesi na rahisi ili kuunda au kurudia mifano yao ya biashara kwa ubunifu wakati hali zinabadilika na kubadilika. Aina ya mifano ya biashara na teknolojia Mifano ya biashara imebadilishwa na teknolojia. Uunganisho, utandawazi, na ulimwengu wa dijiti unaoendeshwa na teknolojia zote zimeruhusu wasomi wa ubunifu kufikiria tena mifano ya jadi katika sekta kutoka kusafiri hadi rejareja. Mfano mmoja wa mfano wa biashara ya zamani ambayo imebadilishwa na teknolojia ni mfano wa biashara ya jukwaa. Kwa maneno sahili, mtindo huu huleta wanunuzi na wauzaji pamoja katika nafasi moja. Soko la kibinafsi, nyumba ya mnada, au kituo cha ununuzi ni mifano ya mfano huu ambao umekuwapo kwa miongo au hata karne. Lakini teknolojia ya dijiti imemaanisha kwamba majukwaa haya hayana tena mipaka ya wakati na nafasi. Teknolojia imewaruhusu wamiliki wa biashara ya ubunifu kutumia aina hii ya mfano kuunda mitandao kubwa ya dijiti inayowezesha ushiriki na ushirikiano duniani kote. Kampuni nyingi za kisasa, kama vile Airbnb, WhatsApp, Facebook, Google na Alibaba, zinaonyesha jinsi teknolojia inavyotumika kwa faida yao. Mfano wa biashara ya kimataifa ni mfano mwingine wa moja ambayo imeongozwa na teknolojia. Mifano hii inazingatia kuzalisha na kuuza ulimwenguni katika kipindi kifupi cha wakati, ikitegemea kasi ya utandawazi na kuunganishwa ili kusitawi. Mango na Desigual ni mifano ya mafanikio ya kuuza kwa sehemu ndogo za lengo duniani kote ili kufikia uchumi wa kiwango, kwa njia ambayo inawezekana tu katika ulimwengu wa kimataifa. Uunganisho na ulimwengu wa dijiti pia umesababisha upatikanaji wa data kubwa, ikiruhusu biashara kuhakikisha wanatoa bidhaa na huduma ambazo wateja wanatafuta. "Kutafuta-ubora" mfano wa biashara inategemea kujenga bidhaa za ubunifu au huduma kwamba watumiaji hata hakujua walitaka. "Wafikiriaji wa kisasa wanaweza kutumia data kubwa kuchambua mwenendo na kupata mapendekezo mapya ya thamani ambayo yanaboresha mfano wa biashara, kama Apple ilivyotengeneza iPod na duka la iTunes mapema miaka ya 2000.""" Mifano ya biashara ya kuvutia ambayo imevunja hali ya sasa Airbnb ni moja ya biashara za kuvuruga zaidi za enzi ya dijiti. Ilianzishwa na wanandoa wa vijana wa mwanzo mnamo 2008, ni matokeo ya fursa iliyotambuliwa (wakati hakuna vyumba vya hoteli vilivyokuwapo huko San Francisco wakati wa mkutano uliofanyika katika jiji hilo) na teknolojia inayoweza kuunganisha wenyeji na wapangaji kutoka kote ulimwenguni. "Kama ilivyoelezwa kwenye ukurasa wao wa ""Kuhusu Sisi,"" Airbnb hutumia teknolojia kwa njia ya kipekee kuwezesha mamilioni ya watu ulimwenguni kote kufungua na kupata pesa kutoka kwa nafasi zao, shauku, na vipaji vyao kuwa wajasiriamali wa ukarimu. ni biashara ya uchumi wa kushiriki, kuondoa gharama ya kumiliki vyumba ambavyo vimejengwa, kama hoteli za jadi hufanya." Na mtindo wake wa biashara wa jukwaa - ambao hutumia maendeleo katika teknolojia ya dijiti kuunda mitandao ambayo inaboresha daima - umeruhusu biashara hiyo kusitawi ulimwenguni kote. Uber ni mfano wa biashara ambayo imechukua mfano wa biashara uliopo na kuunda tena gurudumu. Kwa kuangalia jinsi mfano wa sasa wa biashara - teksi - ungeweza kuboreshwa, Uber aliweza kuchukua sehemu ya soko lililokuwapo hapo awali kwa kutumia mtindo wa kuvuruga, wa teknolojia ya kupata safari. Kampuni hiyo imesambaa na kuendelea kukua kwa kuendeleza mtindo wake, ikiwa ni pamoja na Uber Eats kwa utoaji wa chakula, Uber Freight kutoa huduma za usafirishaji, Uber Health kutoa safari kwa wagonjwa na watoa huduma za afya, na hata makundi ya teknolojia ya magari ya kuendesha gari na usafiri wa hewa. Katika ulimwengu wa haraka wa dijiti, uvumbuzi ni kipengele muhimu cha mtindo wowote wa biashara. Wasimamizi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji sio wajibu wa kudumisha hali iliyopo iliyoainishwa katika iteration moja ya mfano wa biashara, lakini badala yake kwa majaribio, kujifunza, na kuboresha daima ili kukaa mbele ya ushindani.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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Do your teeth have brown or white staining? Has teeth whitening failed to successfully bleach your teeth? Our Dentist may recommend microabrasion. Brown or white staining is usually the result of a decalcification process or of a defect that began during tooth formation. For instance, fluorosis, too much fluoride intake when the tooth was developing, may cause brown staining that is within the tooth’s enamel layer. In most cases, these types of stains noticeably lighten with bleaching, but they are not removed without further treatment. Microabrasion uses a mixture of hydrochloric acid and pumice, an abrasive. This solution is rubbed onto the surface of the teeth until the outer layers of the tooth enamel where the stains are located are abraded away. A smooth, stain-free enamel surface will remain. Testing has shown that the resulting surface resists cavities than the original. To perform this procedure, our dentist will first isolate the teeth with a rubber dam to protect your gums from the acid solution. The solution is applied to the teeth and rubbed away manually or with a rubber cub. Once a few layers of enamel are removed, the solution is rinsed away and the teeth are evaluated. This process is repeated until the stain is gone. To learn more and to schedule your next appointment, contact our dental office today. If you would like to improve the color, shape, size, or length of your teeth, our dentist may recommend dental veneers. Dental veneers are thin shells that are custom made to cover the front of your teeth to improve their appearance. Our dentist may recommend dental veneers to repair: • Discolored teeth • Worn down teeth • Chipped, cracked, or broken teeth • Slightly crooked or crowded teeth • Irregularly shaped teeth • Gaps and spaces between teeth Dental veneers can be made from porcelain or resin composite materials. Porcelain veneers resist stains and mimic the light reflecting properties of natural teeth better than resin veneers. However, resin veneers are thinner than porcelain veneers, so less tooth enamel removal is required to prepare for placement. Ask our dentist which veneer material is right for