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消化性溃疡病@同时静脉输注质子泵抑制剂 (PPI) 可减少再出血以及对外科手术的需求，但不能降低全因死亡率。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "消化性溃疡病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "质子泵抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "质子泵抑制剂",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "PPI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@因此，所有怀疑先兆子痫的妇女，包括伴有恶心、呕吐或不适感等非特异性症状的患者，应当评价是否存在 HELLP 综合征。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "先兆子痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HELLP 综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不适感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
结节性硬化症@ 5.神经系统定位体征 部分患儿可见到单瘫、偏瘫、截瘫或其他限局性神经异常体征。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "结节性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经系统定位体征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "神经系统定位体征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单瘫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "神经系统定位体征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "偏瘫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "神经系统定位体征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "截瘫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
缺血性卒中@### 肥胖 超重和肥胖人群发生缺血性卒中的风险略有增加。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "缺血性卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肥胖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@### 弱 查看全部 ### 酒精含量 尽管已发现在围孕期（妊娠前 1 个月到妊娠之后 3 个月）摄入低水平酒精不会导致显著的裂的风险，摄入大量酒精（每次饮酒 > 5 个单位）与口腔颌面裂的发生率增加有关。 唇腭裂@### 叶酸缺乏 关于产前补充叶酸降低口腔颌面裂风险的疗效报告存在矛盾。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "叶酸缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酒精含量"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【呼吸心脏骤停的病因】 心肺脑复苏的对象是各种原因引起的呼吸心脏骤停患儿，小儿呼吸、心搏骤停多由于气道阻塞和缺氧，先引起呼吸骤停，继而心搏骤停。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "缺氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@### 腹部超声 检查 结果 检查 腹部超声是诊断慢性胰腺炎和胰腺癌简便、易行的检查，然而两者表现可能类似。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
缺血性卒中@[ 癫痫发作和发作后功能缺失 ](/topics/zh-cn/112) ### 转换和躯体化障碍 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 神经系统体征和症状与血管灌注区域不吻合。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "缺血性卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "转换和躯体化障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
铅中毒@### Dimerval Dimerval有时在欧洲和亚洲用于治疗重金属中毒，但是在美国不可用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "铅中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Dimerval"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@检查 可以使用二维超声心动图来帮助鉴别这两种疾病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二维超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
铅中毒@### 小脑体征 铅脑病的体征，为临床急症。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "铅中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小脑体征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
因此，在遇到急性中毒时，家长应尽可能提供毒物；另外，即使对于可疑中毒者，亦应及早给予治疗处理，争取抢救时间，避免中毒进一步加重，降低和减少病死率及后遗症。 3.药物过量中毒 许多药物（包括中药）过量均可导致中毒，如地高辛、抗癫痫药、退热药、麻醉镇静药、抗心律失常药等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物过量中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗癫痫药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "退热药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麻醉镇静药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗心律失常药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
口咽癌@### III期及IVA期（局部晚期且可手术切除） 查看全部 首选 – 手术+术后放疗 可切除的局部晚期口咽癌患者可以选择手术加术后放疗或无需手术的同步放化疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "术后放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
1型糖尿病起病多数较急骤，几天内可突然表现明显多饮、多尿，每天饮水量和尿量可达3～5L，易饿多食，但体重下降，称为“三多一少”。 （二）鉴别诊断 1.儿童2型糖尿病 胰岛素抵抗为主伴胰岛素相对分泌不足，或胰岛素分泌不足伴或不伴胰岛素抵抗，属多基因遗传，近年来发病率有增高趋势。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童2型糖尿病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "起病多数较急骤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多饮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "易饿多食"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@鳞状细胞癌： * 类型包括原位鳞状细胞癌（Bowen 病），侵袭性鳞状细胞癌，以及转移性（或进展性）鳞状细胞癌 * 大多好发于头颈部（84%）和上肢伸侧（13%）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "原位鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Bowen 病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原位鳞状细胞癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Bowen 病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "侵袭性鳞状细胞癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头颈部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上肢伸侧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
