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Factors that can push you to get high risk auto insurance
By Jasper EricksPublished: Monday, October 18th, 2010
There are a lot of factors that affect your approval for an auto insurance policy. These factors are often evaluated based on statistical information. Studies have been made for car insurance companies to know who among applicants are high-risk and who are not. If applicants are considered as high risk, then the approval is less likely or you will be given a higher premium to pay. Auto insurance companies want policyholders that will not cause them to be bankrupt so they are careful who they pick and give insurance to. High risk drivers are the ones who are more prone to accident and more accidents means more expenses to be covered by the car insurance policy. More money going out is not what every growing business wants so they try their best to keep the money in and keeps it coming in. So, how would you evaluate yourself if you would be considered to get a high risk auto insurance?
Age is one of the factors that affect your premium. Studies show that younger drivers are more reckless on the road than older ones. Because they are new to driving, they tend to be involved in several car accidents so they are considered as high-risk drivers. Even if these are just minor accidents, like a small dent on the bumper of the car, it still needs repair and usually these are covered by auto insurance.
A more expensive car is also considered to be high-risk because if ever it was engaged in a car crash, the repair expense is much more than a regular car. So in comparison, auto insurance companies prefer policyholders who have cars that when damaged is less costly.
Gender also has an influence on the amount of auto insurance premium that will be given. Most people are under the impression that women are more reckless than men. Believe it or not, women get lower car insurance premiums than men because studies have shown that men are more involved with major car crashes than women. Because of their aggression on the road, they are considered as high risk drivers and they are given a higher premium to pay.
Lastly, the most obvious factor is one’s driving record. When a person has a poor driving record, the impression that it gives the insurers is bad. If the person is reckless, higher is the possibility that he or she will be in an accident again and that means repair costs, medical bills, and legalities to cover. | [
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Introduction
============
The transport behavior of blood in microcirculatory flows can be characterized by the mechanical response of the two major constituents of the blood mixture to the fluidic stresses driving the bulk flow. The first major constituent of blood is plasma, which under physiological conditions has Newtonian properties and a viscosity similar to water. The second major component is the red blood cells (RBCs) that make up about 35% to 45% of the systemic blood volume for an average individual \[[@B1]\]. The RBC phase contributes significantly to the complex behavior of blood in micro-flows, such as shear-thinning, the Fahraeus effect and the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect. Due to these significant contributions to blood microrheology, the mechanical characteristics of RBCs have been studied extensively. The shape of the RBC can be defined by a membrane that separates the inner fluid (cytoplasm) from the suspending fluid (blood plasma). The most notable properties of the RBC membrane are its hyperelastic and viscoelastic response to high shear stress, membrane area incompressibility and the ability to recover its initial shape with the removal of external stress \[[@B2],[@B3]\].
In accordance with these properties, many previous studies \[[@B4]-[@B12]\] have been undertaken to describe the mechanical behavior of RBCs *in silico*. In these studies, the various numerical discretization techniques for the RBC model range from the mesoscale approach with cytoskeletal network models \[[@B4],[@B5]\] and particle method models \[[@B6]\] to the macroscopic approach of viscoelastic spring network models \[[@B7],[@B8]\], finite element method (FEM) models \[[@B9]\] and the boundary integral method (BIM) models \[[@B10]\]. With regards to the macroscopic RBC modeling approach, most previous studies have assumed either the neo-Hookean \[[@B10]-[@B13]\] or the Skalak constitutive relations \[[@B3],[@B14]-[@B16]\] to describe the non-linear stress-strain shear response of the RBC membrane deformation. In general, the membrane shear response is considered to be the most dominant deformation modality in the RBC membrane mechanical response. Although 3D simulations based on the macroscopic RBC models have previously been performed, the usefulness of such 3D simulations may be very limited due to the extremely high computational cost; consideration of the RBC interactions (aggregation and disaggregation) in high hematocrit flows for a 3D simulation is not feasible without employing sophisticated parallel computing techniques. Consequently, many previous numerical studies have instead utilized 2D RBC models to simulate physiological blood flows \[[@B6]-[@B8],[@B13],[@B17]\].
In the 2D modeling approach, the neo-Hookean and Skalak constitutive relations have been reformulated for 2D by removing a principle strain direction from the original 3D formulation \[[@B18]\]. However, employing the 2D formulations without modifying the effective moduli can overpredict the extent of deformation in the RBC membrane due to the disappearance of the Poisson's effect contributed by the second principle strain direction. Furthermore, one important membrane feature that has been considered in the 3D simulation but not in the 2D simulation is the surface area incompressibility of the RBC membrane attributed by its incompressible lipid bilayer. Essentially, the extensional resistance of the RBC cross-section is not entirely a result of the membrane's shear resistance. Consequently, the significant loss of these two deformation modalities in the 2D simulation severely limits the accurate prediction of the RBC 2D cross-sectional profiles under complex flow conditions such as high shear rates, crowded cell-cell interactions under high hematocrits and multi-directional RBC strain. This inaccuracy has limited 2D studies in the literature to the low flow regime models where shear rates are typically less than 300 s^-1^\[[@B7],[@B8]\].
In the present study, we propose a modification of the 2D neo-Hookean relation to compensate for the apparent softening of the RBC membrane in 2D. The modified membrane model is coupled with the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) flow solver through the immersed boundary method (IBM) \[[@B19]\]. For the membrane model development, a large deformation scaling coefficient is applied to the neo-Hookean membrane model and its several complementary constitutive relations to introduce a strain hardening effect on the RBC membrane at high strain rates.
Numerical model
===============
Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM)
------------------------------
LBM simplifies the original Boltzmann equation by discretizing time, space and momentum \[[@B20],[@B21]\] through the employment of a lattice grid. Its mesoscopic nature arises from the fact that it considers microscale kinetic conditions of the fluid particles in relation to the macroscopic variables such as continuum mass and momentum. In a 2D discretization of space, the microfluxes are quantified on the square lattice in 9 directions under the D2Q9 approach \[[@B22]\]. The key concept of the LBM approach is that the microstates in the mesosystem evolve as a result of the macroscale (continuum) conditions and the evolution is conducted in key stages known as the streaming and collision stages. To represent the statistical contribution of the 9 directions, the objective quantifiers of the microstates are given by the density distribution function in the LBM formulation, summation of the 9 density distribution functions at a lattice grid point gives the local fluid density of the macroscopic continuum.
The LBM equation with a general body force term \[[@B23]\] is expressed as:
$$\mathit{f}_{\mathit{i}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}} + {\overset{\rightarrow}{c}}_{\mathit{i}}{\Delta t},\mathit{t} + {\Delta t}} \right) - \mathit{f}_{\mathit{i}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}},\mathit{t}} \right) = - \frac{1}{\mathit{\tau}}\left\lbrack {\mathit{f}_{\mathit{i}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}},\mathit{t}} \right) - \mathit{f}_{\mathit{i}}^{\mathit{eq}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}},\mathit{t}} \right) + {\Delta t}\mathit{B}_{\mathit{i}}} \right\rbrack$$
where $\mathit{f}_{\mathit{i}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}},\mathit{t}} \right)$ is the density distribution function of the particles moving with lattice velocity ${\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{c}}}_{\mathit{i}}$ at position $\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}}$ and time *t*, Δt is the lattice time step, *τ* is the relaxation time and *B*~*i*~ is the body force term discretized in the 9 lattice directions denoted by the subscript *i*. In Eq. (1), left-hand side terms represent the streaming stage for the 9 density distribution functions *f* denoted by the subscript *i*. The first right-hand side term represents the collision contribution to the distribution functions \[[@B24]\] whereby microstates are disturbed from their equilibrium states which is given by the equilibrium density distribution function $\mathit{f}_{\mathit{i}}^{\mathit{eq}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}},\mathit{t}} \right)$:
$$\mathit{f}_{\mathit{i}}^{\mathit{eq}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}},\mathit{t}} \right) = \mathit{\omega}_{\mathit{i}}\mathit{\rho}\left\lbrack {1 + \frac{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}} \cdot {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{c}}}_{\mathit{i}}}{\mathit{c}_{\mathit{s}}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}} \cdot {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{c}}}_{\mathit{i}}}{\mathit{c}_{\mathit{s}}^{2}} \right)^{2} - \frac{\mathit{u}^{2}}{2\mathit{c}_{\mathit{s}}^{2}}} \right\rbrack$$
where $\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}$ is the continuum fluid velocity, *ω*~*i*~ is the weight factor, taking the value of 4/9 for *ω*~0~, 1/9 for *ω*~1-4~, and 1/36 for *ω*~5-8~. The lattice speed of sound is given by the form $\left. \mathit{c}_{\mathit{s}} = \mathit{h}/\left( {\sqrt{3}\mathit{\Delta t}} \right) \right.$ where *h* is the lattice cell (space step) size. The second right-hand side term, which is the aforementioned body force term, includes all the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) forces between the suspending fluid and the RBC membrane. Calculation of the body force term is given as:
$$\mathit{B}_{\mathit{i}} = \left( {1 - \frac{1}{2\mathit{\tau}}\mathit{\omega}_{\mathit{i}}} \right)\left\lbrack {\frac{{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{c}}}_{\mathit{i}} - \overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}}{\mathit{c}_{\mathit{s}}^{2}} + \frac{{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{c}}}_{\mathit{i}} \cdot \overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}}{\mathit{c}_{\mathit{s}}^{4}}{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{c}}}_{\mathit{i}}} \right\rbrack \cdot {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{F}}}_{\mathit{f}}$$
where ${\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{F}}}_{\mathit{f}}$ is the total FSI body force acting on the lattice (fluid) grid node due to on-membrane forces.
Lastly, the macroscopic constrains imposed on the lattice Boltzmann system through continuum fluid density *ρ* and continuum velocity $\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}$ can be obtained from the fundamental equivalency between the macrostate quantities and the summation of microstate quantities (conservation of mass and momentum):
$$\mathit{\rho} = {\sum_{\mathit{i}}{\mathit{f}_{\mathit{i}},\mspace{9mu}}}\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}} = {\sum_{\mathit{i}}\left. \left( {\mathit{f}_{\mathit{i}}{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{c}}}_{\mathit{i}} + 0.5{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{F}}}_{\mathit{f}}{\Delta t}} \right)/\mathit{\rho} \right.}$$
The validity of the LBM transport equation is well-established since the Navier-Stokes equations can be derived from Eq. (1) through the Chapman-Enskog expansion \[[@B25]\]:
$$\frac{\partial\mathit{\rho}}{\partial\mathit{t}} + \nabla\left( {\mathit{\rho}\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}} \right) = 0$$
$$\frac{\partial\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}}{\partial\mathit{t}} + \left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}} \cdot \nabla} \right)\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}} = - \frac{1}{\mathit{\rho}}\nabla\mathit{P} + \mathit{\nu}\nabla^{2}\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}$$
where $\mathit{v} = \left( {\mathit{\tau} - \frac{1}{2}} \right)\mathit{c}_{\mathit{s}}^{2}{\Delta t}$ and $\mathit{P} = \mathit{c}_{\mathit{s}}^{2}\mathit{\rho}$.
Immersed boundary method (IBM)
------------------------------
The IBM \[[@B26]\] was employed in our simulation to account for the acceleration effect of a moving boundary on the fluid through the application of a distributed force density evaluated from the boundary's constitutive laws. In this method, the fluid domain is represented by an Eulerian mesh where the globally referenced coordinates of the fluid grid point are given by $\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}}$. The RBC membrane boundary is represented by a Lagrangian mesh with body-fixed coordinates $\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{s}}$ used for the membrane force calculations. The globally referenced coordinate location of a node on the moving membrane can be given by $\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{X}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{s}},\mathit{t}} \right)$.
To satisfy the non-slip boundary condition between the membrane and the adjacent fluid, the membrane inherits the same velocity ${\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}}_{\mathit{f}}$ as the fluid. Since a Lagrangian membrane mesh node does not always coincide perfectly with the Eulerian fluid grid points, the membrane velocity ${\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}}_{\mathit{m}}$ is interpolated from the neighborhood of fluid grid points around the membrane node:
$${\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}}_{\mathit{m}} = {\underset{\mathit{f}}{\sum}{{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{u}}}_{\mathit{f}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}},\mathit{t}} \right)\mathit{\phi}_{\mathit{f}}\left( {{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}}}_{\mathit{f}} - {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{X}}}_{\mathit{m}}} \right)}}$$
where $\mathit{\phi}_{\mathit{f}}\left( {{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}}}_{\mathit{f}} - {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{X}}}_{\mathit{m}}} \right)$ is the interpolation function and subscripts *m* and *f* denote the membrane node and fluid grid point indices, respectively. It is given by the discrete delta function:
$$\left. \mathit{\phi}_{\mathit{f}}\left( \overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{r}} \right) = \frac{1}{4\mathit{h}^{2}}\left( {1 + \cos\frac{\mathit{\pi}\mathit{r}_{\mathit{x}}}{2\mathit{h}}} \right)\left( {1 + \cos\frac{\mathit{\pi}\mathit{r}_{\mathit{y}}}{2\mathit{h}}} \right), \middle| r_{x} \middle| \leq 2\mathit{h}\mspace{2mu}{and}\mspace{2mu} \middle| \mathit{r}_{\mathit{y}} \middle| \leq 2\mathit{h} \right.$$
In the coupling stage of the IBM routine, the resulting node displacement in a deformation induces a reaction force ${\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{X}}}_{\mathit{m}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{s}},\mathit{t}} \right)$ back onto the Eulerian fluid through the spreading of a fluid force density ${\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{F}}}_{\mathit{f}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}},\mathit{t}} \right)$ given by:
$${\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{F}}}_{\mathit{f}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}},\mathit{t}} \right) = {\underset{\mathit{m}}{\sum}{{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{F}}}_{\mathit{m}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{s}},\mathit{t}} \right)\mathit{\phi}_{\mathit{m}}\left( {{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}}}_{\mathit{f}} - {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{X}}}_{\mathit{m}}} \right)}}$$
where $\mathit{\phi}_{\mathit{m}}\left( {{\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{x}}}_{\mathit{f}} - {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{X}}}_{\mathit{m}}} \right)$ is the spread function, given by the same discrete delta function in Eq. (8).
The force density spreading and membrane node velocity interpolation are performed on a 4*h* × 4*h* region \[[@B26]\]. To describe the different properties of blood plasma and cytoplasm within the RBCs, an indicator field approach was employed to update the moving topology of the plasma domain and RBC interior cytoplasm domain at every time-step. By utilizing our recently developed method (flood-fill method) \[[@B27]\], we have assigned a viscosity of 6.0 and 1.2 cP to the cytoplasm and plasma respectively, thereby capturing the viscoelastic response of the membrane deformation due to the RBC interior-exterior viscosity ratio. The details of the flood-fill algorithm used to update the fluid properties during the simulations can be found in our earlier work \[[@B27]\].
RBC model
---------
The shape of the RBC is maintained by four main deformation modalities which govern the mechanics of the membrane. Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} summarizes all the internal forces considered in the RBC membrane for our 2D model. The RBC circumference is discretized into a Lagrangian mesh with several membrane nodes connected by non-linear spring segments. The internal forces considered for the RBC model are the membrane shear, bending and RBC volume conservation forces.
![**Schematic diagram of the 3 types of membrane forces implemented in the RBC model. (a)** Extensional force which restricts the elongation of the RBC perimeter. **(b)** Bending force which controls the local curvature of the RBC. **(c)** Dilation force which maintains the RBC internal area.](1742-4682-11-19-1){#F1}
### Membrane in-plane shear
The constitutive shear behavior of the RBC membrane is non-linear and exhibits a degree of strain-hardening. Under the 2D neo-Hookean model formulation \[[@B27]-[@B29]\], the membrane shearing stress-strain relation is linear in the small deformation range and non-linear in the large deformation range as shown in Eq. (10):
$$\mathit{\tau} = \frac{\mathit{E}_{\mathit{S}}}{\mathit{\lambda}^{3/2}}\left( {\mathit{\lambda}^{3} - 1} \right)\ {where}\mspace{2mu}\mathit{\lambda} = \frac{\mathit{l}_{\mathit{m}}}{\mathit{l}_{0}}$$
where *E*~s~ is the shear elastic modulus of the membrane and *λ* is the stretch ratio on the local membrane segment given by the ratio of the current membrane segment length *l*~*m*~ over the initial membrane segment length *l*~0~. The shear elastic modulus in this study is set at 6 × 10^-3^ dyn cm^-1^, which is within the physiological range for RBC elastic properties \[[@B30]\].
As discussed earlier, the limitation of applying the 2D neo-Hookean model is the unrestricted stretching of membrane perimeter (circumference). Previous studies \[[@B31],[@B32]\] have shown that use of the neo-Hookean model alone is unable to restrict the membrane surface area changes in 3D capsules from exceeding 7.8% at shear rates above 300 s^-1^. Conversely, the changes in global RBC membrane surface area should be less than 5% under physiological conditions due to the incompressibility of the lipid bilayer in the membrane \[[@B31]\]. The stretching of the RBC membrane is expected to be overpredicted for the case of 2D simulations where the extension of a 1D surface (line) is unrestricted due to the lack of the Poisson's effect from the second principle strain direction.
In the present study, a 2D large deformation (LD) neo-Hookean model is proposed to account for membrane area incompressibility observed in experimental and 3D simulation studies and to also compensate for the lack of the dilatory restriction. The neo-Hookean model for 2D capsules is therefore modified by the large deformation scaling coefficient *α*, which is a function of the local RBC membrane stretch ratio *λ*. The 2D-LD neo-Hookean model developed in this study can be presented as follows:
$$\mathit{\tau} = \frac{\mathit{E}_{\mathit{S}}}{\mathit{\lambda}^{3/2}}\left( {\mathit{\lambda}^{3} - 1} \right)\mathit{\alpha}\left( \mathit{\lambda} \right)$$
where α(*λ*) is given by:
$$\mathit{\alpha}\mspace{2mu}\left( \mathit{\lambda} \right) = 1 + \mathit{D}_{\mathit{LD}}\left( {\mathit{e}^{{}^{\mathit{\lambda}\mathit{\beta}_{\mathit{LD}}}} - \mathit{e}^{{}^{\mathit{\beta}_{\mathit{LD}}}}} \right)$$
where *D*~*LD*~ and *β*~*LD*~ are constants. It is of note that the value of *α* from Eq. (12) approaches unity at very low strains and Eq. (11) reverts back to its original form in Eq. (10) under such conditions.
### Membrane bending
To control the curvature of the RBC, a bending force is implemented on the RBC membrane as follows:
$$\mathit{T}_{\mathit{b}}\left( \mathit{\kappa} \right) = \mathit{E}_{\mathit{b}}\left( {\mathit{\kappa} - \mathit{\kappa}_{0}} \right)\mathit{\alpha}\left( \mathit{\lambda} \right)$$
where *E*~b~ is the bending modulus of the RBC membrane, *κ* is the current membrane curvature and *κ* is the spontaneous curvature of the un-deformed RBC. The bending force is similarly scaled by the large deformation coefficient *α* presented in Eq. (12). The scaling of the membrane flexural resistance is necessary to prevent membrane buckling under high compression which instigates numerical instabilities.
### Cytoplasmic volume conservation
As the membrane shear and bending models only consider the surface of the RBC membrane, the RBC internal volume (internal area in 2D) is not implicitly conserved; since the bulk of cytoplasm in an RBC does not exit its membrane, the internal volume conservation needs to be enforced in the deformation dynamics of the membrane. Hence, an interior pressure force *p*~*int*~ is introduced to act on the RBC membrane, thereby strictly imposing the conservation of the RBC internal volume and mass. The pressure penalty model for a 2D capsule can be expressed as follows:
$$\mathit{p}_{\mathit{int}} = \mathit{k}_{\mathit{p}}\left( 1 - \mathit{A}/\mathit{A}_{\mathit{ref}} \right)\ \mathit{\alpha}\left( \mathit{\lambda}_{\mathit{C}} \right)\mspace{2mu}{where}\mspace{2mu}\mathit{\lambda}_{\mathit{C}} = \frac{\mathit{L}_{\mathit{C}}}{\mathit{L}_{0}}$$
where *k*~*p*~ is the incompressibility coefficient and the argument *λ*~*C*~ is the RBC perimeter extension ratio given by ratio of the current RBC circumference *L*~*C*~ over the initial circumference of the circular RBC *L*~0~. *A* is the internal area of the deformed RBC, and *A*~ref~ is the initial internal area of the RBC. The internal area of the RBC is calculated using Green's theorem:
$$\mathit{A} = {\int\limits_{\mathit{C}}{\mathit{x}_{\mathit{m}}\mathit{d}\mathit{y}_{\mathit{m}} - \mathit{y}_{\mathit{m}}\mathit{d}\mathit{x}_{\mathit{m}}}}$$
where *x*~*m*~ and *y*~*m*~ are the coordinates of the points on the RBC membrane curve C.
By taking a sufficiently large incompressibility coefficient *k*~*p*~ and by considering the growing restriction under large deformation using the α(*λ*~*C*~) term, we can engage a sufficiently large internal pressure *p*~*int*~ to maintain the constant RBC size in the simulation. The maintenance of a constant RBC area is a necessary constraint in order to satisfy the conservation of cytoplasmic mass in the channel flow. Accordingly, the cytoplasmic mass is not allowed to arbitrarily swell or disappear from the movement of the RBC membrane. Consequently, by including the cytoplasmic conservation in our model, the RBC area and 2D hematocrit in the channel can be maintained at a constant value throughout the entire simulation.
### RBC-RBC interaction
Blood microrheology can be significantly affected by the cell-to-cell interactions occurring within the carrying vessel. RBCs in physiological flows can aggregate due to the presence of large molecules such as fibrinogen, this attraction between aggregating cells typically occurs over the sub-micron to nano length-scales. Conversely, RBCs can repel one another when brought within interacting distance of the glycolayx due to steric hindrance and repulsion between like negative charges on the RBC membranes. In the present study, the depletion theory is employed to describe the aggregation and repulsion between the RBC membranes \[[@B33]\]. The total interaction energy *φ* can be expressed using the Morse-type potential energy function \[[@B34]\]:
$$\mathit{\phi}\left( \mathit{r} \right) = \mathit{D}_{\mathit{e}}\left\lbrack {\mathit{e}^{2\mathit{\beta}{({\mathit{r}_{0} - \mathit{r}})}} - 2\mathit{e}^{\mathit{\beta}{({\mathit{r}_{0} - \mathit{r}})}}} \right\rbrack$$
where *r* \[μm\] is the separation distance between the pairing membrane nodes and *r*~0~ \[μm\] is the zero force distance specified in the model. *D*~*e*~ \[μJ μm^-2^\] is the surface energy and *β* \[μm^-1^\] is the scaling factor that determines the rate of interaction energy decay with distance. In this study, *r*~0~, *β* and *D*~*e*~ were set with the values of 0.49, 3.84 and 1.3 × 10^-7^ respectively as reported in previous studies \[[@B27],[@B35]\]. The total interaction force between the membrane nodes is expressed as the negative derivative of the interaction potential from Eq. (16):
$$\mathit{F}_{\mathit{agg}}\left( \mathit{r} \right) = - \frac{\partial\mathit{\varphi}}{\partial\mathit{r}}\mathit{\alpha}\left( \mathit{r} \right) = 2\mathit{\beta}\mathit{D}_{\mathit{e}}\left\lbrack {\ \mathit{e}^{2\mathit{\beta}{({\mathit{r}_{0} - \mathit{r}})}} - \mathit{e}^{\mathit{\beta}{({\mathit{r}_{0} - \mathit{r}})}}} \right\rbrack\mathit{\alpha}\left( \mathit{r} \right),\mspace{14mu}{where}\quad\mathit{\alpha}\left( \mathit{r} \right) = \left\{ \begin{matrix}
{1,\mspace{50mu}\mathit{r} > \mathit{r}_{0}} \\
{\mathit{\alpha}\left( \mathit{\lambda}_{\mathit{C}} \right),\quad\mathit{r} \leq \mathit{r}_{0}} \\
\end{matrix} \right)$$
In Eq. (17), a negative *F*~*αgg*~ value when *r* \> *r*~0~ indicates an aggregating (attraction) force while a positive value when *r* ≥ *r*~0~ represents a repulsion force. Additionally, the LD coefficient scales only the repulsion force between pairing RBC membranes to prevent cell to cell overlap from the increase in internal forces from the shear, bending and dilatory modalities.
The interaction between RBCs as dictated by Eqs. (16) and (17) is illustrated in Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}. A querying region is defined around every RBC membrane node to locate the nearest membrane node on the neighboring RBC for the paired interaction. When the distance between the paired membrane nodes is less than *r*~0~, the node-pair experiences a repulsion force. However, when the distance between the two nodes is within the *R* to *r*~0~ range, the node-pair experiences an attraction force.
![**Schematic diagram of an RBC membrane node with the two regions of interest.** Beyond the active distance R, the interaction force decays to zero.](1742-4682-11-19-2){#F2}
Simulation setup
----------------
We have performed two sets of simulations: 1) a single cell in a simple shear flow to validate our large deformation (2D-LD) model and 2) multiple cells in a channel flow. In the single cell study, a velocity field of *u* = *ky* is imposed where the strain rate *k* can be obtained by the simple relation *k = U/Y. Y* is the half-height of the simulation domain and *U* is the maximum magnitude of the velocity at the top and bottom of the simulation domain as presented in Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}. The deformation of the capsule is described by the Taylor deformation index *D*~xy~ which is given by:
$$\mathit{D}_{\mathit{xy}} = \frac{\mathit{L} - \mathit{B}}{\mathit{L} + \mathit{B}}$$
where *L* is the major diameter of the RBC and *B* is the minor diameter as shown in Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}. Notably, this characterization of the RBC deformation only works for RBCs that adopt a 2D ellipse profile and the value of *D*~*xy*~ is highly sensitive to the major and minor diameters at low deformation states.
![Schematic illustration of a simple shear flow condition on the suspended circular RBC (left) and an elliptical shape of the deformed RBC (right).](1742-4682-11-19-3){#F3}
In our multi-cell channel flow simulations, we highlight the efficacy of the 2D-LD model for predicting RBC deformation under moderate to high shear rates by comparing its deformation result against the 2D neo-Hookean model. Furthermore, we investigated the importance of the scaling relationship for the strain-hardening between the four deformation modalities acting on the RBC membrane. To achieve these comparative investigations, we utilized three sets of conditions that have been summarized in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. Case I represents the original neo-Hookean model in 2D since the LD scaling coefficient was not implemented to any constitutive model. In Case II, the LD scaling coefficient was only applied to the membrane shear constitution. This approach is similar in concept to earlier studies where the non-linear stiffening behavior is not considered for the membrane bending and cell-to-cell interactions \[[@B18]\]. Finally, Case III represents the full 2D-LD model whereby the LD scaling coefficient was applied to all four RBC mechanical constitutions.
######
Multi-cell channel flow simulations
**Case** **LD scaling applied**
---------- ------------------------ --- --- ---
I X X X X
II √ X X X
III √ √ √ √
In the initial condition, twelve circular RBCs were suspended in a periodic arrangement inside a channel of 80 μm by 20 μm to achieve a physiological hematocrit level (38%). The circular RBC cross-sectional profile was chosen for simulation as this 2D profile represents the most extreme shearing orientation for the RBCs in a narrow channel. Pressure boundary conditions were prescribed for the pressure-driven flow to obtain the pseudoshear rates (mean velocity/channel width) of 50, 150, and 500 s^-1^ for each of the three cases. Periodic translations were implemented on the RBCs at the inlet and outlets such that RBCs leaving the simulation domain re-enter from the inlet, thereby maintaining the same number of 12 RBCs for the entirety of the simulation.
Results and discussion
======================
2D large deformation (2D-LD) model validation
---------------------------------------------
To characterize the deformation of the 2D RBC in relation to the shear condition, the dimensionless shear rate *G* was used. *G* provides a normalized indication of the stress condition on the cell by comparing the estimated fluidic shear stress applied on the RBC membrane (numerator) to the inherent elastic property of the membrane (denominator) \[[@B12]\]:
$$\mathit{G} = \frac{\mathit{\mu ka}}{\mathit{E}_{\mathit{s}}}$$
where *μ* is the dynamic fluid viscosity, *k* is the shear rate, and a is the equivalent radius of the RBC. Breyiannis and Pozrikidis \[[@B11]\] have compared the deformation of 2D solitary capsules against the deformation of 3D spherical capsules and have reported a good correlation. They established a *D*~xy~ correspondence between the *G* values for circular capsules and 3D spherical capsules by using their cross-sectional profiles. Consequently, the empirical equation relating the 3D *G* to 2D *G* was reported to be:
$$\mathit{G}_{2\mathit{D}} = - 0.008417 + 0.45073G_{3D} + 0.75662G_{3D}^{2}$$
Based on this relation, we have validated our 2D capsule deformation results with the 3D spherical capsule deformation reported in a previous study by Eggleton and Popel \[[@B31]\]. Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} shows the results of the validation. Comparing the *D*~xy~ values obtained for the dimensionless shear rates *G* of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5, we observed a reasonable correspondence between our 2D results and the 3D model results of Eggelton and Popel. While the discrepancy is close to 50% at the lowest shear rate, the 2D-LD model can sufficiently limit the RBC deformation to agree with the 3D model data at higher shear rates. It is likely that the low shear rate discrepancy arises as a result of Eq. (20) presenting non-sensible G values for the 2D equivalent at very low shears. For example, conversion of the 3D G at a value of 0.01 using Eq. (20) results in a 2D G value of -0.00383. Thus, this conversion may not be accurate under very low shear conditions.
![**Validation of the LD neo-Hookean (2D-LD) model on a circular capsule against the 3D spherical capsule results**\[[@B31]\].](1742-4682-11-19-4){#F4}
RBC deformation in a multi-cell channel flow
--------------------------------------------
While the Taylor deformation index has been used to describe the deformation of a single cell in simple shear flow, it cannot be used to represent the deformations of the multiple cells in a channel flow since the non-uniform strain rate in a channel flow produces eccentric deformations in the RBCs. Consequently, the determination of the major and minor axes for the eccentric-ellipse is subjective and prone to various interpretations. Hence, we propose the use of the cell perimeter to calculate the RBC membrane circumferential strain *ε* and the earlier introduced perimeter extension ratio *λ*~*C*~ to describe the overall deformation of the cells in the channel flow; *ε* is given by:
$$\mathit{\varepsilon} = \mathit{\lambda}_{\mathit{C}} - 1 = \left( {\sum\frac{\mathit{l}_{\mathit{m}}}{\mathit{L}_{0}}} \right) - 1$$
### Model comparison, 2D-LD against 2D-neo-Hookean
A comparison of the predicted RBC deformation between the three cases demonstrating the efficacy of the 2D-LD model is shown in Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}. The RBC deformation was quantified by taking the ensemble average of the 12 cells' perimeter extension ratio *λ*~*C*~. At 50 s^-1^, there was no statistical difference among the three cases (*λ*~*C*~ = 1.049 ± 0.013 for Case I, 1.048 ± 0.002 for Case II, and 1.044 ± 0.043 for Case III). However, at 150 s^-1^, there was a \~13% difference (*P* \< 0.001) in the average extension between Case I (1.225 ± 0.070) and Case III (1.083 ± 0.033), but no significant difference between Case II (1.088 ± 0.037) and Case III. Similarly at 500 s^-1^, there was a \~135% difference (*P* \< 0.001) between Case I (2.688 ± 0.835) and Case III (1.125 ± 0.040), but no statistical difference between Case II (1.125 ± 0.031) and Case III. The pronounced difference in perimeter extension between Case I and the other two cases was expected since the LD model imposes a larger restrictive force on the membrane when it stretches beyond a stipulated limit. Thus, even in a very high shear condition of 500 s^-1^, the RBC perimeter does not extend by more than 12% of the original length for the 2D-LD model in Case III whereas Case I's RBCs have stretched in length by more than two times of their original perimeter. Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} shows the deformation profiles of the RBCs for Case I -- III in the channel flow at a particular instant in time. As observed in Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}a, all three cases were initialized from the same symmetrical arrangement but the RBC flow developed differently with time (Figures [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}b--d). Due to the over-extension of RBCs in the simulation, the RBC flow for Case I never reached a developed flow condition for the simulation conducted at the highest shear condition of 500 s^-1^ (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}b). Subsequently, simulation failure occurred before the RBC flow structure could break its initial symmetric arrangement which typically occurs within 0.1 s of RBC flow as observed for Cases II and III in Figures [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}c and d. Interestingly, the deformation profiles of cells observed in Case I for Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}b indicate that the extensive stretching of RBCs into "noodle-like" profiles occurs predominately for cells located in the high shear rate regions near the channel walls. From this evaluation of Case I's result, it can be concluded that the 2D neo-Hookean model has a limitation in performing RBCs flows at high shear rates typical to microfluidic devices (\> 1000 s^-1^). Through a comparative investigation of multi-cell simulations with (Cases II and III) and without (Case I) LD augmentation, we have established that LD augmentation is required for 2D RBC models to maintain physiological 2D RBC deformations, particularly for the cells travelling in close proximity to or impinged against the channel wall (see Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}b). A very recent study \[[@B13]\] on 2D multiple RBC flow simulations in a bifurcation also showed this limitation of the 2D RBC deformation simulation. They have illustrated that even at 100 s^-1^, non-physiologically over-stretched RBC shapes ("noodles") were obtained in the model simulation due to wall impingement and multi-directional strain near flow bifurcation corners, similar "noodling" of RBCs *in vivo* has not been reported.
![**Comparison of the perimeter extension ratio*λ***~***C***~**with varying degrees of the LD scaling coefficient application in Cases I, II and III.** \*P \< 0.001](1742-4682-11-19-5){#F5}
![**Instantaneous snapshots of the RBC deformation profiles for the three cases under the highest pseudoshear rate of 500 s**^**-1**^**. (a)** Initial arrangement of RBCs for all three cases. **(b)** Simulated result from Case I. This case presents pronounced RBC stretching under the high shear condition whereby cells near the wall undergo "noodle-like" transformations. It should be noted that the simulation failed at t = 0.0025 s due to the non-physiological deformation of RBCs near the channel wall. **(c)** and **(d)** Simulated results from Case II and Case III. Case II exhibits higher incidences of "pinched" RBCs with sharp-edged profiles than those of Case III, thus demonstrating the effect of the bending treatment for large deformation applied in Case III but absent in Case II.](1742-4682-11-19-6){#F6}
While the presentation of deformation data in Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"} indicates that the overall perimeter remains statistically the same in Case II and Case III, the shapes of the RBCs were considerably different in these two LD-applied cases as evidenced by the images in Figures [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}c and d. This may be due to the lack of strain-hardening on the remaining three constitutive models for the RBCs in Case II (as summarized in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The implication of this omission in Case II will be discussed in the following subsection.
### Significance of bending resistance and contact forces for large deformations
As mentioned earlier, our RBC model has a bending resistance modality that maintains the curvature of the RBC membrane. In Case II, the LD scaling coefficient was applied only to the membrane shearing resistance, while the cell-to-cell interaction forces and the bending resistance were left un-scaled in the simulation model. This means that while the constitutive bending behavior of the RBC and contact mechanics between cells are included in Case II's model, their influence on the RBC membrane deformation diminishes with the increasing strain since only the shear component is augmented for strain-hardening. Eventually, at large deformation conditions, shear forces dominate the entire deformation behavior of the membrane in Case II. From the comparison between the mechanical constitutions in Case II and Case III, we can observe in Figures [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}c and d that simply applying strain-hardening for the membrane shear stiffness alone without scaling the other constitutive moduli might generate an imbalance in the internal energies of the membrane that leads to physical instability of the membrane deformation. Accordingly, the results from Case II indicate a regular occurrence of the membrane buckling phenomenon. Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"} shows the instantaneous snapshots of the RBC membrane in the various stages of buckling. The increasing force vectors on the RBC membrane acting in an adverse direction leads to a compounding instability. This manifests as a twisting and apparent "pinching" of the membrane, leading to simulation failure. The cause of this instability is the high compressive forces that build up in the progressively shortened membrane segments in the pinched region of the membrane. This is portrayed in Figure [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"} where the resultant force of two compressed segments calculated from the membrane shear model is exerted in the direction opposite to the spontaneous curvature. Without scaling the bending force to counter this large shear force, the membrane is allowed to buckle into non-physiological shapes with pinched areas of sharp curvature. Additionally, as the RBC-to-RBC interaction forces are not scaled, RBCs can impinge into one another due to insufficient repulsion, thus resulting in pairing membranes penetrating and overlapping each other. Conversely, when the three other constitutive models were scaled with the LD scaling coefficient as done so for the simulations performed in Case III, these two scenarios for membrane instability were successfully avoided. The comparison of RBC shapes and the differences in membrane curvature stability between the models implemented in Case II and III therefore highlight a major advantage of the present 2D-LD model. Unlike other non-linear models for large membrane deformation that only augment the membrane shear response, the large deformation coefficient *α* used in the 2D-LD model is a simple multiplicative operator that can be used to apply the same order of strain hardening to all elastic moduli involved in the RBC membrane's constitutive response to deformation.
![**Instantaneous profiles of the RBC membrane buckling under channel flow conditions.** The progression of the membrane pinching is shown in sequential frames as indicated by the dimensionless time *kt. θ* denotes the time at which the onset of pinching was observed. The bottom panel of images provide a zoomed-in view of the pinched region where an increasing force in the adverse direction contributes to the growing instability that finally leads to membrane buckling and twisting.](1742-4682-11-19-7){#F7}
![**Schematic diagram of the internal forces in the membrane segments that gives rise to a resultant force at each membrane node.** Under a combination of high compression and sharp curvatures between two membrane segments, the resulting force on the node shared between the segments can have a very large normal component, leading to an unrestricted "pinching" of the RBC membrane.](1742-4682-11-19-8){#F8}
### Cell-free layer width and relative apparent viscosity
The cell-free layer (CFL) and its role in influencing the apparent viscosity of blood is an important characteristic in quantifying microvessel and microchannel flows. Due to the shear-induced migration of RBCs towards the center of the vessel, the formation of a CFL along the vessel wall significantly lowers the apparent viscosity of blood in microvessel flows when compared against the uniform bulk viscosity of blood \[[@B1]\]. Accordingly, we validated our channel flow simulations by comparing the CFL width and the apparent viscosity predictions of our 2D-LD model in Case III (for the pseudoshear rate of 50 s^-1^) against the earlier work of Zhang and coworkers \[[@B29],[@B30]\]. Our predicted CFL width was \~26% of the total channel width which is in good agreement with the value (27% -- 32% at 58 s^-1^) reported in their study \[[@B29]\] where the simulation condition was similar to ours.
The apparent viscosity *μ*~*app*~ of blood in our channel flow simulations was calculated using the Poiseuille formula:
$$\mathit{\mu}_{\mathit{app}} = \frac{\mathit{\Delta P}\mathit{H}^{3}}{12\mathit{Q}\mathit{L}_{\mathit{channel}}}$$
where Δ*P* is the pressure difference applied across the channel length *L*~*channel*~, *H* is the channel width and *Q* is the resulting flow rate. For comparison against the literature, the apparent viscosity was normalized by the plasma viscosity *μ*~*plasma*~ to provide the relative apparent viscosity *μ*~*rel*~:
$$\mathit{\mu}_{\mathit{rel}} = \frac{\mathit{\mu}_{\mathit{app}}}{\mathit{\mu}_{\mathit{plasma}}}\mspace{27mu}$$
Our result (1.10) falls within the range of the simulated results by Zhang and colleagues: 1.05 in a 20-μm channel \[[@B30]\] and 1.29 in a 12-μm channel \[[@B29]\]. Although the comparisons of the CFL width and the relative apparent viscosity indicate reasonable agreement between our results and theirs, it should be noted that circular RBC profiles were considered for our 2D flow model while they have represented the 2D flow of RBCs using biconcave RBC profiles. Subsequently, even though we have a higher 2D hematocrit of 38% in comparison to their 30.5% \[[@B29]\], our actual number of RBCs in the simulation is much fewer (12 circular RBCs vs. 27 biconcave RBCs). As a result of this, it may be limited to directly compare our relative apparent viscosity and cell-free layer width with the values reported by them.
It is of note that the CFL width and relative apparent viscosity are dependent on rheological factors such as the pseudoshear rate, hematocrit and channel width. In the present study, we have considered only a single channel configuration with a width of 20 μm and a hematocrit of 38% under various pseudoshear rates. Hence, our analysis of the RBC dynamics in terms of the CFL width, apparent viscosity and RBC deformation may be limited to the present channel configuration. In accordance with the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect, the CFL width as a fraction of the channel width (fractional CFL width) is expected to increase with a reduction in channel width as reported in the earlier work by Kim and et al. \[[@B36]\]. With regards to the RBC deformation, when the channel width is increased, the corresponding decrease in the fractional CFL width would result in an increase in the RBC perimeter extension ratio *λ*~*C*~. This is in accordance with the result shown in Figure [9](#F9){ref-type="fig"} where the RBC deformation increases when the distance between the RBC and the channel wall is reduced.
![**Relation between cell perimeter extension ratio*λ***~***C***~**and its transverse location r**~**channel**~**in the channel.** RBCs further away from the channel centerline undergo larger deformations due to the higher shear rates near the channel walls.](1742-4682-11-19-9){#F9}
### RBC stress and strain
A number of previous studies \[[@B1],[@B28],[@B37]-[@B39]\] have used pseudoshear rate in replacement of the actual shear rate to quantify the shear condition on RBCs in microvessel flows. This assumption does not hold since RBCs travelling near the channel wall experience higher shear stress (strain) than RBCs located in the center of the channel. Consequently, evaluation of *G* using the pseudoshear rate for *k* in Eq. (19) could be a poor representation of the actual shear condition applied on the RBCs in a channel flow. Therefore, in this study, we introduce a new dimensionless shear rate parameter *G\** to provide a better approximation of the local shear condition in the channel flow as follows:
$$\mathit{G}^{*}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{r}}}_{\text{min}} \right) = \frac{\mathit{\tau}_{\text{max}}\left( {\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{r}}}_{\text{min}} \right)\mathit{L}_{\mathit{C}}}{\mathit{E}_{\mathit{s}}}$$
where *τ*~max~ is the time-averaged maximum shear stress on the RBC membrane and it is a function of the the minimum RBC membrane to channel wall distance ${\overset{\rightarrow}{\mathit{r}}}_{\text{min}}$.*τ*~max~ was obtained by recording the maximum shear stress exerted on the RBC membrane for each successive time-step and thereafter performing a time-averaging calculation on the maximum stress over the period of analysis. In the present study, we have analyzed the RBC mechanics over 10 material transit cycles. The material transit time represents the average time it takes for a cell entering the simulation domain to exit at the channel outlet and this was estimated using the bulk flow velocity and the channel length. Since both *τ*~max~ and the cell perimeter *L*~*C*~ are dependent on the RBC trajectory in the channel, *G\** can provide a closer approximation of the spatially and temporally varying shear condition than the traditional *G* for a channel flow study.
With this *G\**, the deformation state of RBCs in a general flow condition can be characterized and compared by using the relation between *G\** and the membrane circumferential strain *ε*. To prove the validity of the *G\** and membrane strain relation, both parameters were calculated for the two different simulation sets performed in this study. In Figure [10](#F10){ref-type="fig"}, the relation between the two parameters is compared for the single-cell in simple shear and the multi-cells in channel flow conditions. An exponential curve (*ε* = -- 0.1771*e*^-0.0611*G*\*^ + 0.1771) was fitted by non-linear regression to both the single cell deformation results and multi-cell deformation results to obtain the empirical expression for circumferential strain against varying *G\*.* The regression curve produced high *R*^*2*^ values of 0.996 and 0.939 for the simple shear and channel flow data sets respectively, indicating that the two different shear conditions can be described by the same relation between *G\** and *ε*. This implies that by using *G\** and *ε*, we can relate the single-cell simple shear flow results to the multi-cell channel flow results.
![**Relation between cell circumferential strain*ε*and the local dimensionless shear rate*G*\*.** A nonlinear regression fit of results for the single cell in simple shear flow and multi-cells in channel flow indicates the validity of the *ε* and *G*\* characterizations for general shearing conditions on the 2D RBC profile $\left( {\mathit{\varepsilon} = - 0.1771\mathit{e}^{- 0.0611\mathit{G}*} + 0.1771;\mathit{R}_{\mathit{Single}}^{2} = 0.996\mspace{7mu}{and}\mspace{2mu}\mathit{R}_{\mathit{Multi}}^{2} = 0.939} \right)$.](1742-4682-11-19-10){#F10}
On the other hand, using the original dimensionless shear rate *G* to relate between the two sets of flow conditions demonstrates the limitation of the *G* parameter as a universal tool for relating the applied shear to the RBC elastic resistance. RBCs in a channel flow under the pseudoshear rate of 150 s^-1^ (*G* = 0.125) exhibited a wide range of deformation *ε* (0.05 -- 0.11) that is dependent on the cell location as seen in Figure [9](#F9){ref-type="fig"} where the RBC perimeter extension ratio *λ*~*C*~ was plotted against RBC center of mass location. Corresponding to this range of *ε*, the RBC in a simple shear flow exhibited similar values of 0.05 and 0.11 when the applied *G* was 0.2 and 1.0, respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that while the stress-strain relation between *G* and *ε* is valid for the simple shear flow, it is weak for the case of channel flows since a single value of *G* presents multiple strain possibilities depending on the cell location in the channel (Figure [9](#F9){ref-type="fig"}).
The case for using *G\** presented in Figure [10](#F10){ref-type="fig"} to signify RBC stress-strain behavior becomes particularly favorable when we wish to provide a more accurate estimation of shear stress acting on the RBC at high shear rates. Using Eq. (24), we can obtain *τ*~max~ acting on the RBC in experiments by obtaining circumferential strain *ε* and RBC perimeter *L*~c~ through imaging and measurement techniques and *G\** by reading off its corresponding value against *ε* in Figure [10](#F10){ref-type="fig"}. Therefore, Figure [10](#F10){ref-type="fig"} and Eq. (24) can be used to predict the maximum shear stress on an RBC for a given profile in the channel flow for experimental studies where shear stress cannot be obtained through direct measurement of the shear stress quantity. For our particular study, the maximum pseudoshear rate considered was 500 s^-1^ for a channel of 20-μm width. The corresponding time-averaged maximum shear stress on the RBCs in the flow was approximately 10 Pa (*G\** = 47). This is well below the reported shear stress (300 Pa for 120 s of shear) for RBC lysis \[[@B40]\] or even sub-hemolytic damage to the RBC membrane \[[@B41]\]. Hence, even though strain hardening is expected of the RBC at shear rates \> 500 s^-1^, this is by no means suggestive of mechanical damage to the RBC.
Potential limitations of the 2D-LD model
----------------------------------------
One possible limitation of our 2D-LD model can arise from the chosen 2D RBC profile for the channel flow simulation. Firstly, a similar simulation on the 2D biconcave RBC profile may give a different set of results due to its higher bending and flexing capability than the circular RBC. While the LD scaling model will not be different in form for biconcave cells, a calibration of the model terms and coefficients would be required. Furthermore, we have assumed that the cross-sectional area remains constant in the 2D plane of investigation. This is necessary for the 2D model to maintain the channel hematocrit and to enforce the 2D conservation of mass. This model is therefore limited to flow situations where 2D RBCs remain in the plane of observation. However, such flow conditions can easily be found in most microfluidic flows where the Reynolds number is very low.
Additionally, our present 2D-LD model lacks the inclusion of the membrane viscosity and its effect on the dynamic deformation behavior of RBCs. It is likely that the membrane viscosity will affect the dynamic behavior of RBCs that are subjected to ever-evolving shear rates due to the variation in their transverse location as they travel along their respective trajectories within the channel. Membrane viscosity is likely to delay the deformation response of RBCs to fluctuations in the shearing condition as a result of the changes in RBC position and orientation. However, our present model does include the effect of cytoplasmic viscosity (6.0 cP) and the plasma viscosity (1.2 cP), and our earlier work \[[@B27]\] has shown that the inclusion of the difference in viscosity between the two fluids can similarly delay the RBC membrane deformation response.
Conclusion
==========
In the present study, we have presented a 2D large deformation (2D-LD) model to augment the elastic moduli of the RBC membrane in the high shear rate flow regimes. The efficacy of the model and the predictive accuracy of the resulting 2D deformation states were tested on a single circular RBC profile under a simple shear condition and the results were found to be in good agreement with the 3D data. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of sufficiently scaling the various membrane mechanics models to prevent numerical instabilities in the simulation. In our analysis of the stress-strain relation for the membrane, we have also proposed a new dimensionless shear rate term *G\** to generalize the shear condition on a RBC so as to predict the extent of deformation regardless of flow conditions.
Therefore, our 2D-LD model can be applied to blood flows in practical microfluidic studies involving channel bifurcations and cell mechanical partitioning \[[@B37]\] where high and multi-direction strain can be applied on the RBCs at flow dividing locations. These studies would need robust mechanical models to predict the RBC deformation without incurring the high computational cost that is generally required for 3D simulations. Thus, by utilizing our LD model, it would be possible to simulate a blood flow in a microfluidic system, and such a model would enable us to optimize a microfluidic channel structure for biomedical applications at relatively low computing cost.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
======================
SSY was the primary investigator who conceived the idea, formulated the model, wrote the code, performed the analysis and wrote the paper. YCN and JT implemented and ran the simulations, revised the key modelling coefficients, and assisted in the initial drafts of the paper. HLL reviewed the process of developing the model and the discussion of our findings. SK was the lead investigator who supervised the work content and modeling strategy. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
================
The authors would like to thank the kind reviewers and the editors at *TBioMed* who have invested their time and energy to assist us in improving the quality of this paper with their invaluable comments. This research was supported and made possible by FRC R-397-000-134-112.