you. Dental veneers have many advantages. They look like your natural teeth because our dentist selects a shade that matches that of your smile. Our dentist can select a shade that makes your teeth appear lighter. Your gums will tolerate porcelain veneers well, so there will be minimal discomfort after placement. We encourage you to contact our dental office today to learn more and to schedule your next appointment. Are your teeth stained? Do you wish for a brighter, more brilliant smile? If your teeth are yellowed with no restorations, our dentist may recommend teeth whitening. Other shades of staining may not bleach as well or at all. Restorations like dental fillings and dental crowns will not react to the whitening product, so they will stand out against your newly whitened teeth. Our dentist offers ZOOM! Whitening and at-home whitening. ZOOM! Whitening can lighten your teeth up to eight shades whiter in one 45 minute treatment. ZOOM! Whitening is gentle enough for sensitive teeth. You will not have to pass up on teeth whitening. Our dentist will put the bleaching product directly on your teeth and enhance the results using a laser. For patients who wish to whiten their teeth in the comfort of their home, our dentist provides a custom-made bleaching tray and a gel whitening solution. Wear the tray with the gel solution as prescribed by our dentist. Treatment time is usually several hours a day or during the night for up to four weeks. We encourage you to contact our dental office today to learn more about teeth whitening and to schedule your next visit. Dental Bonding & Contouring Are your teeth chipped, cracked, or misshapen? Do you wish for a more attractive smile? Our dentist may recommend dental bonding. During the dental bonding, our dentist will apply a tooth-colored resin material to your tooth and bond it in place to restore your smile. As needed, our dentist will pair dental bonding with dental contouring. When a tooth is contoured, small amounts of tooth enamel are removed to improve the length or shape of a tooth. Our dentist may perform dental bonding and contouring to: • Repair decayed teeth • Repair chipped, cracked, or broken teeth • Improve the shade of badly stained teeth • Close gaps and spaces between teeth • Make teeth appear longer or shorter • Improve the shape of teeth • Protect exposed tooth roots When performing dental bonding, our dentist will first select a shade of composite resin material that will match that of your natural teeth. Your tooth surface will be roughened and a conditioning liquid is applied. These both help ensure for a strong bonding process. The putty-like resin is then applied to your tooth. Our dentist will mold and smooth the material until it is the desired shape. A special light or a laser is used to cure the material and our dentist will trim, shape, and polish the result. We invite you to contact our dental office today to learn more and to schedule your next visit. 19 E 2nd Ave, Lexington, NC 27292 Monday – Wednesday 8am – 5pm 8am – 1pm Friday – Sunday

Je, meno yako yana madoa ya rangi ya kahawia au nyeupe? Je, kuna njia gani ya kupiga rangi meno yako ambayo imeshindwa? Daktari wetu wa meno aweza kupendekeza upasuaji mdogo wa meno. Kwa kawaida, rangi ya kahawia au nyeupe hutokana na mchakato wa kuondolewa kwa chokaa au kasoro iliyoanza wakati wa kuumbwa kwa jino. Kwa mfano, fluorosis, ulaji wa fluoride mwingi sana wakati jino lilikuwa likikua, waweza kusababisha rangi ya kahawia iliyo ndani ya tabaka la enamel ya jino. Katika visa vingi, aina hizo za madoa hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa kuchanganywa, lakini haziondolewa bila matibabu zaidi. Microabrasion hutumia mchanganyiko wa asidi ya hydrochloric na pumice, abrasive. Mchanganyiko huu hutiwa kwenye uso wa meno hadi tabaka za nje za enamel ya meno ambapo madoa yanapatikana zinapoondolewa. Sehemu ya juu ya enamel yenye usafi na isiyo na madoa itabaki. Uchunguzi umeonyesha kwamba uso unaotokezwa hupinga mashimo kuliko ule wa awali. Ili kufanya utaratibu huu, daktari wetu wa meno kwanza ataweka meno mbali na bwawa la mpira ili kulinda meno yako kutoka kwa suluhisho la asidi. Suluhisho hilo hutumiwa kwenye meno na kufukuzwa kwa mkono au kwa kutumia kijiti cha mpira. Mara tu tabaka chache za enamel zinapoondolewa, suluhisho hilo huosha na meno huchunguzwa. Utaratibu huo hurudiwa hadi doa hilo litakapotoweka. Ili kujua zaidi na kupanga miadi yako ya pili, wasiliana na ofisi yetu ya meno leo. Ikiwa unataka kuboresha rangi, umbo, ukubwa, au urefu wa meno yako, daktari wako wa meno anaweza kukupendekeza upasuaji wa meno. Vipande vya meno ni vipande vidogo vya ngozi vinavyotengenezwa kwa ajili ya kufunika sehemu ya mbele ya meno yako ili kuboresha sura yake. • Vipande vya meno vyaweza kutengenezwa kwa kutumia vifaa vya kuunganisha meno, kama vile: • Vipande vya meno vilivyoharibika au vilivyovunjika; • Vipande vya meno vilivyofinyangwa; • Vipande vya meno vilivyofinyangwa; • Vipande vya meno vilivyofinyangwa; • Vipande vya meno vilivyofinyangwa; • Vipande vya meno vilivyofinyangwa; • Vipande vya meno vilivyofinyangwa; • Vipande vya meno vilivyofinyangwa. Vipande vya kauri hupinga madoa na huiga mwangaza unaorudisha mwangaza wa meno ya asili vizuri kuliko vipande vya utomvu. Hata hivyo, vitambaa vya utomvu ni vyepesi kuliko vitambaa vya kauri, kwa hiyo inahitajiwa kuondolewa kidogo kwa enamel ya meno ili kutayarisha kuwekwa. Uliza daktari wetu wa meno ni vifaa gani vya veneer vinavyofaa wewe. Vipande vya meno vina faida nyingi. Kwa sababu meno yako yanaonekana kama ya kawaida, daktari wako wa meno huchagua rangi inayofanana na ile ya tabasamu yako. Daktari wetu wa meno anaweza kuchagua rangi ambayo hufanya meno yako yaonekane nyepesi. Matumbo yako yatavumilia vizuri vitambaa vya kauri, kwa hiyo kutakuwa na usumbufu mdogo baada ya kuwekwa. Tunakuomba uwasiliane na ofisi yetu ya meno leo ili kujifunza zaidi na kupanga miadi yako ya pili. Je, meno yako yametiwa madoa? Je, unataka tabasamu nyangavu zaidi? Kwa mfano, ikiwa meno yako yamekuwa na rangi ya manjano bila kurekebisha, daktari wako wa meno anaweza kupendekeza uponyaji wa meno. Huenda rangi nyingine zisipate rangi