肾细胞癌@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部 ### FBC（全血细胞计数） 检查 结果 检查 副肿瘤综合征的实验室检查结果包括慢性病性贫血以及因慢性肾功能不全引发的红细胞生成素分泌过多进而造成的红细胞增多症。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "FBC（全血细胞计数）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部 ### 紫外线辐射暴露 紫外线辐射会增加非黑色素瘤皮肤癌风险，这已经被日光暴露部位癌症发生率的升高所证实，日光暴露部位包括：头部、颈部、上臂伸侧以及躯干上部。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "紫外线辐射暴露"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "紫外线辐射"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "紫外线辐射"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "被日光暴露部位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "日光暴露部位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上臂伸侧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "躯干上部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
胃炎@[ GORD ](/topics/zh-cn/82) ### 非溃疡性消化不良 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 临床症状和体征可能与症状性胃炎和消化性溃疡病 (PUD) 类似。 胃炎@内镜检查正常。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "非溃疡性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非溃疡性消化不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
血吸虫病@ ### 梗阻性尿路病 | 长期 | 低 慢性炎症，纤维化和肉芽肿形成可导致尿路梗阻。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "梗阻性尿路病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肉芽肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "梗阻性尿路病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肉芽肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿路梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "纤维化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿路梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "纤维化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性炎症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "慢性炎症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿路梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "梗阻性尿路病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性炎症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
咳嗽、流涕持续超过30天者诊断亚急性鼻窦炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "亚急性鼻窦炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽、流涕持续超过30天"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "亚急性鼻窦炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽、流涕持续超过30天者"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
自身免疫性肝炎@在不符合重度疾病标准的患者中，必须进行个体化治疗，且治疗或监测决策须基于患者存在的症状（疲乏、关节痛、黄疸）；血清转氨酶水平、γ-球蛋白水平或两者的水平；以及肝脏组织学的界面性肝炎的存在。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疲乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肾细胞癌@### 血尿 显微镜下/肉眼血尿可能单独出现或作为腰肋疼痛、血尿和可触及腹部肿块的典型三联征出现。肾细胞癌@不到 10% 的患者出现这种典型的表现，提示局部晚期疾病。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腰肋疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
神经影像学检查对急性脑炎的诊断与评价具有重要意义。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经影像学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
二、主动脉瓣下狭窄 在主动脉瓣下0. 5～1. 0cm有半月形或环形隔膜，产生左心室流出道梗阻。此病变很少见于婴儿，手术切除后又可重新长出，且许多先天性心脏病手术后可长出主动脉瓣下隔膜，所以有人认为此系后天长出，但为先天的局部组织异常所致。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "主动脉瓣下狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天的局部组织异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "主动脉瓣下狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "半月形或环形隔膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@### 面部特征（例如毛细血管扩张、蜘蛛痣、巩膜黄染） 慢性肝病面部的特征性体检发现包括：毛细血管扩张（局灶性红色病变，源于皮肤小血管的不可逆扩张）、蜘蛛痣（压之变白、松开后有蜘蛛样分支，源于一支中间微动脉）、瘀伤、肥大性酒渣鼻、腮腺肿大、钞票纹（细小血管的随机分布）、酒精性肝病的红舌；脂溢性皮炎、巩膜黄染和原发性胆汁性胆管炎的黄斑瘤（继发于脂肪沉积的眼睑部黄色斑块）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "毛细血管扩张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蜘蛛痣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巩膜黄染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "面部特征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
喉癌@ ### 影像学 一旦怀疑为喉恶性肿瘤，有必要进行颈部增强CT。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "喉恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈部增强CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
卵巢癌@目前，紫杉醇和卡铂联合化疗是首选的化疗方案。卵巢癌@ 美国妇科肿瘤学组 (GOG) 发表了一项随机试验，在该试验中，早期卵巢癌（IA期3级、IB期3级、IC期、II期、透明细胞组织学类型）患者随机接受3或6个疗程的紫杉醇和卡铂化疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "卵巢癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "紫杉醇和卡铂联合化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
【预后】 未经治疗的大动脉转位患儿临床多表现危重；新生儿早期患儿常见的致死因素包括组织缺氧和酸中毒；在婴儿期为充血性心力衰竭，幼儿期则是以血栓栓塞和渐进性肺血管疾病为主。 大动脉转换术后有近80%患儿术后10年无须再次治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "10年无须再次治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "组织缺氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血栓栓塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "渐进性肺血管疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
抗结核抗体测定:以ELISA法检测结核性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液PPD-IgM抗体和PPD-IgG抗体， 其水平常高于血清中的水平。 X线、CT或磁共振（MRI) 约85%的结核性脑膜炎患儿的胸片有结核病改变,其中90% 为活动性病变，呈粟粒性肺结核者占48%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗结核抗体测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磁共振（MRI)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