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1266,
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13,
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1266,
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9677,
740,
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278,
1021,
19554,
19471,
740,
297,
12345,
29889,
313,
29947,
467,
13,
13,
1576,
4889,
9027,
9677,
292,
322,
3813,
10800,
2943,
12885,
29694,
526,
8560,
373,
263,
29871,
29946,
29930,
29882,
29930,
13105,
29871,
29946,
29930,
29882,
29930,
5120,
5539,
17548,
29933,
29906,
29953,
10725,
1822,
1763,
8453,
278,
1422,
4426,
310,
10416,
715,
25392,
322,
5094,
3332,
3333,
29885,
2629,
278,
390,
5371,
29879,
29892,
385,
27717,
1746,
2948,
471,
15723,
304,
2767,
278,
8401,
20159,
310,
278,
715,
25392,
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5094,
3332,
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3667,
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1158,
29897,
5539,
17548,
29933,
29906,
29955,
10725,
1402,
591,
505,
9859,
263,
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3944,
537,
310,
29871,
29953,
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29900,
322,
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30081,
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5094,
3332,
3333,
29885,
322,
715,
25392,
8307,
29892,
27999,
4332,
3864,
278,
1998,
1111,
295,
6288,
2933,
310,
278,
3813,
10800,
316,
5404,
2861,
304,
278,
390,
5371,
13290,
29899,
735,
8733,
1998,
3944,
537,
11959,
29889,
450,
4902,
310,
278,
5685,
397,
29899,
5589,
5687,
1304,
304,
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22576,
4426,
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13,
29934,
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13,
1378,
29899,
13,
13,
1576,
8267,
310,
278,
390,
5371,
338,
19949,
491,
3023,
1667,
316,
5404,
13008,
1907,
607,
4095,
278,
7208,
1199,
310,
278,
3813,
10800,
29889,
11479,
30081,
29961,
29896,
10514,
29943,
29896,
2597,
999,
29899,
1853,
543,
1003,
9092,
19138,
7093,
599,
278,
7463,
8249,
5545,
297,
278,
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5371,
3813,
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1749,
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29928,
1904,
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450,
390,
5371,
9942,
1659,
338,
766,
4838,
1891,
964,
263,
365,
10312,
574,
713,
27716,
411,
3196,
3813,
10800,
7573,
6631,
491,
1661,
29899,
10660,
6709,
24611,
29889,
450,
7463,
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5545,
363,
278,
390,
5371,
1904,
526,
278,
3813,
10800,
1183,
279,
29892,
289,
2548,
322,
390,
5371,
7977,
24201,
8249,
29889,
13,
13,
21298,
1068,
4504,
19217,
13722,
310,
278,
29871,
29941,
4072,
310,
3813,
10800,
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8762,
297,
278,
390,
5371,
1904,
29889,
313,
29874,
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1068,
7338,
8180,
4889,
607,
9250,
29879,
278,
560,
549,
362,
310,
278,
390,
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639,
14772,
29889,
3579,
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29890,
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1068,
350,
2548,
4889,
607,
11761,
278,
1887,
27686,
1535,
310,
278,
390,
5371,
29889,
3579,
29898,
29883,
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1068,
360,
8634,
4889,
607,
7344,
29879,
278,
390,
5371,
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4038,
24630,
29896,
29955,
29946,
29906,
29899,
29946,
29953,
29947,
29906,
29899,
29896,
29896,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29899,
29896,
2597,
29937,
29943,
29896,
29913,
13,
13,
2277,
29937,
341,
1590,
10800,
297,
29899,
22116,
1183,
279,
13,
13,
1576,
20016,
11067,
1183,
279,
6030,
310,
278,
390,
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3813,
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1661,
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10660,
322,
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7426,
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5312,
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6800,
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7634,
278,
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452,
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3634,
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29950,
3634,
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306,
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292,
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1880,
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279,
4195,
988,
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9101,
2978,
278,
10090,
1090,
1484,
376,
1217,
397,
280,
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4561,
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367,
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278,
17402,
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260,
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304,
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322,
3579,
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322,
11733,
4786,
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11733,
1944,
10371,
1169,
6133,
5528,
333,
2063,
310,
376,
12687,
26902,
29908,
390,
5371,
29879,
411,
15301,
29899,
287,
3192,
28723,
1135,
1906,
310,
11733,
4786,
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4550,
9004,
1218,
278,
2779,
310,
278,
289,
2548,
14502,
363,
2919,
316,
5404,
7436,
297,
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4786,
541,
29207,
297,
11733,
1944,
24630,
29896,
29955,
29946,
29906,
29899,
29946,
29953,
29947,
29906,
29899,
29896,
29896,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29899,
29953,
2597,
29937,
29943,
29953,
29913,
13,
13,
8809,
488,
278,
24329,
310,
316,
5404,
848,
297,
11479,
30081,
29961,
29945,
10514,
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29945,
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999,
29899,
1853,
543,
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393,
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639,
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322,
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25834,
310,
278,
390,
5371,
29879,
892,
2050,
2197,
1422,
297,
1438,
1023,
365,
29928,
29899,
932,
2957,
4251,
408,
3415,
3615,
1133,
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278,
4558,
297,
5104,
1973,
30081,
29961,
29953,
10514,
29943,
29953,
2597,
999,
29899,
1853,
543,
1003,
9092,
29883,
322,
270,
29889,
910,
1122,
367,
2861,
304,
278,
10225,
310,
5312,
262,
29899,
6800,
8333,
373,
278,
9886,
2211,
20016,
11067,
4733,
363,
278,
390,
5371,
29879,
297,
11733,
1944,
313,
294,
19138,
1891,
297,
6137,
30081,
29961,
29896,
10514,
29911,
29896,
2597,
999,
29899,
1853,
543,
2371,
29908,
7690,
450,
2411,
1414,
310,
445,
2703,
2333,
297,
11733,
1944,
674,
367,
15648,
297,
278,
1494,
1014,
2042,
29889,
13,
13,
2277,
29937,
9954,
928,
749,
310,
289,
2548,
17711,
322,
6958,
8249,
363,
2919,
316,
689,
800,
13,
13,
2887,
5276,
8859,
29892,
1749,
390,
5371,
1904,
756,
263,
289,
2548,
17711,
878,
2877,
393,
7344,
29879,
278,
27686,
1535,
310,
278,
390,
5371,
3813,
10800,
29889,
512,
11733,
1944,
29892,
278,
365,
29928,
21640,
10825,
471,
7436,
871,
304,
278,
3813,
10800,
1183,
4362,
17711,
29892,
1550,
278,
3038,
29899,
517,
29899,
3729,
14881,
8249,
322,
278,
289,
2548,
17711,
892,
2175,
443,
29899,
7052,
29881,
297,
278,
17402,
1904,
29889,
910,
2794,
393,
1550,
278,
20016,
11067,
289,
2548,
6030,
310,
278,
390,
5371,
322,
6958,
7208,
1199,
1546,
9101,
526,
5134,
297,
11733,
1944,
29915,
29879,
1904,
29892,
1009,
9949,
373,
278,
390,
5371,
3813,
10800,
316,
5404,
22964,
17006,
411,
278,
10231,
5312,
262,
1951,
871,
278,
1183,
279,
4163,
338,
18765,
287,
363,
5312,
262,
29899,
6800,
8333,
29889,
6864,
1474,
29892,
472,
2919,
316,
5404,
5855,
29892,
1183,
279,
8249,
8022,
403,
278,
4152,
316,
5404,
6030,
310,
278,
3813,
10800,
297,
11733,
1944,
29889,
3645,
278,
10230,
1546,
278,
28310,
16772,
29879,
297,
11733,
1944,
322,
11733,
4786,
29892,
591,
508,
14111,
297,
5104,
1973,
30081,
29961,
29953,
10514,
29943,
29953,
2597,
999,
29899,
1853,
543,
1003,
9092,
29883,
322,
270,
393,
3763,
15399,
5312,
262,
29899,
6800,
8333,
363,
278,
3813,
10800,
1183,
279,
380,
2593,
2264,
7432,
1728,
21640,
278,
916,
20016,
11067,
878,
14549,
1795,
5706,
385,
527,
5521,
749,
297,
278,
7463,
18190,
583,
310,
278,
3813,
10800,
393,
11981,
304,
9128,
832,
3097,
310,
278,
3813,
10800,
316,
5404,
29889,
7579,
368,
29892,
278,
2582,
515,
11733,
1944,
12266,
263,
4943,
27170,
310,
278,
3813,
10800,
1321,
384,
1847,
27791,
265,
29889,
11479,
30081,
29961,
29955,
10514,
29943,
29955,
2597,
999,
29899,
1853,
543,
1003,
9092,
3697,
278,
14426,
23584,
15101,
845,
1862,
310,
278,
390,
5371,
3813,
10800,
297,
278,
5164,
22950,
310,
1321,
384,
1847,
29889,
450,
10231,
4889,
12047,
373,
278,
390,
5371,
3813,
10800,
16684,
297,
385,
594,
3901,
5305,
11981,
304,
263,
752,
12449,
832,
3097,
29889,
910,
10419,
29879,
408,
263,
3252,
15423,
322,
20295,
376,
12687,
305,
292,
29908,
310,
278,
3813,
10800,
29892,
8236,
304,
17402,
10672,
29889,
450,
4556,
310,
445,
832,
3097,
338,
278,
1880,
27122,
573,
8249,
393,
2048,
701,
297,
278,
6728,
3598,
3273,
6419,
3813,
10800,
24611,
297,
278,
12534,
26902,
5120,
310,
278,
3813,
10800,
29889,
910,
338,
2011,
25724,
297,
11479,
30081,
29961,
29947,
10514,
29943,
29947,
2597,
999,
29899,
1853,
543,
1003,
9092,
988,
278,
1121,
424,
4889,
310,
1023,
419,
13120,
24611,
12833,
515,
278,
3813,
10800,
1183,
279,
1904,
338,
429,
814,
287,
297,
278,
5305,
11564,
304,
278,
805,
609,
23584,
27686,
1535,
29889,
13932,
21640,
278,
289,
2548,
4889,
304,
6795,
445,
2919,
1183,
279,
4889,
29892,
278,
3813,
10800,
338,
6068,
304,
1321,
384,
280,
964,
1661,
29899,
14017,
29875,
5996,
25834,
411,
12534,
26902,
10161,
310,
15301,
27686,
1535,
29889,
19814,
29892,
408,
278,
390,
5371,
29899,
517,
29899,
29934,
5371,
14881,
8249,
526,
451,
6287,
29881,
29892,
390,
5371,
29879,
508,
2411,
19144,
964,
697,
1790,
2861,
304,
1663,
29884,
4543,
1634,
25381,
29892,
4550,
9819,
297,
5101,
292,
3813,
661,
267,
6584,
18184,
1218,
322,
975,
433,
3262,
1269,
916,
29889,
1281,
874,
873,
29892,
746,
278,
2211,
916,
20016,
11067,
4733,
892,
6287,
29881,
411,
278,
365,
29928,
21640,
10825,
408,
2309,
577,
363,
278,
23876,
8560,
297,
11733,
4786,
29892,
1438,
1023,
21846,
363,
3813,
10800,
832,
3097,
892,
8472,
28305,
29889,
450,
10230,
310,
390,
5371,
25834,
322,
278,
12651,
297,
3813,
10800,
27686,
1535,
25806,
1546,
278,
4733,
8762,
297,
11733,
1944,
322,
4786,
5480,
12141,
263,
4655,
10631,
310,
278,
2198,
29871,
29906,
29928,
29899,
10249,
1904,
29889,
853,
4561,
916,
1661,
29899,
10660,
4733,
363,
2919,
3813,
10800,
316,
5404,
393,
871,
18765,
278,
3813,
10800,
1183,
279,
2933,
29892,
278,
2919,
316,
5404,
10825,
334,
30110,
29930,
1304,
297,
278,
29871,
29906,
29928,
29899,
10249,
1904,
338,
263,
2560,
6674,
506,
1230,
5455,
393,
508,
367,
1304,
304,
3394,
278,
1021,
1797,
310,
5312,
262,
2898,
8333,
304,
599,
560,
6288,
878,
14549,
9701,
297,
278,
390,
5371,
3813,
10800,
29915,
29879,
20016,
11067,
2933,
304,
316,
5404,
29889,
13,
13,
21298,
1068,
3379,
424,
23584,
28723,
310,
278,
390,
5371,
3813,
10800,
1321,
384,
1847,
1090,
8242,
4972,
5855,
29889,
1068,
450,
410,
11476,
310,
278,
3813,
10800,
12534,
305,
292,
338,
4318,
297,
8617,
2556,
16608,
408,
18694,
491,
278,
9927,
2222,
931,
334,
1193,
29889,
29871,
30209,
29930,
20169,
278,
931,
472,
607,
278,
373,
842,
310,
12534,
305,
292,
471,
8900,
29889,
450,
5970,
9451,
310,
4558,
3867,
263,
19342,
287,
29899,
262,
1776,
310,
278,
12534,
26902,
5120,
988,
385,
10231,
4889,
297,
278,
594,
3901,
5305,
640,
5026,
304,
278,
15678,
832,
3097,
393,
7146,
11981,
304,
3813,
10800,
1321,
384,
1847,
322,
3252,
15423,
24630,
29896,
29955,
29946,
29906,
29899,
29946,
29953,
29947,
29906,
29899,
29896,
29896,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29899,
29955,
2597,
29937,
29943,
29955,
29913,
13,
13,
21298,
1068,
4504,
19217,
13722,
310,
278,
7463,
8249,
297,
278,
3813,
10800,
24611,
393,
4076,
14451,
304,
263,
1121,
424,
4889,
472,
1269,
3813,
10800,
2943,
29889,
1068,
7634,
263,
10296,
310,
1880,
24221,
322,
15301,
27686,
3698,
1546,
1023,
3813,
10800,
24611,
29892,
278,
9819,
4889,
373,
278,
2943,
7258,
1546,
278,
24611,
508,
505,
263,
1407,
2919,
4226,
4163,
29892,
8236,
304,
385,
443,
5060,
4146,
287,
376,
12687,
305,
292,
29908,
310,
278,
390,
5371,
3813,
10800,
24630,
29896,
29955,
29946,
29906,
29899,
29946,
29953,
29947,
29906,
29899,
29896,
29896,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29899,
29947,
2597,
29937,
29943,
29947,
29913,
13,
13,
2277,
29937,
19413,
29899,
9021,
7546,
2920,
322,
6198,
20295,
1998,
3944,
537,
13,
13,
1576,
3038,
29899,
9021,
7546,
313,
9207,
29931,
29897,
322,
967,
6297,
297,
13787,
3277,
278,
20295,
1998,
3944,
537,
310,
10416,
338,
385,
4100,
17443,
297,
4323,
9215,
9200,
29894,
25583,
322,
9200,
12719,
24536,
29889,
16809,
304,
278,
1183,
279,
29899,
19910,
1133,
20332,
310,
390,
5371,
29879,
7113,
278,
4818,
310,
278,
21239,
29892,
278,
12409,
310,
263,
315,
10536,
3412,
278,
21239,
10090,
16951,
4482,
414,
278,
20295,
1998,
3944,
537,
310,
10416,
297,
9200,
29894,
25583,
24536,
746,
9401,
2750,
278,
9090,
21610,
1998,
3944,
537,
310,
10416,
5539,
17548,
29933,
29896,
10725,
1822,
7579,
368,
29892,
591,
2854,
630,
1749,
8242,
4972,
23876,
491,
17420,
278,
315,
10536,
2920,
322,
278,
20295,
1998,
3944,
537,
27303,
310,
1749,
29871,
29906,
29928,
29899,
10249,
1904,
297,
11733,
4786,
313,
1454,
278,
19923,
359,
354,
279,
6554,
310,
29871,
29945,
29900,
30081,
29879,
21583,
29896,
29985,
29897,
2750,
278,
8859,
664,
310,
796,
11895,
322,
21282,
548,
414,
5539,
17548,
29933,
29906,
29929,
16272,
29992,
29933,
29941,
29900,
10725,
1822,
8680,
25383,
315,
10536,
2920,
471,
320,
30022,
29906,
29953,
29995,
310,
278,
3001,
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607,
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278,
17402,
4195,
471,
2788,
304,
1749,
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13,
13,
1576,
20295,
1998,
3944,
537,
334,
30167,
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30022,
29930,
932,
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30022,
310,
10416,
297,
1749,
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9819,
4972,
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10230,
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12845,
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20295,
1998,
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471,
4226,
1891,
491,
278,
715,
25392,
1998,
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537,
334,
30167,
29930,
30022,
29930,
572,
25392,
29930,
30022,
304,
3867,
278,
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1998,
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2674,
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5539,
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1822,
8512,
278,
5734,
14125,
310,
278,
315,
10536,
2920,
322,
278,
6198,
20295,
1998,
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537,
12266,
15590,
17327,
1546,
1749,
2582,
322,
1009,
29879,
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372,
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445,
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372,
1122,
367,
9078,
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4153,
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1749,
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20295,
1998,
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322,
3038,
29899,
9021,
7546,
2920,
411,
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1819,
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963,
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13,
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3112,
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4443,
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1998,
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2920,
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6081,
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30022,
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471,
715,
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4423,
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279,
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301,
4848,
5539,
17548,
29933,
29946,
29900,
10725,
29962,
470,
1584,
1014,
29899,
8008,
324,
3637,
293,
18658,
304,
278,
390,
5371,
3813,
10800,
5539,
17548,
29933,
29946,
29896,
10725,
1822,
10133,
29892,
1584,
2466,
5312,
262,
2898,
8333,
338,
3806,
310,
278,
390,
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472,
1183,
279,
19257,
30080,
29905,
29958,
30080,
29945,
29900,
29900,
30081,
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21583,
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338,
491,
694,
2794,
4368,
573,
310,
28310,
18658,
304,
278,
390,
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13,
13,
29925,
327,
2556,
27028,
310,
278,
29871,
29906,
29928,
29899,
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1904,
13,
2683,
2683,
1378,
13,
13,
6716,
1950,
29485,
310,
1749,
29871,
29906,
29928,
29899,
10249,
1904,
508,
29030,
515,
278,
10434,
29871,
29906,
29928,
390,
5371,
8722,
363,
278,
8242,
4972,
17402,
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3824,
368,
29892,
263,
2788,
17402,
373,
278,
29871,
29906,
29928,
289,
4144,
1113,
345,
390,
5371,
8722,
1122,
2367,
263,
1422,
731,
310,
2582,
2861,
304,
967,
6133,
289,
2548,
322,
8525,
292,
2117,
3097,
1135,
278,
19308,
390,
5371,
29889,
5806,
278,
365,
29928,
21640,
1904,
674,
451,
367,
1422,
297,
883,
363,
289,
4144,
1113,
345,
9101,
29892,
263,
1208,
26218,
310,
278,
1904,
4958,
322,
16127,
723,
367,
3734,
29889,
16478,
29892,
591,
505,
12023,
393,
278,
4891,
29899,
2042,
284,
4038,
9242,
4868,
297,
278,
29871,
29906,
29928,
10694,
310,
22522,
29889,
910,
338,
5181,
363,
278,
29871,
29906,
29928,
1904,
304,
7344,
278,
8242,
298,
4579,
542,
768,
322,
304,
427,
10118,
278,
29871,
29906,
29928,
24201,
310,
4158,
29889,
910,
1904,
338,
5480,
9078,
304,
4972,
18845,
988,
29871,
29906,
29928,
390,
5371,
29879,
3933,
297,
278,
10694,
310,
15500,
29889,
2398,
29892,
1316,
4972,
5855,
508,
5948,
367,
1476,
297,
1556,
9200,
1579,
5416,
293,
24536,
988,
278,
28555,
3361,
1353,
338,
1407,
4482,
29889,
13,
13,
2528,
17658,
29892,
1749,
2198,
29871,
29906,
29928,
29899,
10249,
1904,
425,
4684,
278,
28694,
310,
278,
3813,
10800,
1998,
3944,
537,
322,
967,
2779,
373,
278,
7343,
316,
5404,
6030,
310,
390,
5371,
29879,
29889,
739,
338,
5517,
393,
278,
3813,
10800,
1998,
3944,
537,
674,
6602,
278,
7343,
6030,
310,
390,
5371,
29879,
393,
526,
4967,
287,
304,
3926,
29899,
29872,
1555,
1747,
1183,
279,
19257,
2861,
304,
278,
19262,
297,
1009,
1301,
3901,
4423,
408,
896,
9850,
3412,
1009,
18067,
23324,
3842,
2629,
278,
8242,
29889,
341,
1590,
10800,
1998,
3944,
537,
338,
5517,
304,
9055,
278,
316,
5404,
2933,
310,
390,
5371,
29879,
304,
1652,
5313,
29884,
800,
297,
278,
1183,
4362,
4195,
408,
263,
1121,
310,
278,
3620,
297,
390,
5371,
2602,
322,
19843,
29889,
2398,
29892,
1749,
2198,
1904,
947,
3160,
278,
2779,
310,
5094,
3332,
3333,
13076,
1998,
3944,
537,
313,
29953,
29889,
29900,
30081,
29883,
29925,
29897,
322,
278,
715,
25392,
1998,
3944,
537,
313,
29896,
29889,
29906,
30081,
29883,
29925,
511,
322,
1749,
8859,
664,
5539,
17548,
29933,
29906,
29955,
10725,
29962,
756,
4318,
393,
278,
28694,
310,
278,
4328,
297,
1998,
3944,
537,
1546,
278,
1023,
20501,
4841,
508,
22829,
9055,
278,
390,
5371,
3813,
10800,
316,
5404,
2933,
29889,
13,
13,
1168,
10085,
13,
4936,
1360,
13,
13,
797,
278,
2198,
6559,
29892,
591,
505,
9132,
263,
29871,
29906,
29928,
2919,
316,
5404,
313,
29906,
29928,
29899,
10249,
29897,
1904,
304,
18765,
278,
560,
6288,
878,
14549,
310,
278,
390,
5371,
3813,
10800,
297,
278,
1880,
1183,
279,
6554,
4972,
1072,
1355,
29889,
450,
6366,
4135,
310,
278,
1904,
322,
278,
8500,
573,
13600,
310,
278,
9819,
29871,
29906,
29928,
316,
5404,
5922,
892,
9528,
373,
263,
2323,
19308,
390,
5371,
8722,
1090,
263,
2560,
1183,
279,
4195,
322,
278,
2582,
892,
1476,
304,
367,
297,
1781,
17327,
411,
278,
29871,
29941,
29928,
848,
29889,
16478,
29892,
445,
6559,
12141,
29879,
278,
13500,
310,
18430,
21640,
278,
5164,
3813,
10800,
7208,
1199,
4733,
304,
5557,
16259,
832,
11614,
297,
278,
17402,
29889,
512,
1749,
7418,
310,
278,
22884,
29899,
4151,
262,
8220,
363,
278,
3813,
10800,
29892,
591,
505,
884,
7972,
263,
716,
9927,
2222,
1183,
279,
6554,
1840,
334,
29954,
29905,
1068,
304,
2498,
675,
278,
1183,
279,
4195,
373,
263,
390,
5371,
577,
408,
304,
8500,
278,
15834,
310,
316,
5404,
17126,
310,
4972,
5855,
29889,
13,
13,
8439,
1079,
29892,
1749,
29871,
29906,
29928,
29899,
10249,
1904,
508,
367,
7436,
304,
10416,
24536,
297,
15031,
9200,
1579,
5416,
293,
11898,
21677,
8242,
289,
361,
332,
29883,
800,
322,
3038,
28310,
8877,
292,
5539,
17548,
29933,
29941,
29955,
10725,
29962,
988,
1880,
322,
2473,
29899,
20845,
5312,
262,
508,
367,
7436,
373,
278,
390,
5371,
29879,
472,
4972,
1933,
4821,
14354,
29889,
4525,
11898,
723,
817,
16424,
28310,
4733,
304,
8500,
278,
390,
5371,
316,
5404,
1728,
5528,
1038,
292,
278,
1880,
26845,
3438,
393,
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491,
3667,
5281,
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1950,
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9200,
1579,
5416,
293,
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1904,
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9025,
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9200,
1579,
5416,
293,
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3829,
363,
4768,
27067,
936,
8324,
472,
13774,
4482,
20602,
3438,
29889,
13,
13,
6843,
15133,
20017,
13,
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25512,
13,
13,
1576,
15717,
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393,
896,
505,
694,
5100,
292,
20017,
29889,
13,
13,
6444,
943,
29915,
20706,
13,
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2751,
1360,
13,
13,
1799,
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7601,
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3275,
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1058,
2428,
11292,
278,
664,
2793,
322,
1904,
292,
13705,
29889,
2178,
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] |
When Europeans first reached Rapa Nui, or Easter Island, on Easter Day, 1722, they were awed to find around 1,000 imposing stone moai, or monoliths, carved in the shape of human beings. The statues overlooked a barren landscape. While archaeological evidence shows that Rapa Nui was once lushly forested, by the time Europeans reached the island, it had been clear-cut, devastated by human overuse, ecological change, or a bloody civil war. The population, which had once likely numbered in the tens of thousands, had been reduced to 3,000 at most.
For the Dutch sailors, many of whom had travelled Polynesia extensively, the sculptures were astounding. Human sculptures are rare in Polynesian art, which more commonly depicts mythic and animal forms. In addition, Easter Island was incredibly remote—more than 1,200 miles away from other populated islands, and 2,100 miles away from Chile, to which it now belongs—and appeared barren. According to Joanne Van Tilburg, a UCLA archaeologist who has researched Easter Island for decades, the sailors regarded the sculptures as a mystery. “How and why did people produce these wonderful sculptures when it was crystal clear that the environment of the island had been completely altered?” she says.
Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen, the first European captain to visit the island, imagined in an 18th-century illustration. Public Domain
The Dutch, of course, weren’t the first sailors to land at Rapa Nui. That honor goes to the Polynesian seafarers who settled the island by around 1200. While the island likely had significant vegetation, including forests, when they arrived, a 63-square-mile chunk of rock in the middle of vast ocean is an unlikely incubator of a complex society. But the Rapa Nui people initially thrived, producing Polynesia’s only writing system and the famous monoliths.
When Europeans visited Rapa Nui in the 1700s, however, the island’s population was already in decline, and its history getting hazy. The ship’s officers recorded their observations, but the most extensive documentation of the Islanders’ views of their own culture didn’t emerge until 1914, when an English anthropologist, Katherine Routledge, teamed up with a Rapa Nui man, Juana Rapano, to collect oral histories. By that time, after almost 200 years of Peruvian slave raids, missionary activity, and European disease, many memories of precolonial society—including knowledge of the island’s writing system, which died with the elites who mastered it— had been lost.
This has challenged archaeologists who study the monoliths. They have long theorized that the monoliths represented family lineage and prosperity, meanings they continue to carry for contemporary people. But they had little concrete proof.
There are only a few existing examples of the rongo rongo script, such as this one in the Father Sebastian Englert Anthropological Museum, whose wooden grooves are thought to resemble the veining on a banana leaf. Wojtek BUSS/Getty Images
A recent study by Van Tilburg and her archaeological team has helped fill in these gaps. By testing the soil of the area where moai rock was quarried, they found evidence that the statues not only symbolized prosperity, but that the very creation of the moai contributed to agricultural abundance.
Van Tilburg’s team has spent the past five years excavating Rano Raraku, a quarry in the island’s center whose rock accounts for 95 percent of the moai. The team was analyzing statues found in the area when geoarchaeologist Sarah Sherwood, more out of habit than anything else, tested the local soil. “When we got the chemistry results back, I did a double take,” Sherwood told UCLA’s Newsroom.
The team expected the quarry to just be a quarry. Instead, the analysis suggested that sweet potatoes and bananas had grown nearby, in soil rich in calcium and phosphorous. On an island with limited resources, where the rest of the soil had long since been depleted, the presence of such fertile soil was stunning.
The Rano Raraku quarry today. Rivi/CC BY-SA 3.0
The tested soil contained high concentrations of rich clay that forms when lapilli tuff, the local bedrock, is exposed to the elements. As miners carried rock out, Van Tilburg and her team now believe, mineral fragments mixed with local soil, acting as a kind of fertilizer that turned land around the quarry into rich agricultural fields. Rano Raraku wasn’t, as previously believed, just a quarry. It was a prosperous agricultural area, where the moai’s ritual power became realized by the very act of their creation.
These findings also change our understanding of Rapa Nui’s history, which is often described, as in Jared Diamond’s bestseller Collapse, as a cautionary tale of rapacious environmental degradation. While it’s true that a dramatic shift happened before the Dutch arrival, which the Europeans exacerbated, these findings show that Rapa Nui’s people developed innovative ways to produce food with limited resources. For the locals on Van Tilburg’s team, the findings point to continuity and resilience, despite cultural and demographic rupture. “It did point to the fact that life went on in a very positive way well past the point where it was suggested that the environment couldn’t support a population,” Van Tilburg says.
Rapa Nui moai at sunrise. Sam Power/Unsplash
While the island’s people, environment, and culture have endured dramatic changes over the years, the monoliths—weatherworn but steadfast—continue to bring abundance to Rapa Nui. “For contemporary people they’re related to prosperity,” says Van Tilburg. “The prosperity, in this case, is defined as tourism.”
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] |
e closest to -123? (a) 3 (b) 21/2 (c) 0 (d) 1.29
c
What is the nearest to -2/5 in 4774, 4, -1954?
4
Which is the nearest to 24? (a) -0.1 (b) 386 (c) -2/133
c
Which is the nearest to 1.58? (a) 0.3 (b) -148 (c) 0.06 (d) 3
a
What is the closest to -0.1 in 0, -3, -6, 4.5, -0.04, 1/2?
-0.04
What is the nearest to -6/31 in 3, 3725, 5?
3
What is the closest to -0.05 in 2/9, -8, -1/2, -56, 15/8?
2/9
What is the closest to -66/7 in 26, 3, -0.1, 0.6, -0.3, 13?
-0.3
What is the nearest to -2/5 in -3.4421, 1/6, -50?
1/6
What is the nearest to 8 in -4, 5, 52, -0.9, -1/8?
5
What is the closest to -1 in 4, -5, -268/11, -41?
-5
Which is the closest to 96? (a) -3/2 (b) 0.02 (c) 0.2
c
What is the nearest to 1/133 in -123, 2/55, -3/4?
2/55
What is the closest to 0.1 in 303, 0.7, -3/2, -0.1, -9?
-0.1
What is the nearest to 0.3 in -0.5, -46.7344, 1/6, -1/3, 0.07?
1/6
Which is the closest to 5? (a) 2586 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 1203
c
Which is the closest to 2? (a) -160 (b) 47 (c) -49
b
Which is the nearest to -0.1? (a) 0.23 (b) 5 (c) -5 (d) -0.588 (e) -4
a
What is the nearest to 1 in 218880, 1, 5, -2?
1
Which is the closest to 1? (a) -5/6 (b) 1/96 (c) 5 (d) -4 (e) 0
b
Which is the closest to -243? (a) -98 (b) -1/8 (c) -2 (d) -0.3 (e) 0.3
a
What is the closest to -0.2 in -11/3697, -2, 1?
-11/3697
What is the closest to -4 in -2, -105, -13459?
-2
Which is the closest to -2/7? (a) -4 (b) -26092 (c) 1/5 (d) 21
c
Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) -20 (b) -1/6 (c) -0.2 (d) 2 (e) 1531
b
What is the nearest to -40 in -23, -78, 0.04, 8/7?
-23
Which is the closest to -78? (a) -1 (b) 3/37 (c) 2/19 (d) 411
a
What is the closest to -1178 in 17, -2/69, -1/3?
-1/3
What is the nearest to 0.42 in 601, -18, 2/5, 11/2?
2/5
Which is the nearest to -10? (a) 9/5 (b) 13/12 (c) 35
b
Which is the closest to -46/7? (a) 192 (b) -1 (c) -4 (d) -15 (e) 1/3
c
Which is the closest to -1.1? (a) -124 (b) -1/4 (c) 3 (d) 2/11 (e) -0.1
b
What is the nearest to -0.1 in -0.006, 299623, -2/11?
-2/11
Which is the nearest to -908889? (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) -1
c
What is the nearest to -0.04 in 1, 7/8, 1073?
7/8
Which is the closest to 1? (a) 5 (b) 1/13 (c) -31664
b
Which is the nearest to -134? (a) 14 (b) -2 (c) -9046
b
What is the closest to -1/7 in -34.6, 9, 5/18?
5/18
Which is the nearest to -2? (a) -1/1170 (b) 69 (c) -5 (d) 2/11
a
Which is the nearest to -2? (a) 0.3 (b) -5/4 (c) -2 (d) -2176 (e) -22 (f) 2/19
c
What is the nearest to 0 in -671/5, 0.1, 0.04, 3, -116?
0.04
What is the nearest to 3/4 in -3/31, 1.1, -1, -91?
1.1
What is the closest to 0.213 in -0.1, 4, 157, -18?
-0.1
What is the closest to -4 in -0.4, 64/13, 1/9, -1, -19, 0.1?
-1
Which is the nearest to 0? (a) -0.21 (b) 1 (c) -4/23 (d) -0.07 (e) -27
d
Which is the closest to 31? (a) -41974 (b) 20 (c) -4
b
What is the nearest to 0 in -3, 0.9, 0.1884607?
0.1884607
Which is the nearest to -7? (a) 0.5 (b) -1/3 (c) 2417/11
b
What is the closest to 0.1 in -9298, 14/3, -3/2?
-3/2
Which is the nearest to 5/13? (a) -4 (b) 2/63 (c) 2.463 (d) -2/9
b
Which is the nearest to -8? (a) -1 (b) 1/9 (c) 0.2 (d) 2.2 (e) -2/19
a
Which is the closest to -1.1? (a) -5 (b) 0.05 (c) -5.567969
b
What is the closest to 79.63 in -18/2923, -2, -5?
-18/2923
Which is the nearest to 2/13? (a) 1.4 (b) 3/4 (c) -0.35 (d) -1/22
d
What is the nearest to -1 in -3, -39.4, 32, 28?
-3
Which is the closest to 239? (a) 110622 (b) 0.3 (c) -1
b
What is the closest to 68 in 2/57, -1, -438, 5, 0.2?
5
What is the closest to -10 in 3, -6/31, -1784?
-6/31
Which is the nearest to 0? (a) 7 (b) 64209 (c) -1
c
What is the closest to 2 in 7394, 2/9, -10/7, 1, 7?
1
Which is the closest to -1/3? (a) -0.11 (b) -7161 (c) -3 (d) -4/5
a
What is the nearest to -1 in -0.01, -3, -2973, 6?
-0.01
What is the closest to -0.3 in -2/3, 5/2, 0, 1239, -5?
0
Which is the closest to 1/72? (a) 94 (b) -2 (c) 4 (d) 0.4
d
Which is the nearest to 1? (a) -5 (b) -8 (c) -9/5182 (d) 0.1
d
Which is the nearest to 2? (a) -1635 (b) -2/9 (c) 1211 (d) 1
d
Which is the closest to 1? (a) -25 (b) 61 (c) 34
a
Which is the nearest to -13? (a) 161 (b) -7 (c) -0.16 (d) 3 (e) -2.2
b
What is the closest to 2 in 12/17, -115/747, 4?
12/17
Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) -1/7 (b) 6 (c) -2486/9 (d) 1
a
What is the nearest to -0.05 in 104, 2433, -0.1?
-0.1
Which is the closest to -13.682? (a) -351 (b) -2/19 (c) -5
c
Which is the closest to 2/3? (a) 0.3 (b) -1/2 (c) -1 (d) 233314 (e) -4
a
What is the nearest to -2/39 in 0.3, -2/7, -457/5, -6?
-2/7
What is the closest to -2.655 in 0.4, 4, 3?
0.4
Which is the nearest to 60/7? (a) -5 (b) 0.11 (c) 6 (d) -1 (e) -2
c
What is the closest to 3 in 10, 100181, 2?
2
What is the closest to 2 in -900/7, -0.4, -18.664?
-0.4
What is the nearest to -67 in -3.21, -4, -2/35, 2/11?
-4
What is the nearest to 343 in 19, -0.6, 0, 158?
158
Which is the nearest to 207? (a) 0.2 (b) 0.1 (c) -8 (d) 3/7 (e) -22
d
Which is the closest to -4? (a) -6 (b) 12 (c) 34/3 (d) -0.38 (e) -2/3 (f) 2/11
a
Which is the closest to 0? (a) 217 (b) 1/3 (c) -3 (d) 1/9 (e) -26
d
Which is the closest to -0.1? (a) -3/13 (b) -8095 (c) -4/5 (d) 31
a
Which is the closest to -2227? (a) -309 (b) -19 (c) -0.1
a
What is the nearest to 0.079 in -425, 0.1, -0.1, -0.3?
0.1
What is the closest to 0.4 in 5, -2/3, 1/3, -3, 2/3, -62011?
1/3
Which is the closest to -0.2? (a) -921 (b) 4 (c) -3 (d) 5 (e) 317
c
What is the closest to -1/3 in 2/21, 3, -0.14, 11/16, 33?
-0.14
Which is the nearest to -240? (a) 0.1 (b) -0.3 (c) -2/265 (d) -4 (e) 2
d
Which is the nearest to 7? (a) 3/2 (b) 11 (c) 23/4 (d) -3/4 (e) 1 (f) 7/9
c
What is the closest to 51.22 in 0, 0.2, 0.14, -0.8?
0.2
Which is the nearest to -37/8? (a) -4006 (b) 2.1 (c) -0.5
c
Which is the closest to -0.1? (a) -6 (b) 517 (c) 611 (d) 3
d
Which is the nearest to 6? (a) -1/5 (b) -47 (c) 5 (d) 2.6 (e) -29
c
What is the nearest to 201/7 in 2, -2/3, 0.1, 0.3, -177?
2
What is the closest to -0.1 in -16970, 1.76, 2/11?
2/11
What is the closest to 0 in 3, -0.13, -9305?
-0.13
Which is the closest to 1/4? (a) 6143 (b) 1 (c) -0.2 (d) -4 (e) 2/3
e
Which is the closest to 0.1? (a) 0.00482 (b) -84 (c) -5 (d) 5/7
a
Which is the nearest to -2.7? (a) -26 (b) -0.1 (c) 40/7 (d) 0.05
b
Which is the nearest to -3/22? (a) -0.5 (b) 3 (c) -4/9 (d) 2/8065
d
Which is the closest to 1.39? (a) -0.23 (b) 0 (c) -5 (d) -318
b
Which is the nearest to -1/3? (a) 3 (b) -30858/13 (c) -5 (d) 2/5
d
What is the closest to -11 in -1, 3, -252, -19?
-19
What is the closest to -2/25 in 246, 0.05, -1/4, -0.2, -0.5?
-0.2
Which is the closest to 1? (a) -2272 (b) 1/6 (c) 5 (d) -1/3 (e) 13
b
Which is the closest to 4/3? (a) -0.1 (b) -1 (c) 5073
a
Which is the closest to -1? (a) 2/7 (b) -2/47 (c) 1224/7 (d) -2/17
d
What is the closest to 1 in -4, 150, -163.9767?
-4
Which is the nearest to -529? (a) 112 (b) -1/5 (c) -2
c
What is the closest to -4.7 in 15, -0.5, -0.13, 1, -0.1?
-0.5
What is the closest to 0 in 18, 6932, 0.22?
0.22
What is the closest to 3 in -10/11, 3/19, -5, 5?
5
What is the nearest to -0.1 in 772/9, -4, -0.2285, -0.6?
-0.2285
What is the nearest to -4 in -10/11, -0.2, 34, 2/261, -3?
-3
What is the nearest to -0.252 in -1874, 4, -8/15?
-8/15
Which is the closest to 0? (a) 3/5 (b) 0.2 (c) -330.7 (d) 4 (e) -1.5
b
What is the nearest to -46/39 in -2, -2/23, -3, 3.1?
-2
What is the nearest to -8 in -0.35, 85/6, -1/4, 4?
-0.35
Which is the closest to 1/4? (a) 4 (b) -151 (c) -20/1899
c
Which is the nearest to -2030/19? (a) 0.5 (b) -3 (c) -4 (d) -2 (e) 0
c
Which is the nearest to 414? (a) 31/4 (b) 0.1 (c) 0
a
What is the closest to 0.1 in 0.5, -1/5, 3, 1, 2/7, -1/29007?
-1/29007
What is the nearest to -5 in -1.8, -307.4, -1, 0.191?
-1.8
What is the nearest to 1/4 in -2/9, 16, -1972?
-2/9
Which is the closest to -378? (a) -38 (b) -4/5 (c) -1/5
a
Which is the nearest to -32? (a) -2 (b) -0.5 (c) 2/2135
a
Which is the nearest to -0.1? (a) -4 (b) -2/67 (c) 2/5 (d) -2/23 (e) -19/3
d
Which is the closest to 34094? (a) -1/12 (b) 4 (c) -1 (d) -0.43
b
Which is the closest to 1? (a) -2/11 | [
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] |
Valvular heart disease in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome.
To determine the prevalence of cardiac valvular involvement in patients with the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Cross-sectional study with evaluation of case patients and control patients by Doppler echocardiography. The mean follow-up for case patients was 22 months. University-based tertiary medical center. Twenty-eight consecutive patients who were diagnosed with the primary antiphospholipid syndrome during a 10-year period; 28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Ten patients (36%; 95% Cl, 19% to 56%) with the primary antiphospholipid syndrome had cardiac valvular involvement: Four patients had mitral valve involvement; four patients, aortic valve involvement; and two patients, both mitral and aortic valvular involvement; no patients had tricuspid or pulmonary valve disease. Eight of 10 patients had a regurgitant murmur. None of the control patients had valvular disease. The mean mitral valve thickness in patients with mitral valve involvement was 7.0 +/- 1.6 mm, compared with 2.7 +/- 0.8 mm in patients with normal valves and 3.2 +/- 0.9 mm in the control group. The mean aortic valve thickness in patients with aortic valve involvement was 3.8 +/- 0.5 mm compared with 1.4 +/- 0.3 mm in patients with normal valves and 1.4 +/- 0.5 mm in the control group. Stenotic lesions were not found. Regurgitation was severe in two patients (one required surgery), moderate in three patients, and mild in three patients. Valvular involvement is frequently found in patients with the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. The lesions are left-sided, causing regurgitation that may be clinically important. | [
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Introduction {#S0001}
============
Impaired skeletal muscle function is a common systemic feature of COPD and an important contributor to morbidity and mortality.[@CIT0001],[@CIT0002] There is substantive evidence demonstrating the benefits of resistance exercise (RE) training in COPD,[@CIT0003]--[@CIT0005] and it is currently recommended that this modality of training should be incorporated into pulmonary rehabilitation programs.[@CIT0006] However, not all patients with COPD are able to perform conventional voluntary resistance training of sufficient intensity to bring about meaningful gains in muscle mass and strength, due to advanced deconditioning, acute exacerbation, and associated dyspnoea or hospitalization. Transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a nonvolitional means of evoking muscle contraction that places minimal demand on the cardiorespiratory system, and does not induce significant dyspnoea.[@CIT0007],[@CIT0008] For these reasons, NMES may be an effective strategy for the maintenance or improvement of muscle function in settings as above, where voluntary RE training cannot be performed.[@CIT0009]
Despite eliciting low contractile forces during training (typically below 15% of maximal voluntary isometric strength[@CIT0010]), clinical studies have suggested that NMES increases muscle mass and strength in COPD.[@CIT0011],[@CIT0012] To date, however, understanding of the training adaptations to NMES at a muscle level, and how these compare to those elicited by voluntary RE is limited. It is known that an unaccustomed bout of voluntary RE in COPD causes a change in expression of a wide range of mRNA transcripts,[@CIT0013] but this information is lacking for NMES, where it is likely that a smaller muscle mass will be recruited.
This study investigated changes in the expression of muscle mRNA transcripts 24 hours following a single bout of NMES or RE in matched cohorts of patients with COPD. Specifically, we investigated whether the abundance of gene transcripts shown to be responsive to RE in healthy, young volunteers[@CIT0014],[@CIT0015] followed similar patterns of change when comparing NMES and RE, and whether the magnitude of any change was similar for the two contraction modalities.
Methods {#S0002}
=======
Subjects {#S0002-S2001}
--------
Patients with a clinical diagnosis of COPD, confirmed airflow obstruction (FEV~1~\<80% predicted, FEV~1~/FVC ratio \<0.7) and significant self-reported exertional dyspnoea (MRC Grade ≥3) were recruited from outpatient clinics, pulmonary rehabilitation waiting lists, and previous research volunteers at the University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK. At the time of recruitment, patients were free from exacerbation and oral steroid medication for ≥4 weeks, had not attended pulmonary rehabilitation for ≥1 year, and had no comorbidities leading to significant exercise limitations.
Experimental protocol {#S0002-S2002}
---------------------
Matched cohorts of patients with COPD undertaking NMES and RE were recruited to the study. Patients attended baseline assessments to perform spirometry, undergo body composition measures, and perform NMES or RE familiarization a minimum of 1 week before the first biopsy visit. Resting biopsies were performed on the *vastus lateralis* muscle using the micro-biopsy technique previously used in our laboratory.[@CIT0016] Tissue was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored for later analysis. After tissue acquisition, a light dressing was applied to the biopsy site, and a single exercise bout (either transcutaneous NMES or voluntary RE of the quadriceps) was performed. Twenty-four hours later, a second resting biopsy was performed at least 2.5 cm from the previous biopsy site, thereby minimizing confounding changes in mRNA abundance due to tissue sampling.[@CIT0013],[@CIT0014],[@CIT0017] Previous work has shown expression of genes related to skeletal muscle mass regulation is altered 24 hours post-RE in COPD and health.[@CIT0013],[@CIT0014]
Subjects for this study were drawn from two cohorts who undertook a NMES or RE intervention in otherwise identical experimental designs. Groups were matched based on lung function and body composition ([Table 1](#T0001){ref-type="table"}). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki; ethical approval was granted by the UK National Health Service (NHS) Research Ethics Committee (REC) (NMES Study: West Midlands REC, reference 10/H1208/73; RE Study: Leicestershire, Northamptonshire and Rutland REC, reference 05/Q2502/131), and participants provided written informed consent. Table 1Patients' baseline characteristicsVariableNMESVoluntary RE*P*Males/females, n7/68/50.691Age, years63.6 (9.1)64.2 (7.0)0.867Height, m1.61 (9)1.65 (11)0.351Body mass, kg66.4 (12.5)65.4 (20.5)0.883BMI, kg/m^2^25.6 (4.2)23.7 (5.6)0.341FFMI, kg/m^2^16.8 (1.7)16.4 (2.0)0.700FEV~1~, l1.02 (0.34)1.02 (0.47)0.996FEV~1~, % predicted45.5 (19.3)40.3 (16.7)0.476FEV~1~/FVC0.41 (0.10)0.44 (0.13)0.552Smoking status (current/ex/never)1/11/17/6/00.031Pack years smoked44.3 (23.5)56.2 (35.8)0.325MRC grade4 (3--4)4 (3--4)0.511[^2]
Baseline assessments {#S0002-S2003}
--------------------
Height and body mass in light clothing were measured before body composition assessment using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; Lunar Prodigy, GE, Buckinghamshire, UK). Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as: total body mass (kg)/height (m)^2^. Fat Free Mass Index (FFMI) was calculated using the same equation, but with body mass replaced with whole-body lean mass+whole-body bone mineral mass (kg). Spirometry was performed using a portable spirometer in accordance with British Thoracic Society guidelines.[@CIT0018]
Exercise protocol {#S0002-S2004}
-----------------
The NMES protocol employed a hand-held, battery powered device (Empi 300PV, MN, USA) connected to two skin surface gel electrodes placed over the quadriceps (see [Supplementary materials](https://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=189896.docx) for details). The protocol consisted of 30 minutes of stimulation with a biphasic pulse at 50 Hz (pulse duration 300 µs) made up of 15-second duty cycles with 5-second rests. Patients self-selected stimulation intensity and were encouraged to set the current at the limit of tolerability. During familiarization, patients underwent stimulation starting at minimum intensity (1 mA) and progressing to the self-determined limit of tolerance during a session lasting no longer than 10 minutes.
RE consisted of five sets of 30 maximal isokinetic knee extensions at 180°/s with 1 minute rest between sets performed on an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex NORM II, CSMi, Stoughton, USA). Patients were seated with hip and knee flexion of 90°. This protocol has previously been shown to change quadriceps mRNA abundance in COPD patients 24 hours following exercise.[@CIT0013]
RNA extraction {#S0002-S2005}
--------------
RNA was extracted from muscle samples using TRI Reagent (Applied Biosystems/Life Technologies, Paisley, UK) and reverse transcribed using SuperScript III (Life Technologies/Invitrogen) to synthesize complimentary DNA (see [Supplementary materials](https://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=189896.docx)). Complimentary DNA was loaded onto TaqMan 384 well custom Low Density Array (LDA) microfluidic cards (Applied Biosystems/Life Technologies) and 40 cycles of automated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on a TaqMan 7900HT Real-Time PCR Instrument (Applied Biosystems, Paisley, UK).
Muscle mRNA expression {#S0002-S2006}
----------------------
The abundance of mRNA was assessed using automated 384-well, LDA cards. The microfluidic cards were custom-designed to target families of genes whose functions include metabolic processes, mitochondria, diabetes, cell cycle/growth/differentiation, inflammation, and immune responses. Target selection was directed by data from two studies that employed a similar isokinetic RE protocol to that used in the current study. The first study reported an Affymetrix based analysis of tissue sampled at rest pre- and 24 hours-post resistance exercise in healthy volunteers.[@CIT0014] The second study highlighted gene expression changes following a similar bout of RE in young healthy volunteers who had undergone a period of immobilization.[@CIT0015]
Data analysis {#S0002-S2007}
-------------
Gene expression data were analyzed using the comparative C~T~ method (ΔΔC~T~), which permits relative quantification of the target gene transcript against an internal control gene transcript.[@CIT0019] A suitable control gene (*hydroxymethylbilane synthase*; *HMBS*) was selected that had stable C~T~ values across time points. Paired *t*-tests were used to identify significant change in expression of the target gene relative to *HMBS*(ΔC~T~) from baseline to 24 hours, and the False Discovery Rate (FDR) adjustment applied to control for multiple comparisons using the R Statistical Package (R Version 3.0.0, 2013--04-03, The R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Expression values are presented as fold change from baseline (2^−ΔΔCT^) and significant within-group change was defined by a FDR \<5%. Missing values occurred where gene expression was below the limit of detection after 40 cycles of PCR. A gene was excluded from the analysis if there were more than two missing data points. Between-group differences in physiological variables were tested by *t*-test, Mann-Whitney U-test (ordinal data), or Pearson Χ^2^ test (categorical data).
Results {#S0003}
=======
Patient characteristics {#S0003-S2001}
-----------------------
Thirteen COPD patients received NMES and 13 patients performed voluntary RE. There were no significant differences between the groups for baseline measures of lung function, MRC grade, or body composition, although there was a significant difference between the groups for smoking history, with the RE group containing more current smokers ([Table 1](#T0001){ref-type="table"}).
Exercise bout {#S0003-S2002}
-------------
The mean (SD) peak torque generated during RE was 38 (±13) Nm, and the mean work done over five sets of 30 isometric knee extensions by the voluntary RE group was 2482 (±925) J. The mean (SD) electrical stimulation current during NMES was 39.3 (±12.7) mA.
mRNA expression {#S0003-S2003}
---------------
Twenty-four hours after NMES, 18 mRNA transcripts were significantly changed in abundance, with 68 mRNA transcripts significantly changed in abundance 24 hours after RE (both FDR \<5% compared to baseline, [Figure 1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}). Changes in abundance of 14 gene transcripts were common to both NMES and RE,with no significant difference in the magnitude of fold change between groups for these common genes (*P*\>0.05). The within-group variation in the response to NMES and RE is depicted in [Figure 2](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}. Mean fold change values for all targets measured are listed in [Table S2](https://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=189896.docx) of the [Supplementary materials](https://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=189896.docx).Figure 1All genes significantly altered in expression following either transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES; 18 genes) or resistance exercise (RE; 68 genes) with a false discovery rate (FDR) \<5%. Data are expressed as fold change from baseline, where the baseline value equals 1 (dashed line). Boxes denote median and interquartile range, whiskers are range. Magnitude of fold change (2^−DDC^~T~) are log values. Abbreviated gene names used in this figure are defined in [Table S1](https://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=189896.docx).Figure 2Heatmap demonstrating individual variation in response to transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and resistance exercise (RE) for the 14 transcripts that were significantly influenced by both interventions. Scale capped at 8-fold change, baseline value =1. Abbreviated gene names used in this figure are defined in [Table S1](https://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=189896.docx).
The 14 transcripts significantly influenced by both NMES and RE perform a range of physiological roles, which are detailed in [Table 2](#T0002){ref-type="table"}, accompanied by fold change data. Genes with physiological roles associated with muscle hypertrophy, growth, repair, regeneration, and anti-wasting, respectively (*RUNX1*, *MYC*, *TIMP1*, *FOS*, and *DYSF*), were upregulated following both NMES and RE. Other upregulated transcripts *CTSL1*, *CHI3L1*, *CDK2*, and *SOD2* have physiological roles relating to protein breakdown, anti-inflammatory action, cell cycle regulation, and antioxidant action, respectively. Downregulated transcripts *CCNG2*, *ATP2B2*, and *RASGRP3* are influential in cell cycle/signaling regulation. RASGRP3 also has a physiological role in cancer, as does *MN1*, with both of these transcripts downregulated after both interventions. Another transcript downregulated following both NMES and RE, *UQCRC1*, codes for a mitochondrial sub-unit. Table 2List of transcripts significantly altered in expression following a bout of NMES or RETarget nameFull namePhysiological roleNMESREFold changeFDR %Fold changeFDR %(2^−ΔΔC^~T~)(2^−ΔΔC^~T~)Increased after both electrical stimulation and resistance exercise*CHI3L1*chitinase 3-like 1Protects muscle against inflammation[@CIT0020]84.4\<0.00159.30.003*RUNX1*runt-related transcription factor 1Upregulated by exercise. May prevent muscle wasting[@CIT0021],[@CIT0022]15.70.00512.60.009*MYC*v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homologMuscle growth via ribosomal biogenesis[@CIT0023]10.30.01111.50.006*FOS*FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homologTranscription factor for pro-hypertrophy genes[@CIT0024],[@CIT0025]17.60.0118.70.029*TIMP1*TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1Promotes cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis. May promote angiogenesis[@CIT0026],[@CIT0027]16.70.02411.20.007*SOD2*superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrialAntioxidant[@CIT0028]3.60.0293.60.036*DYSF*dysferlinMuscle repair/regeneration[@CIT0029]6.20.0334.20.013*CDK2*cyclin-dependent kinase 2Cell cycle regulation[@CIT0030]3.20.0333.10.025*CTSL*cathepsin LProtein breakdown[@CIT0031]5.20.0275.30.003Downregulated after both electrical stimulation and resistance exercise*MN1*meningioma (disrupted in balanced translocation) 1Cancer[@CIT0032]0.40.0240.60.01*CCNG2*cyclin G2Cell cycle[@CIT0033]0.60.0240.60.016*RASGRP3*RAS guanyl releasing protein 3Cell signaling[@CIT0034]0.60.0240.60.036*ATP2B2*ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 2ATP Pump controlling intracellular calcium level[@CIT0035]0.40.0240.40.003*UQCRC1*ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein IMitochondrial sub-unit[@CIT0036]0.60.0270.70.025[^3][^4]
Discussion {#S0004}
==========
This study describes altered expression of targeted mRNA transcripts 24 hours after a 30 minute bout of transcutaneous electrically evoked muscle contraction or voluntary muscle contraction in the quadriceps of matched cohorts of patients with COPD. The major findings are 1) RE influenced a substantially broader range of transcripts than NMES (68 vs 18, respectively); and 2) a smaller number of transcripts (representing 14 genes) responded similarly to the two interventions. Our conclusion is that the NMES intervention employed in this study was not sufficient to stimulate the same breadth of transcriptional response generated by maximal voluntary RE in COPD.