nzuri au zisipate rangi nzuri. Vipodozi kama vile fillings na mataji ya meno haitafanya kazi kwa bidhaa ya whitening, hivyo watasimama nje dhidi ya meno yako mpya whitened. Daktari wetu wa meno hutoa ZOOM! Whitening na nyumbani whitening ZOOM! (Zoom) Whitening inaweza kufanya meno yako nyeupe hadi rangi nane katika matibabu moja ya dakika 45. ZOOM! (Zoom) Kupaka rangi meno ni jambo la upole sana kwa meno yenye hisia-mwenzi. Si lazima uachane na uponyaji wa meno. Daktari wetu wa meno ataweka bidhaa ya kung'aa moja kwa moja kwenye meno yako na kuongeza matokeo kwa kutumia laser. Kwa wale wanaotaka whiten meno yao katika starehe ya nyumbani, daktari wetu wa meno hutoa maalum-kufanywa bleaching tray na gel whitening ufumbuzi. Vaa tray na suluhisho la gel kama ilivyoelezwa na daktari wetu wa meno. Kwa kawaida matibabu huchukua saa kadhaa kwa siku au usiku kwa muda wa majuma manne. Tunakuomba uwasiliane na ofisi yetu ya meno leo ili kujifunza zaidi juu ya whitening meno na kupanga ziara yako ijayo. Kuunganisha Meno na Kufanya Mipangilio Meno yako yamechakaa, yamevunjika, au yameharibika umbo? Je, ungependa kuwa na tabasamu yenye kuvutia zaidi? Daktari wetu wa meno aweza kupendekeza kutia meno ndani. Wakati wa kuunganisha meno, daktari wetu wa meno ataweka resini ya rangi ya meno kwenye jino lako na kuunganisha mahali pake ili kurudisha tabasamu yako. Kama inahitajika, daktari wetu wa meno ataunganisha kuunganisha meno na kuunda umbo la meno. Wakati meno yanapopangwa, kiasi kidogo cha enamel ya meno huondolewa ili kuboresha urefu au umbo la jino. • Kuunganisha meno na kuunda mipaka ya meno: • Kurekebisha meno yaliyoharibika, kupasuka, au kuvunjika • Kuboresha rangi ya meno yaliyoharibika vibaya • Kufunga mapengo na nafasi kati ya meno • Kufanya meno yaonekane marefu au mafupi • Kuboresha umbo la meno • Kulinda mizizi ya meno iliyo wazi • Wakati wa kufanya kuunganisha meno, daktari wetu wa meno atachagua kwanza rangi ya nyenzo ya mchanganyiko ambayo itafanana na meno yako ya asili. Uso wa jino lako utachakaa na kioevu cha kurekebisha hali kitatumiwa. Yote mawili husaidia kuhakikisha mchakato wa kuunganisha wenye nguvu. Kisha utomvu huo unaofanana na kitini hutumiwa kwenye jino lako. Daktari wetu wa meno atafanyiza na kusafisha nyenzo hiyo hadi iwe na umbo linalotakiwa. Mwanga maalum au laser hutumiwa kuponya nyenzo na daktari wetu wa meno atapunguza, kuunda, na kupaka rangi matokeo. Tunakualika uwasiliane na ofisi yetu ya meno leo ili kujifunza zaidi na kupanga ziara yako ijayo. 19 E 2nd Ave, Lexington, NC 27292 Jumatatu <unk> Jumatano 8am <unk> 5pm 8am <unk> 1pm Ijumaa <unk> Jumapili

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Sad news for nature-lovers everywhere: research now declares koalas ‘functionally extinct’ in the wild. No, koalas are not entirely extinct: there are many in zoos, and there are about 80,000 in the wild, according to LADBible. But contrary to what you might think, that’s not a significant number. In fact, according to experts at the Australian Koala Foundation, it means that they are unlikely to be able to produce the next generation. In a nutshell, ‘functionally extinct’ means that the population number of a species is so insignificant that any of the following can occur: - The species no longer has an impact on its environment. - The species has no pairs left that can breed. - Or, if the species can still breed, it has little chance of avoiding genetic diseases because there are so few of them. How did we get here? Many factors contribute to their rapidly dwindling numbers. First of all, the many heatwaves in Australia are not only killing them by the thousands, but are also causing fires that destroy their habitats. Additional destruction is caused by human activity. Thousands died last year alone due to dehydration. Koalas are also often the victims of hit and runs because they are very slow moving creatures. The animals have been listed as ‘vulnerable’ since 2012 in many Australian territories that they call home. We hope that these beautiful creatures stay in this world for hundreds of years to come, but that means that people need to act to help save their environment! The cuddly koalas are in danger of becoming completely extinct in a matter of years if we don’t act now. We need these precious fur babies to live for our children and grandchildren to see one day. Every one of God’s creatures is a gift, so please share to help save this one!

Habari mbaya kwa wapenzi wa asili kila mahali: utafiti sasa unatangaza koala kuwa "wameangamia" katika mazingira ya asili. Koala ni aina ya wanyama wa asili ambao wanaishi katika bustani za wanyama na wanaishi katika mazingira ya asili, kulingana na LADBible. Lakini kinyume na kile unachoweza kufikiri, hiyo si idadi kubwa. Kwa mujibu wa wataalamu wa Australia, Koala ni hatari sana kwa jamii ya koala. Kwa ufupi, "kuangamia kwa kazi" inamaanisha kwamba idadi ya idadi ya spishi ni ndogo sana hivi kwamba yoyote ya yafuatayo inaweza kutokea: - Spishi hiyo haina tena athari kwa mazingira yake. - Spishi hiyo haina wanandoa waliobaki wanaoweza kuzaliana. - Au, ikiwa spishi hiyo bado inaweza kuzaliana, ina nafasi ndogo ya kuepuka magonjwa ya urithi kwa sababu kuna machache sana. Tulikujaje hapa? Kuna mambo mengi yanayofanya idadi yao ipunguzwe haraka. Kwa sababu ya joto kali, Australia inawaua maelfu ya wanyama hao na pia inawaangamiza kwa moto. Uharibifu zaidi husababishwa na utendaji wa kibinadamu. Maelfu walikufa mwaka jana pekee kwa sababu ya upungufu wa maji mwilini. Mara nyingi koala hupigwa na kukimbia kwa sababu wao ni viumbe wanaotembea polepole sana. Wanyama hao wameorodheshwa kama "watatizo" tangu mwaka 2012 katika maeneo mengi ya Australia ambayo wanaita nyumbani. Tunatumaini kwamba viumbe hawa wazuri watabaki katika ulimwengu huu kwa mamia ya miaka ijayo, lakini hiyo inamaanisha kwamba watu wanahitaji kutenda ili kusaidia kuokoa mazingira yao! Koala wenye kupendeza wako katika hatari ya kutoweka kabisa katika muda wa miaka michache ikiwa hatutende sasa. Tunahitaji watoto hawa wa manyoya ili watoto wetu na wajukuu waone siku moja. Kila mmoja wa viumbe wa Mungu ni zawadi, kwa hiyo tafadhali shiriki kusaidia kuokoa hii moja!