表5-5 新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病临床表现分度 （一）轻度 主要表现为兴奋，易激惹，肌张力正常，拥抱反射活跃，吸吮反射正常，呼吸平稳，无惊厥。症状多在3天内逐渐消失，预后良好。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "症状多在3天内逐渐消失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "兴奋"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "易激惹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力正常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拥抱反射活跃"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸吮反射正常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸平稳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
新生儿黄疸@Zellweger综合征婴儿预后差，大多数在出生后第一年内死亡或存活但伴有严重智力低下和癫痫发作。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "Zellweger综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "差"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
咽峡炎绝大多数患儿可表现为咽部、扁桃体、腭垂充血、肿胀，可见出血点，伴有咽痛，部分患儿扁桃体表面可见白色渗出物或假膜形成@。 淋巴结肿大全身淋巴结均可肿大,在病程第1周就可出现。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "咽峡炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴结肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "咽峡炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@认知行为治疗（CBT）或认知治疗（CT）等心理治疗可单独用于治疗GAD，也可与药物治疗联合使用以及用于孕妇。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "认知行为治疗",
"subject_type": "其他治疗",
"object": {
"@value": "CBT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "认知治疗",
"subject_type": "其他治疗",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GAD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GAD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "认知治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GAD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CBT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GAD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "认知行为治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
5 .有胆汁反流者，给予胃达喜、熊去氧胆酸与胆汁酸结合及促进胆汁排空的药。 第二节 慢性胃炎 慢性胃炎（chronic gastritis）是指各种原因持续反复作用于胃黏膜所引起的慢性炎症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆汁酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "熊去氧胆酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃达喜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
前列腺癌@或者，患者可出现尿路梗阻的症状和体征。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "前列腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿路梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【病理解剖】 Abbott于1936年首先对原发孔型缺损和共同房室管畸形分别予以描述。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "原发孔型缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "共同房室管畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
妊娠期高血压@## 分类 ### 美国妇产科协会 (American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ACOG) 妊娠期高血压疾病工作组报告 1. 慢性高血压：BP≥140/90mmHg（最好是一周内两次随机测量） * 妊娠前或妊娠20周前 * 妊娠20周后新出现的高血压且持续至产后12周。妊娠期高血压@ 2. 子痫前期/子痫 * 妊娠特异性综合征，通常发生在妊娠20周后 * BP>140/90mmHg且尿蛋白>300mg/24小时 * 子痫定义为子痫前期妇女发生用其他原因无法解释的癫痫发作。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "妊娠期高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "子痫前期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "妊娠期高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "子痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "妊娠期高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
喉癌@## 治疗步骤 依据TNM分期制定治疗方案。喉癌@包括手术切除、放疗、化疗或综合治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
96%的SMA患者提示有SMN1基因突变，而4%并非与5q13连锁。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "SMA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SMN1基因突变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
反流性食管炎常见症状:①胃灼热:见于有表达能力的年长儿，位于胸骨下段，饮用酸性饮料可使症状加重;②咽下疼痛:婴幼儿表现为喂奶困难、烦躁、拒食，年长儿诉吞咽时疼痛,如并发食管狭窄则出现严重呕吐和持续性吞咽困难;③呕血和便血:食管炎严重者可发生糜烂或溃疡，出现呕血或黑便症状。严重的反流性食管炎可发生缺铁性贫血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "反流性食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "缺铁性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "胃灼热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸骨下段"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "反流性食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽下疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "咽下疼痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喂奶困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "咽下疼痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烦躁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "咽下疼痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拒食"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "咽下疼痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吞咽时疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "咽下疼痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食管狭窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "食管狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "严重呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "食管狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续性吞咽困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "反流性食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "反流性食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "便血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "反流性食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糜烂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "反流性食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "反流性食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黑便"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "反流性食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃灼热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@没有证据表明对乙酰氨基酚比布洛芬更有效，并且频繁应用两种药物都会引起镇痛药（过量）头痛。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乙酰氨基酚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "布洛芬"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "镇痛药（过量）头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
破伤风@如果为破伤风感染，脑脊液 (CSF) 检查结果通常是正常的，但CSF蛋白的浓度可能轻微升高。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑脊液 (CSF) 检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
（四）Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病） 本病属常染色体隐性遗传病，多见于芬兰人。严重智能发育迟缓。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "严重智能发育迟缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "芬兰人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
重症感染继发HLH互为因果关系，形成恶性循环。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "重症感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HLH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
登革热@## 案例 ### 案例 #1 21岁男子，持续性高热3天。登革热@食欲减低，可进流食，无其他明显症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲减低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续性高热3天"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
脑炎@## 患者指导 针对患者并无一般性建议，但在某些感染发生时，建议追踪接触者和限制环境污染（入住隔离室，避免外出）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "入住隔离室"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "避免外出"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
多发性硬化症@也有过服用芬戈莫德的患者中发生基底细胞癌的案例报告，并且患有基底细胞癌的患者禁止使用此药。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "芬戈莫德"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
隐球菌病@ 【临床表现】 （一）肺部感染 肺部隐球菌病为亚急性或慢性过程，而且常无症状，可能在偶然胸部X线检查中被发现。隐球菌病@当病变自肺播散到中枢神经系统时才被检出。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "肺部隐球菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "肺部隐球菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中枢神经系统"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "隐球菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "隐球菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部隐球菌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肺部隐球菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@患者可能会出现激动、思维混乱以及压抑感。急性胰腺炎@他们可能存在厌食、恶心呕吐伴纳差的病史。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "厌食"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "激动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "思维混乱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "压抑感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
皮肤散在的自发性瘀点、瘀斑多为血小板减少性紫癜；肌肉血肿伴关节腔出血者多为血友病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌肉血肿伴关节腔出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@[ 囊肿性纤维化 ](/topics/zh-cn/403) ### 慢性鼻-鼻窦炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可表现为因鼻后滴流引起的夜间咳嗽和呼吸困难。 成人哮喘@检查 前鼻镜或鼻内镜检查可显示炎症、脓性分泌物、水肿或明显的息肉。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "慢性鼻-鼻窦炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻内镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性鼻-鼻窦炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性鼻-鼻窦炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
八、松果体区肿瘤 松果体区肿瘤占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的0. 4%～2%，包括生殖细胞肿瘤（40%～65%）、松果体实质细胞瘤（17%）和星形细胞瘤（15%）；其中生殖细胞肿瘤又可分为生殖细胞瘤、畸胎瘤和混合型生殖细胞肿瘤。辅助检查MRI是诊断该部位肿瘤最有效的检查，由于肿瘤易沿脑脊液播散，因此，必要时还应作脊柱MRI检查及脑脊液细胞学检查。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "辅助检查MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脊柱MRI检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑脊液细胞学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生殖细胞肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "松果体实质细胞瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "星形细胞瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生殖细胞瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "畸胎瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "混合型生殖细胞肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "松果体区肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@继发型（初发后）肺结核通常犯右肺上叶尖段和/或后段，左肺上叶尖后段，或下叶的上段，伴或不伴空洞。非小细胞肺癌@DNA或RNA扩增试验用于快速诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DNA或RNA扩增试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