This is the first study to examine the influence of NMES on the expression of a broad range of mRNA transcripts and, furthermore, to compare this response to that following a bout of voluntary RE in well-matched groups of COPD patients. There is existing evidence of a transcriptional response to NMES in young non-weight trained individuals,[@CIT0037] but this had not previously been reported for patients with COPD. NMES has previously been shown to influence phosphorylation of p70S6K, a regulator of muscle protein synthesis,[@CIT0038] and influence muscle fiber size,[@CIT0039] suggesting that repeated bouts of NMES in COPD promote muscle fiber adaptation. More is known about the molecular changes in muscle following a bout of voluntary RE in COPD; expression of gene transcripts with functions relating to muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, myogenesis, transcription factors, and inflammation have previously been shown to respond to a bout of isokinetic resistance exercise in COPD patients^13^ in a manner comparable to that shown in our study.
Breadth of transcriptional response to NMES and RE {#S0004-S2001}
--------------------------------------------------
NMES was performed at the highest tolerable intensity in order to maximize muscle fiber recruitment; however, the narrower range of gene transcription responses following NMES is likely to be a function of less muscle recruitment during NMES compared to RE. This is supported by the observation that the changes in mRNA abundance of the 14 common transcripts were similar between NMES and RE. A limitation of this study is that muscle tension development during NMES was not measured, but is known to typically be below 15% of maximal voluntary isometric force generation[@CIT0010] and might, therefore, be assumed to have been considerably lower than that produced during RE.[@CIT0038]
The contraction provoked by NMES does not follow Henneman's size principle[@CIT0040] of motor unit recruitment, rather NMES depolarizes larger motor neurones first, thus preferentially activating fast-muscle fibers (which tend to be on the periphery of the muscle bundle[@CIT0041]), or may activate fibers in a spatially determined manner dependent on proximity to the skin-surface electrode.[@CIT0042] The genes differentially regulated by NMES may, therefore, have been influenced by the type of muscle fiber recruited during electrical stimulation; unlike RE, where all fiber types are likely to have been recruited.
NMES improves muscle strength and function across a range of stimulation frequencies,[@CIT0009],[@CIT0011],[@CIT0043]--[@CIT0047] with efficacy dependent on stimulation intensity,[@CIT0038] which determines contraction force. Stimulation intensity is limited by the tolerance of the individual and, in healthy individuals, there have been reports of pain during stimulation.[@CIT0048] In health there have also been reports of NMES causing muscle damage and delayed onset soreness,[@CIT0048]--[@CIT0050] comparable to that caused by eccentric RE,[@CIT0010],[@CIT0051] despite generating lower force.[@CIT0052] However, NMES protocols utilized in chronic disease rehabilitation, that generally elicit lower contraction forces, appear to be well tolerated[@CIT0043] and significantly increase muscle strength and mass, even when generating a force as low as 13% of maximal voluntary contraction.[@CIT0038]
Common responses {#S0004-S2002}
----------------
The transcriptional response of muscle to both NMES and RE was similar for 14 gene transcripts ([Figure 2](#F0002){ref-type="fig"} and [Table 2](#T0002){ref-type="table"}), whether these changes reflect mutual type II muscle fiber recruitment is unknown. Functions of shared upregulated transcripts were associated with muscle growth, repair and regeneration,anti-inflammatory/antioxidant action, and protein breakdown. In addition, there was common downregulation of gene transcripts associated with cell cycle, cancer, and mitochondrial function. Following both interventions, the most markedly upregulated mRNAs were *CHI3L1* and *RUNX1*. *CHI3L1* (chitinase-3-like protein 1) gene expression is known to be induced by contractile activity,[@CIT0053] and the protein is associated with myoblast proliferation[@CIT0053] and inhibition of the inflammatory response.[@CIT0020] *RUNX1* (runt-related transcription factor 1) may be protective against disuse atrophy,[@CIT0021] and there is a pronounced increase in expression when muscle is exercised after a period of immobilization.[@CIT0054] *RUNX1* may also be a target of *MYOD1*, which regulates myogenesis and skeletal muscle differentiation.[@CIT0055] Whilst the influence of any individual gene on muscle function or architecture is likely to be small, the strong induction of these two genes after both NMES and RE supports the notion that both interventions are influencing muscle cells towards a pro-growth state. We performed a pathway analysis on the 14 common genes using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA; QIAGEN, Redwood City, CA, USA [www.qiagen.com/ingenuity](http://www.qiagen.com/ingenuity)). Due to the small number of transcripts, only a single cellular function (Cell Death and Survival) was identified by IPA as being significantly altered, with a relatively low level of significance ([Figures S1](https://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=189896.docx) and [S2](https://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=189896.docx)).
The fully quantitative and highly sensitive RT-PCR technique employed in this study allows characterization of a wide range of expression values. Furthermore, the intervention groups were well matched for age, gender, and body composition, and adhered to a carefully planned study day protocol. There were more current smokers in the RE group. There is some evidence that cigarette smoke exposure may downregulate resting muscle protein synthesis rates in humans,[@CIT0056] and inhibit muscle signaling pathways in mice;[@CIT0057] however, in the current study there was no difference in fat-free mass between groups at baseline, and it was the RE group (who had the greater cigarette smoke exposure) who demonstrated the largest mRNA response to the interventions used in this study. Therefore, we are confident that the differences in gene expression observed after the two interventions were as a result of the contraction mode, rather than a characteristic of the two groups. We have considered the likely influence of the prior biopsy procedure on mRNA abundance 24 hours after muscle contraction. Evidence from healthy subjects in our own laboratory[@CIT0014] and other's^17^ demonstrate no transcriptional changes in skeletal muscle after serial needle biopsy procedures in the absence of exercise, thus we are confident that the mRNA responses reported here are a reaction to muscle contraction, rather than the biopsy procedure per se.
Conclusion {#S0005}
==========
In conclusion, a novelty of this study is that it demonstrates a single bout of RE influences the expression of a far wider selection of genes than a single bout of NMES. However, there is a commonality of response for a small sub-set of gene transcripts. Based on our evidence, voluntary RE would appear to be the preferable mode of exercise intervention to elicit the largest muscle transcriptional response in stable COPD patients. However, NMES within the limits of comfort for patients does elicit a pro-growth transcriptional response. Further work is warranted to investigate the effect of repeated bouts of NMES and RE on molecular responses and physiological adaptation to a chronic intervention.
Abbreviations list {#S0006}
==================
ATP2B2, ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 2; BMI, body mass index; CCNG2, cyclin G2; CDK2, cyclin-dependent kinase 2; CHI3L1, chitinase 3-like 1; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTSL1, cathepsin L; DEXA, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; DYSF, dysferlin; FDR, false discovery rate; FFMI, fat free mass index; FOS, FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog; HMBS, hydroxymethylbilane synthase; LDA, low density array; MN1, meningioma (disrupted in balanced translocation) 1; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; MYC, v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog; NMES, transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation; p70S6k, ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RASGRP3, RAS guanyl releasing protein 3; RE, resistance exercise; RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR; RUNX1, runt-related transcription factor 1; SD, standard deviation; SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial; TIMP1, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1; UQCRC1, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein I.
We thank the patients who volunteered for this study.
Ethics approval and consent to participate {#S0007}
==========================================
Ethical approval was granted by the UK National Health Service (NHS) Research Ethics Committee (REC) (NMES Study: West Midlands REC, reference 10/H1208/73; RE Study: Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, and Rutland REC, reference 05/Q2502/131) and participants provided written informed consent.
Availability of data and material {#S0008}
=================================
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Funding {#S0009}
=======
This work was supported by the Medical Research Council \[grant number MR/P021220/1\]. This research was also supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care Leicestershire Nothamptonshire and Rutland (CLAHRC LNR), UK, and by CLAHRC East Midlands, and by the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre - Respiratory, at the University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. This work was partly funded by Remedi: Enabling Research in Rehabilitation (a UK registered charity; 1063359). Study funders did not participate in study design, data interpretation, or manuscript presentation.
LL was supported by the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre - Respiratory. DC was supported by the Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK (MRC/ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research.
Author contributions {#S0010}
====================
LEL assessed patients, performed laboratory analysis, processed the dataset, performed statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. DC performed laboratory analysis and contributed to data interpretation. NJG, LC, and MKM recruited volunteers, and performed patient assessments and muscle biopsies. MCS and PLG made substantial contributions to the design of the study, oversaw analysis, and made substantial contributions to the interpretation of the data. All authors contributed towards data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure {#S0011}
==========
NJG reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), and Boehringer Ingelheim outside the submitted work. MCS reports personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK and Nutricia outside the submitted work, and grants from the Medical Research Council and NIHR East Midlands CLAHRC during the conduct of the study. PLG reports grants from the MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, and a grant from Remedi, during the conduct of the study. LEL was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, and Rutland (CLAHRC LNR); CLAHRC East Midlands; and the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre -- Respiratory, who also provided facilities at the University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust during the conduct of the study. DC was funded by the MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research during the conduct of this study. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work
[^2]: **Notes:**Values are mean (SD) except MRC Grade which is median (IQR).
**Abbreviations:**BMI, body mass index; FFMI, fat free mass index (by DEXA scan); FEV~1~, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; MRC Grade, Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale; NMES, transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation; RE, resistance exercise.
[^3]: **Notes:** False discovery rate (FDR) \<5% is the threshold for significance. Between group differences in fold change all *P*\>0.05. 2^−ΔΔC^~T~, mean fold change from baseline corrected for expression of the internal control gene (HMBS).
[^4]: **Abbreviations:** NMES, transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation; RE, resistance exercise.
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] |
Easterbrook PJ, Roberts T, Sands A, Peeling R,
Easterbrook PJ, Roberts T, Sands A, Peeling R, (click to view)
Easterbrook PJ, Roberts T, Sands A, Peeling R,
AbstractPURPOSE OF REVIEW
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and HIV-HBV and HCV coinfection are major causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Testing and diagnosis is the gateway for access to both treatment and prevention services, but there remains a large burden of undiagnosed infection globally. We review the global epidemiology, key challenges in the current hepatitis testing response, new tools to support the hepatitis global response (2016-2020 Global Hepatitis Health Sector strategy, and 2017 WHO guidelines on hepatitis testing and their key recommendations) and future directions and innovations in hepatitis diagnostics.
RECENT FINDINGS
Key challenges in the current hepatitis testing response include lack of quality-assured serological and low-cost virological in-vitro diagnostics, limited facilities for testing, inadequate data to guide country-specific hepatitis testing approaches, stigmatization of those with or at risk of viral hepatitis and lack of guidelines on hepatitis testing for resource-limited settings. The new Global Hepatitis Health Sector strategy sets out goals for elimination of viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030 and gives outcome targets for reductions in new infections and mortality, as well as service delivery targets that include testing, diagnosis and treatment. The 2017 WHO hepatitis testing guidelines for adults, adolescents and children in low-income and middle-income countries outline the public health approach to strengthen and expand current testing practices for viral hepatitis and addresses who to test (testing approaches), which serological and virological assays to use (testing strategies) as well as interventions to promote linkage to prevention and care.
SUMMARY
Future directions and innovations in hepatitis testing include strategies to improve access such as through use of existing facility and community-based testing opportunities for hepatitis testing, near-patient or point-of-care assays for virological markers (nucleic acid testing and HCV core antigen), dried blood spot specimens used with different serological and nucleic acid testing in-vitro diagnostics, multiplex and multi-disease platforms to enable testing for multiple analytes/pathogens and potential self-testing for viral hepatitis. | [
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] |
import os
import struct
import sys
import time
try:
import fcntl
import termios
import signal
_CAN_RESIZE_TERMINAL = True
except ImportError:
_CAN_RESIZE_TERMINAL = False
from . import formatSize, formatTime
class AnsiCodes(object):
_USE_ANSI = False
_CSI = '\033['
def __init__(self, codes):
def code_to_chars(code):
return AnsiCodes._CSI + str(code) + 'm'
for name in dir(codes):
if not name.startswith('_'):
value = getattr(codes, name)
setattr(self, name, code_to_chars(value))
# Add color function
for reset_name in ("RESET_%s" % name, "RESET"):
if hasattr(codes, reset_name):
reset_value = getattr(codes, reset_name)
setattr(self, "%s" % name.lower(),
AnsiCodes._mkfunc(code_to_chars(value),
code_to_chars(reset_value)))
break
@staticmethod
def _mkfunc(color, reset):
def _cwrap(text, *styles):
if not AnsiCodes._USE_ANSI:
return text
s = ''
for st in styles:
s += st
s += color + text + reset
if styles:
s += Style.RESET_ALL
return s
return _cwrap
def __getattribute__(self, name):
attr = super(AnsiCodes, self).__getattribute__(name)
if (hasattr(attr, "startswith") and
attr.startswith(AnsiCodes._CSI) and
not AnsiCodes._USE_ANSI):
return ""
else:
return attr
def __getitem__(self, name):
return getattr(self, name.upper())
@classmethod
def init(cls, allow_colors):
cls._USE_ANSI = allow_colors and cls._term_supports_color()
@staticmethod
def _term_supports_color():
if (os.environ.get("TERM") == "dumb" or
os.environ.get("OS") == "Windows_NT"):
return False
return hasattr(sys.stdout, "isatty") and sys.stdout.isatty()
class AnsiFore:
GREY = 30 # noqa
RED = 31 # noqa
GREEN = 32 # noqa
YELLOW = 33 # noqa
BLUE = 34 # noqa
MAGENTA = 35 # noqa
CYAN = 36 # noqa
WHITE = 37 # noqa
RESET = 39 # noqa
class AnsiBack:
GREY = 40 # noqa
RED = 41 # noqa
GREEN = 42 # noqa
YELLOW = 43 # noqa
BLUE = 44 # noqa
MAGENTA = 45 # noqa
CYAN = 46 # noqa
WHITE = 47 # noqa
RESET = 49 # noqa
class AnsiStyle:
RESET_ALL = 0 # noqa
BRIGHT = 1 # noqa
RESET_BRIGHT = 22 # noqa
DIM = 2 # noqa
RESET_DIM = RESET_BRIGHT # noqa
ITALICS = 3 # noqa
RESET_ITALICS = 23 # noqa
UNDERLINE = 4 # noqa
RESET_UNDERLINE = 24 # noqa
BLINK_SLOW = 5 # noqa
RESET_BLINK_SLOW = 25 # noqa
BLINK_FAST = 6 # noqa
RESET_BLINK_FAST = 26 # noqa
INVERSE = 7 # noqa
RESET_INVERSE = 27 # noqa
STRIKE_THRU = 9 # noqa
RESET_STRIKE_THRU = 29 # noqa
Fore = AnsiCodes(AnsiFore)
Back = AnsiCodes(AnsiBack)
Style = AnsiCodes(AnsiStyle)
def ERROR_COLOR():
return Fore.RED
def WARNING_COLOR():
return Fore.YELLOW
def HEADER_COLOR():
return Fore.GREEN
class Spinner(object):
"""
A class to display a spinner in the terminal.
It is designed to be used with the `with` statement::
with Spinner("Reticulating splines", "green") as s:
for item in enumerate(items):
s.next()
"""
_default_unicode_chars = "◓◑◒◐"
_default_ascii_chars = "-/|\\"
def __init__(self, msg, file=None, step=1,
chars=None, use_unicode=True, print_done=True):
self._msg = msg
self._file = file or sys.stdout
self._step = step
if not chars:
if use_unicode:
chars = self._default_unicode_chars
else:
chars = self._default_ascii_chars
self._chars = chars
self._silent = not self._file.isatty()
self._print_done = print_done
def _iterator(self):
chars = self._chars
index = 0
write = self._file.write
flush = self._file.flush
while True:
write("\r")
write(self._msg)
write(" ")
write(chars[index])
flush()
yield
for i in range(self._step):
yield
index += 1
if index == len(chars):
index = 0
def __enter__(self):
if self._silent:
return self._silent_iterator()
else:
return self._iterator()
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
write = self._file.write
flush = self._file.flush
if not self._silent:
write("\r")
write(self._msg)
if self._print_done:
if exc_type is None:
write(Fore.GREEN + ' [Done]\n')
else:
write(Fore.RED + ' [Failed]\n')
else:
write("\n")
flush()
def _silent_iterator(self):
self._file.write(self._msg)
self._file.flush()
while True:
yield
class ProgressBar(object):
"""
A class to display a progress bar in the terminal.
It is designed to be used either with the `with` statement::
with ProgressBar(len(items)) as bar:
for item in enumerate(items):
bar.update()
or as a generator::
for item in ProgressBar(items):
item.process()
"""
def __init__(self, total_or_items, file=None):
"""
total_or_items : int or sequence
If an int, the number of increments in the process being
tracked. If a sequence, the items to iterate over.
file : writable file-like object, optional
The file to write the progress bar to. Defaults to
`sys.stdout`. If `file` is not a tty (as determined by
calling its `isatty` member, if any), the scrollbar will
be completely silent.
"""
self._file = file or sys.stdout
if not self._file.isatty():
self.update = self._silent_update
self._silent = True
else:
self._silent = False
try:
self._items = iter(total_or_items)
self._total = len(total_or_items)
except TypeError:
try:
self._total = int(total_or_items)
self._items = iter(range(self._total))
except TypeError:
raise TypeError("First argument must be int or sequence")
self._start_time = time.time()
self._should_handle_resize = (
_CAN_RESIZE_TERMINAL and self._file.isatty())
self._handle_resize()
if self._should_handle_resize:
signal.signal(signal.SIGWINCH, self._handle_resize)
self._signal_set = True
else:
self._signal_set = False
self.update(0)
def _handle_resize(self, signum=None, frame=None):
self._terminal_width = getTtySize(self._file,
self._should_handle_resize)[1]
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
if not self._silent:
if exc_type is None:
self.update(self._total)
self._file.write('\n')
self._file.flush()
if self._signal_set:
signal.signal(signal.SIGWINCH, signal.SIG_DFL)
def __iter__(self):
return self
def next(self):
try:
rv = next(self._items)
except StopIteration:
self.__exit__(None, None, None)
raise
else:
self.update()
return rv
def update(self, value=None):
"""
Update the progress bar to the given value (out of the total
given to the constructor).
"""
if value is None:
value = self._current_value = self._current_value + 1
else:
self._current_value = value
if self._total == 0:
frac = 1.0
else:
frac = float(value) / float(self._total)
file = self._file
write = file.write
suffix = self._formatSuffix(value, frac)
self._bar_length = self._terminal_width - 37
bar_fill = int(float(self._bar_length) * frac)
write("\r|")
write(Fore.BLUE + '=' * bar_fill + Fore.RESET)
if bar_fill < self._bar_length:
write(Fore.GREEN + '>' + Fore.RESET)
write("-" * (self._bar_length - bar_fill - 1))
write("|")
write(suffix)
self._file.flush()
def _formatSuffix(self, value, frac):
if value >= self._total:
t = time.time() - self._start_time
time_str = ' '
elif value <= 0:
t = None
time_str = ''
else:
t = ((time.time() - self._start_time) * (1.0 - frac)) / frac
time_str = ' ETA '
if t is not None:
time_str += formatTime(t, short=True)
suffix = ' {0:>4s}/{1:>4s}'.format(formatSize(value, short=True),
formatSize(self._total, short=True))
suffix += ' ({0:>6s}%)'.format("{0:.2f}".format(frac * 100.0))
suffix += time_str
return suffix
def _silent_update(self, value=None):
pass
@classmethod
def map(cls, function, items, multiprocess=False, file=None):
"""
Does a `map` operation while displaying a progress bar with
percentage complete.
::
def work(i):
print(i)
ProgressBar.map(work, range(50))
Parameters:
function : function
Function to call for each step
items : sequence
Sequence where each element is a tuple of arguments to pass to
*function*.
multiprocess : bool, optional
If `True`, use the `multiprocessing` module to distribute each
task to a different processor core.
file : writeable file-like object, optional
The file to write the progress bar to. Defaults to
`sys.stdout`. If `file` is not a tty (as determined by
calling its `isatty` member, if any), the scrollbar will
be completely silent.
"""
results = []
if file is None:
file = sys.stdout
with cls(len(items), file=file) as bar:
step_size = max(200, bar._bar_length)
steps = max(int(float(len(items)) / step_size), 1)
if not multiprocess:
for i, item in enumerate(items):
function(item)
if (i % steps) == 0:
bar.update(i)
else:
import multiprocessing
p = multiprocessing.Pool()
for i, result in enumerate(p.imap_unordered(function, items,
steps)):
bar.update(i)
results.append(result)
return results
def printMsg(s):
fp = sys.stdout
assert isinstance(s, str)
try:
fp.write("%s\n" % s)
except UnicodeEncodeError:
fp.write("%s\n" % str(s.encode("utf-8", "replace"), "utf-8"))
fp.flush()
def printError(s):
_printWithColor(s, ERROR_COLOR(), sys.stderr)
def printWarning(s):
_printWithColor(s, WARNING_COLOR(), sys.stdout)
def printHeader(s):
_printWithColor(s, HEADER_COLOR(), sys.stdout)
def boldText(s, c=None):
return formatText(s, b=True, c=c)
def formatText(s, b=False, c=None):
return ((Style.BRIGHT if b else '') +
(c or '') +
s +
(Fore.RESET if c else '') +
(Style.RESET_BRIGHT if b else ''))
def _printWithColor(s, color, file):
assert isinstance(s, str)
file.write(color + s + Fore.RESET + '\n')
file.flush()
def cformat(msg, fg, bg=None, styles=None):
"""Format ``msg`` with foreground and optional background. Optional
``styles`` lists will also be applied. The formatted string is returned."""
fg = fg or ""
bg = bg or ""
styles = "".join(styles or [])
reset = Fore.RESET + Back.RESET + Style.RESET_ALL if (fg or bg or styles) \
else ""
output = "%(fg)s%(bg)s%(styles)s%(msg)s%(reset)s" % locals()
return output
def getTtySize(fd=sys.stdout, check_tty=True):
hw = None
if check_tty:
try:
data = fcntl.ioctl(fd, termios.TIOCGWINSZ, '\0' * 4)
hw = struct.unpack("hh", data)
except (OSError, IOError, NameError):
pass
if not hw:
try:
hw = (int(os.environ.get('LINES')),
int(os.environ.get('COLUMNS')))
except (TypeError, ValueError):
hw = (78, 25)
return hw
def cprint(msg, fg, bg=None, styles=None, file=sys.stdout):
"""Calls ``cformat`` and prints the result to output stream ``file``."""
print(cformat(msg, fg, bg=bg, styles=styles), file=file)
if __name__ == "__main__":
AnsiCodes.init(True)
def checkCode(c):
return (c[0] != '_' and
"RESET" not in c and
c[0] == c[0].upper()
)
for bg_name, bg_code in ((c, getattr(Back, c))
for c in dir(Back) if checkCode(c)):
sys.stdout.write('%s%-7s%s %s ' %
(bg_code, bg_name, Back.RESET, bg_code))
for fg_name, fg_code in ((c, getattr(Fore, c))
for c in dir(Fore) if checkCode(c)):
sys.stdout.write(fg_code)
for st_name, st_code in ((c, getattr(Style, c))
for c in dir(Style) if checkCode(c)):
sys.stdout.write('%s%s %s %s' %
(st_code, st_name,
getattr(Style, "RESET_%s" % st_name),
bg_code))
sys.stdout.write("%s\n" % Style.RESET_ALL)
sys.stdout.write("\n")
with Spinner(Fore.GREEN + "Phase #1") as spinner:
for i in range(50):
time.sleep(.05)
spinner.next()
with Spinner(Fore.RED + "Phase #2" + Fore.RESET,
print_done=False) as spinner:
for i in range(50):
time.sleep(.05)
spinner.next()
with Spinner("Phase #3", print_done=False, use_unicode=False) as spinner:
for i in range(50):
spinner.next()
time.sleep(.05)
with Spinner("Phase #4", print_done=False, chars='.oO°Oo.') as spinner:
for i in range(50):
spinner.next()
time.sleep(.05)
items = range(200)
with ProgressBar(len(items)) as bar:
for item in enumerate(items):
bar.update()
time.sleep(.05)
for item in ProgressBar(items):
time.sleep(.05)
progress = 0
max = 320000000
with ProgressBar(max) as bar:
while progress < max:
progress += 23400
bar.update(progress)
time.sleep(.001)
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] |
Things You Should Know about eLearning Outsourcing
The biggest advantage of outsourcing services of specialist eLearning agencies is that their experts can produce premium class solutions faster and better than an average in-house learning team. While your outsourcing is effective, you can focus on other developmental issues, planning, and resource allocation. Your international workforce can also concentrate better on newest learning strategies, needs and outcomes because they’re well-familiar with your business activities. However to make it a successful tie-up work on the following points:
Choose Your Partner eLearning Team
The foremost job is obviously to outfit you with a professional eLearning team, which will be your most valuable resource. A perfect combination of IT experts, project management professionals, and instructional designers is highly recommended. This team will be working with your consultants as well as a provider of solutions for eLearning contents you look for. Once the prospective vendor list is prepared before beginning, organize online discussion session to understand them better and clarify your expectations.
Get Online Feedback from Learners
Spend enough time to get through the online surveys, social media pages and explore all possible sources to get the feedback from your audience. Get all valuable data from your potential clients concerning their expectation from your eLearning curriculum? Get all data documented and now find which outsource team has the highest potential to offer you solutions as per requirement. Fix online meeting with your eLearning vendor and talk to them about client’s requirement, the solution needed, and deliverable dates.
Assess the Worth of Your Existing Tool
Depending on the necessity, evaluate the effectiveness of own tools, which can be shared with the content provider that makes the deal economical. However, if it is obsolete, the only option is investing for a new one while your vendor can also provide you the same.
Get-in-touch with Subject Matter Experts
If you like to become successful in eLearning projects, it is significant for you to contact subject matter experts who are a goldmine for information. Hiring their services enable you to support your eLearning provider if they are in need of additional information. This not only boosts better understanding with your vendor and satisfying your client by supplying the right solutions but also inspires the content provider to offer you accurate solutions as per need.
Evaluate The Effectiveness of Your eLearning Strategy
Evaluation of the existing eLearning strategy is significant to understand its shortcomings, strengths, and areas that need a further touch-up. This enables you to avoid mistakes done by the provider. In fact, you should discuss all your concerns in relation to the deliverables, which eventually enables you to get best services from the solution provider and satisfy your clients. | [
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ADVERTISEMENT
WWE will be presenting its most unique Money In The Bank pay-per-view on May 10, with matches emanating from its corporate headquarters in Stamford, CT.
The Money In The Bank ladder matches will begin on the ground floor the building, and end on the roof, where Championship contracts will be held inside briefcases.
According to Fightful Select (subscription required), WWE flew out talent on April 14, and filmed multiple matches simultaneously from early morning until close to midnight that night.
During the shoot, an unknown interruption caused filming to stop. This was eventually resolved, and filming resumed.
According to the report, the filming was tedious, and required a lot of “hurry up and wait” in order to setup the next shot.
The matches were also filmed with a more cinematic look, which the company has experimented with lately. | [
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] |
Q:
Why is Google Chrome not downloading anything?
I click the direct link to the file and it just does nothing. No loading or anything. Some places work, some places don't. I also checked in my Downloads folder, nothing started downloading.
Any suggestions?
A:
Okay, since the problem is definitely with your profile, what you want to do is to transfer as much of your existing profile to a new one as possible. The easiest way to do it, losing as little as possible is as follows:
Leave your old profile alone (ie, don’t move or delete anything from it, even consider zipping it, just in case)
Create a new profile if necessary (Chrome automatically creates one when run if one does not exist)
Close Chrome
Copy one of the files from your old profile to the new one, overwriting the existing one (or rename the existing one)
Run Chrome and test to see if the problem exists
If it does, delete that file and let Chrome re-create it (or delete the copied one and un-rename the other one)
Note the file that caused the problem
Go to 1. and repeat for another file until you have processed everything in your profile
Some notes:
You can try copying a few things at a time, then narrow it down from there, especially since some things are unlikely to be the problem such as extensions, themes, scripts, local storage, etc. In fact, the most likely problem is Web Data. Try that one first.
Once you have narrowed the problem down to (hopefully) a single file, then you can look into copying as much from the old one to the new one as possible (most of Chrome’s data files are in SQLite3 format, so you can/may/should be able to export the old data and import into the new one).
Consider doing it the other way around: instead of migrating your old data to a new profile, just make a copy of your old profile and delete one file at a time from it (thus letting Chrome re-create it), then check to see if the problem is fixed.
| [
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] |
Duet Wifi 5V Current Usage?
Ok I've searched around and oddly I can't find an answer to my personally important question, so figured I'd ask it here
As with a prior thread I'd opened, it has been pointed out to me that my current power supply, while already knowing it is pretty much a pos, is just not cutting it. It can not maintain a steady constant voltage and will start off around 14-15v then once a print starts, go down to around 10v and remains there until I turn the power supply off for a good couple of minutes… A few people have pointed out that this could be a cause for some probe issues I've been having, and occasional wonkiness in the printer in general.
So with that said, I've finally decided to 're-purpose' my HP Server's psu. It is a DPS-700GB A and there seems to be little to no documentation about this PSU other than 2-3 pictures of how to wire the psu so it'll turn on.
My issue with this, is that the psu has:
+3.3VSB at 3.5A
+10.5VSB at 1.5A
+12.15V at 56A
-12.0V at 0.3A
... There's no 5VSB ...
I was hoping that I would have a 5VSB spot to tap into so I could take advantage of the WiFi's "Turn on/Turn off" feature of a psu... But without a 5VSB I can't do this.
BUT, through some research, I can just make a voltage divider with two 10k resistors and it'll split the 10.5V pretty close to half. Giving me around 5 to 5.5V to use!
So... my questions are thus:
What is the current draw for the Duet WiFi when running off of external 5V?
Thinking about it, the voltage divider works by basically shunting half the current to ground while letting the other half flow on to whatever device is being used. So does this mean that the psu may just stay on all the time anyway because half its voltage is being grounded? Or will it only trigger a psu to turn on once the full voltage is grounded?[*/]
Is my thought process behind this even correct? Will a voltage divider that splits the 10.5V down to roughly 5V actually work and function how I want it to?[*/]
Is this even how the Duet WiFi triggers a psu to turn on? By taking a psu's 5VSB and grounding it out? If not then how does it work??[*/]
Sorry for such a rough and long going post. I'm just really interested if this psu will work in the manner that I wish it to, before I end up soldering stuff onto it and making it unusable to my server… Having the ability to turn the psu itself off via the Duet WiFi would be a 'must' for me if I switched over to this psu... Its not exactly a loud psu, as it actually is pretty darn quiet. But I'd rather simply just 'shut it off' when not in use to save on both a small bit of electricity, and noise pollution...
Unless the 10.5V rail is an always-on output (like 5VSB on ATX supplies), deriving 5V from it to power the Duet won't help.
There are other solutions to achieving automatic switch off. For example, use PS_ON to drive an SSR that supplies AC power to your PSU. To start the system, connect a mains-voltage push button in parallel with the load contacts of the SSR. Or supply 5V power from a small USB power supply.
The PS_ON and SSR thing spiked my interest. To be honest, I have no idea how PS_ON functions on a power supply. My general assumption used to be that a computer, when you press the power button, simply supplied a voltage to PS_ON which told the PSU to turn on. But I have a feeling it is more along the lines that the PS_ON pin supplies some sort of voltage and is grounded to tell the PSU to turn on.
As for if the 10.5V rail is always-on, I have no clue. From things I've looked up, when something on a PSU is labeled "VSB" it usually means it is a 'stand-by voltage' meaning it is supplying a voltage even if the main PSU is switched off internally. My concern about "VSB" labeled pins tho, is that I've read that some PSUs turn off their VSB pins once the PSU is 'switched on'. I imagine that the PSU I have doesn't turn off the VSB pins because as of 2004, a majority of general computer/server power supplies use their 5VSB to supply 5V to USB devices to allow things like keyboards and mice to 'wake up' a computer. I don't know how effective such things would be on a server that generally is either already always on 24/7, or is simply remotely turned on or off via something like a iDRAC.
I've been hoping to figure out some way to do the switching on/off thing prior to actually doing anything to the PSU. Sadly the HP PSU I have, doesn't use pins, but large traces on a PCB that just slot into a socket inside the server. So I have to physically solder wires onto the PCB for me to do anything. And once I do that, I highly doubt I will be able to reliably remove the solder to a good enough extent that I could reuse the PSU in the server if the 10.5VSB doesn't actually work as intended.
I personally have been trying to stay away from using a USB style power supply for the board ever since having used a RAMPS 1.4… It was so frustrating to have to deal with multiple power supplies.... one for the 360W AC to DC power supply that currently is terrible, a 2A USB charger for a raspberry pi running octoprint, and a USB charger for a camera. Would love to just keep it how it is and just use a single plug in the wall to power everything that is used for the printer...
Just kinda one of those "I know I have things around the house that can be used to solve X, but I just don't know how it can be done reasonably, and without buying a slew of other items"... D=
So ignoring my ignorance with this atm… How would one go about using either a relay or ssr to remotely turn on/off the power supply, without using any external power other than the power supply itself? aka no usb.
My only real idea on this, is finding out if that 10.5VSB actually stays on while the PSU is active, and then using a voltage divider to drop the voltage to 5V. Then, find out how the Duet WiFi electronically 'switches on/off' the power supply, and hooking up a relay to the 12V outputs and the fan control, so that although the PSU technically will always be on, it wont deliver 12V power to the Duet WiFi. But that almost nearly defeats the purpose, as my idea was to have it go into its 'stand by' sort of state so it uses as little power as possible. Which would mean that I would need to connect the relay to the AC input for the PSU... but doing that would mean the 10.5VSB isn't active at all since the whole unit would be physically off. I may have to just say screw it and find one of those 1000W Server PSUs if I wanna go down the Server PSU route... I've read Ebay generally has them for under 30 bucks for usually a pair of two. And all the ones I've seen posts/references to, all have an actual 5VSB that stays on. But then that defeats my idea of 'using stuff I have around without spending money on more things' XD
A regulator I can do. I previously purchased a set of 5 when I first got my capacitive sensor, being told by a friend online with the same probe that it was easier to use the 5V regulator between the probe and the sensor input pin on a RAMPS, than it was to 'fiddle with resistors and such'. I bought them, tried it, and didn't work. Then I found out that my probe would just work running directly from the board without any modification lol. So I should still have four 5V L7805CV regulators in my '3D printer box-o-parts'.
The Duet expects to turn the power on by connecting the RC signal to ground. It looks like this power supply works the opposite way:
1 RC+ Turns the output on and off by electrical or dry contact between pin 2 (RC-), Short: Power OFF, Open: Power ON.
2 RC- Remote control ground | [
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] |
How to choose healthy bread and baked goods from the nutrition label
Trying to decide what kind of bread to buy? What granola bar, cookie, snack food, bagels, banana bread, or what pancake mix is best?
Two tips for you:
Make sure the package says “whole grain”, so that you get all the vitamins and fibre from the bran of the grain.
Use the 5-to-1 Rule of Carbs to Fibre
Whole Grains Only Please
Manufacturers are tricky about hiding refined grains, labels with “multigrain, or “stone-ground” or “100% wheat”, “cracked wheat”, “seven-grain” or “bran” are usually NOT a whole grain product. They are trying to hide the fact that they are using non-whole grains.
Look for the specific words together “whole grain” in front of the ingredient. Such as “whole grain wheat”, or “whole grain corn” or even “whole grain white wheat” (white wheat is a type of wheat). Then, apply the 5-to-1 rule to double-check it’s healthy.
The 5-to-1 Rule
Dr. Gregor from NutritionFacts.org recommends the 5-to-1 carbs to fibre rule in his book How Not To Die. This book is full of information about foods and studies showing how certain foods prevented or reversed or caused disease in study participants.
The 5-to-1 rule says: choose products that have a ratio of carbohydrates grams to fibre grams that is 5 or less.
Refined grains are going to have a higher ratio than 5 because they have too many carbs and not enough fibre.
Look at the Nutrition Facts on the package, divide the grams of carbs by the grams of fibre, if it is 5 or less, then it’s a healthy product.
If the result is more than 5 then you are not getting enough fibre compared to the amount of carbs in that product – skip it.
A ratio higher than 5 means it’s probably made from white flour and or has a lot of sugar added.
How Not To Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease
This book has a great deal of science based information about foods that have been proven to prevent and reverse disease.
Something for you to know… breakfast cereals are going to be higher than 5 for the most part… not healthy. Too much sugar, not enough fibre – ’cause guess why? They are too processed.
Why Does the 5-to-1 Ratio Matter?
More fibre per carb gram means the grain is closer to it’s original natural state.
There is more about this in the How Not to Die Book, but some important information to know is that when grains are ground into flour or puffed, they are handled by our bodies very differently than whole intact grains.
Ground flours are digested more rapidly and completely. This raises their glycemic index and leaves fewer leftovers for the microbiome of bacteria in your gut.
When grains are processed into flour, almost all of the starch is digested in the small intestine, leaving nothing for your lower gut bacteria. If this happens a lot in your body, it results in an imbalance, and bad bacteria can take over and increase your chances of inflammatory diseases or colon cancer.
So, ground whole grains are better than refined because they leave more behind for your gut bacteria, and unprocessed intact whole grains are the best.
What I’ve been saying! Whole plant-based foods. They will make you thinner too – harder to overeat on whole grains…
If you want to go even healthier with your breakfast, skip grains that have been ground into flours, and go for intact whole grains – like oatmeal.
FOLLOW and SUBSCRIBE to VeganEnvy.com on Pinterest, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook!
Green Bean Casserole
Gorgeous Vegan Gravy
This smooth, brown, fast, fat-free lentil based vegan gravy reminds us of Thanksgiving dinners, stuffing, and good times at family gatherings. A traditional brown gravy colour, with savoury flavour. Ready in 10 minutes, in the microwave.
*Sweet* Sweet Potato Fries – wfpb no-oil
People think you need to coat OVEN FRIES in oil, but THEY DON’T KNOW… try this recipe and you will learn better. Moist heat escapes and ACTIVATES the seasonings, your fries will be CRISPY, oil-free and full of HEALTHY LOW CALORIE FLAVOUR.
Satisfying Split-Pea Soup
With PERFECT SEASONINGS, potatoes, barley, and carrots it’s a SO GOOD, fat-free VEGAN SPLIT-PEA SOUP. Better than what you ate as a child! Full of IRON AND VITAMIN A, HEALTHY WHOLE-FOOD PLANT-BASED recipe, LOSE WEIGHT, feel and LOOK FANTASTIC.
Wonderful White Bean and Walnut Sauce with Linguine and Asparagus
If you would like to have a DAIRY-FREE VEGAN WHITE SAUCE for your PASTA, or maybe you are trying to LOSE WEIGHT – here is a WHITE BEAN PESTO SAUCE, it’s a HEALTHY WHOLE-FOOD PLANT-BASED, CREAMY, FAT-FREE recipe.
Healthy No-Oil Vegan Mayonnaise – Salad Dressing and Dip Substitute
Lovely Lentil and Brown Rice Soup
Vegan lentil and brown rice soup with tomatoes, basil, oregano, onion, garlic, thyme, and zucchini. So easy to make, and clean up, a one pot meal. Aromatic and delicious blend of complex flavours in a hearty and satisfying comforting soup.
Ready in 30 minutes, this colourful, healthy, vegan dinner salad has roasted sweet potatoes, regular potatoes, asparagus, black beans and a tangy lemon, dijon, green onion, dill dressing. It is a complete meal and will leave you and your loved ones feeling satisfied and full of energy to be your healthy best.
What my IBS Symptoms Were Like – Before I Went Vegan
How to Judge the Healthiness of Grain Products
Trying to decide what kind of bread is healthiest to buy? What granola bar, cookie, snack food, or what pancake mix is best? Use these 2 tips to increase your resistance to diseases like cancer. Learn what to look for on the nutrition label.
Eating Whole Foods Plant-Based Vegan With IBS
Fix, cure, and treat IBS with a whole-foods plant-based vegan diet, what to do if you still have IBS and you are vegan, or a vegan diet makes IBS worse, eat a low-FODMAP vegan diet to successfully treat IBS.
Eating Nuts Daily Did Not Cause Weight Gain – It Caused Weight Loss!
How to Eat Vegan for Energy and Weight Loss – For Adults and Kids
RECOMMENDED PRINCIPLES of the VeganEnvy DIET AND LIFESTYLE – how to eat whole foods plant based healthy vegan without oil TO LOSE WEIGHT, stay skinny, have great skin, and be FULL OF ENERGY, and how to move to STOP BACK PAIN and keep your ENTIRE body feeling great.
Mission Statement for VeganEnvy
Great Tofu Recipe Ideas For Dinner
Looking for fast, simple, easy, and the best tofu recipe ideas for dinner? Here is a list of healthy, family friendly tofu recipes with soft, silken, medium, firm and extra firm tofu options that taste delicious, and are great healthy, no oil, vegan meals.
Eating these tofu recipes will make you and your loved ones lose weight and fight disease – guaranteed.
What You Need to Know About Seaweed and Iodine for Vegan Nutrition
Iodine – how much do you need and how should you get it? Everyone needs iodine, but it’s especially important for vegans. Find out how much iodine you need daily to prevent goiter/goitre and the best sources in foods.
How to Eat a Healthy Vegan Diet and Be Thin and Active – For Adults and Children
The following recommendations are based on hours of research on the latest scientific findings about human populations and measurable effects of diet on longevity and health, from leading plant based medical doctors.
Plus, we have used trial and error of different types of meals/proportions and recommend this daily eating guide, based on how we feel ourselves, how much energy we have, how much we weigh, and what our kids want to eat.
When we first went whole foods vegan we lost weight very quickly, results are immediate.
You can expect the same. Greg lost 20 lbs down to 190 lbs and I lost 6 lbs down to 122 lbs in 4 weeks. I especially noticed weight loss on my upper arms, around my ribs and my legs. I bet we lost a lot of fat around our internal organs too, fat there is really unhealthy.
Over the last couple years, we started eating a bit too much starch,
my husband had gained weight (even as a vegan) back up to 210 lbs and I was feeling low energy, but still weighed about 122 lbs.
Use the percentages in the adult vegan proportions pie chart as a guideline for a single day.
For adults, think about meals as firstly being composed of a vegetable (lunch and supper) or fruit (breakfast), then add a little whole grain starch and some protein or nuts with a no oil dressing/sauce/spices.
If you want to lose weight really quickly, and actually increase your energy, start most adult lunch and supper meals with a plate of dark leafy greens, like spinach. Pile the meal (made of vegetables, starch, and protein) on top. Have a fruit for a bedtime snack.
Beans are the perfect protein because they are the right amount of protein and carbs. You can eat vegetables and beans with no starch and get lots of energy. This makes a great lunch. Typically we will add a bit of starch at dinner, because it tastes great.
Kids Meal = Starch + Vegetable or Fruit + A Little Protein
Use the percentages in the children vegan proportions pie chart as a guideline for a single day.
For kids, because they need more energy, and can resist some vegetables and resistant to sauces that give calories, think about kids meals as first being composed of a whole grain starch such as potatoes, brown rice, whole wheat bread, whole grain pasta, corn, or quinoa.
Then fill 1/3 the plate with vegetables or fruit and 1/4 with a protein. Most kids love tofu and plain beans and lemon juice as a sauce.
I get my kids to eat dark leafy greens by including spinach or bok choy in soup, pizza sauce, and spaghetti sauce. Especially in soup. We eat soup once a week for supper plus lunch leftovers. They enjoy plain romaine lettuce, but we are working on salads more than that. It is a work in progress.
My kids love plain broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, sweet potatoes, carrots and cabbage. They really love plain vegetables. So they eat vegetables every dinner and most lunches as leftovers. Our conflicts usually come from the fact that Greg and I want spices and sauces on our meals, the kids don’t.
Whole grains are the whole grain kernel with the bran, germ, and endosperm intact. Refined grains started out as whole grains, but then are processed to give them a finer texture and longer shelf life. During processing, the bran and germ are removed, which also removes dietary fiber, iron, and many B vitamins.
Edamame soy beans are better than tempeh which is better than tofu which is better than soy milk.
Choose a rainbow of colours.
Try for some green and cruciferous vegetables daily. Start adult lunch and supper meals with a plate of leafy greens. Pile the meal on top. Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables over the course of a week, and over a month.
Choose foods that have the most nutrition per calorie.
This is the secret to high energy. Vegetables have the highest nutrition per calorie.
Use dried dates/fruit instead of sugars and syrups.
Eat every two hours and take snacks with you everywhere you go.
Keep your body running and humming by continuously feeding it healthy nutrition filled fibre. Take an apple, or orange, or yellow pepper or carrots or a banana with you if you run errands. Have nuts and dried fruit in your desk drawer or whole grain fig newton type snacks for emergencies. Choose whole fruits as snacks in between meals as much as you can.
Schedule a daily 3:00 green smoothie to stay energized throughout the afternoon and then you won’t get too hungry before dinner.
Eat vegan
Eat no animal products, no dairy, no fish, no eggs, no poultry, no beef. No cheese, no sour cream, no yogurt. If came from an animal do not eat it.
Don’t stress out about organic and GMO
You don’t need to eat organic or non GMO to get serious benefits and results from a plant based diet.
The health benefits of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables outweigh the risks of pesticide exposure. We buy much of our produce in bulk at Costco, a good portion is organic, but not all of it. The highest concentrations of pesticides are in animals, because they eat a lot of plants and it concentrates in them. You are avoiding that.
Be flexible (go out and have fun!)
Accept that society makes it hard for children to eat vegan, (think birthday parties, school snacks, friends houses, kids menus) we let the kids pick what they eat when they are not in our house. This usually means they eat animal products once or twice a week.
Eat added oils in restaurants, but try to avoid them. Research in advance and choose restaurants with better healthy low fat vegan choices.
Drink low to moderate amounts of alcohol.
on some weekends. Ok, sometimes we drink high amounts of alcohol, but we notice we recover quicker now that we are plant based, so hopefully we aren’t damaging our bodies too much!
Drink soy milk.
We used to drink Almond milk, but I feel more energetic after soy milk, and I want the kids to get the protein from their drinks, so that is what we drink.
Take B12 and Vitamin D,
Exercise daily.
Practice body alignment exercises daily.
As we got older, we started suffering from aches and pains caused by our computer desk lifestyles.
The Pain Free book by Pete Egoscue gave us a way to simply manage muscular-skeletal issues from toes to top of our head, with simple exercises you can do while watching TV. Changed my life.
Eat a bedtime snack.
My favourite is a whole fruit (oranges, apples are great) and a glass of low fat soy milk (about 70 calories per cup and 6g protein). I can wake up in the night if I don’t have some protein (beans, nuts or soy milk) before bed. If I have my protein snack I sleep soundly through the night.
If I do wake up, I drink a glass of soy milk and it puts me right back to sleep.
The rest of my family just likes fruit as their bedtime snack. This habit ensures they get fruit every day.
Eat Spices
Use as many different spices as you can on every single meal. Spices are concentrated plants and we are just learning about all the phytonutrients and benefits spices convey.
For example, 1 tsp daily of ginger powder totally works as a pain killer, especially for headaches and menstrual cramps. Try it!
Questions?
Please, let me know what you think and if you are confused about any of these recommendations in the comments!
I choose ingredients that are proven to prevent and reverse disease, based on scientific studies, such as those reviewed on nutritionfacts.org and findings published by whole-foods plant-based (WFPB) experts featured in the Forks Over Knives (FOK) and What the Health documentaries FOK trailer.
Everyone needs iodine, but it’s especially important for vegans, since many healthy plant foods like flax, soy, and broccoli have compounds, which can interfere with thyroid function in people with not enough iodine intake, and cause goiter/goitre (British spelling) a swelling of the neck because of enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Does that mean you shouldn’t eat these “goitrogenic” foods? Definitely not, they have too many other benefits for you (preventing cancer and fibre, for example).
You just need to get the right amount of iodine in your diet.
If you cook with salt, then use iodized salt, instead of using natural sea salt, and you’ll probably get all the iodine you need.
Dried seaweed adds a salty, base flavour and it is good for you, more than just for iodine. Studies have shown seaweed inhibits human cancer cell growth, this video outlines a study where scientists found seaweed may have therapeutic potential for liver cancer.
Curious about tofu? Here is some information compiled from quality sources about how food manufacturers make tofu, what ingredients go into tofu, and how to choose, buy, and prepare the different types of tofu varieties.
How is Tofu Made?
Soy Beans (the seeds that grow in the pods of the soy bean plant) are soaked in water, as they absorb the water they double in size and soften.
The swollen beans are are crushed and filtered to make a soy soup / slurry.
The ‘soup’ is transformed into a paste by being cooked in a steam cooker for a few minutes.
Then, a spinner separates the milk from the pulp (called soy meal).
The soy meal pulp goes off to be sold for cattle and pet food, the milk stays behind to be transformed into tofu.
While still hot the milk goes into a coagulation tank to be thickened into curd.
It is at this point that flavors may be added.
A coagulant like calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, or traditionally nigari is added to the soy milk along with water to activate it.
After about 15 minutes the milk congeals into soybean curd = tofu.
Nigari is the dried liquid (mostly magnesium chloride) that remains after common table salt has been removed from seawater.
Once curdled the soymilk it is still hot and soggy and is run through a filter to drain it as much as possible.
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Now the bean curd is relatively dry and is transferred into large trays lined with cheesecloth and pressed, which squeezes out most of the remaining liquid, and molds the tofu into firm large blocks.
Pressing it longer squeezes out more liquid and makes the tofu firmer.
The large blocks are cut to be smaller store sized blocks and are packaged.
To kill any bacteria, packaged blocks are heated for about an hour and then cooled in a cold water bath.
Is Tofu Healthy? Is Soy Healthy?
The Chinese honored soybeans as one of the five sacred grains essential to the existence of civilization—the others were rice, barley, wheat, and millet.
They considered the soybean to be both a food and a medicine.
Extremely versatile and high in nutrients, soy foods such as soymilk, tofu, miso, and tempeh are all derived from the soybean, a legume that was first cultivated in northern China about 3,000 years ago.
However, the nutritional value of any given soyfood can vary greatly, depending on how it was processed. With only about 164 calories per 4 ounces of firm tofu, tofu is a good, high-protein substitute for meat and whole-milk products.
Tofu is high in fat, with almost 10 grams per 4 ounces, though the fat is mostly unsaturated.
Tofu Nutrition
Tofu is healthy because it is high in protein, is an excellent source of calcium and iron and contains all the essential amino acids your body needs. It is cholesterol free, sodium free, it contains healthy fats, carbs and a wide variety of vitamins and minerals with a low number of calories.
Tofu Recipe Ideas
Other Benefits of Tofu
Isoflavones are compounds found in soy products, and they are known to exert direct and indirect antioxidant effects. Isoflavones can directly scavenge free radicals, thereby preventing premature aging. These beneficial compounds also prevent the effects of free radicals indirectly by suppressing phagocyte radical production.
The latest recommendation for breast cancer patients to consume soy foods is consistent with the fact that breast cancer occurs much less in countries where soy consumption is high.
What about GMO Tofu?
Is genetically modified soy safe? The genetically modified beans appear to be safe, but the chemicals sprayed onto them are not.
Farmer spraying crops
The genetically modified genes in GMO soy were not detectable in the human body, leading researchers to conclude that they are harmless. Note: genetically modified corn proteins were found in humans, but those were also found to be harmless.
Research has found risks to people may not be from eating a genetically modified plant, but from eating the pesticide residues that were sprayed on the GMO plants.
80% of GMO crops are bioengineered only for pesticide resistance. The top 5 biotech companies are chemical companies that manufacture pesticides.
Monsanto’s Roundup Ready soybeans are the #1 GM crop, genetically engineered to be resistant to the herbicide Roundup—also sold by Monsanto—allowing farmers to spray fields with the Roundup herbicide glyphosate, which then kills the weeds while leaving the soy standing.
Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup didn’t seem to have much of a toxic effect on human cells even at high doses, or have much effect on a hormone-regulating enzyme, leading Monsanto-funded reviewers concluded that regardless of what hazards might be alleged based on animal studies, glyphosate is not anticipated to produce adverse developmental and reproductive effects in humans.
But pure glyphosate isn’t sprayed on crops.
The Roundup formulation – which includes a variety of adjuvants and surfactants meant to help the glyphosate penetrate into tissues – was found to be 100 times more toxic than glyphosate itself.
Similar results were found for other major pesticides. It took until 2014, but 8 out of 9 pesticide formulations tested were up to one thousand times more toxic than their so-called active ingredients, so when you just test the isolated chemicals you may not get the whole story.
When the study was repeated with what’s actually sprayed on GMO crops, there were toxic and hormonal effects.
Roundup turned out to be among the most toxic pesticides researchers tested, contrary to a popular belief that RoundUp is harmless.
What about conventional non-GMO soy where glyphosate is sprayed on the soil to kill weeds between crop cycles?… No residues on the plants.
What about Organic Soy? No residues.
At this point, steering away from GMO soy because GMO plants are sprayed with a larger dosage of chemical pesticides than non-GMO plants, might make sense.
Silken Tofu
Silken Tofu has the highest water content and resembles pudding or white jello and can be available in soft, firm or extra firm.
Prep: Just drain if it is stored in water and optionally blot it with a paper towel.
Silken Tofu is good for: Use Silken Tofu for spreads, smoothies, shakes, dips, salad dressings, creamy sauces and some desserts like pie fillings.