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In the theoretical study of multielectron atomic systems, software plays an important role because it is necessary for calculating the energy and spatial structure and characteristics of various processes occurring in atoms. Calculations in the framework of relatively simple one-electron models did not lead to agreement between calculations and experimental data, despite the fact that the pair interaction between electrons is the well-known Coulomb interaction . In the 1960s–1970s, it became completely clear that in order to describe the structure and reaction of atoms to external influences, it is necessary to go beyond single-electron concepts and take collective multielectron effects into account . At the same time, in the theoretical group of the St. Petersburg Ioffe Institute, under the guidance of Prof. Miron Ya. Amusia, began to create a package of applied programs known as ATOM , which was improved in subsequent years and aided a huge number of direct calculations that were carried out in atomic systems to describe experimental data and predict new many-particle effects. These calculations laid the foundation for the development of the concept of a computational experiment. Theoretical studies of many-body systems, as a rule, are accompanied by the need to take many-body interactions into account. At the same time, the determination of the spatial and energy structure, as well as the response of such systems to external influences, faces significant computational difficulties, especially in cases where perturbation theory cannot be consistently applied . The theory of atoms and atomic particles is also facing such difficulties despite the fact that the pair interaction between electrons has been well-known to physicists for more than a century. Nevertheless, a significant development of methods for describing multielectron atoms and their interactions with external fields began in the second half of the last century when the apparatus of many-body theory was developed, great computational capabilities appeared, and experimental studies of atomic systems began to be widely carried out . These experiments showed that the simplest description of atoms based on single-particle models—the Hartree–Fock (HF) approximation, in particular —is unable to describe the characteristics and properties of the behavior of atoms in cases of their interactions with electromagnetic fields and other particles. One of the most successful theoretical approaches to describing the structure and processes in atoms are approximations based on many-body theory, particularly including perturbation theory and random phase exchange approximation (RPAE) . It was the RPAE method, developed as the 1960s turned into the 1970s, that first made it possible to describe the photoionization cross sections of multielectron atoms and to show the decisive role of many-particle (collective) interactions in atomic systems. The big advantage of the RPAE is the self-consistency of this approximation, within which the main general laws of the processes of the ionization and excitation of electrons, such as the oscillator sum rule and the condition of gradient invariance, are satisfied . Subsequently, the application of this approximation made it possible to describe and explain numerous experimental data and predict many-electron effects that manifest themselves in the processes of the ionization and excitation of atomic systems. It is these calculations that have stimulated numerous theoretical and experimental studies of many-particle processes in various research centers and laboratories. 2. Software for the Computational Experiment The main task of the computational experiment is to develop numerical models for the specified range of problems within the framework of a pre-selected theoretical approach. The Hartree–Fock (HF) method is taken as the initial approximation, and many-electron correlations in atoms are taken into account in the framework of the RPAE or its simplified modifications The theoretical model of any process under study in the chosen approximation should provide a satisfactory mathematical description of the experiment. First of all, this model includes the choice of the wave functions of atomic electrons in both the ground and excited states, as well as additional external particles participating in the process. The wave functions of the ground state of an atom are determined in the HF approximation. The functions of excited states in the HF method can be found in a self-consistent field or in the field of the “frozen” atomic core for electrons. The choice of the one-particle approximation is determined by both the problem under consideration and the role of many-electron interactions, some of which can be taken into account by the choice of one-particle wave functions. In addition, not only electrons but also other particles can act as additional external particles, e.g., mesons and positrons. The single-particle transition amplitudes are determined in terms of wave functions, which makes it possible to calculate the characteristics of atoms or the probabilities of processes in the HF approximations. Then, the matrix elements of the interaction between electrons in various processes are calculated, and this makes it possible to find the characteristics of atoms or the probabilities of processes while considering multielectron correlations, RPAE in particular The ATOM system was created as a result of many years of research into the structure and processes in multielectron atoms; it was designed to calculate the characteristics of atoms, endohedral fullerenes, and diatomic molecules, as well as the probabilities of the processes of interaction of electrons, photons and other particles, on a computer . Some main characteristics of atoms and processes that are determined within the framework of this system are listed below: - Wave functions of atoms in the ground and excited states in the HF and Hartree–Fock–Dirac approximations. - Amplitudes and cross sections of photoionization (including the strength of oscillators of discrete transitions) of atoms with filled and half-filled shells while taking the interaction between electrons of one, two or more shells into account. - Atom polarizability. - Characteristics of the angular distribution of photoelectrons and secondary electrons both in the dipole and outside the dipole approximation. - Parameters of the spin polarization of photoelectrons. - Scattering cross sections of fast electrons through the generalized oscillator strengths, taking the influence of electrons in one, two or more shells into account. - Angular distribution of secondary electrons arising from the inelastic scattering of fast particles on atoms. - Phases and cross sections of the elastic and inelastic scattering of particles (electrons, positrons, and mesons) of low and medium energies on atoms. - Photoabsorption cross sections with allowance for the decay of vacancies and the inelastic scattering of a photoelectron. - Cross sections of the ionization and excitation of an atom by electron impact. - Probabilities of the single-electron and double Auger decay of vacancies in atoms. - Probabilities of the one-photon decay of one- and two-hole states. - Characteristics of bremsstrahlung of high and intermediate energy incident particles. - Characteristics of capture of mu-mesons by atoms. - Amplitudes, photoionization cross sections, and angular anisotropy parameters of endohedral atoms and the decay of vacancies in such atoms. - Characteristics of the inelastic scattering of fast electrons on endohedral atoms. - Characteristics of photoabsorption processes in negative and positive ions. The creation of theoretical models is only the first step in a computational experiment. On their basis, numerical models are constructed and make it possible to obtain an approximate solution of the initial problems on a computer with the required accuracy. The wave functions of an atom in the HF approximation are represented as a product of the radial, angular and spin parts. Radial functions are the solution of the HF equation (or system of equations) through the method of successive approximations. Integration over the angular variables of the wave functions and summation over the spins are carried out analytically and enter the expression for the matrix elements, which are the results of solving integral equations in RPAE . The multidimensional integrals in these equations are reduced to one-dimensional ones after separating the corner parts and integrating over the angle variables. The RPAE equations are transformed into a system of algebraic equations, the solutions of which are reduced to the inversion of matrices. The expression for the amplitudes of physical processes, defined in terms of matrix elements in RPAE, often contains summation and integration over