小细胞肺癌@### 淀粉样变性 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 体重减轻、感觉异常、呼吸困难和疲劳为最常见的与淀粉样变性相关的症状并且在所有系统疾病中都常见。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淀粉样变性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（四）细菌 、病毒和（或）其毒素 鼻腔、口咽部的慢性感染病灶，如扁桃腺炎、鼻旁窦炎等细菌或其毒素吞入胃内，长期慢性刺激可引起慢性胃黏膜炎症。急性胃炎之后胃黏膜损伤经久不愈，反复发作亦可发展为慢性胃炎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌 、病毒和（或）其毒素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
患儿由于负氮平衡会导致肌无力和疲劳加重，尤其是婴儿。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "肌无力",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "负氮平衡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
肾细胞癌@ 对比增强 CT 合并肾脏CT检查方案对有恶性特征的肾脏肿块具有 100% 的特异性和 ≥90% 的敏感性。 肾细胞癌@结果 肾脏肿块，局部淋巴结病变，和/或内脏/骨转移 ### 腹部/盆腔MRI 检查 结果 检查 对忌用对比造影剂的患者（因肾功能不全或过敏）的诊断和分期选用此方法。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部/盆腔MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
1.强直-阵挛性发作（tonic-clonic seizures） 发作时突然意识丧失，瞳孔散大，全身肌肉强直或阵挛或强直-阵挛性收缩。有时表现为轴性强直，头、颈后仰，躯干极度伸展呈角弓反张；有时表现为“球样强直发作”，低头、弯腰、双上臂举起及屈肘，持续2～3秒，站立时发作会摔倒；有时轻微的强直发作，表现为眼球上转、眨眼或眼球震颤，称为“强直性眼球震颤”。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "强直-阵挛性发作",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头、颈后仰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "强直-阵挛性发作",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发作时突然意识丧失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "强直-阵挛性发作",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瞳孔散大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "强直-阵挛性发作",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身肌肉强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "强直-阵挛性发作",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阵挛或强直-阵挛性收缩"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "球样强直发作",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续2～3秒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "球样强直发作",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "站立时发作会摔倒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "强直性眼球震颤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眨眼或眼球震颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "强直性眼球震颤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼球上转"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第八节 阿米巴病第七篇 感染性疾病 第八章 寄生虫病【病原】 【流行病学】 【发病机制及病理】 【临床表现】 【并发症】 （一）肝炎及肝脓肿 （二）肺脓肿和脑脓肿 （三）腹膜炎 【实验室诊断】 （一）肠阿米巴病 （二）肠外阿米巴病 【鉴别诊断】 【治疗】 （一）一般治疗 （二）病因治疗 1.阿米巴痢疾急性期病例 2.阿米巴肝脓肿 3.胸、腹部阿米巴病的治疗 4.阿米巴包囊携带者的治疗 【预防】阿米巴病（ amoebiasis ）是由溶组织阿米巴原虫所引起的疾病。轻者只有腹部不适，食欲缺乏。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "阿米巴病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "阿米巴病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝炎及肝脓肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "阿米巴病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺脓肿和脑脓肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "阿米巴病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "阿米巴病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠阿米巴病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肠外阿米巴病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿米巴病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "阿米巴病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "amoebiasis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
2.食管炎（esophagitis） 儿童食管炎占胃镜检查的10%～12%，最常见的是反流性食管炎。 食管炎在胃镜下表现充血、水肿、糜烂及溃疡，根据其主要表现，在镜下可分为三类：卡他型、糜烂型与溃疡型。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "充血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糜烂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "卡他型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糜烂型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溃疡型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "esophagitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肾栓塞时可致梗死、局灶性肾炎或弥漫性肾小球肾炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肾栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "局灶性肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肾栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性肾小球肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
二、新生儿后期贫血 新生儿后期贫血主要是指出生1周以后发生的贫血，一般多为慢性贫血，主要有以下几种类型： （一）新生儿生理性贫血 新生儿生理性贫血是指足月儿生后6～12周时血红蛋白下降至95～110g/L，主要原因有：在宫内，胎儿血氧饱和度约50%，相对缺氧状态使促红细胞生成素含量较高，红细胞较多，出生后血氧饱和度显著增高，促红细胞生成素分泌明显减少，红细胞产生减少。 （三）新生儿晚期贫血 晚期贫血是指部分Rh血型不合溶血病患儿在生后2～6周发生明显贫血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "慢性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿晚期贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "慢性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿生理性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