You can blend soft silken tofu as a good lactose free substitute for light cream or milk and the firm or extra firm silken tofu varieties are a dairy free replacement for sour cream or yogurt.
Egg Substitute: Silken tofu can also be used as a vegan egg substitute in some baking (depending what the egg was bringing to the recipe). ¼ cup blended silken tofu = 1 egg.
Extra Soft / Soft Regular Block Tofu
Delicate tofu, can hold it’s shape just barely. It has a mild milky flavour.
Prep: Pressing soft tofu is not recommended as you will end up squishing it. Just drain if it is stored in water and optionally blot it with a paper towel.
Soft Tofu is good for: Similar applications to Silken Tofu, can be blended and made into sauces and smoothies. Battering and deep frying, a method that fully envelops the cubes, produces tender nuggets. Although you will not see any fried recipes on this blog.
Note: Because it has a high water content, soft tofu is not recommended for shallow frying unless you do not use oil, the sputtering and spit-back can be dangerous.
Medium / Medium Firm Regular Tofu
Will hold it’s shape, has a rougher texture than soft and can crack when handled. Has a droopy appearance due to moisture.
Medium Tofu Prep: Can be gently pressed to reduce water. It will squish out of it’s shape somewhat easily.
Medium Tofu is good for: mimicking cottage cheese and ricotta cheeses. Use in gently simmered soups like miso soup or serve cold.
Medium Tofu Tips: Add it to your recipe at the end of cooking to reduce breakage and crumbling.
As firmness increases, the cooking time to bake or fry out the excess water goes down.
Firm Tofu
Holds together well, even in a stir fry or recipe where you are stirring a lot. How well it holds together can change with the brand.
Firm Tofu Prep: Press firmly to reduce water.
Firm Tofu is good for: Fairly good for stir frys and pan fried tofu. It will be more moist than extra firm tofu, so do not stir too much, and add at the end of cooking if you can to reduce crumbling.
Extra Firm Tofu
Holds it’s shape very well. Does not absorb flavours as quickly or easily as softer tofu. Contains the least amount of water of any tofu.
Extra Firm Tofu Prep: Press to reduce water.
Extra Firm Tofu is good for: Extra firm tofu is the best tofu for making crispy tofu, to bake (like making tofu sticks) or grill. Excellent for stir frys, glazing and, pan frying. It can be crumbled and used like ground meat as it will hold up without becoming runny.
Try the different textures to determine what you prefer. In our house, we buy mostly Extra Firm Regular Tofu and Soft Silken Tofu. I’ve found the Extra firm will work in almost all recipes, but medium can be too soft for some, such as tofu sticks or stir frys. However, medium tofu has a more gentle appearance and softer feel when eating, so adds subtlety and variety to recipes.
Chinese Style Tofu is a regular soft tofu (not a silken), often sold in a pillow shaped package.
Japanese Style Tofu is less compressed (it is a silken) than Chinese Style and is sold in square sided blocks.
Dried Tofu Skin - Also Called Yuba
Yuba is made by lifting and drying the thin layer formed on the surface of heated soymilk once it has cooled.
It has a high protein content and is most commonly found as brittle, brown sheets that must be reconstituted before use.
Once softened, it can be added to stocks, soups, stews, and the like.
Lite Tofu
Lite tofu is lower fat.
What Does Tofu Taste Like?
Tofu alone is relatively tasteless to adults, it is a neutral flavour and mild and bland. I say adults because for my kids, and all kids we have cooked for, they love the taste of plain tofu, so it must have taste for them!
To me it tastes mildly bitter, and is not salty, and not sweet and the firmer varieties have a satisfying texture. The silken variety tastes a bit watery to me and I need to add salt or garlic or onion or some other foods to fill out the flavor of the softer tofus.
Tofu is like a sponge, it absorbs the flavor of whatever it comes into contact with.
How to Prepare Tofu for Cooking
Great! You have your tofu home, now what are you supposed to do to prepare tofu before you eat it?
Cut open or tear open your tofu package, if it’s packed in water I like to do this over the sink. I let the liquid drain out and then I put it on a cutting board, or for the soft silken varieties I cut it into squares right in the package and pull them out right into my blender or food processor with the same dull knife.
Pay Attention to the Best Before Date on Your Tofu Package
In our house we throw tofu away on the day after the best before date because it seems to start to smell bad and the package swells up very quickly after that date.
If the package is swollen before this date, it may have gone bad due to lack of proper refrigeration, when in doubt, throw it out.
Open and Drain Your Tofu
You do not need to rinse individually packaged tofu. Tofu in a sealed package is preservative free and sterile, so there is nothing you are trying to rinse off.
Tofu purchased in bulk could have come in contact with contaminants and should be rinsed off.
How to Press Tofu – Do You Need To?
Because tofu has a high water content, it’s wise to remove excess liquid to make room to absorb new flavors.
That being said, I press my tofu if I want it to be more firm in a recipe, I do not press my tofu if I want it to be moist.
Many recipes call for pressed tofu. How to press tofu:
A quick way to press tofu is to place the tofu on an absorbent paper towel or dish towel and wrap it up around the top. Place a flat surface on top such as a dish or baking sheet and press on it gently to squeeze water into the towels.
Some people put a dish under the tofu as well and instead of using paper towels tip the dish so the liquid can drain off. Less waste this way.
Go easy until you know how much pressure to put. Medium and softer tofu will start to crack and squish out the sides if you put too much pressure. You can also place a heavy item on top of a plate such as large can of tomatoes and let it sit 5 – 10 minutes while you prep your recipe.
Once it is pressed, pour the water into the sink, you will be left with a drier, more firm tofu block.
Only press medium, firm and extra firm tofu. Softer varieties will just squish and you will be left with a mess.
How to Cut and Cube Tofu for Baking, Stir Frys and Dipping
After pressing and draining your medium, firm or extra firm tofu, stand it on it’s small end on a cutting board and press a knife down the wide side. Cut one or two times, so that you get two or three even wide planks from the block depending how many cubes or tofu sticks you want to end up with.
Long sliced firm tofu
Fit the tofu planks back together into the block shape and lay them flat like in the package, press a medium or long knife through it lengthwise to make 2 – 3 cuts and long rows. Turn it and press your knife through 4 – 6 times to make 16 or 24 rectangles or 45 – 84 cubes (if my math is right!).
Cutting tofu into cubes
Adjust the size of your cuts to make larger or smaller cubes or rectangle sticks.
Raw tofu cubes
Tip: Don’t cut the cubes too small or the slices too thin. That will lead to the tofu overcooking and becoming hard and brittle rather than moist and crispy.
Rectangle shaped tofu sticks are good for coating, baking, dipping and eating with your fingers.
Small or large cubes are a good shape for tofu in stir frys. Smaller cubes are easier to divide up to a family as some will be in each scoop of the stir fry.
Flat thin squares increase the surface area for sauce to coat and are a good tofu shape for pan frying or baking in a dish.
How to Prepare Tofu for Salad
You can use baked tofu or raw tofu in a salad.
How to Thaw Frozen Tofu
Frozen tofu can be defrosted in the fridge, microwave, or by boiling it in water.
Take it out the night before and let thaw in the refrigerator. After it thaws, tofu soaks up marinades more easily since it becomes more porous from the frozen expanded water. It also changes consistency, and becomes chewier.
After freezing, the curds are so compact and water pockets so enlarged that liquid drains freely from the tofu with a gentle squeeze.
Vegans Don't Just Eat Tofu!
I have a lot of non-tofu recipes on this site too.
Take a look through my recipes page! Find a whole foods vegan recipe to try!
Tofu Food Safety, Avoid Food Poisoning
Will expired tofu make you sick?
A package of fresh tofu will last 3-5 days beyond the date stamped on the package, depending on it’s preparation method and how the tofu has been stored.
Since the soy liquid is thoroughly heated prior to making tofu, killing most bacteria and viruses in the soy, properly processed and handled tofu is not likely to be contaminated.
It is not common, but there are a few ways tofu could cause foodborne illness. One of these is contamination of the tofu by unclean equipment at the food processing facility. Another way is at your house by a food preparer with unwashed hands, sneezing or coughing on foods, or if the tofu touches pathogens from another food, such as raw chicken.
Tofu may also be exposed to pathogens if stored in contaminated water. There are more safety concerns if you will be purchasing tofu sold in bulk. Tofu stored in a large bin of water could come into contact with unwashed hands or contaminants. Also, unclean water can infect the entire batch of tofu.
How to Store Tofu
Store your tofu according to the directions on the package, some require refrigeration while others can be stored at room temperature.
Once opened if you are not using it right away, rinse the tofu, cover it with water and keep it in a refrigerated container. To keep the tofu fresh for up to a week, change the water often.
Unopened tofu can be frozen in the original package for up to five months.
How to Freeze Tofu
I haven’t tried freezing tofu yet. The next time I have a package that is about to expire I will try it.
My research indicated that if we drain and/or press the tofu first, it won’t be as wet and messy when you thaw it. But it could become more easily freezer burned.
Apparently, you can freeze the block of tofu whole, or cut it into the sizes you want beforehand and separate them. The pieces will stick together though, so might not be worth it.
From what I’ve read, freezing separates out almost all the moisture, and turns tofu into a spongy substance that quickly absorbs sauces.
Feel free to let me know what you recommend when it comes to freezing tofu in the comments.
Eating Raw Tofu – Does Tofu Need to be Cooked?
Tofu can be eaten raw. Soft and silken tofu are great in salad dressings, or as a sour cream or yogurt substitute in dips and spreads. Regular (harder) tofu can be served raw in salads.
Some sources recommend that to be safe you boil uncooked tofu for five minutes before eating it. Personally I am going to ignore this advice.
We eat raw pieces of tofu when cooking all the time and we use raw silken tofu in dressings and desserts and have never had any stomach issues.
Tofu vs. Tempeh – what is the difference?
Tofu and tempeh are both made from soybeans, but the process is quite different.
Tempeh contains whole soybeans that are aged and cultured and become stuck together into a firm substance that can be sliced.
Flavoured Tempeh in a vegan bowl
Tempeh is healthier than tofu because it is closer to the original whole food, it is less processed. It has a nutty drier texture and a stronger flavour than tofu.
Tempeh
To make tempeh, soybeans are cooked, usually with grains like rice or millet, and then aged with a special culture that breaks the cooked beans down and binds the mixture into a firm substance that can be sliced.
When you look at tempeh, you can see the individual beans bound into a solid paste that makes up the slice or brick.
Tempeh contains more protein than tofu, and has a stronger taste. Some are flavored to be smoked or like bacon.
My Experience With Tempeh
My kids are still warming up to tempeh, because it tastes stronger and has a bit of the texture of eating beans. They enjoy it when cut it up into very small pieces (smaller than their usual tofu cubes). They liked the bacon flavoured one we recently put on pizza.
I have trouble finding plain tempeh where I live, I am in the process of looking for more sources of it because we would like to eat more tempeh and less tofu, since tempeh is less processed. I plan to experiment with a number of marinades on it, as I have read marinated tempeh is fabulous.
If you are lucky, you can find plain tempeh in health food stores and in many supermarkets near you, either refrigerated or frozen.
Where Can I Buy Tofu?
You can buy tofu at your local supermarket or grocery store or health food store in a refrigerated section. It comes in packaged bricks or blocks.
In Asian Markets tofu is often sold in bulk with blocks floating in tubs of water.
What is a Substitute for Tofu?
A tofu substitute you can use is edamame – which are green soybeans. They are soft, yummy beans that are very satisfyingly chewy and rich – kind of like an avocado and a peanut, but much less oily. I find they fill me up quite quickly probably due to their protein, fiber and the fat content (the essential kind of unprocessed fat we need to eat a little of each day).
Edamame are not processed like tofu, they are whole foods. Edamame are a specialty soybean grown specifically to be picked and used in their immature stage. Edamame has small, fuzzy, dark green pods and a mild flavor. These soybeans have a higher protein and fat content than other beans. Their protein is complete, meaning that it provides the essential amino acids needed in one’s diet. Soybeans are equivalent to animal products in terms of protein quality.
If you are lucky, you can find two types of edamame in your frozen vegetable section: shelled or still in their pods. The package directions will indicate if they are already cooked and ready to be thawed and eaten or if you need to steam or microwave them first.
The edamame in pods are great as a snack — you have to work to pop each slippery soybean out. My daughter loves to sit and shell them for herself.
The pre-shelled edamame are faster and can be used instead of tofu in your cooking.
All health content on veganenvy.com is provided for general information only, and should not be treated as a substitute for the medical advice of your own doctor or any other health care professional. If you have any concerns about your general health, you should contact your local health care provider.
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Jeanette Whitten
About Me
Inspired by Forks Over Knives to reverse cancer, IBS and heart disease, my husband and I started cooking whole-foods plant-based foods for our family in 2013. | [
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Shipping Methods
Select Colour
Select Size
Product Description
FRONT PRINTED MATERNITY TOP, SHORT SLEEVED
mama.licious
Maternity top
Short sleeved
O-neck
Front printed
Contrast color detailed
Jersey quality
Fitted with room for the growing bump
Front length in size M is 70 cm (from top of shoulder to bottom hem)
Our maternity styles are designed with details as tie strings or fine wrinkles at sides, which will highlight the growing bump in the best way, and also ensure that the styles will fit through the whole pregnancy.
delivery
We'll deliver your parcel to your home or work with Correos. Standard delivery costs €5.95, but is free for orders above €70. You can also choose to pick it up - simply select a Correos service point near you. You'll find a complete overview of all our delivery options and fees in our help section.
returns
You have 30 days to return any items you don't want. Returns cost €5.95. Simply use the label provided and return your parcel to the same courier you used for delivery. You'll find an overview of our return policy in our help section.
About MAMALICIOUS – Shape with style
At MAMALICIOUS, we dress mothers-to-be and new mums. Whatever the occasion and always with style. We encourage women to stay chic regardless of their changing shapes. By offering a collection of fashionable and comfortable styles, we embrace expecting and breastfeeding mothers who need to move effortlessly in any situation. When going to work, heading for the gym, going out or relaxing at home - we have a wide range of suitable styles designed for maternity and after birth. The designs are a mixture of fine prints, delicate cuts and feminine details. | [
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Vectorborne and Zoonotic Diseases & Climate Change
Vectorborne and zoonotic diseases (VBZD) are infectious diseases whose transmission involves animal hosts or vectors. Vectorborne diseases, such as malaria, are those in which an organism, typically insects, ticks, or mites, carry a pathogen from one host to another, generally with increased harmfulness (virulence) of the pathogen in the vector. Zoonoses, such as Avian Flu, are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans by either contact with the animals or through vectors that carry zoonotic pathogens to from animals to humans. While many VBZD, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and murine typhus, are rarely seen in the United States, we are directly susceptible to VBZD that are found in warmer climates and vulnerable due to global trade and travel. Many VBZD are climate sensitive and ecological shifts associated with climate change are expected to impact the distribution and incidences of these diseases.
Health Impacts
Changes in temperature and precipitation directly affect VBZD through pathogen-host interaction, and indirectly through ecosystem changes and species composition.
As temperatures increases vectors can spread into new areas that were previously too cold. For example, two mosquito vectors that carry malaria are now found at the U.S.-Mexico border.
Change in incubation period of pathogens in invertebrate vectors due to precipitation and temperature can alter transmission. For instance, an increase in temperatures and precipitation can increase the population of vectors where they normally live. More frequent droughts in some areas can cause a decrease in vectors that require water for their lifecycle.
Disruption and movement of human population can expand distribution of pathogens and increase exposure routes.
A decline in biodiversity alters predator-prey relationships. A decline in the predators of vectors can increase vector populations.
Mitigation and Adaptation
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to influence local ecological environment, thereby altering the life cycles of certain disease vectors and animals
Preserving forests and wetlands to affect ecology and transmission cycles
Developing and implementing early warning systems to reduce exposure to environmental hazards and limit susceptibility in exposed populations
Encouraging air conditioning use against extreme heat and providing a co-benefit of reduced exposure to VBZD
Capturing and storing water runoff that can provide a breeding habitat for mosquitoes and increase the incidence of West Nile virus and other VBZD
Research Needs
Developing new pesticides aimed at controlling disease vectors that combine the qualities of: | [
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] |
Peter’s three denials could have marked
the end of his ministry. But the power of Christ’s forgiveness led to three
great victories.
The
Easter story is full of gloom. Agonizing prayers in the Garden of Gethsemane.
Hostile mobs demanding execution. Betrayal and beatings. A crown of thorns and
a bloody cross.
But
one of the saddest parts of the story, to me, is what happened to Peter the
night Jesus was arrested. Peter was tired, stressed to the breaking point and
fearful of the crowd. When the high priest’s servant girl accused him of being
a disciple of Jesus, he denied it. When she repeated her accusation to some
bystanders, he denied it again. When others questioned him, the Bible says
Peter “began to curse and swear, ‘I do not know this man you are talking about!’”
(Mark 14:71, NASB)
“This Easter, please remember that after Peter wept in
the darkness of his shame, the sun came up and Jesus lovingly restored his
faith. He will do the same for you.”
Then
the rooster crowed, and Peter remembered Jesus’ words: “Before a rooster crows
twice, you will deny me three times” (v. 72).
This
could have been the end for Peter. He wept bitterly and disappeared. He never
says anything else in Matthew and Mark’s gospels. Luke records the fact that
Peter went to Jesus’ tomb and found it empty. John’s is the only gospel that
explains how Peter found full restoration for his failure.
Sulking,
lonely and dejected, Peter went back to what he knew—his fishing job. He had
fished all night and caught nothing. But then Jesus appeared on the shore and
invited His friends to cast their nets on the right side of the boat. They
hauled in a full net of fish! This was a divine sign that their Master still
had plans to use them.
Peter
must have been curious when He saw the full breakfast Jesus had prepared for
the disciples on the beach. How could this be? Jesus wasn’t frowning or
scowling. Nor was he waiting to deliver a stern lecture. He didn’t scold Peter
or even remind him of his sin. This amazing Savior simply invited Peter to sit
with him and eat.
advertisement
Then
Jesus talked his beloved Peter through the process of healing. He said to Peter
three times: “Do you love me?” Surely Peter realized that Jesus was repeating himself
three times in order to intentionally apply His forgiveness to Peter’s three
denials. Jesus’ three commands to Peter (“Tend My lambs,” “Shepherd My sheep”
and “Tend My sheep”) provided all the reassurance he needed.
Jesus
had not disqualified him. He was not a failure. He was back in the game.
What
is even more amazing is how the shaky, impetuous, insecure Peter was
transformed after he was baptized in the Holy Spirit a few weeks later. This
weak man who crumbled under pressure when His Master was arrested then preached
not one, not two, but three important sermons in the opening chapters of the
book of Acts.
First,
Peter preached on the day of Pentecost and boldly declared to a crowd that
Jesus is the Messiah—and 3,000 people were converted. Second, after God healed
the lame man in Solomon’s portico, Peter preached a sermon of repentance and
5,000 people were saved. Third, after Peter and John were arrested and brought
before the high priest, Peter bravely defended his faith in Christ and told the
elders: “There is salvation in no one else” (Acts 4:12).
Three
denials. Three affirmations of Christ’s love. Three courageous sermons
defending Jesus in the face of opposition. I hope you can do the math.
There
is a bit of Peter in all of us. We are weak in the face of temptation. We feel
like failures. Some people even keep a spiritual scorecard reminding them that
they struck out.
This Easter, please remember that after Peter wept in
the darkness of his shame, the sun came up and Jesus appeared on the shore with
a meal prepared. Just as He invited Peter to breakfast, and then lovingly
restored his faith, He can do the same for you.
J. Lee Grady is contributing editor of Charisma. He is preaching in San Juan,
Puerto Rico, this week. You canfollow him on Twitter at leegrady. His newest book is 10 Lies Men Believe (Charisma House).
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Get the latest federal technology news delivered to your inbox.
Paper zeroes in on the failed integrated electronic health record.
Oracle Corp. put out a 19-page white paper last month that pilloried the Defense and Veterans Affairs departments for thinking open source software can save money.
“At first glance it might seem that DoD organizations can avoid buying commercial software products simply by starting with open source software and developing their own applications. As we will see, total cost of ownership for open source software often exceeds that of commercial software,” Oracle said.
The white paper zeroed in on the now aborted effort to develop a Defense-VA integrated electronic health record as a prime example of the billions that can be wasted on an open source project – even though the Pentagon has historically resisted using VA’s Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture, known as the VistA system.
Oracle headlined this section of its white paper, “An Open Source Failure That Cost Billions and Impacted the Healthcare of America’s Veterans.”
Oracle has a simple solution to the problems posed by open source software “DoD customers need a vendor that understands their complete environment ….” And if Defense or VA wants to use open source, Oracle will gladly help integrate it (at a good price, I’m sure).
I have a feeling that once the government reopens, the Oracle federal sales team will have quite a challenge in explaining this broadside to its federal customers. | [
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] |
To receive a Free Unisex Sports Cap and Free Standard Shipping w/ $125+ Purchase, place selected items equal to or exceeding $125 into the shopping bag and enter one code: SMED or LARXL into the 'apply discount code' box on the Shopping Cart page or at the very bottom of the Checkout Page. | [
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I am receiving an error with my flash player; how do I correct it?
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] |
Why the #MeToo movement disrupts the creeping commodification of feminism
United Nations (IPS): As the 62nd Session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) at the United Nations in New York draws near, women from every corner of the world will convene to deliberate on the theme of CSW 2018: Challenges and Opportunities in achieving gender equality and the empowerment of rural women and girls.
This year, the theme of empowerment has added significance. The #MeToo movement has shocked our collective conscience and made it impossible to ignore that empowerment goes far beyond economic agency.
Women’s economic empowerment has enormous consequence. Research from McKinsey & Company shows that gender equality adds $ 12 trillion to the global economy, yet women are conspicuously absent from board rooms and in some communities, school rooms. The evidence is now clear, when women are absent from the market place, the market suffers.
Although the cost analysis is important, the #MeToo movement has helped unmask the way in which sometimes women’s economic participation pays lip service to women’s power, while serving those in power. Feminism’s urgent charge is not to commodify women through glossy stories and data, but to pierce those veils to identify the underlying power structures and structural barriers that prevent women’s access to and retention in the market.
Feminism’s latest incarnation, “economic feminism,” poses a complicated challenge to the pursuit of gender equality around the world. By providing legal economic rights to women empowerment is thus framed as voluntary, and structural barriers are normalised.
Herein the champions of economic feminism proudly parade entrepreneurial women as proof of gender equality, a byproduct of a transformation in a society that sees value in women. In this cultural shift, if a woman is not in the marketplace, it is because she has made a choice not to work – and not because of debilitating structural inequalities.
However, this thinking masks patriarchy’s power over women. Economic feminism, in its unquestioned authority, can pose a threat to women’s advancement around the world. The importance attached to economic instrumentalist arguments for women’s rights can hide unexamined challenges.
Without a doubt, the plethora of recent research confirming gender equality significantly boosts economic growth from the International Finance Corporation (IFC), as well as the aforementioned McKinsey study, is to be celebrated for giving a tangible economic reason for countries to improve the status of women.
Unfortunately, this message has been warped by some economies, and economic policies such as Abenomics in Japan supplant important social change policies on sexual abuse and hold back feminism’s goal of full realisation of gender equality under law. The reality is that women continue to face inequality that goes beyond just economic opportunity.
Several countries, notably Japan, have put forward “win-win” economic policies, but they ignore controversial and difficult social policies such as violence against women. This approach is similar to the nations that peddled the “Asian Values” theory in the 1990s. The better approach is to reveal the interconnectedness of women’s economic participation with equal protection of laws.
For example, in many corners of the world, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, women have unequal access to property and land. Globally, women’s unequal access to citizenship, residency, inheritance, and decision-making in public and private often subordinate women’s economic participation.
Gender equality in all laws, most importantly family laws, have a profound impact on shaping and advancing women’s economic participation. In many countries, laws that regulate women in their families require women to get permission from their husbands to travel and disallow married mothers to confer citizenship on their children. Several nations have legislation that do not recognise women as heads of household and control their free movement.
Further, laws around the world permit underage and forced marriage for girls. Every two seconds, a girl is forced into marriage. Women married as children will reach one billion by 2030, according to UNICEF.
Martha Minow, the former Dean of Harvard Law School, has argued that the rules of family law construct not only roles and duties of men and women, but can shape rules about employment and commerce, and perhaps the governance of the state.
And not to be forgotten is that violence is one of the most insidious barriers to women’s economic empowerment. Where a woman suffers sexual and other forms of abuse, her capacity to work and function are severely impaired – Fortune estimates that it costs the $500 billion, but the human cost cannot be computed.
Fortune argues that when talking about equality, the focus should include violence, or more specifically, violence against women. And according to McKinsey, violence is one of the biggest factors holding American women and all other women back.
Feminism’s and the #MeToo movements’ power lies in its potential to disrupt seemingly immutable gender norms. The international women’s rights community, as it convenes in New York in March, should not be swayed by the promise of economic opportunity alone, it must continue to press on issues of violence, sexual abuse and discrimination that disallow women from participating in economic activity, and inhibit women’s full empowerment.
(The writer is Associate Dean of International Affairs, University of Pennsylvania Law School & Advisor, UN SDG Fund.)
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] |
Jeremy Enigk to release new solo album in May
Former Real-Estate agent (he worked for Sunny Day Properties, Inc. in Seattle, Wash.) Jeremy Enigk is ready to release his fourth solo album, Ok Bear, on May 12 via his own label, Lewis Hollow Records. Recorded in Barcelona last year, the album promises to be more stripped-down rock than his previous two solo albums.
The singer-songwriter had a special approach to the writing and recording process this time around. He teamed up with friend Ramón Rodriguez (from Spanish bands Standstill, No More Lies and
Madee) and began recording with only a few song sketches.
Related links:
“If you were to ask a musician about their favorite songs, they will
answer that they were written in about five minutes,” he said in a statement. “As if the song was already written and they just had to
channel it…” | [
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] |
Q:
Codename one - Navigate from Form A to Form B with action events and new GUI builder - and navigate back from B to A
What is the best practice with the new GUI Builder, to simply navigate from "form A" to another "form B" by clicking a button in "form A", with use of the action events?
If I create Form B inside Form A like this
public void oncreateAccountActionEvent(com.codename1.ui.events.ActionEvent ev) {
new FormB().show();
}
Then I am obviously not able to modify Form B from inside the main class (start, stop, destroy methods) before I do new FormB().show(). In this case new FormA().show(); is located in the start-method of the main class.
I want to be able to specfiy e.g. a back-button to Form B to navigate back to Form A, but I want to add this inside the start-method of the Main class.
Thanks!
Edit:
I have the Main-class (with start(), stop(), destroy()-methods), in this class I do new FormA().show().
But inside the class of FormA I have the oncreateAccountActionEvent-method (and button) which shows FormB by new FormB().show().
However I want to be able to specify formB.setBackCommand() (into the toolbar of FormB inside the main-class.
So to say I want to specify both forms in the main class with new FormA/B() - then modify the forms like adding buttons to the toolbar - and then tell FormA that FormB should be used inside the action event method.
A:
Use showBack() method to go back to FormA from FormB as shown in the code below. You can just keep a reference to the previous/next form instances.
FormA formA = new FormA();
FormB formB = new FormB();
public void oncreateAccountActionEvent(com.codename1.ui.events.ActionEvent ev) {
formB.show();
}
public void showFormA(){
formA.showBack();
}
A:
I came to an obvious solution to my problem by simply overriding the oncreateAccountActionEvent-method in the Main-class and still being able to create and modify formB before:
Form formB= new FormB();
// Modifying formB
formB.setBackCommand(backCommand);
...
//Create formA and show the modified formB on button click
FormA formA= new FormA() {
@Override
public void oncreateAccountActionEvent(ActionEvent ev) {
//Navigate to FormB
formB.show();
};
};
And for navigating back from formB to formA I found this solution, to keep a reference of the previous form by implementing the show()-method of the class of formB:
private Form previous;
...
public void show() {
previous = Display.getInstance().getCurrent();
super.show();
}
...
//go to the form before
public void goBack(){
previous.showBack();
}
Maybe this helps someone else, too.
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] |
t is the highest common divisor of 199689 and 12429291?
5397
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83
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600
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8573
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13544
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1881
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10
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133
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238
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4382
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3954
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2651
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106
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7
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22
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1764
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28
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47
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949
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20
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83
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3653
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1516
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14
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55
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13
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13
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237
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2390
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29
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7
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1865
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2319
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2159
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100
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36
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11
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35
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17
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135
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1389
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9
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1361
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93
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50
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16
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345
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31
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29
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174
What is the highest common divisor of 327149589 and 39?
39
What is the greatest common factor of 28 and 3737054132?
28
What is the greatest common factor of 12138 and 22143180?
1734
Calculate the highest common factor of 264 and 6849048.
24
Calculate the highest common divisor of 5507642 and 84.
14
What is the highest common divisor of 54765 and 55?
5
What is the highest common factor of 150 and 51229470?
30
What is the greatest common divisor of 27297 and 2529?
9
Calculate the highest common divisor of 5780 and 60320369.
289
What is the greatest common factor of 2556190 and 2002?
182
What is the highest common factor of 928 and 1370048?
32
Calculate the greatest common factor of 78448190 and 15507.
1723
What is the highest common factor of 30059 and 9?
1
Calculate the highest common divisor of 20 and 540790.
10
Calculate the greatest common factor of 6550 and 26803910.
1310
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 211172336 and 11920.
2384
Calculate the highest common factor of 46 and 61139382.
46
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 18312 and 305527.
109
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 1957 and 3617258.
19
Calculate the highest common divisor of 3340368 and 58896.
144
What is the highest common divisor of 55386 and 38813278?
6154
What is the greatest common divisor of 952 and 28527394?
238
Calculate the highest common factor of 15393458 and 19.
19
What is the highest common divisor of 2436 and 684168?
348
What is the greatest common divisor of 3325 and 31738?
7
What is the highest common divisor of 103705472 and 3328?
1664
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 531 and 22103757.
9
What is the highest common divisor of 375870 and 522750?
510
What is the highest common divisor of 26389935 and 2145?
2145
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 3504978 and 210654.
2538
What is the greatest common factor of 6343501 and 563726?
3167
What is the greatest common divisor of 330624 and 26544?
336
What is the highest common factor of 189312 and 49232?
272
Calculate the greatest common factor of 33191022 and 60.
6
Calculate the highest common factor of 50 and 24483550.
50
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 9184 and 185536.
32
Calculate the highest common divisor of 10199712 and 2715.
543
Calculate the highest common factor of 1557 and 12580906.
173
Calculate the highest common divisor of 6 and 1610013.
3
Calculate the greatest common factor of 42034534 and 1059.
353
Calculate the greatest common factor of 86 and 10659184.
86
Calculate the highest common factor of 25554168 and 2232.
2232
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 204 and 3940396.
68
Calculate the highest common divisor of 16308656 and 56.
56
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 10740395 and 84425.
1535
Calculate the greatest common factor of 13197177 and 6909.
987
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 105623254 and 44.
22
Calculate the greatest common factor of 527975 and 19826.
431
Calculate the highest common factor of 372 and 12842160.
12
Calculate the highest common factor of 3098004 and 8736.
1092
What is the greatest common divisor of 4173348 and 27?
3
Calculate the highest common divisor of 9060 and 50003952.
1812
What is the highest common factor of 6897 and 18713013?
363
Calculate the highest common factor of 2673038 and 82.
2
Calculate the greatest common factor of 5222 and 109817914.
746
What is the greatest common factor of 1997 and 1983953599?
1997
What is the highest common divisor of 163180 and 55?
5
Calculate the highest common divisor of 81 and 56776491.
27
What is the highest common divisor of 8968 and 13840987?
1121
Calculate the highest common divisor of 1452 and 130108396.
484
What is the highest common factor of 6105962 and 7570?
1514
What is the greatest common factor of 161850 and 4800?
150
Calculate the greatest common factor of 215 and 1510105175.
215
Calculate the highest common divisor of 15360 and 39207936.
3072
Calculate the highest common divisor of 755738 and 34368.
358
What is the greatest common factor of 320 and 1781350?
10
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 77 and 489653549.
77
Calculate the highest common divisor of 272041 and 1837.
11
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 126 and 18577962.
18
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 487155 and 180.
15
Calculate the highest common factor of 132918702 and 966.
966
What is the highest common divisor of 20602254 and 164?
82
Calculate the highest common factor of 20192245 and 16765.
2395
What is the highest common divisor of 153242 and 22774?
386
What is the highest common divisor of 39668 and 79969?
211
What is the greatest common factor of 47792800 and 800?
800
Calculate the highest common factor of 2120 and 3515080.
40
Calculate the greatest common factor of 209 and 35746513.
11
What is the greatest common divisor of 1941190 and 290?
10
Calculate the highest common divisor of 45841072 and 1818.
202
Calculate the greatest common factor of 4273276 and 42.
14
Calculate the highest common factor of 33800175 and 180.
45
Calculate the highest common factor of 15137880 and 72442.
2498
Calculate the greatest common divisor of 7752 and 1115832.
456
Calculate the highest common divisor of | [
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]]>02:37:34notime,and,death,the,of,new,speed,2,fire,snake,horse,rock,fighter,disrespect,3,ultimate,pro,heavy,club,cage,5,dragons,to,war,games,strange,super,life,iphone,serial,david,in,friday,night,a,chef,revolution,within,sexy,is,for,all,this,evil,park,redemptionThis week Taji(@Tajiman83), Cyril(@DefunctGames) from DefunctGames, Lance(@MPCHero) and Marcus(@MajorLinux) from Major’s House join Mike(@AssaultSuit), Tiny(@Tiny415) and Aaron(@Ind1fference) to talk about a ton of games as this is our 2017 Games of the Year show. 331full@AssaultSuit, @Tiny415 and @Ind1fferenceGameEnthus Podcast ep331 Part 1: 11 Fridays or 6 Opinions, 1 Fact(GOTY) - Part 1GameEnthus Podcast ep330 Part 1: 11 Fridays or 6 Opinions, 1 Fact(GOTY) - Part 1Sat, 30 Dec 2017 23:43:23 +0000
]]>02:46:53notime,and,death,the,of,new,speed,2,fire,snake,horse,rock,fighter,disrespect,3,ultimate,pro,heavy,club,cage,5,dragons,to,war,games,strange,super,life,iphone,serial,david,in,friday,night,a,chef,revolution,within,sexy,is,for,all,this,evil,park,redemptionThis week Taji(@Tajiman83), Cyril(@DefunctGames) from DefunctGames, Lance(@MPCHero) and Marcus(@MajorLinux) from Major's House join Mike(@AssaultSuit), Tiny(@Tiny415) and Aaron(@Ind1fference) to talk about a ton of games as this is our 2017 Games of the Year show. 331full@AssaultSuit, @Tiny415 and @Ind1fferenceGameEnthus Podcast ep330: Unsupported Garbage or Rote FunGameEnthus Podcast ep330: Unsupported Garbage or Rote FunSun, 10 Dec 2017 22:30:15 +0000
]]>02:31:59nodeath,the,of,black,1,2,crew,3,fight,lucky,6,party,super,life,call,windows,in,mobile,screen,chef,blood,this,adventure,redemption,star,wars,road,sports,playstation,world,game,trek,tales,force,awards,max,del,league,anthology,battle,eternity,geoff,sky,planetThis week Tyler(@TylerTreese) from PlayStationLifeStyle.net and @TheBro_C joins Mike(@AssaultSuit), Tiny(@Tiny415) and Aaron(@Ind1fference) to talk about games, other games and more games.330full@AssaultSuit, @Tiny415 and @Ind1fferenceGameEnthus Podcast ep329: Potential Use Case or CallbackedGameEnthus Podcast ep329: Potential Use Case or CallbackedFri, 01 Dec 2017 02:01:54 +0000
]]>02:40:15nophantom,and,the,of,steve,2,hand,fire,horse,ultimate,pro,you,word,driver,in,night,a,gods,special,nintendo,world,game,american,dark,board,kingdom,baby,ninja,wrestling,after,souls,jam,valley,severed,plant,mutant,arms,thrones,hey,hearts,drive,echoesThis week Ben(@StrangeBloops) from (@Fabrazz), developer of Slime-San, joins Tiny(@Tiny415), Mike(@AssaultSuit) and Aaron(@Ind1fference) talk about movies, tv shows, games and more games.319fullGameEnthusGameEnthus Podcast ep318: The Games Show or Barker LegendsGameEnthus Podcast ep318: The Games Show or Barker LegendsFri, 04 Aug 2017 02:27:05 +0000
]]>02:02:58nopodcast,fantasy,death,the,of,black,2,fall,fire,burger,fighters,3,fight,pro,games,system,super,serial,guys,reset,age,spiderman,ds,gamer,world,final,modern,dark,army,player,trilogy,girl,wrestling,souls,day,man,zombie,zero,woman,iron,bros,arms,advancedGameEnthus Podcast ep316: You Are What You Do or BorderstinyThu, 29 Jun 2017 22:57:21 +0000
If you like the show please leave us an itunes, Google, Youtube or Stitcher review, a tweet, an email or a voicemail(202-573-7686). Download theGEiOS/WPapps and check out GameEnthus. Show Length: 126 minutes Direct Download
If you like the show please leave us an itunes, Google, Youtube or Stitcher review, a tweet, an email or a voicemail (202-573-7686). Download the GE iOS / WP apps and check out GameEnthus. Show Length: 126 minutes Direct Download
If you like the show please leave us an itunes, Google, Youtube or Stitcher review, a tweet, an email or a voicemail(202-573-7686). Download theGEiOS/WPapps and check out GameEnthus. Show Length: 73 minutes Direct Download
If you like the show please leave us an itunes, Google, Youtube or Stitcher review, a tweet, an email or a voicemail (202-573-7686). Download the GE iOS / WP apps and check out GameEnthus. Show Length: 73 minutes Direct Download | [
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] |
The present disclosure relates to a display input device having a display portion and a touch panel portion, and to an image forming apparatus having the touch panel portion.
Some of various electric apparatuses and electronic apparatuses have a display panel attached thereon. The display panel is combined with a touch panel allowing a setting input or an operation of the apparatus. When a user performs an operation or an input, a new image is displayed at any position on a screen of the display panel. An example of the new image thus displayed is an electronic label. When a user performs an input of characters or the like (for example, a note or a message), an electronic label is created. Then, every time a screen on which the electronic label is pasted (posted) is displayed, the electronic label is displayed on the screen.
An image forming apparatus that newly displays (posts), on a screen, such information including characters or the like in response to an input from a user, has been known. The image forming apparatus includes a display portion, an information input portion, a display position setting portion, a storage portion, a label information generation portion, and a label image display portion. The display portion displays an operation screen. The information input portion allows a user to input message information on the operation screen. The display position setting portion sets a display position of the message information on the operation screen. The storage portion stores therein the message information and the display position thereof. The label information generation portion causes the storage portion to register therein, as label information, information in which operation screen information at the time of inputting and setting the message information and the display position is associated with the message information and the display position having been input and set on the operation screen. The label image display portion reads, from the storage portion, the label information corresponding to the operation screen information displayed on the display portion, and displays, on the operation screen, the label image corresponding to the read label information. This configuration facilitates transmission and display of message information such as supplementary operation instructions, reminders, memorandums, and the like on various operation screens, thereby realizing an image forming apparatus with improved operability.
Image forming apparatuses such as copying machines, multifunction peripherals, printers, FAX machines, and the like also include an operation panel including a combination of a display panel and a touch panel. Even a fixed display panel of an image forming apparatus may display a plurality of objects that are images whose display positions are movable. It is noted that examples of the objects include: an image indicating an electronic label as described above (an image containing text data such as a note, like a paper label); and an image (an icon) indicating data or a file. | [
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] |
Discovered this blazer as part of a skirt suit at a thrift store and was kind of blown away that no one else had nabbed it yet. $28 for the skirt and the blazer and only minimal tailoring was required. I left it a bit wide, because I’m digging the big boxy cut on blazers at the moment. It makes me feel a like an old school mobster… or something. Don’t the shoes look a little bit like space-age wingtips in this picture? I feel that the blazer brought out that quality in them. | [
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Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding a receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP).
We have cloned and sequenced a novel cDNA (RPR7) encoding a receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP). RPR7 was identified by PCR of rat pituitary cDNA, and full-length clones were isolated from a rat olfactory bulb cDNA library. When expressed in COS cells, RPR7 was functionally coupled to increases in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in response to stimulation by PACAP-38, PACAP-27, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI). The order of potency of these ligands was PACAP-38-PACAP-27 > VIP > PHI, suggesting that the receptor corresponds to the pharmacologically characterised PACAP Type I receptor. | [
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Q:
Multiple websites in IIS pointing to same IP. How does IIS map to correct website?
I have created two test websites in IIS. one is called testapp.com and other is called anothertestapp.com.
In my host files both testapp.com and anothertestapp.com is pointing to 127.0.0.1
both apps are loading perfectly in browser and show their respective contents.
The question however is, how does IIS knows that testapp.com is different than anothertestapp.com. I mean when in browser I type two different domains they both actually are pointing to same IP (127.0.0.1), how does IIS map that to two different websites correctly?
A:
When your browser loads a web page, one of the request headers it sends is the text of the domain name you typed in. This is the "Host" request header. IIS uses the value of this header to pick which web site will serve your request. The "bindings" on your IIS web site let you configure its host headers.
Here's another question that explains the "Host" header in more detail:
What is http host header?
| [
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1999 WRX RA 555 WRC Limited edition 0784/1000 - £3,500
FINAL REDUCTION IN PRICE!
May I present my 1999 WRX RA 555 limited edition! Simply stunning in Sonic blue (74F)
Yes I know she's not an STi but don't let that put you off as its still 280 bhp as standard (please check this out yourself by usin... | [
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Sushi Taro Has Special Doomsday Ramen!
There are only 20 orders. Go get some now.
The end of the world does not seem to have arrived, but Sushi Taro is celebrating anyway with a special doomsday edition of its highly coveted lunchtime noodle soup special.
Head to the restaurant at 17th and P streets, Northwest, for a chance to try spicy tonkotsu ramen. Sushi Taro opened for lunch at 11:30 and will dole out the 20 orders of ramen on a first come, first served basis. | [
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] |
Yes!.. I’m a friend of his; he told me to meet him here. I didn’t catch your name?
I am the beer reviewer, Zuul.
Zuul.. I need to talk to the VanBrewverite, Zuul.
There is no VanBrewverite, only Zuul.”
Low on Cyan, high on ZUUL.
Zuul has only tried a couple of selections from Townsite so far, and I will surely be rectifing this egregious indiscretion in the next few months. Townsite have a wide variety of interesting hybrids and strange brew styles, in your neighbourhood. When there’s something weird, sleeping in your bed, who you gonna call? Another escort service!
Wait.. Scratch that. This is fine.
The pour is a clear, extra dark brown with a deep red tint. Has a finger of soapy tan head and some moderately clingy lacing.
The smells are very ‘hefe’ like, with a strong, slightly sour wheat body. Dark fruits, black cherry and a bit of pepper. It’s a weird and wonderful aroma. It’s like a sour dark hefe?
The mouthfeel is smooth and crisp, which is very odd. It’s light bodied like a lager, and velvety like a stout. Flavors skirt the edges of the palate, leaving a nice roasted wheat aftertaste.
4.5/5 Man, I don’t know what this even is trying to be and I absolutely love it. The most confusingly delicious beer I’ve ever had. It’s like a light bodied Dunkelweisse, and it’s something that needs to be experienced firsthand. | [
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] |
LAS VEGAS (AP) — A 23-year-old blonde from Brooklyn, N.Y., won the Miss America crown Saturday night after deftly dealing with a question about armed guards in schools and raising the issue of child sexual abuse in her contestant platform.
En route to her victory in the Las Vegas pageant, Mallory Hagan also tap danced to James Brown's "Get Up Off of That Thing," strutted down the runway in an asymmetrical white gown, and donned a revealing black string bikini.
She defeated Miss South Carolina Ali Rogers, who took second, and Miss Oklahoma Alicia Clifton, who finished third.
Hagan wins a $50,000 college scholarship and a year as an instant celebrity and role model to many girls. Her platform, the issue she will promote during her reign, is fighting child sexual abuse.
She told The Associated Press in an interview after her win that it was her mother who encouraged her to tackle the issue. She said that sexual abuse had "rippled through" her family, touching her mother, aunt, grandmother and cousins. Her mother had trouble at first convincing others of the trauma she had faced.
"That kind of sent her into a whirlwind of anxiety and depression. So as a teen I lost my mom kind of for a couple years," she said. "She was dealing with her own issues, and that's something that now as an adult I understand, but then I certainly did not."
Hagan said she will work to make child abuse education mandatory in all 50 states.
"It's something I can hopefully change for the next generation," she said.
Hagan left her native Alabama for New York at 18 with less than $1,000 in her pocket. She began competing in pageants when she was 13 and tried for Miss New York in 2010 and 2011 before winning last year.
She studied communications at the Fashion Institute of Technology and has been living in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn.
Miss South Carolina Ali Rogers competes in the evening gown portion of the Miss America 2013 pageant on Saturday, Jan. 12, 2013, in Las Vegas. Rogers was named first runner-up. (AP Photo/Isaac Brekken)
Hagan, who aspires to be a global cosmetic company executive, ends a long dry spell for New York in the competition. The previous winner from that state was actress Vanessa Williams, who became the first black winner when she took the crown in 1984. Hagan is the first Brooklyn-dweller to claim the title.
She was good enough during preliminary contests for the 92nd annual Miss America pageant to be chosen as one of 16 semifinalists who moved on to compete in the main show. Her bid lasted through swimsuit, evening wear, and talent competitions that saw cuts after each round.
In the final moments of the show, "Good Morning America" weatherman Sam Champion asked her if schools should hire armed guards in the wake of the Newtown, Conn. shooting.
"I don't think the proper was to fight violence is with violence," she replied. "I think the proper way is to educate people on guns and the ways we can use them properly. We can lock them up, we can have gun safety classes, we can have a longer waiting period."
Hagan defeated titleholders from all 50 states plus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Several of her competitors had grabbed headlines this year because of their backstories.
Miss District of Columbia plans to undergo a preventive double mastectomy to reduce her risk of breast cancer, which killed her mother and grandmother.
Miss Montana was the pageant's first autistic contestant. Miss Iowa has Tourette's syndrome. And Miss Maine lost more than 50 pounds before winning her state crown.
During the opening number at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip, when all the queens gave short quips about their states, Hagan referenced last year's superstorm, saying, "Sandy may have been swept away our shores but never our spirit."
The pageant, which started as little more than an Atlantic City bathing suit revue, broke viewership records in its heyday and bills itself as one of the world's largest scholarships programs for women.
But like other pageants, the show has struggled to stay relevant as national attitudes regarding women's rights have changed. More recently, the rise of reality television has provided a superabundance of options for Americans interested in seeing attractive young people in competitive pursuits.
Hagan's boyfriend Charmel Maynard said he knows that pageants are dismissed by some, but he hopes Hagan's willingness to take on the sexual abuse issue will lend legitimacy to her new role.
"I don't think it's taken seriously, but I think she's going to be a great ambassador and it could change," he said. | [
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] |
Q:
Unable to place the ad at bottom of linear layout
I am trying to get the ads in the bottom of the layout permanently. I am using tabhost, when I place my ad above the freamelayout it displays me the ad at the top. I want to place this ad on the bottom. Here is code for my layout file.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TabHost xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:ads="http://schemas.android.com/apk/lib/com.google.ads"
android:id="@android:id/tabhost"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:background="@drawable/background_splash"
>
<LinearLayout
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent">
<TabWidget
android:id="@android:id/tabs"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<FrameLayout
android:id="@android:id/tabcontent"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
/>
<com.google.ads.AdView android:id="@+id/adView"
android:layout_width="480dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
ads:adUnitId="XXXXXXXXX"
ads:adSize="BANNER"
ads:testDevices="TEST_EMULATOR, XXXXXXXX"
ads:loadAdOnCreate="true"/>
</LinearLayout>
</TabHost>
When I place the adview before the frame layout it shows me the ad but I want to display the ad at the bottom of tabhost.
Thanks,
Aman
A:
The problem, is that the height of FrameLayout is set to match_parent.
What you need to do, is set layout_height of FrameLayout to 0dip, then assign a layout_weight of 1. That will instruct it to fill the space.
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] |
Topological Phase Transition with Nanoscale Inhomogeneity in (Bi1- xIn x)2Se3.
Topological insulators are a class of band insulators with nontrivial topology, a result of band inversion due to the strong spin-orbit coupling. The transition between topological and normal insulator can be realized by tuning the spin-orbit coupling strength and has been observed experimentally. However, the impact of chemical disorders on the topological phase transition was not addressed in previous studies. Herein, we report a systematic scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and first-principles study of the topological phase transition in single crystals of In-doped Bi2Se3. Surprisingly, no band gap closure was observed across the transition. Furthermore, our spectroscopic-imaging results reveal that In defects are extremely effective "suppressors" of the band inversion, which leads to microscopic phase separation of topological-insulator-like and normal-insulator-like nano regions across the "transition". The observed topological electronic inhomogeneity demonstrates the significant impact of chemical disorders in topological materials, shedding new light on the fundamental understanding of topological phase transition. | [
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] |
Friday, August 22, 2008
Been watching the Olympics in China and this political race lately? Competition doesn’t always have to be a bad thing, OH NO IT DOESN’T! It can be real good! Man, I feel like fighting the good fight today; like doing my P.H.D. homework (Pray Hard Daily) in advance before the election. Yup, I woke up feeling patriotic. As I watch Obama and McCain, it makes me want to talk with their Maker. I think none of us should ever underestimate how much we Americans love to win ...as one of the candidates seems to be in the habit of doing. Can you imagine running for high office in this Land and totally miss-assessing what the people are really like that you hope to lead?
Of course none of us here are perfect by any means, but winning is indeed in our blood. Americans are can-do, hardworking, generous people ..and hopefully Americans will always be that way as long as we are a nation on this planet. And Americans like to W-I-N right! We must never forget that we win most when we pray to the Father fervently..in Christ ..according to the will of God ..with expectant faith! That address with our p-mail if very important (many miss that).
Man, I love our great nation, our heritage of sacrifice, and the people here! I want to do my part; my duty. God loves Americans too …just as much as He loves those of other nations that He wants us to serve and reach with the Gospel by His power. And God is the ultimate optimistic-Winner too ...that we all would do well to emulate as we return to the Bible for the purpose of wisely applying it. He will win even if it costs Him a whole lot. I've noticed that about Him.
Don't believe me? Just look at the cross and read to the end of His Book. You know, I love being on His winning team, even if the team unfortunately stubs its toes from time to time. What team are you on? Did you know that you can join this team as well, through repentance and faith in the Bible Jesus? There's no other way. Why not join Him now? God always wins and the devil is a major loser who will soon be trashed into the lake that cooks. Why be on his team?—yes, why not get off the devil's team today by getting on the only Other team?
I think Paul felt like I do today. He declared, "Now thanks be to God who always leads us in triumph in Christ, and through us diffuses the fragrance of His knowledge in every place. For we are to God the fragrance of Christ among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing. To the one we are the aroma of death leading to death, and to the other the aroma of life leading to life" (2 Cor. 2:16). He was also grateful saying, "Thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ" (1 Cor. 15:57).
My soldier son, Nathan, in Iraq just called yesterday. He gives us good and fascinating reports and I feel so grateful for the successful surge he and all his comrades have brought about over there. They are doing a good job to protect us here at home. It was a hard-earned victory in Iraq that of course is not over yet. I'm also grateful for General David Howell Petraeus, the current Commanding General over there and for all the soldiers who have paid the price in both invasions. Man's sin is why wars happen. Personally, I hate the killing kind of wars, but I do want to do spiritual warfare and win …over and over and over again. Don't you?
Yes, whether we're talking about the Olympics in China, or football here at home… or about the military, or the economy… we Americans simply like winning and love proper leading that helps us to win. That's why we need to keep praying for this nation—that's why we need to live exemplary lives in Christ seven days a week! And that's why we want a president who doesn't give into pessimism, smooth-lying or wimpy-ness! We need to go with those who are closest to God's heart (as revealed in the Bible) in the issues, in character and in lifestyle. Their words matter.
It's interesting watching how things are going spiritually, economically and politically right now. While one candidate touts the successes of the victory regarding the surge in Iraq, the other one downplays it big time. I don't get it, but I do know this… Americans like to get on board with a humble leader who serves a greater cause, other than that of his own self interests. America loves a leader who is an incessant winner; who has a firm relentless determination in their gut; one who speaks with clarity and interminable conviction inside about protecting our people and doing what is right domestically ...and even internationally.
Of course you and I are to be more concerned about who will be in God's house ...than who will end up in the White House, but that doesn’t mean we can’t use what little influence we have. Jesus is the ultimate Answer for Dems and Repubs. He rolls up His sleeves and reaches across the isle, if you will. Saved Dems and Repubs are really beautiful people that gain a unity that’s enviable. That's why together, we want to pray believing for authentic biblical awakening ..seeking relentlessly, to see God's will done in America!
This great experiment—this nation—is too young to crumble. It was founded on the principles of Jesus and He is the One to flee to from the coming wrath. We must start with what is and work from there to see this Land be a place that is conducive for innovative evangelism minus compromise, that is conducive for proper law making, and for missionary sending endeavors. You know, even if every worker in the White House ended up being a red hot “balanced” Christian after November, it really wouldn't be near enough to turn back the tide of wickedness. It’s too late for that now, but it’s not too late to win; to vote wisely, to live godly, and to jump down on to our knees daily to fight like men with a purpose ...until we simply see the results! America needs wise voting plus...
"Go.. tell." Mark 5:19
Like My FB Page
I travel to speak, and gladly help others to travel on purpose! Let's plan! I also teach and regularly serve with Global Media Outreach. Authored a couple training books. Been privileged for almost for decades to do some speaking, missionary work in 21 nations and local church pastoring.. as a "Connector" if ya will—a vertical motivator. See about.me/kvs or www.linkedin.com/in/f4skurt
Why do I seek to relationally connect people up? It's for the purpose of living and behavioral alteration and global impact. Yup! Would ya like to check on my speaking availability? I'm here to challenge peeps, add value if I can and build em up. What do I believe? A great commitment to the Great Commandment and the Great Commission will make for a great church or person. Question for ya: Have you yet discovered that second only to experiencing the blessing, the glorious adventure, and great privilege of knowing / worshiping the Lord personally, is the JOY of making Christ known to others? You can today.
You can, and even starting today! Yup, it's for every Christian, the Bible says, “Jesus called out to them, ‘Come, be my disciples, and I will show you how to fish for people!’” (Matthew 4:19). Remember how He encouraged Simon saying, “Don't be afraid! From now on you'll be fishing for people!" (Luke 5:10). Well, with grace, accuracy and joy, Christ wants to use you in this worldwide endeavor as well! Can you think of anything more important?
The U.S.A. has basically been in a state of perplexity for a while, because we’ve relied too much on bankers, brokers, and right and left leaning bureaucrats. How is it in your country? We are still somewhat blessed, but technology hasn’t rescued us from the huge problems that we've created. It used to be: “In God we trust” and during times of uncertainty like these, I say we simply remember our roots and return to Him who gives peace.. and that we do this on His terms as found in the Bible.
Our aim at F4S Evangelism is edification, education, equipping plus ..to help you and your friends first hook-up with: 1.) The Ultimate Fisher of people, 2.) With other people just like you.. who are really wanting to make a lasting difference on this planet for His Glory, and also with, 3.) Your God-given ministry and evangelistic purpose! Why? Here’s why.. on the horizontal plane there’s nothing better than Gospel ministry to invest your time, talent and treasures into! kurtwvons | [
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] |
Only valid for active forum users. Active means at least 30 postings within the last 30 days (no spam postings). This will automatically being checked at www.starbike.com shopping basket so make sure that you are logged in at the WW board!If there does not appear a WW discount position when you check out you do not have enough postings!
Remember that the Rotor cranks are NOT BB30. They have a longer spindle, which enables them to be fitted on eg. BSA threaded frames. The right BB for this application is called BSA30. I can say it works very well, having used the Rotor 3D+/BSA30 combi for two seasons. | [
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Android Game Review: Temple Run 2
Temple Run was a enormous success in its launch day and is still one of the most downloaded games on the Google Play Store. However, the time has come for it to retire, as it has been here for quite some time now. It was no secret that the Imangi Studios had been doing quite a hard work recently in order to bring us a true sequel of the original, but now here it is: Temple Run 2 is now officially launched on the Google Play Store and it aims on becoming a worthy successor of the old one and even beat it in its own game.
It’s quite obvious that Temple Run 2 carries some of the same DNA as its predecessor, but we can clearly say it has evolved much more than anyone had expected. Firstly, it has brought us new graphics, beautiful new environments, new abilities and power-ups and much more things that are covered further in this topic.
As in the other two games, the goal here is to run as far as you can without tripping, falling in a pit or get squished by the huge monkey(yes, they’ve made it bigger and more lethal this time!). While running, it’s needed to collect coins which can be later used for upgrading the abilities. You may also collect a power-up while going for a run, which helps you in several different ways. The library of power-ups is bigger and more versatile than before, which range from some of lower to some of higher importance. Also, watch out for the rare gems. They can be used for upgrading some special abilities of your character as well as receiving a second chance once you lose.
The control scheme is by no means different than the typical one found in Temple Run. Your player is controlled by tilting the device left or right, turning can be done by swiping on the screen in the corresponding directions, the same applies to jumping as well. Turning too early will cause the player to trip and jumping too early will land you in an endless pit. Nothing unusual here. However, there’s a slightly small addition and that’s the double tap, which activates a special power once your power meter reaches maximum capacity.
There is a countless number of achievements in Temple Run 2. Completing them will advance you to more and more new levels, which makes the achievement system make a lot more sense now. Advancing to a new level also awards you a bunch of coins that can be further spent on upgrades for your power-ups.
In the menu, it’s possible to do several things that are of big importance: seeing the statistics, pending achievements, getting some more coins in case you run out of them and you badly need some more, accessing the settings menu etc. We quite like the new layout, because everything is now more organized and looks the way it should have always looked. A bit of the simplicity is lost though, and currently the only way to access the main start screen is to restart the whole game. One thing we noticed, though, is that it’s impossible to get out of the game with the back button and the only way to do it is to press the home button, which will leave the game in memory. This bug has annoyed quite many users, including me, but considering the fact that this is the first release, it is not a problem at all.
The settings menu offers some additional options for you to configure. Among the usual volume controls, the developers have included an option to configure the graphical quality of the game. The default option is “better”, but newer devices should be able to handle it flawlessly even at the highest settings. Hence, even my HTC EVO 3D runs it at the highest setting without any hiccups.
The overall game quality is really impressive. We are very fond of this game‘s graphics. All of the characters are impressively modeled, so is the beautiful environment that offers breath-taking scenery as well as realistic shadows. Textures are of high quality, the menus look nice, organized and very polished. The audio effects, however, are no worse by any means. There are the realistic sounds produced by the characters and the environmental sounds are very life-like. Then there is the background music, which is calming and fits the setting of the game.
The developers have really worked hard to make this game flawless at launch and I can confidently say they have nearly succeed at it. For most of the time, it constantly runs at impressive frame-rate, though there’s a slight frame drop when entering the mine. Navigating through the menus is a breeze, with minimal to no loading times whatsoever.
We are not afraid to call Temple Run 2 one of the best games, if not the best one of the year. Sure, it’s only the year’s beginning, but this game has a huge potential that in our opinion will be not surpassed in the near future, at least not in this category. If you are interested in taking a closer at it, Temple Run 2 can be downloaded from the Google Play Store for free.
Founded in 2010, PocketDroid formed as a group in early 2011 out of passion for the Android operating system. We are a group of enthusiasts, dedicated to bring you all the latest information, plus developments from the Android world: breaking news, phone & tablet reviews, tutorials, and the best apps & games findings and releases.
We welcome all feedback, suggestions, queries. | [
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] |
From inside the flap
Canaan, a broken god, and Maia, a young FireRaiser, face the horrors behind a sentient forest fire razing the continent of Gnoss. Gnoss' divine king, Alred, is too wrapped up in his own fears to believe that his kingdom is truly threatened by a power greater than his own. These three characters collide in a battle of wills. Each is dependent on the other. Each believes he is alone to battle the demons that come from inside as well as those hiding in the darkest forests.
Caul, Shroud and Veil (Excerpt)
Chapter One
"Siren’s Flame: A bright, cheerful flame with a hidden darkness at its core. This playful fire charms veils that have spent too long in the purgatory of Shrift. When they have been tricked away from this sanctuary, the flame shows its true colors, and the siren has ensnared another foolish man. His veil will be added to her collection, to be let out, like a dog on a leash, only to do her evil bidding."
The Definitive Book of Flames
Annia cursed her ill fortune. At seventeen, she could claim the title of midwife by study only, not by reputation or experience. She had no idea how to help the woman in her care, and her ignorance might cost a life.
Kali fiBeranes Caernica was too exhausted to push anymore, but still the baby would not come. She slept fitfully now, but Annia did not have the luxury of rest. Kali’s husband, Jamos diCaernica, governor of the province, had long ago succumbed to a drunken slumber in the corner. Annia worked quietly so as not to disturb him. His large feet were constantly in her way, but that was preferable to his raging at her incompetence should he wake again.
The governor’s ward, a wide-eyed child of eight, crouched by the door. Annia had banished him to the kitchen several times, but he inevitably snuck back into the birthing room. Kali was the only mother he had ever known.
Annia pressed her fingers against Kali’s throat. Her pulse was weakening. With her ear to the woman’s distended belly, Annia heard the child shift, but not enough. She peered into Kali’s womb. The baby’s buttocks shone like the pale winter moon. She had tried to turn the infant, causing Kali to shriek until Annia stopped for fear of hurting the child. Jamos had promised to strangle her should she try that again.
Annia could not ease Kali’s pain. Her few simple trade tools-a basin of water, precious metal forceps and bottles of salves-were inadequate to the task. She simply did not have enough experience to deal with a breach birth. She would lose either mother or child.
Or both.
Amaybel should be delivering this child, she thought. Amaybel was old and wise. She had taught Annia how to use the forceps and had turned hundreds of babies. When the call came to deliver the governor’s child, Amaybel had pleaded illness, but she had not fooled Jamos diCaernica.
"She sent you?" he asked, incredulous, when Annia had reported to the birthing room.
"Lady Amaybel is unwell, sir."
"I’ll bet."
Annia did not take offense at the husband’s cynicism. Jamos was a veteran ambassador to Arrogaia. He had met Kali on his last tour of service in that foreign land. Kali came from wealth and privilege, and even Gnossin ancestry, but her ways were distinctly not Gnossin. These eccentricities delighted Jamos, but Caernican high society had been less than welcoming to his exotic bride.
The ladies of Caernica slaked their initial curiosity for all things foreign and then the invitations to tea dwindled. Soon rumors of witchcraft circulated the city’s salons. The harshest critics blamed Kali fiBeranes Caernica for everything from droughts to fires. Some gossiped that Kali spoke to animals and called the rain with demonic dances. Rumors grew into accusations. A court clerk caught Kali drawing portraits in the market square, and accused her of activities becoming a siren. Witches and demons were only tales, but sirens were well-documented monsters. They called veils away from Shrift, the haven between death and the promise of paradise. Gnossins joked about witches, but they feared sirens with conviction fueled by righteousness.
Kali was taken into custody, and Jamos nearly tore the jailhouse apart with his bare hands before the bailiffs calmed him. The magister eventually dropped the charges, as no hard evidence was presented in court, but the stigma remained. The influential matrons of Caernica shunned Kali and, despite the governor’s authority, no midwife would dirty her hands on his foreign wife.
Kali roused for a moment and called for her husband.
"Hush now," said Annia. "It will all be over soon."
Kali clutched her arm.
"Tell him…" She licked her dry lips. "Tell him to name her Maia. The first…the first daughter."
Annia cringed at the pagan blasphemy. Fashionable names for baby girls included those of the First Daughters of Gnoss, but Kali did not mean one of those. The Arrogans still revered the ancient gods and particularly the malevolent Ly. Gamhaina, the Balancer, made the first woman in Ly’s image. He named her Maia.
"Mandras, get me some more hot water, and be quick about it." The boy jumped up, eager to be of some use. Annia didn’t need more water, but she didn’t want the boy in the room to witness what she was about to attempt. When she heard his footfalls on the stair, she opened a leather case and removed a trenchant blade. With her free hand she pushed her palm up her forehead between her brows to clear her veil. Her other hand, holding the knife, shook only slightly as she approached the bed. | [
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Solid matrix-antibody-antigen complexes incorporating equine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins C and D elicit anti-viral immune responses in BALB/c (H-2K(d)) and C3H (H-2K(k)) mice.
Glycoproteins C and D (gC and gD) derived from equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)-infected cells were incorporated into individual solid matrix-antibody-antigen (SMAA) complexes and administered to BALB/c (H-2K(d)) and C3H (H-2K(k)) mice. Antibodies against each of the glycoproteins were produced that neutralised virus infectivity and mediated the lysis of EHV-1-infected target cells in the presence of complement. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G2b was the predominant antibody isotype produced in BALB/c mice against gC, while equal amounts of IgG2a/2b were found in the serum of C3H mice (indicative of a T-helper(1) response). Glycoprotein D immunisation elicited predominantly an IgG1 response in BALB/c mice (indicative of a T-helper(2) response) and an IgG2a/2b response in C3H mice. EHV-1-specific local and systemic T-cell proliferative responses were detected in vitro following administration of SMAA complexes. Suppression of the local T-cell response was seen following virus challenge of mice immunised with SMAA gC. SMAA gD provided some protection against intranasal EHV-1 challenge. These data show that the SMAA system is an effective way of presenting subviral components to the immune system and further emphasises the importance of including glycoprotein D as a component of a subunit EHV-1 vaccine. | [
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] |
" I am thoroughly impressed." " Beautiful sculpting work." "Rock and roll, Hoochie Koo." "Previously onFace Off..." "Daran's elegant rock goddess brought him the win... and Tess was sent home." "Now, 11 artists remain, and tonight, their creations will emerge from the shadows." "I'm scared." "That actually scared me." "For some, the challenge will be too dark to handle." "The nose definitely has to change." "It's little teddy bear, little Whoville." "Well, that's not good." "I don't want a cute demon." "I fully locked it." "I don't have anything but a face." "This is going to be the end of me." "The most important part of my makeup isn't there." "I dig it a lot." "It's creepy-licious." "I've never seen anything like it before." "I'm really kind of disappointed." "In the end, only one will win a VIP trip from Kryolan Professional Make-Up to one of their 85 international locations, a brand-new 2014 Fiat 500, and $100,000." "Who will be the next great name in movie magic?" "Face off!" "Welcome to Face Off." "Getting homesick can, like, just wipe you out, man." "Got to remember why we're here, though." "When I start feeling homesick or I-I feel like I miss my girlfriend or I miss my son," "I really have to sit down and let myself know, they're the reason why I'm doing what I'm doing." "How do you feel about always being the bridesmaid?" "It's nice being a top look, you know, that the judges like what I have." "But it plays in my head, like, am I only good for just top looks?" "You know, am I good enough for a win?" "I've been top looks three times." "The judges know what I'm capable of doing, so I just need to keep bringing it on." " All right, guys." " Let's go!" "I don't know LA very well, but we're somewhere downtown..." "Whoa, that's cool." "...and there's all these warehouses." "We're like, "Where the hell are we going?"" "And then, we get to this doorway." " Uh-oh." " What the hell?" "It's spooky in here." "We walk into this big warehouse, and it's super dark and creepy..." " What the hell?" " I'm scared." "Except for McKenzie." " Hey, guys." " Hi." "I brought you here to get you in the mood for this week's spotlight challenge." "In the world of supernatural cinema..." "Yes." "...films like Drag Me To Hell and Paranormal Activity-- they get a lot of mileage by teasing but not fully revealing the dark perpetrator." "I'd like to introduce you to someone who is an expert in this area." "He's produced films such as Insidious, The Lords Of Salem, and is the creator of the blockbuster" "Paranormal Activity franchise." "Nice." "Please welcome Oren Peli." "Oren has made the most outrageously crazy, creepy films." "So I'm really excited at this point." "Thank you so much for being here." "Oh, of course." "All right, now your films, they're really scary." "What is your secret?" "Well, I think a lot of it has to do with building up the audience's fear and anticipation." "Sometimes the scariest thing is not what you see right in front of you, but what's hidden in the shadows." "Whoa." "All of a sudden, these lights start to appear in the wall, like, different shadows." "And we're like, "Wait." "What is this?"" "That actually scared me." "Your spotlight challenge is to select one of these exaggerated silhouettes and create the supernatural entity that cast the shadow." "Whoa." "This is definitely going to be intense." "I'm really excited at this point." "Chloe, you're up first." "All right, and I'm excited to say that Oren will be joining us onstage this week." "What are you going to be looking for in their final makeups?" "Make sure that it's a full head-to-toe application and design." "The most important thing is that it elicits a natural reaction of fear." "All right, guys." "Get started on your designs." "When you're done, I want you to head back to the lab and get to work." " Good luck." " Thank you." "See you soon." "The silhouette is important in every challenge, but more than ever, this one is where you really have to knock it out of the park." "Right now, I'm just sketching kind of the outline that I have in my shadow." "There are a lot of pieces to this character that have to be on there to match the silhouette." "My concept is an angel of death that's been sent from hell to collect souls on Earth." "What scares me?" "Cockroaches." "So I start designing a boogeyman made out of bug parts." "The face is going to be, like, a balding, old man." "But instead of having a mouth, this creature has all these little legs with fingernails and teeth that are used to just capture and eat children." "Graham and I sat down together, right beneath our shadow." "We get two people that choose a shadow, so you're thinking," ""All right, what's this person going to do?"" "I am going to use the back of this monster to my advantage and have a huge mouth come out of it, which can suck up your soul." "I am terrified of bugs, anything creepy and crawly." "This one reminds me of, like, a scorpion." "I really want to focus on the hump of the back." "It's going to be these little egg sacs, almost like it's the creature's entities coming out and coming to get you." "Ugh." "I'm really creeped out right now, just thinking about it." "I really hate insects, so I'm definitely going to play up the insect part of this character." "I'm going to be sculpting really, really big arm extensions with these huge praying mantis hands." "The shadow has this huge horn sticking out, right from the face, so I really want to keep that so that it looks like the shadow." "Well, I chose this shadow here." "The first thing you notice are these huge horns coming out of the head." "So my concept is a female seductive faun that lives in this warehouse and causes problems." "She likes to cause mischief." "I'm looking at the shadow, and I'm thinking ancient demon." "I want his horns to be so big that they grow through his body and poke out the front." "The rest of him will be very slender with spindly limbs." "I picked this one." "I'm doing a creature that was a man who was deemed to hell." "Satan turned him into this goat deity." "He goes around skinning people and trying to wear their skin to gain back his manhood." "He's going to be skeletal with pieces of flesh nailed on him." "And he's going to have giant, oversized horns." "I'm excited." "All right, guys." "Let's head back to the lab." "Drop those pencils." "We have six hours at the lab today." "Here we go, here we go." "No time." " Let's go." " We choose our models." "The first thing I need to do is start the face." "In my silhouette, there's a very pointed nose and chin." "My concept is a goblin that creeps around at night and attacks people." "How does this look?" "That looks like a bull." "I chose the same shadow as Chloe, so I decided to make this scary minotaur that hunts the hunters that attacks him." "_" "I'm trying to make this head a little bit bigger, so I wanted to incorporate fake eyes." "It's going to be a tricky one, but I know I can pull it off." " What are you doing there?" " I'm doing a demon." "Still a long ways to go." "I'm making this demon that rips flesh out of her victims and eats them alive." "I'm concentrating on the face and the cowl and getting them sculpted and molded by the end of the day." "Hey, guys." " We're here to check on you." " How are you?" " Hi." " Ready?" "The character is going through necrosis, so his skin is very pale, and it's got of lot of that blood where it's just pooled and turned purple and blackish." "Mm-hmm." "I would paint him first and then do" " the rest of your skin texture..." " Right." "...so you see depth and translucency." " Great." " I had teeth here, right?" "Should I put 'em in the outside, or" "It's kind of tricky to make it look like" " they haven't been glued on." " Okay." "They could use their own teeth but dirty them down." "Put a little food dye in karo syrup and water." "Okay, cool." "So in the middle of the night, this thing unleashes these little creepy-crawlies that come out of its back." "I would love to do little hints of maybe yellow or white, just to make it pop." "I'd go with a stencil, as opposed to trying to go in" " and do things with a brush..." " Okay." "...which could get muddy or really not read well." "This is awfully far apart for your model to see." "Make sure you dig it out underneath here" " when you're making your mold." " Okay." "But they may have to do a little bit of this..." " Right." " ...to be able to see." "So that's the shadow that I picked, and this is my face sculpture." "You're gonna try to cover the whole face with fur or just come around the edges with it?" "Yeah, just kind of, like, around here." "Mm-hmm." "It's going to save you time on painting." "This is actually still horn, and then it'll go back to the cowl, and then the horns will come out at the front." "That's an interesting idea, but I think the nose definitely has to change a little bit, because it's little teddy bear, little Whoville." "It's reading almost sweet or cute." "Well, that's not good." "I don't want a cute demon." "It needs a nose that's meaner, stronger." "By adding more to the nose and giving it a mouthful" " of piranha teeth or something" " Right." "That's what you want this character to do." " Thank you so much." " Thank you." "All right, guys, we're heading out." "But it's looking really good." " Good luck." " Good luck, guys." " Bye." " Bye." "I'm sweating bullets at this point 'cause time's just flying by." "I have to get these molded and cleaned before the day is out." "Resculpting the nose is going to take a long time." "But if my creature's not even scary, it could be my ass." " Coming up..." " I'm in a sketchy place." "I fully locked it." "Shit." "I still have to mold the cowl, and I don't know if I'm going to finish this." "You've got some serious issues." "This is really a beautiful piece." "It's day one of our shadow challenge, and given Mr. Westmore's advice, I'm resculpting the nose, making it larger and not as tiny and cute." "It's really eating up into my time, but I think it's worth it, because Oren Peli said our creatures need to be frightening." "Finally, my sculpture is completed." "And I immediately start molding faster than I've ever molded before, since I only have one hour left." " That's what you gotta do?" " Yeah." "You know, just everything." "Just everything in general." "Mold face, mold cowl, sculpt chest, mold chest." " Make arms." " Make arms, make other arms." "Make some feet." "I'm not the fastest sculptor." "But when you're trying to force bug legs into the jaw and neck anatomy... you need to take a lot of time." "That really has to be done well, in order for it to read in the correct manner." "I hate cockroaches." "I hate them." "From the shadow, you could only see the four horns, the main horns." "But I want to make ten horns because I want a great profile." "I decided to go with styrofoam." "It's easy to shape, and it's lightweight, so you don't have the actor tipping over." "I'm feeling great." "I have more work to do, but I'm in a great place." "You got 33 minutes." "At the end of the day, I only have my face sculpted, but the focal point of my makeup is going to be these big arm extensions that look like praying mantis arms." "I'm just starting to sculpt them now." "Time's up, everybody!" " Let's go do some barbecuing." " I've got a lot to do tomorrow, and I'm just a nervous wreck." "Let's go." "It's day two of our supernatural challenge." "Back to sculpting, ladies and gentlemen." "We have 9 1/2 hours in the lab." "Already having my face run in foam," "I have to finish my cowl, do my rib piece, and I have to finish sculpting all 10 horns." "It's a lot of work to do by myself..." "This still has to be shaved down." "...but I know I'm going to get it done." " Keeping the neck open, right?" " Yep." "Thanks." "All righty then." "Yep, that is awesome." "Let's mold you." "All I got to do is finish a face, mold that, make a vest, mold that, make some extra arms, open up the molds, clean those out." "So you know, simple day." "I use a air hose to get the plaster into each nook and cranny, because if it's not molded right, you won't see all the work that you did after sculpting something so detailed." "I've got to make a supernatural mouth here on the back of this carrier." "So I'm slapping on the wet clay as fast as I can and get the forms blocked out." "And it's kind of fishy-looking, supernatural-looking." "Definitely not human-looking." "The horns are a very integral part of my creature because they set up the whole silhouette." "And I need to make sure that my design does ultimately stay true to the silhouette that I picked." "Yeah, that looks about right." " Looks about right?" " Mm-hmm." "Okay, cool." "I also need to get this cowl sculpted." "It needs to have enough bulk on it that I can attach these horns and they would stay on." "That's going to look so epic." " What's your concept?" " It's a goblin." "While I'm sculpting the cowl, I'm trying to make sure that the ears are really long and pointed." "As I finish the sculpt, I bring it over to the light station that's been set up, so we can check the silhouette of our character." "I'm feeling pretty confident because it's the exact shapes I'm seeing in my silhouette." "I want to make an insect that not only is scary, but also creeps me out." "So the back has six inserts where these egg sacs are going to be." "I am vacuforming spheres, and I plan to get scorpions and incorporating them into the egg sacs, making them look like they're embedded inside them." "I need to finish the hands, so I can vacuform them." "But I'm noticing that they're a little bit too big." " Cat?" " Yeah?" "If I-- This I can vacuform." "You'd have to just sculpt this separately." "Instead of fabricating the hooves," "I just decided to sculpt them." " This is a-done." " It's looking good." "I have my face, chest, cowl, and the two hands." "Molding time." "He's going to be making molds the rest of the day." "Time is running out, and I can't open my mold." "There is just a lot wrong with it." "I'm in a sketchy place right now." "I don't have anything but a face at this point." "I'm questioning the fact that I spent so much time and effort making this cowl." "I'm really scared." "Shit." "I can't do this." "Shit." "I can't do this." "It's day two of our supernatural challenge." "Time is running out." "I can't even open my mold." "I'm really scared, and I know that the only way to save my molding mistakes is to walk away from it." "In this situation we have to think quick, so plan B is to take a wig to create the skull shape that I'm looking for while using premade ear appliances to get the silhouette that I need." "I only have a face." "I have a face and a wig." "And I'm sure that's going to get me in trouble." "As I'm going forward with making this whole cup-horn idea, there's a lot of fabricating, and I'm already so invested in this process that I can't change it at this point." "I'm really starting to worry that since they're so huge, there's really no way for me to know if it's going to work until the very end." "And that could go really bad." "I'd glue both sides down." "You'd be a-okay." " We'll see." " We'll" "I want to create arm extensions that look like scorpion claws or even praying mantis hands." "so I take L200, which is a type of foam that can be cut, manipulated, heated, bent so that it can make really quick, fabricated pieces." "So I use it to fabricate the hands, and I paint them the best I can." " Almost" " There we go." " It's working." "I'm running out of time at the end of the day." "I need to get this arm molded so that tomorrow I can run it in poly foam." "I still have to mold the cowl, so I'm trying to go as fast as I can, but I don't know if I'm going to be able to finish this." "How many minutes time?" "3:18." "Oh, my God." "I hope this shit opens tomorrow." "So Niko and I are running around the mold room like crazy people, just trying to get these molds done, and Tyler runs in there and really helps me out." "We got it, we got it, we got it, we got this." "We get it done, but Niko still has to finish his cowl." "Put some here, put some here." "Okay." "Done?" "Yes, yes." " That's time, everybody." " Look." "We did it!" " Whoo!" " Nice, nice." "Thank you, thank you." "We finished it." "At the end of the day, I feel pretty happy that I have everything done." "I know I have a lot of work to do tomorrow, and I'm worried that I can't make it all happen." " Good luck, guys." " Thank you, man." "Whoo!" "It's application day, and we've got four hours in the lab, one more hour at last looks, and I believe that's enough time to make this thing good and creepy." " Corinne." " Megan, nice to meet you." "You're like a goddess of pain." "Oh, my God." "You're scary." "My strategy today is to start the application immediately because there are so many elements to this character." "The dental appliance, the face, the cowl, everything laying over top of each other." "There is no room for error today." "Your character is very mischievous." "Let me get around you." "Time is ticking down." "I've got to get the back piece and the face piece on my model." "The back goes down perfect, and I'm loving it." "Cool." "I open my mold, and there's a huge seam." "It's going to take a long time to fix." "My model has no appliances on whatsoever, and I just decide, look, forget about these arms." "I need to worry about just getting my model applied and painted." "This is going to be the end of me." "I finish applying the cowl and face, and I realize that his arms and his chest are still just skin." "A little saran wrap to you." "So I start just gluing this plastic wrap all around my model to get a sort of wrinkly texture." " Pretty weird, huh?" " Yeah." "I've never done it before, so I don't know if it's going to work." "I look at him." "He's standing up." "And I'm like, "I'm doing, like, a really big makeup."" "This is, like, one of the biggest pieces that I have done and super, super fast, so I'm really impressed with myself." "I'm feeling a little bit nervous because everyone else has much bigger creatures, so I have to have a great paint job, in order to make this a great makeup, versus a simple makeup." "All right, everyone, that's 15 minutes." "_" "_" "I know it's missing the arms, which is a very important part of the makeup." "At least everything's applied, and he's got his base coat of paint." "All right, everybody, that's time!" "I think I can pull the paint together, but my model's not going to match the silhouette, so I'm really worried." "The most important part of my makeup isn't there." "Coming up..." "These horns are just too damn heavy." "Shit." "There's still a lot of work needed to pull my creature together." "It's not a good feeling." "I dig it a lot." "It's creepy-licious." "I'm at a loss of words for this." "I didn't find it to be particularly scary." "We have one of the shortest hours in human history." "Turn around." "I just need to get these huge horns to attach that I don't know will work." "Will you hold this for me?" "I need to add all of his highlights and yellow accents." "There's still a lot of work needed to pull my creature together." "It's not a good feeling." "Hold still, buddy." "Hold still." "I'm trying to put the other two side horns on that I made." "I sort of get one in." "I'm gluing the hell out of it." "Please stay still." "The horns are just too damn heavy." "Shit." "It's just not working." "Damn it." " 15 minutes left, everyone!" " Uh-oh." "All right, everyone." "That's time." " Brushes down." " Fuck!" "I really screwed this one up." "Welcome to theFace Offreveal stage." "Tonight, one of you will be eliminated." "First, let's say hello to our talented panel of judges." "Owner of Optic Nerve Make-Up Effects Studio, Glenn Hetrick." " Good evening." " Good evening." "Three-time Oscar-winning makeup artist, Ve Neill." "Hi, everybody." " Hello." " Hey." "Creature and concept designer, Neville Page." " Hi, guys." " Neville." "And please welcome back writer, producer, and director," "Oren Peli." "Hi, guys." "Good to see you again." "Looking forward to seeing your creations." "All right, guys, this week, your spotlight challenge was to select an exaggerated silhouette and create the supernatural entity that cast the shadow." "Let's take a look at your creations, while the audience at home tweets about their favorites using #FaceOff." "I'm loving it." "It looks impressive and-- and scary." "I love the fact the hair is covering the face, and the mouth is coming out of the back." "It's very dark, and you don't really know what it is." "I'm really excited." "This is a character that I really love," "I had a lot of fun doing, and he looks great." "I'm really worried." "He's probably the weakest makeup this challenge." "I know I'm going to be on bottom." "This guy looks really big and really menacing." "I feel really proud of it." "She looks really creepy and sneaky, and I'm confident with the paint job and the success of the actual makeup." "She's rocking it." "The shadow shape, the bug quality to the whole character is really coming through, and I'm feeling pretty good." "I'm loving my horns." "I think they're scary." "I just hope Oren and the rest of the judges do because there are a lot of other makeups that are more intimidating than mine." "This thing looks so creepy." "If I'm not at top looks, I'm at least safe with this makeup, because if I think it's this badass, then the judges at least have to think it's cool." "This silhouette looks great." "It looks very similar to what I was given, but it also has a little bit of my own flair and style to it." "I know I'm up the old proverbial creek without a paddle because all the imperfections are staring me in the face." "I can't even look at it." "Judges, why don't you take a closer look at our supernatural entities?" "There's some really rad shapes going on in the horns." "It's my favorite part of this makeup." "It's really riffing off of the shadow." "Yeah, it's pretty cool." "Looks a little bit like a diseased homeless guy." "Please turn, so we can see your back, please." "Oh, yeah." "What is that thing?" "We have to ask." "I don't understand it." " Can you open your mouth?" " Yeah, let's see it." "Oh, yeah." "There we go." "I like the overall design, but it feels a little bit" " like a mask." " It does." "I don't understand the hard shapes." "Not very supernatural." "More like an alien-insect type thing." "I'm worried." "I see the judges pointing out problems." "I know they're not happy with it." "There's a good chance that I could be sent home." "Who made your favorite supernatural entity?" "Tell us on Twitter, using #FaceOff." "Turn your head sideways." "That's a cool silhouette." "That has nothing to do with the silhouette in here." "I know I'm going to be in the bottom." "I look at everybody else's, and he's not the strongest makeup." "Look at this brown iridescence floating around in here." "It's really nice." "This guy looks like he means business." "Like, if you see him in a dark alley, you're going to run the other way." "Great." "Great paint job." "Very, very, very nice patterns." "Thanks." "I'm not sure what's going on," " but it's cool." " Yeah." "It's, like, half-human, half-whatever." "This on purpose?" "I think it ripped after he put it on, so he colored it in." "I'm going to try playing on the judges' mercy, like, "Please, I'm-- I'm much better than this."" " It's not really scary." " It's cute almost." "The judges have scored your creations." "Let's find out what they thought." "George," "Tyler," "Chloe," "Rashaad," "Matt..." "Congratulations, you are all safe." "You can head back to the makeup room." "Thank you." "The rest of you were the best and the worst." "The judges will now speak with each of you to learn more about your work." "Graham, please step up." "Graham, tell us how you incorporated your shadow." "I tried to incorporate some of the things that creep me out, which are cockroaches, so I threw in some creepy bug parts, and this is what would really end up scaring me now." "I love it." "I love the sculpture of the face, particularly." "I dig it a lot." "It's creepy-licious." "Thank you." "You have a really great transitional area in the sternum." "It's done so well." "Thank you." "It definitely implies something very off-putting, so that's a gorgeous part of this." " Great work." " Thank you." "Whatever this thing is, I've never seen anything like it before, so it's very cool and creepy and original design." "Thank you very much." " Graham, please step back." " Awesome." " Good job, dude." " Daran." "Tell us about your concept and how you incorporated your silhouette." "I saw the shadow as a demon." "I wanted to keep my focus on the back as a mouth for the hump." "And this mouth will swallow your soul." "Turn your character around." "That does not look like a mouth at all." "I'm at a loss of words for this, Daran." "It doesn't even look like you finished painting it." "I don't think this is a great makeup." "Sorry to disappoint." "I think that you have achieved kind of a classic vision of horror, but I" "I think you just went way too abstract." "It's just not very supernatural." "Looks very human." " Daran, you can head back." " Thanks, buddy." "Let's talk to Niko." "So tell us how you interpreted your cast shadow." "Once I saw the shadow," "I saw a bull because of the horns and hooves, but I wanted to make it more human." "That's when I went with a minotaur." " This is really a beautiful piece." " Thank you." "You didn't use the actor's eyes." "I think that this is one of the more successful" " ways of doing it." " Thank you." "This is probably the scariest one of the bunch." "It matches the shadow really well." "It's menacing." "It's scary." " Very well done." " Thank you." "Your work, in terms of proportion, is quite beautiful." "It's big enough to push an already big model into gigantic, but it's not so big that it's clumsy." " Well done." " Thank you." "Niko, please step back." "Good job, baby." "Cat, please step forward." "Tell me about your concept." "How did you come up with this particular design?" "I hate bugs." "I think that's why I was drawn to the silhouette." "It reminded me of a cross between a beetle and a praying mantis." "For me, it looks like he's wearing a mask." "So I didn't find it to be particularly scary or-- or supernatural." "Mm-hmm." "I abhor the decision to have this hard surface on his face, and I don't see the silhouette." "I don't think it's a very good makeup." " I've seen you do better." " I agree." "I think one of the main failures for me is your paint job is a little weak." "It's odd to see yellow splotches on the face." "Cat, you can step down." "Tanner, you're up." "Tanner, tell us about your character." "I wanted a very old demon." "As deer grow older and older, their horns get larger and larger-- his horns getting so big that nothing's going to stop them from growing." "You've got some serious issues." "I" " Yeah." "I noticed that there's a gaping aperture next to what appears to be some sort of vacuum tubing." "It was going to be another set of horns, but I was running into a lot of weight problems." "Not good." "Tanner, can you tell us what you used on his body?" "It looks to me like you wrapped him in cellophane and hoped for the best." "Yeah, that didn't really work too well." " Wow, I'm disappointed." " Yeah, I am too." "The other bigger problem is that he's just really far from being camera-ready." " Absolutely." " Tanner, you can head back." "Thanks, man." "Corinne, please step up." "Tell us the story behind this character." "When I was looking at the movements," "I decided that it was a goblin that creeps in the middle of the night and does nasty things while people are sleeping." "Nobody knows what hit them." "She is definitely a creepy, little thing." "That is a magnificent paint job." "Her arms are amazing." "Thanks." "I think that this is a beautiful, subtle makeup." "This character feels plausible." "It's beautiful work." "Thank you." "Seems like you've nailed supernatural entity to me." "Crawling around the corner of a bedroom when a kid is sleeping, it would be scary as hell." "Massive success on that level of this challenge, for sure." "Thank you." "Corinne, please step back." "All right, guys, the judges have heard what you have to say." "If you'd please head back to the makeup room while they deliberate." "All right, judges, why don't we talk about the looks you liked the most this week?" "Let's start with Graham." "I think he did a great job at hitting the right notes to tell the story of a supernatural entity, a shadow." "The chest was so cool." "That transition from little finger things." "We've never seen anything that looked like this before." "It's very cool and creepy." "All right, let's move on to Niko." "That head was so well-balanced, proportionally." "The sculpt of it was cool." "It was a riveting piece." "Out of all of them, it's the one that evoked the most genuine feeling of fear." "Okay, let's move on to Corinne." "I thought this was a really cool makeup." "I really enjoyed the paint job." "I especially liked the treatment of the arms." "The particular challenge aspect of trying to take this shadow and create a makeup of a creature that could cast the shadow," "I think that she fulfilled that the most accurately." "The quality, the execution of it" " was really, really excellent." " All right, judges." "Let's move on to the bottom looks this week." "As you know, you have the ability to give special immunity this season." " Yeah." " Why don't we start with Daran?" "For me, he did two things that were a grave mistake." "The first one, an overly simplistic idea from front view and an overly complicated idea from rear view." "Whatever was going on in the back was just weird, and I don't think it worked on any level." "And the front looked human with raggedy clothes." "He said that that back thing was his focal point." "Well, if that's your focal point, why isn't it finished?" "All right, let's move on to Cat." "The paint job, I-I don't get it." "Looks like she just took a brush, and went bam, bam, bam, and put polka dots on his face." "It looked like a guy wearing an alien mask" " and not much else going on." " She keeps saying it was a bug." "Doesn't look like a bug to me at all." "Let's move on to Tanner." "This is one of the worst things I've seen on this show." "Everything was falling off-- the chest piece, one of the horns on the front." "The cellophane was unwrapping." "That was a bad choice." "He should've just painted the skin." "All right, judges, have you made your decisions?" "Yeah." "Okay, let's bring them back out." "Glenn, tell us about the top looks." "Graham, we really liked your cockroach-inspired makeup, and we love that you gave us something that we've never seen before." "Niko, you handled the facial sculpture of your character extremely well, and the character was very well-proportioned." "Corinne, we love that you presented us with a beautiful, believable makeup, and your shadow inspiration was very clear." "Who is the winner of this challenge?" "The winner of this challenge is" " Who is the winner of this challenge?" "The winner of this challenge is..." "Niko." "Thank you." "Thank you so much." "Your character was scary, imposing, and it matched up with its shadow." " Great job." " Thank you." "I'm really happy." "I'm super stoked." "It's-- it's-- This is why I came here." " Niko, congratulations." " Thank you." "You and Corinne and Graham can head back to the makeup room." "Unfortunately, that means the rest of you are on the bottom this week." "One of you will be eliminated." "Please step forward." "Glenn, tell us about the bottom looks." "Daran, it was obvious that you tried to do way too much." "The paint, in particular, was very rudimentary." "Cat, your makeup did not feel like a supernatural entity to us, and we did not see the relationship with your shadow." "Tanner, there were significant issues with your overall character, and it turned out more cute than scary." "So who is going home tonight?" "The person going home tonight is..." "Tanner." "Unfortunately, everything you tried this week didn't work out." "There were just too many problems with this character." "That means, Daran and Cat, you are safe this week and can head back to the makeup room." "I'm sorry, brother." "Tanner, you've exhibited some amazing raw potential." "Combined with your great attitude, you'll go very far in your career." "Thank you so much." "It's been an-- a wonderful experience." "Good luck, man." "Tanner, I'm sorry, but you have been eliminated." "It's been great having you here with us." "If you'd please head back to the makeup room and pack up your kit." " Bye." "Thank you." " Good luck, Tanner." "Bye, Tanner." "Good luck, hon." "I'm bummed." "I made errors." "That's the most disappointing part." "I know that I'm better than that." "Oh, dude." "It's been crazy." "I've never worked so hard and so fast." "I'm going to take away a lot of great experiences." "And I'm proud of the makeups and the things that I've accomplished here." "This experience has definitely made me a better makeup artist, so I'm going to keep going buck wild with it." | [
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
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1,
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1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1
] |
import tests.perf.test_cycles_full_long_long as gen
gen.test_nbrows_cycle(1000 , 80)
| [
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] |
Most recent searches
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450,
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1570,
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583
] | [
1,
1,
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] |
Matrix metalloproteinases and peripheral arterial disease.
It has been postulated that atherosclerosis should be considered as a chronic inflammatory process and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a manifestation of such an atherosclerotic vascular disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are significant circulating biomarkers which play a pivotal role in the initiation, progression and clinical manifestations of PAD. This review summarizes the current body of evidence with regard to the association between MMPs and PAD. | [
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1,
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1
] |
Transmission infrared spectroscopy of methyl- and ethyl-terminated silicon(111) surfaces.
Transmission infrared spectroscopy (TIRS) has been used to investigate the surface-bound species formed in the two-step chlorination/alkylation reaction of crystalline (111)-oriented Si surfaces. Spectra were obtained after hydrogen termination, chlorine termination, and reaction of the Cl-Si(111) surface with CH(3)MgX or C(2)H(5)MgX (X = Cl, Br) to form methyl (CH(3))- or ethyl (C(2)H(5))-terminated Si(111) surfaces, respectively. Freshly etched H-terminated Si(111) surfaces that were subsequently chlorinated by immersion in a saturated solution of PCl(5) in chlorobenzene were characterized by complete loss of the Si-H stretching and bending modes at 2083 and 627 cm(-1)(,) respectively, and the appearance of Si-Cl modes at 583 and 528 cm(-1). TIRS of the CH(3)-terminated Si(111) surface exhibited a peak at 1257 cm(-1) polarized perpendicular to the surface assigned to the C-H symmetrical bending, or "umbrella" motion, of the methyl group. A peak observed at 757 cm(-1) polarized parallel to the surface was assigned to the C-H rocking motion. Alkyl C-H stretch modes on both the CH(3)- and C(2)H(5)-terminated surfaces were observed near 2900 cm(-1). The C(2)H(5)-terminated Si(111) surface additionally exhibited broad bands at 2068 and 2080 cm(-1), respectively, polarized perpendicular to the surface, as well as peaks at 620 and 627 cm(-1), respectively, polarized parallel to the surface. These modes were assigned to the Si-H stretching and bending motions, respectively, resulting from H-termination of surface atoms that did not form Si-C bonds during the ethylation reaction. | [
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] |
---
title: Setting up the environment
---
# Tag Based Policies with Apache Ranger and Apache Atlas
## Setting up the environment
## Introduction
In this section of the tutorial we will prepare the Sandbox environment by enabling relevant services and turning off services that are not used.
## Prerequisites
- Downloaded and deployed the [Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP)](https://www.cloudera.com/downloads/hortonworks-sandbox/hdp.html?utm_source=mktg-tutorial) Sandbox
- [Learning the Ropes of the HDP Sandbox](https://hortonworks.com/tutorial/learning-the-ropes-of-the-hortonworks-sandbox/)
## Outline
- [Concepts](#concepts)
- [Enable Ranger Audit to Solr](#enable-Ranger-Audit-to-Solr)
- [Stop Services not Used in Tag Based Policies](#stop-services-not-used-in-tag-based-policies)
- [Restart Affected Services](#restart-affected-services)
- [Verify "ranger_audits" is created in Ambari Infra Solr](#verify-"ranger_audits"-is-created-in-ambari-infra-solr)
- [Summary](#summary)
- [Further Reading](#further-reading)
## Concepts
Before we begin creating, assigning, and editing tag policies we must enable Ranger audit to Solr and start the services needed to assign policies. Additionally, we will stop services not necessary for this tutorial.
Furthermore, we should become acquainted with the personas who reside within the HDP Sandbox.
Here is a brief description of them:
- raj_ops: Big Data Operations
- maria_dev: Big Data Developer
Raj is our administrator and thus has full access to most of Ambari's services.
Maria is our developer and thus has limited access to our cluster's services.
**Username** – raj_ops
**Password** – raj_ops
**Username** – maria_dev
**Password** – maria_dev
In order to set up our environment we will use our cluster administrator **admin**.
## Enable Ranger Audit to Solr
Use your HDP **admin** credentials to sign in.
**Table 1**: Ambari Login credentials
| Username | Password |
|:---:|:---:|
| admin | **your password |
If this is your first time setting up the **admin** password follow the instructions in [Setup Ambari Admin Password Manually](https://hortonworks.com/tutorial/learning-the-ropes-of-the-hortonworks-sandbox/#admin-password-reset).
Once in Ambari click on the **Ranger** service on the service Stack on the left and follow these steps to enable audit to Solr:
1\. Ensure you are in the **Ranger** service
2\. Select the **Configs** tab
3\. Go to the **Ranger Audit** tab
4\. Turn **ON** Ranger's Audit to Solr and SolrCloud features
5\. **Save** this configuration
In the **Save Configuration** window that appears, write `Enable Audit to Solr and SolrCloud Feature`, then select **Save**, next click **OK** button on Dependent Configurations window.
Finally, click **Proceed Anyway** on the **Save Configuration Changes** window, and click **OK**.
![enable-audit-to-solr-and-solrcloud](assets/images/enable-ranger-audit-to-solr-and-solrcloud.jpg)
## Stop Services Not Used in Tag Based Policies
Before we restart all the services that were affected by enabling the Audit to Solr and SolrCloud, we need to stop services that will not be used as part of the Tag Based Policies tutorial. We do this because we will be starting additional services, our sandbox is meant to have limited resources and might not respond well to having many services on at the same time.
We will start with Spark2. Go to the Spark2 service, click on the **Stop** button located in **Service Actions**.
![stop-spark2-service](assets/images/stop-spark2-service.jpg)
1\. Stop the following services in this order:
- Spark2
- Zeppelin
![stop-services-not-needed](assets/images/stop-services-not-needed.jpg)
## Restart Affected Services
Enabling Solr and SolrCloud affected other services on the stack. In order for the changes that we made to take effect on our sandbox we need to restart the affected services. We will start with Zookeeper.
### Restart the Zookeeper Service
1\. Select **Zookeeper**, then click on **Service Actions**. Click on **Restart All** to restart all components of Zookeeper. It will also restart all affected components of Zookeeper.
![restart-all-zookeeper-components](assets/images/restart-all-zookeeper-components.jpg)
2\. On the **Confirmation** window, press **Confirm Restart All**.
![zookeeper-confirmation-restart](assets/images/zookeeper-confirmation-restart.jpg)
**Background Operation Running** window will appear showing Zookeeper currently is being restarted. This window will appear for other services you perform a service action upon.
![background-operation-running-zookeeper](assets/images/background-operation-running-zookeeper.jpg)
Click **OK** button in bottom right corner.
3\. Once Zookeeper finishes restarting, you will be able to see the components health.
![zookeeper-service-restart-result](assets/images/zookeeper-service-restart-result.jpg)
4\. Let's get back to Ambari Dashboard, click on the Ambari icon ![ambari_icon](assets/images/ambari_icon.jpg) in the top left corner.
### Restart the Remaining Services
1\. We will follow a similar approach as we did with the Zookeeper service to restart all the remaining services.
Restart the remaining services in this order:
- Infra Solr
- Ranger
- HDFS
- YARN
- Hive
- HBase (Turn Off Maintenance Mode then Restart All HBase)
- Storm (Turn Off Maintenance Mode then Restart All Storm)
- Atlas (Turn Off Maintenance Mode then Restart All Atlas)
- Kafka
- Knox (Turn off Maintenance Mode then Restart All Knox)
![services-left-to-restart](assets/images/services-left-to-restart.jpg)
If **Knox** doesn't restart due to the **KNOX GATEWAY** failing, then:
- Click on **Knox Gateway**
- Find **Knox Gateway** under components and Start **Knox Gateway**
- Go back to Knox's **Host Actions** and **Restart All Components**
2\. In your **Background Operations Running** window, it should show that all the above services are being restarted.
![remaining-services-restart-result1](assets/images/remaining-services-restart-result.jpg)
### Verify "ranger_audits" is created in Ambari Infra Solr
Once services have been restarted, you should verify that **ranger_audits** is started:
**Ambari** -> **Infra Solr** -> **Quick Links** -> **Solr Admin UI**
Make sure "ranger_audits" is displayed in Ambari Infra Solr as in the picture below:
**Dashboard** -> **Cloud** -> **Graph**
![verify_ranger_audit_solr_collection_created](assets/images/verify-ranger-audit-solr-collection-created.jpg)
## Summary
Great now that we have set up the environment for us to work with let's get to work assigning Tag Based Policies with Atlas.
## Further Reading
- Downloaded and deployed the [Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP)](https://www.cloudera.com/downloads/hortonworks-sandbox/hdp.html?utm_source=mktg-tutorial) Sandbox
- [Learning the Ropes of the HDP Sandbox](https://hortonworks.com/tutorial/learning-the-ropes-of-the-hortonworks-sandbox/)
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Apoptotic and necrotic cytolytic processes induced by membrane associated proteins of LAK cells.
Cytolytic processes induced by membrane-associated proteins of human lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells with different phenotypes (CD3+, CD16-, CD8+ and CD16+, CD8+, CD3-) were studied using L929 and K562 types of target cells. Independently of the phenotype of effector cells and the type of target cells, total fractions of membrane proteins induced several different cytolytic processes occurring with different rates and involving different mechanisms of genome fragmentation. The membrane fraction induced, irrespective of the phenotype of LAK cells, mostly apoptotic processes in the L929 line. At the same time, cytolytic processes induced in K562 line differed by the mechanisms of DNA fragmentation. An inhibitor of lysosome activation, NH4Cl, and a Ca(2+)-binding reagent, ethylene glycol bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), induced partial inhibition of short-term cytolytic processes (developing within 1-5 h) but did not affect the development of long-term cytolytic processes requiring more than 6-8 h for their development. | [
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Q:
How can I add this module to my Android Studio project?
I've tried adding this millisecond chronometer widget to my android studio project using multiple different guides but none of them seemed to work for this specific file. This is my first time trying to add a module to an Android Studio project and I wasn't sure what to do. Also, how can I use it after I add it?
A:
This project doesn't have any external dependencies, it doesn't use resources. The simplest way would be to just copy the Chronometer.java file to your project.
If you really would like to build it as a module (kinda overkill), the way would be to import it as a gradle module: File -> New -> Import module. Point to a directory, then name the module, let's say "chronometer". You would need to add the following line to your global settings.gradle file (studio probably does that automatically):
include ':app', ':chronometer'
And in build.gradle of a module, where you want to use that new module, put:
dependencies {
compile project(':chronometer')
}
And that would do, but as I say, it's reeeeally unnecessary.
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The mutational specificity of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide (AF2) in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli.
We have determined the mutational specificity of the 5-nitrofuran derivative furylfuramide (AF2) in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli. Treatment of a delta uvrB, pKM101 strain with 1 M AF2 yielded a mutation frequency approximately 300 times greater than that of untreated controls. Of the 165 AF2-induced mutants analysed by DNA sequencing, 145 were base substitution mutations, 11 were frameshifts, and the remainder small deletions, tandem base substitutions and complex mutations. Base substitution occurred primarily (greater than 93%) at G:C base pairs. The proportions of the various mutations are very similar to those that have been reported for AP sites. We suggest that the principal mechanism for AF2 mutagenesis is the formation of an adduct which depurinates to yield AP sites that serve as a substrate for error-prone repair. Seventy-two of the mutations occurred at four 5'-TGC-3' sites. The majority (10/11) of the frameshift mutations occurred at one such hotspot and could have been templated by an inverted repeat less than 100 bp removed from the site of the mutation. | [
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#!/bin/bash
i=4
LANG=es
BEAM=10
LENPEN=1.0
SUBSET=test
GOLDEN=xglue.ntg.${LANG}.tgt.test
SUFFIX=_NTG_${LANG}_ck${i}_beam${BEAM}_lp${LENPEN}_${SUBSET}_es_350k_uncased_1e5_bs1k
CHECK_POINT=./models/xprophetnet_ntg_en/checkpoint${i}.pt
OUTPUT_FILE=outputs/output${SUFFIX}.txt
SCORE_FILE=outputs/score${SUFFIX}.txt
PYTHONIOENCODING=utf8 fairseq-generate finetune_data/NTG_processed_${LANG} --path ${CHECK_POINT} --user-dir ./prophetnet --task translation_prophetnet --batch-size 16 --gen-subset ${SUBSET} --beam ${BEAM} --num-workers 4 --no-repeat-ngram-size 3 --lenpen $LENPEN 2>&1 > ${OUTPUT_FILE}
grep ^H $OUTPUT_FILE | cut -c 3- | sort -n | cut -f3- > outputs/sort_hypo${SUFFIX}.txt
python post_process.py outputs/sort_hypo${SUFFIX}.txt outputs/sort_hypo${SUFFIX}.txt.post
python -m sacrebleu -lc -l ${LANG}-${LANG} ./finetune_data/NTG/${GOLDEN} < outputs/sort_hypo${SUFFIX}.txt.post > ${SCORE_FILE}
| [
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Positive Client Experience in Lake Villa, IL
These home owners will enjoy their new sunroom for many years to come. The cathedral ceiling, gable roof, and floor to ceiling glass will allow for great light and amazing views. This room will provide weather protection year round. | [
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Neuroblastoma survival and death: an in vitro model of hypoxia and metabolic stress.
Heterogeneous oxygen tension and access to metabolites in solid tumors may produce variability in response to adjuvant therapy. To better understand these microenvironmental features, we examined survival and proliferation of neuroblastoma (NB) cells in an in vitro model of hypoxia and metabolite deprivation. Human NB cells (SH-SY5Y) were subjected to a "self-generated" diffusion gradient of nutrient and oxygen deprivation in a modified in vitro "sandwich model." In this model, the extent of both hypoxia and metabolite deprivation were individually altered, and the effects of each were studied. Cellular proliferation was confirmed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunocytochemistry and morphology and hypoxia by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pimonidazole immunocytochemistry. We examined apoptotic cell death using TUNEL analysis, assaying for plasma membrane transfer of phosphotidylserine and the presence of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 using immunocytochemistry. As predicted, cellular survival diminished with increasing duration and severity of hypoxia and metabolite deprivation; oxygen deprivation was determined to be the more important contributory factor to early survival and proliferation. PCNA immunocytochemistry confirmed decreasing fractions of proliferating cells as a function of distance from oxygen and metabolites. VEGF and Bcl-2 immunoreactivity increased with prolonged exposure and increased extent of oxygen/metabolite deprivation. TUNEL analysis and phosphotidylserine transfer demonstrated cellular death of hypoxic and metabolite-deprived NB cells in a manner consistent with a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This in vitro model demonstrates that increasing the severity of hypoxia and metabolite deprivation results in diminished proliferation and greater apoptotic death, observations analogous to that of clinical NB tumors. | [
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Dishing out something extra
Colin Demers, right, waits for volunteer Lettie Saheim to put gravy on the plate as the Century House Restaurant served meals at the Cohoes Senior Service Citizen Center on Nov. 1, 2012. (Michael P. Farrell/Times Union)
COLONIE — Colin DeMers knows a thing or two about hospitality.
DeMers is the nephew of Jim and Dorothy O’Hearn, who opened the Century House in 1949. The business has stayed in the family for more than half a century and is now run by the late O’Hearns’ children, Tim O’Hearn and Susan O’Hearn-Jordan, along with DeMers, who became managing partner in 1999.
After nearly 30 years in the hospitality industry, and in the midst of the biggest economic crisis since the Great Depression, DeMers quietly unveiled the Enjoy One, Share One program in 2009 at the Century House. He calls it a “socially responsible giving business model.” For every meal served and room booked at the Century House Hotel and Restaurant, the program provides a meal to those in need through the Regional Food Bank of Northeastern New York.
“At the time, so much was happening in our community and I knew we could do something to help,” DeMers said. “I wanted to create a program that everyone from staff to patrons could participate in at no cost and feel good about.”
DeMers worked with the food bank for a year to come up with a plan to help feed the community. Less than four years later, the Enjoy One, Share One program is nearing its 350,000th meal served.
The program not only underwrites the cost of meals through the food bank, but Century House staff and volunteers also go out into the community every month to prepare a meal at different location in the Capital Region. Last week, DeMers and a contingent of volunteers prepared and served dinner at the Cohoes Senior Service Citizen Center.
“Enjoying and sharing a meal with people from all walks of life is so emotional and resonates,” DeMers said. “It’s a common denominator.”
At the end of each meal at the Century House Restaurant, patrons are encouraged to sign the “Book of Giving,” which sits on top of the piano in the tavern. The book serves as a reminder of each donation made in every guests honor. With more than 300,000 meals served, the book has become more like a tome.
He said he was struck by how appreciative people have been.
“I wish there wasn’t a need out there,” DeMers said, “but we’re on to something. It feels good to do the right thing. I just hope it grows.”
The Century House is at 997 New Loudon Road in Latham. For information, click here. | [
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] |
The Disclosure Discussion points, per my response to your earlier email
----- Forwarded by Dan Lyons/HOU/ECT on 09/25/2000 03:24 PM -----
Heather Kroll
09/24/2000 04:42 PM
To: Dan Lyons/HOU/ECT@ECT, Kay Mann/Corp/Enron@Enron, Jeffery
Ader/HOU/ECT@ECT, Ozzie Pagan/HOU/ECT@ECT
cc:
Subject: Talking points regarding "unity of knowledge"
To all:
Here are the talking points that need to be addressed during the call with
FCEL that Dave has requested (to establish equal knowledge about the
transaction and status).
Regards,
Heather | [
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import {Inject, Injectable} from '@angular/core';
import {HttpClient} from '@angular/common/http';
import {Observable} from 'rxjs';
import {Resource, ResourceWithoutId} from '@tsmean/shared';
import {ApiUrl} from './api-url-injection-token';
import {catchError, map, share} from 'rxjs/operators';
@Injectable()
export class ResourceService {
constructor(@Inject(ApiUrl) private apiUrl: string, private http: HttpClient) {
}
/**
* Url to web api, appended with resource name
* yields e.g http://myserver/api/v1/users
*/
resourcesUrl(resourceName: string) {
return this.apiUrl + '/' + resourceName;
}
getResources(resourceName: string): Observable<Resource[]> {
const $data = this.http
.get(this.resourcesUrl(resourceName))
.pipe(
map((resp: any) => resp.data),
share()
);
return $data.pipe(
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
getResource(resourceId: number, resourceName: string): Observable<Resource> {
const $data = this.http
.get(this.resourcesUrl(resourceName) + '/' + resourceId)
.pipe(
map((resp: any) => resp.data),
share()
);
return $data.pipe(
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
createResource(newResource: ResourceWithoutId, resourceName: string): Observable<Resource> {
const $data = this.http
.post(this.resourcesUrl(resourceName), newResource)
.pipe(
map((resp: any) => resp.data),
share()
);
return $data.pipe(
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
updateResource(resource: Resource, resourceName: string): Observable<Resource> {
const $data = this.http
.put(this.resourcesUrl(resourceName), resource)
.pipe(
map((resp: any) => resp.data),
share()
);
return $data.pipe(
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
// TODO: what do you get back?
deleteResource(resourceId: number, resourceName: string): Observable<void> {
const $data = this.http
.delete(this.resourcesUrl(resourceName) + '/' + resourceId)
.pipe(
map((resp: any) => resp.data),
share()
);
return $data.pipe(
catchError(this.handleError)
);
}
private handleError(error: any): Promise<any> {
console.error('An error occurred', error); // for demo purposes only
return Promise.reject(error.message || error);
}
}
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Описание: University costs a whole lot of cash, so Van Wylde is turning to Doctor Cherie Deville’s lab test to pay for those overpriced textbooks. Turns out this busty blonde scientist is working on a potion that will create the most powerful cock in the world! Just one sip has Van harder than an SAT exam, but Dr. Deville needs to put it to the ultimate test. Slobbering all over every inch of this big dick, intermittently deepthroating for optimal cock hardening. So far so good, but better not count on that Nobel Peace Prize just yet, there’s more testing to be done! A thorough pussy pounding as he spreads this nerdy babe’s juicy ass wide confirms her suspicions – this big dick is about to unload all over her big tits! | [
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] |
Core admin queries can be used to administrate cores on your solr server (https://lucene.apache.org/solr/guide/coreadmin-api.html)
The core admin api on the Apache Solr server has several "actions" available and every action can have a set of arguments.
Building an core admin query
----------------------------
The following example shows how your can build a core admin query that executes the status action:
```php
<?php
require_once(__DIR__.'/init.php');
htmlHeader();
// create a client instance
$client = new Solarium\Client($adapter, $eventDispatcher, $config);
// create a core admin query
$coreAdminQuery = $client->createCoreAdmin();
// use the core admin query to build a Status action
$statusAction = $coreAdminQuery->createStatus();
$statusAction->setCore('techproducts');
$coreAdminQuery->setAction($statusAction);
$response = $client->coreAdmin($coreAdminQuery);
$statusResult = $response->getStatusResult();
echo '<b>Core admin status action execution:</b><br/>';
echo 'Uptime of the core ( ' .$statusResult->getCoreName(). ' ): ' . $statusResult->getUptime();
htmlFooter();
```
Beside the **status** action there are several actions available that can be created with the create***ActionName()*** method.
Available actions
-----------------
The api implements the following actions
Create
======
Use to create a new core.
**Available action methods**:
| Name | Arguments | Description |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| setAsync | string $async | Identifier for async execution to request the status later |
| setCore | string $core | Name of the core |
| setInstanceDir | string $instanceDir | Instance dir that should be used |
| setConfig | string $config | Name of the config file relative to the instanceDir |
| setSchema | string $schema | Name of the schema file |
| setDataDir | string $dataDir | Name of the dataDir relative to the instance dir |
| setConfigSet | string $configSet | Name of the configSet that should be used |
| setCollection | string $collection | Name of the collection where this core belongs to |
| setShard | string $shard | ShardId that this core represents |
| setCoreProperty | string $name, string $value | Entry for the core.properties file, can be used n times |
MergeIndexes
============
Use to merge cores.
**Available action methods**:
| Name | Arguments | Description |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| setAsync | string $async | Identifier for async execution to request the status later |
| setCore | string $core | Name of the core where the data should be merged into |
| setIndexDir | array $indexDir | Array of index directories that should be merged |
| setSrcCore | array $srcCore | Array of source cores that should be merged |
Reload
======
Use to reload a core.
**Available action methods**:
| Name | Arguments | Description |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| setCore | string $core | Name of the core that should be reloaded |
Rename
======
Use to rename a core.
**Available action methods**:
| Name | Arguments | Description |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| setAsync | string $async | Identifier for async execution to request the status later |
| setCore | string $core | Name of the core that should be renamed |
| setOther | string $otherCoreName | New name of the core |
RequestRecovery
===============
Use to recover a core.
**Note**: Only relevant for solrcloud where cores are shards and a cover can be recovered from the leader (a copy of that core on another node)
**Available action methods**:
| Name | Arguments | Description |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| setCore | string $core | Name of the core that should be recovered |
RequestStatus
=============
Use to get the status from an asynchronous request. When you have previously passed an async identifier for another action,
RequestStatus can be used later to retrieve the state for that asynchronous action.
**Available action methods**:
| Name | Arguments | Description |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| setRequestId | string $requestId | Id of the asynchronous request that was previously executed. |
Split
=====
Use to split a core.
See also: https://lucene.apache.org/solr/guide/coreadmin-api.html#coreadmin-split
**Available action methods**:
| Name | Arguments | Description |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| setAsync | string $async | Identifier for async execution to request the status later |
| setCore | string $core | Name of the core that should be renamed |
| setPath | array $path | Array of pathes where the parts of the splitted index is written |
| setTargetCore | array $targetCore | Array of target core names that should be used for splitting |
| setRanges | string $ranges | Comma separated list of hash ranges in hexadecimal format |
| setSplitKey | string $splitKey | Key to be used for splitting the index |
Status
======
Use to get the status of one or all cores:
**Note**: When no name is passed the status for all cores will be retrieved.
**Available action methods**:
| Name | Arguments | Description |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| setCore | string $core | Optional name of the core where the status should be retrieved |
Swap
====
Use to swap a core.
**Available action methods**:
| Name | Arguments | Description |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| setAsync | string $async | Identifier for async execution to request the status later |
| setCore | string $core | Name of the core that should be swap |
| setOther | string $otherCoreName | Target core to swap with |
Unload
======
Use to unload a core.
**Available action methods**:
| Name | Arguments | Description |
|----------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| setAsync | string $async | Identifier for async execution to request the status later |
| setCore | string $core | Name of the core that should be swap |
| setDeleteIndex | bool $boolean | Deletes the index directory |
| setDeleteDataDir | bool $boolean | Deletes the data directory |
| setDeleteInstanceDir | bool $boolean | Deletes the instance directory |
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Well worth the $$
28/08/2014 8:10:43 AM
I just finished this blanket. I had plenty of yarn to finish - I actually made an extra set of rows because I read the pattern wrong and I still had enough. My step daughter is due in March so it will go to her! Oh...and love this yarn, it's so soft!
Teddy Bear Brights Ripple Baby Blanket
28/01/2014 2:38:15 PM
Pro: The blanket is beautiful (if I do say so myself). It looks just like the ad and is nice and warm. Con: The yarn is very fuzzy. I realize that's part of the texture, but I'm finding that I crochet a bit, then trim the yarn, crochet and trim. Some skeins were less fuzzy than others.
We’re proud to have helped crafters find the joy in their creations for over 100 years. Keeping with this tradition, we guarantee you must be satisfied.
Returns and Exchanges
If you are dissatisfied in any way with your purchase, you may feel free to return unused merchandise for a full refund or exchange within 60 days. Every order arrives with an itemized invoice and contains complete return instructions. | [
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A DPA-based highly selective and sensitive fluorescent probe for mercuric ions and its imaging in living cells.
Based on the 2,2-dipicolylamine (DPA) receptor and naphthalimide fluorophore, three fluorescent probes, RDPA, MDPA and VDPA have been developed for the recognition of mercuric ions. Among them, VDPA, bearing a diglycol group in the imine chain, exhibits good water solubility, and high selectivity towards mercuric ions in PBS water solution. With DPA as the receptor, VDPA showed very high affinity and sensitivity towards Hg(2+), and the binding constant and detection limit were calculated to be 2.8 × 10(10) M(-1) and 5.49 nM, respectively. The MTT assay and living cell imaging experiments suggested that the probe VDPA has potential application for detecting Hg(2+) in living cells. | [
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natural stone
July 21, 2014
Tips to Select the Right Outdoor Patio Materials
18Posted:tricountryCategories: Home Improvement
Patio materials provide a wide array of choices. It is hard to concentrate on just a few colors and styles of patio materials when there are so many to choose from. The following tips will help narrow anyone’s focus so they can move to the designing stage of a Concrete Patio or other selection more quickly.
Creative Concrete
A concrete patio is popular because it is inexpensive when compared with other options. Its appearance can be changed from a boring, unassuming grey slab to brick like shapes, decorative colors with chips of glass, or an exposed aggregate. It works best in frost-free zones where the soil is free from heaving. Mandatory maintenance includes coating reapplication every two years to maintain the color. Surface cracks and faded colors in areas with heavy traffic are other problems with this choice.
Decorative Stone
The beauty of natural stone overcomes the expense of quarrying, transportation, and installation. Slabs of flagstone or limestone vary in thickness and must be placed on an individual basis. Reduce the stress of making a decision by choosing the same stone that adds beauty to the house. Trouble-free maintenance and the long life of a stone patio compensate for the cost.
Beautiful Brick
The warmth and appeal of a brick patio is quickly doused when homeowners discover its problems. The porous material holds moisture, causing cracks when the temperature drops below freezing. It also causes ice and adds the danger of slipping. Maintenance includes replacing broken bricks and frequent scrubbing to kill the slippery moss that grows on the bricks in both sunny and shady areas.
Perfect Pavers
Beauty and affordability are the mark of today’s diversified patio materials. Manufactured pavers are available in many colors, shapes, and patterns. Identical thickness reduces the cost and time of installation. They have a long life, with easy to replace individual pieces in the event of breakage or staining.
Hardscaping is a fascinating part of landscaping that includes projects like retaining walls, ponds, decks, and patios. Professional guidance and installation is the best way to get the patio that fits a person’s home and expectations. For more information about patio materials, costs, and styles, contact Tri-County Exteriors at www.tricountyexteriors.com today. | [
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Analysis of data on delayed development from the 1971-72 outbreak of methylmercury poisoning in Iraq: assessment of influential points.
In this paper we report additional results from the analysis of dose-response data on delayed development from the outbreak of methylmercury poisoning in rural Iraq during the winter of 1971-72. The discussion is focused on the importance of four influential points for the estimation of the population threshold for the effects of methylmercury. The point is made that while this study was important for establishing a dose-response relationship in humans, the uncertainty in the parameters of this relationship is large, and further human studies are needed. | [
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Heat Stroke: 4 Effective Home Remedies to Beat the Heat
Exposure to heat for a prolonged period increases thirst and fluid loss
To beat the heat, you can resort to these home remedies
Summer 2017 seems to be getting hotter by the day. With most metro cities hitting temperatures higher than 40-degree C, which is the mark for announcing a heat wave by the Indian Meteorological Department, cases of heat stroke, dehydration, headaches, sun burn and other heat-related health issues are on the rise. The scorching sun rays can bring about various health problems if adequate care is not taken. This is why it is crucial to watch one’s diet, stay indoors and keep hydrated by drinking large amounts of water and summer coolers.
Heat stroke is a common problem during peak summer months. It is a condition defined as overheating of the body[3] as a result of prolonged exposure to high temperatures[4]. The most severe form of heat stroke is when your body temperature reaches 40 degrees C or above, when the normal temperature of the body is 37 degrees C. If left untreated, it may cause damage to the brain and other internal organs like heart, kidneys and muscles. Some of the symptoms include, “sudden rise in body temperature, rapid heartbeat which may be either strong or weak, rapid or shallow breathing, unconsciousness, lack of sweat, throbbing headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and seizures,” says Dr. Raman Abhi, Additional Director (Internal Medicine) at Fortis Memorial Research Institute in the capital.
“Exposure to heat for a prolonged period increases thirst and fluid loss. This causes dehydration along with weakness, discomfort and anxiety. Some people may feel dizzy, experience a headache or even faint,” says Dr. Sunil Sharma, Madan Mohan Malviya Hospital in New Delhi. It is therefore important to stay hydrated. Apart from water and other summer coolers like aam panna and chaas, you should make citrus fruits your best friend. They are loaded with Vitamin C[5] and antioxidants which work wonders to keep you in the best of health during summers.
To beat the heat, you can resort to several home remedies that work effectively. Here are our top picks:
1. Onion Juice
Onion juice is considered to be one of the best remedies for treating a heat stroke. Ayurvedic practitioners suggest that it should be the first thing you should reach out for to treat a heat stroke. Applying onion juice behind the ears and on your chest can help bring down your body temperature. For therapeutic purposes onion juice is more desirable, but you can roast some raw onions with cumin and honey and have it. Raw onions in chutneys or salads can also cool your system.
2. Herb Infused Water
“The best home remedy for heatstroke includes drinking water infused herbs like Brahmi, Chandan, Khas and Kevda. Brahmi and Chandan have a calming effect on the brain and help in keeping it cool and calm. It also gives you relief from headache, migraine and eye problems caused by excessive exposure to sun. Kevda and Khas have essential oils that help keep the internal organs cool. All of these have important micro nutrients like salt and electrolytes that are alkaline in nature to soothe the body and keep it cool in the scorching heat,” says Dr. Ashutosh Gautam, Clinical Operations and Coordination Manager at Baidyanath. You can drink water infused with these herbs or boil the water with the above mentioned herbs and consume it on a regular basis.
Extracting the juice of coriander or mint leaves and drinking it with a pinch of sugar is an easy home remedy to bring down body heat. According to Ayurveda, these herbs have a cooling effect on the body. Some of the other cooling ingredients include tamarind, amchoor (raw mango powder), coriander seeds, cumin and fennel.
4. Sandalwood Paste
Mix some sandalwood powder and apply it on your forehead and chest. Its cooling properties will bring down your body temperature. Alternatively, massage some sandalwood oil on your forehead. You can also use the oil to soothe irritable skin.
Maintaining your body’s electrolyte balance is crucial this time of the year. “In order to prevent being attacked by the heat, make sure you drink plenty of water or have something like lemonade before you step out. In fact, you can make an oral rehydrating solution for yourself, which should be consumed if you plan to stay outdoors for a long time. Mix a teaspoon of sugar, two pinches of salt and one pinch of baking soda or sodium bicarbonate. Take this with about 200 to 300 ml of water. You can also add it in juices or other drinks,” says Dr. Simran Saini, a Delhi-based nutritionist.
Stay hydrated and keep your body cool by wearing loose and comfortable clothes. Make sure you don’t over exert yourself physically in the heat. | [
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] |
The use of electrical contactors or other power control means that operate in a similar manner, as generally represented by reference numeral 10 in FIG. 1, for powering electrical equipment is well known. The contactor 10 includes a power contact 14, having one or more sets of two fixed power contacts 18, one being the input contact connected to a power source and the other being the output or load contact connected to equipment that will receive power from the power source. The contactor 10 also includes a set of two movable power contacts 22, electrically connected by a bridge 26, for each set of fixed power contacts 18. The fixed power contacts 18 are generally secured to a structural component of the contactor 10 such that they do not move. The bridge 26 of movable power contacts 22 is mounted in a window 30 defined in a contact carrier 34. The bridge 26 is biased against a generally flat support surface 38 of the window 30 by means such as a spring 42. The support surface 38 is generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the contact carrier 34. The contact carrier 34 is normally biased by means, such as a spring (not shown), to a positon in which the movable power contacts 22 are not in electrical contact with the fixed power contacts 18. In this position the bridge 26 of the movable power contacts 22 is biased against the support surface 38 of window 30 by bridge biasing spring 42. An operating end 46 of the contact carrier 34 is attached to an armature 50 of an electromagnet 54. When power is applied to the electromagnet 54 the armature 50 is drawn into contact with the electromagnet 54. This movement of the armature 50 pulls the attached contact carrier 34 toward the electromagnet 54 causing the movable power contacts 22 to engage the fixed power contacts 18, thereby connecting the power source to any equipment connected to the output of the contactor 10. The movable power contacts 22 engage the fixed power contacts 18 before the armature 50 has fully engaged the electromagnet 54. The bridge biasing spring 42 permits a displacement of the bridge 26 away from the support surface 38 in the window 30 as the armature 50 continues moving toward the electromagnet 54. Therefore, the magnetic attraction between the armature 50 and electromagnet 54 must be stronger than the contact carrier biasing means and the bridge biasing spring 42 to overcome their combined force and close the power contacts 18 and 22, and then to maintain a positive closed position between power contacts 18 and 22. The displacement of the bridge 26 compresses the biasing spring 42 against the bridge 26 and ensures that a positive connection is maintained between the movable power contacts 22 and fixed power contacts 18. This displacement of the bridge 26 within the window 30 and the increased pressure of the bridge biasing spring 42 against the bridge 26 cannot prevent wear of the power contacts 18 and 22, but it can compensate for some of the eventual contact wear.
When power to the electromagnet 54 is terminated the contact carrier biasing means moves the contact carrier 34 away from the electromagnet 54, thereby separating the movable power contacts 22 from the fixed power contacts 18. Since the contact carrier biasing means does not exert as much force as the magnetic attraction of the electromagnet 54 the movable power contacts 22 will not separate from the fixed power contacts 22 as fast as they close on them. Therefore, the power contact 18 and 22 will open a little slower and be subjected to more arcing than during closing. Arcing is a major contributor to wear of the power contacts 18 and 22. As the power contacts 18 and 22 wear, the gap between them increases and their surfaces become more irregular forming more arcing points, which speed up contact wear. Therefore, periodic preventive maintenance should include inspection of the power contacts 18 and 22. If preventive maintenance is not done and the power contacts 18 and 22 fail, unscheduled down time will be required to replace the power contacts 18 and 22 and repair any damage to equipment connected to the contactor 10 and/or products being manufactured by the equipment. Contactor manufacturers generally provide some method or guidelines for inspecting the condition of their power contacts 18 and 22 to determine if they are worn to a point where they require replacement. Normally this contact inspection requires that the contactor 10 be taken off line and partially disassembled to permit a visual inspection of the power contacts 18 and 22. This requires down time of the equipment in which the contactor 10 is installed, any machinery that receives power form the contactor 10, any equipment that might require operation of the equipment connected the contactor 10 that is being inspected and time for a maintenance person to perform the inspection. Since so much down time is consumed doing the periodic inspection the power contacts 14 are usually replaced regardless of their wear condition, which adds to the down time cost. Therefore, it would be desirable to have a continuously running contact evaluation system that learns the initial configuration of the power contacts 18 and 22, can provide current condition information about the power contacts 18 and 22, continuously or in response to a request, and provide a notification of required maintenance when power contacts 18 and 22 have reached a predetermined level of wear (wear limit) without the need of shutting equipment down for a periodic human inspection of power contacts 18 and 22. | [
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] |
Why Is It So Tough to Detect Business Rules?
Want to modernize your legacy applications? The first step is to understand the business rules underlying the code, so you can ensure that you don’t lose any functionality. Once, this might have been easy, when applications were simple and one program handled all the logic. But that’s not the state of affairs in most enterprises. Applications are complex beasts spanning programs and platforms and even geographies. Documentation, if it exists, is likely not to be up to date. And most programming languages make it difficult to parse out the code that represents a business rule from the code that makes a program work.
Say the business rule is the set of conditions under which you might send a letter to a customer. “Send a letter if the customer is two weeks late on payment of a bill.” It sounds like a single line of code might handle this, but there’s more to it than that. How do you detect that the payment is late? You might run a batch job regularly to pull out customers who haven’t paid. But then, you need to create the letter, pull an address, maybe tailor it based on prior bill paying performance, etc. You also need to record that you’ve sent the letter and set up actions if they fail to pay in the next window. In many cases, the code began simply and over time, grew more complex. In fact, you might have situations where billing service operators can open a dialog and request a letter be sent. So you have presentation logic on their PC to handle that. How do you follow that thread to be sure you’ve hit every logic point? But if you want to modernize the code, you have to know where every piece of it resides. Anything you miss means the resultant code won’t produce the same results as the legacy application.
Now, consider that this example is only a small part of all the logic on your system. If you are becoming daunted at the impossibility of the task of documenting the logic, you’re not alone. But what if you could actually ‘pull on a thread’ and see the connections for each piece of logic across programs and platforms? And what if you could visualize it in a variety of ways, so you knew that when you touched a piece of code, you understood all the implications of changing or modernizing it?
It turns out that it is completely possible to have this magic thread and create complete documentation, automatically. CM evolveIT can draw the thread through allied processes, defining the connection between your business rules and the underlying code.
It works through a patented process to ensure complete and accurate capture of your rules, creating flexible documentation options you can use to understand and modify your code. The process works as follows:
Model the application using CM evolveIT automated capture
Identity application-related business processes
Identify data in and out of the application for each business process
Define the business terminology for input and output data
Complete the data logic trace within the application
Combine to build business rules.
CM evolveIT is the missing piece of your modernization puzzle. Contact CM First to see a demo, and check out the recorded webcasts mentioned elsewhere in this newsletter. See how this solution can make the impossible possible. | [
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911 N.E.2d 1125 (2009)
DAVIS BANCORP, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
THE BOARD OF REVIEW OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT SECURITY, and J. Hunt Bonan, Chairman; Stanley Deassler, Jr.; William J. Nolan; Lori Q. Chaib; Brenda A. Russell, Director of Illinois Department of Employment Security; and Daniel Calambas, Defendants-Appellees.
Davis Bancorp, Incorporated, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
The Board of Review of the Department of Employment Security, and J. Hunt Bonan, Chairman; Stanley Deassler, Jr.; William J. Nolan; Lori Q. Chaib; Brenda A. Russell, Director of Illinois Department of Employment Security; and Luis Garcia, Defendants-Appellees.
Nos. 1-07-1902, 1-07-2029.
Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, Sixth Division.
June 30, 2009.
Rehearing Denied July 28, 2009.
*1127 Loewenstein, Hagan & Smith, P.C., Gary L. Smith, Springfield, IL, for Appellant Davis Bancorp, Incorporated.
Lisa Madigan, Illinois Attorney General, Michael A. Scodro, Illinois Solicitor General and Jerald S. Post, Assistant Attorney General, Chicago, IL, for Appellees The Board of Review of the Department of Employment Security.
Justice O'MALLEY delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff, Davis Bancorp, appeals the decision of the Illinois Department of Employment Security Board of Review (the *1128 Board) finding that its driver, Daniel Calambas, was "in employment" with plaintiff and he was not exempt from unemployment coverage under section 212.1 of the Unemployment Insurance Act (the Act) (820 ILCS 405/212.1 (West 2006)).[1] The circuit court affirmed the decision of the Board and plaintiff appeals arguing that: (1) the Board erred in finding that Calambas' 1997 Toyota Corolla was not a truck as defined by section 212.1 of the Act; (2) Calambas maintained a separate business identity under section 212.1(a)(6) of the Act; and (3) plaintiff did not set Calambas' schedule, the shipper-banks set the deadlines and, thus, section 212.1(a)(3) if the Act was satisfied. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff is a licensed motor carrier under a certificate of authority with the Illinois Commerce Commission. Part of plaintiff's business is transporting checks from banks to the Federal Reserve for processing under very strict deadlines. Calambas was a driver who delivered checks for plaintiff from June 1992 until October 2004. During the time that Calambas worked as a driver for plaintiff, he owned and maintained his own vehicle, paid all the costs for licensing, received bimonthly paychecks without any withholdings and received a "1099 tax form" at the end of each year. In October 2004, plaintiff terminated Calambas, who subsequently applied for unemployment insurance benefits. Both parties submitted questionnaires to the Illinois Department of Employment Security regarding Calambas' claim for benefits, and an initial ruling in plaintiff's favor was entered finding that Calambas was the operator of a "truck" pursuant to section 212.1 of the Act and his compensation did not constitute wages for purposes of benefit credit. Calambas appealed the ruling and a telephone hearing was scheduled for December 21, 2004.
Calambas testified that he had been a driver for plaintiff for 12 or 13 years, and worked 6 days per week, transporting bags of checks at the time he was terminated. Calambas began his day around 6 a.m. and worked until 8 or 8:15p.m. Monday through Friday; however, he only worked two to three hours on Saturdays. When Calambas first started working for plaintiff, he was trained for one or two days and sent out on his own to make deliveries. When new banks were added to the route, he would attend training meetings at plaintiff's location on Sundays to learn the details.
Calambas testified that he was given a uniform bearing plaintiff's name and emblem when he was hired. During his last year of work, he testified that he was given a shirt and jacket that merely had the initials JRD on them. According to Calambas, drivers were required to wear a uniform or be fined $25. Each driver was furnished with a locker at plaintiff's location with a route number on it through which messages were relayed from management to the drivers. Plaintiff also provided the drivers with receipts bearing plaintiff's emblem and name which were filled out by the banks sending and receiving deliveries. From time to time, he was required to attend meetings at plaintiff's *1129 place of business on Sundays for which no compensation was given. Calambas testified that he would be suspended or not given a route if he did not attend the meetings. He generally drove the same route everyday, and if a change occurred, plaintiff's secretary would call and advise him of the change. Similarly, if Calambas was delayed, he was required to call in to plaintiff's secretary and advise her of his status.
Calambas testified that he used his own vehicle and had it licensed as a passenger vehicle with the appropriate government agencies. He was given signs by plaintiff to put on his car while making deliveries so that he would not be ticketed or towed. Calambas also testified that plaintiff furnished him with a beeper; however, he was required to use his own mobile phone and was not reimbursed for those expenses. When asked if he obtained an Illinois Commerce Commission Transportation Division Public Carrier Certificate, Calambas responded that plaintiff obtained those documents, gave them to him and took the same from him when he was terminated. Plaintiff also obtained a federal employer's identification number (FEIN) for Calambas.
Payment to Calambas was made by check every two weeks and sent by mail. No taxes were withheld from his checks and he paid any taxes due directly to the taxing authority. There was no vacation time, and if he wanted to take any time off, he was required to get approval from plaintiff and find a replacement for his route, which he did from time to time.
J.R. Davis, president and secretary for plaintiff Davis Bancorp, testified on plaintiff's behalf at the hearing. Davis stated that plaintiff is a transporter of currency and checks. About 70% of the business consists of transporting cash and 30% is transporting checks. He testified that the drivers, including Calambas, did not have a supervisor, but rather, a contact person who would coordinate collections according to the banks' needs. The drivers begin their day at the Chicago clearinghouse where large banks deliver checks that are sorted and sent to smaller banks. The banks set the delivery times for these checks and, based on timely delivery, earn interest on the funds. From time to time, delivery schedules would change based on factors such as the closing or opening of banks. Under these circumstances, the delivery deadlines would be changed by the banks and plaintiff would convey the information to the drivers or show them the new location.
Davis testified that drivers were not currently required to wear uniforms, but that all drivers were required to "look business like." Plaintiff had distributed uniforms years ago, but stopped that practice because the check delivery drivers looked too much like the currency delivery drivers. Plaintiff did not, however, instruct the check delivery drivers that they were no longer required to wear the uniforms.
Sometime in 2001 or 2002, plaintiff decided that it would avail itself of the exemption from unemployment compensation under section 212.1 of the Act. Plaintiff entered into a lease agreement with Calambas and all of its check delivery drivers under which the drivers agreed to lease their vehicles and provide driving services to plaintiff. Davis testified that plaintiff's law firm drafted the contracts following a change in the law. The drivers were able to terminate the contract with reasonable notice and could also offer their services to others. The contract required Calambas to display his name and address on the vehicle, and Davis stated that Calambas never indicated that he failed to comply with this provision. Davis did not inspect the drivers' vehicles, but had he learned *1130 that Calambas was not compliant, he would have terminated his contract.
Relative to plaintiff's facilities and equipment, Davis testified that plaintiff did not provide lockers, but it had collection bins located at the Chicago clearinghouse which contained deposits awaiting delivery. He admitted that plaintiff maintained a supply of beepers and that drivers were required to use their own mobile phones while driving. Davis stated drivers were required to find replacements if they wanted to go on vacation and that Calambas had a replacement drive for him while he went on vacation for a month. With regard to the Sunday meetings, Davis said that if a new shipper or existing customer had additions or changes to the route, Sunday meetings would be held to communicate the information to the drivers. None of these meetings had been held since December 2, 2002, which was before the contract had been executed between Calambas and plaintiff Finally, Davis testified that no taxes were withheld from Calambas' paychecks and he was issued a 1099 form which referenced an FEIN that Calambas, rather than plaintiff, provided.
On December 30, 2004, the hearing referee issued a decision finding that Calambas was "in employment" with plaintiff and he was not exempt from coverage because: (1) the 1997 Toyota Corolla was not a "truck" for purposes of section 212.1 of the Act; (2) plaintiff failed to show that Calambas paid all costs for licensing and operating the vehicle under section 212.1(a)(5); and (3) plaintiff failed to show that Calambas maintained a separate business identity under section 212.1(a)(6) of the Act. Although an exemption under section 212 of the Act was not raised by plaintiff, the referee analyzed the case under section 212 and determined that plaintiff did not meet the criteria for a general exemption. The referee held that Calambas met the definition of employment in section 206 of the Act, plaintiff was his employer under section 205 of the Act, plaintiff maintained an employing unit under section 204 of the Act and Calambas was not exempt from coverage under section 212.1 or 212 of the Act.
Plaintiff appealed the decision of the referee to the Board, claiming: (1) Calambas was guilty of misconduct under section 602(A) of the Act for failure to follow the terms of the contract; (2) Calambas' 1997 Corolla was a "truck" as defined by the Department; (3) Calambas paid all costs of operating and licensing his vehicle; and (4) Calambas maintained a separate business identity. The Board found that plaintiff waived his claim that Calambas was guilty of misconduct under section 602(A) because it did not properly raise the issue in the initial protest to the claim. After adopting the referee's finding of fact, the Board held that Calambas' 1997 Toyota Corolla was not a "truck" for purposes of section 212.1 of the Act. The Board further found that Calambas did appear to have paid all costs associated with licensing and operating his vehicle and superficially appeared to have maintained a separate business identity, but noted on the record that Calambas did not speak English well and plaintiff drafted the agreement. Relying on precedent pertaining to section 212 of the Act's general independent contractor exemption, the Board held that Calambas could not function as an independent contractor and upheld the referee's award of benefits. The circuit court affirmed the Board's decision on appeal.
ANALYSIS
I. Standard of Review
When appealing an administrative decision to the appellate court where a circuit court has reviewed an administrative agency's decision, this court reviews *1131 the decision of the board, not the circuit court. Cinkus v. Village of Stickney Municipal Officers Electoral Board, 228 Ill.2d 200, 212, 319 Ill.Dec. 887, 886 N.E.2d 1011 (2008); Pascente v. County Officers Electoral Board, 373 Ill.App.3d 871, 873, 311 Ill.Dec. 789, 869 N.E.2d 802 (2007); Lockhart v. Cook County Officers Electoral Board, 328 Ill.App.3d 838, 841, 262 Ill.Dec. 968, 767 N.E.2d 428 (2002). The Illinois Supreme Court has "identified three types of questions that a court may encounter on administrative review of an agency decision: questions of fact, questions of law, and mixed questions of fact and law." Cinkus, 228 Ill.2d at 210, 319 Ill.Dec. 887, 886 N.E.2d 1011, citing City of Belvidere v. Illinois State Labor Relations Board, 181 Ill.2d 191, 203-04, 229 Ill.Dec. 522, 692 N.E.2d 295 (1998). "`[T]he applicable standard of review depends upon whether the question presented is one of fact, one of law, or a mixed question of fact and law.'" Cinkus, 228 Ill.2d at 210, 319 Ill. Dec. 887, 886 N.E.2d 1011, quoting American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees, Council 31 v. Illinois State Labor Relations Board State Panel, 216 Ill.2d 569, 577, 298 Ill.Dec. 156, 839 N.E.2d 479 (2005), citing AFM Messenger Service, Inc. v. Department of Employment Security, 198 Ill.2d 380, 390, 261 Ill.Dec. 302, 763 N.E.2d 272 (2001).
The parties disagree on the standard of review to be applied to the question of whether Calambas' Corolla is a truck under section 212.1 of the Act. Plaintiff argues that this an issue of statutory interpretation, a pure question of law that is reviewed de novo by this court. Hadley v. Illinois Department of Corrections, 224 Ill.2d 365, 370, 309 Ill.Dec. 296, 864 N.E.2d 162 (2007); AFM Messenger Service, 198 Ill.2d at 390, 261 Ill.Dec. 302, 763 N.E.2d 272. The Board, on the other hand, argues that this is the quintessential mixed question of law and fact reviewable under the deferential clearly erroneous standard of review. Chicago Messenger Service v. Jordan, 356 Ill.App.3d 101, 107, 292 Ill. Dec. 59, 825 N.E.2d 315 (2005); Carpetland USA, Inc. v. Illinois Department of Employment Security, 201 Ill.2d 351, 369, 267 Ill.Dec. 29, 776 N.E.2d 166 (2002).
A reviewing court is to take an administrative agency's findings and conclusions on questions of fact as prima facie true and correct, and when examining an administrative agency's factual findings, a reviewing court does not weigh the evidence or substitute its judgment for that of the agency. Rather, a reviewing court is limited to ascertaining whether such findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence bearing in mind that an administrative agency's factual determinations are against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident. Cinkus, 228 Ill.2d at 210-11, 319 Ill.Dec. 887, 886 N.E.2d 1011, citing City of Belvidere, 181 Ill.2d at 204, 229 Ill.Dec. 522, 692 N.E.2d 295.
"Mixed questions of fact and law are `"questions in which the historical facts are admitted or established, the rule of law is undisputed, and the issue is whether the facts satisfy the statutory standard"'". Cinkus, 228 Ill.2d at 211, 319 Ill.Dec. 887, 886 N.E.2d 1011, quoting American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees, 216 Ill.2d at 577, 298 Ill.Dec. 156, 839 N.E.2d 479, quoting Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 456 U.S. 273, 289 n. 19, 102 S.Ct. 1781, 1790 n. 19, 72 L.Ed.2d 66, 80 n. 19 (1982). Under these circumstances, the fact finder examines the legal effect of a given set of facts and the fact-finding is inseparable from the application of law to those specific facts. Chicago Messenger Service, 356 Ill.App.3d at 106-07, 292 Ill.Dec. 59, 825 N.E.2d 315. *1132 This standard is largely deferential toward the agency rendering the decision and the decision will be reversed only when it is clearly erroneous. Chicago Messenger Service, 356 Ill.App.3d at 107, 292 Ill.Dec. 59, 825 N.E.2d 315. In such cases, an administrative agency's decision will be deemed "clearly erroneous" when the reviewing court is left with the "`"definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed."'" Cinkus 228 Ill.2d at 211, 319 Ill.Dec. 887, 886 N.E.2d 1011, quoting AFM Messenger, 198 Ill.2d at 391-95, 261 Ill.Dec. 302, 763 N.E.2d 272, quoting United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 542, 92 L.Ed. 746, 766 (1948).
We are mindful that an administrative agency is charged with the administration and enforcement of the statute and courts will give deference to the agency's interpretation of any statutory ambiguities. Hadley, 224 Ill.2d at 370, 309 Ill.Dec. 296, 864 N.E.2d 162; Taddeo v. Board of Trustees of the Illinois Municipal Retirement Fund, 216 Ill.2d 590, 595, 297 Ill.Dec. 425, 837 N.E.2d 876 (2005); People ex rel. Birkett v. City of Chicago, 202 Ill.2d 36, 48, 269 Ill.Dec. 21, 779 N.E.2d 875 (2002); Carson Pirie Scott & Co. v. State of Illinois Department of Employment Security, 131 Ill.2d 23, 34, 136 Ill.Dec. 86, 544 N.E.2d 772 (1989); Illinois Consolidated Telephone Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 95 Ill.2d 142, 152, 69 Ill.Dec. 78, 447 N.E.2d 295 (1983). Accordingly, "`[a] court will not substitute its own construction of a statutory provision for a reasonable interpretation adopted by the agency charged with the statute's administration.'" Hadley, 224 Ill.2d at 371, 309 Ill. Dec. 296, 864 N.E.2d 162, quoting Church v. State, 164 Ill.2d 153, 162, 207 Ill.Dec. 6, 646 N.E.2d 572 (1995), citing Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). However, reviewing courts are not bound by an agency's interpretation that conflicts with the statute, is unreasonable, or is otherwise erroneous. Hadley, 224 Ill.2d at 371, 309 Ill. Dec. 296, 864 N.E.2d 162, citing Taddeo, 216 Ill.2d at 595, 297 Ill.Dec. 425, 837 N.E.2d 876; Press v. Code Enforcement Board of Appeals, 149 Ill.2d 281, 285, 172 Ill.Dec. 398, 595 N.E.2d 1068 (1992); Carson Pirie Scott, 131 Ill.2d at 34, 136 Ill. Dec. 86, 544 N.E.2d 772.
Specifically, here, we are called upon to decide whether the legislature intended that the word "truck" could be construed to include a Toyota Corolla for purposes of the Act and whether the Department's definition is consistent with that intent. Issues of statutory interpretation, such as the one presented in this case, are questions of law and our review is de novo. Hadley, 224 Ill.2d at 370, 309 Ill.Dec. 296, 864 N.E.2d 162; Taddeo, 216 Ill.2d at 595, 297 Ill.Dec. 425, 837 N.E.2d 876; Jarvis v. South Oak Dodge, Inc., 201 Ill.2d 81, 86, 265 Ill.Dec. 877, 773 N.E.2d 641 (2002). We will therefore apply a de novo standard of review to the construction of the word "truck" in the case sub judice.
II. Exemption Under Section 212.1 of the Act
On appeal plaintiff argues, inter alia, that the Board erred in finding that Calambas did not drive a "truck" or maintain a separate business identity. The Board argues, among other things, that neither its interpretation of the word "truck" nor its findings that plaintiff failed to meet its burden under section 212.1 of the Act was clearly erroneous. See Quad Cities Open, Inc. v. City of Silvis, 208 Ill.2d 498, 507, 281 Ill.Dec. 534, 804 N.E.2d 499 (2004) (holding that when interpreting tax exemption statutes, we strictly construe the *1133 statute in favor of taxation and against exemption), The Streeterville Corp. v. Department of Revenue, 186 Ill.2d 534, 539-40, 239 Ill.Dec. 578, 714 N.E.2d 497 (1999) (finding that the taxpayer seeking exemption carries the burden of proving entitlement by clear and convincing evidence). The Board further argues that if any of its findings under section 212.1 of the Act standing alone is affirmed, the Board prevails on appeal. We agree with the Board to the extent that if any one of the criteria enumerated in section 212.1 of the Act is not proved, plaintiff will not be entitled to the exemption it seeks under the Act. Since we conclude that Calambas' 1997 Toyota Corolla is not a "truck" under section 212.1 of the Act, we need not address the other issues raised by plaintiff in his appeal.
Section 212.1 of the Act, entitled "Truck Owner-Operator," states:
"(a) The term `employment' shall not include services performed by an individual as an operator of a truck, trucktractor, or tractor, provided the person or entity to which the individual is contracted for service shows that the individual:
(1) Is either:
(i) Registered or licensed as a motor carrier of real or personal property by the Illinois Commerce Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission, or any successor agencies, or
(ii) Operating the equipment under an owner-operator lease contract with the person or entity, when the person or entity is registered, licensed, or both, as a motor carrier of real or personal property licensed by the Illinois Commerce Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission, or any successor agencies; and
(2) Has the right to terminate the lease contract and thereafter has the right to perform the same or similar services, on whatever basis and whenever he or she chooses, for persons or entities other than the person or entity to which the individual is contracted for services;
(3) Is not required by the person or entity to which the individual is contracted for services to perform services, or be available to perform services, at specific times or according to a schedule or for a number of hours specified by the person or entity, provided that pickup or delivery times specified by a shipper or receiver shall not be deemed specified by the person or entity;
(4) Either leases the equipment or holds title to the equipment, provided that the individual or entity from which the equipment is leased, or which holds any security or other interest in the equipment, is not:
(i) The person or entity to which the individual is contracted for service, or
(ii) Owned, controlled, or operated by or in common with, to any extent, whether directly or indirectly, the person or entity to which the individual is contracted for services or a family member of a shareholder, owner, or partner of the person or entity;
(5) Pays all costs of licensing and operating the equipment (except when federal or State law or regulation requires the carrier to pay), and the costs are not separately reimbursed by any other individual or entity; and
(6) Maintains a separate business identity, offering or advertising his or her services to the public, by displaying its name and address on the equipment or otherwise." 820 ILCS 405/212.1 (West 2004).
*1134 Plaintiff states the issue as whether a Toyota Corolla can be a "truck" for purposes of an exemption under section 212.1. In support of its contention that a Corolla is a truck under the Act, it cites to Title 56, section 2732.205(d)(1) of the Illinois Administrative Code (the Code) (56 Ill. Adm.Code § 2732.205(d)(1), added at 21 Ill. Reg. 9459 eff. July 2, 1997), which states "`truck has the meaning ascribed to it in Section 1-211 of the Illinois Vehicle Code" (the Vehicle Code). Section 1-211 of the Vehicle Code reads, "Every motor vehicle designed, used, or maintained primarily for the transportation of property." (Emphasis added.) 625 ILCS 5/1-211 (West 2004). Based on the undisputed fact that Calambas used his Toyota Corolla to transport property (checks) for approximately 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, we find that the use of the Corolla was primarily for the transportation of property. Plaintiff argues that the Board erred in not construing it as such because the Department defines the word "truck" broadly enough to encompass a Corolla in section 2732.205 of the Code, which cannot be ignored by an administrative agency once promulgated pursuant to statutory authority. Margolin v. Public Mutual Fire Insurance Co., 4 Ill.App.3d 661, 666-67, 281 N.E.2d 728 (1972). Furthermore, plaintiff asserts that administrative rules and regulations must be construed under the same standards which govern construction of statutes, and like statutes, administrative rules and regulations enjoy a presumption of validity. Northern Illinois Auto. Wreckers & Rebuilders Ass'n v. Dixon, 75 Ill.2d 53, 58, 25 Ill.Dec. 664, 387 N.E.2d 320 (1979). A reviewing court may set aside administrative regulations only if they are clearly arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable. Midwest Petroleum Marketers Ass'n v. City of Chicago, 82 Ill. App.3d 494, 501, 37 Ill.Dec. 707, 402 N.E.2d 709(1980).
The Board responds that plaintiff failed to meet its burden of proving it was entitled to the exemption under section 212.1 of the Code because Calambas was not the operator of a truck. The Board argues that a Corolla is a passenger vehicle and not a "truck" under the common understanding of the word.[2] Nor is a Corolla a "truck" within the meaning of section 212.1 of the Code. The Board relies on the unambiguous nature of the word "truck" and intent of the legislature as support for its position. Specifically, it argues that the legislature intended that the word "truck" be construed in context, taking into consideration the other vehicles identified in section 212.1 of the Code, (namely, "trucktractor" and "tractor"); construing section 2732.205 of the Code as applying to a Corolla is contrary to the intent and purpose of section 212.1 of the Act (Hadley v. Illinois Department of Corrections, 224 Ill.2d 365, 371, 309 Ill.Dec. 296, 864 N.E.2d 162 (2007)); and the words "and" and "or" are frequently inaccurate in legislation and courts should substitute "and" for "or" and vice versa when demanded by the context of the legislation (Goldblatt v. City of Chicago, 30 Ill.App.2d 211, 217, 174 N.E.2d 222 (1961)).
We agree with the Board and find that the legislature intended section 212.1 of the Act to apply only to trucks as the word is commonly understood and plaintiff's interpretation of section 2732.205 of the Code expands the definition of the word "truck" to the point of inconsistency with the intent and purpose of the Act. Section *1135 100 of the Act sets forth the General Assembly's declaration of public policy relative to unemployment insurance. It states:
"As a guide to the interpretation and application of this Act the public policy of the State is declared as follows: Economic insecurity due to involuntary unemployment has become a serious menace to the health, safety, morals and welfare of the people of the State of Illinois. Involuntary unemployment is, therefore, a subject of general interest and concern which requires appropriate action by the legislature to prevent its spread and to lighten its burden which now so often falls with crushing force upon the unemployed worker and his family. Poverty, distress and suffering have prevailed throughout the State because funds have not been accumulated in times of plentiful opportunities for employment for the support of unemployed workers and their families during periods of unemployment, and the taxpayers have been unfairly burdened with the cost of supporting able-bodied workers who are unable to secure employment. Farmers and rural communities particularly are unjustly burdened with increased taxation for the support of industrial workers at the very time when agricultural incomes are reduced by lack of purchasing power in the urban markets. It is the considered judgment of the General Assembly that in order to lessen the menace to the health, safety and morals of the people of Illinois, and to encourage stabilization of employment, compulsory unemployment insurance upon a statewide scale providing for the setting aside of reserves during periods of employment to be used to pay benefits during periods of unemployment, is necessary." 820 ILCS 405/100 (West 2004).
We acknowledge that an agency's interpretation is relevant where there is a reasonable debate about the meaning of the statute. Comprehensive Community Solutions, Inc. v. Rockford School District No. 205, 216 Ill.2d 455, 471, 297 Ill.Dec. 221, 837 N.E.2d 1 (2005), citing Harrisonville Telephone Co. v. Illinois Commerce Commission, 212 Ill.2d 237, 247, 288 Ill. Dec. 121, 817 N.E.2d 479 (2004)). However, a reviewing court is not bound by an agency's interpretation of a statute. Comprehensive Community Solutions, 216 Ill.2d at 471, 297 Ill.Dec. 221, 837 N.E.2d 1, citing Envirite Corp. v. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 158 Ill.2d 210, 214, 198 Ill.Dec. 424, 632 N.E.2d 1035 (1994). Bearing in mind the purpose stated in section 100 of the Act and the deference courts are to afford administrative agencies, plaintiff and the Board find themselves curiously at odds with each other where plaintiff seeks to rely upon section 2732.205 of the Code because of its breadth in defining "truck" and the Board does not want to resort to the Department rules to define "truck" because the text of the statute is clear and unambiguous. Although unstated by the Board, the apparent reason for ignoring section 2732.205 of the Code is that plaintiff's argument regarding the primary use of the Corolla has some merit and the Department's rule could, theoretically, be applied to a Corolla under these circumstances.[3] The question presented to us is; what is a truck?
*1136 With regard to statutory construction, Illinois courts are to, first and foremost, ascertain and give purpose to the legislature's intent. People v. Fort, 373 Ill. App.3d 882, 885, 311 Ill.Dec. 937, 869 N.E.2d 950 (2007), citing People v. Ward, 215 Ill.2d 317, 324, 294 Ill.Dec. 144, 830 N.E.2d 556 (2005). The first step is to look to the language of the statute we are attempting to construe. Castaneda v. Illinois Human Rights Comrn'n, 132 Ill.2d 304, 318, 138 Ill.Dec. 270, 547 N.E.2d 437 (1989). The best indication of legislative intent is the "`plain and ordinary meaning of the language used.'" [Citation] Fort, 373 Ill.App.3d at 885, 311 Ill.Dec. 937, 869 N.E.2d 950. In addition, this court and our supreme court have previously held that "[w]e are permitted `to turn to a dictionary when determining the meaning of an otherwise undefined word or phrase.'" Fort 373 Ill.App.3d at 885-86, 311 Ill.Dec. 937, 869 N.E.2d 950 quoting People v. Skillom, 361 Ill.App.3d 901, 909, 297 Ill.Dec. 630, 838 N.E.2d 117 (2005), citing Ward, 215 Ill.2d at 325, 294 Ill.Dec. 144, 830 N.E.2d 556; Madison Mutual Insurance Co. v. Kessler, 376 Ill.App.3d 1121, 1128, 315 Ill.Dec. 616, 877 N.E.2d 103 (2007), citing In re Application of the County Treasurer, 343 Ill.App.3d 122, 125, 277 Ill.Dec. 731, 796 N.E.2d 1097 (2003). Furthermore, "statute[s] should be evaluated as a whole, with each provision construed in connection with every other section." Paris v. Feder, 179 Ill.2d 173, 177, 227 Ill.Dec. 800, 688 N.E.2d 137 (1997), citing Abrahamson v. Illinois Department of Professional Regulation, 153 Ill.2d 76, 91, 180 Ill.Dec. 34, 606 N.E.2d 1111 (1992).
Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language defines "truck" as "an automotive vehicle built for the transportation of goods on its own chassis" or "a motorized vehicle equipped with a swivel for hauling a trailer." Websters Third New International Dictionary 2454 (1993). "Tractor" is defined as "a 4-wheeled or caterpillar-tread rider-controlled automotive vehicle used esp[ecially] for drawing agricultural or other implements," and "tractor-truck" is defined as a "motive power unit in the form of a truck with short chassis and no body used in a combination highway freight vehicle." Websters Third New International Dictionary 2421 (1993).
Immediately following the word "truck" in section 212.1 of the Act, the legislature also referred to a "tractor" and "truck tractor." It is clear that the legislature was well aware of the plain and ordinary meaning of the term "truck" because it used it in conjunction with other types of motorized vehicles used to pull trailers and other implements. Generally speaking, where a statute lists the things to which it refers or includes, an inference arises that omissions should be understood as excluded. Burke v. 12 Rothschild's Liquor Mart, Inc., 148 Ill.2d 429, 442, 170 Ill.Dec. 633, 593 N.E.2d 522 (1992). Although we are aware that this inference is not a rule of law and does not trump legislative intent (see Sulser v. Country Mutual Insurance Co., 147 Ill.2d 548, 555, 169 Ill.Dec. 254, 591 N.E.2d 427 (1992)), we find indicia of intent in the language where the legislature entitled section 212.1 of the Act "Truck Owner-Operator" as opposed to something broader such as "Delivery Driver Operator" or "Delivery Service Drivers." Moreover, if the legislature intended to include Toyota Corollas or any other passenger vehicle within the reach of section 212.1, it simply could have added the words "any motor vehicle" instead of specifically listing "truck, tractor and truck-tractor." There is no hint in section 212.1 of the Act that a passenger vehicle was intended to be included for purposes *1137 of the exemption. Absent any indication that the legislature intended "truck" to be defined in a way that a Corolla would be included, the Act should be given a consistent and plain meaning. See generally Madison Mutual Insurance Co., 376 Ill. App.3d at 1126-28, 315 Ill.Dec. 616, 877 N.E.2d 103. We therefore find that the plain and ordinary meaning of the word "truck," as supported by the dictionary definition, does not include passenger automobiles and the legislature neither envisioned nor intended that a Toyota Corolla would be considered a "truck" for purposes of section 212.1 of the Act.
While we agree with plaintiff's argument that the Department may not ignore its administrative rules and the Board must apply them as written, we find it important to point out that "`[r]egulatory intent must be ascertained from a consideration of the entire scheme, its nature, its object and the consequences resulting from different constructions.'" People v. Carpenter, 385 Ill.App.3d 156, 160, 324 Ill. Dec. 24, 895 N.E.2d 24 (2008), quoting People v. Wilhelm, 346 Ill.App.3d 206, 208, 281 Ill.Dec. 411, 803 N.E.2d 1032 (2004). However, as a reviewing court, we will not construe a regulation in a manner that would lead to consequences that are absurd, inconvenient, or unjust. Carpenter, 385 Ill.App.3d at 160, 324 Ill.Dec. 24, 895 N.E.2d 24, citing Wilhelm, 346 Ill.App.3d at 208, 281 Ill.Dec. 411, 803 N.E.2d 1032. In our view, construing section 212.1 of the Act as applying broadly to include Corollas, even though the Department's administrative definition could conceivably be applied to a Corolla, not only impermissibly expands and alters the plain and common understanding of the statute's text (Northern Illinois Automobile Wreckers & Rebuilders Ass'n v. Dixon, 75 Ill.2d 53, 60, 25 Ill.Dec. 664, 387 N.E.2d 320 (1979) (finding that a statute may not be "altered or added to by the exercise of a power to make rules and regulations thereunder")), but also leads to an absurd and inconsistent result with the purpose of the Unemployment Insurance Act. No reasonable person could conclude that the word "truck," as understood in a plain and ordinary manner, refers to a four-door Toyota Corolla.
Although we have concluded that section 212.1 of the Act was not ambiguous and the Board was correct in not applying the exemption to a Corolla, we find further support for our conclusion on the legislature's intent in the history pertaining to House Bill 398, which ultimately was passed and became section 212.1 of the Act. The House transcript of the 89th General Assembly, which memorialized the debate relating to House Bill 398 reads, in pertinent part:
"[REPRESENTATIVE HOFFMAN]: Now, it's my understanding that Amendment # 1, which became the Bill, essentially indicates and exempts certain truck drivers from unemployment insurance and I understand, I heard your explanation and you indicated that this closes a loophole with regard to, I believe, the definition of employment. Could you further explain exactly what that loophole, you're closing, specifically does* * *[?]
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE WEAVER]: * * * We finally think we have some language that sets forth a crisp and clean definition as to exactly what is an independent contractor, whereby the [d]epartment is given direction. Previously, they were forced to ask trucking company owners * * * to pay unemployment and workman's compensation taxes on people who owned their own businesses and worked for them on a contractual basis and the strange part of it is, those contract truckers, independent *1138 contractors, even though those benefits were being paid on their behalf could never collect them, simply because they didn't fall within the guidelines of the DES. * * *
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE HOFFMAN]: Representative, this Amendment in no way expands who this applies to. Instead, it only applies to the trucking industry and nobody else. Is that right?
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE WEAVER]: That is correct." (Emphasis added). 89th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings (March 23, 1995) at 234-35 (statements of Representatives Hoffman and Weaver).
On the thirty-ninth legislative day of the 89th General Assembly, the following colloquy occurred between representatives on the house floor regarding House Bill 398:
"[REPRESENTATIVE WEAVER]: Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Ladies and Gentlemen of the House, this is the Bill that we've discussed time and time again, not only in committee but on the floor. It establishes in statute the identification and definition of the independent contractor. * * * Thanks to the Speaker's offices, he called the players together, the trucking industry and also the folks from the Teamsters Union. * * * So this is, I guess, the best of the Agreed Bill process that now has established what is an independent contractor in law. And the department signed off on it, the Teamsters have signed off on it and the trucking industry has signed off on it. * * *
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE HOFFMAN]: And that Amendment is the Amendment that the AFLCIO, the Teamsters, as well as the trucking industry are all in agreement and in support of, is that correct?
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE WEAVER]: That is correct.
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE HOFFMAN]: Is there anybody that you know of, any organization against this Bill, now currently as it's written?
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE WEAVER]: If there is we haven't been able to find them.
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE HOFFMAN]: This is a Bill that would treat truck and tractor operators as independent contractors rather than employees and therefore would exclude them from coverage under unemployment insurance, isn't that right?
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE WEAVER]: Well, it sets forth in statute legal guidelines as to what makes up, what is an independent trucker and to be real honest according to the department's rules they were excluded from benefits before. It just ... what this does is actually prevent the department from requiring the taxes be paid on those benefits that the independent truckers couldn't collect.
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE HOFFMAN]: It's my understanding that this Bill sets up a variety of criteria for independent contractors. So that then they will not be or they will be viewed as independent contractors rather than employees for the purposes of the coverage under the Unemployment Insurance Act. Therefore, *1139 the taxes wouldn't have to be paid by the trucking company, is that right?
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE WEAVER]: I'm not sure I exactly understood your question. But what it does is set up the criteria for determining an independent trucker so those unemployment taxes will not have to be paid, if that [sic] what you meant.
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE HOFFMAN]: Real briefly, could you just briefly run through some of the high points of the criteria? Only because I think there may be [some] concern, I understand everybody's signed off on it but we don't want to put employees in a situation if they're legitimate employees and they would get laid off for some reason of not being able to collect unemployment and feed their family. So, if you could just briefly go through some of the criteria, we on this side of the aisle would appreciate it.
[REPRESENTATIVE WEAVER]: Okay. First of all, the trucker would have to have a bountifide [sic] equity interest in his or her own rig and have to be actually operating business on their own. They would have to have the right to perform the same or similar services for other than that particular company. They would also not be able to dictate to truckers schedules other than respect to pick up or delivery within a certain period of time to the shipper or receiver. And fourth, the trucker would have to be responsible for all licensing and operating costs associated with his or her rig. And finally, the trucker would have to operate a separate business identity. They would not actually be an employee but they would actually be the business owner from the company he's * * * contracting with.
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE HOFFMAN]: So this would remove ... this would I guess it could possibly remove several maybe thousands of individuals from the unemployment insurance roles, is that right?
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE WEAVER]: Well, what it would do would be to prevent trucking company ...
* * *
[REPRESENTATIVE WEAVER]: it would prevent trucking companies that contract or sub-contract with other companies from paying unemployment insurance benefits or taxes on those subcontractors. But it specifies in clear language, see now we function under what they call the a-b-c test which is vague at best. And the department feels kind of hog tied, they can't continue to function under what they have now but they have not been by rule able to change what ... the way they're doing it. So they've asked us, through statute, to establish a more I guess lucid or clear criteria as to what makes up an independent contractor." (Emphasis added). 89th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings April 5, 1995 at 122-26 (statements of Representatives Hoffman and Weaver).
Lastly, when asked by Representative Lang whether Representative Weaver would consider amending House Bill 398 to "comply with the [Federal] Motor Voter Act," Representative Weaver replied "I'm not sure I understand your question. You want truck drivers to vote in their rigs, is that it?" (Emphasis added). 89th Ill. Gen. Assem, House Proceedings April 5, 1995 at 128 (statements of Representatives Lang and Weaver).
*1140 The legislative history on section 212.1 of the Act refers only to the trucking industry and not to plaintiff's business, or any other business or industry. There are no references to any other type of vehicle other than a truck, rig or tractor. There is no reference to any other type of industry other than trucking. There are many references to trucks, truckers, rigs, the trucking industry and trucking companies. Moreover, the debates are peppered with assertions that is was intended to apply to, and only to, independent truckers in the trucking industry. Despite plaintiff's assertion that section 2732.205 of the Code contemplates the inclusion of Toyota Corolla, we find that the legislature did not intend the statute to be read so expansively. To the extent that the Department's adoption of the Vehicle Code's definition of the word "truck" can be construed inconsistently with the intent of the legislature, we are not bound by it and decline to interpret the regulation as plaintiff urges. See generally Hadley, 224 Ill.2d 365, 309 Ill.Dec. 296, 864 N.E.2d 162.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the word "truck" as referred to in section 212.1 of the Act means "an automotive vehicle built for the transportation of goods on its own chassis" or "a motorized vehicle equipped with a swivel for hauling a trailer." Websters Third New International Dictionary 2454 (1993). Based on the undisputed facts in the record, the Toyota Corollas at issue were neither built nor designed for hauling or transporting goods on their own chassis nor were they equipped with a swivel for hauling a trailer. We further hold that plaintiff's interpretation of section 2732.205 of the Code conflicts with the legislature's intent relative to section 212.1 and is inconsistent with the purpose of the Act. We will not construe section 2732.205 of the Code to include a Toyota Corolla. Accordingly, the decision of the Board in case 1-07-1902 and X-XX-XXXX finding that plaintiff failed to prove it was exempt from unemployment insurance tax is affirmed.
Affirmed.
JOSEPH GORDON and CAHILL, JJ., concur.
NOTES
[1] Case number 1-07-1902 and X-XX-XXXX were assigned to the Sixth Division of this court for contemporaneous disposition. The facts and testimony in both cases are identical on the dispositive issue except that in X-XX-XXXX, Garcia drove a 2000 Toyota Corolla and worked a total of 14 years for plaintiff Accordingly, we consolidated 1-07-1902 and X-XX-XXXX by separate order and we will refer to the facts of 1-07-1902 in the background section of this opinion.
[2] In case number X-XX-XXXX, plaintiff filed a motion in this court to strike portions of the Board's brief which cite to an internet website referencing certain classification information for the Toyota Corolla. We deny plaintiff's motion to strike, however, we note that the information to which the Board cites played no role in our decision.
[3] The evidence in the record is undisputed that for an average of 10 to 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, the Corolla at issue was used to transport property. Therefore, because we will not substitute the word "and" for "or" in section 212.1 of the Act as urged by the Board, plaintiff's interpretation of the Department's rule would, in our view, include every motor vehicle, including a Toyota Corolla, that is primarily used for transporting goods.
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] |
Today’s Music News: ‘Janie’s Got a Bun’: Aerosmith drummer to open very punny Maine restaurant
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Aerosmith drummer Joey Kramer is opening a “Rockin’ and Roastin’ Cafe & Restaurant” at a ski resort town in Maine, and the planned menu items make unsubtle reference to the new restaurateur’s musical history. Among the items announced so far: “Janie’s Got a Bun” and “Livin’ on a Wedge.” (Boston Magazine)
Adele has shared an update on her forthcoming album, which looks to be titled—sure enough—25. (Pitchfork)
Hot Chip have released a video for their cover of Bruce Springsteen‘s “Dancing in the Dark,” a song that appears on a forthcoming EP. The video, which combines live performance footage with ’80s video clips, features a cameo from David Byrne and a snippet of LCD Soundsystem‘s “All My Friends.” (NME)
Dan Deacon announced that he’ll open for Miley Cyrus and the Flaming Lips on several dates of their upcoming tour. “I think it’s safe to say without any doubt that the experience of touring with Miley and the Flaming Lips will be one of the most reality curving events of my career thus far,” said the 2013 Rock the Garden performer. (NME)
As the Nov. 6 release date for Bob Dylan‘s Cutting Edge 1965-1966 box set approaches, he’s released a new video blending three different takes of “Subterranean Homesick Blues” with previously unseen video of Dylan going through his famous lyric cards in various settings. (Consequence of Sound)
Literally stepping into the metaphor of their song “Ship to Wreck,” Florence + the Machine went on Ellen to perform while standing in a pool of water. (Consequence of Sound)
Blur have announced a new documentary film about their recent reunion. New World Towers will be released in U.K. theaters on Dec. 2. (Billboard)
Now that the free trial period for Apple Music has ended, fewer than 1% of iTunes users have stayed on as paying members. Still, Apple Music’s 6.5 million users make it the second most-popular subscription streaming service, after Spotify’s 20 million paid subscribers. (Consequence of Sound)
There are some big names on the Mercury Prize shortlist—Florence + the Machine, Aphex Twin, Wolf Alice, Jamie xx. The lesser-known acts on the list, though, are seeing huge gains in their Spotify streams. If you’ve just recently taken your first listen to Eska or C Duncan, you’re not alone. (NME)
If you want to stay on top of your memes, you’ll want to familiarize yourself with Drake‘s new “Hotline Bling” video, which has already been widely parodied. (Pitchfork)
Democratic presidential candidate Martin O’Malley, who’s currently favored by less than 1% of likely primary voters, tried to earn a few points by going on The View and covering Taylor Swift. (Billboard) | [
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Reply
Dear visitor, welcome to SPRINKLER TALK FORUM - You Got Questions, We've Got Answers. If this is your first visit here, please read the Help. It explains how this page works. You must be registered before you can use all the page's features. Please use the registration form, to register here or read more information about the registration process. If you are already registered, please login here.
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Low Flow Pump shutdown Switch
I've Googled like crazy with no luck so now I must ask the experts...I have a 2hp Meyers centrifugal sucking out of an irrigation ditch currently supplying a hose bibb manifold, 2 inch piping on both suction and discharge. I'm installing my controller/pump start relay and first circuit this spring. I'm a retired Navy Machinst's Mate (pumps, valves, etc...) and have studied IrrigationTutorials to refine my primarily closed-loop-pump-system experience.
My concern is protecting my pump (and not going broke doing it!) should my ditch go dry (never has but could) or one or more control valves stick open or fails to open...basically anything that could cause either loss of flow or loss of pressure. Does anyone have a solution with a source for parts? | [
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] |
Zealotry
As the sun went down over the giant dome that covered Mesogaea on Mars, moisture condensed on the dome’s inner surface. Soon, it was raining over the enclosed metropolis. Detective Vogt had read that rain was common on Earth before the Great Asteroid Collision. But he knew the cities of ancient Earth had been opened to the sky and so he felt certain that terrestrial rain was just another of the thousand myths that existed about humanity’s ancestral home.
Vogt marched down the hall of the police station to the interrogation room. At last, they’d captured one of the militant Gagarinists. Two police officers handcuffed a thin man to a chair and left Vogt in the room alone with him. Vogt sat down in the chair opposite the man.
“So, Mr.” — Vogt glanced at the datawriter on the table — “Corlew. I understand that–”
“I won’t tell you anything!” the prisoner interjected. “I won’t be here very long anyway.”
“You’re being detained without bail,” replied Vogt. As soon as he’d said it, he realized he had misinterpreted Corlew’s statement. “Oh,” continued Vogt, “you meant you won’t be on Mars very long.”
“Today is the day!” Corlew said giddily. “It’s been a thousand years!”
“A thousand Earth years?” asked Vogt.
“A thousand years!” insisted Corlew. “Today is April 12th, 2961! One millennium to the day that the Blessed Gagarin ascended into space.”
“Unbeliever!” screamed Corlew. “The Blessed Gagarin will renew the Earth and his acolyte, Neil of the Strong Arm, will transport the faithful there in a giant leap!”
Corlew struggled in vain against his restraints.
“I don’t care about your Earth cult, Corlew,” said Vogt. “I care about the claims some of your fellow Gagarinists made about planting bombs in several cities around the world.”
“People don’t belong here,” Corlew replied. “Is it natural to have to live under giant domes or underground? Is it right for children to grow up in a world with a pink sky instead of a blue one?”
“A lot of those children won’t get to grow up at all if your friends succeed in carrying out their threats.”
Corlew seemed to consider Vogt’s words. He ceased struggling against his restraints and sat back in the chair. “Alright,” said Corlew at last. “It won’t make any difference.” He looked at the clock on the wall. “The faithful will be on Earth any moment now anyway. I overheard Costa and Reddy talking about planting a–”
There was a low rumbling sound in the distance. The rain was now falling at a sharp eastward angle instead of straight down. The building’s centuries-old emergency bulkheads slammed down as the sound of dozens of decompression alarms overlapped each other.
Vogt tapped furiously on the datawriter. Pavonis Mons, Schiaparelli, Solis Planum, over a dozen others: the ring of domed cities that belted the Red Planet was bleeding atmosphere from a score of wounds.
Corlew turned pale. “I shouldn’t still be here,” he muttered.
From out in the corridor, a hundred voices roared. A few were police officers trying to restore calm, most were enraged civilians demanding that the Gagarinist be handed over to them. There was a violent pounding at the interrogation room door.
Vogt drew his pistol and aimed it at the door. “You didn’t want to live on Mars,” he said over his shoulder to Corlew. “Looks like you’re going to get your wish.” | [
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] |
Q:
Two combinatorial identities: $\sum\limits_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k}k2^{n-k}$ and $\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n-2} \binom{n}{k}\frac{k}{n-k}$
I have to compute the following quantity:
$$
1) \sum\limits_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k}k2^{n-k}
$$
Moreover, I have to give an upper bound for the following quantity:
$$
2) \sum\limits_{k=1}^{n-2} \binom{n}{k}\frac{k}{n-k}
$$
As regards 1), I see that $\binom{n}{k}k2^{n-k}=\frac{n! (n-k+1)2^{n-k}}{(n-k+1)!(k-1)!}$, i.e. I obtain
$$
\sum\limits_{k=0}^{n} \frac{n! (n-k+1)2^{n-k}}{(n-k+1)!(k-1)!}=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k-1}(n-k+1)2^{n-k}
$$
But it seems strange! As regards 2), I don't know!
A:
HINT for the first problem: $\binom{n}kk2^{n-k}$ is the number of ways to start with $n$ people, choose a team of size $k$, choose one of the team members to be captain, and then choose some subset of the remaining $n-k$ people to be substitutes. Thus, $\sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}kk2^{n-k}$ is the total number of ways to do this allowing the size of the team to be arbitrary.
You can bet the same effect by choosing one person from the $n$ to be captain, then dividing the remaining $n-1$ people into three groups: the other members of the team, the substitutes, and everyone else.
How many ways are there to choose one person from the $n$ to be captain?
How many ways are there to divide $n-1$ people into three sets, any of which can be empty?
Combine the answers to those two questions properly, and you’ll have a closed form for $\sum_{k=0}^n\binom{n}kk2^{n-k}$ as a function of $n$.
There are lots of possible upper bounds for the second summation. One, not especially good, can be obtained by noting that
$$\sum_{k=1}^{n-2}\binom{n}k\frac{k}{n-k}=\sum_{k=1}^{n-2}\binom{n-1}{k-1}\frac{n}{n-k}=n\sum_{k=0}^{n-3}\binom{n-1}k\frac1{n-1-k}$$
and that $\frac1{n-1-k}\le 1$ for $k=0,\ldots,n-1$.
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] |
Some residents of 235 Gosford Blvd. are worried about where they’ll live nearly four months after a fatal fire forced them out of their North York apartment building.
At least 29 units in the residential tower hit by the five-alarm fire last November won’t be habitable for at least a year, according to a letter from Ronkay Management, the building’s landlord.
The letter, sent to residents in the affected units on Jan. 29, advised “tenants that have not already planned to relocate permanently to commence the process of seeking out replacement rental accommodation immediately.”
Vanessa Watkins was “devastated” when she received the letter.
Watkins has rented for the past 16 years in the building near Jane Street and Shoreham Drive. She pays less than $1,300 a month for a two-bedroom apartment that she shares with her daughter.
They’ve been staying with a relative since the Nov. 15 fire. Finding a permanent place that fits her budget has proven difficult.
“We’ve been looking around and rent now is anywhere between $1,800 to $2,500 for a two bedroom,” Watkins said. “Who can afford to pay that?”
“I don’t know what to do next.”
The fire displaced about 354 residents and left one person dead and six others injured. Many stayed at community centres in the area, as well as a shelter at York University, until they were moved on Nov. 29.
Ronkey Management said the building has a total of 131 rental units, and the majority of people who were originally displaced by the fire have already been welcomed back. For the families in the 29 units that remain uninhabitable, only seven have either found a new home at other locations run by the company or moved on by their own accord.
Management also said displaced people are given “first priority” if any rental spaces become available at the same building or other properties under the same ownership and management, and stay at their current rental rates for comparable units.
Selina Manu, another displaced resident from one of the affected units, has been staying in a hotel since the fire. She has lived in the building for the last 15 years with her children, mother and two siblings, in a two-bedroom apartment they rent for $1,200 a month.
She was among the residents who saw last week’s letter about seeking new accommodations notice from management, but she’s determined to keep her lease.
“You can’t just kick me and my family out, I have no place to go,” she told the Star.
Ronkey, in a statement to the Star, “emphatically” denied seeking to terminate anyone’s tenancy.
“The letter was sent to ensure that they had all the information they needed to make the best decision for themselves and their families,” the statement said, clarifying the letter was not an eviction notice.
“We feel that the work will take too long to wait for the units, and that clients should have the opportunity to find a permanent housing solution.”
Landlords have a legal obligation to provide and maintain housing for their tenants, and that responsibility doesn’t go away just because there has been a mass evacuation, said Geordie Dent, executive director of the Federation of Metro Tenants’ Associations.
He said landlords can force only their way out of a tenancy agreement if a building is completely burned to the ground, which was not the case at Gosford.
In this case, as long as the landlord hasn’t gone out to issue eviction notices, tenants should know “it’s not serious,” Dent noted.
Advising tenants on how long the reconstruction process will take and giving them the option to break the lease is common practice for landlords dealing with mass displacement. Property management at 650 Parliament St., where about 1,500 residents have been out since a six-alarm fire in August 2018, has also advised people to consider breaking their leases and moving on if they can’t wait for the completion of repairs.
As a return date nears for the St. James Town residential tower, management has said that residents in nearly 100 units have taken up the offer and moved on.
But Dent said the line between “advice and coercion” can be a thin one in these matters.
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“The law doesn’t allow landlords to coerce people. That’s a violation of the Residential Tenancies Act,” he said, urging Gosford residents to get legal opinion on whether what the landlord is doing is simple advice or veiled coercion.
“If your landlord is trying to coerce you, you can take them to court for that.”
There’s no word on how long exactly the reconstruction process will take at Gosford, but management estimates it will cover all of 2020 and possibly beyond, and the cost will be in millions.
“There are still many unknowns but we are doing our best to make sure our community has all the information we have,” the building’s management said in its statement to the Star.
“As we move forward, and more details become clear, we will continue to share them, as we have throughout this process.”
Toronto lawyer Caryma Sa’d, who has been representing the displaced residents at the Landlord and Tenant Board, said last week’s letter was unsettling for tenants who are already going through difficult times.
“It’s possible to read that and think that it’s already a final decision, in fact nothing formal has happened yet,” she said, noting only the board can approve a decision on tenant evictions.
At the board, Sa’d hopes to negotiate a rent abatement for all the displaced residents — including those who have since returned in their units — as well as alternative accommodation for those still fending for themselves.
Meanwhile, a number of health and safety concerns were raised after tenants of 26 units were allowed to move back into the complex in late December. For that reason, Sa’d and the residents are demanding the disclosure of the investigation into the cause of the fire and subsequent restoration process, as well as a another inspection of the building to ensure it’s safe to live in.
“Many tenants who moved back into the residential complex were dismayed to find that their apartments had not been cleaned. There were reports of soot on walls and the distinct smell of smoke. Tenants had to clean their units themselves, at their own expense,” a pending application for a hearing at the board indicates.
“Tenants have observed contractors appearing to paint over smoke-stained walls and charred ceiling, as well as plaster new drywall on top of damaged surfaces. This presents a latent but potentially severe health risk. Similarly, some tenants have reported seeing mould beneath the parquet flooring that was simply covered up.”
The application also notes that some air quality tests were taken after tenants had moved back in.
But a letter management sent out ahead of the move-in last December indicated the tenants were made aware of “hazards” in the building.
“Tenants acknowledge that they are entering a property that has been the subject of a serious fire and that there may be hazards and other as yet unknown health and safety risks,” read part of the letter. “Tenants acknowledge that they are entering and being permitted entry to the property wholly at their own risk.”
With files from Margaryta Ignatenko and Ilya Bañares | [
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Limited Edition KS17 Indigenous Soccer Ball – White (Sold Out)
$30.00
Note: Out Of Stock
I’m proud of my Heritage, and passionate about my culture. Through creating these balls I hope to raise awareness for the longest existing culture in the world and show through football it doesn’t matter what you look like or where you come from, we all have that one common interest and that’s the love we share for this beautiful round ball game! | [
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Vatican taking aim at those unconfirmed reports that the spoep resigning before a scandal. Abc's david wright is in vatican city for us tonight. Reporter: Good evening. Tonight, the vatican used the strongest possible language to condemn the news coverage. Saying it needs to defend the freedom of the college of cardinals to elect the next pope. The official communique from the holy see made the vatican press corps seem like people trying to rig an election. Cardinals have faced many kinds of pressure to bend their decisions to a political end. Today, there's an attempt to do this through public opinion. Reporter: They have been railing for days about italian news reports claiming they know the contents of a classified internal investigation that the pope received in december. They say the real reason that benedict resigned was because the three investigating kartd analysis uncovered far more salacious comments. Church officials steered the conversation away from the sexual abuse scandal. Today in los angeles, cardinal roger mahony testified under oath about allegations that he actively con sealed the crimes. One was accused of molesting 26 boys in 1987, he fled to mexico after mahony's top aide warned him that he -- police would investigate. The idea that cardinal mahony should help choose the next pope say says it's an outrage. It's absolutely mind-boggling to me how this continues to go on and mahony should be jailed. Reporter: But the vatican says that voting in the conclave is a sacred duty, despite any worldly scandals. I don't think many of the cardinals in rome are very concerned about mahony voting because they consider him part of the fraternity. Reporter: He blogged this week about feeling like a scapegoat, as he put it, suffering painful and public humiliation just like jesus. David ht, abc news, rome.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
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1. Introduction {#sec0005}
===============
Low-grade inflammation is implicated in pathogenesis of depression ([@bib0115]; [@bib0170]; [@bib0165]) and is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality ([@bib0205]). Meta-analyses of cross-sectional studies have reported that depressed patients have higher mean concentrations of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in peripheral blood compared with controls ([@bib0065]; [@bib0075]; [@bib0125]). Longitudinally, higher levels of inflammatory markers in childhood are associated with risks of depression and persistent depressive symptoms subsequently in early-adulthood ([@bib0085], [@bib0090]). A recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported that about a quarter of depressed patients have evidence of low-grade inflammation, defined as circulating CRP levels \>3 mg/L ([@bib0180]). However, the majority of included studies were case-control by design, and based on hospital-treated or treatment-resistant working-age adults ([@bib0215]; [@bib0240]; [@bib0255]; [@bib0260]), which increases the possibility of selection bias and confounding by comorbid inflammatory physical illness or lifestyle factors. General population-based studies examining the prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression are scarce, and to our knowledge, no population-based study has examined the prevalence of inflammation in depression in young adults. Studies conducted on younger populations may be beneficial as participants may be less affected by chronic physical illness or lifestyle factors.
People with depression who have evidence of inflammation may represent a high-risk group for cardiometabolic disorders. Co-morbidity of depression with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) ([@bib0005]), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ([@bib0225]) and obesity ([@bib0150]) is well established, and there is evidence for genetic overlaps between depression, inflammation and obesity ([@bib0160]). Inflammation is associated with insulin resistance (IR) ([@bib0010]), CVD ([@bib0035]) and T2DM ([@bib0210]). We recently reported that inflammation could be a shared mechanism for CVD and depression using MR analysis of UK Biobank data ([@bib0095], [@bib0100]). Depression is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, such as obesity, altered lipid profile and IR in working age adults ([@bib0155]; [@bib0235]). There is also some evidence for these associations in younger adults, though they may be explained by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors ([@bib0200]). It has been proposed that "immuno-metabolic depression" may represent a particular 'sub-type' of depression characterised by distinct symptom profile (e.g., increased appetite and weight gain) and increased inflammatory and cardiometabolic markers ([@bib0110]; [@bib0195]; [@bib0230]). However, it remains unclear how far back in the life-course an altered immuno-metabolic signature may be detectable.
Based on data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a general population-representative prospective birth cohort from the UK, we have examined the prevalence of low-grade inflammation (serum hsCRP levels \>3 mg/L) in participants meeting the ICD-10 criteria for current depressive episode at age 18 years. We have compared cardiometabolic risk between depression with and without evidence of inflammation using a range of established cardiometabolic risk factors at age 18 years and body mass index (BMI) in childhood at ages 9 and 13 years. We hypothesized that depression with evidence of inflammation would be associated with greater cardiometabolic risk both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
2. Methods {#sec0010}
==========
2.1. Description of cohort and sample {#sec0015}
-------------------------------------
The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents And Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort initially recruited 14,541 pregnant women resident in county Avon, a geographically defined region in southwest of England, with expected dates of delivery 1 st April 1991 to 31 st December 1992, resulting in 14,062 live births ([@bib0015]; [@bib0045]). Detailed information about the ALSPAC cohort can be found on the study website (<http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac>). The study website contains details of all available data through a fully searchable "data dictionary" (<http://www.bris.ac.uk/alspac/researchers/data-access/data-dictionary/>). Parents completed regular postal questionnaires about all aspects of their child's health and development from birth. Since age 7, the children attended an annual assessment clinic during which they participated in various face-to-face interviews and physical tests.
The current study is based on all participants with a measure of the outcome and exposures, after removing participants with CRP \> 10 ([@bib0085]), to minimize the potential confounding effect of ongoing or recent inflammatory disease/infection, or treatment for such conditions. The total sample included 2918 complete cases at age 18 years (mean age = 17.8; SD = 0.38). See Supplementary [Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"} for a flow-chart of participants in the study. The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work follow the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. All procedures involving human subjects/patients were approved byFig. 1Cases of Mild, Moderate and Severe Depression at Age 18 years Grouped by Serum CRP Level.Fig. 1
the ALSPAC Law and Ethics Committee, and Local Research Ethics Committees. All participants provided informed consent.
2.2. Outcome {#sec0020}
------------
### 2.2.1. Measurement of high sensitivity CRP at age 18 years {#sec0025}
In total, 3287 participants provided a blood sample. Samples were frozen at −80 °C. The measurements were assayed in 2008 after a median of 7.5 years in storage. There was no evidence of freeze-thaw cycles during storage period. CRP was measured by automated particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (Roche UK, Welwyn Garden City, UK). All assay coefficients of variation were \<5%. The minimum detection limit for CRP was 0.03 mg/L. Twenty-nine participants (0.6 % of the sample) were below this limit and were assigned values of 0.01 (n = 16) and 0.02 (n = 13); they were also included in the analysis. In the total sample, CRP values ranged from 0.01--176.10 mg/L (32 subjects had CRP levels \>10 mg/L). Participants with CRP \> 10 mg/L (n = 32) were excluded due to the risk of confounding by acute inflammatory state (e.g. infection). We defined evidence of low-grade inflammation as serum CRP\>3 mg/L, and no inflammation as CRP\<3 mg/L, as is most commonly used in the literature to define low-grade inflammation ([@bib0180]). In addition, we treated CRP as a categorical variable. We created three groups based on CRP levels (\<1 mg/L; 1--3 mg/L; \>3 mg/L) according to the American Heart Association (AHA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA, guidelines on categorising high-sensitivity CRP levels for cardiovascular studies ([@bib0190]). See Supplementary Methods for further information on measurement of CRP.
### 2.2.2. Assessment of depression at age 18 years {#sec0030}
The computerised version of the Clinical Interview Schedule Revised (CIS-R) was self-administered by cohort participants in assessment clinics at mean age 17.8 years (SD = 0.38). The CIS-R is a widely used, standardized tool for measuring common mental disorders in large community samples ([@bib0140]). The CIS-R is a fully structured assessment, suitable for trained social survey interviewers and does not require any expert knowledge on the part of the interviewers. As such, it can also be administered using personal computers in which the subjects self-complete the questionnaire ([@bib0135]). The CIS-R elicits responses to depressive symptoms experienced in the preceding week, and provides a diagnosis of current depressive episode according to ICD-10 criteria ([@bib0250]). ICD-10 current depressive episode was used as the main binary outcome measure. In sensitivity analysis, we also used a continuous measure of depressive symptoms score as secondary outcome measure (score range 0--21). This score was created by summing symptom scores for depression, depressive thoughts, fatigue, concentration, and sleep problems also assessed using CIS-R.
2.3. Exposures {#sec0035}
--------------
### 2.3.1. Cardiometabolic risk factors at age 18 years {#sec0040}
#### 2.3.1.1. Glucose-insulin homeostasis {#sec0045}
We used the biochemical measurements of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FI). Fasting samples were taken at 0900 after a 10 -h fast (water only). Blood samples were immediately spun, frozen and stored at −80 °C and measurements were assayed within 3--9 months of the samples being taken with no previous freeze-thaw cycles. FPG and FI were measured by an ultrasensitive ELISA (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Its sensitivity was 0.07 mU/L, and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were \<6%. Insulin resistance was calculated as a continuous measure from FPG and FI by using the computerized, updated version of the Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA~2~) for Insulin Resistance ([@bib0130]). The algorithm generates a relatively precise measurement of IR taking into account variations in hepatic and peripheral glucose resistance, increases in the insulin secretion curve for plasma glucose concentrations above 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) and the contribution of circulating proinsulin ([@bib0130]).
#### 2.3.1.2. Lipid Metabolism {#sec0050}
We used biochemical measurements of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG). Fasting samples were taken at 0900 after a 10 -h fast (water only). Plasma lipid concentrations were measured by modification of the standard Lipid Research Clinics Protocol by using enzymatic reagents for lipid determination. LDL concentration was determined via the Friedwald equation (LDL = total cholesterol -- (HDL + TG\*0.45)).
#### 2.3.1.3. Smoking and alcohol use {#sec0055}
Self-reported data on smoking, alcohol and drug use were collected using a questionnaire. The number of cigarettes/roll ups smoked per day was coded as a binary variable if participant reported smoking ≥1 cigarette per day. Alcohol use was coded as a binary variable if participants reported consuming drinks containing alcohol twice a week or more frequently.
### 2.3.2. Assessment of BMI at Ages 9, 13 and 18 Years {#sec0060}
BMI was calculated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metre squared) and was measured at various timepoints in a relatively large sample during childhood.
2.4. Assessment of potential confounders {#sec0065}
----------------------------------------
We adjusted cross-sectional analyses for sex, ethnicity, paternal social class, physical activity (questionnaire data, binary based on participating in physical exercise e.g. gym attendance, brisk walking or any sports activity at least once per week over the preceding year), smoking (age 18 questionnaire data, binary based upon reporting smoking at least one cigarette per day on average over the preceding year), alcohol use (age 18 questionnaire data, binary, based upon consuming drinks containing alcohol at least twice per week on average over the preceding year), and BMI (age 18 clinic data, continuous). For our longitudinal analysis, we adjusted for sex, ethnicity and paternal social class. We excluded adjustment variables where they were the exposure of interest, since they were already apparent in the statistical model. See Supplementary Data for further information.
2.5. Statistical analysis {#sec0070}
-------------------------
Exposures that were non-normally distributed were natural log-transformed (all variables except FPG). Resultant variables were standardized (Z-transformed), so the statistical estimations represent the increase in risk of depression (with or without raised CRP) per SD increase in exposure. We completed tests for multi-collinearity of exposures/confounders in a linear regression model. The variance inflation factor for all covariates was between 1.01--1.11, suggesting minimal multi-collinearity. Adjustments were added using the enter method of multiple regression. All statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS 24.0.
### 2.5.1. Prevalence of depression with evidence of inflammation {#sec0075}
We calculated the proportion of currently depressed participants with "low", "medium" and "high" inflammation at age 18 years, compared with non-depressed participants. Chi-square tests were used to examine for differences between currently depressed and non-depressed participants in CRP levels, and for associations between severity of depression and CRP levels.
### 2.5.2. Associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and depression with evidence of inflammation {#sec0080}
We used multinomial regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (C.I.) for the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and depression with or without evidence of raised CRP. 'No depression' was the reference category. We performed likelihood ratio tests to examine whether the estimates for groups were significantly different from each other. Multinomial regression models were adjusted for potential confounders as described above. ORs represent the increase in risk of depression with/without evidence of raised CRP per standard deviation (SD) increase in exposure variable, compared to participants with no depressive episode.
### 2.5.3. Interactions between CRP and cardiometabolic factors on risk of depression {#sec0085}
We performed a sensitivity analysis to examine for any cross-sectional association or interaction between CRP (continuous data) and the cardiometabolic factors described above, on risk of current depression at age 18 years. We performed adjustments as described above. For each cardiometabolic risk factor, we included CRP in the logistic regression model alongside an interaction term (CRP\*cardiometabolic risk factor). ORs represent the increase in risk of depression per standard deviation (SD) increase in exposure or interaction variable, compared to participants with no depressive episode.
### 2.5.4. Interactions between CRP and depression on cardiometabolic risk {#sec0090}
We performed a sensitivity analysis to examine for any cross-sectional association of CRP (continuous data) and interaction between CRP and depressive symptom score (continuous data), for the outcomes of cardiometabolic traits (continuous data). Regression models were adjusted as described above. For each continuous cardiometabolic outcome, we included CRP and depressive symptom score in a linear regression model alongside an interaction term (CRP\*depressive symptom score). Beta coefficients and 95 % C.I's represent estimates for the SD increase in continuous cardiometabolic trait per SD increase in exposure or interaction variable.
### 2.5.5. Multiple testing correction {#sec0095}
*p*-values for adjusted regression models for cross-sectional analyses were corrected for multiple testing using the Holm-Bonferroni method ([@bib0070]).
3. Results {#sec0100}
==========
3.1. Sample characteristics and prevalence of depression with evidence of inflammation at age 18 years {#sec0105}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"} presents the baseline characteristics of the sample. Out of 2932 participants with data on CRP and depression at age 18 years, 215 met ICD-10 criteria for current depressive episode (7.3 %). The number of participants with mild, moderate, and severe depressive episode was 92 (42 %), 95 (44 %) and 28 (14 %) respectively. Out of 215 cases of current depression, 135 (62.7 %) had CRP \<1 mg/L, 57 (26.5 %) had CRP 1−3 mg/L, and 23 (10.7 %) had CRP \>3 mg/L (see [Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type="table"}; Supplementary Figure 2). There was trend level evidence for differences between depressed and non-depressed participants' CRP levels (χ^2^ = 5.56; *p* = 0.062), and increased levels of CRP with increasing severity of depression (**χ^2^** = 4.84; *p* = 0.089) ([Fig. 1](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}).Table 1Characteristics of Sample with Data on Depression and CRP at Age 18 Years in the ALSPAC Birth Cohort.Table 1CharacteristicTotal SampleNo depressionDepression with Inflammation (CRP \>3 mg/L)Depression without Inflammation (CRP \<3 mg/L)Participants, *n* (% total)2932 (100)2717 (93)23 (1)192 (6)Male Sex, *n* (%)1426 (48)1368 (50)3 (13)55 (29)Paternal Social Class, *n* (%)I & II1165 (39)1091 (36)6 (26)68 (35)III -- non-manual & manual1169 (39)1082 (37)12 (52)76 (39)IV & V598 (20)544 (18)5 (22)49 (13)White British Ethnicity, *n* (%)2873 (98)2663 (98)22 (95)188 (98)BMI at 18y, mean (SD)22.66 (3.80)22.64 (3.76)25.90 (5.81)22.69 (4.05)BMI at 13y, mean (SD)20.17 (3.16)20.12 (3.13)23.08 (3.30)20.38 (3.18)BMI at 9y, mean (SD)17.51 (2.59)17.48 (2.59)20.20 (2.26)17.59 (2.41)FPG at 18, mean (SD), mmol/L5.03 (0.47)5.03 (0.44)4.95 (0.75)5.02 (0.83)HOMA~2~ at 18y, mean (SD)0.92 (0.73)0.92 (0.74)0.93 (0.44)0.98 (0.72)CRP at 18y, mean (SD), mg/L1.09 (1.43)1.09 (1.43)4.53 (1.48)0.82 (0.72)Smoking at age 18, *n* (%)211 (7)185 (7)2 (9)24 (13)Depression score at age 18, mean (SD)3.092.39 (2.91)12.57 (3.63)11.98 (3.56)Physical Activity^a^ at 18y, *n* (%)1964 (67)1901 (70)7 (30)57 (29)Alcohol Use^b^ at 18y, *n* (%)1172 (40)1059 (39)11 (48)102 (53)[^1][^2]Table 2Prevalence of low, medium and high CRP levels in Participants with and without ICD-10 Current Depressive Episode at age 18 years.Table 2CRP Level (age 18)No Depressive episode at 18y, *n* (%)Depressive Episode at 18y, *n* (%)χ^2^ (df), *p*-value\<1 mg/L1896 (68.2)135 (62.7)5.56 (2), 0.0621−3 mg/L728 (26.1)57 (26.5)\>3 mg/L157 (5.6)23 (10.7)
3.2. Cross-sectional associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and depression with and without evidence of inflammation at age 18 years {#sec0110}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Female sex was associated with current depression, both in groups with raised CRP (OR = 7.83; 95 % C.I., 1.78−34.40) and without (OR = 2.35; 95 % C.I., 1.64−3.35), but the association was stronger for cases with raised CRP (Holm-corrected *p-*value for likelihood ratio test \<0.001) ([Table 3](#tbl0015){ref-type="table"}). BMI (OR = 1.13; 95 % C.I., 1.05−1.22), HOMA~2~ (OR = 1.12; 95 % C.I., 1.01−1.26), triglycerides (OR = 2.09; 95 % C.I., 1.35−3.24) and fasting insulin (OR = 1.42; 95 % C.I., 1.01-2.12) were associated with current depression with raised CRP, after adjusting for potential confounders. The likelihood ratio test showed that these effect estimates were significantly different between the two depressed groups ([Table 4](#tbl0020){ref-type="table"}), though only the *p*-value for the likelihood ratio test for triglycerides survived multiple testing correction.Table 3Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Depression With and Without Evidence of Inflammation at Age 18 years.Table 3VariableUnadjusted analysisAdjusted analysis^a^Depression with Inflammation (CRP \>3 mg/L)Depression without Inflammation (CRP \<3 mg/L)Likelihood Ratio TestDepression with Inflammation (CRP \>3 mg/L)Depression without Inflammation (CRP \<3 mg/L)Likelihood Ratio TestOR (95 % CI)OR (95 % CI)X^2^p-valueCorrected p-value^d^OR (95 % CI)OR (95 % CI)X^2^p-valueCorrected p-value^d^**Female Sex**6.77 (2.01−22.82)2.53 (1.83−3.49)48.26\<0.001\<0.0017.83 (1.78−34.40)2.35 (1.64−3.35)34.56\<0.001\<0.001**Non-White Ethnicity^b^**2.81 (0.37−21.49)0.56 (0.14−2.31)1.520.4680.4684.44 (0.56−35.25)0.86 (0.20−3.62)1.430.4900.490**Paternal Social Class^c^**1.08 (0.88−1.33)1.07 (0.99−1.15)3.270.1950.3901.09 (0.89−1.35)1.06 (0.99−1.15)3.310.1910.382[^3][^4][^5][^6]Table 4Cross-sectional Associations of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors with Depression With and Without Evidence of Inflammation at Age 18 Years.Table 4VariableUnadjusted analysisAdjusted analysis^a^Depression with Inflammation (CRP \>3 mg/L)Depression without Inflammation (CRP \<3 mg/L)Likelihood Ratio TestDepression with Inflammation (CRP \>3 mg/L)Depression without Inflammation (CRP \<3 mg/L)Likelihood Ratio TestOR (95 % CI)OR (95 % CI)X^2^p-valueCorrected p-value^b^OR (95 % CI)OR (95 % CI)X^2^p-valueCorrected p-value^b^**BMI**1.14 (1.06−1.21)1.00 (0.96−1.04)10.710.0050.0401.13 (1.05−1.22)1.00 (0.96−1.04)8.940.0110.088**HOMA~2~**1.17 (1.01−1.36)1.12 (0.96−1.29)6.440.0390.2341.12 (1.01−1.26)1.01 (0.91−1.18)5.990.0460.230**FPG**0.76 (0.49−1.18)0.92 (0.78−1.18)2.380.3041.0000.92 (0.52−1.66)1.07 (0.90−1.28)0.680.7121.000**FI**1.46 (1.02−2.10)1.13 (0.96−1.31)6.250.0440.2341.42 (1.01−2.12)1.15 (0.94−1.33)2.390.0300.180**HDL**0.82 (0.56−1.19)1.08 (0.93−1.25)2.120.3471.0000.75 (0.53−1.08)0.95 (0.80−1.12)2.230.3291.000**LDL**1.35 (0.87−2.08)0.99 (0.86−1.14)1.900.3871.0001.28 (0.76−2.11)0.95 (0.80−1.12)1.380.5011.000**TG**1.92 (1.33−2.76)1.02 (0.88−1.18)11.470.0030.0272.09 (1.35−3.24)0.93 (0.79−1.10)11.330.0030.027**Smoking**1.30 (0.30−5.60)1.96 (1.24−3.07)7.430.0240.1680.84 (0.11−6.55)2.26 (1.37−3.74)8.990.0110.088**Alcohol**0.86 (0.55−1.21)1.09 (0.77−1.45)2.030.2991.0000.80 (0.50−1.18)1.08 (0.79−1.43)2.010.3011.000[^7][^8]
3.3. Longitudinal associations between childhood BMI and depression with and without evidence of inflammation at age 18 years {#sec0115}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Higher BMI at both ages 9 (OR = 1.27; 95 % C.I. 1.10−1.48) and 13 (OR = 1.23; 95 % C.I. 1.09−1.38) years was associated with depression with raised CRP at age 18 years (See [Table 5](#tbl0025){ref-type="table"}).Table 5Longitudinal associations between Childhood BMI and Depression With and Without Evidence of Inflammation at Age 18 Years.Table 5Unadjusted AnalysisAdjusted Analysis^a^Depression with Inflammation (CRP \>3 mg/L)Depression without Inflammation (CRP \<3 mg/L)Likelihood Ratio TestDepression with Inflammation (CRP \>3 mg/L)Depression without Inflammation (CRP \<3 mg/L)Likelihood Ratio Testp-valueVariablenOR (95 % C.I.)OR (95 % C.I.)χ²*p-*valueOR (95 % C.I.)OR (95 % C.I.)χ²BMI (age 9)25711.31 (1.15−1.49)1.02 (0.96−1.08)14.140.0011.27 (1.10−1.48)1.02 (0.96−1.09)8.630.013BMI (age 13)24621.23 (1.11−1.37)1.03 (0.98−1.08)13.760.0011.23 (1.09−1.38)1.02 (0.96−1.08)9.850.007[^9]
3.4. Interactions between CRP and cardiometabolic factors on risk of depression {#sec0120}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We found trend evidence for an interaction between CRP and BMI (adjusted OR for the interaction term = 1.56; 95 % C.I. 0.98--2.02) and between CRP and triglycerides (adjusted OR for the interaction term = 1.17; 95 % C.I. 0.99--1.38) on risk of current depression. See Supplementary [Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type="table"}.
3.5. Interactions between CRP and depressive symptom score on cardiometabolic risk {#sec0125}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We found trend level evidence for an interaction between CRP and depressive symptom score for the outcome of BMI (adjusted β for the interaction term = 0.05; 95 % C.I. 0.00−0.12). CRP was associated with other cardiometabolic outcomes after controlling for potential confounders: HOMA~2~ (adjusted β = 0.11; 95 % C.I., 0.03−0.19), fasting insulin (adjusted β = 0.10; 95 % C.I., 0.02−0.18), HDL (adjusted β=-0.23; 95 % C.I., −0.31 to −0.15) and triglycerides (adjusted β = 0.22; 95 % C.I., 0.14−0.30). However, there was no evidence for interaction between CRP and depressive symptoms scores in relation to these outcomes.
4. Discussion {#sec0130}
=============
Using a general population-based birth cohort study, we report that a notable proportion of young adults with current depression have evidence of raised CRP. In our sample, approximately one in ten people meeting ICD-10 criteria for current depressive episode at age 18 had CRP \>3 mg/L, while about a quarter had CRP 1−3 mg/L. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies of the prevalence of low-grade inflammation in young adults enrolled in a population-representative birth cohort. The meta-analytic prevalence of inflammation defined as CRP\>3 mg/L is about 27 % ([@bib0180]), and in individual studies this prevalence ranges from 19 to 47% ([@bib0240]; [@bib0255]; [@bib0260]). The relatively lower prevalence in our sample could be due to participant age and recruitment method. The majority of previous studies included older participants, increasing the likelihood of comorbid inflammatory physical illness or inflammatory-related lifestyle factors such as smoking ([@bib0120]), and many of these studies recruited participants from hospital inpatient or outpatient department, possibly missing milder cases of depression.
We report that participants with a current depressive episode and raised CRP were more likely to be female and have increased cardiometabolic risk factors at age 18 years, and increased BMI in childhood assessed at ages 9 and 13. Our findings may indicate that depression with evidence of inflammation may be more common in females. However, in our sample there were only three male participants who had depression and evidence of inflammation. Therefore, the possibility of type I error due to low statistical power because of small sample size cannot be ruled out. In future, studies with larger samples of depressed cases are required.
Cardiometabolic risk factors were associated with cases of current depression with, but not without, evidence of inflammation. These findings are consistent with the idea that inflammation could be a common mechanism for comorbid depression and cardiometabolic disorders. Comorbidity between depression and cardiometabolic disorders is well known ([@bib0245]), and is present even in young people ([@bib0145]). We found the evidence for an association of current depression with raised CRP and raised triglycerides, which is consistent with our recent MR study reporting that triglycerides, as well as IL-6 and CRP, could be causally linked to depression ([@bib0095], [@bib0100]). In future, studies should examine mechanisms through which alterations in triglycerides contribute to depression risk to elucidate potential therapeutic targets.
Previous research which considered depression as a single entity, including our own work from the ALSPAC cohort, reported that associations between current depression and cardiometabolic risk factors could be explained by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors including sex, ethnicity, social class and physical activity ([@bib0200]). In the current study, we report that evidence for association between a current depressive episode with evidence of inflammation and cardiometabolic risk factors remains after adjustments for potential confounders, which aligns with other research ([@bib0220]). We also found an interaction between CRP and both BMI and triglycerides on risk of depression, suggesting that inflammation and cardiometabolic factors work together to increase the risk of depression. In addition, we also found some evidence for an interaction between CRP and depressive symptom score for the outcome to BMI, suggesting that inflammation and depressive symptoms may work together to increase BMI. These results are consistent with the concept of a distinct phenotype of 'immuno-metabolic depression' ([@bib0195]). Immuno-metabolic depression has previously been linked with distinct depressive symptomatology such as increased appetite disturbance, weight gain ([@bib0110]), and depressed patients with these symptoms have been found to have higher BMI and CRP levels ([@bib0105]) alongside other cardiometabolic alterations such as insulin resistance ([@bib0230]).
Cardiometabolic traits are known to be associated with inflammation ([@bib0020]; [@bib0025]; [@bib0080]). Our sensitivity analyses showed that CRP was associated with several cardiometabolic factors (HOMA~2~, fasting insulin, triglycerides, and HDL) after adjustments for potential confounders including depressive symptoms. HOMA~2~ is a reliable measure of insulin resistance ([@bib0050]) and the triad of raised fasting insulin, triglycerides and low HDL can reflect an insulin resistant state ([@bib0055]). Insulin resistance is known to be closely related to inflammatory processes ([@bib0030]). Our results suggest that BMI may be mechanistically associated with depression plus evidence of inflammation, while glycaemic traits may arise secondary to the inflammation or by other mechanisms.
Our longitudinal analyses revealed that raised BMI measured in childhood was associated with current depression with raised CRP subsequently at age 18. This finding indicates that underlying biological processes predisposing to cardiometabolic alterations and depression may begin early in the life-course. A growing body of research is beginning to implicate that the cardiometabolic comorbidity associated with depression may originate, in part, from pathogenic processes initiated in fetal development ([@bib0060]). For example, maternal prenatal glucocorticoid excess and immune pathway abnormalities are associated with sex-dependent impacts on offspring brain circuitry, resulting in depression alongside dysregulation of immune responses and an increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders in adulthood ([@bib0040]; [@bib0175]; [@bib0185]).
Strengths of the work include use of data from a prospective general population-representative birth cohort, inclusion of a range of cardiometabolic markers, and longitudinal design. The participants in our study were relatively young, thus reducing the chance of confounding by chronic physical comorbidity or the effects of long-term poor diet, limited exercise, smoking, alcohol use and psychological stress. We were able to adjust for several potential confounders including age, sex, ethnicity, social class, physical activity, alcohol and substance use and BMI.
Limitations of this work include, as with all observational research, residual confounding. We were unable to adjust for psychotropic medication since this data were not available. However, whilst certain antidepressants may predispose to cardiometabolic dysfunction, this is unlikely to affect our longitudinal analysis, since psychotropic medication prescription in childhood is relatively rare. Other immuno-modulatory medications or inflammatory physical illness may also have influenced the CRP data we used in the study. We attempted to address the impact of this potential limitation by excluding participants with CRP \>10 mg/L as an indicator of possible acute inflammatory process. Future work may seek to make attempts to more accurately account for the risk of confounding by medication. Whilst we were able to measure a definition of depression meeting ICD-10 criteria, the CIS-R elicits symptoms of depression suffered in the previous week. Therefore, our findings are reflective of a depressed state and it is unclear how our results may be extrapolated to trait depression. Future research may seek to replicate our work with cases of persistent or recurrent depression and evidence of inflammation. Another issue is attrition. Only a subset of the cohort undertook assessment for depression at age 18, and not all those participants had data for the exposures and covariates. Selective attrition of depressed individuals could introduce a bias towards the null, thus our analysis might underestimate the true association between depression and cardiometabolic risk factors. Whilst we included a relatively large overall sample, the numbers of participants with evidence of raised CRP and depression was relatively small. Future research conducted on larger samples of people with depression may be warranted to confirm our findings. Finally, whilst we considered CRP as an indicator of inflammation, because it is the most commonly measured inflammatory biomarker in hospital laboratories, future research may seek to examine a greater range of inflammatory biomarkers.
5. Conclusions {#sec0135}
==============
In summary, our findings suggest that depression with evidence of inflammation represents a high-risk state for cardiometabolic disorders. Therefore, clinicians should need to proactively assess and manage cardiovascular risk in people presenting with depression who show evidence of inflammation to improve long-term health outcomes. Evidence for the longitudinal association with childhood BMI indicates that cardiometabolic alterations in young adults presenting with depression are unlikely to be fully explained by reverse causality or by confounding from lifestyle factors. The findings are consistent with the idea that inflammation could be a shared mechanism for depression and cardiovascular disease.
Funding statement {#sec0140}
=================
BIP is funded by National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), (Doctoral Research Fellowship, DRF-2018-11-ST2-018) for this research project. This paper presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. GMK acknowledges funding support from the MQ: Transforming Mental Health (Data Science Award; grant code: MQDS17/40), the Wellcome Trust (Intermediate Clinical Fellowship; grant code: 201486/Z/16/Z), the Medical Research Council (MICA: Mental Health Data Pathfinder; grant code: MC_PC_17213), and the BMA Foundation J Moulton Grant (2019). The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (Grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and the authors will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website: <http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grantacknowledgements.pdf/>. This research was specifically funded by The Wellcome Trust (Grant no. 08426812/Z/07/Z) (Awardee: Dr Golam M Khandaker).
Author contribution {#sec0145}
===================
Based on existing ALSPAC cohort data, this specific study design and analysis were conceived by GMK. Analysis was conducted by BO and BIP. The manuscript was prepared by BIP. GMK and PBJ provided oversight and revised the manuscript.
Data availability {#sec0150}
=================
Data was obtained following a successful application to the ALSPAC executive committee.
Declaration of Competing Interest
=================================
None.
Appendix A. Supplementary data {#sec0160}
==============================
The following is Supplementary data to this article:
We are extremely grateful to all families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, including interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists, and nurses.
Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104682>.
[^1]: ^a^Physical activity measured as a binary variable based upon average weekly frequency of at least once per week of going to gym, brisk walking, or any sports activity during the past year.
[^2]: ^b^Alcohol use measured as a binary variable based upon average weekly frequency of at least 2 times per week participant has consumed drinks containing alcohol.
[^3]: ^a^ Regression models were adjusted for sex, ethnicity, paternal social class, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, BMI (age 18 years).
[^4]: ^b^ The group with British White ethnicity was used as reference; non-white ethnic groups included Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani, Chinese, Black Caribbean, Black African, and Other.
[^5]: ^c^ Paternal social class defined as the social class of the father at birth. Class I (professional) was used as reference.
[^6]: ^d^p-values corrected for multiple testing using the Holm-Bonferroni method.
[^7]: BMI = Body Mass Index; HOMA~2~=Homeostatic Model Assessment; FPG = Fasting Plasma Glucose; FI = Fasting Insulin; HDL=High-Density Lipoprotein; LDL = Low-Density Lipoprotein; TG = Triglycerides; PE='Definite' Psychotic Experiences. BMI, HOMA~2~, FPG, FI, HDL, LDL, TG coded as continuous variables. Smoking, Drug Use and Alcohol coded as categorical variables.
[^8]: ^a^Regression models were adjusted for sex, ethnicity, paternal social class, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use and BMI (age 18 years) ^b^p-values corrected for multiple testing using the Holm-Bonferroni method.
[^9]: ^a^Regression models were adjusted for sex, ethnicity, paternal social class. BMI = Body Mass Index.
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] |
Quotes frm Harry Potter and the POA(2004)
Page 1 of 1
jammyIF-Veteran Member
Since there are many Harry Potter Fans on this forum like me, I would
like to share Fav quotes and dailogue's from the 3rd movie. I also have
from 1st and 2nd, If you like this one then let me know. I am sure you
will enjoy reading it as much as I do. Remmember these are from movies.
Jammy.
Quotes from Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
Harry: [reading from the map] "Messrs Mooney, Wormtail, Padfoot, and
Prongs, offer their compliments to Professor Snape and request that he
keep his abnormally large nose out of other people's business."
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Hermione: Is that really what my hair looks like from the back?
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Ron: I'm warning you Hermione! You better keep that bloody beast of yours away from Scabbers or I'll turn it into a tea cozy!
Hermione: It's a cat, Ronald! What do you expect? It's in his nature.
Ron: A cat? Is that what they told you? It looks more like a pig with hair if you ask me.
Hermione: That's rich! Coming from the owner of that smelly old shoe
brush. It's all right, Crookshanks, just ignore the mean little boy.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Hermione: Did I mention its the most haunted place in Britain?
Ron: Twice, I think.
Hermione: Oh. Do you want to move closer?
Ron: Huh?
Hermione: To the Shrieking Shack.
Ron: Oh, no. I'm ok here.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Ron: I didn't mean to open it.
[pause]
Ron: It was badly wrapped.
[pause]
Ron: [points at Fred and George] They made me do it!
George Weasley, Fred Weasley: Did not!
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Sirius Black: Brilliant, Snape; once again you've put your keen and
penetrating mind to the task and as usual come to the wrong conclusion.
Now if you'll excuse us, Remus and I have some unfinished business to
attend to.
Professor Snape: Give me a reason. I beg you.
Professor Lupin: Severus, don't be a fool.
Sirius Black: He can't help it. It's habit by now.
Professor Lupin: Sirius, be quiet...
Sirius Black: Go bite yourself, Remus!
Professor Snape: Listen to you two, quarrelling like an old married couple.
Sirius Black: Why don't you run along and play with your chemistry set?
Professor Snape: I could do it you know. But why deny the Dementors?
They're so longing to see you. Do I detect a flicker of fear? Ah yes.
The Dementor's Kiss. One can only imagine what that must be like to
endure. It's said to be nearly unbearable to witness but I'll do my
best.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Professor Lupin: [yelling at Snape] Severus, don't be such a fool!
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Hermione: Ancient Egyptians used to worship cats, you know.
Ron: Yeah, along with the dungbeetle.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Hermione: Harry... what's happened?
Harry: He was their friend, and he betrayed them. HE WAS THEIR
FRIEND!... I hope he finds me! Because when he does, I'm gonna be
ready! When he does, I'M GOING TO KILL HIM!
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Professor Trelawney: Your aura is pulsing my dear. Are you in the beyond? I think you are.
Ron: Sure...
Professor Trelawney: Cup... tell me what you see.
Ron: Oh yeah um... well um Harry got sort of a wonky cross,
[checks the book]
Ron: that's 'trials and suffering'. And that there could be the sun and thats
[checks book again]
Ron: 'happiness'. So you're gonna suffer but you'll gonna be happy about it.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Harry: Why would I go looking for someone who wants to kill me?
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Professor Snape: Have you any idea as to how Black got in?
Dumbledore: Many, each as unlikely as the next.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Stan Shunpike: Welcome to the Knight Bus, emergency transport for the
stranded witch or wizard. My name is Stan Shunpike and I will be your
conductor this evening.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Harry: I knew I could do it because I already saw myself do it. Does that make any sense?
Hermione: No, and I hate flying.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Sirius Black: It's cruel that I got to spend so much time with James
and Lily, and you so little. But remember, the ones who love us never
truly leave us. They will always be found in here.
[Puts his hand over Harry's heart]
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Ron: [looking at Lupin who has just turned into a werewolf] Nice doggie... nice doggie...
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Dumbledore: A word of caution: dementors are vicious creatures. They
will not distinguish between the one they hunt and the one who gets in
there way. Therefore I must warn each and every one of you to give them
no reason to harm you. It's not in the nature of a dementor to be
forgiving. But you know happiness can be found even in the darkest of
times, when one only remembers to turn on the light.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Professor Lupin: You know the very first time I saw you, Harry, I
recognized you immediately. Not by your scar, by your eyes. They're
your mother, Lilly's. Yes, oh yes. I knew her. Your mother was there
for me at a time when no one else was. Not only was she a singly gifted
witch, she was also an uncommonly kind one. She had a way of seeing the
beauty in others even none perhaps. Most especially when that person
couldn't see it in themselves. Then your father, James on the other
hand, he uh ha, he had a certain shall we say talent for trouble. The
talent, rumor has it, he passed onto you. You are more like them than
you know, Harry. In time you'll come to see just how much.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Hermione: Come on everywhere else is full.
Ron: [sees Lupin] Who do you think that is?
Hermione: Professor R.J. Lupin.
Ron: Do you know everything? How is it she knows everything?
Hermione: [annoyed] It's on his suitcase, Ronald!
Ron: Oh.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Professor Trelawney: The study of Divination will give you the rare gift of Sight!
[stands up, and promptly bumps into her table]
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
George Weasley: You can know where everyone is...
Fred Weasley: anytime
George Weasley: anywhere
Fred Weasley: every minute
George Weasley: of every day
Fred Weasley: And when you're done, just say...
George Weasley, Fred Weasley: Mischief managed! Otherwise anyone can read it!
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Malfoy: [outside the shrieking shack to Ron and Hermione] Well well. Look who's here, you two shopping for your new dream home?
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Hermione: Harry what happened?
Harry: He was their friend and he betrayed them. HE WAS THEIR FRIEND!
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Professor Snape: Potter, what are you doing wandering the corridors at night?
Harry: I was sleep walking.
Professor Snape: Extraordinarily like your father you are Potter, he too was exceedingly arrogant, strutting about the castle.
Harry: My Dad, didn't strut, and nor did I. And if you don't mind, I'd appreciate it if you lower your wand.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Harry: Professor Dumbledore, we did it! We saved him!
Dumbledore: Did what? Good night.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Aunt Marge: They use the cane at St. Brutus's, boy?
Harry: Oh. Yeah, yeah. I... I've been beaten loads of times.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Stan Shunpike: What you doin' down there?
Harry: I fell over.
Stan Shunpike: Well, what you fell over for?
Harry: I didn't do it on purpose.
Stan Shunpike: Well come on then! Let's not wait for the grass to grow!
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Ron: [seeing Hermione appear in class] When did she come in? Did you SEE her come in?
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Ron: [when Harry and Hermione reappear] But, you were just there! I... I was talking to you there! And now you're there!
Hermione: What's he talking about Harry?
Harry: I dunno. Honestly Ron, how can people be in two places at once?
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Sirius Black: The tail I can live with. But the fleas... they're murder.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Ginny Weasley: The Fat lady... she is gone!
Ron: Serves her right. She was a terrible singer...
Hermione: That's not funny, Ron!
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Ron: So Sirius Black has broken out of Azkaban to come after you?
Hermione: But they catch Black won't they? I mean, everyone's looking for him.
Ron: Sure... except no ones broken out of Azkaban before and he's a murderous, raving lunatic.
Harry: Thanks Ron.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Professor Snape: That is the second time you have spoken out of turn,
Miss Granger. Are you incapable of restraining yourself, or do you take
pride in being an insufferable know-it-all?
Ron: He has a point, you know.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Professor Trelawney: Your heart, though you are young in years, is as
shriveled as an old maid's, you soul is as dry as the pages of the
books to which you so desperately cleave.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Hermione: [gazing at a crystal ball] Can I give it a try?
Professor Trelawney: Yes, sure!
Hermione: The grim? Possibly?
Professor Trelawney: You know, my dear, the moment I looked into your
eyes I knew that you did not have the mind for the noble art of
Divination.
[looking at her palm]
Professor Trelawney: See? Right here. You're young in years but the
heart that beats beneath your bosom is as shriveled as an old maid's,
your soul as dry as the pages of the books to which you so desperately
cleave.
[Hermione gets up and leaves, angrily]
Professor Trelawney: Have I said something?
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Sirius Black: Sorry about the bite, I reckon it twinges a bit.
Ron: A bit? A bit? You nearly tore my leg off!
Sirius Black: Well I *was* going for the rat. Usually, I have a very
sweet disposition as a dog. James once suggested I make the change
permanent. The tail I can live with. But the fleas? They're murder.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Harry: I didn't mean to blow her up, I just... lost control.
Ron: Brilliant!
Hermione: Honestly Ron, it's not funny! Harry was lucky not to be expelled.
Harry: I think I was lucky not to have been arrested actually.
Ron: I still think it's brilliant.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Ron: She's gone mental, Hermione has! I mean, not that she wasn't
always. But, now it's out there in the open for everyone to see.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Stan Shunpike: What did you say your name was again?
Harry: I didn't.
Stan Shunpike: Well, whereabout are you headed?
Harry: The Leaky Cauldron! That's in London.
Stan Shunpike: D'you hear that, Ern? The Leaky Cauldron that's in London.
Shrunken Head: Ah, the Leaky Cauldron! You get the pea soup, make sure you eat it before it eats you!
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Harry: [about the Marauder's Map] What's this rubbish?
George Weasley: "What's this rubbish?" he says.
Fred Weasley: That is the secret to our success.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Harry: [sees Dumbledore on the Marauder's Map] Is that really - ?
George Weasley: Dumbledore.
Fred Weasley: In his study.
George Weasley: Pacing.
Fred Weasley: He does that often.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
[about the newspaper clipping Ron was showing Harry and Hermione]
George Weasley: Not flashing that clipping again, are you, Ron?
Fred Weasley: I haven't shown anyone!
Fred Weasley: No, not a soul! Unless you count Tom.
George Weasley: The day maid.
Fred Weasley: The night maid.
George Weasley: The cook.
Fred Weasley: That bloke who came to fix the toilet.
George Weasley: And that wizard from Belgium!
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Harry: [in reference to Sirius Black on the front cover of the Daily Prophet] Who is that? That man?
Stan Shunpike: Who is that?... Who is... THAT is Sirius Black that is! Don't tell me you've never been hearing of Sirius Black?
Harry: [Harry shakes his head]
Stan Shunpike: He's a murderer. Got himself locked up in Azkaban for it.
Harry: How did he escape?
Stan Shunpike: Well that's the question, isn't it? He's the first one
who done it. He was a big supporter of You-Know-Who. Reckon you've
heard of him?
Harry: Yeah... him I've heard of.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Seamus Finnegan: [standing in front of the Fat Lady] She won't let me in! She just wont!
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Dumbledore: For in dreams, we enter a world that's entirely our own.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Peter Pettigrew: What would you have done, Sirius?
Sirius Black: I would have died. Died rather than betray my friends, Peter.
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Hagrid: Well, first the committee took turns in talking about 'why we
were there'. Then I stood up and said my bit, how Buckbeak was a good
hippogriff, always cleaned his feathers. And then Lucius Malfoy got
up...
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Professor Lupin: [Harry's turned up to visit him after the battle in the woods] I saw you coming.
[points to Marauder's Map]
Professor Lupin: I've looked worse, believe me.
Disclaimer: All Logos and Pictures of various Channels, Shows, Artistes, Media Houses, Companies, Brands etc. belong to their respective owners, and are used to merely visually identify the Channels, Shows, Companies, Brands, etc. to the viewer. Incase of any issue please contact the webmaster. | [
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Tuesday, December 14, 2010
Critics raise doubts on NASA's arsenic bacteria
Critics raise doubts on NASA's arsenic bacteria
(PhysOrg.com) -- NASA’s announcement last week that bacteria had been discovered that appeared to replace phosphorus with arsenic and thrive even in the most poisonous environments, has now come under fire from a number of scientists.
The findings reported last week, were that some bacteria (GFAJ-1) thrived when access to phosphate was removed and the bacteria were grown in a highly toxic culture rich is arsenate. The scientists suggested the bacteria thrived because they were able to replace phosphorus, which has always been thought vital to life, with arsenic, which is directly under it on the periodic table and has similar chemical properties. The researchers also suggested the bacteria were replacing phosphorus with arsenic within the bases that make up DNA.
These findings, if correct, would mean the scientists had found a new form of life on Earth, and it would also re-write the guide book on the essential requirements for life to exist elsewhere.
After the findings were published in Science, other scientists began immediately to express their doubts at the conclusions of the paper, with some even expressing the opinion the paper should not have been published at all.
One of the critics was Dr. Alex Bradley, from Harvard University, who blogged that there were a number of problems with the research. Firstly, if arsenic had replaced phosphorus in the DNA the molecule would have broken into fragments when the DNA was placed in water, since the arsenic would have hydrolyzed, and yet it did not. Secondly, the paper showed there was a small amount of phosphorus in the medium and Bradley argued that even though small, this could have been enough, since bacteria metabolism is extremely efficient.
Dr. Bradley also pointed out the bacteria live in Mono Lake, which is rich in arsenic but which also contains a higher concentration of phosphate than almost anywhere else on Earth, and this means there would be no selective pressure for a life based on arsenic to evolve.
Dr. Bradley also suggested a mass spectrum of the DNA sequences would have shown whether or not the nucleotides contained arsenic in place of phosphorus, but this was not done.
Another critic was University of British Columbia biologist Rosie Redfield, who reviewed the paper on her blog, and has more recently submitted a letter to the journal. Among her conclusions are that the paper “doesn't present ANY convincing evidence that arsenic has been incorporated into DNA (or any other biological molecule).” She also writes: “If this data was presented by a PhD student at their committee meeting, I'd send them back to the bench to do more cleanup and controls.”
Dr. Redfield also points out there was phosphate in the culture and that the authors did not calculate whether the amount of growth they saw in the arsenate-only medium could be supported by the phosphate present. She calculates on the blog that the growth of the bacteria is actually limited by the amount of phosphorus.
Another point made by Redfield is that the arsenic bacteria were “like plump little corn kernels” and contain granules, which are usually produced by bacteria when they have ample supplies of carbon and energy sources but there are shortages of other nutrients needed for growth.
The authors of the arsenic bacteria paper initially refused to be drawn into the arguments, saying the discussion should be confined to peer-reviewed journals, but one of the authors, Ronald Ormeland, did answer questions on the controversy after giving a lecture on the findings at NASA headquarters yesterday. He said the amount of phosphorus in the sample was too small to sustain growth, and a mass spectrum was not done because they did not have enough money, and wanted to get the result published quickly. He also pointed out that the bacteria are still there and other scientists could duplicate the work and carry out further experiments if they wished. | [
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] |
Impact of US Crisis on Indian Banks
University of Delhi, Delhi School of Economics, Department of Commerce, Students
Date Written: October 1, 2015
Abstract
The US crisis were a consequence of sub-prime mortgages, real estate bubble, complicated financial instruments and reckless, less prudent regulatory practices. The crisis caused a great financial turmoil in the entire world and caused bankruptcy of big financial institutions like Lehman Brothers and several others were bailed out. The crisis had some effect on Indian economy as well. It affected several sectors like exports, foreign inflow, stock market, current account deficit and caused unemployment. Though India was well guarded when compared with the rest of the western world in terms of its less exposure to sub- prime mortgages, but the paper intends to determine and prove empirically that Indian banks were not completely unaffected by US crisis by gauging its asset Quality in pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis period.
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The HALIFAX side table has a neat, triangular shape, with rounded edges. The top is of gloss white, and the attractive legs are dark walnut in colour. Its striking looking, and will fit into your place and soon become a favourite piece.
The HALIFAX side table has a neat, triangular shape, with rounded edges. The top is of gloss white, and the attractive legs are dark walnut in colour. Its striking looking, and will fit into your place and soon become a favourite piece. | [
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Hundreds of angry demonstrators, some of them armed with rifles, stormed Michigan’s State House on Thursday to protest stay-at-home orders — terrifying lawmakers who wore bulletproof vests to protect themselves.
The protesters forced their way into the Capitol in Lansing to urge Michigan officials to end a state of emergency as the Wolverine State continues to battle one of the worst COVID-19 outbreaks in the country.
Thursday’s event reached a terrifying climax when Capitol police were forced to protect lawmakers as protesters tried to storm their way into the chamber, the Detroit Free Press reported.
In one frightening scene, several men armed with rifles made their way into the public gallery and began shouting at senators on the floor beneath them, according to an account by one lawmaker.
“Directly above me, men with rifles yelling at us,” Michigan State Sen. Dayna Polehanki wrote on Twitter, sharing a photo of the demonstrators.
“Some of my colleagues who own bullet proof vests are wearing them. I have never appreciated our Sergeants-at-Arms more than today.”
In another video posted online, protesters, most of them not wearing masks, started chanting to be let into the chamber, yelling, “This is the people’s house, you cannot lock us up.”
Michigan has been rocked by protests and unrest for weeks after Gov. Gretchen Whitmer declared a state of emergency and imposed a restrictive shutdown on the state’s economy.
Facing a wave of criticism and armed protests outside her home, Whitmer eased restrictions to allow some people to return to work as many feared the stay-home order would ruin small businesses.
Related Video Video length 54 seconds :54 Protesters chanted and held up signs outside Michigan’s State House against the stay-at-home orders Protesters chanted and held up signs outside Michigan’s State House against the stay-at-home orders
A state of emergency remains in place until the middle of May but many state Republican lawmakers are mounting efforts to restrict Whitmer’s power. | [
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Yeah you need someone getting into the box to get on the end of those crosses.
I have almost the same setup except my striker is a CF(s) and my left IF has an attacking duty, making him act like a second striker at times. I score plenty of goals from crosses from the right winger.
This is my setup:
Standard mentality, Structured team shape, TIs: Close down more, Retain possession, Play out of defense.
When playing at home or big favorites away I usually change to Control.
Well yeah, as long as we win it of course . I don't know if I can deal with another world cup final defeat...
Actually my ideal scenario would be semis against Argentina and winning the final against Germany. All our world cup traumas will be dealt with!
Counter IS quick ... but only when you are countering.
So you will play a slow, patient game, not taking too many risks, waiting for your opponent to make a mistake... then when the counter is "on" the team suddenly bursts forward and the tempo is very quick, until the counter ends.
This is a great thread, thanks.
One thing that I've been wondering about - you have Hassle Opponents set as a team instruction. Now (as far as I know) what this does is set Closing Down instructions to maximum for the whole team. Wouldn't this nullify any individual closing down instructions you set for players? So tailoring pressing as you say won't work if you have Hassle Opponents set.
Personally I'm fiddling around with my own high pressing tactic, and I've moved away from Hassle Opponents. My central defenders get pulled out of position too much for my liking. What I do now is leave my defensive trio (DC,DC,DM) as is and set Close Down More for all the other players.
It really depends on which club they get loaned out to and if they get a lot of playing time. The club should have good training facilities and the league that the loanee will play in should be good enough to provide a decent learning experience.
However, I personally like to keep the really talented youngsters (that I definitely plan on keeping) at the club. This has several advantages:
- After 3 years at your club they become homegrown
- I can give them first team appearances, which is the best way to raise their ability.
- By staying at the club and country they have an easier time settling in, learning the language if they are foreign, developing good relationships with the backroom staff and other players, etc.
So at the end of the day I only loan players out that I plan on selling anyway. It's a good way to raise their value and develop them a bit so you can cash in on them later.
I like to use "drop deeper", "play wider", "pass into space". Draw them out and stretch them out. If they're giving you a lot of time on the ball (not closing down) then you can also use "run at defense". | [
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Q:
Did the Inca Empire know about the Polynesians, or vice versa?
I'll split this question into two parts.
Pre-Columbus: There's some evidence that Polynesians traveled back and forth between Oceania and South America before the arrival of Europeans. The sweet potato was introduced to Polynesia from South America around 700 CE, though it's not clear if it was imported, or if it somehow floated across the ocean. Other clues comes from linguistics and genetics.
Is there any evidence that the Inca Empire knew about the Polynesians? Wikipedia implies that the hypothetical contact happened hundreds of years before Inca times. There likely weren't any Polynesian explorers in South America during the colonial period. Still, the Incas had a strong oral tradition, so they might have known.
Post-Columbus: The Inca Empire survived until 1572, though it was only a rump state after the 1530s. This means that the Inca Empire was still around when the Europeans reached Polynesia (see this and this). Did any information about the Incas bleed into Polynesia, or vice versa? Obviously, modern Polynesians and Andeans are aware of each other, so I'll set the question's end date at 1572.
A:
Thor Heyerdahl proved it was possible with the Kon-tiki raft to sail from Polynesia to South America. Later he did a similar experiment to see if Egyptians could have crossed the Atlantic with boats build out of papyrus.
More precisely, he didn't really proof it was possible: he proved it was not impossible. That doesn't want say it was likely, and it certainly doesn't mean there was regular traffic between those destinations.
Thor had the advantage of knowing it was possible. He knew South America existed. He knew the exact distance. He had the best and accurate weather forecasts. He had a radio on board, in case of trouble. He had modern life rafts and the knowledge help would be on the way, if need be.
Those advantages the Polynesians didn't have. For them is was a highly dangerous journey into the unknown.
That's why I think it may very well have happened, but on an incidental basis. I doubt very much if Polynesians and Incas knew of each other's existence, it certainly wasn't common knowledge preserved in legends. If more or less regular traffic existed, that would have been mentioned.
I think - but this is purely my own opinion - that if it happened, it was a one way trip. Sailing with rafts is far too dangerous to make a return voyage. All of Heyerdahl's rafts were after their voyages no longer in a condition to even consider sailing back.
A:
This is unproven. There are several major claims of possible prehistoric contact between Polynesians and the Americas.
The Polynesian culture was the more maritime one. It reached as far as Easter Island with certainty, and why would it have not gone farther? The Inca did have seaworthy rafts but only for coasting. If Topa Inca Yupanqui's sea voyage truly occurred, and somehow reached Easter Island, then the answer is yes.
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] |
Shay Carl Net Worth
Shay Carl net worth is$30 Million
Shay Carl Wiki/Biography
Shay Carl Butler was born on the 5th March 1980, in Logan, Utah USA. He is a YouTube personality and video blogger well known under the name of Shay Carl. He is the owner of five YouTube channels; two of them – named SHAYTARDS and shaycarl – are extremely popular, having more than one and three million subscribers respectively. Shay Carl has been accumulating his net worth being active in the industry since 2007.
How rich is the most successful video blogger on YouTube? It has been estimated that the total size of Shay Carl’s net worth is now over $30 million, accumulated over just the past eight years.
Shay Carl Net Worth $30 Million
The boy was raised in Logan Utah, Phoenix Arizona and Pocatello Idaho, as his family moved from place to place. After high school Carl decided to serve on a two year mission to Trinidad, Barbados and Guyana as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – Mormons. Afterwards, he entered Idaho State University, but dropped-out with a view to having his own business, and worked as a DJ and school bus driver for some time. In 2007, Shay created his first YouTube channel. His popularity jumped after another vlogger Philip DeFranco name-dropped him. He created one channel after another, and his popularity grew every day. In 2009, he won the Mashable Open Web Award in the category of the Best YouTube Channel or Personality: SHAYTARDS.
Following this success, Shay Carl alongside his eight friends (Ben Donovan, Danny Zappin, Scott Katz, Lisa Donovan, Philip DeFranco, Kassem G, Paul Ballon and Derek Jones) created the worldwide multi-channel network Maker Studios, Inc. The result exceeded their expectations, as by 2012 they has more than 1,000 channels signed under their network and had over 1.1 billion views in a month, with their popularity growing every day. The Walt Disney Company offered them a fantastic price of $500 million for the Maker Studios, and after the deal was completed, hefty taxes paid and the sum was divided to all co-founders of the company, the overall size of Shay Carl’s net worth shot up. It is worth saying that before selling the company, they won the 4th Streamy Awards ICON award (2014) in the category of entrepreneurship.
In addition to being the owner of popular YouTube channels, Shay Carl is also an actor of web series. He appeared in five episodes of the web series “The Station” (2009) created by Lisa Donovan and Danny Diamond; two episodes of the web series “The Annoying Orange” (2010) created by Dane Boedigheimer, and three episodes of the web transmedia mockumentary sitcom “My Music” (2012–2013) created by Fine Brothers. More, he landed a role in an episode of the television series “No Ordinary Family” (2011) created by Greg Berlanti and Jon Harmon Feldman. He also voiced the online animated series “Shaybeard”. Of course, all these projects added sums to the net worth of Shay Carl.
Finally, in the personal life of the vlogger, Shay Carl has been married to Colette Butler since 2003, and the family has five children. | [
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] |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of retorting of oil shale, particularly by treatment with superheated water vapor.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Technology for producing oily matter from kerogenous shales is very old, and for over 100 years, methods of retorting have been widely investigated. The use of superheated steam or vapor phase water (VPW) as a retorting agent has also been widely advocated, for example: Wells, W. E., and Ruark, J. R., Pilot Plant Batch Retorting of Colorado Oil Shale, pp 9-11, RI 4874, USBM, May 1952, showed the the use of steam in the Royster retort increased the shale off-gas volume by a factor of 2, and also markedly increased the hydrogen content of the off-gas; Synthetic Liquid Fuels, Part II, Oil from Oil Shale, pp 45-49, RI 4943, USBM, January 1953, and pp 35-39, RI 5044, USBM, April 1954, using an entrained solids retort, reported data on the use of high-temperature steam (1000-1500.degree.F.) as the entraining agent; Gavin, M. J., and Desmond, J. S., Construction and Operation of the USBM Experimental Oil-Shale Plant 1925-1927, USBM Bulletin No. 315, reported on the U.S. Bureau of Mines Experimental oil shale plant at De Beque, Colo., mentioning the use of steam injection in the operation of the `Pumpherston retort` during its operation in 1925 through 1927; Peck discusses the distillation of oil shale under fluidizing conditions using steam in U.S. Pat. No. 2,449,615; Belser disclosed the use of steam as a means of in situ recovery in U.S. Pat. No. 2,725,939; Schulman, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,520,795, outlines the use of steam in a shaft kiln as a means of retorting oil shale. In this patent, he is restricted to the temperature range, 950.degree. to 1050.degree.F.; Beard claims a method of in situ recovery of oil shale using steam in the temperature range, 550.degree. to 850.degree.F., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,739,851; Papadopoulos and Ueber in U.S. Pat. No. 3,741,306 claim an in situ method of converting kerogen to shale oil using steam injection at 650.degree.F.; and Gifford in U.S. Pat. No. 3,577,338 claims a method for retorting using steam and oxygen. British patent specification No. 1,326,455 contacts oil shale at a temperature in the range of 750.degree.-1500.degree.F. and a pressure in the range of 300-1000 p.s.i.g. with from 0.01 to 0.6 tons of H.sub.2 O per ton of oil shale and with a hydrogen-rich gas.
The investigations detailed in this patent application have led to the discovery that the pressure range under which treatment of oil shale with superheated water vapor occurs is surprisingly critical and that, furthermore, there is a critical interrelationship between the pressure at which said contact occurs and the superficial gas velocity required for maximum recovery of organic values from the oil shale. None of the above references teaches the importance of these factors or of the interrelationship between them. The interrelationship is particularly surprising inasmuch as, under certain conditions, increasing pressure actually deters the production of maximum organic values with other variables remaining the same. | [
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AS112 @ IN-Berlin
We announce the AS112 prefixes 192.175.48.0/24, 192.31.196.0/24, 2620:4f:8000::/48 and
2001:4:112::/48 to our peers at BCIX (Berlin Commercial Internet
Exchange) and ECIX and also to our upstream providers at
Community-IX. | [
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On Sunday, April 22, 2012, Ring 4’s Annual Award Banquet honored Tom McNeeley, the former heavyweight contender who passed away on Oct. 25 at the age of 74.
This year’s class of inductees included all Marine heavyweight champion and retired professional referee Charlie Dwyer, former three time world title challenger Joey DeGrandis, former New England heavyweight Jimmy Harrison (posthumously) and former boxing trainer Chester Finn (posthumously).
The Florida Boxing Hall of Fame class of 2015 was announced on January 10, 2015 at the SJC Boxing Gym in Fort Myers, Florida.
About IBRO
The International Boxing Research Organization (IBRO) was organized in May, 1982 for the express purpose of: establishing an accurate history of boxing; compiling complete and accurate boxing records; facilitating the dissemination of boxing research information and cooperating in safeguarding the individual research efforts of its members by application of the rules of scholarly research. | [
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] |
Author: Zoe Li
This Chinese-Canadian floated around Hong Kong, Vancouver, Montreal, and Beijing, writing mostly about Chinese food for publications such as That's Beijing, Appetite Magazine, Lonely Planet, and Fodor's Travel Guides. In between, she worked on film sets, traveled long distances on fistfuls of cash, started to write a never-ending poem, paraded with Olodum in Salvador da Bahia and failed to find herself. | [
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] |
Q:
Serilog HTTP Sink custom formatting for Logstash
I am using Serilog HTTP sink for logging to Logstash in my .Net Core Project. In startup.cs I have following code to enable serilog.
Log.Logger = new LoggerConfiguration()
.Enrich.FromLogContext()
.WriteTo.Http("http://mylogstashhost.com:5000").Enrich.WithProperty("user", "xxx").Enrich.WithProperty("serviceName", "yyy")
.MinimumLevel.Warning()
.CreateLogger();
And this code sends logs to the given http address. I can see on fiddler that following json is being posted to the logstash and logstash returns "ok" message.
{"events":[{"Timestamp":"2018-10-19T18:16:27.6561159+01:00","Level":"Warning","MessageTemplate":"abc","RenderedMessage":"abc","user":"xxx","serviceName":"yyy","Properties":{"ActionId":"b313b8ed-0baf-4d75-a6e2-f0dbcb941f67","ActionName":"MyProject.Controllers.HomeController.Index","RequestId":"0HLHLQMV1EBCJ:00000003","RequestPath":"/"}}]}
But when I checked on Kibana, I can not see this log. I tried to figure out what causes it and i realized that if I send the json as following format I can see the Log.
{"Timestamp":"2018-10-19T18:16:27.6561159+01:00","Level":"Warning","MessageTemplate":"abc","RenderedMessage":"abc","user":"xxx","serviceName":"yyy","Properties":{"ActionId":"b313b8ed-0baf-4d75-a6e2-f0dbcb941f67","ActionName":"MyProject.Controllers.HomeController.Index" ,"RequestId":"0HLHLQMV1EBCJ:00000003","RequestPath":"/"}}
So Logstash doesnt like the event to be in Events{} and also it wants "user" and "ServiceName" tags out of "Properties". Is there a way to format my Json like this?
A:
Ok after some research and help, basically to achieve custom formats, one should implement interfaces like ITextFormatter, BatchFormatter etc.
I could achieve the format i need, by modifying ArrayBatchFormatter a little:
public class MyFormat : BatchFormatter
{
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ArrayBatchFormatter"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="eventBodyLimitBytes">
/// The maximum size, in bytes, that the JSON representation of an event may take before it
/// is dropped rather than being sent to the server. Specify null for no limit. Default
/// value is 256 KB.
/// </param>
public MyFormat(long? eventBodyLimitBytes = 256 * 1024): base(eventBodyLimitBytes)
{
}
/// <summary>
/// Format the log events into a payload.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="logEvents">
/// The events to format.
/// </param>
/// <param name="output">
/// The payload to send over the network.
/// </param>
public override void Format(IEnumerable<string> logEvents, TextWriter output)
{
if (logEvents == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(logEvents));
if (output == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(output));
// Abort if sequence of log events is empty
if (!logEvents.Any())
{
return;
}
output.Write("[");
var delimStart = string.Empty;
foreach (var logEvent in logEvents)
{
if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(logEvent))
{
continue;
}
int index = logEvent.IndexOf("{");
string adjustedString = "{\"user\":\"xxx\",\"serviceName\" : \"yyy\"," + logEvent.Substring(1);
if (CheckEventBodySize(adjustedString))
{
output.Write(delimStart);
output.Write(adjustedString);
delimStart = ",";
}
}
output.Write("]");
}
}
| [
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Know more about the live cricket streaming official sources for India vs Australia 2019 T20 and ODI matches.
India vs Australia 1st Test Live Streaming Telecast Star Sports
India vs Australia 1st Test
The impetus is back to cricket after the sad episode of Phil Hughes. A bouncer never seemed so threating. A broken jaw or a broke nose is what we had seen so far. But when a bouncer took Hughes life, the whole cricket world came to a standstill. Cricket fans haven't yet recovered from the shock, but ultimately the show must go on. Up in the heavens, even Phil would like to see the cricket go on. Grief stricken by his death, Australian board cancelled the second practice match. Third practice match went on and Indian team again had an upper hand. But that might not be the case when India faces the Australian side in the 1st test at Adelaide Oval. Watch full India vs Australia test series live streaming and telecast on Star Sports HD network in India. One can enjoy commentary live in English as well as Hindi. For Hindi commentary tune in to Star Sports 3.
The whole schedule has been revised after the sad demise of Phil Hughes. For revised schedule details, please click here.
Every time when India travels away for a test series, many of the Indian fans have high expectations. Especially since 2011, India's away performances have been highly disappointing. Can this tour to Australia turn fortunes for the team? We need to wait and watch.
The young Indian team looks highly confident under the captaincy of Virat Kohli especially after a 5-0 win over Sri Lanka in India. But that was in India. How would the players perform in Australia is a different question. Not to forget Australia and New Zealand are also the venues for ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 which would also be available for Indian cricket fans through live cricket streaming and telecast on Star Sports.
Since the 1st test was postponed, there is a high probability that full time captains Michael Clarke and MS Dhoni may play at Adelaide Oval. Dhoni who kicked off his captaincy streak with lot of test wins now faces a lot of criticism for the team's away test performances. He gets another opportunity (and probably the last one as a test captain) to prove his worth. If the Indian team can clinch a test or two in Australia, that would not only add another feather in Dhoni's cap but add more confidence in the team ahead of the world cup.
Indian team can take a hint or two from Australia's performance against Pakistan. Their inability to perform against spin can add advantage to team India's plans. At the same time Indian batsmen need to cope with the pace and bounce of Australian pitches. If they can work on that probably we can see some upsets down under.
On the other hand Australian teams are back from a disappointing tour against Pakistan. After that the whole nation is still sad with the Hughes episode. A win at Adelaide will shift the focus back to cricket. The likes of Johnson would be pumped up to bowl a lot of quick ones to the Indian batsmen.
The stage is set for a high quality cricket series between India and Australia. Stay tuned for more updates on Border Gavaskar trophy. | [
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] |
Q:
Smooth my scrolling TouchesMoved
I have a semi-transparent view that sits above a table view. When I drag my view close to the bottom of the screen, I want to smoothly scroll the table view below it.
I'm trying to emulate:
User drags hover view near the bottom of the screen and holds it there.
Table view scrolls until they let go or until they reach the bottom of the table.
User lets go of the hover view.
Currently I'm doing:
- (void)touchesMoved:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
if (!_hoverViewTouch) {
return;
}
UITouch *touch = [touches anyObject];
CGPoint location = [touch locationInView:self];
CGPoint prevLocation = [touch previousLocationInView:self];
//scroll down.
if (prevLocation.y < location.y) {
if (location.y >= _table.frame.size.height - rowHeight) {
NSArray *cells = [_table visibleCells];
UITableViewCell *cell = [cells objectAtIndex:round(cells.count / 2)];
NSIndexPath *indexPath = [_table indexPathForCell:cell];
[_table scrollToRowAtIndexPath:indexPath atScrollPosition:UITableViewScrollPositionTop animated:true];
}
}
CGRect frame = [hoverView frame];
frame.origin.y = location.y - (hoverView.frame.size.height / 2.0f);
[hoverView setFrame:frame];
}
However, it scrolls so fast to the bottom of the table. How can I slow it down or smoothen the scrolling?
A:
UITableView's scrollToRowAtIndexPath method doesn't give you any control over the animation speed. Instead, you can use a CADisplayLink to smoothly update the table view's contentOffset.
- (void)startAnimatingTable
{
self.scrollStartDate = [NSDate date];
self.startContentOffset = self.tableView.contentOffset;
self.displayLink = [CADisplayLink displayLinkWithTarget:self selector:@selector(displayLinkFired:)];
[self.displayLink addToRunLoop:[NSRunLoop mainRunLoop] forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
}
- (void)stopAnimatingTable
{
[self.displayLink removeFromRunLoop:[NSRunLoop mainRunLoop] forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
self.displayLink = nil;
}
- (void)displayLinkFired:(CADisplayLink *)displayLink
{
NSTimeInterval interval = -[self.scrollStartDate timeIntervalSinceNow];
CGFloat speed = 100;
CGFloat yOffset = self.startContentOffset.y + speed * interval;
self.tableView.contentOffset = CGPointMake(self.startContentOffset.x, yOffset);
}
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] |
The major goals of the proposed research are 1) to further clarify the normal functions of the basal ganglia in the regulation of movement and posture and 2) to study the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying movement disorders in man. (1) Studies on normal function: (a) in the striatum, motor cortex and centre median nucleus during the performance of trained limb movements in a visuomotor tracking task and the response of these same neurons to active movement and passive manipulation outside the task. (b) in the substantia nigra and pallidum during trained head and eye movements. (2) Studies on pathophysiologic mechanisms: We propose to study in the primate: (a) the abnormal movements, the underlying patten of muscular activity in the basal ganglia in the primate model of hemiballismus produced by lesioning of the subthalamic nucleus. (b) the character of movement abnormality, the underlying pattern of muscular activity and changes in neural activity subsequent to lesioning of the striatum. | [
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Things tagged with Auth
CakePHP uses salted sha1 hashes for passwords by default, and has for a while. There has been some talk on the mailing list lately of switching the default hashing to something more secure, such as bcrypt. I think this is a great idea, and will find its way into CakePHP in a future release. Providing a reasonanle upgrade experience is the biggest problem to solve, if the default hashing strategy was to change.
Over the long Ontario weekend, I took some time to update Acl Extras. It now works with plugins and the improvements made to the Auth + Acl for 1.3. The master branch contains the CakePHP 1.3 compatible version. While the 1.0.0 tag, and 1.0 branch are still compatible with CakePHP 1.2.
By now you already know or should know about CakeTestCase::testAction() and the wondrous things it can do. However, testAction has a few shortcomings. It can’t handle redirects, it doesn’t let you use the power of Mocks, and its impossible to make assertions on object state changes. Sometimes you need to do things the hard way, stick your fingers in the mud and work it out.
By now you’ve got an awesome Acl and Auth controlled app running. However, making navigation menus is a pain with dynamic, and variable permissions. Outside of making menu elements for each type of Aro and including them in your layout, there currently aren’t many options (at least none that I’m aware of). I was faced with this exact problem a while back, and couldn’t find a suitable solution, so I made one.
In my previous Auth and Acl tutorial I mentioned that I wasn’t including a way for users ARO to be automatically updated when a User’s group was updated. Well ‘hepper’ posted a patch to the AclBehavior in the comments to that article.
In the last article we created the basic models, controllers and views for our Auth and Acl controlled app as well as initialized the Acl tables. We also bound our groups and users to the Acl through the use of the AclBehavior.
Now, there are many tutorials out there for Auth and ACL in CakePHP. However, none of them (as far as I know of) cover putting together Auth and ACL from beginning to end. That is what I’m going to do in this article. I am splitting the article into two parts; the first about setting up our app and getting the Aros running, the second on building Acos and putting it all together.
Mark is a designer and web-developer, working with standards compliant HTML and CSS. He has been building websites since 2000. Currently he is employed at Freshbooks as a developer, and actively contributes to open source projects specifically CakePHP. He uses this site as a place to share what he has learned and made. | [
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/*
* Copyright 2017 GcsSloop
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
* Last modified 2017-03-09 00:34:31
*
* GitHub: https://github.com/GcsSloop
* Website: http://www.gcssloop.com
* Weibo: http://weibo.com/GcsSloop
*/
package com.gcssloop.diycode_sdk.api.sites.api;
import android.content.Context;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import com.gcssloop.diycode_sdk.api.base.callback.BaseCallback;
import com.gcssloop.diycode_sdk.api.base.impl.BaseImpl;
import com.gcssloop.diycode_sdk.api.sites.event.GetSitesEvent;
import com.gcssloop.diycode_sdk.utils.UUIDGenerator;
public class SitesImpl extends BaseImpl<SitesService> implements SitesAPI {
public SitesImpl(@NonNull Context context) {
super(context);
}
/**
* 获取 酷站 列表
*
* @see GetSitesEvent
*/
@Override
public String getSites() {
String uuid = UUIDGenerator.getUUID();
mService.getSites().enqueue(new BaseCallback<>(new GetSitesEvent(uuid)));
return uuid;
}
}
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] |
Start by mixing the sirloin, chorizo, garlic, 2 eggs, 1 cup of the bread crumbs & Piri piri sauce. Form the patties and let it chill. Meanwile start by slicing onions and get it nice and caramelized, add 1 1/2 to 2 cups of port wine. Reduction sauce. Get burgers on grill , fry one egg, spray cciabbata rolls with olive oil and place on grill with burgers. Add cheese and portuguese sauce and seve. | [
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] |
Raymond Danon
Raymond Danon (14 April 1930 – 10 October 2018) was a French film producer. He produced 61 films beginning in 1963.
Selected filmography
Monsieur (1964)
The Gorillas (1964)
The Gardener of Argenteuil (1966)
The Lady in the Car with Glasses and a Gun (1970)
Le Chat (1971)
Someone Behind the Door (1971)
Liza (1972)
The Old Maid (1972)
The Clockmaker (1974)
Le Sauvage (1975)
The Judge and the Assassin (1976)
S.A.S. à San Salvador (1983)
References
External links
Category:1930 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:French film producers
Category:People from Paris | [
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] |
Glenn Reynolds Says
Proud Member of the Alliance
Wednesday, April 15, 2009
Update - Wise County News - What I Heard Today about John McCarroll
The story is getting a lot of time here in Wise. There are a lot of comments on the two daily newspapers about this incident McCarroll had with the Glory Hole. A few of his defenders say this could not happen because his wife was with him. Today a man that is in the club at Trinity Worship Center told me that McCarroll's wife was with him, but he dropped her off at the mall and then went to the Park and was busted for perving around. He also made it clear that John has no defense and the family and church are crushed....
This is a sad story. A church and family crushed because this homosexual was horny. Will he step down as Pastor? Will he be removed? Everyone here knows that is HIS church, so it wont be simple. Stay tuned. | [
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Self-reported impulsivity and inhibitory control in problem gamblers.
Impulsivity is considered a core feature of problem gambling; however, self-reported impulsivity and inhibitory control may reflect disparate constructs. We examined self-reported impulsivity and inhibitory control in 39 treatment-seeking problem gamblers and 41 matched controls using a range of self-report questionnaires and laboratory inhibitory control tasks. We also investigated differences between treatment-seeking problem gamblers who prefer strategic (e.g., sports betting) and nonstrategic (e.g., electronic gaming machines) gambling activities. Treatment-seeking problem gamblers demonstrated elevated self-reported impulsivity, more go errors on the Stop Signal Task, and a lower gap score on the Random Number Generation task than matched controls. However, overall we did not find strong evidence that treatment-seeking problem gamblers are more impulsive on laboratory inhibitory control measures. Furthermore, strategic and nonstrategic problem gamblers did not differ from their respective controls on either self-reported impulsivity questionnaires or laboratory inhibitory control measures. Contrary to expectations, our results suggest that inhibitory dyscontrol may not be a key component for some treatment-seeking problem gamblers. | [
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] |
VANCOUVER, British Columbia — The new Amazon series “Upload” was in its final week of shooting last May, and Greg Daniels was chewing on everything he could get his hands on, including his hands. Time was waning, and the set — a convincing facsimile of a claustrophobic Queens apartment — was tricky to navigate. Daniels, the series’s creator, watched a monitor as the crew worked the tight spaces and the director shouted commands.
He chewed his gum. Cut! — another take, please. He chewed his fingers. Cut! — let’s try again. He leapt from his chair, consulted the crew and came back chewing his thumb. Cut! — one more time for safety.
“At least I get to sit back and let her direct,” Daniels said, nodding to the episode’s director, Daina Reid, which was maybe half-true. He had complete faith in his directors, he emphasized, but this was a passion project three decades in the making. There wasn’t much actual sitting back.
“It’s hard not to micromanage,” he admitted.
Perhaps more than “Parks and Recreation,” which Daniels cocreated, and more than the American version of “The Office,” which Daniels developed and oversaw, “Upload” is his baby, based on an idea he conceived as a writer for “Saturday Night Live” in the late 1980s. | [
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] |
Q:
string comparison inside if condition malfunctioning
I tried to program in C but was not sucessful. I have a simple source code and I need to match multiple letters in if (char). It's displaying the following error message (in linux terminal using gcc):
main.c: In function `main': main.c:16:23: warning: character constant
too long for its type [enabled by default]
if (firstName[20] == 'Vojta'){
Source code:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
/* code */
char firstName[20];
char lastName[40];
char password[20];
char confpasswd[20];
int age;
printf("Please write your first and last name:");
scanf("%s%s", firstName, lastName);
printf("%s %s:\n", firstName, lastName);
if (firstName[20] == 'Vojta'){
printf("\ncool\n");
}
return 0;
}
A:
Point 1
Use strcmp() to compare strings.
Point 2
Change
scanf("%s%s", firstName, lastName);
to
scanf("%19s %39s", firstName, lastName);
and do check the return value of scanf() to ensure sucess. However, it's better if you use two scanf() seperately to take two inputs, that will be less error prone.
Also, as a suggestion , you can read about fgets() and strtok() for a how-to read a whole line as input and tokenize the required part.
| [
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