intermediate states and may have singularities due to energy denominators . The integrals of the emerging singularities are analytically calculated. The resulting expression is “matched” with the contribution of non-singular regions, which is found as a result of numerical integration. In this case, the presence of an imaginary additive in the energy denominator of the calculated amplitudes leads to the fact that the process amplitude has both real and imaginary parts. The numerical solution of the problem, which makes it possible to study the chosen physical process, is sought without separation from physical considerations, which often lead to model simplification. For example, when discretizing the original model, an important element of the calculation is the choice of a sufficiently high upper limit; up to this limit, instead of integration over the continuous spectrum, summation is carried out on a computer . The practice of calculations shows that in the physics of the atom, one has to deal with matrix elements that rather quickly decrease as the energies of the states entering into them increase. In addition, to improve the accuracy of calculations, it is advisable to choose sampling points so that the largest number is in the region of relatively low energies E. This condition is ensured by using the electron momentum p as an integration variable. 3. Organization of the Computational Experiment The optimal organization of the computational process depends on the choice of theoretical and technical characteristics of computational algorithms. The theoretical parameters of the algorithms are related to the formulation of the problem. They include a formal description of the problem, a solution method, the algorithm itself, and its implementation in the chosen language. Technical characteristics depend on the computer used and include system tools, the capabilities and features of the algorithmic languages used, the form of presentation, and the storage of initial information. The choice of strategy in the development of the algorithm itself includes a number of issues. First, in all possible cases, the complex initial problem is divided into a number of simple ones that are easier to implement on a computer. Due to the allocation of subtasks into independent modules, such as the calculation of dipole and Coulomb matrix elements, integration with a pole, matrix inversion, the problem of using them in the study of new physical processes is simplified. Furthermore, in each of the subtasks, the necessary algebraic simplifications are carried out. In particular, the change of variable required in the calculation of wave functions is carried out in the calculation of all characteristics of atoms, since the matrix elements used in them are expressed in terms of wave functions. Access to auxiliary (intermediate) quantities is as important for a theoretical physicist as measurements are for an experimenter in an experiment. In the processes under study, auxiliary quantities usually refer to the matrix elements that are used to obtain qualitative estimates. One of the components of the algorithm is the analysis of the accuracy of calculations. The accuracy of theoretical models is generally unknown, and it is established with the help of estimates obtained as a result of roughly approximate calculations. The accuracy of computer calculations can be very high. It is advisable to use an accuracy that it is somewhat higher than the expected error of the physical result itself. Often the error of intermediate results is more important, since the value obtained in a physical experiment is found as the difference of large numbers. In addition, in the process of computing, the error can accumulate, and, as a rule, it is difficult to evaluate it. Therefore, the final result on a computer often does not require a level of accuracy as high as that needed for intermediate data and that realized at intermediate stages. All this is considered when choosing numerical methods for solving problems. The development of computational algorithms is the second stage of the computational experiment. In the next steps, computer programs are compiled that implement the selected algorithms. The ATOM system uses numerical methods for the theoretical study of the structure of complex atoms and the processes occurring with their participation . The high-level language Fortran, which is the main language in many physical calculations, is used to write the algorithms. To facilitate the implementation of the ATOM system on other computers, Fortran does not use the features and extensions of languages implemented in some translators. Algorithms are recorded in accordance with the respective technology. Algorithms are designed in the form of modules, which are divided into three groups. Modules of the first type are procedures without formal parameters and include the description of variables, the input and printing of initial data, the description of the algorithm containing printing of intermediate values, and the output of results. These are executive programs, each of which solves an independent physical problem. Modules of the second type (specialized) are programs or function procedures with formal parameters. They contain descriptions of the variables and the algorithm. Modules of the third type (service) contain descriptions of variables, the input and printing of initial data, or the printing of results. These modules are used in the development and assembly of modules of the first type. Modules of the fourth type (generic) implement standard mathematical methods. For clarity and ease of finding errors, variables in modules are grouped according to their purpose; variables common to all modules are assigned permanent identifiers, and the names of the variables are usually abbreviated names of the physical processes under study. The input of initial data is accompanied by the printing of all physical quantities. The same is done for intermediate values and program results. Detail printing turns a software module into a theoretical physicist’s tool; it plays the same role as diagnostics in a natural experiment for an experimenter. The ATOM system includes an application program (AP) and a database (DB). The AP contains more than 50 executive modules (according to the number of physical tasks to be solved), more than 10 service modules, more than 70 specialized modules and more than 16 generic modules, and it has a hierarchical structure. During its development, the following requirements were taken into account: the modular principle of organization, the constant expansion of the system’s capabilities, the convenience of users, ease of implementation, and the use of the system as part of the software for the computing network for collective use. The ATOM system was built with basic tools, so it is easily implemented and widely used in many places. For each atom and each physical process under study, the DB contains the required wave functions, input and output physical characteristics. The input language of the ATOM system belongs to the class of task languages that allow for a wide class of users who do not have special training in programming to work. An important stage of the computational experiment is the implementation of computer calculations, during which the capabilities of the created programs are constantly expanding. At present, the ATOM system enables the solving of the following problems . In the Hartree and HF approximations, one can obtain various wave functions, namely wave functions of the ground state of an atom, wave functions of excited states consistent with the functions of the ground state, wave functions of excited states in a continuous spectrum for given energies in a fixed field of an atom with or without orthogonalization to the wave functions of the ground state, wave functions of excited states in the discrete spectrum for given values of the principal quantum number in a fixed core field with or without orthogonalization to the wave functions of the ground state, and wave functions of the mu-meson and positron. Because it has a set of necessary wave functions in the DB, the ATOM system allows one to determine, in the HF and RPAE approximations, matrix elements within one or two transitions, each of which is characterized by one wave function of the ground (hole) state and a set of wave functions of excited (partial) state discrete and continuous spectra for a finite series of energies, namely dipole matrix elements of the length and velocity form, the Coulomb matrix of effective interaction, matrix elements of the terms of the expansion of a plane wave in a series in terms of Legendre polynomials, and Coulomb matrix elements such as “three particles–one hole”, “two particles–two holes”, and “three holes–one particle”. The resulting matrix elements are the basis for studying a number of processes.