缺血性卒中@快速评估和诊断是缺血性卒中成功治疗的基础。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "缺血性卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "快速评估"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "缺血性卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "诊断"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【发病率】 原发性膀胱输尿管反流在正常婴儿和儿童的发生率很难知道，统计的发生率为1%～18. 5%，但70%发生在尿路感染的患儿中。年龄与反流发生率成反比，4岁20%，12岁15%，成人5. 2%，由此也提示随着膀胱及输尿管的发育（输尿管隧道延长），反流可自然缓解。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "20%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "15%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5. 2%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1%～18. 5%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿路感染的患儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@如果无禁忌症，该治疗应与肝素联合使用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@ 在过去几个月中，他有夜间喘息和气短的问题。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "夜间喘息"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气短"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
三、食物和呕吐物吸入第八篇 呼吸系统疾病 第九章 肺部非感染性疾病 第八节 吸入性肺炎除食物本身的刺激外，反流的胃酸亦是肺损伤的重要决定因素。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "吸入性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食物和呕吐物吸入"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
早期先天性梅毒多见于早产儿、低出生体重儿或小于胎龄儿;生后的发育、营养状况落后于同胎龄儿。⑥中枢神经系统症状:在新生儿期罕见，多在生后3 ~6个月时出现脑膜炎症状,脑脊液中淋巴细胞数增高，蛋白呈中度增高，糖正常。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜炎症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蛋白呈中度增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "先天性梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "先天性梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低出生体重儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "先天性梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小于胎龄儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
心房扑动@### 心力衰竭 存在心力衰竭时，心房扑动的发生风险增加 3.5 倍。 心房扑动@### 甲状腺功能亢进症 可能诱发心房颤动或心房扑动。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "心房扑动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲状腺功能亢进症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
在小儿时期慢性TIN还可由代谢病引起，如①胱氨酸病：见本章第四节。③高钙血症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "高钙血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性TIN"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "胱氨酸病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性TIN"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑症的儿童有焦虑障碍的家族史。由于交感神经亢进和骨骼肌紧张性增强，可有一系列躯体症状，如心跳加快、心前区不适、胸闷、呼吸不畅、口干、尿频、头昏、疲乏等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心跳加快"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心前区不适"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸闷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸不畅"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口干"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿频"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头昏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疲乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "有焦虑障碍的家族史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
喉癌@### 饮酒量>8单位/天 饮酒也被认为是喉癌的独立危险因素。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "饮酒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@## 新兴疗法 ### 重组骨形态蛋白 正畸是传统治疗方法，常在8到11岁时进行，传统的用牙槽骨的松质骨，但现在多使用骨生长因子，如重组骨形态发生蛋白-2（BMP-2）来替代。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "重组骨形态发生蛋白-2",
"subject_type": "其他治疗",
"object": {
"@value": "BMP-2"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
（二）尿常规检查 清洁中段尿离心镜检中WBC≥5/ HP提示尿路感染，若见白细胞管型，提示肾盂肾炎。 （五）菌尿辅助检查 尿液亚硝酸盐还原试验，可作为过筛检查，阳性率可达80%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "尿路感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "菌尿辅助检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "尿路感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿液亚硝酸盐还原试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "尿路感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿常规检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
后者主要包括Chediak-Higashi综合征（CHS)、格里塞利综合征（Griscelli syndrome, GS)及X-连锁淋巴增殖性疾病（X-linked lymphoproliferative disease，XLP)等原发性免疫缺陷病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "Chediak-Higashi综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CHS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "格里塞利综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Griscelli syndrome"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "X-连锁淋巴增殖性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X-linked lymphoproliferative disease"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
早产@一旦胎膜破裂，早产不可避免，皮质类固醇对新生儿有益。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
第一节 感染性口炎 一、细菌感染性口炎 （一）球菌性口炎 （coccigenic stomatitis） 细菌性口炎以球菌感染多见，常以黏膜糜烂、溃疡伴假膜形成为其特征，又称膜性口炎或假膜性口炎。初起为黏膜充血水肿，继之出现大小不等的糜烂或溃疡，散在、聚集后融和均可见到表面披有灰白色假膜，易于擦去，但留下溢血的创面，不久又被假膜覆盖。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "球菌性口炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏膜充血水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "球菌性口炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大小不等的糜烂或溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "细菌性口炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "球菌感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性口炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏膜糜烂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性口炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溃疡伴假膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "细菌性口炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膜性口炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "细菌性口炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "假膜性口炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
补救治疗部分患儿经HLH-2004方案治疗无效的难治性病例，或初期治疗反应良好而在维持治疗期间病情复发或停药后复发者，可考虑采取二线治疗药物,如抗人胸腺球蛋白（ATG)、环磷酰胺（CTX) +长春地辛（VDS) +泼尼松(COP方案）、氟达拉滨(fludarabine)联合大剂量糖皮质激素、单克隆抗体（CD20、CD52等）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗人胸腺球蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "环磷酰胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长春地辛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "泼尼松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氟达拉滨"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖皮质激素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单克隆抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "抗人胸腺球蛋白",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "ATG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "环磷酰胺",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "CTX"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "长春地辛",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "VDS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "氟达拉滨",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "fludarabine"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
应与各种继发性远端肾小管酸中毒相鉴别。 【预后】 如早期发现，长期治疗，防止肾钙化及骨骼畸形的发生，预后良好,甚至可达正常的生长发育水平。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "远端肾小管酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "良好"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@在一篇包括5项病例对照研究的综述中，有4项研究提示正在经历生活创伤的人相对未经历创伤的对照组发病比率更高。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "正在经历生活创伤的人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
第八节 抽动障碍 抽动障碍（tic disorder）起病于儿童时期，主要表现为身体某一部位或多部位肌肉群的抽动，具有突发性、无先兆、不随意、无节律的特点。临床上有运动性抽动、发声性抽动和感觉性抽动，以前两种为多。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "抽动障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动性抽动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "抽动障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发声性抽动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "抽动障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感觉性抽动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "抽动障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "tic disorder"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "抽动障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童时期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
肝癌@肝功能差没有合并疾病 – 附加 – 经动脉化疗栓塞 (TACE) 和/或射频消融 (RFA) 过渡治疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 TACE 和/或 RFA 可作为 Child-Pugh A 或特定 Child-Pugh B 肝硬化患者等待肝移植期间的过渡治疗。 肝癌@然而，射频消融术不用于位于肝顶部的病灶，或接近大血管或另一个器官（例如胆囊）的病灶，因为有射频消融术导致这些结构损伤的风险。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "肝癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "射频消融术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
（二）肾上腺皮质激素与免疫抑制治疗 肾上腺皮质激素治疗一直存在争议。对表现为大量蛋白尿的HBV-GN，有人试用泼尼松短程疗法以减轻蛋白尿，但近年来研究认为HBV-GN对皮质激素多无任何效应，而且远期临床观察表明肾上腺皮质激素有弊无利，因此，应禁止单用肾上腺皮质激素治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HBV-GN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HBV-GN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫抑制治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
早产@结果 每10分钟＞1次宫缩 ### 经阴道超声宫颈长度测量 检查 结果 检查 孕妇在妊娠37周前出现宫缩，且宫口未开，应经阴道检查，有条件的还应经阴道超声测量宫颈长度。早产@宫颈长度可以提示短期内分娩的可能性，如宫颈长度短于2 cm，分娩的风险更高 (＞60%)。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阴道检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阴道超声测量"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阴道超声宫颈长度测量"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@#### 第二选择 [ 氯噻嗪 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 250-500mg口服，每日1次或2次，最大剂量1000mg/d 或 [ 氢氯噻嗪 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 25mg，口服，每日1次或2次，根据反应加量，最大量200mg/d。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氯噻嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氢氯噻嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