Katika utafiti wa nadharia ya mfumo wa atomiki ya elektroni nyingi, programu ina jukumu muhimu kwa sababu ni muhimu kwa mahesabu ya nishati na muundo wa nafasi na sifa za michakato mbalimbali inayotokea katika atomu. Utafiti wa mfano wa elektroniki moja haukuongoza kwa makubaliano kati ya data ya majaribio na hesabu, licha ya ukweli kwamba mwingiliano wa jozi kati ya elektroni ni mwingiliano maarufu wa Coulomb. Katika miaka ya 1960 na 1970, ilionekana wazi kabisa kwamba ili kuelezea muundo na athari za atomu kwa ushawishi wa nje, ni muhimu kwenda zaidi ya dhana za elektroniki moja na kuzingatia athari za elektroniki nyingi. Wakati huo huo, katika kundi nadharia ya St. Petersburg Ioffe Taasisi, chini ya uongozi wa Profesa Miron Ya. Amusea alianza kuunda pakiti ya programu za matumizi inayojulikana kama ATOM, ambayo iliboreshwa katika miaka iliyofuata na kusaidia idadi kubwa ya hesabu za moja kwa moja zilizofanywa katika mifumo ya atomiki kuelezea data ya majaribio na kutabiri athari mpya za chembe nyingi. Mahesabu haya kuweka msingi kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya dhana ya majaribio ya kompyuta. Mafunzo ya nadharia ya mifumo ya miili mingi, kama sheria, ni pamoja na haja ya kuchukua mwingiliano wa miili mingi katika akaunti. Wakati huo huo, kuamua muundo wa nafasi na nishati, pamoja na majibu ya mifumo hiyo kwa ushawishi wa nje, inakabiliwa na matatizo makubwa ya hesabu, hasa katika kesi ambapo nadharia ya usumbufu haiwezi kutumika kwa mfululizo. Nadharia ya atomu na chembechembe za atomu pia inakabiliwa na ugumu kama huo licha ya ukweli kwamba mwingiliano wa jozi kati ya elektroni umejulikana sana kwa wanasayansi kwa zaidi ya karne moja. Hata hivyo, maendeleo makubwa ya mbinu za kuelezea atomu za multielectron na mwingiliano wao na mashamba ya nje yalianza katika nusu ya pili ya karne iliyopita wakati kifaa cha nadharia ya mwili mwingi kilipobuniwa, uwezo mkubwa wa kompyuta ulionekana, na masomo ya majaribio ya mifumo ya atomu yalianza kufanywa kwa wingi. Majaribio haya yalionyesha kwamba maelezo rahisi ya atomu kulingana na mifano ya chembe moja - Hartree-Fock (HF) approximation - kwa ujumla - haiwezi kuelezea sifa na mali ya tabia ya atomu katika kesi za mwingiliano wao na mashamba ya umeme na chembe zingine. Mfano wa mbinu ya kuelezea muundo wa atomu ni mbinu ya kuelezea muundo wa atomu, inayoitwa RPAE (Random Phase Exchange Approximation). Njia ya RPAE, iliyoanzishwa katika miaka ya 1960 na 1970, iliwezesha kuelezea sehemu za msalaba wa photoionization ya atomu za multielectron na kuonyesha jukumu muhimu la mwingiliano wa chembe nyingi katika mifumo ya atomu. Faida kubwa ya RPAE ni uthabiti wa karibu, ambayo sheria kuu za jumla za michakato ya ionization na msisimko wa elektroni, kama vile sheria ya jumla ya oscillator na hali ya invariance ya gradient, zinatimizwa. Baadaye, matumizi ya approximation hii alifanya inawezekana kuelezea na kueleza data nyingi majaribio na kutabiri madhara mengi-electron kwamba kuonekana wenyewe katika michakato ya ionization na excitation ya mifumo ya atomu. Ni mahesabu haya ambayo yamechochea masomo mengi ya nadharia na majaribio ya michakato ya chembe nyingi katika vituo mbalimbali vya utafiti na maabara. 2. Uwezekano wa kupata Programu ya majaribio ya kompyuta: Kazi kuu ya majaribio ya kompyuta ni kuendeleza mifano ya hesabu kwa ajili ya mbalimbali maalum ya matatizo ndani ya mfumo wa mbinu ya nadharia kabla ya kuchaguliwa. Hartree-Fock (HF) mbinu ni kuchukuliwa kama approximation awali, na wengi-electron mahusiano katika atomu ni kuchukuliwa katika kuzingatia katika mfumo wa RPAE au marekebisho yake rahisi. mfano nadharia ya mchakato wowote chini ya utafiti katika approximation kuchaguliwa lazima kutoa maelezo ya kuridhisha ya hisabati ya majaribio. Kwanza kabisa, mfano huu unahusisha chaguo la kazi za wimbi za elektroni za atomiki katika hali zote mbili za msingi na za msisimko, na vile vile chembe za nje za ziada zinazoshiriki katika mchakato. Kazi ya wimbi ya hali ya msingi ya atomu ni kuamua katika HF approximation. Kazi ya hali excited katika njia HF inaweza kupatikana katika uwanja wa binafsi thabiti au katika uwanja wa <unk>frozen<unk> atomic core kwa ajili ya elektroni. Uchaguzi wa approximation moja-chembe ni kuamua na wote tatizo chini ya kuzingatia na jukumu la wengi-electron mwingiliano, baadhi ya ambayo inaweza kuchukuliwa katika akaunti na uchaguzi wa moja-chembe wimbi kazi. Kwa kuongezea, si elektroni tu bali pia chembe nyingine zinaweza kutenda kama chembe za ziada za nje, kwa mfano, mesoni na positron. Amplitude ya mpito ya chembe moja huamuliwa kwa suala la kazi za wimbi, ambayo inafanya iwezekane kuhesabu sifa za atomu au uwezekano wa mchakato katika makadirio ya HF. Mifumo ya ATOM ni mfumo wa kuunganisha atomu na atomu, ambayo hutumia nguvu ya atomu ya atomu, na kwa hivyo inawezekana kupata sifa za atomu au uwezekano wa mchakato wakati wa kuzingatia uhusiano wa elektroni nyingi, hasa RPAE. Baadhi ya sifa kuu ya atomu na michakato ambayo ni kuamua ndani ya mfumo huu ni waliotajwa hapa chini: - Wave kazi ya atomu katika ardhi na hali excited katika HF na Hartree-Fock-Dirac approximations. - Amplitudes na sehemu za msalaba wa photoionization (ikiwa ni pamoja na nguvu ya oscillators ya mpito tofauti) ya atomu na shells kujazwa na nusu kujazwa wakati wa kuchukua mwingiliano kati ya elektroni ya moja, mbili au zaidi ya shells katika akaunti. - Atomizability. - Sifa ya angle usambazaji wa photoelectrons na elektroni sekondari wote katika dipole na nje ya dipole approximation. - Vigezo vya spin polarization ya photoelectrons. - Scattering sehemu ya msalaba wa elektroni haraka kwa njia ya nguvu generalized oscillator, kuchukua ushawishi wa elektroni katika moja, mbili au zaidi shells katika akaunti. - Angular usambazaji wa elektroni sekondari yanayotokana na kutawanyika inelastic ya chembe haraka juu ya atomu. - Awamu na sehemu za msalaba wa kutawanyika elastic na inelastic ya chembechembe (electrons, positrons, na mesons) ya nishati ya chini na ya kati juu ya atomu. - Photoabsorption cross sections na ruzuku kwa ajili ya uharibifu wa nafasi na kutawanyika inelastic ya photoelectron. - Sehemu za msalaba wa ionization na msisimko wa atomu na athari ya elektroniki. - Uwezekano wa moja-electron na mara mbili Auger decay ya nafasi katika atomu. - Uwezekano wa kuharibika kwa fotoni moja ya hali ya shimo moja na mbili. - Sifa ya bremsstrahlung ya high na kati ya nishati inciding chembechembe. - Sifa ya kukamata ya mu-mesons na atomu. - Amplitudes, photoionization sehemu ya msalaba, na angular anisotropy vigezo vya atomu endohedral na kuoza ya nafasi katika atomu hizo. - Sifa ya kutawanyika inelastic ya elektroni haraka juu ya atomu endohedral. - Sifa ya mchakato photoabsorption katika ions hasi na chanya. Uumbaji wa mifano ya kinadharia ni hatua ya kwanza tu katika majaribio ya kompyuta. Kwa msingi wao, mifano ya tarakimu ni kujengwa na kufanya iwezekanavyo kupata ufumbuzi takriban wa matatizo ya awali juu ya kompyuta na usahihi required. Kazi ya wimbi la atomu katika HF approximation ni kuwakilishwa kama bidhaa ya sehemu radial, angular na spin. Radial kazi ni ufumbuzi wa HF equation (au mfumo wa equations) kupitia mbinu ya approximations mfululizo. Integrating juu ya angular variables ya kazi ya wimbi na jumla juu ya spins ni kufanyika analytically na kuingia katika usemi kwa ajili ya matrix vipengele, ambayo ni matokeo ya kutatua integral equations katika RPAE. Integrals multidimensional katika equations hizi ni kupunguzwa kwa moja ya dimensional wale baada ya kutenganisha sehemu ya kona na kuunganisha juu ya pembe vigezo. RPAE equations ni kubadilishwa katika mfumo wa algebraic equations, ufumbuzi ambayo ni kupunguzwa kwa inversion ya matrices. Maonyesho ya amplitudes ya michakato ya kimwili, iliyofafanuliwa katika suala la matrix vipengele katika RPAE, mara nyingi ina jumla na ushirikiano juu ya hali ya kati na inaweza kuwa na singularities kutokana na nguvu denominators. Integrals ya singularities zinazojitokeza ni analytically mahesabu. Maonyesho yanayotokana ni <unk>iliyolingana<unk> na mchango wa mikoa isiyo ya kipekee, ambayo hupatikana kama matokeo ya ujumuishaji wa nambari. Katika kesi hii, uwepo wa additive mawazo katika nguvu denominator ya amplitudes mahesabu inaongoza kwa ukweli kwamba mchakato amplitude ina wote halisi na sehemu ya mawazo. Suluhisho la hesabu la tatizo, ambalo hufanya iwezekane kusoma mchakato wa kimwili uliochaguliwa, unatafuta bila kutenganishwa na kuzingatia kimwili, ambayo mara nyingi husababisha u rahisi wa mfano. Kwa mfano, wakati discretizing mfano wa awali, kipengele muhimu cha hesabu ni uchaguzi wa kiwango cha juu cha kutosha; hadi kikomo hiki, badala ya ushirikiano juu ya wigo wa kuendelea, jumla ni kufanyika kwenye kompyuta. Katika fizikia ya atomu, mtu ana kushughulika na matrix vipengele kwamba badala ya haraka kupungua kama nishati ya hali kuingia ndani yao kuongezeka. Kwa kuongezea, ili kuboresha usahihi wa hesabu, ni vyema kuchagua pointi za sampuli ili idadi kubwa iwe katika eneo la nishati ya chini ya E. Hali hii inahakikishiwa kwa kutumia p-mzunguko wa elektroniki kama kutofautiana kwa ujumuishaji. 3. Uwe na mtazamo wa kweli Shirika la Computational Experiment Shirika bora la mchakato wa computational inategemea uchaguzi wa nadharia na kiufundi sifa ya algorithms computational. vigezo kinadharia ya algorithms ni kuhusiana na utoaji wa tatizo. Wao ni pamoja na maelezo rasmi ya tatizo, njia ya ufumbuzi, algorithm yenyewe, na utekelezaji wake katika lugha iliyochaguliwa. Sifa za kiufundi hutegemea kompyuta inayotumiwa na ni pamoja na zana za mfumo, uwezo na sifa za lugha za algorithmic zinazotumiwa, fomu ya uwasilishaji, na kuhifadhi habari ya awali. Uchaguzi wa mkakati katika maendeleo ya algorithm yenyewe ni pamoja na masuala kadhaa. Kwanza, katika visa vyote vinavyowezekana, tatizo tata la awali linagawanywa katika idadi ya rahisi ambazo ni rahisi kutekeleza kwenye kompyuta. Kwa sababu ya mgawo wa kazi ndogo katika moduli huru, kama vile hesabu ya dipol na Coulomb matrix vipengele, ushirikiano na pole, matrix inversion, tatizo la kutumia yao katika utafiti wa michakato mpya ya fizikia ni rahisi. Zaidi ya hayo, katika kila moja ya subtasks, muhimu algebraic kurahisisha ni kufanyika. Hasa, mabadiliko ya kutofautiana required katika mahesabu ya kazi ya wimbi ni kufanyika katika mahesabu ya sifa zote za atomu, tangu matrix vipengele kutumika katika yao ni kuonyeshwa katika suala la kazi ya wimbi. Upatikanaji wa kiasi cha msaidizi (kiwango cha kati) ni muhimu kwa mwanafizikia wa nadharia kama vipimo ni kwa mtafiti katika jaribio. Katika michakato chini ya utafiti, kiasi msaidizi kawaida rejea ya vipengele matrix kwamba ni kutumika kupata makadirio ya ubora. Moja ya vipengele vya algorithm ni uchambuzi wa usahihi wa mahesabu. Uhalali wa mifano ya nadharia kwa ujumla haujulikani, na huanzishwa kwa msaada wa makadirio yaliyopatikana kama matokeo ya hesabu za takriban. Usahihi wa hesabu za kompyuta waweza kuwa wa juu sana. Ni vyema kutumia usahihi kwamba ni kiasi fulani juu ya makosa ya kutarajiwa ya matokeo ya kimwili yenyewe. Mara nyingi makosa ya matokeo ya kati ni muhimu zaidi, tangu thamani iliyopatikana katika majaribio ya fizikia hupatikana kama tofauti ya idadi kubwa. Aidha, katika mchakato wa hesabu, kosa inaweza kukusanya, na, kama sheria, ni vigumu kutathmini yake. Kwa hiyo, matokeo ya mwisho kwenye kompyuta mara nyingi haihitaji kiwango cha usahihi kama hicho kinachohitajika kwa data ya kati na ambayo hutambuliwa katika hatua za kati. Yote haya ni kuchukuliwa wakati wa kuchagua mbinu za tarakimu kwa ajili ya kutatua matatizo. Maendeleo ya algorithms computational ni hatua ya pili ya majaribio computational. Katika hatua zifuatazo, programu za kompyuta huandaliwa ambazo hutumia mbinu zilizochaguliwa. Mfumo wa ATOM hutumia mbinu za tarakimu kwa ajili ya utafiti wa nadharia ya muundo wa atomu tata na michakato inayotokea na ushiriki wao. Lugha ya ngazi ya juu Fortran, ambayo ni lugha kuu katika mahesabu mengi ya kimwili, hutumiwa kuandika algorithms. Ili kuwezesha utekelezaji wa mfumo wa ATOM kwenye kompyuta nyingine, Fortran haitumii vipengele na upanuzi wa lugha zilizotumiwa katika watafsiri wengine. Algorithms ni kumbukumbu kwa mujibu wa teknolojia husika. Algorithms ni iliyoundwa katika fomu ya modules, ambayo ni imegawanywa katika makundi matatu. Moduli ya aina ya kwanza ni taratibu bila vigezo rasmi na ni pamoja na maelezo ya vigezo, kuingiza na kuchapisha data ya awali, maelezo ya algorithm yenye kuchapisha ya maadili ya kati, na matokeo ya pato. Hizi ni programu za utendaji, kila moja ya ambayo hutatua tatizo la kimwili la kujitegemea. Modules ya aina ya pili (maalum) ni programu au utaratibu kazi na vigezo rasmi. Wao ni pamoja na maelezo ya vigezo na algorithm. Modules ya aina ya tatu (huduma) ni pamoja na maelezo ya vigezo, pembejeo na uchapishaji wa data ya awali, au uchapishaji wa matokeo. Moduli hizi hutumiwa katika maendeleo na mkusanyiko wa modules ya aina ya kwanza. Modules ya aina ya nne (generic) kutekeleza mbinu za kawaida za hisabati. Kwa uwazi na urahisi wa kupata makosa, vigezo katika modules ni makundi kulingana na kusudi lao; vigezo kawaida kwa modules wote ni kupewa vitambulisho kudumu, na majina ya vigezo ni kawaida majina mafupi ya michakato ya kimwili chini ya utafiti. Kuingia kwa data ya awali ni pamoja na uchapishaji wa kiasi wote wa kimwili. Vivyo hivyo ni kufanyika kwa ajili ya maadili ya kati na matokeo ya programu. Uchapishaji wa maelezo hubadilisha moduli ya programu kuwa chombo cha fizikia ya nadharia; ina jukumu sawa na utambuzi katika jaribio la asili kwa mtafiti. Mfumo wa ATOM ni pamoja na programu ya maombi (AP) na database (DB). AP ina zaidi ya 50 modules mtendaji (kulingana na idadi ya kazi ya kimwili ya kutatua), zaidi ya 10 modules huduma, zaidi ya 70 modules maalumu na zaidi ya 16 modules generic, na ina muundo hierarchical. Wakati wa maendeleo yake, mahitaji yafuatayo yalifikiriwa: kanuni ya modular ya shirika, upanuzi wa mara kwa mara wa uwezo wa mfumo, urahisi wa watumiaji, urahisi wa utekelezaji, na matumizi ya mfumo kama sehemu ya programu kwa mtandao wa kompyuta kwa matumizi ya pamoja. Mfumo wa ATOM umejengwa kwa zana za msingi, kwa hivyo ni rahisi kutekelezwa na kutumika sana katika maeneo mengi. Kwa kila atomu na kila mchakato wa kimwili chini ya utafiti, DB ina kazi za wimbi zinazohitajika, sifa za kimwili za kuingia na kutoka. Lugha ya kuingiza ya mfumo wa ATOM ni ya darasa la lugha za kazi ambazo huruhusu darasa pana la watumiaji ambao hawana mafunzo maalum katika programu kufanya kazi. Hatua muhimu ya majaribio ya hesabu ni utekelezaji wa hesabu za kompyuta, wakati ambao uwezo wa programu zilizoundwa zinaongezeka daima. Kwa sasa, mfumo wa ATOM inaruhusu kutatua matatizo yafuatayo. Katika mapendekezo ya Hartree na HF, mtu anaweza kupata kazi mbalimbali za wimbi, yaani kazi za wimbi za hali ya msingi ya atomu, kazi za wimbi za hali za msisimko zinazolingana na kazi za hali ya msingi, kazi za wimbi za hali za msisimko katika wigo wa mfululizo kwa nishati fulani katika uwanja wa msingi, na kazi za wimbi za mu-meson na positron. "Kwa sababu ina seti ya kazi za wimbi muhimu katika DB, mfumo wa ATOM inaruhusu mtu kuamua, katika HF na RPAE approximations, matrix elements ndani ya moja au mbili mpito, kila moja ambayo ni sifa na moja wimbi kazi ya ardhi (shimo) hali na seti ya kazi ya nishati ya excited (sehemu) hali discrete na kuendelea spectra kwa mfululizo wa mwisho wa nguvu, yaani dipole matrix ya urefu wa wimbi na kasi fomu, Coulomb matrix ya athari ya athari, matrix ya matrix ya suala la upanuzi wa wimbi katika mfululizo katika suala la Legendre polynomials, na Coulomb matrix ya mambo kama vile ""three particles"" moja shimo, ""two particles"" moja, na ""two holes.""" Vipengele vya matrix vinavyotokana ni msingi wa kusoma michakato kadhaa.

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