三、葡萄球菌肺炎 葡萄球菌肺炎（staphylococcal pneumonia）多发生于新生儿和婴儿。如为耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）引起，应选用万古霉素治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "万古霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "staphylococcal pneumonia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿和婴儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
消化性溃疡病@ ### 复发或难治性溃疡 在选择性的高风险患者（例如反复发作、面积大或难治性溃疡），应进行长期持续的抑酸治疗，无论其是否感染 _幽门螺杆菌_ 。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "消化性溃疡病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "复发或难治性溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@如果转铁蛋白饱和度升高 (>45%)，需要进一步检测铁蛋白、遗传学检查，应进行C282Y和H63D突变分析。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "检测铁蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "C282Y和H63D突变分析"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
胰腺癌@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 急性 ### 可切除性肿瘤（I和II期） 查看全部 首选 – 手术切除 外科手术切除是治疗可切除性肿瘤较好的治疗方式。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
持续性抑郁症@ 老年发作的慢性抑郁可能是受累于血管性抑郁。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "慢性抑郁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血管性抑郁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
卵巢癌@## 监测 一线化疗结束后，若临床表现（CT扫描或查体）或生化指标(CA125)无疾病存在的证据，一般应每3-4个月对患者进行一次随访，包括病史、查体（包括盆腔查体）以及CA125水平（可选择）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "卵巢癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
消化性溃疡病@可能需要动态PH监测等其它检查来确诊。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "消化性溃疡病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动态PH监测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
庆大霉素已很少应用。 5）第三代头孢菌素及氧头孢烯类：腹泻的病原菌普遍对本类药敏感，包括治疗最为困难的多重耐药鼠伤寒沙门菌及志贺菌。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "庆大霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@常伴有脑膜炎症状（例如，头痛，颈强直，畏光）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "畏光"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（二）病因治疗 1.阿米巴痢疾急性期病例 甲硝唑（灭滴灵）为首选，儿童35～50mg/（kg•d），每天最大剂量2200mg，分3次口服，5～7天为一疗程。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "阿米巴痢疾急性期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲硝唑（灭滴灵）为首选"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（二）脑 CT或MRI检查 可见有脑萎缩、脑室周围白质软化灶、多发性脑软化灶及多囊性软化，可伴有先天性脑穿孔畸形、透明隔发育不良、囊肿以及脑室扩大等。 【诊断】 脑瘫的诊断主要依靠病史、体格检查、发育评估和神经系统异常体征。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑 CT或MRI检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
胆囊炎@东京指南指出 ELC 是首选治疗方法。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ELC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
功能性便秘:是一种原因不明的慢性便秘，分为慢传输型、出口梗阻型及混合型。表现为排便次数少、排便费力、粪质较硬或呈球状、排便不尽感,有时需借助人工方式（手抠）来协助排便。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "功能性便秘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "排便次数少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "功能性便秘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "排便费力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "功能性便秘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "粪质较硬或呈球状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "功能性便秘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "排便不尽感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "功能性便秘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性便秘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性便秘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢传输型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性便秘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出口梗阻型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性便秘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "混合型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 尿道下裂的临床表现非常有特点，①尿道开口异位，尿道异位开口于从正常尿道口近端至会阴部的任何部位。③包皮堆积于背侧，阴茎头腹侧包皮未能在中线融合，包皮系带缺如，全部包皮转至阴茎背侧，呈帽状堆积。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尿道下裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "包皮堆积于背侧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尿道下裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿道开口异位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（四）青少年 上消化道出血常见原因：溃疡病、炎症、胃底食管静脉曲张、反流性食管炎、Mallory-Weiss综合征、胆道出血及胰腺炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "溃疡病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上消化道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "炎症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上消化道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "胃底食管静脉曲张",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上消化道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "反流性食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上消化道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "Mallory-Weiss综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上消化道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上消化道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "上消化道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |