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/*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
*
* The Original Code is Copyright (C) 2017 Blender Foundation.
* All rights reserved.
*/
/** \file
* \ingroup spoutliner
*/
#include <string.h>
#include "BLI_utildefines.h"
#include "DNA_action_types.h"
#include "DNA_screen_types.h"
#include "DNA_space_types.h"
#include "BKE_context.h"
#include "BKE_outliner_treehash.h"
#include "BKE_layer.h"
#include "BKE_object.h"
#include "ED_armature.h"
#include "ED_outliner.h"
#include "UI_interface.h"
#include "UI_view2d.h"
#include "outliner_intern.h"
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/** \name Tree View Context
* \{ */
void outliner_viewcontext_init(const bContext *C, TreeViewContext *tvc)
{
memset(tvc, 0, sizeof(*tvc));
/* Scene level. */
tvc->scene = CTX_data_scene(C);
tvc->view_layer = CTX_data_view_layer(C);
/* Objects. */
tvc->obact = OBACT(tvc->view_layer);
if (tvc->obact != NULL) {
tvc->ob_edit = OBEDIT_FROM_OBACT(tvc->obact);
if ((tvc->obact->type == OB_ARMATURE) ||
/* This could be made into it's own function. */
((tvc->obact->type == OB_MESH) && tvc->obact->mode & OB_MODE_WEIGHT_PAINT)) {
tvc->ob_pose = BKE_object_pose_armature_get(tvc->obact);
}
}
}
/** \} */
/**
* Try to find an item under y-coordinate \a view_co_y (view-space).
* \note Recursive
*/
TreeElement *outliner_find_item_at_y(const SpaceOutliner *soops,
const ListBase *tree,
float view_co_y)
{
for (TreeElement *te_iter = tree->first; te_iter; te_iter = te_iter->next) {
if (view_co_y < (te_iter->ys + UI_UNIT_Y)) {
if (view_co_y >= te_iter->ys) {
/* co_y is inside this element */
return te_iter;
}
else if (TSELEM_OPEN(te_iter->store_elem, soops)) {
/* co_y is lower than current element, possibly inside children */
TreeElement *te_sub = outliner_find_item_at_y(soops, &te_iter->subtree, view_co_y);
if (te_sub) {
return te_sub;
}
}
}
}
return NULL;
}
static TreeElement *outliner_find_item_at_x_in_row_recursive(const TreeElement *parent_te,
float view_co_x,
bool *r_merged)
{
TreeElement *child_te = parent_te->subtree.first;
bool over_element = false;
while (child_te) {
over_element = (view_co_x > child_te->xs) && (view_co_x < child_te->xend);
if ((child_te->flag & TE_ICONROW) && over_element) {
return child_te;
}
else if ((child_te->flag & TE_ICONROW_MERGED) && over_element) {
if (r_merged) {
*r_merged = true;
}
return child_te;
}
TreeElement *te = outliner_find_item_at_x_in_row_recursive(child_te, view_co_x, r_merged);
if (te != child_te) {
return te;
}
child_te = child_te->next;
}
/* return parent if no child is hovered */
return (TreeElement *)parent_te;
}
/**
* Collapsed items can show their children as click-able icons. This function tries to find
* such an icon that represents the child item at x-coordinate \a view_co_x (view-space).
*
* \return a hovered child item or \a parent_te (if no hovered child found).
*/
TreeElement *outliner_find_item_at_x_in_row(const SpaceOutliner *soops,
const TreeElement *parent_te,
float view_co_x,
bool *r_merged)
{
/* if parent_te is opened, it doesn't show children in row */
if (!TSELEM_OPEN(TREESTORE(parent_te), soops)) {
return outliner_find_item_at_x_in_row_recursive(parent_te, view_co_x, r_merged);
}
return (TreeElement *)parent_te;
}
/* Find specific item from the treestore */
TreeElement *outliner_find_tree_element(ListBase *lb, const TreeStoreElem *store_elem)
{
TreeElement *te, *tes;
for (te = lb->first; te; te = te->next) {
if (te->store_elem == store_elem) {
return te;
}
tes = outliner_find_tree_element(&te->subtree, store_elem);
if (tes) {
return tes;
}
}
return NULL;
}
/* Find parent element of te */
TreeElement *outliner_find_parent_element(ListBase *lb,
TreeElement *parent_te,
const TreeElement *child_te)
{
TreeElement *te;
for (te = lb->first; te; te = te->next) {
if (te == child_te) {
return parent_te;
}
TreeElement *find_te = outliner_find_parent_element(&te->subtree, te, child_te);
if (find_te) {
return find_te;
}
}
return NULL;
}
/* tse is not in the treestore, we use its contents to find a match */
TreeElement *outliner_find_tse(SpaceOutliner *soops, const TreeStoreElem *tse)
{
TreeStoreElem *tselem;
if (tse->id == NULL) {
return NULL;
}
/* check if 'tse' is in treestore */
tselem = BKE_outliner_treehash_lookup_any(soops->treehash, tse->type, tse->nr, tse->id);
if (tselem) {
return outliner_find_tree_element(&soops->tree, tselem);
}
return NULL;
}
/* Find treestore that refers to given ID */
TreeElement *outliner_find_id(SpaceOutliner *soops, ListBase *lb, const ID *id)
{
for (TreeElement *te = lb->first; te; te = te->next) {
TreeStoreElem *tselem = TREESTORE(te);
if (tselem->type == 0) {
if (tselem->id == id) {
return te;
}
}
TreeElement *tes = outliner_find_id(soops, &te->subtree, id);
if (tes) {
return tes;
}
}
return NULL;
}
TreeElement *outliner_find_posechannel(ListBase *lb, const bPoseChannel *pchan)
{
for (TreeElement *te = lb->first; te; te = te->next) {
if (te->directdata == pchan) {
return te;
}
TreeStoreElem *tselem = TREESTORE(te);
if (ELEM(tselem->type, TSE_POSE_BASE, TSE_POSE_CHANNEL)) {
TreeElement *tes = outliner_find_posechannel(&te->subtree, pchan);
if (tes) {
return tes;
}
}
}
return NULL;
}
TreeElement *outliner_find_editbone(ListBase *lb, const EditBone *ebone)
{
for (TreeElement *te = lb->first; te; te = te->next) {
if (te->directdata == ebone) {
return te;
}
TreeStoreElem *tselem = TREESTORE(te);
if (ELEM(tselem->type, 0, TSE_EBONE)) {
TreeElement *tes = outliner_find_editbone(&te->subtree, ebone);
if (tes) {
return tes;
}
}
}
return NULL;
}
ID *outliner_search_back(SpaceOutliner *UNUSED(soops), TreeElement *te, short idcode)
{
TreeStoreElem *tselem;
te = te->parent;
while (te) {
tselem = TREESTORE(te);
if (tselem->type == 0 && te->idcode == idcode) {
return tselem->id;
}
te = te->parent;
}
return NULL;
}
/**
* Iterate over all tree elements (pre-order traversal), executing \a func callback for
* each tree element matching the optional filters.
*
* \param filter_te_flag: If not 0, only TreeElements with this flag will be visited.
* \param filter_tselem_flag: Same as \a filter_te_flag, but for the TreeStoreElem.
* \param func: Custom callback to execute for each visited item.
*/
bool outliner_tree_traverse(const SpaceOutliner *soops,
ListBase *tree,
int filter_te_flag,
int filter_tselem_flag,
TreeTraversalFunc func,
void *customdata)
{
for (TreeElement *te = tree->first, *te_next; te; te = te_next) {
TreeTraversalAction func_retval = TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
/* in case te is freed in callback */
TreeStoreElem *tselem = TREESTORE(te);
ListBase subtree = te->subtree;
te_next = te->next;
if (filter_te_flag && (te->flag & filter_te_flag) == 0) {
/* skip */
}
else if (filter_tselem_flag && (tselem->flag & filter_tselem_flag) == 0) {
/* skip */
}
else {
func_retval = func(te, customdata);
}
/* Don't access te or tselem from now on! Might've been freed... */
if (func_retval == TRAVERSE_BREAK) {
return false;
}
if (func_retval == TRAVERSE_SKIP_CHILDS) {
/* skip */
}
else if (!outliner_tree_traverse(
soops, &subtree, filter_te_flag, filter_tselem_flag, func, customdata)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
float outliner_restrict_columns_width(const SpaceOutliner *soops)
{
int num_columns = 0;
switch (soops->outlinevis) {
case SO_DATA_API:
case SO_SEQUENCE:
case SO_LIBRARIES:
return 0.0f;
case SO_ID_ORPHANS:
num_columns = 3;
break;
case SO_VIEW_LAYER:
if (soops->show_restrict_flags & SO_RESTRICT_HOLDOUT) {
num_columns++;
}
if (soops->show_restrict_flags & SO_RESTRICT_INDIRECT_ONLY) {
num_columns++;
}
ATTR_FALLTHROUGH;
case SO_SCENES:
if (soops->show_restrict_flags & SO_RESTRICT_SELECT) {
num_columns++;
}
if (soops->show_restrict_flags & SO_RESTRICT_HIDE) {
num_columns++;
}
if (soops->show_restrict_flags & SO_RESTRICT_VIEWPORT) {
num_columns++;
}
if (soops->show_restrict_flags & SO_RESTRICT_RENDER) {
num_columns++;
}
break;
}
return (num_columns * UI_UNIT_X + V2D_SCROLL_WIDTH);
}
/* Find first tree element in tree with matching treestore flag */
TreeElement *outliner_find_element_with_flag(const ListBase *lb, short flag)
{
for (TreeElement *te = lb->first; te; te = te->next) {
if ((TREESTORE(te)->flag & flag) == flag) {
return te;
}
TreeElement *active_element = outliner_find_element_with_flag(&te->subtree, flag);
if (active_element) {
return active_element;
}
}
return NULL;
}
/* Find if element is visible in the outliner tree */
bool outliner_is_element_visible(const TreeElement *te)
{
TreeStoreElem *tselem;
while (te->parent) {
tselem = TREESTORE(te->parent);
if (tselem->flag & TSE_CLOSED) {
return false;
}
else {
te = te->parent;
}
}
return true;
}
/* Find if x coordinate is over an icon or name */
bool outliner_item_is_co_over_name_icons(const TreeElement *te, float view_co_x)
{
/* Special case: count area left of Scene Collection as empty space */
bool outside_left = (TREESTORE(te)->type == TSE_VIEW_COLLECTION_BASE) ?
(view_co_x > te->xs + UI_UNIT_X) :
(view_co_x > te->xs);
return outside_left && (view_co_x < te->xend);
}
/* Find if x coordinate is over element disclosure toggle */
bool outliner_item_is_co_within_close_toggle(const TreeElement *te, float view_co_x)
{
return (view_co_x > te->xs) && (view_co_x < te->xs + UI_UNIT_X);
}
/* Scroll view vertically while keeping within total bounds */
void outliner_scroll_view(ARegion *ar, int delta_y)
{
int y_min = MIN2(ar->v2d.cur.ymin, ar->v2d.tot.ymin);
ar->v2d.cur.ymax += delta_y;
ar->v2d.cur.ymin += delta_y;
/* Adjust view if delta placed view outside total area */
int offset;
if (ar->v2d.cur.ymax > -UI_UNIT_Y) {
offset = ar->v2d.cur.ymax;
ar->v2d.cur.ymax -= offset;
ar->v2d.cur.ymin -= offset;
}
else if (ar->v2d.cur.ymin < y_min) {
offset = y_min - ar->v2d.cur.ymin;
ar->v2d.cur.ymax += offset;
ar->v2d.cur.ymin += offset;
}
}
/* Get base of object under cursor. Used for eyedropper tool */
Base *ED_outliner_give_base_under_cursor(bContext *C, const int mval[2])
{
ARegion *ar = CTX_wm_region(C);
ViewLayer *view_layer = CTX_data_view_layer(C);
SpaceOutliner *soops = CTX_wm_space_outliner(C);
TreeElement *te;
Base *base = NULL;
float view_mval[2];
UI_view2d_region_to_view(&ar->v2d, mval[0], mval[1], &view_mval[0], &view_mval[1]);
te = outliner_find_item_at_y(soops, &soops->tree, view_mval[1]);
if (te) {
TreeStoreElem *tselem = TREESTORE(te);
if (tselem->type == 0) {
Object *ob = (Object *)tselem->id;
base = (te->directdata) ? (Base *)te->directdata : BKE_view_layer_base_find(view_layer, ob);
}
}
return base;
}
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'Arthur Newman' -- 2 stars
'Arthur Newman' -- 2 stars
R; 1:41 running timeHow would "Arthur Newman" work with unknowns? Firth and Blunt, in the words of that great, great film critic Donald Rumsfeld, are known knowns ¿ enormously likable performers with actorly wiles and easy charisma to spare. But the script of "Arthur Newman," written two...
R; 1:41 running timeHow would "Arthur Newman" work with unknowns? Firth and Blunt, in the words of that great, great film critic Donald Rumsfeld, are known knowns ¿ enormously likable performers with actorly wiles and easy charisma to spare. But the script of "Arthur Newman," written two...
R; 1:41 running timeHow would "Arthur Newman" work with unknowns? Firth and Blunt, in the words of that great, great film critic Donald Rumsfeld, are known knowns ¿ enormously likable performers with actorly wiles and easy charisma to spare. But the script of "Arthur Newman," written two... | [
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] |
Playstation 4 Virtual Reality Price
Vsitours.com - Playstation 4 Virtual Reality Price. Scheduling air journey, creating resort reservations and arranging family vacation journey usually has improved wholly with the arrival on the world-wide-web and several folks endeavor to be their own individual journey brokers. While you can arrange seemingly almost all of your travel your self, you can not do likewise as your journey agent in a long term!
Travel ordeals on the Nomad in advance of the world wide web and how to help save and acquire improved information, info soon after the online world by heading straight to specialist agents and vacation operators. Introducing a travel club where you could possibly get cost-free vouchers for discounted journey in about 70 countries.
Accountable tourism implies all tourism right dependent on using pure existence e.g. wildlife and landscape. Mother nature based mostly tourism include things like eco-tourism and mass tourism. This is certainly associated to Playstation 4 Virtual Reality Price.
Related to Playstation 4 Virtual Reality Price, Tourism is actually a booming marketplace. With many travellers flocking to distinct locations about the globe, tourism is now certainly one of probably the most feasible business marketplaces while in the planet. Nonetheless, air vacation, vehicle travel along with other elements of tourism are adding towards the planet's air pollution disaster and this has become a problem. Journey operators and hospitality corporates realised that some action wanted being taken, and Eco-tourism was established being a answer to this issue.
There are actually two amounts of answers towards the dilemma of why men and women vacation. The very first is the apparent just one, and doubtless the key reason why we give ourselves and quote to other people. We travel making sure that we are able to see sights, practical experience other cultures, show up at activities and discover more details on the planet. These are remarkable causes. But there are further good reasons for traveling which have much less to try and do with what we do when we journey, and even more to perform with what traveling does to us. These five sets of changes to ourselves are at the heart of what would make travel so powerful.
Tours are an easy way to see dream destinations. If you’re one of individuals people that enjoy travel but hate to organize everything yourself and also have others plan and demonstrate around, an excursion clients are the answer. | [
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/**
* Stripe integration services.
* @see: https://stripe.com/
*/
// Dependencies.
const querystring = require('querystring');
const config = require('../config');
const https = require('https');
const util = require('util');
// Configure stripe debugger.
const debug = util.debuglog('stripe');
// Create library container.
const stripe = {};
/**
* Charge the payment.
* @param {number} amount - Amount of money that will be charged (e.g., 100 cents to charge $1.00).
* @param {string} currency - Three-letter ISO currency code, in lowercase.
* @param {string} source - A payment source to be charged (i.e. ID of a card, a bank account, a source, a token).
* @param {object} [metadata] - Set of key-value pairs that you can attach to an object.
* @param {string} [description] - An arbitrary string which you can attach to a Charge object.
* @return {Promise<boolean>}
*/
stripe.charge = async ({amount, currency, source, metadata = {}, description = ''}) => {
// Promisify https.request() function.
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// Check that all required fields are provided.
if (!amount || !source || !currency) {
reject(new Error('Missing required payment fields'));
}
// Configure the request payload.
const payload = {
amount,
currency,
source,
description,
metadata,
};
// Stringify the payload.
const stringPayload = querystring.stringify(payload);
// Debug stripe payload.
debug('\x1b[33m%s\x1b[0m', stringPayload);
// Configure the request details.
const requestDetails = {
protocol: 'https:',
hostname: config.stripe.host,
method: 'POST',
path: '/v1/charges',
auth: `${config.stripe.secretKey}:`,
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
'Content-Length': Buffer.byteLength(stringPayload),
},
};
// Instantiate the request object.
const request = https.request(requestDetails, (response) => {
// Grab the status of the sent request.
const status = response.statusCode;
// Return successfully if the request went through.
if (status === 200 || status === 201) {
resolve();
} else {
reject(new Error(`Payment has failed with status ${status}`));
}
});
// Bind to the error event so it doesn't get thrown.
request.on('error', (error) => {
reject(error);
});
// Add payload to the request.
request.write(stringPayload);
// End the request.
request.end();
});
};
// Export the module.
module.exports = stripe;
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just a quick note on here "in between the years", as we say in Germany. there's a "proper" post waiting for the new year, and more to come too! 2013 has been a busy year for us, and a lot of time was spent offline, away from blogland and the interwebs. that meant less regular posting, which we regretted, of course, but such is life! all the same, you dear readers, still stopped by. so we'd like to thank you for your loyalty, support and encouragement here on artsy ants. we look forward to sharing more artsy endeavours, creative projects and inspiration and the adventures of everyday life with you next year. | [
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Translate
About Me
Monday, June 3, 2013
Watch PGT Season 4 Grandwinner (Roel Manlangit)
Congratulations! Roel Manlangit of PGT Season 4 Grandwinner, at age of eight (8) as three(3) on five(5) siblings he experienced and know what does a family broken means as Roel's Parents left him due to a family problem but the reason is still clueless for this young child. Their dearest home were washed-out by typhoon Pablo even his dvd player got damaged who were dear to him likewise other appliances. Due to this case Roel Manlangit did not give-up to lose his dreams at his young age, singing in acapella for his everyday practice to enhance his vocals. His good neighborhood named Arlyn Arban builds temporary shelter for him near swamp and adopted sooner as a true little brother. God's gift and the people around him who help and support him is his only key for every circumstance that face him everyday a dream about winning to build their house likewise restore their appliances due to mutilation of typhoon Pablo.
As I reminiscent, we face such struggled for now, short of financials is the main problem which we face on until now but once again even in our area there was Arlyn Arban who helps us on such matters. How many Arlyn Arban have on our land, how many Arlyn Arban saves the lives of young and innocents. I hope this was the beginning to help others in other beautiful ways.
Pilipinas Got Talent (PGT) is his only option to help his family and for the said restoration of their house, so that even strong typhoon got no chance against destruction again. This is the only hope on a thirteen (13) years old child's paths, believing on himself, Gods will and self confidence are additional words for his guidance of success. Season 4 on PGT (ABS-CBN Channel 2), Roel Manlangit rushed for his dreams and that dreams were continuously hoping as the Judges (Ai-ai Delas Alas, Kris Aquino and known as FMG,) astounded as they heard his pure singing talent and a homeless boy steals the talent show.
Roel Manlangit first shown on youtube tried out on singing competition singing on the street entitled “I will always love you” by Whitney Houston and everybody amazed and shocked for the power revealed on his vocals. He did not know that there was a man watched him and recorded his voice while singing and the video hits more than thousand for only three (3) days. | [
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] |
Legal Analysis: Russia’s Right To Be Forgotten
In August 2015, ARTICLE 19 analysed the so-called “Right To Be Forgotten” Bill of the Russian Federation (‘the Bill’), which was signed into law in July 2015 and will come into force on 1 January 2016.
When introducing the Bill, Russian lawmakers referred to the 2014 ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the Google Spain case, arguing that Russian citizens should also enjoy a “right to be forgotten.” The Bill gives Russian citizens the right to request that search engines remove links about them that are in violation of Russian law, inaccurate, out of date, or irrelevant because of subsequent events or actions taken by the citizens.
In this legal analysis, ARTICLE 19 examines the compatibility of the Bill with international standards on freedom of expression. We find that, while the Bill broadly seeks to replicate the more limited right that was recognised by the CJEU in the Google Spain case, it fails to provide the crucial safeguards for the protection of the right to freedom of expression that the CJEU had identified. In particular, Russian lawmakers have failed to carve out limitations on “right to be forgotten” when the personal information at issue is in the public interest and/or concerns public figures.
Important procedural safeguards are also missing, including the right of linked-to sites to be notified that a “right to be forgotten” request has been made in respect of their content and a requirement that search engines publish transparency reports containing sufficiently detailed information about the nature, volume and outcome of “right to be forgotten” requests. Moreover, search engines are required by the Bill to take action in relation to the Internet, i.e. all domain names, rather than .ru domains names.
ARTICLE 19 calls on the Russian Government to urgently review the Bill and ensure that its provisions comply with international human rights standards on freedom of expression.
Key Recommendations:
The new Article 110 of Federal Law no. 149-FZ On Information, Information Technologies and Data Protection included in the Bill should be entitled “right to request the delisting of search results on the basis of a person’s name;”
The applicability of the Bill should be subject to the operator having a branch or subsidiary established in the Russian Federation;
The material effect of a successful “right to be forgotten” request should be limited to de-listing search results generated on the basis of a search for a person’s name;
Any “right to be forgotten” provision should, at the very least:
contain an overarching presumption that information already legitimately in the public domain should remain in the public domain save where it has demonstrably caused serious harm to the person concerned;
a broad exception for personal information in the public interest and personal information concerning public figures.
More generally, any law granting a “right to be forgotten” should provide for balancing exercise with the right to freedom of expression, and if appropriate, set out a non-exhaustive list of indicative criteria to be taken into account when carrying out that balancing exercise.
The scope of a successful “right to be forgotten” request should be strictly limited to .ru domains.
The Bill should provide a right for linked-to sites to be notified and at the very least give them an opportunity to intervene in cases being challenged by search engines before the courts.
The Bill should require that search engines publish sufficiently detailed information about the nature, volume, and outcome of de-listing requests. | [
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] |
Abercrombie and Kent Adventures in Antarctica
Last updated on May 9th, 2013 by Charlotte Lisbonne
Don’t miss out on this chance to cross Antarctica off your wish list.
Experienced globe-trotters have discovered that there are benefits to travelling in these challenging times, including once-in-a-lifetime incentives on dream vacations. “Look past the economy. Instead, think about the opportunity,” says Geoffrey Kent, founder, chairman and chief executive office of award-winning travel company Abercrombie & Kent. “One of the best investments you can make right now is to travel with your family. Attractive prices have brought many destinations you’ve dreamed of within reach.”
Antarctica is consistently at the top of travellers’ wish lists but often inaccessible to multi-generational families due to the cost of additional cabins to accommodate extended family. Now, it is no longer just a dream, but an exceptional value as Abercrombie & Kent has waived single supplements aboard ‘Minerva,’ A&K’s luxury boat cruise, on select Antarctic departures when booked before August 31, 2009.
Follow in the footsteps of one of the greatest adventurers of all time: Sir Ernest Shackleton on Antarctica, South Georgia & the Falklands. Land on the Antarctic Peninsula and explore Deception Cove where hot springs make it possible to swim. Cruise along the glacier-carved coves and rugged shores of South Georgia, a nearly-submerged continuation of the Andes. Step back in time on the Falkland Islands where nature still reigns. The 21-day tours depart from December 17, 2009 until January 5, 2010, January 2 – 21, January 28 – February 16 and February 13 – March 4, 2010.
Luxury boat cruise Minerva’s world-class expedition team and lecturers — naturalists, geologists, zoologists, historians and ornithologists — provide a comprehensive enrichment program described by Conde Nast Traveler as “still the one to beat for high-quality, hands-on exploration.” Historian Dr. David Wilson, great-nephew of the great polar adventurer Edward Wilson who died with Captain Scott on his return back from the South Pole in 1912, shares his passion for the history of Antarctic exploration with family pictures and rarely seen material drawn from family archives.
On other cruises to different destinations, Minerva carries up to 300 passengers. But in Antarctica, A&K limits her complement to just 199 guests. That’s an important difference: with fewer passengers, there are more shore excursions each day, as well as outside cabins for everyone. A fleet of 12 Zodiac boats – safe, stable, motorized rubber rafts – make it possible to land on even the most remote shores. Additionally, guests enjoy attentive on-board service with nearly a 1:1 staff-to-passenger ratio, unequalled in the expedition cruise industry. | [
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] |
I'm looking for someone to design an image of an eagle's talons holding onto a bundle of 4 arrows. The eagles leg and claws should be modeled after that seen in the attached image titled "eagle claw 2" in an overhand grip that still shows the talons like that in "eagle claw 1" with 4 arrows in the style of those seen in the attached image titled "arrows."
Hi there,
I need this 2D platformer to include the following.
A simple small environment using these assets ONLY
[login to view URL]
A character using this sprite sheet ONLY
[login to view URL]
The character needs to
- Move with the WASD keys or Arrow Keys (or both)
- Have the camera follow the player throughout the map
- Throw knifes (included in sprite sheet)
- Jump
- Attack with sword
I th...
I am looking for someone who can do a screen share and help me give a new SFTP user the correct "write access" so they can write to to the web server directory.
Simply adding the user to the "www-data" group is not enough access.
This is a secure server, which is why i'm okay to share the screen so you can see what is happening and provide your expertise to solve the iss...
Hello!
We want some writer who will be qualified on blogs writings. Skilled writer needed basically. I have many more writing projects. I want 8-10 blogs/per week. My budget is $7 to $10 for each blog.
If anyone impress me for his great work, I'll offer him many more ongoing projects. Native English speaker only.
More details on chat. No time waster please.
Thanks a lot.
We have a 3 page PHP application which was created using an application builder. The builder is not perfect and requires some adjustments. The first page allows you to select a template and includes 3 filters. This page is functioning. The second page need to display the template name, the application associated to that template and allow the user to change the user id, update the allow deletion f...
I am a website development and services provider. I have semi-retired and am looking for someone to take the place of my lead developer, of 10 years, who has stayed on with my partner. I am going to continue supporting a handful of existing customers. There will be occasional new sites and a little maintenance here and there, both to my sites and my customers. After 30 years I do not code any more...
My team is working with a vendor who has created a two-minute video explaining their product. We have their permission to rebrand the video with my company's logo and branding. We can also make minor change to the script and switch out the dated stock photos that they used.
This is the video we'd like to rebrand: [login to view URL] | [
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] |
I fell into writing about health shortly after grad school, where I realized I didn't want to work in a lab for the rest of my life! My areas of interest are the brain and behavior, as well as what influences the decisions we make about our health, and how the media helps and hinders people's understanding of health issues. As an undergraduate, I studied English Literature and Biopsychology at Vassar College, and got my PhD in Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience at CUNY's Graduate Center in New York City, where I grew up and live now. My day job is as Associate Editor with the health website, TheDoctorWillSeeYouNow.com. My work has appeared in several other publications, including TheAtlantic.com and YogaGlo.com, and I'm particularly excited to join the Forbes health team. Email me at alicegwalton [at] gmail [dot] com .
Could Arguing With Family And Friends Lead To An Early Death?
If you’re prone to bickering with those around you, a new study suggests that you may want to work on that. The research, published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, reports a strong link between the amount of arguing a person does and the risk of dying from any cause over the next 10 years. Being a man and being out of work made the connection stronger. But across the board, there was a significant association between mortality and the frequency of arguments with family, friends, and even neighbors.
The study, out of the University of Cogenhagen, followed almost 10,000 people, aged 36-52, for 11 years. The researchers asked them about their social relationships, paying special attention to which of the people in their lives tended to be linked with the most arguments. Over the course of the study, 196 women and 226 men died. About half of the deaths were due to cancer, and the other half from heart disease, accidents, and suicides.
People who reported more arguing with their spouses or children were 50% to 100% more likely to die from any cause at all. Those who reported frequent arguing with anyone in their social circle – including friends, relatives, and neighbors – were two to three times more likely to die over the next decade. The results held strong even when factors like depression, gender, marital status, chronic health conditions, available emotional support, and socioeconomic status were removed from the equation.
Men were especially susceptible to the health effects of arguing – in other words, men who tended to argue a lot had a risk of death that was above and beyond the usual risk associated with being male. People who were unemployed were also more vulnerable to the effects of arguing, which is interesting but not unexpected.
Intuitively, the connection may not be so surprising, but the question is what biological mechanisms might explain it. One possibility is that frequent arguing triggers the stress response and the cascade of negative effects that follows.
“Stressful relations have been associated with heightened proinflammatory cytokine activity,” the authors write, which suggests that the immune system may be involved. “It therefore seems plausible that at least part of the association between stressful relations and health might be mediated by stress-responsive systems.”
As always, the caveat is that there’s no evidence of cause and effect: The study doesn’t “prove” that arguing with your spouse leads to an early death. It could, theoretically, be the other way round – that people who are less healthy to begin with argue more. But this seems less likely. More feasible is the idea that the stress of arguing could be linked to mortality through the stress/immune mechanisms mentioned above.
In any case, even if you’re prone to arguing, not all is lost. Learning to manage your anger, especially when it comes to your close relationships, is probably wise. “Intervening in conflicts, particularly for those out of work, may help to curb premature deaths associated with social relationship stressors,” said study author Rikke Lund. And even if it doesn’t extend your life by many years, managing your emotions can only help your relationships – and your spouse will definitely appreciate a less argumentative you.
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MOST POPULAR ARTICLES
Delays likely for key construction permit
State recommends filing notices soon
A key permit required for many construction projects could be delayed if developers planning to break ground soon don’t act quickly.
Forsyth County officials on Tuesday discussed the impact of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division’s recent announcement that new stormwater discharge permits likely will not be approved by the Aug. 31 deadline.
The effect across the state is that developers who don’t file a notice of intent for the EPD’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, or NPDES, stormwater permit by July 31 won’t be able to get a land disturbance permit for construction, said Simon Wilkes, Forsyth County’s erosion and sedimentation senior inspector.
The permit allows construction sites larger than an acre to discharge into state waters, Wilkes said, and it’s a prerequisite for those developers seeking a land disturbance permit from Forsyth and other local issuers.
The state renews the permits every five years, he said, which was last done in 2008 without delay.
“However, this year we’ve been made aware that the new permits will probably not be approved by the Aug. 31 deadline,” Wilkes said. “They are not giving any guidance on when the new permit will be approved.
“Therefore, it will affect issuing authorities and the state to where you cannot issue land disturbance permits until the new permit is adopted.”
However, Wilkes said the state’s recommendation is that anyone planning land development within the next several months should file a notice of intent with the EPD “so that they can seek coverage under the existing permit and not be delayed.”
Previously issued permits set to expire July 31 will remain in effect until the new permits are approved, according to the EPD notice.
Deputy County Manager Tim Merritt said the process is simple, but developers, land owners, contractors and anyone else planning to “break ground soon” need to file that notice that they intend to comply with the existing permit requirements before July 31 or they will be delayed.
Merritt said that notice needs to be “return receipt requested so it’s documented.”
The county began notifying a list of contacts on file, including builders, developers, engineers and more, once the EPD sent preliminary notice of the permit delay on July 17, Wilkes said.
The official notice went out Monday, and commissioners and staff discussed the issue during a Tuesday work session.
Wilkes said the delay in the permit renewal stems from the stakeholders advisory board, which includes developers, engineers, environmental consultants and others.
“It’s them trying to figure out what they want adopted, what they do not want adopted in that natural process that occurs,” he said.
As Commissioner Jim Boff put it: “They’ve created their own statewide moratorium.” | [
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Sports
Calls Grow For NFL To Settle Dispute With Refs
Well, as if NFL fans weren't ticked off enough about the replacement referees who are officiating this season's games, we bring you last night. The Seattle Seahawks beat the Green Bay Packers in the final seconds to win 14 to 12, at least that's how the refs on the field saw it. The outcome is prompting new calls for the NFL and its regular officials to settle this labor dispute that prompted the league to lock out their officials in June. Joining me to talk about last night is NPR sports correspondent Tom Goldman.
And, Tom, are you ticked off?
(LAUGHTER)
TOM GOLDMAN, BYLINE: I'm completely objective here, David.
GREENE: Yes, you are.
GOLDMAN: But let me just say...
GREENE: What happened? Tell me what happened in this game.
GOLDMAN: OK. Seattle trailing 12 to seven, rookie quarterback Russell Wilson throws a Hail Mary pass into the end zone as the game ends. And a group of players jumps for the ball. The player who jumped highest - Green Bay defensive back M.D. Jennings - appeared to make the catch over Seattle wide receiver Golden Tate.
So they crashed to the ground. And, again, to the naked eye it appears Jennings still has control. The ball's pinned to his chest. Two officials run up, and in a scene that captures the confusion of this whole three weeks of often shoddy officiating, one signals touchdown, the other waves his arms, signaling to stop the clock...
GREENE: Oh, God.
GOLDMAN: ...preparing to call a touchback.
And, you know, clearly it did not appear to be a simultaneous catch, which would've automatically meant a touchdown for the Seahawks. Anyway, there's a review of the play. The call on the field, touchdown, is upheld.
GREENE: But you had two officials standing there, you're saying, one calling touchdown, the other saying that the ball was intercepted?
GOLDMAN: Yep.
GREENE: That kind of captures the whole season, probably, in the views of a lot of NFL fans.
GOLDMAN: That's right.
GREENE: Why - I mean, this play was reviewed. Every scoring play in a game can be reviewed. I mean, how did the officials not see that the Packers, you know, intercepted the ball, which is what, you know, we thought we all saw?
GOLDMAN: See everything that we saw? Yeah. We've yet to hear anything. Not sure we will. The rules say there must be indisputable evidence to overturn a call. And if the review determines that it's too difficult to tell what the correct call would be, the original call stands, which is what happened. So they must've felt that, you know, too difficult to tell, even though millions thought it was not too difficult to tell.
GREENE: And the other thing a lot of people saw was that the Seattle receiver who was given credit for catching the touchdown pass pushed the Packers defender out of the way before catching the ball, which should've, in theory, been a penalty.
GOLDMAN: You mean shoved with two hands? Yeah. Golden Tate did that. Pass interference is not often called on those last-second Hail Mary plays into the end zone, which is probably why they let that go. Or maybe they just looked right at it and said, oh, I didn't see anything bad.
GREENE: There's been a lot of reaction to this already this morning.
GOLDMAN: Oh, absolutely. Dramatic. Here's some tape actually from last night's post-game show on ESPN with first analyst Steve Young, Hall of Fame quarterback, and followed by former Super Bowl-winning quarterback Trent Dilfer.
(SOUNDBITE OF POST-GAME SHOW)
STEVE YOUNG: You've got to be kidding me that I have to watch games turn one way or another on people that are not competently presented. The NFL's too good for this and it's too big for this, and it's hard to watch.
TRENT DILFER: And it's ironic, because we said it last week, for 10 years this commissioner's office has been coming into these NFL locker rooms saying we will do anything to protect the shield, anything. We're going to go - we're going to exhaust every opportunity to protect this brand.
YOUNG: Every one of us were all..
DILFER: It's ironic that you, the NFL, is what's screwing this brand up right now.
GREENE: People are worked up. So is this going to end the labor dispute? I mean, could this be the final straw?
GOLDMAN: You know, everyone is hyperventilating about this being the tipping point. But one very learned NFL insider, former Packers executive Andrew Brandt, doesn't think that'll happen. He says people have to remember that while they vilify Roger Goodell, the NFL commissioner, he works for the owners. And the owners are pretty hard-line on this labor situation. They say they've made a fair offer. Brandt doesn't think the owners will be leveraged into giving the officials what they want despite this game.
GREENE: All right. So the season goes on. Tom Goldman, thanks so much. | [
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] |
Q:
Mac Terminal command to geektools
I just got Geektools, and I'm trying to get a shell geeklet to display the command top -F -R -o cpu in the same way that it is displayed in the terminal. Through Google, I found this command to show a bundle of system information:
uptime | awk '{print "UPTIME : " $3 " " $4 " " $5 " " }'; top -l 1 | awk '/PhysMem/ {print "RAM : " $8 " "}' ; top -l 2 | awk '/CPU usage/; NR; 5 {printf "CPU" $6, $7=":", $8, $9="user ", $10, $11="sys ", $12, $13}'
This has way more CPU information than I want/need. I am hoping to replace the CPU information in the second command with the cleaner first one, but I don't know how to get it to display properly.
A:
Try ps aux. It displays a nice clean output sorted by cpu usage.
If you want something even less cluttered, try
ps aux | awk '{print $3 " " $11}';
To understand this command, just run ps aux, and look at the output. The variable $3 refers to the third column of the output. You can add or remove columns from GeekTool by adding or removing these variables from the command. The large amount of whitespace between the quotation marks just changes the spacing between the columns in the output.
If you want more options, check out the man page by typing man ps. (You can do this for top too.
If you're wondering why I didn't suggest a modification using top, it is due to the following issues:
The problem with GeekTool is that it requires output from a command that is static. top can be made to give a static output by using top -l 1, but because it is only making one sample, it can't get the cpu usage. (It needs at least two for that.) You will notice that if you run top -l 1, your cpu usage will be displayed as 0. To rectify that, you can use top -l 2. However this displays the system usage twice, and only the second set of data is correct. This probably wouldn't be helpful for GeekTool. If you still really want to use top, you can try out the following command: top -l 2 -o cpu -R -stats cpu,command. However, it will only display the incorrect data, because it prints that first.
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Your browser does not support JavaScript and this site utilizes JavaScript to build content and provide links to additional information. You should either enable JavaScript in your browser settings or use a browser that supports JavaScript in order to take full advantage of this site.
1 /*2 * Copyright (c) 2004 World Wide Web Consortium,3 *4 * (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, European Research Consortium for5 * Informatics and Mathematics, Keio University). All Rights Reserved. This6 * work is distributed under the W3C(r) Software License [1] in the hope that7 * it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied8 * warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.9 *10 * [1] http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2002/copyright-software-2002123111 */12 13 package org.w3c.dom;14 15 /**16 * <code>DocumentFragment</code> is a "lightweight" or "minimal" 17 * <code>Document</code> object. It is very common to want to be able to 18 * extract a portion of a document's tree or to create a new fragment of a 19 * document. Imagine implementing a user command like cut or rearranging a 20 * document by moving fragments around. It is desirable to have an object 21 * which can hold such fragments and it is quite natural to use a Node for 22 * this purpose. While it is true that a <code>Document</code> object could 23 * fulfill this role, a <code>Document</code> object can potentially be a 24 * heavyweight object, depending on the underlying implementation. What is 25 * really needed for this is a very lightweight object. 26 * <code>DocumentFragment</code> is such an object.27 * <p>Furthermore, various operations -- such as inserting nodes as children 28 * of another <code>Node</code> -- may take <code>DocumentFragment</code> 29 * objects as arguments; this results in all the child nodes of the 30 * <code>DocumentFragment</code> being moved to the child list of this node.31 * <p>The children of a <code>DocumentFragment</code> node are zero or more 32 * nodes representing the tops of any sub-trees defining the structure of 33 * the document. <code>DocumentFragment</code> nodes do not need to be 34 * well-formed XML documents (although they do need to follow the rules 35 * imposed upon well-formed XML parsed entities, which can have multiple top 36 * nodes). For example, a <code>DocumentFragment</code> might have only one 37 * child and that child node could be a <code>Text</code> node. Such a 38 * structure model represents neither an HTML document nor a well-formed XML 39 * document.40 * <p>When a <code>DocumentFragment</code> is inserted into a 41 * <code>Document</code> (or indeed any other <code>Node</code> that may 42 * take children) the children of the <code>DocumentFragment</code> and not 43 * the <code>DocumentFragment</code> itself are inserted into the 44 * <code>Node</code>. This makes the <code>DocumentFragment</code> very 45 * useful when the user wishes to create nodes that are siblings; the 46 * <code>DocumentFragment</code> acts as the parent of these nodes so that 47 * the user can use the standard methods from the <code>Node</code> 48 * interface, such as <code>Node.insertBefore</code> and 49 * <code>Node.appendChild</code>.50 * <p>See also the <a HREF='http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-DOM-Level-3-Core-20040407'>Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Core Specification</a>.51 */52 publicinterface DocumentFragment extendsNode {53 }54 | [
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] |
October 4, 1957
Share This Post
It was a Cold War propaganda machine, launched for reasons of pride, territoriality, greed, and a passel of other human failings, but it also separated all of history into Pre Space Age and Post Space Age.
No one thought the Soviet Union could do it, but on October 4, 1957 at 19:28:34 UT, they launched Sputnik, the very first artificial satellite into Earth orbit. The shock of this -- Red Star in Orbit! -- motivated the Space Race, and in just 12 years put men on the Moon.
Don't forget astronomy! Oh no, don't you dare forget that: Hubble, Chandra, Spitzer, SOHO, Swift, Uhuru, Einstein, COBE, WMAP... these all revolutionized our understanding of the Universe, in more ways than can be easily recounted, and they're all satellites.
I am still amazed that most folks don't know that they can easily see satellites on any clear night. Got to Heavens Above. Enter your coordinates. Then find out when the ISS passes overhead, or a rocket booster, or Hubble. Please, go look for Iridium satellites! They'll rock your world.
In the mean time, read up on the little
basketball beachball-sized doohickey that changed the world, and humanity, forever. | [
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] |
PATSY BRUMFIELD: Fingers crossed on mascot
Ten months until Christmas, calendar watchers.
Perhaps the holiday came early on the University of Mississippi campus this week when students voted to be part of a process to come up with a new athletics mascot.
As some of you remember, Colonel Reb was fired about seven years ago as an image not befitting a 21st Century public institution.
A great uproar ensued, but the decision stuck. Colonel Reb wannabes showed up for various events, much to the displeasure of officialdom, and the issue became the cause celebre of fans who remember the “national championship” of 1960s. Others, too.
Some also may remember the awful campaign soon after the Colonel’s banishment when the university launched a “contest” to select a new mascot. The finalist designs looked like Hulk Hogan on steroids (is that redundant?) or the Southern Cal Trojan warrior.
It was supposed to be a much-anticipated Internet-voting contest, but when it came down to it, so few people gave a rip for the choices that the push was called off. And the campaign advisers, the P.R. geniuses, were called upon the carpet.
And so, they let the mascot thing drift while competitors laughed about it. How ridiculous, they said, that the Ole Miss folks can’t even find a mascot.
But hey, finding “the right” mascot isn’t easy, under the circumstances. With Tuesday’s vote by some 3,000 on campus, students agree they want to be part of the solution.
Bless their hearts, I hope this turns out better than when a campus organization was given charge of a contest to decide what design would be selected for a civil rights monument. In the end, The Lyceum cast out the winner for what it wanted, and although The Lyceum had good reasons for the move – reasons like engineering problems and safety – the contest participants left feeling like a homecoming date who never gets called again.
So, now the big question becomes: What will the mascot be?
Perhaps it will harken back to the team’s name before it became The Rebels not so many decades ago. Mississippi Flood.
Glad I wouldn’t be called upon to make that costume.
Okra’s out. Big Red Thing is out. James Meredith look-alike is out.
But lots of ideas remain: a kudzu vine could strangle opponents, a mighty oak like in The Grove could look powerful. And there’s Archie Manning, who might be available to stand along the sidelines for a substantial stipend.
Have you got any suggestions? Let me know and I’ll start your campaign for you.
In these times of true crisis, we all need a diversion.
Contact Patsy R. Brumfield at (662) 678-1596 or patsy.brumfield@djournal.com. Read mascot suggestions, when they come in, on Patsy’s blog, From the Front Row, on NEMS360.com. | [
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] |
hmmm..how do u know this??
Are you from waterloo?
I know this guy, he graduated from a famous university of china.
Now he should be in the states.
All guys here from that university want to go to the states.
There were two Chinese students both of whom applied UBC with modified
transcripts and both were offered admission. One finally cancelled
application
because he/she(? don't know) applied immigration at the same time. BUT, when
he/she attended interview in HK, he/she was asked if he/she had applied UBC
--- the UBC
sent letter to his/her former university for verifying the documents even
after his/her
cancellation, and when got to know his/her cheating UBC noticed Immigration
office about
it. Of course, his/her application for immigrate was rejected finally due to
this point. Hence,
UBC verifed another one's transcriptes then, and when got the same response
UBC expeled
him/her right away after his/her few monthes studying there.
So............. it's really hard to make decision. If you still want to go on
taking the risk, maybe the best way is to contact former school
and see if there's any helpful thing can be done.
A stupid question: how could you make a fake transcript?
Don't you get all your transcripts stamped by the university?
Or the university 'faked' for you and in a few months say
"No, it is not from us.."? Is it possible?
【 在 doom (buzz--嗡嗡) 的大作中提到: 】
: Really lucky enough not do it before, although i once supposed to to
: so, my dad strongly disagreed with me, so i happened to be an honest
: boy!
: 【 在 jqka (jqka) 的大作中提到: 】
: : Tell you a fact. My univ. will investigate all your relavent materials
: : several
: : months before you graduate.
【 在 Napoleon (soso) 的大作中提到: 】
: A stupid question: how could you make a fake transcript?
: Don't you get all your transcripts stamped by the university?
: Or the university 'faked' for you and in a few months say
: "No, it is not from us.."? Is it possible?
94a94a
who can tell me?
--
※ 来源:.The unknown SPACE bbs.mit.edu.[FROM: 202.99.]
更多精彩文章及讨论,请光临枫下论坛. 网址: rolia.net/zh
(#4729@0)
2000-7-31 -04:00This post has been archived. It cannot be replied. | [
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] |
Filed 11/14/18
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
KOHLER CO., No. B288935
Petitioner, (Super. Ct. No. BC588369)
(John Shepard Wiley, Jr., Judge)
v.
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
LOS ANGELES COUNTY,
Respondent;
JOANNA PARK-KIM et al.,
Real Parties in Interest.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING; petition for writ of mandate. Petition
granted; writ issued.
Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer, Eric Shapland, Ryan W. Light and John
C. Ulin for Petitioner.
Newmeyer & Dillion, Alan H. Packer, Jeffrey R. Brower and Joseph A.
Ferrentino for California Building Industry Association as Amicus Curiae on
behalf of Petitioner.
No appearance for Respondent.
Kasdan LippSmith Weber Turner, Kenneth S. Kasdan, Jaclyn L.
Anderson and Graham B. LippSmith for Real Parties in Interest.
In 2000, the California Supreme Court ruled in Aas v. Superior
Court (2000) 24 Cal.4th 627 (Aas) that a homeowner could not recover
on a negligence claim for construction defects unless the homeowner
could show actual property damage or personal injury (as opposed to
purely economic loss, such as diminution in value of the home or the
cost to repair the defects). After Aas was decided, representatives from
the building industries, insurance companies, and homeowners came
together with members of the Legislature to devise a comprehensive
statutory scheme to govern construction defect litigation. That
statutory scheme, commonly known as the Right to Repair Act (the Act)
was enacted in 2002. (Stats. 2002, ch. 722, principally codified at Civ.
Code,1 §§ 895-945.5.) As recently explained by the Supreme Court,
“[t]he Act sets forth detailed statewide standards that the components
of a dwelling must satisfy. It also establishes a prelitigation dispute
resolution process that affords builders notice of alleged construction
defects and the opportunity to cure such defects, while granting
homeowners the right to sue for deficiencies even in the absence of
property damage or personal injury.” (McMillin Albany LLC v.
Superior Court (2018) 4 Cal.5th 241, 247 (McMillin).)
In the present case, we are asked to determine whether
homeowners may bring a class action asserting a claim under the Act
against the manufacturer of an allegedly defective plumbing fixture
used in the construction of class members’ homes. Based on our
examination of the structure and language of the Act, as well as the
1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Civil Code.
2
legislative history, we conclude that class actions are not allowed under
the Act except in one limited context: to assert claims that address
solely the incorporation into a residence of a defective component,
unless that component is a product that is completely manufactured
offsite.
Because the claim in this case involves allegedly defective
products that were completely manufactured offsite, we hold that the
claim alleged under the Act cannot be litigated as a class action.
Accordingly, we grant the writ petition filed by defendant Kohler Co.
(Kohler), and issue a writ of mandate directing the trial court to vacate
its order to the extent it denied in part Kohler’s anti-class certification
motion and to enter a new order granting the motion in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs Joanna Park-Kim and Maria Cecilia Ramos are each
owners of a residential condominium dwelling in which “Rite-Temp
Pressure Balancing Valves” and “Mixer Caps” (which are contained in
“Rite-Temp Valve assemblies”) manufactured by Kohler were installed
during construction. In the third amended complaint, plaintiffs allege
that these valves and mixer caps, which are designed to regulate water
flow and temperature in household plumbing, do not operate as
intended due to their defective design and manufacturing, and “are
corroding, failing, and/or will inevitably fail,” which has caused or will
cause damage to other components of the household plumbing lines or
fixtures.
3
Plaintiffs brought the instant lawsuit on behalf of themselves and
all owners of residential dwellings in California in which these valves
and mixer caps were installed during original construction, alleging a
claim for violations of the Act, as well as claims for strict liability,
warranty claims, and other claims.2 It is estimated that Kohler sold
approximately 630,000 of the identified valves and mixer caps in
California during the relative time period.
After plaintiffs received numerous extensions of time, totaling 18
months, to file their motion for class certification, Kohler sought to
resolve the case by filing a motion for summary judgment or
adjudication on threshold legal issues. The trial court granted
summary adjudication as to all claims except plaintiff Ramos’ warranty
and negligence claims, both plaintiffs’ claims under the Act, and their
UCL claim. Kohler then filed a “motion re anti-class-certification,”
seeking a ruling that none of the remaining causes of action can be
certified as a class action.
On January 22, 2018, the trial court granted Kohler’s motion as to
the warranty, negligence, and UCL claims, but denied it as to the claim
under the Act. The court also certified its ruling for appellate review,
2 Plaintiffs’ non-Act claims, which are not at issue in this proceeding, are
for (1) strict liability/failure to warn; (2) strict liability/manufacturing defect;
(3) strict liability/design defect; (4) negligence; (5) breach of express warranty;
(6) breach of implied warranty of fitness; (7) breach of implied warranty of
merchantability; and (8) violations of Business and Professions Code section
17200 (the UCL claim). With regard to the claim asserted under the Act, the
class is limited to owners who purchased their dwellings on or after
December 14, 2005.
4
on the grounds that it presented a controlling question of law upon
which there were substantial grounds for differences of opinion, and
that appellate resolution of the question would greatly advance the
conclusion of the litigation. The court then stayed all proceedings
pending resolution of the instant petition.
Kohler filed the instant petition for writ of mandate, asking this
court to order the trial court to vacate its January 22, 2018 order to the
extent it denies Kohler’s anti-class-certification motion with respect to
the claim under the Act and to issue a new order granting the motion in
its entirety. We summarily denied the petition, and Kohler filed a
petition for review in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court granted
review and transferred the matter back to this court with directions to
vacate our order denying mandate and to issue an order directing the
superior court to show cause why the relief sought should not be
granted.
We issued the order to show cause as directed by the Supreme
Court, and have received a return to the petition from plaintiffs and a
traverse from Kohler.3 In the return, plaintiffs demurred to the petition
on the ground that the petition fails to state a justiciable basis for
granting a writ of mandate and/or prohibition. But, as Kohler observes
in its traverse, the Supreme Court has concluded otherwise and
directed us to issue an order to show cause and consider the issue
3 We also received an application from California Building Industry
Association to file an amicus curiae brief. We have granted that request and
have considered the amicus brief, as well as plaintiffs’ response to that brief.
5
Kohler presents. The Supreme Court’s order constitutes a
determination that writ review is proper. (Borg-Warner Protective
Services Corp. v. Superior Court (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 1203, 1206-
1207.) Therefore, we overrule plaintiffs’ demurrer and address Kohler’s
petition.
DISCUSSION
In McMillin, the California Supreme Court was asked to
determine whether the Act “was designed only to abrogate Aas [and]
supplant[] common law remedies with a statutory claim for purely
economic loss,” or whether it was intended “to go further and supplant
the common law with new rules governing the method of recovery in
actions alleging property damage.” (McMillin, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p.
247.) In reaching its conclusion that the Legislature intended the
broader displacement, and “made the Act the virtually exclusive remedy
not just for economic loss but also for property damage arising from
construction defects” (ibid.), the Court analyzed the text, purpose, and
legislative history of the Act. We conduct a similar analysis to resolve
the issue before us: whether the Act permits homeowners to bring a
class action against the manufacturer of a plumbing fixture that was
installed in the construction of their homes, alleging that the product
was defective and resulted in violations of the standards set forth in the
Act.
6
A. Overview of the Act
Because of the complexity of the Act and the interplay between
many of the statutory provisions, we begin with an overview of the
statutory scheme. As the Supreme Court observed, “the Act . . .
‘comprehensively revises the law applicable to construction defect
litigation for individual residential units’ within its coverage.”4
(McMillin, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 250.) The Court explained that “[t]he
Act added title 7 to division 2, part 2 of the Civil Code. (§§ 895-945.5.)
That title consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 establishes definitions
applicable to the entire title. (§ 895.) Chapter 2 defines standards for
building construction. (§§ 896-897.) Chapter 3 governs various builder
obligations, including the warranties a builder must [or may] provide.
(§§ 900-907.) Chapter 4 creates a prelitigation dispute resolution
process. (§§ 910-938.) Chapter 5 describes the procedures for lawsuits
under the Act. (§§ 941-945.5.)” (McMillin, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 250.)
For purposes of the case before us, our focus is on chapters 2, 4, and 5,
particularly as they relate to claims made against the manufacturer of a
product used in the construction of a residential unit, rather than
against the builder of that unit.
4 The Act applies “only to new residential units where the purchase
agreement with the buyer was signed by the seller on or after January 1,
2003.” (§ 938.)
7
1. Chapter 2
Chapter 2 contains two sections, sections 896 and 897. Section
896 provides a detailed and comprehensive set of standards for
residential construction, addressing water, structural, soil, fire
protection, plumbing and sewer, and electrical systems issues, and
issues regarding other areas of construction; it also provides various
time periods within which an action must be brought, depending upon
the standard alleged to have been violated.
Section 896 begins with a preamble that states in relevant part:
“In any action seeking recovery of damages arising out of, or related to
deficiencies in, the residential construction, . . . a builder, and to the
extent set forth in Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 910), a general
contractor, subcontractor, material supplier, individual product
manufacturer, or design professional, shall, except as specifically set
forth in this title, be liable for, and the claimant’s[5] claims or causes of
action shall be limited to violation of, the following standards, except as
specifically set forth in this title. This title applies to original
construction intended to be sold as an individual dwelling unit.”
(§ 896.) In other words, a homeowner alleging a construction defect in a
residence may bring a claim only under the Act, with certain specified
exceptions. (See McMillin, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 247.)
5 A “claimant” is defined as “the individual owners of single-family
homes, individual unit owners of attached dwellings and, in the case of a
common interest development, any association as defined in Section 4080
[e.g., a homeowner’s association].” (§ 895, subd. (f).)
8
One of those exceptions is found in section 896 itself, and is
relevant to this case. Subdivision (g)(3)(E) of section 896 (hereafter,
section 896(g)(3)(E)) provides that “[t]his title does not apply in any
action seeking recovery solely for a defect in a manufactured product
located within or adjacent to a structure.” (§ 896(g)(3)(E).) A
“manufactured product” is defined as “a product that is completely
manufactured offsite.” (§ 896, subd. (g)(3)(C).) Thus, a homeowner
alleging that a manufactured product—such as a plumbing fixture—
installed in her home is defective may bring a claim under the Act only
if the allegedly defective product caused a violation of one of the
standards set forth in section 896; otherwise she must bring a common
law claim outside of the Act against the manufacturer, and would be
limited to the damages allowed under the common law.
Section 897 is a kind of catch-all provision that “provides a
supplemental standard for any building components that section 896
may have overlooked.” (McMillin, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 253.) It
provides: “The standards set forth in this chapter [i.e., in section 896]
are intended to address every function or component of a structure. To
the extent that a function or component of a structure is not addressed
by these standards, it shall be actionable if it causes damage.” (§ 897.)
The key difference between section 897 and 896 (other than the
specification of standards) is that a claim brought under section 896
need only allege a violation of one or more of the specified standards
(see § 942, discussed in Section A.3., post), while a claim under section
9
897 must allege both a defective function or component of the home and
damage caused by that defect.6
2. Chapter 4
a. Prelitigation Procedures
Chapter 4 sets out a detailed set of procedures that must be
followed before a claimant may file litigation asserting claims under the
Act. It begins with section 910, which provides, in relevant part: “Prior
to filing an action against any party alleged to have contributed to a
violation of the standards set forth in Chapter 2 (commencing with
Section 896), the claimant shall initiate the following prelitigation
procedures: [¶] (a) The claimant or his or her legal representative
shall provide written notice via certified mail, overnight mail, or
personal delivery to the builder, in the manner prescribed in this
section, of the claimant’s claim that the construction of his or her
residence violates any of the standards set forth in Chapter 2
(commencing with Section 896).” (Italics added.)
The builder must acknowledge receipt of the notice (§ 913), and
may elect to inspect the claimed violation of the standards and conduct
testing7 (§ 916, subd. (a)). If the builder intends to hold a subcontractor,
6 We note that, as the Supreme Court observed in McMillin, some of the
standards set forth in section 896 “use the causation of damage as part of the
test for whether a given part is defective.” (McMillin, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p.
253.)
7 The builder may conduct a second inspection or testing if the builder
deems it necessary and certain conditions are met. (§ 916, subd. (c).)
10
design professional, individual product manufacturer, or material
supplier responsible for its contribution to the violation of the
standards, the builder must provide notice to that person or entity
sufficiently in advance to allow them to attend the inspection and
testing and to participate in the repair process. (§ 916, subd. (e).) After
the inspection or testing, the builder may offer in writing to repair the
violation.8 The offer must include, among other things, a detailed
statement explaining the nature and scope of the repair, with a
reasonable completion date for the repair, and it must compensate the
homeowner for all applicable damages recoverable under the Act.
(§ 917.) The offer to repair must also be accompanied by an offer to
mediate the dispute if the homeowner so chooses. (§ 919.) If the
homeowner rejects the offer to mediate, he or she must either authorize
the builder to proceed with the repair, or request that the repair be
completed by an alternative contractor chosen by the homeowner in
accordance with specified procedures. (§ 918.) If mediation takes place
but fails to resolve the dispute, the homeowner must allow the repair to
be performed either by the builder or by the alternative contractor as
selected under the procedures set forth in section 918. (§ 919.)
The various sections of Chapter 4 set time limits for all of the
acknowledgements, notices, offers, and repairs set forth in the chapter.
If the builder fails to strictly and timely comply with the requirements,
8 The builder may in the alternative make an offer of cash and no repair
in exchange for a release. In such a case, the homeowner may either accept
the offer or reject it and proceed with filing an action under the Act. (§ 929.)
11
the claimant is released from the requirements of the chapter and may
proceed with the filing of an action. (§§ 915; 916, subd. (c); 920; 925.)
If the procedures set forth in Chapter 4 do not resolve the dispute
between the parties, the claimant may file an action to enforce the other
chapters of the Act. (§ 914, subd. (a).) If the builder has elected to
repair the alleged violation of the standards, the claimant may, at the
completion of the repair, file an action for violation of the applicable
standards or for a claim of inadequate repair, or both, seeking all
applicable damages available under the Act. (§ 926.) However, before
bringing a post-repair action, the claimant must request mediation if
there was no previous mediation between the parties. (§ 928.) If the
claimant does not satisfy the requirements of Chapter 4, the builder
may bring a motion to stay any court action or other proceeding until
the requirements are satisfied. (§ 930, subd. (b).)
b. Other Provisions of Chapter 4
In addition to the sections detailing the prelitigation procedures
that must be followed, Chapter 4 also includes provisions addressing
various issues, including (as relevant to this action) claims that combine
causes of action not covered by the Act with those that are covered
(§ 931) and parties subject to application of the Act (§ 936).
Section 931, which we discuss in more detail in part B.1. of this
opinion, post, provides that when a claim of construction defects
combines causes of action or damages that are not covered by the Act
with claims of “unmet standards” (i.e., violations of one or more of the
section 896 standards and/or section 897) under the Act, the claims of
12
unmet standards must be administered in accordance with the Act.
Section 936 provides, as relevant to this case, that all of the provisions
of the other chapters of the Act apply to general contractors,
subcontractors, material suppliers, individual product manufacturers,
and design professionals to the extent that those people or entities
caused, in whole or in part, a violation of one of the standards as the
result of a negligent act or omission or a breach of contract.
3. Chapter 5
Chapter 5 sets forth the procedures for litigation under the Act.
The chapter includes sections on the statute of limitation for such
actions (§ 941), elements of a claim for violation of the Chapter 2
standards (§ 942 [to establish a claim, the homeowner need only
demonstrate that the home does not meet the applicable standard; “[n]o
further showing of causation or damages is required to meet the burden
of proof”]), and available affirmative defenses (§ 945.5).
The chapter also includes a section setting forth the exclusivity of,
and exceptions to, the Act: “Except as provided in this title, no other
cause of action for a claim covered by this title or for damages
recoverable under Section 944 is allowed. In addition to the rights
under this title, this title does not apply to any action by a claimant to
enforce a contract or express contractual provision, or any action for
fraud, personal injury, or violation of a statute.” (§ 943, subd. (a).)
Finally, Chapter 5 includes a section setting forth the damages
recoverable under the Act: “If a claim for damages is made under this
title, the homeowner is only entitled to damages for the reasonable
13
value of repairing any violation of the standards set forth in this title,
the reasonable cost of repairing any damages caused by the repair
efforts, the reasonable cost of repairing and rectifying any damages
resulting from the failure of the home to meet the standards, the
reasonable cost of removing and replacing any improper repair by the
builder, reasonable relocation and storage expenses, lost business
income if the home was used as a principal place of a business licensed
to be operated from the home, reasonable investigative costs for each
established violation, and all other costs or fees recoverable by contract
or statute.” (§ 944.)
B. Class Actions Under the Act
With this statutory scheme in mind, we turn to the question
presented in this case: May a claim for violation of certain standards
under the Act caused by an alleged defect in plumbing fixtures be
brought against the manufacturer of the fixtures in a class action? To
answer this question, we start with an examination of section 931, the
only provision of the Act that mentions class actions.
1. Section 931
Section 931 provides in full: “If a claim combines causes of action
or damages not covered by this part, including, without limitation,
personal injuries, class actions, other statutory remedies, or fraud-
based claims, the claimed unmet standards shall be administered
according to this part, although evidence of the property in its
unrepaired condition may be introduced to support the respective
14
elements of any such cause of action. As to any fraud-based claim, if
the fact that the property has been repaired under this chapter is
deemed admissible, the trier of fact shall be informed that the repair
was not voluntarily accepted by the homeowner. As to any class action
claims that address solely the incorporation of a defective component
into a residence, the named and unnamed class members need not
comply with this chapter.”
There is no question that the language of this section is somewhat
obtuse. Although its precise meaning has not been at issue in cases
decided by the courts of this State up to this point, the Supreme Court
and other courts generally have viewed the first sentence of section 931
to provide a (nonexclusive) list of exclusions from the Act. (See, e.g.,
McMillin, supra, 4 Cal.5th at pp. 252, 254; Gillotti v. Stewart (2017) 11
Cal.App.5th 875, 890, 893.) That list of exclusions is provided in the
context of explaining the application of the Act in a lawsuit that
includes both claims under the Act alleging violations of the section 896
and/or section 897 standards and claims that are “not covered by” —i.e.,
excluded from—the Act. Section 931 explains that the prelitigation
procedures must be followed with regard to the claims under the Act,
but those procedures do not apply to claims that are outside of the Act,
examples of which are listed.
One of the listed exclusions is “class actions.” While this appears
at first glance to be an unambiguous exclusion of class actions in the
first sentence of section 931, ambiguity is introduced when the first
sentence is read in conjunction with the last sentence: “As to any class
action claims that address solely the incorporation of a defective
15
component into a residence, the named and unnamed class members
need not comply with this chapter [i.e., the prelitigation procedures].”
This sentence seems to suggest that at least some class actions are
allowed under the Act. So how do we reconcile these seemingly
contradictory sentences in the same statute?
Plaintiffs contend that, despite the inclusion of class actions on
the list of exclusions, the first sentence of the statute cannot be
interpreted to exclude class actions asserting claims under the Act
because a class action is neither a cause of action nor a form of
damages; rather, “it is a procedural vehicle for enforcing substantive
law.” (Citing City of San Jose v. Superior Court (1974) 12 Cal.3d 447,
462.) Thus, they argue that the inclusion of class actions in the list
merely means that the Act does not cover causes of actions for personal
injuries, fraud-based claims, or other statutory causes of action, or class
actions asserting those causes of action. They contend the last sentence
reinforces that interpretation because it demonstrates that the Act
anticipates the use of class action procedures to bring claims under the
Act and facilitates the use of the procedure by waiving the prelitigation
requirements.
Kohler contends the sentences are not contradictory. It argues
that the first sentence of the statute excludes all class actions for any
claim under the Act, while the last sentence refers to class actions for
claims that are outside of the Act. It reasons that because the language
used in the last sentence is so similar to the language used in the
16
exclusion set forth in section 896(g)(3)(E)9 —both refer to claims “solely”
for a defective component or manufactured product—the last sentence
must be understood to be referring to the same claims. And, since
section 896(g)(3)(E) excludes those claims from operation of the Act, the
last sentence of section 931 must be understood to refer to claims that
are outside the Act.
We disagree with both parties’ interpretations of section 931.
We disagree with plaintiffs’ interpretation because it ignores the
actual language used in the statute. (Manufacturers Life Ins. Co. v.
Superior Court (1995) 10 Cal.4th 257, 274 [when interpreting a statute,
the court cannot “insert what has been omitted, or . . . omit what has
been inserted,” and “must give significance to every part of a statute to
achieve the legislative purpose”].) While it is true that class actions are
neither causes of action nor a form of damages, we observe that causes
of action that are asserted in class actions often are referred to as “class
action claims.” And given the inconsistent and imprecise use of the
terms “causes of action” and “claims” throughout the Act (see Acqua
Vista Homeowners Assn. v. MWI, Inc. (2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 1129, 1145),
it is not surprising that the language used in section 931 is imprecise.
We do not believe that the use of this imprecise language demonstrates
an intent to treat class actions differently than the other items on the
9 Section 896(g)(3)(E) provides: “This title does not apply in any action
seeking recovery solely for a defect in a manufactured product located within
or adjacent to a structure.” The last sentence of section 931 provides: “As to
any class action claims that address solely the incorporation of a defective
component into a residence, the named and unnamed class members need not
comply with this chapter.”
17
list of exclusions in the first sentence of section 931 for purposes of
interpreting the statutory language. (See Hassan v. Mercy American
River Hospital (2003) 31 Cal.4th 709, 715 [“Well-established rules of
statutory construction require us to ascertain the intent of the enacting
legislative body so that we may adopt the construction that best
effectuates the purpose of the law”].)
Moreover, plaintiffs’ interpretation of the first sentence makes no
sense. Had the Legislature intended the interpretation plaintiffs give
the sentence, logically it would have placed “class actions” at the end of
the items on the list of exclusions, rather than in the middle of the list,
with language qualifying that “class actions” means only those actions
asserting the previous items listed. And in any event, there would be
no reason for the Legislature to specify that the Act does not cover class
actions that assert claims that are not covered by the Act. If the claims
themselves are not covered by the Act, any procedural devices normally
available outside of the Act, such as class actions, necessarily are
available with regard to those claims.
Kohler’s interpretation of the first sentence of section 931—i.e.,
that it excludes all class actions—also makes little sense because it
conflicts with the last sentence of the statute. Although Kohler tries to
reconcile the apparent conflict by arguing that the last sentence refers
only to claims that are excluded from the Act under section 896(g)(3)(E),
its interpretation of that sentence is flawed for two reasons.
First, Kohler’s interpretation ignores the critical difference
between the language of the two statutes. The section 896(g)(3)(E)
exclusion applies to claims “solely for a defect in a manufactured
18
product” used in the construction of the residence and excludes those
claims from the Act entirely (§ 896(g)(3)(E), italics added), while the last
sentence of section 931 relieves claimants from the prelitigation
requirements of Chapter 4 of the Act for class action claims based “solely
[on] the incorporation of a defective component into a residence” (§ 931,
italics added.) A “component” is not the same thing as a “manufactured
product.” The term “component” as used in the Act may include a
“manufactured product,” but it is not limited to manufactured products.
Indeed, there are many kinds of components referenced in section 896.
(See, e.g., § 896, subds. (a)(4) [“Roofs, roofing systems, chimney caps,
and ventilation components”], (10) [“Stucco, exterior siding, exterior
walls, . . . and other exterior wall finishes and fixtures and the systems
of those components and fixtures”], (b)(1) [“Foundations, load bearing
components, and slabs”], (g)(9) [“Untreated steel fences and adjacent
components”].) Similarly, section 900, which addresses limited
warranties that must be provided to cover the fit and finish of certain
“building components,” sets forth a list of those components, which
includes items that might be “manufactured products” as defined in
section 896, subdivision (g)(3)(C), as well as items that clearly would
not. (§ 900 [listing “cabinets, mirrors, flooring, interior and exterior
walls, countertops, paint finishes, and trim”].) Thus, contrary to
Kohler’s assertion, the claims referred to in the last sentence of section
931 are not entirely the same as the claims referred to in section
896(g)(3)(E).
Second, Kohler’s interpretation of the last sentence of section 931
would render that sentence superfluous. Since the Act does not apply at
19
all to claims based solely on a defect in a manufactured product, there
is no reason for the Legislature to specify that Chapter 4 of the Act does
not apply to those excluded claims if they are brought as class actions.
What, then, are we to make of the last sentence of section 931?
Plaintiffs contend that this sentence specifies that class actions are
allowed and waives the prelitigation procedures for those claims. But
once again, plaintiffs’ interpretation ignores the statutory language.
We agree that the language of the last sentence could, when read in
isolation, be interpreted to mean that class actions generally are
allowed for claims under the Act. But the waiver of the prelitigation
procedures provision cannot be interpreted to apply to all class actions
because its plain language states that it applies only as to a specific
category of class action claims: those “that address solely the
incorporation of a defective component into a residence.” (§ 931.) It is
illogical to conclude that the Legislature intended the last sentence to
excise the exclusion of class actions contained in the first sentence of
the statute, and also intended to waive the prelitigation procedures for
some class action claims (those that address solely the incorporation of
a defective component into a residence), but not all class action claims.
Instead, the more logical interpretation is that the last sentence,
although inartfully written, carves out a limited exception to the
exclusion of class actions—for “claims that address solely the
incorporation of a defective component into a residence” (§ 931)—and
waives the prelitigation procedures for those class action claims. (See
California Mfrs. Assn. v. Public Utilities Com. (1979) 24 Cal.3d 836, 844
20
[“Interpretive constructions which render some words surplusage, defy
common sense, or lead to mischief or absurdity, are to be avoided”].)
2. Legislative History and Purpose of the Act
The legislative history and purpose of the Act as a whole support
our conclusion that the class action device may not be used to prosecute
claims under the Act, with one very narrow exception.
When enacting the Act, the Legislature declared that “[t]he
prompt and fair resolution of construction defect claims is in the
interest of consumers, homeowners, and the builders of homes, and is
vital to the state’s continuing growth and vitality. However, under
current procedures and standards, homeowners and builders alike are
not afforded the opportunity for quick and fair resolution of claims.
Both need clear standards and mechanisms for the prompt resolution of
claims. [¶] . . . It is the intent of the Legislature that this act improve
the procedures for the administration of civil justice, including
standards and procedures for early disposition of construction defects.”
(Stats. 2002, ch. 722, § 1, p. 4247.)
In its analysis of Senate Bill No. 800, which created the Act, the
Senate Judiciary Committee observed that “[t]he bill seeks to respond
to concerns expressed by a number of parties. The bill responds to
concerns from homeowners and the Consumer Attorneys of California
over the consequences of Aas[, supra,] 24 Cal.4th 627, which held that
defects must cause actual damage or personal injury prior to being
actionable in tort. The bill also responds to concerns expressed by
builders, subcontractors, and insurers over the costs of construction
21
defect litigation [and its] impact on housing costs in the state.” (Sen.
Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 800 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.)
as amended Aug. 28, 2002, pp. 3-4.)
The Senate Judiciary Committee analysis explained how the bill’s
establishment of standards and imposition of liability for violations of
those standards would simplify the resolution of disputes over many
construction defects. (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No.
800 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 28, 2002, p. 4.) The
analysis also explained the impact of the bill on builders and their
affiliates: “The bill establishes a mandatory process prior to the filing of
a construction defect action. The major component of this process is the
builder’s absolute right to attempt a repair prior to a homeowner filing
an action in court. Builders, insurers, and other business groups are
hopeful that this right to repair will reduce litigation.” (Sen. Com. on
Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 800 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) as
amended Aug. 28, 2002, p. 5, italics added.)
That the Legislature considered the prelitigation process a critical
component of the Act is demonstrated by the detail and scope of
Chapter 4. As our summary of that chapter shows, the Legislature left
no doubt that the goal of this process was to have disputes resolved and
repairs performed as quickly as possible, and, if possible, without
litigation. It makes sense, then, that the Legislature intended to
exclude class actions for virtually any claim under the Act, because
22
class actions make prelitigation resolution impossible.10 Even if the
named plaintiffs bringing a class action comply with the prelitigation
process, thus giving the builder of their homes an opportunity to
attempt to repair whatever defect is claimed as to their homes, the
builders of other homes are given no such opportunity with respect to
the unnamed class members, thus thwarting one of the most significant
aspects of the Act.11 (See McMillin, supra, 4 Cal.5th at pp. 255-256
[rejecting an interpretation of the Act that would thwart the mandatory
prelitigation process and the granting of a right to repair].)
C. Application to the Present Case
Having determined that section 931 excludes class actions, with a
narrow exception created by the last sentence, we must determine
10 This is especially true in a case such as this one, which alleges the
incorporation of a widely-used plumbing fixture into potentially hundreds of
thousands of dwellings, presumably constructed by thousands of different
builders, each of whom must be given notice of the alleged defect and an
opportunity to repair it.
11 Plaintiffs argue that this significant aspect is not thwarted in this case
because only the builders are given an opportunity to attempt to repair the
claimed defects under the Act. That is not correct. It is true that the
claimant must give notice to the builder, rather than the manufacturer, prior
to filing an action. But the claimant must do so whenever an action is to be
filed “against any party.” (§ 910.) If the manufacturer is to be held
responsible in whole or in part for the violation of the standards, the builder
must provide notice to the manufacturer, allow the manufacturer to attend
the inspection and testing of the alleged violation, and allow the
manufacturer to participate in the repair process. (§ 916, subd. (e).)
23
whether the claim alleged in this case may be brought in a class action.
We conclude it may not.
First, the narrow exception applies only to “class action claims
that address solely the incorporation of a defective component into a
residence.” (§ 931.) But plaintiffs’ claim does not address solely the
incorporation of a defective component into their homes. Rather, they
allege that the use of the allegedly defective valves and mixer caps
violated and/or caused violations of several of the standards set forth in
section 896, and that they caused damage to other components in their
homes.12
Second, even if plaintiffs’ claim could be deemed to address solely
the incorporation of a defective component into their homes, that claim
could not be brought under the Act because the allegedly defective
component is a manufactured product, and such claims are expressly
excluded. (See § 896, subd. (g)(3)(E) [“This title does not apply in any
action seeking recovery solely for a defect in a manufactured product
located within or adjacent to a structure”].) For this reason, we
12 We note that plaintiffs also allege that the valves and mixer caps
violated and/or caused violations of section 897. It would appear that if
plaintiffs’ claim was limited to that allegation, that might qualify as a claim
that addresses solely the incorporation of a defective component into their
homes, so long as the defect caused damage. (§ 897 [“To the extent that a
function or component of a structure is not addressed by these standards, it
shall be actionable if it causes damage”]; see also McMillin, supra, 4 Cal.5th
at pp. 253-254 [explaining that the Act covers, with certain specified
exceptions, claims alleging violations of the standards under section 896, and
claims under section 897 for defective components that do not violate an
articulated section 896 standard but cause damage].) But their claim is not
so limited, and therefore the claim does not come within section 931’s
exception to the class action exclusion.
24
conclude that despite the class action exception in the last sentence of
section 931 relating to actions solely for defective components, that
exception must be interpreted to include its own exclusion for claims
that seek to recover solely for the incorporation of a defective
manufactured product—i.e., “a product that is completely manufactured
offsite” (§ 896, subd. (g)(3)(C)). (See Moyer v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals
Bd. (1973) 10 Cal.3d 222, 230 [“the various parts of a statutory
enactment must be harmonized by considering the particular clause or
section in the context of the statutory framework as a whole”].)
In short, we hold that the Act does not permit class action claims
except when those claims address solely the incorporation into the home
of a defective component other than a product that is completely
manufactured offsite. Therefore, the trial court erred by denying
Kohler’s anti-class certification motion with respect to the cause of
action under the Act.
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
25
DISPOSITION
Let a peremptory writ of mandate issue directing respondent
Superior Court for Los Angeles County to vacate its January 22, 2018
order to the extent it denied Kohler’s anti-class certification motion and
to issue a new and different order granting the motion in its entirety.
Kohler shall recover its costs with regard to this writ proceeding.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
WILLHITE, J.
We concur:
MANELLA, P. J.
COLLINS, J.
26
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22435,
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13,
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3726,
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19854,
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1346,
1990,
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30024,
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President Barack Obama’s job approval has hit an almost three-year high among Americans, according to numbers released by Gallup on Thursday.
Fifty percent of Americans approve of Obama’s performance as the country’s chief executive, the highest level since May 2013. This is an uptick from his average approval rating during his seventh year in office, which was 46 percent, according to Gallup.
Gallup also pointed out how polarizing Obama remains: 87 percent of Democrats approve of his performance compared to 11 percent of Republicans.
Gallup said Obama’s performance rating was lower than Bill Clinton’s but higher than predecessor George W. Bush. Obama’s rating is similar to that of Ronald Reagan at the same time in his second term. (Reagan’s approval in March 1988 was 51 percent.)
The national poll was conducted from Feb. 29-March 6 among 3,563 adults by cell phones and landlines. The margin of error was plus or minus 2 points. | [
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Three men were arrested and €110,000 of suspected cannabis herb and plants in Cork and Dublin were seized last week, gardaí said on Saturday.
A car was stopped on the M8 motorway in Mitchelstown, Co Cork shortly before 9pm on Thursday January 30th, the garda statement said.
A search of the car was carried out and gardaí discovered €20,000 of suspected cannabis herb,pending analysis, and €1,000 in cash in the boot.
Two men, in their 20s and 30s, were arrested at the scene and were brought to Fermoy Garda Station.
They were detained under Section 2 of the Criminal Justice (Drugs Trafficking) Act 1996 and were later charged to appear before a special sitting of Cork City District Court on Saturday morning.
As part of the investigation, a search was carried out by gardaí attached to a community action team at a house in Hollystown, Dublin 15 later that evening.
During the search, gardaí seized €8,000 in cash, €76,000 of suspected cannabis herb and four pop-up tents containing €14,000 of suspected cannabis plants with growing and ventilation equipment.
Over 3,000 suspected counterfeit currency in euros, dollars and sterling was also seized.
A man in his 30s was arrested at the scene and brought to Blanchardstown Garda Station where he was detained under Section 2 of the Criminal Justice (Drugs Trafficking) Act 1996
He appeared before the Dublin District Court on Saturday morning.
A third search was carried out at a house in Co Meath but nothing was seized and no arrests were made.
Speaking at Fermoy Garda Station, Superintendent John Deasy said: “Yesterday’s seizure highlights the dedication of our roads policing units to not only reduce the deaths on our roads, but to deny criminals access to the road network throughout the country.” | [
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# This file is part of BlackArch Linux ( https://www.blackarch.org/ ).
# See COPYING for license details.
pkgname=raccoon
pkgver=183.985797f
pkgrel=5
pkgdesc='A high performance offensive security tool for reconnaissance and vulnerability scanning.'
groups=('blackarch' 'blackarch-recon' 'blackarch-scanner')
arch=('any')
url='https://github.com/evyatarmeged/Raccoon'
license=('MIT')
depends=('python' 'python-xmltodict' 'python-dnspython' 'python-requests'
'python-lxml' 'python-beautifulsoup4' 'python-click' 'python-pysocks'
'python-fake-useragent')
makedepends=('git' 'python-setuptools')
source=("$pkgname::git+https://github.com/evyatarmeged/Raccoon.git")
sha512sums=('SKIP')
pkgver() {
cd $pkgname
echo $(git rev-list --count HEAD).$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)
}
build() {
cd $pkgname
python setup.py build
}
package() {
cd $pkgname
python setup.py install --root="$pkgdir" --prefix=/usr -O1 --skip-build
rm -rf "$pkgdir/usr/lib/python3.8/site-packages/tests"
}
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Yay for Denver!!! I live in Arvada but work in Denver... You totally have to check out Tommyknockers, they have great brews! It's funny, a few years ago I hated beer but I did a Colorado tour at our local Old C's and found the ones I love. Even at our wedding our kegs were Colorado through and through... Fat Tire and Coors Light! I'm voting for you out of love of your craft and of our town!! | [
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Introduction {#s1}
============
There are persistent gaps between research evidence and what happens in healthcare policy and practice ([@B1], [@B2]). Better use of evidence to improve primary health care (PHC) requires understanding of how healthcare stakeholders use research findings to strengthen knowledge, refine care delivery systems and change practice ([@B3]), and greater understanding of the factors mediating use.
Knowledge translation literature offers various theories and frameworks relating to evidence use (or non-use) ([@B4]). Commonly identified factors relate to the evidence itself and how it is created, intended target audiences, and the context and process of implementation ([@B5]). Integrating knowledge translation through different stages of research---a principle common with participatory research ([@B6]) and knowledge co-production ([@B7])---is advocated for increasing research relevance and supporting use ([@B8]). However, few studies in this field report outcomes, such as use of research ([@B9]), and there is little evidence on the outcomes of integrated knowledge translation strategies ([@B10]).
Improving Indigenous Health Through Continuous Quality Improvement and Large-Scale Change
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
There are wide disparities in health outcomes and life expectancy between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (Australia\'s Indigenous nations) and the general Australian population ([@B11]). Strengthening the use of evidence in PHC is critical to closing this gap in health equity. Continuous quality improvement (CQI) methods ([@B12]) have been shown to be effective and acceptable in the Indigenous PHC context ([@B13], [@B14]). They generate practice-based evidence relevant to local care delivery ([@B15]) and use participatory approaches that can uphold Indigenous values as expressed in national statements on research and cultural respect ([@B16]).
International evidence supports CQI as effective in improving the standard of care, particularly when applied system-wide ([@B17]--[@B19]). While CQI data are typically used to prioritize and address improvement needs at local and organizational levels ([@B20]), they can be aggregated to indicate where improvement efforts are needed at a broader system level. Engaging diverse healthcare stakeholders in the interpretation of aggregated data could be expected to enhance understanding of systems barriers to improving care and health outcomes across populations. However, little research has examined the application of CQI methods---such as systematic data guided activities, designing with local conditions in mind and iterative development and testing ([@B21])---for prioritizing and addressing wider system needs. Such studies can help address knowledge gaps in how to scale-up programs using theory-based approaches ([@B22]) and how to use systems approaches that combine dissemination and multi-stakeholder relationships to generate knowledge and address complex health problems ([@B23]--[@B25]).
These inherent CQI principles, and those of knowledge co-production ([@B26], [@B27]), informed our novel large-scale, systems-focused participatory CQI research project in Indigenous PHC. Our project (Box [1](#Box1){ref-type="boxed-text"}) engaged diverse stakeholders in interpreting regionally and nationally aggregated CQI data from PHC services, with the aim of informing policy and interventions needed at multiple levels of the health system to achieve wide-scale improvement in PHC quality ([@B39]). Understanding stakeholders\' perspectives and actions in using these CQI research findings is critical to ensuring impact and improving Indigenous health outcomes ([@B40]). In this paper, we draw on findings from a developmental evaluation of the project to explore how healthcare stakeholders used (or proposed to use) the research findings, and their perceptions of barriers and enablers to use. We offer insights for researchers and policy-makers about engaging stakeholders with evidence in ways that integrate multiple perspectives, overcome barriers to use and encourage innovative, varied and complementary translation of findings to improve care.
###### "Engaging Stakeholders in Identifying Priority Evidence-Practice Gaps, Barriers and Strategies for Improvement" (ESP) Project.
The Engaging Stakeholders in Identifying Priority Evidence-Practice Gaps, Barriers and Strategies for Improvement (ESP) project ([@B28]) engaged a range of Indigenous health stakeholders in interpreting regionally- and nationally-aggregated continuous quality improvement (CQI) data. The data were used to identify priority gaps in care, barriers or enablers and strategies for improvement in key areas of clinical care. It aimed to generate knowledge for use in developing policies and strengthening systems and practice to improve the quality of primary health care (PHC) for Indigenous people, leading to improved population health outcomes ([@B29]).
**Aggregated CQI Data**
De-identified CQI data were provided by 175 health centers, across five Australian jurisdictions, that participated in the Audit and Best Practice for Chronic Disease (ABCD) National Research Partnership ([@B30]). The data were derived from health centres\' routine use of evidence-based best-practice CQI audit tools to assess and reflect on system performance, identify improvement priorities and develop strategies appropriate to service populations and delivery contexts ([@B14]). The audit tools cover the scope of PHC (e.g., chronic illness care, maternal health, child health, preventive care). The aggregated data used in the ESP project represented over 60,000 clinical audits of patient records and 492 system assessments ([@B31]), conducted over a decade.
**ESP Activities/processes**
A phased process used online reports and theory-informed surveys ([@B32]--[@B36]) to engage stakeholders in disseminating and interpreting the aggregate data from the ABCD National Research Partnership database, and sharing professional and contextual knowledge to develop the ESP project findings. The iterative process was used to analyse, report and disseminate CQI data for chronic illness care, child, maternal, preventive and mental health, and rheumatic heart disease care. The ESP phases included:
Phase 1---Identify priority evidence-practice gaps using most recent analyzed aggregated CQI data
Phase 2---Identify barriers, enablers and strategies for improvement, using reports on trends over time for key indicators relevant to priority evidence-practice gaps
Phase 3---Provide feedback on draft final report leading to Final ESP Report
**Stakeholders at Different System Levels**
The ESP project used existing CQI professional networks and a snowballing recruitment technique to invite the participation of policymakers and managers, members of health boards, clinicians/practitioners and researchers in Indigenous community-controlled and government-operated health centers, peak bodies and support organizations, government departments and research institutions. ESP Project methods are described in detail elsewhere ([@B28], [@B37], [@B38]).
Materials and Methods {#s2}
=====================
We draw on the developmental evaluation ([@B41]) of the Engaging Stakeholders in Identifying Priority Evidence-Practice Gaps, Barriers and Strategies for Improvement (ESP) project, which used document analysis, surveys, participant interviews and team processes to collect data between 2014 and 2017. The developmental evaluation aimed to inform ongoing project refinement and implementation, explore facilitators and barriers to stakeholder engagement, explore use of project findings and assess the interactive dissemination process used in the ESP project. The developmental evaluation methods are described in detail elsewhere ([@B42]).
Ethics
------
The study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. The protocol was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the Northern Territory Department of Health and Menzies School of Health Research (Project 2015-2329), the Central Australian HREC (Project 15-288) and the Charles Darwin University HREC (Project H15030). All evaluation participants gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Participant Sampling
--------------------
Purposeful sampling was used to identify and select stakeholders in one Australian jurisdiction in which there was a considerable history of CQI in Indigenous PHC. The sampling strategy allowed for in-depth exploration of diverse and information rich cases ([@B43])---participants included people in policy, management, clinical, CQI and academic roles. Ethics approval enabled inclusion of several participants whose roles encompassed a national perspective on CQI research.
Data Collection
---------------
In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted by the lead author (AL) between mid-2015 and early 2017. This timeframe enabled the input of participants involved in different ESP project cycles, and provided evaluative feedback following adjustments to reports and processes over the course of the project. Interviews were conducted face-to-face, by Skype and telephone; all were audio-recorded and transcribed.
The interviews were structured around the aims of the developmental evaluation. An interview guide was developed and piloted and the questions were refined. Example questions relating to the topic areas around use or proposed use of findings, and factors influencing use are provided in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}.
######
Semi-structured interview questions about engaging with project data and using findings.
**Topic area** **Example questions**
--------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Discussing and interpreting use Have you discussed these aggregated data or findings with others? Can you give examples of the outcomes or highlights of your discussions?
Factors influencing use Are there factors that helped you access and use the reports? Can you tell me how that worked? Have there been barriers to engaging with and using these data? What are they?
Use of data and findings Can you provide examples of how you have used the aggregated quality improvement data in your practice? Can you describe how the reports of findings have influenced your practice decisions or intentions?
Impact of the project Would you like to comment on any other impact of the project to date, or impact that you anticipate?
Data Analysis
-------------
Interview transcripts were imported into NVivo10 analytic software ([@B44]). Analysis of interview data was undertaken using content analysis ([@B45]). Initial readings of the transcripts provided the lead author with a collective overview of stakeholder responses to each interview question. First, all interview data were coded deductively using categories broadly aligned with the research questions and key elements of implementation theory ([@B46], [@B47]): evidence/innovation characteristics, targeted groups, settings, project implementation processes, and use. Then the information coded for each category was re-read and analyzed inductively. A researcher who was not involved in the project independently checked coding in accordance with recommended practice for reliability ([@B48]).
Qualitative data on use or proposed use of findings, and factors influencing use, were then obtained from the interview data. The codes arising were compared within and across transcripts, and iteratively refined, until common patterns and themes were identified. The ESP online surveys included questions inviting free text responses about use of ESP data and findings. Responses to relevant questions were read and compared with the coded interview data to check that the codes reflected broader participant perspectives across jurisdictions.
Themes relating to use of findings were not independent of each other; some findings were relevant to more than one theme. We have therefore described the findings according to the predominant theme and the most important influence.
Findings {#s3}
========
Thirty stakeholders were interviewed: 10 clinicians, six academics, five CQI practitioners, five managers and four policy-makers. Some participants held dual roles (e.g., manager/clinician or academic/clinician). Interviewees represented government and Indigenous community-controlled health services (*n* = 17), research/teaching institutions (*n* = 7) and support organizations including regional health networks and peak bodies (*n* = 6). Some participants had engaged in project cycles in several areas of care. Most had worked for some years in Indigenous PHC.
A total of twenty-eight interviews were conducted---26 individual and two small-group interviews involving program teams. Interview length ranged from 23 to 75 min (averaging 50 min). Sixteen interviews were conducted face-to-face---the remaining interviews used Skype or telephone.
Five themes were identified in relation to reported or proposed use of findings from the ESP project: influencing planning and policy; supporting best practice and reflection; capacity strengthening; developing new research, and; multi-level applicability. The factors mediating use were commitment to best practice, perceived relevance, competing work pressures, organizational environment for change, presentation and useability, credibility of research findings, facilitation and communication. The themes are summarized in Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"} and discussed below. Exemplar quotes and examples illustrating themes and categories are provided in the [Supplementary File](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, with some included in the text.
######
Stakeholder feedback on use or proposed use of ESP project findings, and factors mediating use: themes and categories identified.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Themes** **Categories**
--------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**USE OF ESP PROJECT FINDINGS**
Influencing planning and policy • Targeting high level decision-making\
• Promoting a strategic approach\
• Strengthening evidence and opportunities for action\
• Bringing people together
Supporting best practice and reflection • Supporting continuous quality improvement activities\
• Supporting reflection and change\
• Affirmation
Capacity strengthening • Building capacity in continuous quality improvement and population health thinking\
• Developing skills in understanding and interpreting data\
• Staff orientation
Developing new research • Developing research based on findings\
• Using the research methodology
Multi-level applicability • Influencing change at different system levels\
• Supporting a systems approach
**FACTORS MEDIATING USE OF ESP PROJECT FINDINGS**
Commitment to best practice • Valuing data and evidence\
• Improving Indigenous health outcomes
Perceived relevance • To role and work context\
• Timeliness\
• Local vs. wider interpretation
Competing work pressures • Time and workload\
• Staff shortages and turnover
Organizational environment for change • Role of managers, organizational change\
• Primary health care approach v\'s acute care focus
Presentation and useability • Report formats for different audiences\
• Accessible information\
• Support for learning
Credibility of research findings • Research history and methodology\
• Data currency, benefits and limitations
Facilitation and communication • Interactive process\
• Methods and paths of communication
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*ESP---Engaging stakeholders in identifying priority evidence-practice gaps, barriers and strategies for improvement project*.
Use of ESP Project Findings
---------------------------
### Influencing Policy and Planning Change
Interviewees perceived that the ESP project findings were useful for identifying system issues, informing high level policy decisions to drive improvement, directing resources where service performance was consistently poor and advocating for continuing investment in CQI. They were generally regarded as having greater potential for leverage at a higher strategy level than at health center level, including contributing to national policy developments in CQI in Indigenous PHC. Interviewees perceived that the analysis of comprehensive data from Indigenous PHC centers on adherence to guideline-recommended care over time and wide stakeholder input strengthened credibility for these purposes.
Overall, the national findings strengthened arguments for engaging in improvement-focused work, particularly when they aligned with priorities and barriers observed in organizational and local contexts (e.g., health center-community links, staff training in chronic illness management). Some interviewees regarded CQI data use as useful for fostering closer engagement between people in different roles, for example between policy-makers and practitioners.
> "*I see the role of data as actually bringing strategic people much closer to the frontline practitioners, and then saying to frontline practitioners, 'We need to do something about this, help us and we will help you'."* (Manager 2)
Interviewees commonly expressed concern about the increasing prevalence and earlier onset of preventable chronic conditions among Indigenous people. A number suggested the findings could inform a more comprehensive PHC model, with greater community involvement, a less siloed approach to care delivery and more efficient use of resources. Use of the findings in combination with other available evidence was commonly reported or proposed. For example, using identified barriers to addressing priority evidence-practice gaps: to help explain jurisdiction-level key performance indicator results; to build on information collected through CQI and dialogue between managers, PHC teams and communities for regional planning; and to enrich team discussions and planning to address improvement needs identified through CQI processes in health centers.
### Supporting Best Practice and Reflection
The ESP process required stakeholders to use the findings from the ESP study on priority evidence-practice gaps to reflect on and identify barriers, enablers and strategies for improving care (through ESP survey responses). Interviewees in CQI roles reported using the ESP reports in their work with health teams.
> "*I\'m using them. I used them in some feedback recently---you know, 'This is a summary of research ... we already know these clinical datasets or morbidity. This is the evidence. These are the things that have been measured, this is what we have been looking at and this is what they have foundș... for me, it\'s very useful."* (CQI practitioner 2)
Dissemination of the ESP study reports led to both opportunistic and scheduled conversations about improving care, particularly in workplaces where CQI was embedded. Findings often concurred with interviewees\' local experiences, reinforcing that other teams were experiencing similar challenges and offering ideas for addressing them. Some participants used the findings as affirmation that their commitment and efforts were worthwhile and could make a difference in improving health outcomes.
For some, the ESP findings prompted immediate action (e.g., checking that items of maternal care were included in the health service template). For many, they sparked reflection on broader issues, such as the impact of social determinants on health, the interdependencies of priorities and barriers identified through the research and the importance of sharing health center data with policy makers. Reflection on the important role of Indigenous staff for improving care quality and cultural safety, and the need to strengthen preventive care and improve the quality of life for people with chronic illnesses, were commonly reported.
### Capacity Strengthening
Interviewees said that the ESP reports provided resources for CQI training in understanding data and population health, undergraduate clinician education and orientation of new health researchers to CQI. Some used the results for comparison with their local data to stimulate discussion of improvement barriers and strategies. In one instance, ESP results were used to justify a proposal for a community engagement and education program.
Outcomes reported by interviewees included better understanding of: using data to inform decision making; how CQI can work at multiple healthcare system levels; improvement processes and strategies, and; the value and interpretation of box-and-whisker-plot graphs (which display the distribution of data based on the five-number summary: minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum). The value of sharing ideas and collaboratively producing knowledge through the project processes was widely acknowledged.
> "*They\'ve provided another layer of information that\'s stimulated thinking and discussion, that\'s brought in knowledge and expertise and experience from a broad group. It\'s really enriched the work that we\'ve done."* (CQI practitioner 1)
### Developing New Research
Researcher interviewees described ways in which the findings influenced or informed their work, reinforced existing evidence or helped to document failings. Several reported using the findings in successful grant applications for quality improvement research. In one example, the ESP research design was used as a model for community-based research, with the graphs informing the research team\'s analysis and reporting of data. In another example, the ESP methodology was applied when supporting a health service to undertake a CQI project. It was proposed the findings be used by researchers and clinicians to co-design intervention research addressing specific priorities.
### Multi-Level Applicability
As described above, the reports were perceived by interviewees as useful for focusing on broader PHC and CQI issues, and for sharing information and knowledge between people at different levels of the health system. The potential for the ESP findings to influence change at multiple levels (national, jurisdiction or regional systems, health center and community level) was widely acknowledged, with the reports seen as providing evidence to (1) shift government policy and strategy, (2) influence organizational planning, (3) stimulate team discussions and decisions, and (4) support practitioners\' practices to improve care. The need for complementary strategies at different levels was identified, e.g., policy and staff training to improve access to culturally appropriate services, effective staff recruitment and retention strategies and better coordination of care services. Several interviewees referred to the findings as demonstrating the value of a systems approach for improving care.
> "*You can just see how fixing systems for one area of care, such as childhood anemia, would work across other areas of care."* (Academic 2)
Factors Mediating Use of ESP Project Findings
---------------------------------------------
### Commitment to Best Practice
Commitment to providing best practice care and improving Indigenous health outcomes was reported to be a strong motivator for the use of ESP findings. Interviewees generally spoke of the desire to use relevant evidence to improve individual and team practice, deliver better PHC services, and make a difference. Interviewees in clinical and CQI roles talked about using the findings to "work smarter" and strengthen their understanding of how to improve the health of people accessing their services. Comments from policy and senior management perspectives reflected the same motivation for higher-level strategic use. Interviewees in various roles spoke of the value of the data for aligning intentions and practices.
> "*I want best practice. I like to be able to measure that. I\'m comfortable with data, and I\'m wanting the very best practice---looking at data and wanting to understand where we\'ve been, where we are and where we want to go*." (Clinician 3)
### Perceived Relevance
Interviewees in a range of Indigenous PHC roles and contexts found ESP findings on improvement priorities and barriers relevant to their work---they validated other evidence, affirmed the real-life experiences of Indigenous clients and PHC teams and provided useable knowledge. Further, the aggregated data used in the research represented the work of PHC staff in recording and auditing client care. Timing was an important factor: when report publication coincided with immediate information needs it supported opportunistic use.
Those with an understanding of population health and experience in CQI appeared to engage more readily with the data. Some perceived the research reports as most useful for staff in specialized programs (e.g., chronic conditions programs) than for generalist staff, because they focused on specific areas of care. Others were uncertain about who the research targeted and who would take responsibility to use the findings. Several interviewees referred to the need for regional and local contexts to be considered when using the system-wide ESP project findings to inform policy or plan interventions.
> "*You do need to be a bit careful that a national report hides important jurisdictional differences, and that national decisions are made without reference to more detailed data, which would inform a more locally responsive answer to a system issue."* (Policy practitioner 2)
Several interviewees suggested that researchers, health center staff and policy makers may have different perceptions of what comprises potentially powerful evidence to take to high-level policy and funding groups.
### Presentation and Useability
Presenting research findings in 1:3:25 report format (1-page key messages: 3-page summary: 25-page detailed report), accompanied by a plain language summary and data supplement was widely thought by interviewees to offer "something for everyone." The key messages for action (in the final reports) were considered practical for focused team conversations about improving care. Generally, those with more research or data experience sought the detailed information provided in the full reports. Plain language summaries were thought to be vital for use by a range of staff---more so after the inclusion of explicit statements about how the findings could benefit people in different roles. Several interviewees suggested summaries provided a pathway into the full reports.
> "*I think it\'s getting the information out there in easily digestible form, so that people have an option to look at a summary that says these are the key areas or can drill down and look in more depth---because people in different roles want different levels of information*." (CQI practitioner 1)
Interviewees perceived that box-and-whisker-plot graphs were valuable for effectively presenting data on trends and variation in care delivery across health centers. Some were concerned that the level of understanding required to interpret these graphs discouraged engagement---the accompanying interpretation guide was important. ESP reports were compared favorably with other web-generated reports of analyzed audit data that services received, because they reported collaboratively interpreted (rather than just analyzed) CQI data.
### Competing Work Pressures
Managing competing work demands and being time poor were dominant issues. Many interviewees described the nature of work in Indigenous PHC settings as a barrier to engaging with the findings. High staff turnover and staff shortages were commonly identified as contributing to work pressures in remote PHC settings and organizational management. The challenge of being able to sustain planned improvement efforts based on the findings was raised in relation to staff turnover.
### Organizational Environment for Change
Managers were perceived to have an important role in engaging with the findings and setting the agenda so that "everybody comes on board." The challenge of facilitating and sustaining change within health centers and teams was noted. Several participants talked about the difficulty of getting traction for implementing quality improvement at a time when managers were engaged in organization restructuring. Managing high acute care workloads in PHC settings was also identified as a factor impacting negatively on uptake of findings.
### Credibility of Research Findings
Most interviewees with considerable experience working in Indigenous PHC were aware of the achievements of the ABCD CQI research program and many were aware of the establishment of the multidisciplinary CQI research network through which the ABCD data and ESP project findings were disseminated. The program\'s aim and longevity, evidence base, collaboration between community-controlled and government operated services and applied nature were regarded positively. This influenced regard for the ESP project, also noted for its participatory approach and use of up-to-date CQI data. These features were linked to the significance of the findings for improving PHC quality for Indigenous communities, including their potential to enrich local CQI activities and routine practice.
### Facilitation and Communication
Participants spoke positively about the way the interactive ESP dissemination process engaged stakeholders in data interpretation and knowledge exchange, acknowledged input and provided opportunities for checking and further input prior to finalizing results.
> "*I do like \[the reports\] presenting the stakeholder priorities back to the stakeholders when asking about barriers and enablers. "This is what you\'ve said, we\'ve taken that on board. This is the next step. What can we do about it?" I think that\'s really powerful to acknowledge the consultation and to reassure people that their voices have been heard."* (Academic 3)
The phased ESP research design was likened to a participatory Plan-Do-Study-Act CQI cycle for the way it linked the data, improvement priorities and strategies. Repeated opportunities to engage in project phases was reported as facilitating deeper understanding of the ESP data, and how data could inform decision making. When recounting or proposing use of findings, participants often described interactive processes (e.g., facilitated discussions, education sessions, collaborative planning, stakeholder-researcher dialogue). People in CQI roles were important facilitators of these processes and in disseminating the ESP reports. Interviewees suggested that forums increasing engagement with ESP findings include quality improvement collaboratives.
Acknowledging that people access, understand and assimilate information in different ways, some participants suggested communicating the findings in non-written formats, such as webinars and video-clips. Other suggested mechanisms were newsletters, institution websites, professional association and network websites and online information repositories.
Discussion {#s4}
==========
Summary of Findings
-------------------
Interviewees used the CQI research findings to inform policy, practice, capacity development and research. Use was mediated by factors relating to individual motivations, the way evidence was perceived and presented, the context for use and interactions with others. The schema at Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} summarizes key study findings in the context of the ESP project. Interviewees representing stakeholders at different levels of the health system described (1) use of ESP findings derived from interpreting aggregated CQI data in different areas of care, and (2) factors mediating use in the Indigenous PHC context. The schema illustrates the way in which the translation of findings was supported through ESP activities and iterative processes through which analysis, reporting, interpretation and feedback were integrated into the research, with the aim of encouraging ongoing use in policy and practice.
![Schema of key study findings in the context of the ESP project. ARF/RHD, Acute rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease; CQI, continuous quality improvement; ESP, "Engaging Stakeholders in Identifying Priority Evidence-Practice Gaps, Barriers and Strategies for Improvement";^\*^CQI practitioners were important for facilitating engagement with the ESP project findings.](fpubh-06-00378-g0001){#F1}
Interpretation and Comparison With Existing Literature
------------------------------------------------------
Context-specific aggregated data derived from the use of evidence-based best practice CQI tools provided an effective starting point for mobilizing evidence-use across different stakeholder groups. It provided interviewees with opportunities to reflect on and discuss practice-based evidence relevant to their experience in the Indigenous healthcare sector, and to consider findings on system-wide improvement priorities and barriers in relation to regional and local evidence. Practice-based research findings are likely to be more relevant, believable, and actionable to practitioners ([@B15]). The variety of reported and intended uses for the ESP findings are consistent with the diversity of roles and perspectives represented in the sample, and the participatory principles of CQI in Indigenous PHC ([@B14], [@B30]) that informed the research design.
The integration of knowledge translation into iterative research processes resulted in different types of evidence use ([@B49]). At least three types of evidence use are commonly described in the literature---conceptual use that increases knowledge and understanding, instrumental use with a practical focus for bridging evidence-practice gaps, and strategic use ([@B50], [@B51]). All were reflected in our results. ESP findings were used conceptually and instrumentally to support work-relevant learning ([@B52]) and improvement (e.g., by CQI practitioners and educators). Strategic use was described by policy-makers. A further type, "process use" ([@B53], [@B54]), was demonstrated when changes in thinking and procedures resulted from learning that occurred during involvement in the research (e.g., improved understanding of CQI data prompted a PHC team to improve recording of client care). Our research methods also enabled the use of different forms of information---aggregate data, research findings and the ESP research methodology---and continuing collaboration of diverse stakeholders through implementation research based on ESP findings.
The study findings are also consistent with studies suggesting that evidence use reflects the system levels at which participants work and the information needs and functions of professional roles ([@B51], [@B55]). People working at each level used the findings in conjunction with other evidence, indicating that they actively sought and used evidence to improve their practice.
The factors mediating use within our sample generally reflect factors identified in Greenhalgh and colleagues landmark review of the diffusion of service innovations ([@B3]) and in implementation frameworks ([@B4], [@B56]) and studies. Common factors included the perceived merits of the evidence ([@B57], [@B58]), its relevance to tasks in context ([@B59]) and its potential for needs-specific modification (e.g., use of ESP reports in different ways). System readiness (e.g., environment for change, available time) and compatibility with individual values and motivation (e.g., commitment to best practice) were influential. Other mediating factors were the level of implementation support (e.g., from managers and CQI facilitators), continuing communication and tailored information products ([@B55], [@B60], [@B61]) and opportunities for interaction, supporting the common understanding that research use is social, interactive and context-dependent ([@B62], [@B63]). While lack of confidence in analyzing data was perceived as a barrier to research participation, interviewees in our study were less inclined to identify knowledge and skills as mediating the use of ESP findings. Linkage between the ESP project and stakeholders (a central component in Greenhalgh and colleagues\' conceptual model) ([@B3]) occurred through the ABCD National Research Partnership in the design stage and was implemented through the research team, with CQI opinion leaders and practitioners playing an important facilitation and boundary spanning role ([@B3]). CQI practitioners worked across boundaries to disseminate reports, facilitate participation in the research, promote and discuss findings in PHC services and encourage comparison of aggregated and local CQI data. These activities supported researcher-stakeholder linkage and finding-informed decision-making ([@B64]), contributing to the variety of reported and proposed uses of findings. Our study thereby established that participatory research informed by implementation and CQI theory can be applied effectively at scale to engage diverse stakeholders in using evidence on quality of care. It can work across boundaries and system levels to create synergy for improvement.
Implications for Knowledge Translation Practice and Future Research
-------------------------------------------------------------------
These findings can contribute to debate about enhancing the useability and impact of research ([@B26], [@B65]), including the intensity of engagement required between stakeholders and researchers. First, the processes used to successfully engage stakeholders with data and findings were informed by implementation research suggesting that effective change strategies can be developed using evidence to identify and link priority gaps in care to theoretical domains that are known to be system enablers or barriers ([@B32], [@B33], [@B66]). Second, the varied uses of findings by diverse stakeholders at different system levels were achieved through an interactive dissemination strategy that used high-level aggregated CQI data. It thereby challenged conventional approaches limiting the feedback and use of health center performance data to local CQI activities, demonstrating its potential for planning policy and system-level improvement efforts. Third, the strategy incorporated use of findings at each phase (e.g., participants used findings on barriers to suggest strategies), and this design appeared to positively influence use of the final reports. Fourth, online dissemination and feedback were effective for engaging stakeholders in evidence co-production and use at scale. This demonstrates that engagement can be achieved with limited resources for research when the research and findings are sufficiently practice-relevant and there is time to foster participation. Finally, a multi-disciplinary CQI research network (the Center of Research Excellence in Integrated Quality Improvement in Indigenous Primary Health Care) ([@B67]) provided a suitable platform for interactive dissemination and engagement with the findings.
Interviewees represented a sample of ESP project participants. Their project "buy-in," perspectives on use of the findings to improve care and their generally high regard for the data source and research quality augur well for continuing and wider use of findings ([@B68]). However, considerable feedback related to proposed rather than reported use. Descriptions of the uptake of research findings into healthcare as haphazard, unpredictable and messy ([@B5], [@B69]) acknowledge that many factors are likely to interfere with realization of intentions ([@B70], [@B71]). Studies to establish positive correlation between the intentions and behaviors of health professionals pose methodological challenges but are encouraging ([@B72]). Acknowledging that longer term impact will require a continuing knowledge translation strategy ([@B73]--[@B75]), we posit that because the ESP project findings were co-created by researchers and other stakeholders, encompass explicit and tacit dimensions of knowledge ([@B58]) and reflect organizational, community and cultural contexts ([@B65]), they match the needs of health services, policy makers and affected populations and are more likely to be "owned" and used for change ([@B76]).
The ESP project offers promising methods for involving stakeholders in generating knowledge to inform policy and multifaceted improvement strategies ([@B77]). The broad-scale and multi-level focus of our CQI research responds to previous work identifying the need for concurrent change at multiple levels of the health system to support wide-scale improvement ([@B39]) and the involvement of multiple types of stakeholders to implement and sustain CQI efforts ([@B78]). It demonstrated that a structured data and knowledge sharing process and shared commitment to improving Indigenous health outcomes could productively connect stakeholders from different professional perspectives and PHC contexts. Capturing these perspectives to identify priority evidence-practice gaps, and enablers and barriers to addressing them, enables future policy and research to focus on areas important to people involved in Indigenous PHC delivery. Interviewees recommended that ESP findings be used to influence resource allocation and develop translation strategies targeting high-level policymakers. This reinforces our recommendation that further research should explore the utility of interactive dissemination for engaging stakeholders in informing policy and system change.
Strengths and Limitations
-------------------------
This qualitative study captured the perspectives of people working at different health system levels, in various roles and organization types and using CQI research findings relevant to different areas of clinical care. It explored the implementation of evidence to improve care, helping to address concern that CQI activities in the Indigenous PHC sector have tended to focus on data collection and auditing, with less emphasis on data interpretation and implementing interventions ([@B79]).
The interviews focused primarily on one Australian jurisdiction in which CQI is well-established. Stakeholders in jurisdictions with less CQI experience may have different perspectives and experiences of CQI, limiting generalisability. This limitation is offset by inclusion of several interviewees in cross-jurisdiction roles (e.g., a national support organisation), and by comparing interview data with qualitative ESP survey data from other jurisdictions to check the generalisability of findings.
Conclusion {#s5}
==========
This study in the Australian Indigenous PHC context identified the use of research findings by stakeholders in a variety of roles and at different health system levels, and factors mediating use, over the course of a large-scale participatory CQI research project.
Context-specific aggregated CQI data provided an effective starting point for sharing perspectives, generating practice-based evidence and mobilizing evidence-use. While factors mediating use were generally consistent with previous studies, engaging stakeholders in participatory processes to interpret the data resulted in different types of use that could be considered complementary, and strategies that were tailored to work needs and applicable at different system levels. CQI methods provided an iterative, systematic and interactive dissemination process that was feasible at scale.
The system-based research design and translation process have implications for using CQI data and approaches in policymaking to create synergy for, and advance, wide-scale healthcare improvement. Increased effort and research are needed to support the use of aggregated CQI data in this way.
Large scale improvement efforts involve long timeframes and planned approaches. Ongoing translation of the ESP project findings into policy and practice to improve Indigenous health outcomes will require the collective commitment and sustained involvement of multiple healthcare stakeholders at different levels of the PHC system.
Data Availability Statement {#s6}
===========================
The qualitative data analyzed for this manuscript are not publicly available because of the need to protect the identity and confidentiality of research participants.
Author Contributions {#s7}
====================
AL conceptualized the study and led the data analysis, interpretation, writing of drafts, and finalizing the manuscript. RB leads the ESP project and supervised the writing process. JB, NP, FC, and GH provided advice during manuscript development. JB and VM contributed to the ESP project design. KC and LP assisted in ESP report dissemination and recruitment of study participants. All authors reviewed drafts, read, and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
------------------------------
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors acknowledge the support, enthusiasm and commitment of staff in participating primary health care services, and members of the ABCD National Research Partnership and the Center of Research Excellence in Integrated Quality Improvement in Indigenous Primary Health Care. We thank Audra De Witt for checking coding reliability.
**Funding.** The ABCD National Research Partnership Project has been supported by funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (545267) and the Lowitja Institute, and by in-kind and financial support from Community Controlled and Government agencies. AL is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Postgraduate Scholarship (1094595), and by the Centre of Research Excellence: An Innovation Platform for Integrated Quality Improvement in Indigenous Primary Health Care (CRE-IQI, funded by the NHMRC ID 1078927). RB\'s work has been supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (100100087). NP\'s contributions have been supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship (1121303). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.
Supplementary Material {#s8}
======================
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00378/full#supplementary-material>
######
Click here for additional data file.
ABCD
: audit and best practice for chronic disease
CQI
: continuous quality improvement
ESP, engaging stakeholders in identifying priority evidence-practice gaps
: barriers and strategies for improvement
HREC
: Human Research Ethics Committee
PHC
: primary health care.
[^1]: Edited by: Tarun Stephen Weeramanthri, University of Western Australia, Australia
[^2]: Reviewed by: Georgi Iskrov, Plovdiv Medical University, Bulgaria; Paul Russell Ward, Flinders University, Australia
[^3]: This article was submitted to Public Health Policy, a section of the journal Frontiers in Public Health
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] |
Karaoke Country Greatest, Pt. 4 (Karaoke Version)
Download links and information about Karaoke Country Greatest, Pt. 4 (Karaoke Version). This album was released in 2006 and it belongs to Country genres. It contains 16 tracks with total duration of 55:15 minutes. | [
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] |
/**
* Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0.
*/
#include <aws/route53/model/GeoLocationDetails.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/xml/XmlSerializer.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/StringUtils.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSStringStream.h>
#include <utility>
using namespace Aws::Utils::Xml;
using namespace Aws::Utils;
namespace Aws
{
namespace Route53
{
namespace Model
{
GeoLocationDetails::GeoLocationDetails() :
m_continentCodeHasBeenSet(false),
m_continentNameHasBeenSet(false),
m_countryCodeHasBeenSet(false),
m_countryNameHasBeenSet(false),
m_subdivisionCodeHasBeenSet(false),
m_subdivisionNameHasBeenSet(false)
{
}
GeoLocationDetails::GeoLocationDetails(const XmlNode& xmlNode) :
m_continentCodeHasBeenSet(false),
m_continentNameHasBeenSet(false),
m_countryCodeHasBeenSet(false),
m_countryNameHasBeenSet(false),
m_subdivisionCodeHasBeenSet(false),
m_subdivisionNameHasBeenSet(false)
{
*this = xmlNode;
}
GeoLocationDetails& GeoLocationDetails::operator =(const XmlNode& xmlNode)
{
XmlNode resultNode = xmlNode;
if(!resultNode.IsNull())
{
XmlNode continentCodeNode = resultNode.FirstChild("ContinentCode");
if(!continentCodeNode.IsNull())
{
m_continentCode = Aws::Utils::Xml::DecodeEscapedXmlText(continentCodeNode.GetText());
m_continentCodeHasBeenSet = true;
}
XmlNode continentNameNode = resultNode.FirstChild("ContinentName");
if(!continentNameNode.IsNull())
{
m_continentName = Aws::Utils::Xml::DecodeEscapedXmlText(continentNameNode.GetText());
m_continentNameHasBeenSet = true;
}
XmlNode countryCodeNode = resultNode.FirstChild("CountryCode");
if(!countryCodeNode.IsNull())
{
m_countryCode = Aws::Utils::Xml::DecodeEscapedXmlText(countryCodeNode.GetText());
m_countryCodeHasBeenSet = true;
}
XmlNode countryNameNode = resultNode.FirstChild("CountryName");
if(!countryNameNode.IsNull())
{
m_countryName = Aws::Utils::Xml::DecodeEscapedXmlText(countryNameNode.GetText());
m_countryNameHasBeenSet = true;
}
XmlNode subdivisionCodeNode = resultNode.FirstChild("SubdivisionCode");
if(!subdivisionCodeNode.IsNull())
{
m_subdivisionCode = Aws::Utils::Xml::DecodeEscapedXmlText(subdivisionCodeNode.GetText());
m_subdivisionCodeHasBeenSet = true;
}
XmlNode subdivisionNameNode = resultNode.FirstChild("SubdivisionName");
if(!subdivisionNameNode.IsNull())
{
m_subdivisionName = Aws::Utils::Xml::DecodeEscapedXmlText(subdivisionNameNode.GetText());
m_subdivisionNameHasBeenSet = true;
}
}
return *this;
}
void GeoLocationDetails::AddToNode(XmlNode& parentNode) const
{
Aws::StringStream ss;
if(m_continentCodeHasBeenSet)
{
XmlNode continentCodeNode = parentNode.CreateChildElement("ContinentCode");
continentCodeNode.SetText(m_continentCode);
}
if(m_continentNameHasBeenSet)
{
XmlNode continentNameNode = parentNode.CreateChildElement("ContinentName");
continentNameNode.SetText(m_continentName);
}
if(m_countryCodeHasBeenSet)
{
XmlNode countryCodeNode = parentNode.CreateChildElement("CountryCode");
countryCodeNode.SetText(m_countryCode);
}
if(m_countryNameHasBeenSet)
{
XmlNode countryNameNode = parentNode.CreateChildElement("CountryName");
countryNameNode.SetText(m_countryName);
}
if(m_subdivisionCodeHasBeenSet)
{
XmlNode subdivisionCodeNode = parentNode.CreateChildElement("SubdivisionCode");
subdivisionCodeNode.SetText(m_subdivisionCode);
}
if(m_subdivisionNameHasBeenSet)
{
XmlNode subdivisionNameNode = parentNode.CreateChildElement("SubdivisionName");
subdivisionNameNode.SetText(m_subdivisionName);
}
}
} // namespace Model
} // namespace Route53
} // namespace Aws
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] |
July 2, 2010 -- Seven weeks after a vicious sulfuric acid attack, Katie Piper readied for her release from the hospital. The 26-year-old former model and aspiring television presenter was burned beyond recognition when a stranger threw acid in her face on a London street in March 2008.
"The pain was so bad I thought this guy's thrown a match at me... I thought I must be a big orange fireball because it's so painful," she recalled. "I remember bits of my face were coming off and bits were coming away, and my clothes were all evaporating and I was panicking. I was banging on the windows of the shops and people were scared."
Security cameras captured the incident and police learned that Piper's boyfriend, Danny Lynch -- a 33-year-old martial arts enthusiast Piper had started dating just two weeks earlier, had hired a henchman to throw the acid at the stunning model.
"This is when my life changed completely, forever…" she said, "This is when I lost my beautiful face."
The acid melted all of the skin on her face, neck and hands and when she arrived at the hospital, she was missing an ear and parts of her nose, and was blind in one eye. Piper's doctors began a series of reconstructive surgeries, including a revolutionary skin graft to reconstruct her face.
Click here to see photos of Katie Piper before the attack and through her miraculous recovery
But even after a marathon of reconstructive surgeries, psychological hurdles remained. Piper, whose looks were the key to her aspiring career as a model, hadn't seen a mirror since the day she was assaulted.
"I remember I had no eyelids and it was just the actual eyeballs round -- all exposed, and...[I] had no nose," Piper said. "It was just...it was so difficult, so alien."
"She looked at [her face] and burst into tears," said her father, David Piper. "And she looked at me and said, 'It's not me. It's not the face I was born with.'"
In shock, Piper asked for a moment alone before the ride to her family's home in Andover, England.
"I was alone in the room. And I was praying and I was talking to God and I knew God had a plan for me, I knew he was taking me on a journey," she said. "And I decided how hard it was going to get, I was going to keep on that journey.
Click here for full coverage of Katie Piper's story
Piper's Road to Recovery
Piper's road to recovery was long and filled with many more trips to the hospital. At home, she was forced to wear a plastic mask 23 hours a day to help her wounds heal.
The attack had stolen the carefree woman's identity and crushed her spirit. "I've never been like this where there's no point in waking up," she said. "I thought I was invincible, lived for the moment and loved life."
Piper's mother, Diane, quit her job to focus on her daughter's care.
"I thought, 'Well, I'll have to give up work. Kate won't want to go anywhere. She won't want to be seen by anybody. She'll become a recluse. I will give up my life; I will stay at home with her,' And that was the future. An empty future," Diane Piper said.
But as Piper settled in at home, the fear did not wear off. She was terrified of anyone approaching the house. Even the doorbell was paralyzing.
"It was like having a child again, instead of having a woman," her father said. "If somebody dropped a tray, she would nearly come off the bed. ...She was so frightened of men, generally, and just anything that was scary. And she had terrible days of, you know, hallucinations."
Visions of Attackers Haunt Model
Beyond a forest of medical concerns, Piper also obsessively worried about the legal proceedings against Lynch, who authorities said had a history of violence and had paid Stefan Sylvestre to throw the acid at Piper.
"In the first few months at home, every night I'd have nightmares about my attackers," she said. "I would see them over me, I'd wake up screaming."
By day, a glance at her reflection in the mirror sparked a firestorm of anger.
"My appearance is a constant reminder of what he did to me. And almost like I belong to him, because it's not really my face -- it's the one he created through the attack," Piper said. "I think that's like the only thing I feel I belong to, is him. I always have, like, his marks all over my face, all over my body. I'll never be like the person I was born to be like -- the person I'm supposed to be."
"It was really hard," said Piper's younger sister Suzy. "One day ... you sort of thought, 'Oh, you know, maybe she's getting better.' And then it could be even just half an hour later ... she wouldn't speak or she would be really upset or she'd be angry. It was like a roller coaster."
For over a year, Piper only left her home for trips to the hospital. She dreaded going out in public, even shopping at the mall, because people stared.
Burned Model Celebrates Triumphant Journey
Slowly, Piper began rearranging her life. "She sort of reached this conscious decision ... when she said, 'I am not going to be a victim. I'm going to be a survivor,'" David Piper said.
Eighteen months after the incident, the former self-described "party girl" decided to throw a party for those who were a part of her terrible but triumphant journey.
"I'd accepted that this was me. This was my new, beautiful face," she said. "I'd had a lot of help from the people that really mattered. I wanted to thank them in a way that I could ... and I knew it would mean a lot to those people to see me enjoying myself and out. I think that was a reward to them and to me as well."
"I never dreamed that we'd see her like that again," said Suzy. "And so to look at her I just thought that it's Kate again. She's back, you know. And it was so nice."
Her next milestone was leaving the house alone. Piper took a short walk into town. It was an emotional moment for Piper and her mother.
"I think I've got a chance to build a life, and I don't know if it's going to be that easy, but I want to try. I don't want to be a scared little child. I want to blossom into a confident, able woman," she said. "The scars, the mask, everything encased me in this little shell, and I want to break free and be my own person ... I want to be rid of that and just be Katie."
Piper's Plans for the Future
Piper first told her story in a British television documentary, "My Beautiful Face," which gave her the platform to rebuild her life. She now wants to help other burn victims receive the same extensive rehab that she did.
"We actually talk about it now -- she wants to set up a clinic here in London so, you know, anyone who is burnt can go to this clinic for as much rehab as possible," said best friend Kay Little. "I think she's actually probably got a brighter future now than she had as a, you know, as a model and, and TV presenter."
Piper admits that before the incident, she was self-obsessed.
"I was the most important thing in my life. There was always something in my life that I was missing and I never knew what that hole was. And after my accident I found a faith and, and I learned to believe in God and I started to pray…And that void has been filled in my life," she said. "I feel enriched in that way through the accident. And I think it's taught me that I don't want to be a cliche ...it has taught me that, you know, looks aren't everything."
A jury found Stefan Sylvestre, the man who threw the acid, guilty of causing bodily harm. He received a life sentence, with a minimum of 12 years in prison. Piper's ex-boyfriend David Lynch, who orchestrated the attack, received two life sentences, and will serve at least 16 years in jail.
"I've got some terrible memories that will live with me forever," Piper said. "But slowly I'm replacing them with some fantastic memories that nobody can take away."
Click here for full coverage of Katie Piper's story
Katie Piper's Foundation: http://www.katiepiperfoundation.org.uk/ | [
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] |
Cobra II
Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq is a 2006 book written by Michael R. Gordon, chief military correspondent for The New York Times, and Bernard E. Trainor, a retired Marine Corps lieutenant general, which details the behind-the-scenes decision-making leading to the invasion of Iraq in 2003. It then follows, in depth, the invasion itself and the early months of the occupation through summer 2003.
The authors had access to a wide range of materials, including many classified documents, and access to the highest levels of the US and Iraqi government and military. They describe in detail the meetings, correspondence, and positions of the various actors, including not only the US and Iraq, but other countries across the world as they considered the implications of joining the "Coalition of the Willing".
A large part of the book is dedicated to describing the internal meetings and perspectives of Iraqi leadership. Predominant among the actors described are the US and Iraqi generals, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, and President George W. Bush and their closest staff members. The book reconstructs the principal battles from primary sources including many interviews with both military leadership and front-line soldiers. Also discussed are the failures of US intelligence and the paucity of planning concerning post-war operations.
Themes
Gordon and Trainor argue broadly that America's Iraq War difficulties came from five major failures: "the misreading of the foe", "the overreliance on technological advancement", "the failure to adapt to developments on the battlefield", "the dysfunction of American military structures", and "the Bush Administration's disdain for nation-building".
Notes
External links
New York Times Book Review article
Random House book description
Foreign Affairs review
Panel discussion on with Gordon and Trainor on Cobra II, March 16, 2006
Category:2006 books
Category:Books about the 2003 invasion of Iraq | [
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] |
The Six Positions 13 July 2017
Most syllabus Standard dancers are used to dancing in Closed Position and Promenade Positions, but all told there are six positions that you need to know to have a well rounded understanding of Standard. Two of these positions don't appear in the syllabus, but they are all fairly common in Open figures. This post will not only tell you what they are, but also how to get into them (how to get out will always depend on the following figure), and common figures where they are used.
In all the diagrams below, the blue and pink squares represent the Man and Lady's hips, respectively. These do not represent their shoulders, which should remain as parallel to each other as possible, regardless of the position of the hips.
Closed Position (Right to Right)
This is the most fundamental position, and the one you undoubtedly learnt first when starting to dance. The Man and Lady face each other, with the Lady on the Man's right side, and the hips are parallel to each other. It is also called Right to Right, because the Man's right side and the Lady's right side are in contact. This positioning of the hips encompasses another position - Outside Partner. In Outside Partner, the relation between the dancers' hips is exactly the same, the only difference being that the direction of movement is not forward or back, but diagonally forward to the left, or diagonally back to the right, allowing the legs to swing freely.
Close Position is used in most basic steps, including the Waltz Natural Turn, the Tango Reverse Turn, and every figure in traditional Viennese Waltz.
Outside Partner Position is used in the Foxtrot Feather Step, the Quickstep Forward Lock, and the Waltz Outside Spin.
Wing Position (Left to Left)
This position is very difficult for most dancers to learn, especially while maintaining a good frame and topline. Nevertheless, this position shows up in the Syllabus starting at Silver. The Man and the Lady face each other, but with the Lady on the Man's left side, while the hips stay parallel. It is also called Left to Left because the Man's left side and the Lady's left side are in contact. Steps in this position are generally taken in Outside Partner on the Left. To achieve this position, the Man will lead the Lady to slide her hips around the him until she reaches his left side.
Wing Position is used in the Wing and the Closed Wing in Waltz, and in Foxtrot the Hover Cross.
Promenade Position
This is probably the second position you learnt, after Closed Position. In this position, the Man and the Lady's hips are opened to form a V to the Man's Left (Lady's Right). Because of the opening and the offset, the Lady will be slightly behind the Man. To achieve this position, the Man will lead the Lady to roll her hips around his, or he may roll his own hips to the left, depending on the figure. This positioning of the hips encompasses another position - Fallaway Position. Fallaway is just Promenade that moves backward, but the positioning of the bodies is exactly the same.
Promenade Position is used in the Waltz Chasse from PP, the Tango Closed Promenade, and the Foxtrot Open Impetus.
Fallaway Position is used in the Waltz Fallaway Reverse Turn Slip Pivot, the Tango Fallaway Promenade, and the Foxtrot Bounce Fallaway with Weave Ending.
Counter Promenade Position
Of all the positions, this position is used the least, because it is difficult to execute and can easily distort the topline. In this position, the Man and the Lady's hips are opened to form a V to the Man's Right (Lady's Left). Because of the opening and the offset, the Lady will be slightly in front of the Man, and rolled into the crease of his left hip. This position would be exactly the same as Promenade Position if the Man and Lady were to switch roles. To achieve this position, the Man will lead the Lady to roll her hips away from him, or he may roll his own hips around her, depending on the figure. This positioning of the hips encompasses another position - Counter Fallaway Position. Counter Fallaway is just Counter Promenade that moves backward, but the positioning of the bodies is exactly the same.
Counter Promenade Position is not used in the Waltz Left Whisk.
Counter Fallaway Position is used briefly in the Foxtrot Three Fallaways.
Same Foot Lunge Position
This position is named after the popular figure that makes use of it, and it isn't found at all in the Syllabus. The Lady's hips are not parallel, but perpendicular to the Man's, with her facing the Man's left side. Her hips sit on the Man's right side, in the crease of his right hip. To achieve this position, the Man will slip his hips beyond the Lady's, while leading her to turn to her right.
This position is used in the Same Foot Lunge, and the Right Hinge.
Hinge Position
This position is also named after the popular figure that makes use of it, and it is also not found in the Syllabus. The Lady's hips are again perpendicular to the Man's, but with her facing the Man's right side. Her hips sit on the Man's left side, in the crease of his left hip. To achieve this position, the Man will lead the Lady to his left side and to turn to her left.
This position is used in the Hinge.
There are from time to time other extreme positions advanced dancers will use, but these six are the fundamentals. Practicing them can lead to better partner awareness and a more flowing lead and follow. | [
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The SME space is changing, and emerging leaders are utilising affordable, flexible and scalable big data and analytics tools. SMEs are confident about their ability to innovate, but much less certain about their ability to use big data and advanced analytics to do so...
For businesses large and small, relying on a cloud-based collaboration and productivity suite such as Microsoft Office 365 is becoming the norm. Enhancing productivity in your organisation is vital to get ahead in 2017 - and using Office 365 can help, if it's used right...
FireEye SVP believes healthcare sector in particular is more aware of threats to connected systems
Developed nations are likely to have created and covertly deployed malware in industrial control systems (ICS) used in other countries in case it ever needs to be used in a conflict.
Anthony Kolish, a senior vice president at FireEye, is convinced that this has happened but said that evidence of such actions may never come to light.
“I think the thing that makes this hard to peg is that, once you do it, it’s hard to turn back. So malware may be lurking in infrastructure that can be used in a conflict if it escalates to a point that it needs to be used," he told V3.
“But when you use it, that tips your hand and it’s then out there, so the stakes are very high. It’s a geopolitical issue and you just never know.”
Security experts have often talked of the threat to ICS environments. A major attack on an ICS in Ukraine last year left power stations offline in an incident that many believe was coordinated, or at least backed, by the Russian government.
“There are literally thousands of ICS vulnerabilities and the pace of discovery is increasing all the time. FireEye found one last year that had Stuxnet-like capabilities that was capable of feeding fake user interface information to the people that were monitoring systems to mask what was going on,” he said.
This increase has alerted more industries to the threat posed by industrial system hackers, and the healthcare sector is particularly concerned, according to Kolish.
“It first emerged after the Anthem breach of 2014 and in the last six months we’re seeing more healthcare providers saying they are getting concerned about the potential for medical devices and systems to be hacked," he said.
“With these types of incident we’re not just looking at loss of money or intellectual property but injury or loss of life, so the sense of rush is much higher.” | [
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] |
Ultra-deep next generation mitochondrial genome sequencing reveals widespread heteroplasmy in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Recent sequencing of the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell and Chinese hamster genomes has dramatically advanced our ability to understand the biology of these mammalian cell factories. In this study, we focus on the powerhouse of the CHO cell, the mitochondrion. Utilizing a high-resolution next generation sequencing approach we sequenced the Chinese hamster mitochondrial genome for the first time and surveyed the mutational landscape of CHO cell mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Depths of coverage ranging from ~3,319X to 8,056X enabled accurate identification of low frequency mutations (>1%), revealing that mtDNA heteroplasmy is widespread in CHO cells. A total of 197 variants at 130 individual nucleotide positions were identified across a panel of 22 cell lines with 81% of variants occurring at an allele frequency of between 1% and 99%. 89% of the heteroplasmic mutations identified were cell line specific with the majority of shared heteroplasmic SNPs and INDELs detected in clones from 2 cell line development projects originating from the same host cell line. The frequency of common predicted loss of function mutations varied significantly amongst the clones indicating that heteroplasmic mtDNA variation could lead to a continuous range of phenotypes and play a role in cell to cell, production run to production run and indeed clone to clone variation in CHO cell metabolism. Experiments that integrate mtDNA sequencing with metabolic flux analysis and metabolomics have the potential to improve cell line selection and enhance CHO cell metabolic phenotypes for biopharmaceutical manufacturing through rational mitochondrial genome engineering. | [
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] |
Celebrity skin, celebrity makeup and 'breakthrough beauty secrets' are very popular topics in America today, and yet most people don’t realize that the ‘Top Anti-Aging Products’ are both very effective and very affordable to anyone!
How To Get Perfect Skin Without Breaking The Bank – FREE TRIAL OFFER!
If you’re like many of us, you’re probably wondering how to get perfect skin. Beautiful skin speaks of good and vitality, and taking excellent care of it will help to keep you healthy and looking great.
If you want to know how to get perfect skin, there are some things that you should be doing, and definitely things that you shouldn’t be doing. The first thing that you need to do to have perfect skin is to learn about the way your skin behaves. Perfect skin is well cared for skin. It is nourished and hydrated, and it is clean – but not so clean it loses its essential nutrients. It is radiant and balanced.
A few are lucky enough to be born with naturally great skin (The Top 5 Celebrities With The Best Celeb Skin), but most women struggle with it. They might have a blotchy skin tone, large pores, oily patches, or wrinkles and age spots. These are all signs of aging, but they can begin to appear as young as your twenties.
How To Get Perfect Skin – Follow These Perfect Skin Basics At Any Age
When you’re figuring out how to get perfect skin, there are a few basics that you should follow no matter how young or old you are. In fact, it’s a good idea to start taking excellent care of your skin at an early age, so you can offset potential problems later on.
Start with a gentle cleanser, but not necessarily twice a day. Before you use any type of product, you need to make sure you start with a fresh, clean canvas. However, many cleansers use heavy duty detergents and that can dry and irritate your skin. Even if you have oily skin, you should gently cleanse it. Choose the right cleanser for your skin, but work with natural ingredients instead of harsh abrasives.
Then, consider cleansing only once a day. When your skin gets too dry it will overproduce oil, which can clog the pores. Instead, if you cleanse well at night, and haven’t done anything in the morning, simply splash with cool water to start your day.
Gently exfoliate at least twice a week – but not too often. Exfoliation gets mixed reviews, but many experts agree that a gentle exfoliator helps to shed dead skin cells and clear the pores. Your face will shed dead skin cells every day. If you’re not getting them off of your new skin, they break down and wind up in your pores. That’s how we wind up with blackheads and large pores.
A gentle exfoliator can help to keep your pores small, your skin clean and fresh and your complexion clear and radiant. In fact, gently exfoliating around fine lines can help to stimulate collagen production and reduce the look of some of those beginning signs of aging.
Moisturize your skin. Even if you have oily skin on your face, you still need to add a moisturizer to your daily routine. You can choose the right kind for your skin type, and not all face lotions are heavy. Some lightweight moisturizers offer excellent benefits, but others might prefer a heavier type of cream. If you’re paying attention to your skin and how your face feels, you will likely be able to tell which moisturizer is the best choice for you.
Take note of whether your skin feels tight, and if you notice irritation, redness or flakiness. These can be signs of sensitivity or not enough moisture.
Start early with the sunscreen and use it liberally. There is some debate about sunscreens, using them and their safety, but when it comes to how to get perfect skin sunscreen is the best way to prevent signs of premature aging such as fine lines, wrinkles and dark spots – also called hyperpigmentation.
You should use sunscreen every single day, and if you’re going to be out for extended periods of time, will be perspiring or will be in the water, be sure to reapply periodically.
How To Get Perfect Skin – Use The Right Skin Care Products
Once you know how to get perfect skin through the basics, it’s time to start incorporating some highly effective products that target your problems and prevent future ones from popping up. Look for products that contain special ingredients to help with your specific needs.
Antioxidants – Sun exposure, the elements, pollutants and the way we eat and drink all release toxins, called free radicals, onto our skin and into our bodies. These free radicals wreak havoc on our systems because they damage our cells on the molecular level. This means that the molecules of the skin cells that keep us looking young and healthy are being broken down by free radicals.
The most powerful antioxidants are Vitamin E and Vitamin C. These two vitamins work to neutralize free radicals so they can no longer damage the skin.
Healthy moisture – Your skin needs to have healthy moisture, so no matter what type of product you use, it needs to add moisture.
Consider getting a RISK-FREE TRIAL of our #1 Recommended Celebrity Skin Care Product – Wrinkle Rewind – to help kick start your efforts in turning back the hands of time. Called a “Hollywood Beauty Secret” by those who have tried it, this product sinks deep beneath the skin’s layers to deliver the potent anti-aging results you need and want.
While you’re at it, add Oxy Genius to your skincare routine to boost the natural vitality of your skin and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Both of these products have the nutrients that you need to boost your ‘cellular turnover’ and naturally increase your body’s Collagen production to reduce wrinkles and fine lines and help your skin look younger and smoother.
It’s never too late to learn how to get perfect skin, and you can start making beautiful skin changes today. Look younger, feel better about yourself and enjoy all the compliments that you’ll get! | [
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I would love to run a Deep Q-Learning algorithm or some type of Multi Agent Reinforcement Learning algorithm. I tried a deep q-learning approach locally, but it looks like my laptop will take months before I can even see any sort of results .
I'm trying to apply policy gradient approach from various reinforcement learning papers. My naive 3 layer neural network is currently on my laptop and can only run once a day (training over-night). Would greatly appreciate a voucher to speeding things up on GCP using their GPUs
Just found Halite, but figured I would respond while these are still available. I'd like to look at TD/q-learning and policy gradient on top of hand-engineered actions/strategies. I'd also like to try using imitation learning for initial policies.
The voucher would be really helpful for the deep RL and inverse RL strategies I'm trying to implement based on various publications I've been looking at. It seems like any agents I try to train locally will not produce any results within a reasonable amount of time. Thanks!
I want to create better navigation to make the ships move better in fleet formations and tactical combat. I see many bots moving out in little waves and feel this should be more like a dog-fight than it currently is.
A large part of the strategy is navigation and predicting opponents moves which will be computationally expensive. Google credits will help me with that.
Edit: An update to my strategy: I want to take in a wider amount of models and be able to train them. Training rounds are being bogged down by memory restrictions on my home machine. We can worry about dogfights later...
I want to use a reinforcement learning algorithm, much like the Atari Deep Q learning algorithm, but using game specific knowledge to make high level decisions. To do this, I can start by looking at replays. But the important aspect will be training by playing my bot against older versions of itself.
Running this in the cloud will allow me to really parallelize this game playing, making the training time more reasonable.
I would like to use the voucher to better implement my machine learning algorithms to enhance my current bot and keep them running on the GPU. It's also a great learning experience for me (relatively new in ML/DL).
If they are still available, I would like to have a voucher to do some long term ML training. My dataset is getting quite huge, and my laptop's CPU is good enough for the actual playing, but for training, it's not cutting it anymore, and I would like to train it on some faster CPU (or GPU if available).
If anyone is interested, I'm using a variation on DQN and the Starcraft II shared knowledge/multi agent scaling whitepaper. Essentially, there is a ConvNet that represents some kind of general strategy/decision maker, and a NN that takes the ConvNet's output, and a ship's current state, and output a specific action for this ship. The goal is for the ConvNet and the NN to learn to talk to each other, so that effectively, there is a general higher-level strategy (the ConvNet), and a lower level/micromanagement with the Neural Network. There will be some shared experience with all of the ship's results/output feeding back into the ConvNet's thus hopeuflly accelerating the learning of the ConvNet talking to the NN, but so far, it has not been very successful. It has learned to (mostly) avoid other ship, but it has not learned about docking yet, and spends most of its time doing nothing.
My bottlenecks right now is time (Fulltime job + kids + laptop's CPU), and with the voucher, I feel that it would fix the CPU part of it : Faster CPU means generating data faster, and faster (hopefully way faster) training.
I have been doing a lot of reading about RL agents that use deep learning, but I haven't yet had the time/application/resources in combination to work on actually building a bot using anything beyond simple Q learning with hand-coded features. I hope to change that this holiday break with Halite and (hopefully) credits on GCE.
I would like to use RL and evolutionary strategies in selecting targets/planets and in choosing the appropriate amount of ships to use in capturing a planet. Having a large number of processors to run the various options would be very helpful. | [
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Sixers sign second-round pick Shake Milton to two-way contract
Sixers sign second-round pick Shake Milton to two-way contract
There was obvious interest in former SMU guard Shake Milton from the Philadelphia 76ers during the NBA pre-draft process. After being brought in for a workout, he seemed like a prime second-round target for the team.
The Sixers wound up dealing away quite a few of their second-round selections, though, but late in the round, their final trade was one that brought Milton to Philly.
After sending the No. 56 and 60 selections to the Dallas Mavericks to move up to No. 54, the Sixers landed the talented guard. And on Thursday, the team revealed they have signed Milton to a two-way contract.
Although Milton was unable to participate in the 2018 NBA Summer League due to a back injury, Brett Brown and company are obviously confident in his abilities.
With the two-way contract, Milton is able to spend up to 45 days with the Sixers, and the rest of the time will be with their G-League, the Delaware Blue Coats.
During his collegiate career, Milton progressively improved his game over three seasons. His final year featured him posting averages of 18.0 points, 4.7 rebounds, and 4.4 assists. He was also named Second-Team All-AAC in both 2017 and 2018. | [
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/**********************************************************************
*
* Copyright (c) 2004 Olaf Willuhn
* All rights reserved.
*
* This software is copyrighted work licensed under the terms of the
* Jameica License. Please consult the file "LICENSE" for details.
*
**********************************************************************/
package de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.controller;
import java.rmi.RemoteException;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Event;
import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Listener;
import org.kapott.hbci.manager.HBCIUtils;
import de.jost_net.OBanToo.SEPA.IBAN;
import de.jost_net.OBanToo.SEPA.BankenDaten.Bank;
import de.jost_net.OBanToo.SEPA.BankenDaten.Banken;
import de.jost_net.OBanToo.SEPA.Land.SEPALand;
import de.willuhn.datasource.pseudo.PseudoIterator;
import de.willuhn.datasource.rmi.DBIterator;
import de.willuhn.datasource.rmi.ResultSetExtractor;
import de.willuhn.jameica.gui.AbstractControl;
import de.willuhn.jameica.gui.AbstractView;
import de.willuhn.jameica.gui.Part;
import de.willuhn.jameica.gui.input.Input;
import de.willuhn.jameica.gui.input.SelectInput;
import de.willuhn.jameica.gui.input.TextAreaInput;
import de.willuhn.jameica.gui.input.TextInput;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.HBCI;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.HBCIProperties;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.Settings;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.action.EmpfaengerNew;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.action.SepaSammelLastBuchungNew;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.action.SepaSammelUeberweisungBuchungNew;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.action.UmsatzDetail;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.input.BICInput;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.input.BLZInput;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.input.IBANInput;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.parts.SepaSammelTransferBuchungList;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.parts.UmsatzList;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.rmi.Address;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.rmi.HibiscusAddress;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.rmi.SepaSammelLastBuchung;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.rmi.SepaSammelUeberweisungBuchung;
import de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.server.UmsatzUtil;
import de.willuhn.jameica.messaging.StatusBarMessage;
import de.willuhn.jameica.system.Application;
import de.willuhn.logging.Logger;
import de.willuhn.util.ApplicationException;
import de.willuhn.util.I18N;
/**
* Controller fuer die Empfaenger-Adressen.
*/
public class EmpfaengerControl extends AbstractControl
{
private final static I18N i18n = Application.getPluginLoader().getPlugin(HBCI.class).getResources().getI18N();
// Fach-Objekte
private Address address = null;
// Eingabe-Felder
private TextInput kontonummer = null;
private TextInput blz = null;
private Input name = null;
private TextInput bic = null;
private TextInput iban = null;
private TextInput bank = null;
private SelectInput kategorie = null;
private Input kommentar = null;
private Part list = null;
private Part sammelList = null;
private Part sammelList2 = null;
private Part umsatzList = null;
private IbanListener ibanListener = new IbanListener();
/**
* @param view
*/
public EmpfaengerControl(AbstractView view)
{
super(view);
}
/**
* Liefert die Adresse.
* Existiert er nicht, wird ein neuer erzeugt.
* @return die Adresse.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Address getAddress() throws RemoteException
{
if (address != null)
return address;
address = (Address) getCurrentObject();
if (address != null)
return address;
address = (HibiscusAddress) Settings.getDBService().createObject(HibiscusAddress.class,null);
return address;
}
/**
* Prueft, ob es sich bei der Adresse um eine Hibiscus-Adresse handelt und diese aenderbar ist.
* @return true, wenn es eine Hibiscus-Adresse ist.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public boolean isHibiscusAdresse() throws RemoteException
{
Address a = getAddress();
return (a instanceof HibiscusAddress);
}
/**
* Liefert eine Tabelle mit allen vorhandenen Empfaengern.
* @return Tabelle.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Part getEmpfaengerListe() throws RemoteException
{
if (list != null)
return list;
list = new de.willuhn.jameica.hbci.gui.parts.EmpfaengerList(new EmpfaengerNew());
return list;
}
// BUGZILLA 56 http://www.willuhn.de/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=56
/**
* Liefert eine Liste von allen Umsaetzen an/von diese/dieser Adresse.
* @return Tabelle.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Part getUmsatzListe() throws RemoteException
{
if (this.umsatzList != null)
return this.umsatzList;
Address a = this.getAddress();
DBIterator list = UmsatzUtil.getUmsaetzeBackwards();
// BUGZILLA 1328 https://www.willuhn.de/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=1328
// wenn wir eine IBAN haben, muessen wir auch nach der suchen.
// BUGZILLA 1395 wenn der Adressbuch-Eintrag nur IBAN hat und keine Kontonummer/BLZ, dann nur nach IBAN suchen
String iban = a.getIban();
String konto = a.getKontonummer();
if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(iban)) // haben wir eine IBAN?
{
if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(konto)) // haben wir ausserdem Konto/BLZ?
list.addFilter("((empfaenger_konto like ? and empfaenger_blz = ?) or lower(empfaenger_konto) = ?)","%" + konto, a.getBlz(), iban.toLowerCase());
else // nur IBAN // BUGZILLA 1395
list.addFilter("lower(empfaenger_konto) = ?",iban.toLowerCase());
}
else
{
list.addFilter("empfaenger_konto like ?","%" + konto);
list.addFilter("empfaenger_blz = ?",a.getBlz());
}
this.umsatzList = new UmsatzList(list,new UmsatzDetail());
return this.umsatzList;
}
// BUGZILLA 107 http://www.willuhn.de/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=107
/**
* Liefert eine Liste von allen Sammel-Lastschrift-Buchungen, die von dieser
* Adresse eingezogen wurden.
* @return Tabelle.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Part getSammelLastListe() throws RemoteException
{
if (this.sammelList != null)
return this.sammelList;
DBIterator list = Settings.getDBService().createList(SepaSammelLastBuchung.class);
list.addFilter("empfaenger_konto = ?", getAddress().getIban());
list.setOrder(" ORDER BY id DESC");
this.sammelList = new SepaSammelTransferBuchungList(PseudoIterator.asList(list),new SepaSammelLastBuchungNew());
return this.sammelList;
}
/**
* Liefert eine Liste von allen Sammel-Ueberweisung-Buchungen, die an diese
* Adresse ueberwiesen wurden.
* @return Tabelle.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Part getSammelUeberweisungListe() throws RemoteException
{
if (this.sammelList2 != null)
return this.sammelList2;
DBIterator list = Settings.getDBService().createList(SepaSammelUeberweisungBuchung.class);
list.addFilter("empfaenger_konto = ?", getAddress().getIban());
list.setOrder(" ORDER BY id DESC");
this.sammelList2 = new SepaSammelTransferBuchungList(PseudoIterator.asList(list),new SepaSammelUeberweisungBuchungNew());
return this.sammelList2;
}
/**
* Liefert das Eingabe-Feld fuer die Kontonummer.
* @return Eingabe-Feld.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Input getKontonummer() throws RemoteException
{
if (kontonummer != null)
return kontonummer;
kontonummer = new TextInput(getAddress().getKontonummer(),HBCIProperties.HBCI_KTO_MAXLENGTH_SOFT);
// BUGZILLA 280
kontonummer.setValidChars(HBCIProperties.HBCI_KTO_VALIDCHARS);
boolean b = this.isHibiscusAdresse();
kontonummer.setEnabled(b);
if (b)
kontonummer.addListener(this.ibanListener);
return kontonummer;
}
/**
* Liefert ein Eingabe-Feld fuer einen Kommentar.
* @return Kommentar.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Input getKommentar() throws RemoteException
{
if (this.kommentar != null)
return this.kommentar;
this.kommentar = new TextAreaInput(getAddress().getKommentar());
this.kommentar.setEnabled(isHibiscusAdresse());
return this.kommentar;
}
/**
* Liefert ein editierbares Auswahlfeld mit der Kategorie.
* @return Auswahlfeld.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public SelectInput getKategorie() throws RemoteException
{
if (this.kategorie != null)
return this.kategorie;
List<String> list = (List<String>) Settings.getDBService().execute("select kategorie from empfaenger where kategorie is not null and kategorie != '' group by kategorie order by LOWER(kategorie)",null,new ResultSetExtractor()
{
/**
* @see de.willuhn.datasource.rmi.ResultSetExtractor#extract(java.sql.ResultSet)
*/
public Object extract(ResultSet rs) throws RemoteException, SQLException
{
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
list.add(""); // <Keine Kategorie>
while (rs.next())
list.add(rs.getString(1));
return list;
}
});
this.kategorie = new SelectInput(list,this.getAddress().getKategorie());
this.kategorie.setName(i18n.tr("Gruppe"));
this.kategorie.setEditable(true);
this.kategorie.setEnabled(isHibiscusAdresse());
return this.kategorie;
}
/**
* Liefert das Eingabe-Feld fuer die BLZ.
* @return Eingabe-Feld.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Input getBlz() throws RemoteException
{
if (blz != null)
return blz;
blz = new BLZInput(getAddress().getBlz());
boolean b = this.isHibiscusAdresse();
blz.setEnabled(b);
if (b)
blz.addListener(this.ibanListener);
return blz;
}
/**
* Liefert das Eingabe-Feld fuer die IBAN.
* @return Eingabe-Feld.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Input getIban() throws RemoteException
{
if (this.iban != null)
return this.iban;
boolean enabled = this.isHibiscusAdresse();
this.iban = new IBANInput(getAddress().getIban(),this.getBic());
this.iban.setEnabled(enabled);
if (enabled)
{
this.iban.addListener(new Listener() {
public void handleEvent(Event event)
{
// BUGZILLA 1605 Wenn wir eine IBAN haben aber noch keine
// Kontonummer/BLZ, dann vervollstaendigen wir diese
try
{
String iban = (String) getIban().getValue();
boolean haveIban = StringUtils.trimToNull(iban) != null;
boolean haveKto = StringUtils.trimToNull((String) getKontonummer().getValue()) != null;
boolean haveBlz = StringUtils.trimToNull((String) getBlz().getValue()) != null;
if (haveIban && (!haveKto || !haveBlz))
{
IBAN i = new IBAN(iban);
SEPALand land = i.getLand();
if (land.getBankIdentifierLength() == null)
{
Logger.info("length of bank identifier unknown for this country");
return;
}
// Kontonummer vervollstaendigen
if (!haveKto)
getKontonummer().setValue(i.getKonto());
// BLZ vervollstaendigen
if (!haveBlz)
getBlz().setValue(i.getBLZ());
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Logger.error("unable to auto-complete account number",e);
}
}
});
}
return this.iban;
}
/**
* Liefert das Eingabe-Feld fuer die BIC.
* @return Eingabe-Feld.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Input getBic() throws RemoteException
{
if (this.bic != null)
return this.bic;
boolean enabled = this.isHibiscusAdresse();
this.bic = new BICInput(getAddress().getBic());
this.bic.setEnabled(enabled);
if (enabled)
{
this.bic.addListener(new Listener() {
public void handleEvent(Event event)
{
// BUGZILLA 1605 Wenn wir eine BIC haben aber noch keine
// BLZ, dann vervollstaendigen wir diese
try
{
String bic = (String) getBic().getValue();
String blz = (String) getBlz().getValue();
if (StringUtils.trimToNull(bic) != null && StringUtils.trimToNull(blz) == null)
{
Bank bank = Banken.getBankByBIC(bic);
if (bank == null)
{
Logger.info("blz unknown for bic " + bic);
return;
}
getBlz().setValue(bank.getBLZ());
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Logger.error("unable to auto-complete BLZ",e);
}
}
});
}
return this.bic;
}
/**
* Liefert das Eingabe-Feld fuer den Namen der Bank.
* @return Eingabe-Feld.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Input getBank() throws RemoteException
{
if (this.bank == null)
{
String s = null;
Address a = getAddress();
if (a instanceof HibiscusAddress)
s = ((HibiscusAddress)a).getBank();
this.bank = new TextInput(s, HBCIProperties.HBCI_SEPATRANSFER_USAGE_MAXLENGTH);
this.bank.setEnabled(isHibiscusAdresse());
}
return this.bank;
}
/**
* Liefert das Eingabe-Feld fuer den Namen.
* @return Eingabe-Feld.
* @throws RemoteException
*/
public Input getName() throws RemoteException
{
if (name != null)
return name;
name = new TextInput(getAddress().getName(),HBCIProperties.HBCI_TRANSFER_NAME_MAXLENGTH);
name.setEnabled(isHibiscusAdresse());
name.setMandatory(true);
return name;
}
/**
* Vervollstaendigt IBAN/BIC.
*/
private class IbanListener implements Listener
{
/**
* @see org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Listener#handleEvent(org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Event)
*/
public void handleEvent(Event event)
{
try
{
String blz = StringUtils.trimToNull((String) getBlz().getValue());
String bic = StringUtils.trimToNull((String) getBic().getValue());
String kto = StringUtils.trimToNull((String) getKontonummer().getValue());
String iban = StringUtils.trimToNull((String) getIban().getValue());
if (blz != null && blz.length() == HBCIProperties.HBCI_BLZ_LENGTH)
{
String newBic = null;
if (HBCI.COMPLETE_IBAN && kto != null && iban == null)
{
IBAN newIban = HBCIProperties.getIBAN(blz,kto);
newBic = newIban.getBIC();
getIban().setValue(newIban.getIBAN());
}
if (bic == null)
{
if (newBic == null) // nur wenn sie nicht schon von obantoo ermittelt wurde
newBic = HBCIUtils.getBICForBLZ(blz);
getBic().setValue(newBic);
}
}
}
catch (ApplicationException ae)
{
Logger.warn("unable to complete IBAN/BIC: " + ae.getMessage());
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Logger.error("unable to auto-complete IBAN/BIC",e);
}
}
}
/**
* Speichert den Empfaenger.
*/
public synchronized void handleStore()
{
try {
if (isHibiscusAdresse())
{
HibiscusAddress a = (HibiscusAddress) getAddress();
a.setKontonummer((String)getKontonummer().getValue());
a.setBlz((String)getBlz().getValue());
a.setName((String)getName().getValue());
a.setKommentar((String)getKommentar().getValue());
a.setKategorie((String)getKategorie().getValue());
a.setBank((String)getBank().getValue());
a.setIban((String)getIban().getValue());
a.setBic((String)getBic().getValue());
a.store();
Application.getMessagingFactory().sendMessage(new StatusBarMessage(i18n.tr("Adresse gespeichert"),StatusBarMessage.TYPE_SUCCESS));
}
}
catch (ApplicationException e2)
{
Application.getMessagingFactory().sendMessage(new StatusBarMessage(e2.getMessage(),StatusBarMessage.TYPE_ERROR));
}
catch (RemoteException e)
{
Logger.error("error while storing address",e);
Application.getMessagingFactory().sendMessage(new StatusBarMessage(i18n.tr("Fehler beim Speichern der Adresse: {0}",e.getMessage()),StatusBarMessage.TYPE_ERROR));
}
}
}
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] |
// -*- c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
#ifndef CLICK_FULLNOTEQUEUE_HH
#define CLICK_FULLNOTEQUEUE_HH
#include "notifierqueue.hh"
CLICK_DECLS
/*
=c
Queue
Queue(CAPACITY)
=s storage
stores packets in a FIFO queue
=d
Stores incoming packets in a first-in-first-out queue.
Drops incoming packets if the queue already holds CAPACITY packets.
The default for CAPACITY is 1000.
Queue notifies interested parties when it becomes empty and when a
formerly-empty queue receives a packet. The empty notification takes place
some time after the queue goes empty, to prevent thrashing for queues that
hover around 1 or 2 packets long. This behavior is the same as that of
NotifierQueue. (See QuickNoteQueue for an alternative.) Queue additionally
notifies interested parties that it is non-full, and when a formerly-full
queue gains some free space. In all respects but notification, Queue behaves
exactly like SimpleQueue.
You may also use the old element name "FullNoteQueue".
B<Multithreaded Click note:> Queue is designed to be used in an environment
with at most one concurrent pusher and at most one concurrent puller. Thus,
at most one thread pushes to the Queue at a time and at most one thread pulls
from the Queue at a time. Different threads can push to and pull from the
Queue concurrently, however. See ThreadSafeQueue for a queue that can support
multiple concurrent pushers and pullers.
=h length read-only
Returns the current number of packets in the queue.
=h highwater_length read-only
Returns the maximum number of packets that have ever been in the queue at once.
=h capacity read/write
Returns or sets the queue's capacity.
=h drops read-only
Returns the number of packets dropped by the queue so far.
=h reset_counts write-only
When written, resets the C<drops> and C<highwater_length> counters.
=h reset write-only
When written, drops all packets in the queue.
=a ThreadSafeQueue, QuickNoteQueue, SimpleQueue, NotifierQueue, MixedQueue,
FrontDropQueue */
class FullNoteQueue : public NotifierQueue { public:
FullNoteQueue() CLICK_COLD;
const char *class_name() const { return "Queue"; }
void *cast(const char *);
int configure(Vector<String> &conf, ErrorHandler *) CLICK_COLD;
int live_reconfigure(Vector<String> &conf, ErrorHandler *errh);
#if CLICK_DEBUG_SCHEDULING
void add_handlers() CLICK_COLD;
#endif
void push(int port, Packet *p);
Packet *pull(int port);
protected:
ActiveNotifier _full_note;
inline void push_success(Storage::index_type h, Storage::index_type t,
Storage::index_type nt, Packet *p);
inline void push_failure(Packet *p);
inline Packet *pull_success(Storage::index_type h,
Storage::index_type nh);
inline Packet *pull_failure();
#if CLICK_DEBUG_SCHEDULING
static String read_handler(Element *e, void *user_data) CLICK_COLD;
#endif
};
inline void
FullNoteQueue::push_success(Storage::index_type h, Storage::index_type t,
Storage::index_type nt, Packet *p)
{
_q[t] = p;
set_tail(nt);
int s = size(h, nt);
if (s > _highwater_length)
_highwater_length = s;
_empty_note.wake();
if (s == capacity()) {
_full_note.sleep();
#if HAVE_MULTITHREAD
// Work around race condition between push() and pull().
// We might have just undone pull()'s Notifier::wake() call.
// Easiest lock-free solution: check whether we should wake again!
if (size() < capacity())
_full_note.wake();
#endif
}
}
inline void
FullNoteQueue::push_failure(Packet *p)
{
if (_drops == 0 && _capacity > 0)
click_chatter("%p{element}: overflow", this);
_drops++;
checked_output_push(1, p);
}
inline Packet *
FullNoteQueue::pull_success(Storage::index_type h,
Storage::index_type nh)
{
Packet *p = _q[h];
set_head(nh);
_sleepiness = 0;
_full_note.wake();
return p;
}
inline Packet *
FullNoteQueue::pull_failure()
{
if (_sleepiness >= SLEEPINESS_TRIGGER) {
_empty_note.sleep();
#if HAVE_MULTITHREAD
// Work around race condition between push() and pull().
// We might have just undone push()'s Notifier::wake() call.
// Easiest lock-free solution: check whether we should wake again!
if (size())
_empty_note.wake();
#endif
} else
++_sleepiness;
return 0;
}
CLICK_ENDDECLS
#endif
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import uuid
from nose.tools import eq_
from kazoo.testing import KazooTestCase
class KazooPartyTests(KazooTestCase):
def setUp(self):
super(KazooPartyTests, self).setUp()
self.path = "/" + uuid.uuid4().hex
def test_party(self):
parties = [self.client.Party(self.path, "p%s" % i)
for i in range(5)]
one_party = parties[0]
eq_(list(one_party), [])
eq_(len(one_party), 0)
participants = set()
for party in parties:
party.join()
participants.add(party.data.decode('utf-8'))
eq_(set(party), participants)
eq_(len(party), len(participants))
for party in parties:
party.leave()
participants.remove(party.data.decode('utf-8'))
eq_(set(party), participants)
eq_(len(party), len(participants))
def test_party_reuse_node(self):
party = self.client.Party(self.path, "p1")
self.client.ensure_path(self.path)
self.client.create(party.create_path)
party.join()
self.assertTrue(party.participating)
party.leave()
self.assertFalse(party.participating)
self.assertEqual(len(party), 0)
def test_party_vanishing_node(self):
party = self.client.Party(self.path, "p1")
party.join()
self.assertTrue(party.participating)
self.client.delete(party.create_path)
party.leave()
self.assertFalse(party.participating)
self.assertEqual(len(party), 0)
class KazooShallowPartyTests(KazooTestCase):
def setUp(self):
super(KazooShallowPartyTests, self).setUp()
self.path = "/" + uuid.uuid4().hex
def test_party(self):
parties = [self.client.ShallowParty(self.path, "p%s" % i)
for i in range(5)]
one_party = parties[0]
eq_(list(one_party), [])
eq_(len(one_party), 0)
participants = set()
for party in parties:
party.join()
participants.add(party.data.decode('utf-8'))
eq_(set(party), participants)
eq_(len(party), len(participants))
for party in parties:
party.leave()
participants.remove(party.data.decode('utf-8'))
eq_(set(party), participants)
eq_(len(party), len(participants))
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Q:
Minimizing Finite State Automaton
I am trying to minimize this DFA: http://img145.imageshack.us/img145/3006/dfac.png
Here's my minimized DFA: http://img195.imageshack.us/img195/4131/mdfa.png
Am I correct?
Thanks
P.S.-This is homework. We are allowed to discuss the homework. I am not asking for the answer, I just want to know if I am on the right track or not as this is my first time dealing with state machines.
A:
No your proposed solution is not correct; you see the dfa you have constructed can accept the (otherwise non-acceptable) string "aac", that means you can't join states (11,15,17) and (15,17).
Looking at the original DFA I cannot think of any solution with less than 6 states; but yet again that means nothing ;).
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] |
Chief Mark Kessler posted a video to YouTube stating he had offended viewers in a previous video with his language
The 2-minute, 45-second posting on the Internet site YouTube starts as an apology but quickly turns to profane language and the use of automatic weapons. The video was apparently recorded on a remote stripping road.
"Well, I guess I upset a few people the other day when I made a video. I used some profanity and some people didn't like that," Kessler says in the video, wearing a black T-shirt and black baseball hat.
In the first 35 seconds the chief continues, saying, "Well, I'm here to say I'm sorry, OK. I didn't mean to upset anybody or insult anybody or hurt anyone's feelings. So please accept this as my sincere apology."
After walking out of the camera's view and then back into view, Kessler said, "Yeah, I don't think so. This boy don't roll that way ... for all you people out there who cried and cried about, 'Oh, I used profanity,' f--- you."
Kessler then fires a barrage from an automatic weapon, saying, "Did ya get that, did ya get that one?"
The video had 3,280 views on YouTube as of 10 p.m. Monday.
Gilberton Mayor Mary Lou Hannon said Monday night that she could not comment on the video because she hadn't seen it yet.
She said she learned of the posting Sunday and plans to view it today along with the borough secretary and borough council members.
"I'll go from there," Hannon said.
She said that what Kessler does when he is off duty is not governed by Gilberton while he is not representing the borough. "What he does in his private life, we have no control of," Hannon said.
When contacted Monday night, borough council President Dan Malloy also said he had not seen the posting and had no comment.
"I know nothing about this, thank you for calling," Malloy said.
The video is not the first time Kessler has been in the news.
In August 2011, Kessler was allegedly shot in his hand with his own gun while he was off duty at a Girardville tavern.
Kessler, according to state police at Frackville, was inside the Second Street Pub when a scuffle broke out between several patrons. For reasons unknown to police, Kessler got involved and at some point, a pistol he was carrying discharged, shooting him in the hand.
Kessler was treated at the former Saint Catherine Medical Center Fountain Springs.
Police recently said that the incident remains under investigation.
In December 2012, Kessler shot a dog that was allegedly attacking him in the borough.
At the time, Hannon said, Kessler went to the home of Greg and Rita Grove on Main Street in Maizeville to handle a problem with a parked vehicle. When Kessler knocked on the door, Hannon said Greg Grove opened the door and the couple's Labrador retriever ran out and attacked Kessler.
Fearing for his safety, Kessler shot the animal, Hannon said, adding that the dog was taken to a local animal hospital, where it had to be euthanized.
Hannon said a neighbor across the street witnessed the incident and everything appears to be "on the up and up."
"He (Grove) knew he was wrong. He knew he should have had the dog under control," Hannon said at the time.
Kessler was not hurt, Hannon said.
Kessler was not available for comment Monday. Hannon said the chief has been on vacation since last week and will not return to the area until next week.
Kessler is also a member of the North Schuylkill school board. School district officials were not available for comment Monday night. | [
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2 Replies
Your Orthographic size is 5. This is half the world units seen by the camera, so the camera sees 10 units high. You have pixel to Unit set to 100. I assume your 768 is your height. If so the height of your sprite is 768 / 100 = 7.68. So your sprite is not 10 units high and therefore will not fill the screen. | [
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Politischer Immaterialismus Stefan Höltgen
Ein Interview mit dem Piratenpartei-Mitglied Martin Haase
Martin Haase ist Professor für Romanistik an der Universität Bamberg, Vorstandsmitglied beim Chaos Computer Club, Mitarbeiter bei Wikipedia, Mitglied beim FoeBuD e.V. und seit kurzem auch bei der Piratenpartei. Telepolis-Autor Stefan Höltgen hat ihn eine Woche nach der Bundestagswahl getroffen und mit ihm über Netzpolitik, die Verbindung von Geisteswissenschaften und Bürgerrechten und natürlich seine Piraten-Existenz gesprochen.
Professor Martin Haase
Herr Professor Haase, wie war denn die Woche nach der Bundestagswahl für Sie?
Martin Haase: Die war insofern nicht ruhig, weil ich mich wieder in die akademische Arbeit gestürzt habe. Das war also schon mal ganz anders als zu der Zeit vor der Wahl – ein richtiges Kontrastprogramm, wenn man so will. Von der Wahl war in dem Moment gar nichts mehr zu spüren.
Wir fragen natürlich auch, weil Sie ja prominentes Mitglieder der Piratenpartei sind … Gab es Anlass zum Feiern?
Martin Haase: Nun, es gab natürlich die Wahlparty am Wahlabend, bei der die Stimmung allerdings auffallend gedämpft war. Ich kann mir das nicht ganz erklären. Viele Leute hatten wohl mit einem besseren Ergebnis für die Piraten gerechnet. Und das Ergebnis der Bundestagswahl war insgesamt ja nicht so ausgefallen, dass man besondere Begeisterung an den Tag legen müsste. Für die Piraten war es aber schon sensationell. Über 2% aus dem Stand zu erreichen, also 850.000 Leute zu finden, die die Piraten wählen, von denen sie zu Anfang des Jahres vielleicht noch nie etwas gehört hatten, wäre natürlich schon ein Anlass zu feiern gewesen.
Im Internet hat es für die Piratenpartei besser ausgesehen. In etlichen Portalen hatten sie sogar die absolute Mehrheit. Hat man diesen Effekt vielleicht überschätzt?
Martin Haase: Nein, ich glaube, es war jedem klar, dass das Internet nicht das widerspiegelt, was sich außerhalb des Netzes, sozusagen „im realen Leben“ tut. Nur wurde die Schätzung in der Euphorie, die alle hatten, etwas höher angesetzt. Ich selbst habe die Piraten sogar bei 3% gesehen. Aber selbst 2% sind wie gesagt kein schlechtes Ergebnis, oder um es anders zu formulieren: Es ist das schlechteste Ergebnis der Piraten bei einer Bundestagswahl (lacht). Denn es soll sich ja noch steigern. Aber weil es eben gleichzeitig auch das beste Ergebnis war, kann man schon zufrieden sein.
Sie sind selbst erst seit ein paar Monaten bei den Piraten. Wie sind Sie denn zur Parteimitgliedschaft gekommen?
Martin Haase: Das ist eine längere Geschichte. Ich mache ja schon länger Netzpolitik und Fragen der IT-Grundrechte beschäftigen mich seit den 90er Jahren. Ich kannte die Piraten seit ihrer Gründung; so gesehen war es also naheliegend. Ich wollte mich aber zunächst erstmal davon überzeugen, ob dort seriöse politische Arbeit gemacht wird. Der Beitrittsgrund waren dann die Ereignisse im Mai dieses Jahres, als es um das Das ist eine längere Geschichte. Ich mache ja schon länger Netzpolitik und Fragen der IT-Grundrechte beschäftigen mich seit den 90er Jahren. Ich kannte die Piraten seit ihrer Gründung; so gesehen war es also naheliegend. Ich wollte mich aber zunächst erstmal davon überzeugen, ob dort seriöse politische Arbeit gemacht wird. Der Beitrittsgrund waren dann die Ereignisse im Mai dieses Jahres, als es um das Zugangserschwerungsgesetz ging, das viele "Zensurerleichterungsgesetz" nennen. Da gab es einen Termin mit Martin Dörmann , dem Berichterstatter der SPD, der „das Internet“ eingeladen hatte – und ich war einer „vom Internet“.
Diese Veranstaltung hat mich in mehrfacher Weise richtiggehend wütend gemacht, weil dort relativ schnell deutlich wurde, dass bei der SPD nicht einmal eine Bereitschaft zuzuhören da war. Und obwohl auf der Veranstaltung vereinbart wurde, dass es keine Presseberichterstattung geben sollte, wurde hinterher von der SPD eine Pressemitteilung verschickt, in der diese dann schrieb: „Wir sind auf die Bedenken der Internet-Community eingegangen und diese sind in den Gesetzesentwurf eingeflossen.“ Das stimmte natürlich gar nicht. Die Dinge (z.B. die Befristung des Gesetzes oder die Überprüfung der nach wie vor geheimen Sperrlisten durch eine Expertengruppe), auf die tatsächlich eingegangen worden war, waren den Gesprächspartnern vorher in den Mund gelegt worden, und man hatte sich erhofft, dass dem einfach zugestimmt würde, was aber nicht passiert ist. Insofern wurde in der Berichterstattung, die es wie gesagt ja sowieso nicht geben sollte, die Sachlage auch noch einmal völlig verzerrt dargestellt.
Hat die SPD dann quasi mit Ihnen als „dem Internet“ bloß PR machen wollen?
Martin Haase: Nun, die Argumente der SPD lauteten, dass man Frau von der Leyen keine „Steilvorlage“ für den Wahlkampf bieten wolle und dass man als Regierungspartei unmöglich gegen den Gesetzesentwurf stimmen könne. Eine Auseinandersetzung darüber gab es nicht. Und anstatt mich weiter darüber zu ärgern - was passiert wäre, wenn dieses Gesetz verabschiedet wird -, bin ich im Juni der Piratenpartei beigetreten, obwohl ich ein Partei-Skeptiker war und immer noch bin. Aber der Parteibeitritt hat mir gut getan, weil ich mich ab dem Moment nicht mehr über die merkbefreiten Äußerungen von Politikern anderer Parteien ärgern musste, sondern weil ich mich freuen konnte, weil sie so der Piratenpartei mehr Zulauf verschafften. Außerdem gab mir das die Möglichkeit, die Themen, die mich bewegen und zu denen ich arbeite, an die Öffentlichkeit zu bringen. Mir geht es bei der Piratenpartei um Themen, nicht um Posten. Ich will auch in kein Parlament einziehen, sondern dort gewisse Ideen vorwärts bringen.
Wie verbinden Sie diese politischen Themen denn mit Ihrer Arbeit als Romanist? Gibt es da Gemeinsamkeiten oder Möglichkeiten der Verknüpfung?
Martin Haase: Bürgerrechtsthemen sind den Linguisten und Romanisten keineswegs fern. Da könnte ich jetzt sehr weit ausholen. In den kleineren Zeiträumen hat es in der Linguistik immer ein Bedürfnis gegeben, sich für bürgerliche Freiheiten einzusetzen. Das liegt daran, dass die Sprache, mit der wir uns beschäftigen, auf Kreativität beruht, und nur wenn man frei ist, kann man kreativ sein. Und wenn man nicht frei ist, entsteht eine andere Form von Kreativität, die die Freiheitseinschränkungen zu umgehen versucht.
In der jüngsten Vergangenheit braucht man da nur an Noam Chomsky zu denken, der sich sehr stark auf diesen Gebieten engagiert. In der Romanistik lässt sich das vor allem in der Sprachkritik sehen. Viktor Klemperer , der eine Studie über die Sprache des Dritten Reiches herausgegeben hat, oder Leo Spitzer , ein Romanist, der sich schon in den 20er Jahren mit dem veränderten Sprachverhalten angesichts von Zensur beschäftigt hat. Er hat Kriegsgefangenen-Briefe, die der Zensur unterlagen, ausgewertet und daran gezeigt, wie die Briefschreiber mit Hilfe vor allem dialektaler Sprachmittel versucht haben, die Zensur zu umgehen. Die Tradition lässt sich bis zu Jakob Grimm , dem Gründungsvater der Germanistik, weiterverfolgen, der wegen seines Einsatzes für Freiheiten ja sogar seine Professur in Göttingen verloren hatte, und in der Romanistik bis Montesquieu und Rousseau , die sich philosophisch mit dem Staat beschäftigt und Konzepte wie die Gewaltenteilung entworfen haben.
Alle Bilder mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Professor Martin Haase
Sie sind ja nicht nur theoretisch im Netz aktiv, sondern auch ganz praktisch: Sie betreiben neben Ihrer Universitätshomepage eine private Website, ein Weblog, Sie sind bei Twitter, Xing, bei Wikipedia aktiv. Welche Möglichkeiten bekommen Sie dadurch für Ihre universitäre Arbeit?
Martin Haase: Ich profitiere davon sehr. Ich habe zusammen mit anderen etwa die Ich profitiere davon sehr. Ich habe zusammen mit anderen etwa die Glottopedia vorangebracht, ein Terminologie-Wörterbuch für die Linguistik, bei dem auch zahlreiche Studenten mitarbeiten, was wiederum ganz praktisch für deren Studium ist. Ich bin dort im Scientific Advisory Board. Diese Techniken lassen sich natürlich auch ganz direkt in die Lehre einbringen, indem man Vorlesungen als Podcast veröffentlicht und ähnliches.
2007 habe ich das Lehrbuch „Einführung in die italienische Sprachwissenschaft“ herausgegeben, das bereits sehr „netzaffin“ konzipiert wurde: Darin wurde etwa auf Daten und Medien wie zum Beispiel Sprachaufnahmen, die im Netz zu finden sind, verwiesen. Und im Buch selbst haben wir versucht, auf Informationen wie Abbildungen und Karten, die unter freien Lizenzen im Internet zu finden waren, zurück zu greifen. Das war natürlich nicht immer ganz einfach, weil man zu einigen Themen – etwa italienischen Regionen – freies Material wie Karten bekommen kann, von anderen hingegen nicht. Die Urheberrechtsthematik zeigt sich bei solch einem Buch sehr deutlich. Oft ist es auch gar nicht klar, wo die Rechte liegen, oder es gibt irreführende Auszeichnungen und man findet dann etwa Kartenmaterial, das fälschlicherweise als Public Domain gekennzeichnet ist, obwohl das nicht stimmt. Daran zeigt sich schon, dass gerade in diesem Bereich dringend Reformen nötig sind, denn diese Unsicherheiten behindern natürlich die Kreativität.
Damit machen Sie dann also auch in gewisser Weise Politik in eigener Sache. Bringen Sie diese Themen auch bei den Piraten ein?
Martin Haase: Ja, vor allem die Bildungspolitik ist da ein wichtiger Punkt. Das ist zwar jetzt schon ein Kernthema bei den Piraten, aber wenn man dort demnächst bei Landtagswahlen antritt, wird das noch wichtiger, denn Bildung ist ein Thema der Landespolitik. Ich denke dort ist einiges zu tun, denn gerade in der deutschen Bildungspolitik ist manches schief gelaufen und läuft immer mehr schief. Vor allem der Ja, vor allem die Bildungspolitik ist da ein wichtiger Punkt. Das ist zwar jetzt schon ein Kernthema bei den Piraten, aber wenn man dort demnächst bei Landtagswahlen antritt, wird das noch wichtiger, denn Bildung ist ein Thema der Landespolitik. Ich denke dort ist einiges zu tun, denn gerade in der deutschen Bildungspolitik ist manches schief gelaufen und läuft immer mehr schief. Vor allem der Bologna-Prozess sollte dringend noch einmal reformiert werden. Da sind sich alle einig, dass wir eine „Reform der Reform“ benötigen. Das Schöne bei der Piratenpartei ist, dass es sie nicht nur in Deutschland gibt, sondern in ganz Europa, und alle haben das Thema „Bildung“ als Kernthema. Das gibt die Möglichkeit der Zusammenarbeit,um die europäische mit der Landesebene zu verzahnen, was bei anderen Parteien gar nicht möglich ist. Freies Wissen ist ein wichtiges Thema, das man in diese Diskussion auf jeden Fall einbringen sollte.
Konkrete politische Arbeit als Berater im Hintergrund?
Martin Haase: Ich habe zwar gesagt, dass ich keine Posten in der Piratenpartei bekommen möchte und auch in kein Parlament einziehen will, aber sollten die Piraten einmal irgendwo mitregieren, kann ich mir auch vorstellen, für einen Ministerposten im Bildungsbereich bereit zu stehen (lacht). Da könnte ich mein Expertenwissen jedenfalls am sinnvollsten einbringen. Was ich keinesfalls möchte, ist als „gebildeter Laie“ an Gesetzgebungsverfahren teilzuhaben über Themen, in denen ich mich nicht grundlegend auskenne. Da wären Juristen besser aufgestellt.
Das heißt, Sie sehen auch die Möglichkeit, dass die Piraten in die Parlamente einziehen? Oder rechnen Sie eher mit einer Diffusion der Themen in die anderen Parteien?
Martin Haase: Beides ist sehr erstrebenswert, also dass die Piraten so erfolgreich werden, dass sie selbst oder die anderen mit ihren Themen Politik machen. Dann braucht man am Ende die Piratenpartei vielleicht gar nicht mehr. Ich glaube aber, da wird vieles von Leuten, die im Netz aktiv sind, auch nicht richtig verstanden. Letztens gab es ein Beides ist sehr erstrebenswert, also dass die Piraten so erfolgreich werden, dass sie selbst oder die anderen mit ihren Themen Politik machen. Dann braucht man am Ende die Piratenpartei vielleicht gar nicht mehr. Ich glaube aber, da wird vieles von Leuten, die im Netz aktiv sind, auch nicht richtig verstanden. Letztens gab es ein Interview mit Markus Beckedahl Julia Seliger und Gerhard Baum , die nach der Zukunft der Piratenpartei gefragt wurden und antworteten: Das ist vielleicht nur ein vorübergehendes Phänomen und irgendwann braucht man die nicht mehr. Dann gab es einen Vergleich mit den Grünen, zu dem die Interviewten meinten, man könne die beiden Parteien nicht miteinander vergleichen, weil hinter den Grünen mehrere lange vorher existierende Bewegungen standen.
Ich glaube hingegen, bei der Piratenpartei ist das nicht anders; auch sie sind nur die Spitze von Bewegungen, die – wie etwa der CCC oder FoeBuD – schon sehr lange existieren und etabliert sind. Das kann man sogar noch viel weiter fassen: Die Grünen sind eine postmaterialistische Partei, weil sie neue Ideen in die Politik gebracht haben, in denen es nicht mehr darum geht, Besitz zu vermehren und zu verteilen, sondern es ging – wie beim Umweltschutz – nun auch um nicht materielle Dinge. Bei der Piratenpartei geht das noch weiter: Ein Berliner Netzaktivist schrieb , das sei eine zweite postmaterialistische Bewegung – oder vielleicht könne man sogar von Immaterialismus zu sprechen. Ich glaube, da ist etwas dran. Die Leute, die da unterwegs sind, interessieren sich für neue Ansätze, die zum Beispiel aus der Open-Source-Bewegung kommen. Nicht mehr nur Teilhabe am Reichtum, sondern auch Anerkennung für Kreativität und Leistung stehen da im Vordergrund. Das würde dann auch erklären, warum es bei diesen Bewegungen, auch bei den Piraten, diese große Affinität zum Grundgesetz gibt, die man bei den anderen Parteien vielleicht etwas weniger sieht.
Worin sehen sie den Grund für diese besondere Form der „Verfassungstreue“?
Martin Haase: Das hängt damit zusammen, dass die Leute, die sich damals das Grundgesetz ausgedacht haben, in einer ganz ähnlichen Situation waren nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und vor dem Einsetzen des Wirtschaftswunders. Da hat man ethische Konzepte entwickelt, die für die jetzt jungen, netzaffinen Wähler von ganz starkem Interesse sind. Es handelt sich dabei um Bewegungen (im Plural), die sehr tragfähig sind und wo die Piratenpartei möglicherweise nur die Spitze des Eisbergs ist. Daher glaube ich auch nicht, dass sie, anders als die Biertrinker- oder Autofahrer-Partei mit ihrem „einen Thema“, so schnell wieder verschwinden wird. Vielmehr spiegelt ihre Existenz eine gesellschaftliche Entwicklung wider, die viele Leute so noch gar nicht im Blickfeld haben. (Stefan Höltgen) | [
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13,
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406,
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12438,
1380,
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10218,
762,
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4812,
406,
24925,
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12438,
1380,
11756,
10218,
762,
8467,
1501,
459,
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262,
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762,
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264,
1380,
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3537,
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471,
7518,
398,
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783,
1865,
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1974,
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527,
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706,
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297,
762,
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297,
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1697,
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7192,
25322,
297,
762,
16486,
2010,
1706,
10221,
17556,
30015,
20964,
27644,
29892,
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13101,
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600,
262,
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7554,
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262,
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762,
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1729,
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9540,
19522,
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14211,
527,
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1224,
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10343,
264,
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563,
476,
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762,
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365,
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527,
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14033,
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1011,
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2101,
498,
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785,
10218,
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1679,
11069,
264,
785,
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583,
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4031,
476,
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367,
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9083,
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1005,
11756,
298,
292,
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354,
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303,
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638,
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285,
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273,
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330,
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297,
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335,
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13,
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317,
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498,
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292,
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335,
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484,
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862,
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297,
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498,
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686,
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476,
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386,
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762,
341,
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589,
18640,
15564,
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398,
762,
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29986,
2010,
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589,
10089,
774,
1600,
1729,
23457,
801,
4566,
29892,
471,
2862,
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1752,
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583,
399,
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13541,
498,
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767,
297,
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13,
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265,
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371,
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2010,
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1008,
527,
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29973,
13,
13,
22628,
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559,
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6300,
21416,
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589,
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286,
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674,
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762,
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2579,
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355,
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1380,
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1865,
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264,
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277,
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313,
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467,
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262,
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13119,
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286,
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498,
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13,
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1
] |
Q:
Use of find command to rename files
I have a list of 10K mp4 files some of which contains a ? mark. I need to replace these with _ (underscore).
I can use find command to find these files but not sure if I can rename them.
find . -name "*\?*.mp4" -exec mv {} XXXXXXX \;
Looks like I have to iterate through the list returned by find and for each one I need to replace ? with _ but I not sure how to do it.
A:
Don't use find for this - whichever way you go with find you'll need something like a single mv per file. That's a lot of processes, and to no benefit. This is not to mention that it is simply more difficult to do that way. That's my opinion, anyway.
I would use a stream or a batch tool, and tend to prefer pax:
cd -P . && mkdir ../newmp4 &&
pax -rwls'|?|_|g' . "${PWD%/*}/newmp4"
If you can create the directory ../newmp4, that little script will mirror the tree rooted in . to the directory just created with hardlinks, but will have replaced every ? occurring in any filename with an underscore in the meanwhile.
One advantage to this is that both trees continue to exist afterward - none of the dentries rooted in the current directory for those files are affected - they are only altered in the mirrored version of the tree. And so you can inspect the results afterward before deciding which version of the tree to remove. If anything were to go wrong during the operation - there's no harm done.
This does, however, require an fs which supports hardlinks and which has at least as many remaining free inodes as there are child directories of . +2, and assumes that .. . and all children of . share the same filesystem mount.
Practically the same effect might be got with rsync, I think, though I don't believe it is as simply done. If you don't have pax (even if you really should), you can just get it. mirabilos maintains the (to my knowledge) most commonly used version on linux systems.
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] |
Q:
How to check if the form opened has a parent form
I am using thickbox to display the list of data, but when the session timeout occurs, and user try to open the thickbox by clicking a link, the thickbox gets open and the login page starts loading in the thickbox it self. So, is there any way where we can check if the form (thickbox) has a parent form ? or a javascript code like:
if(document.hasParent)
{
TB_CLOSE();
}
A:
You can check it like below:
if (self == parent){
//this is parent
}
Or otherway:
if (self != parent){
//this is not parent
}
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% Nix loves Haskell
% Peter Simons \<simons@cryp.to\>
% 2015-05-21
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Road-map of this presentation
- Install Haskell packages from Hackage
- Install one (or many) Haskell compiler(s)
- Create a Haskell development environment
- permanent environments with `ghcWithPackages`
- ad-hoc environments for `nix-shell`
- Integrate your own (non-public) packages into Nix
- Take advantage of the central build farm
- Pitfalls to avoid
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Install Haskell packages from Hackage
Lookups based on package names like
$ nix-env -i cabal-install
don't work! You have to use attribute paths:
$ nix-env -iA haskellPackages.cabal-install
To list all Haskell packages, run:
$ nix-env -qaP -A haskellPackages
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Install Haskell packages from Hackage
There is one Haskell package set per compiler:
$ nix-env -qaP -A haskellPackages
$ nix-env -qaP -A haskell.packages.ghc6123
$ nix-env -qaP -A haskell.packages.ghc763
$ nix-env -qaP -A haskell.packages.ghc7101
The default `haskellPackages` currently refers to
`haskell.packages.ghc7101`.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Install a Haskell compiler
$ nix-env -iA haskell.compiler.ghc784
$ nix-env -qaP -A haskell.compiler
haskell.compiler.ghc6104 ghc-6.10.4
haskell.compiler.ghc6123 ghc-6.12.3
haskell.compiler.ghc704 ghc-7.0.4
haskell.compiler.ghc722 ghc-7.2.2
haskell.compiler.ghc742 ghc-7.4.2
haskell.compiler.ghc763 ghc-7.6.3
haskell.compiler.ghc784 ghc-7.8.4
haskell.compiler.ghc7101 ghc-7.10.1
haskell.compiler.ghcHEAD ghc-7.11.20150402
haskell.compiler.ghcjs ghcjs-0.1.0
haskell.compiler.jhc jhc-0.8.2
haskell.compiler.uhc uhc-1.1.9.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Install a Haskell compiler
For every compiler version XYZ, the attributes
haskell.compiler.ghcXYC
and
haskell.packages.ghcXYC.ghc
are synonymous.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Install more than one Haskell compiler (temporary)
$ nix-shell -p haskell.compiler.ghc7101
[nix-shell:~]$ ghc --numeric-version
7.10.1
[nix-shell:~]$ exit
$ nix-shell -p haskell.compiler.ghc784 \
--command "cabal configure"
$ cabal build
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Install several Haskell compilers (transient)
$ nix-env -p ~/ghc-7.6.3 -iA haskell.compiler.ghc763
$ nix-env -p ~/ghc-7.8.4 -iA haskell.compiler.ghc784
[...]
$ export PATH=$HOME/ghc-7.6.3/bin:$PATH
$ ghc --numeric-version
7.6.3
$ cabal configure --with-compiler=$HOME/ghc-7.6.3/bin/ghc
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Install several Haskell compilers (permanent)
$ PROFILE_DIR=/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/$USER
$ nix-env -p $PROFILE_DIR/ghc-7.6.3 -iA ...
On NixOS, `/etc/profile` defines `$NIX_USER_PROFILE_DIR` automatically.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create a Haskell development environment
Edit the file `~/.nixpkgs/config.nix`:
{
packageOverrides = super: let self = super.pkgs; in
{
myHaskellEnv =
self.haskell.packages.ghc7101.ghcWithPackages
(haskellPackages: with haskellPackages; [
arrows async cabal-install case-insensitive
cgi criterion hspec HStringTemplate
]);
};
}
Now installl with `nix-env -iA myHaskellEnv`.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create a Haskell development environment
The generated `ghc` program is a wrapper script that re-directs the real
`ghc` to use a "libdir" with all the specified packages installed:
#! /nix/store/xlxjcjbnbwnz...-bash-4.3-p33/bin/bash -e
realGhc=/nix/store/zzhasddj77xhwdban95...-ghc-7.10.1
ghcEnv=/nix/store/cgddwzz9hkdgprvbymph...-ghc-7.10.1
export NIX_GHC=$ghcEnv/bin/ghc
export NIX_GHCPKG=$ghcEnv/bin/ghc-pkg
export NIX_GHC_DOCDIR=$ghcEnv/share/doc/ghc/html
export NIX_GHC_LIBDIR=$ghcEnv/lib/ghc-7.10.1
exec $realGhc/bin/ghc "-B$NIX_GHC_LIBDIR" \
"${extraFlagsArray[@]}" "$@"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create a Haskell development environment
Define the same environment variables in your `~/.bashrc`:
NIX_GHC="$HOME/.nix-profile/bin/ghc"
ghcVersion=$($NIX_GHC --numeric-version)
NIX_GHCPKG="$HOME/.nix-profile/bin/ghc-pkg"
NIX_GHC_DOCDIR="$HOME/.nix-profile/share/doc/ghc/html"
NIX_GHC_LIBDIR="$HOME/.nix-profile/lib/ghc-$ghcVersion"
export NIX_GHC NIX_GHCPKG NIX_GHC_DOCDIR NIX_GHC_LIBDIR
unset ghcVersion
Or:
if [ -e ~/.nix-profile/bin/ghc ]; then
eval $(grep export ~/.nix-profile/bin/ghc)
fi
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create a temporary Haskell development environment
Save as `shell.nix`:
with (import <nixpkgs> {}).pkgs;
let
ghc = haskell.packages.ghc7101.ghcWithPackages
(pkgs: with pkgs; [ aeson lens monad-par ]);
in
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = "my-haskell-env-0";
buildInputs = [ ghc ];
shellHook = "eval $(grep export ${ghc}/bin/ghc)";
}
Now run `nix-shell`, or even `nix-shell --pure`.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create a temporary Haskell development environment
To parameterize the compiler version, edit the file as follows:
{ compiler ? "ghc7101" }:
with (import <nixpkgs> {}).pkgs;
let
ghc = haskell.packages.${compiler}.ghcWithPackages
(pkgs: with pkgs; [ aeson lens monad-par ]);
in
[...]
Now run "`nix-shell --argstr compiler ghc784`" to select a different
compiler.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create a temporary Haskell development environment
Every Haskell package has an `env` attribute that provides a temporary shell environment in which that package can be built:
$ cabal get lens && cd lens-4.10
Downloading lens-4.10...
Unpacking to lens-4.10/
$ nix-shell "<nixpkgs>" -A haskellPackages.lens.env
[nix-shell:/tmp/lens-4.10]$ cabal configure
Resolving dependencies...
Configuring lens-4.10...
[...]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create a development environment for your own packages
$ nix-env -iA cabal2nix
$ cabal2nix --shell . >shell.nix
$ nix-shell --command "cabal configure"
$ cabal build
[...]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create a development environment for your own packages
$ cabal2nix --shell .
with (import <nixpkgs> {}).pkgs;
let pkg = haskellPackages.callPackage
({ mkDerivation, base, stdenv, transformers }:
mkDerivation {
pname = "mtl";
version = "2.2.1";
src = ./.;
buildDepends = [ base transformers ];
homepage = "http://github.com/ekmett/mtl";
license = stdenv.lib.licenses.bsd3;
}) {};
in
pkg.env
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create builds for your own packages
$ cd ~/src/foo
$ cabal2nix . > default.nix
Now edit `~/.nixpkgs/config.nix`:
{
packageOverrides = super: let self = super.pkgs; in
{
foo = self.haskellPackages.callPackage
../src/foo {};
};
}
Build it by running "`nix-env -iA foo`".
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create builds for your own packages
Use this `~/.nixpkgs/config.nix` file to register the build inside of
`haskellPackages`, so that other libraries may depend on it:
{
packageOverrides = super: let self = super.pkgs; in
{
haskellPackages = super.haskellPackages.override {
overrides = self: super: {
foo = self.callPackage ../src/foo {};
bar = self.callPackage ../src/bar {};
};
};
};
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# How to download binary packages
NixOS users add this setting to `/etc/nixos/configuration.nix`:
nix.trustedBinaryCaches = [
http://hydra.cryp.to
http://hydra.nixos.org
];
Everyone else adds this setting to `/etc/nix/nix.conf`:
trusted-binary-caches = http://hydra.nixos.org \
http://hydra.cryp.to
Now run `nix-env`, `nix-build`, and `nix-shell` with this option:
--option extra-binary-caches http://hydra.nixos.org
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# GHC's infamous non-deterministic library ID bug
GHC and distributed build farms don't get along well:
https://ghc.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/4012
https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/7792
When you see an error like this one
package foo-0.7.1.0 is broken due to missing package
text-1.2.0.4-98506efb1b9ada233bb5c2b2db516d91
then you have to garbage collect `foo` and all its dependents,
and re-install from scratch.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Where to get help ...
Haskell-specific resources:
- https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/4941
- A Journey into the Haskell NG infrastructure
- Part 1: https://nixos.org/nix-dev/2015-January/015591.html
- Part 2: https://nixos.org/nix-dev/2015-January/015608.html
- Part 3: https://nixos.org/nix-dev/2015-April/016912.html
- Oliver Charles Wiki: http://wiki.ocharles.org.uk/Nix
General Nix resources:
- `https://nixos.org/`
- https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/nix-devel
- `#nixos` auf `irc.freenode.org`
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] |
Patrick Stewart to Return to Star Trek as Jean-Luc Picard - tosh
https://www.facebook.com/patrickstewart/photos/a.678451898909386.1073741828.678442918910284/1871329759621588/?type=3
======
zunzun
Is his character going to hobble around with a walker?
~~~
zunzun
"Fire oatmeal torpedoes!"
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] |
Farmers' protest rocks Indian capital
TEHRAN _ At a time when Indian Prime Minister is attending the G-20 summit, India's capital city has been rocked by farmers' protest.
Thousands of farmers from across the country took to streets in New Delhi on Friday, demanding relief from debt, higher prices for their crop and a session of parliament dedicated to their demands.
The unprecedented rally in New Delhi, experts believe, shows the growing unease and frustration among Indian farmers towards the BJP government for ignoring the needs of farmers, who contribute massively to the country's economy.
According to a report in NPR, India's agriculture sector employs nearly half of India's 1.3 billion people, but it makes up only about 15 percent of the country's economy. Low food prices have depressed rural incomes and farmers are frustrated.
The crowd, report said, comprises more than 200 farmer groups created after police shot to death six farmers at a similar protest in 2017, in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
Social media also came alive with hashtags like #MarchWithFarmers, in support and solidarity with farmers. There is also a website for those who want to take part in the march, called Dilli Chalo, or “Let's go to Delhi.”
Modi has promised to support farmers, and insists they get a fair deal under his BJP rule. He has also accused opposition parties of using the farmers' plight for political gain.
In the run up to general election in India, observers believe these protests can hurt the chances of Narendra Modi led government to retain power as farmers make the vast percentage of voters.
The participation of many opposition leaders in the march has further made situation worrying for the ruling party. | [
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] |
The effects of deleterious mutations in cyclically parthenogenetic organisms.
Cyclically parthenogenetic organisms experience benefits of both sexual and asexual reproductive modes in a constant environment. Sexual reproduction generates new genotypes and may facilitate the purging of deleterious mutations whereas asexuality has a two-fold advantage and enables maintenance of well-fitted genotypes. Asexual reproduction can have a drawback as increased linkage may lead to the accumulation of deleterious mutations. This study presents the results of Monte Carlo simulations of small and infinite diploid populations, with deleterious mutations occurring at multiple loci. The recombination rate and the length of the asexual period, interrupted by sexual reproduction, are allowed to vary. Here I show that the fitness of cyclical parthenogenetic population is dependent on the length of the asexual period. Increased length of the asexual period can lead both to increased segregational load following sexual reproduction and to a stronger effect of deleterious mutations on variation at a linked neutral marker, either by reducing or increasing the variation. | [
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1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Muscarinic responses and binding in a murine neuroblastoma clone (N1E-115). Mediation of separate responses by high affinity and low affinity agonist-receptor conformations.
Murine neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115) possess muscarinic receptors that mediate multiple responses, including the elevation of cyclic GMP levels and the inhibition of receptor-mediated increases in cyclic AMP. Evidence is presented showing that two muscarinic agonist-receptor conformations in N1E-115 cells each separately mediate a cyclic nucleotide response. Pirenzepine inhibited the [3H]cyclic GMP response to carbachol with a KD value of approximately 6 nM, whereas it inhibited the ability of carbachol to reduce prostaglandin E1-mediated elevations in [3H]cyclic AMP levels with a KD value of 93 nM, thus differentiating between two classes of receptors involved in these responses. Ten muscarinic agonists were studied for their ability to mediate the two cyclic nucleotide responses. Six were as effective as acetylcholine in the reduction of [3H]cyclic AMP levels, but only two were as effective as acetylcholine in elevating [3H]cyclic GMP levels. Four agonists (arecoline, pilocarpine, oxotremorine, and McN-A343) were ineffective in increasing [3H]cyclic GMP levels. These four agonists and bethanecol, which could increase [3H]cyclic GMP levels only 18% as well as acetylcholine, behaved as competitive antagonists in this response to carbachol. These partial agonists, in contrast to carbachol, bound to only one class of muscarinic sites in N1E-115 cells with equilibrium dissociation constants determined by competition binding assays which agreed well with their respective EC50 values for their effect on [3H]cyclic AMP levels. The equilibrium dissociation constants for the partial agonists determined by their inhibition of carbachol in the [3H] cyclic GMP response also agreed well with their respective EC50 values for mediating the [3H]cyclic AMP response. Thus, the partial agonists bound to the same receptors at which carbachol mediated [3H]cyclic GMP formation, but with KD values about the same as their respective EC50 values for inhibition of prostaglandin E1-mediated [3H]cyclic AMP increases. The full agonists acetylcholine and methacholine, like carbachol, bound to two sites in N1E-115 cells. For the six agonists able to stimulate both responses at least to some degree, the ratio of their potencies at each response correlated with their respective efficacies at each response but with much more dependence in the [3H]cyclic GMP response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) | [
1,
3077,
4287,
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] | [
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] |
COOPERATION IN REDEMPTION
by Fr. William Most
All God's decrees are eternal, since He is unchangeable. So it is
evident that from all eternity He decreed the incarnation. But then of
course He necessarily decreed the Mother through whom it was to take place,
our Lady. So she is eternally joined with Him by divine decree.
The fact that she was to be associate as well as Mother was expressed
in the very first prophecy of the Redeemer: "I will put enmity between you
and the woman, between your seed and her seed. He shall bruise your head
and you shall bruise his heel."
Many Scripture scholars today profess they find it hard to understand
this text. They say there was only one woman alive at the time, Eve. So how
could it be Mary? But the Jews, strangely, understood more than Christian
scholars on this text. We have ancient Jewish documents, Targums. They are
Aramaic versions, mostly rather free, of the OT. We have four different
ones for the Pentateuch. They let us see how the Jews in ancient times
understood these prophecies. The Jews did not use "hindsight', seeing them
fulfilled in Christ, whom they hated. A great Jewish scholar of today,
Jacob Neusner, author of over 300 books on Judaism, made a great survey of
all Jewish writings after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD, in (Fortress, Phila. 1984). He found, remarkably, that up to the time
of the Babylonian Talmud, 500 - 600 A. D. , there was practically no
interest in the Messiah. Then interest returned in the Talmud, but the only
major point mentioned was that He was to be of the line of David. In
contrast, the Targums see the Messiah in so very many texts. Now it is
obvious, that these texts could hardly have been composed (we think the
Targums first existed in oral form) during literally centuries when there
was virtually no interest in the Messiah. Hence those portions of the
Targums must go back at least before 70 A. D. , Some scholars, e. g. , R.
Le Deaut , (Rome,
Biblical Institute, 1982, pp. 4-5) think the Targums first began in the 5th
century B. C. , in the scene we read about in Nehemiah 8:8.
For certain the Targums are ancient, and show us how the ancient Jews
understood these prophecies. So on Gen 3:15, instead of foolishly saying
that it means women do not like snakes -- as one prominent commentary, now says -- the Targums knew much. For example.
says: "And I will put enmities between you and the woman,
and between your sons and her sons. And it will happen: when her sons keep
the Law and put into practice the commandments of the Law, you will aim at
and wound him on the heel, and make him ill. For her son, however, there
will be a remedy, but for you, serpent, there will be no remedy. They will
make peace in the future in the day of King Messiah."
Two other Targums, Pseudo-Jonathan and the Fragmentary Targum speak
similarly, except that they use the plural, sons, instead of the singular.
But all three speak of a remedy for the son or sons of the woman, but not
for the serpent.
Many today point out that the same Hebrew verb is used twice,
for the son of the woman striking at the head of the serpent, and for the
serpent striking at his heel. So, they say: no victory, just a tie. But the
ancient Jews knew better. They knew there was a remedy for the son of the
woman. It is true, they cloud the picture a bit by injecting allegory, so
common at the time, but yet the basic message is clear: the son of the
woman will have a victory.
So the magisterium of the Church is quite right in seeing Our Lady and
her Son in this text, and seeing them as associated in the victory over the
serpent.
Vatican II sagely pointed out, speaking of this text and Isaiah 7:14:
"These primeval documents, as they are read in the Church, and are
understood in the light of later and full revelation, gradually bring
before us the figure of the Mother of the Redeemer. She, in this light, is
already prophetically foreshadowed in the promise given to our parents,
fallen into sin, of a redeemer (cf. Gen 3. 15. . . cf. Is 7. 14)."
#55 seems to have indicated that perhaps the human
authors of these texts may not have understood all that the Church now,
with full light and guidance of the Holy Spirit, is enabled to see. Our
Lady was prophetically foreshadowed in the promise. So Eve is the type, a
prophecy of Mary to come. What an indication that just as the first Eve
really contributed to the damage of original sin, so the New Eve, as the
Fathers so often called her, would really contribute to reversing that
damage.
St. Irenaeus, quoted twice by the Council on this matter in LG #57, saw
this typological sense. He even, doubtless inspired by the Spirit who
chiefly wrote the text, said, as the Council quoted it: "Thus then, the
knot of the disobedience of Eve was untied through the obedience of Mary."
We saw that St. Irenaeus probably was inspired, for just before these words
he had pictured all sin, original and personal, as a tangled, complex knot.
Then it was that St. Irenaeus added: "Thus then, the knot of the
disobedience of Eve, was untied thorough the obedience of Mary." But - and
this is why we are led to suppose special inspiration for S. Irenaeus - the
knot was not untied at the annunciation, the moment presupposed in the
context of St. Irenaeus. No, the knot was not untied until the divine
Victim cried out: "It is finished." So objectively, probably without
realizing it himself, St. Irenaeus implied even her cooperation on Calvary.
It is not out of place to suppose that a Father of the Church, an
agent in the hand of the Holy Spirit, might write more than he understood.
Really, LG itself implied that in #55, which we cited above. For it
indicated that perhaps the original writers of Genesis 3:15 and Isaiah 7:14
did not understand all that Holy Spirit had in mind, all that the Church
today, under His continued guidance, sees clearly.
Similarly, we might well suspect that Jeremiah the prophet in his
prophecy of the new covenant in 31:31ff did not see all that the Spirit
intended. For it would have been most natural for Jeremiah to have in mind
the obedience of the people, as the condition of the new covenant. Yet we
know well from Romans 5:19 and LG #9 that it was really the obedience of
Jesus that was required, not just that of the people. Did Jeremiah see
this? God could have revealed it to him. But that is quite uncertain.
And now, in passing, may we become so bold as to suggest a
possibility. Even though the Council at the start of chapter 8 of said it did not intend to settle controversies in Mariology, there
is reason to believe it wrote more than it realized, being likewise an
instrument in the hands of Divine Providence. But more on that later.
So it is clear already at the start from Gen 3:15 that not only was she
was to be the Mother of the Redeemer, but also that she was to be
associated with Him in the victory over satan. For Pius XII, starting with
Gen 3:15, reasoned that the victory over sin in which she was to share
would not be complete if she had ever been under original sin, and in
built the definition of the Assumption precisely
on the fact that she was associated with Him in the "struggle" against the
infernal enemy, and so, since the struggle was a work "in common", the
fruit there of, glorification, had to be similarly in common: resurrection
and ascension for Him, assumption for her.
In passing we might raise a question: if even the stiff-necked Jews
could see the mother of the Messiah in this text, then she who was full of
grace must have seen that fact too. And as we shall see presently, she knew
her Son was the Messiah. So, she was the woman foretold, to share in the
victory. Further, since the Church, in the person of Pius XII, could reason
that this victory implied an immaculate conception - very reasonably, for
the first Eve had an immaculate start, for original sin had not been
invented when she first appeared , so the new Eve should have the same
immaculate start -- if then, the Church now sees the immaculate conception
in this text of Gen 3:15, then would not our Lady herself have seen the
same truth, with her fullness of grace? In other words, it seems she knew
her own immaculate conception!
We should add too: many Scripture scholars, among them Pope John Paul
II ( # 24) believe the use of the word "woman", perhaps
an editorial adjustment, was used in Scripture to tie together four
passages: Gen 3:15, the Cana Episode, the scene at the foot of the Cross,
and the woman clothed with the sun in Apocalypse 12. We spoke in passing of
her as full of grace. We are well aware that many version today refuse that
translation, and water it far down, such as "favored one." But the official
text of the Church, the Vulgate, does have the rendering full of grace. And
not without reason. St. Luke used the Greek word , a perfect
passive participle, which is a very strong form. Further, the basic verb is
. Now verbs ending in form a class which in
general means to put a person or thing into the state indicated by the root
of the verb. e. g., leukos> means white, means to make white. The
meaning of the root of is favor or grace. So the verb means to
put her into favor or grace. But we need to be careful. If by favor we have
in mind only that God as it were sat there and smiled at her, but gave her
nothing, we would have the Pelagian heresy. So we might as well use the
word grace at the start, to indicate a gift He gave. Still further, the
Gospel uses in place of her personal name, Mary. That is a
usage comparable to our English pattern in which we might say of someone
that he is "Mr. Tennis", meaning the ultimate in the category of tennis. So
then she would be Miss Grace, the ultimate in the category of grace!
We cannot help noticing too that though many today deny that Isaiah
7:14 speaks of a virgin birth - although St. Matthew saw it-- yet she could
not have missed it. For she saw it being fulfilled in herself. It is true
the Targum as we now have it did not mark this passage as messianic. But we
know why, thanks to some splendidly honest modern Jewish scholars: Jacob
Neusner ( pp. 173 and 190), Samson Levey (, Hebrew Union College, 1974, p, . 152 and note
10), and H. J. Schoeps (, Westminster,
Phila, 1961, p. 129): Neusner tells us (p. 190) that when the Jews say the
christians using this prophecy, they pulled back, and said it was not the
Messiah. But they gave themselves away, for the Targums do mark Isaiah 9:5-
6 as Messianic, and everyone admits that the child in both 7:14 and 9:5-6
is the same child, for both passages belong to what is commonly called the
book of Emmanuel.
We will see more about Isaiah 9:5-6 later on.
To continue: Someone might well ask: Since He had come to redeem the
world, why did He spend most of that time, about 30 years, in a hidden
life? The answer is clear: He redeeming the world even then. Really,
Jesus merited for us not only on the cross, but in His whole life. The
Greek Fathers understood this especially well with their theology of
physical mystical solidarity. They meant that all humanity forms a unit, a
solidarity. Then the humanity of Christ comes to be part of that
solidarity. But His humanity is joined, in the unity of One Person, with
the Divinity. Therefore, as it were, a force or power spreads out from the
divinity, across the humanity of Christ and heals the rest of humanity.
This was so firm in the minds of the Eastern Fathers that St. Gregory of
Nazianzen in his was able to reason against Apollinaris:
"What He has not assumed, He has not healed." Apollinaris had said Christ
had no human rational soul. Within the framework of physical mystical
solidarity St. Gregory could argue that if He did not assume a human
rational soul, he did not heal human rational souls.
So they knew that even the first instant of His incarnation could have
been enough to bring about the whole of Redemption. Had He been born not in
a stable, but in a palace, had He stayed only moments, long enough to
say:"Behold, I come to do your will, O, God. . . . Father forgive them,"
that would have been an infinite redemption, coming from an infinite
person. The theme of His whole life was: "My food is to do the will of Him
who sent me", an echo and continuation of His initial words: Behold I come
to do your will O God."
So He spent about 30 out of His 33 years in the seclusion of a hidden
life. But since that hidden life was doing the will of the father, it was
infinitely meritorious. He wanted to teach the value of a family life
according to the Father's plan.
Now she was joined with Him in all this, and her part in all this was
meritorious, not infinitely, but immensely. We already saw that the New Eve
theme was contained in Genesis 3:15. So as New Eve her merit was not just
that of a private person, but that of the one appointed by the Father to
join in reversing the damage done by the old Eve.
Pope Paul VI, in an address to the 13th National Congress of the Italian
Feminine Center on Feb. 12, 1966 gave us a very profound statement:
"Christian marriage and the Christian family demand a moral commitment.
They are not an easy way of Christian life, even though the most common,
the one which the majority of the children of God are called to travel.
Rather, it is a long path toward sanctification." Even in the case of
ordinary couples, the path leads toward sanctification, if they act
according to the Father's plan. It is wonderfully sanctifying, if it is
undertaken precisely as doing the will of our Father in Heaven. Our Father
knew well how to entice, as it were, people to register for this course in
sanctification. He built into us a powerful attraction to the opposite sex.
If people follow through, after the initial emotion has simmered down, they
find themselves in a pattern of life which is not an easy one, but which
really is a long path towards sanctification. For the differences of male
and female psychology are tremendous, so great that even with an ideal
couple - not always to be found - each one could say honestly: "I have to
give in most of the time to make this work." And the generosity and
selflessness of even ordinary parents to their children is amazing. One
insurance commercial put it this way: "When you have children, their goals
become your goals."
The full perfection and sinlessness of Jesus the Son of Mary, and the
similar sinlessness of His Mother and St. Joseph would make this difficulty
of meshing two lives far less. Yet Mary and Joseph, and their Son, knew
that in living this family life they were following out the Father's plan
for mankind. And by , they were, as He said later at the
Jordan,"fulfilling all justice." They were doing what the Father willed.
But it is one thing to say that her living that family life was
meritorious, another thing to say that it was meritorious for our race. We
already noted that as New Eve she was appointed to help merit for all. But
there is more.
We get a start with the help of St. Paul, who in 1 Cor 12:26 wrote:
"If one member suffers, all suffer together; if one member is honored, all
rejoice together." We find this same thought - not strangely, for Paul as
trained as a Rabbi - in a text of Simeon ben Eleazar in the 2nd century, in
the 1. 14: "He [anyone] has committed a transgression: woe to
him. He has tipped the scale to the side of debt for himself and for the
world. He has carried out a commandment: blessings on him. For he has
tipped the scale to the side of merit for himself and for the world."
Even though this text belongs a century after St. Paul, the idea that
sin is a debt is so prevalent among the Rabbis, that we may be confident it
was there in Paul's day too. Really the concept of sin a debt which the
Holiness of God wants to have paid is found all over the Old Testament, the
intertestamental literature, the New Testament, the Rabbis, and the Fathers
of the Church.
It is so strong that Leviticus 4 calls for a sacrifice to be offered for
even , an unwitting violation of the law. The Holiness of God
wants all that is right to be done. In the intertestamental literature, for
example, we read in 3. 5: "In heaven next to it are the
archangels, who minister and make propitiation to the Lord for all the sins
of ignorance of the righteous. Or the 3:8-9:"The
righteous man continually searches his house to remove utterly [all]
iniquity [done] by him in error. He makes atonement for [sins of] ignorance
by fasting and afflicting his soul." Nor is the theme lacking the New
Testament. In Luke 12: 47-48 on the lips of Our Lord Himself: "The slave
who knew his master's wishes but did not prepare to fulfill them will get a
severe beating; but the one who did not know them, but did things
[objectively] deserving blows will get off with fever stripes". St. Paul in
1 Cor 4:4 had this sort of thing in mind when he wrote: "I have nothing on
my conscience, but that does not mean that I am justified." The in 2. 3 tells the Corinthians: "You stretched out your
hands to the almighty God, beseeching him to be propitious, if you had
sinned at all unwillingly." In the liturgy of St. John Chrysostom there is
still a line before the Epistle: "Forgive us every offense, both voluntary
and involuntary."
But as we said, it is one thing to say she merited much during the hidden
life. We got help from St. Paul to start. But now, more precisely: we read
several times that Moses appealed to the merits of Abraham, Isaac, and
Jacob and thereby won forgiveness for the sinful people. In
44. 1. R. Samuel ben Nahmani says Moses stood in prayer 40 days and 40
nights asking God to forgive the sin of the golden calf, but without any
result. But when he mentioned the merits of the fathers, God at once
forgave them. (Cf. A Marmorstein, (KTAV, 1968, . p. 151). . . . . The reason is that Abraham was
the Father of the whole people, and as such, his merits were of avail for
all.
Now when she pronounced her , and became the mother of the Head
of the Mystical Body, then ipso facto, as Pius XII observed, in his message
to the Marian Congress of Ottawa, Canada, on June 19, 1947: "But when the
little maid of Nazareth uttered her to the message of the angel. . .
she became not only the Mother of God in the physical order of nature, but
also in the supernatural order of grace she became the Mother of all who. .
. would be made one under the Headship of her divine Son. The Mother of the
Head would be the Mother of the members. The Mother of the Vine would be
the Mother of the branches." So already on that day of the annunciation she
became the mother of the members of the Mystical Body of which her Son
Christ was the Head.
So it is obvious: if the merits of Abraham counted for all His people,
so did her merits count for all those of whom she became the spiritual
mother.
So just as He merited for all of us not only on the cross, but also in
His whole earlier life, so she too merited for all of us.
She did this, of course, not independently of Him, but as His Mother and
member. She, in her humility was completely unlike Philo's picture of
Abraham ( 4. 27) who "by the innate goodness of
his natural dispositions had acquired a spontaneous, self-taught, self-
implanted virtue."
That word is in ill favor today among many, but it should not be
so. A merit is really a claim to reward. But all of us gain a claim to a
reward not by our own power - not even Our Lady can do more - but inasmuch
as we are members of Christ and like Him. In Romans 8:17: "If children,
then heirs, heirs of God, fellow heirs with Christ, provided we suffer with
Him in order that we may also be glorified with Him." In that way, and to
that extent, we gain a claim to a reward. To put it another way: by grace
we are adopted as sons of God, and even given a share in His very divine
nature, as 2 Peter 1;4 tells us. Sons, as sons, do have a claim to be in
their Father's house. It is only in this sense that we, and even she, merit
heaven. So the Council of Trent (DS 1532) taught that we get justification
without any merit at all on our part. Then, the possession of that
justification, since it makes us sons of God, and sharers it the divine
nature, gives us a claim to entrance into the mansions of our Father (DS
1582) whose sons we are. A claim, as we said, is the same as a merit. So it
is only in this sense that we merit heaven. St. Paul sums sit up compactly
in Romans 6 :12: "The wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is
eternal life." Of course, once we achieve that dignity of sons and sharers
in the divine nature, then our works take on a great dignity, which calls
for reward:DS 1582).
Her merit on Calvary was, as we shall explain later, strictly beyond the
power of any actually existing creature to comprehend. But even before that
it was practically measureless. For among other things, there are three
special factors that affect how greatly an action is meritorious: the
dignity of the person, the work that is done, and the love with which it is
done.
What then of all that she did, with the quasi infinite dignity of the
Mother of God, as Pius XI wrote, in an Encyclical written for the 1500th
anniversary of the Council of Ephesus, which defined her divine motherhood:
"From this dogma of the divine motherhood as from the font of a hidden
gushing spring, flows the singular grace of Mary and her dignity, second
only to God. In fact, as Aquinas writes: 'the Blessed Virgin, from the fact
that she is the Mother of God, has a sort of infinite dignity from the
infinite good that God is."
As to the works themselves that she carried out, she not only did
ordinary things in the hidden life, but things of extraordinary difficulty
as we will soon explain.
The love with which she acted meant her attachment to the will of God.
But that attachment, which is the same as holiness, was so great that even
at the start of her life, as Pius IX wrote in , it was so
great that "none greater under God can be thought of, and no one but God
can comprehend it." Of course, God being all powerful, could create a
creature capable of understanding her holiness/love. But He has not done
that. So actually, only God Himself can comprehend it.
In regard to the work, the difficulty of the work done greatly increases
merit. It is not that difficulty as such is worth anything. Not at all. But
we have in us only one thing that is free, our free wills. Therefore if we
could make that free will match entirely the will of the Father, there is
nothing else to do. Full perfection is attained. But when someone acts in
the face of great difficulty, then his/her will must adhere to that will of
the Father with all the greater force, or else fail.
It is interesting to examine precisely how it is that difficulty
increases that ability, and increases merit. Since we are made up of two
parts, body and soul, or matter and spirit, and since the two are so
closely tied together as to add up to one person, it follows that if we
have a condition on either one of the two sides, for smooth running there
should be a parallel condition on the other side that condition sis called
a resonance. When it falls on the side of the body, as is most usual, it is
called somatic resonance.
Now all spiritual perfection lies in the attachment of our wills to
the will of God, for there is only that one free element in us. How is it
then, that we could not just make one act of acceptance of His will and be
instantly perfect? There are chiefly two reasons: 1)We cannot at anyone
time foresee all that His will may ask of us before the end of our lives;
2)the development on the spiritual side is tied to development on the
somatic side. But hat somatic development follows the laws of the growth of
bodies: plants, animals, and children grow not in a constantly smoothly
rising curve. Rather the pattern is a step graph, consisting of long
plateaus, with small rises in between. Sol if anything can shakeup the
bodily side, the somatic resonance, then it is possible for spiritual
growth to be large instead of in small steps. When things are difficult,
especially when one must hold on in the dark, the rise, if one does well,
can be very large. It was large so often in her life. Hence her great
growth, a growth that could well be compared to geometric progression in
which each number is multiplied by itself, e. g, 2 x 2 = 4; 4 x 4 = 16, 16
x 16 = 256 etc.
It is in view of this that the Father often puts persons in situations
where they must as it were hold on in the dark. Abraham had been told by
God that he was to be the Father of a great nation through Isaac. Yet later
- we do not know how long it was - God told Abraham to kill that son in
sacrifice. Abraham might well have said at that point: Now I recall you
told me I am to be the Father of a great nation through this son Isaac. I
must believe your word, and I do believe it. But now you tell me to kill
him before your promise can begin to be fulfilled. So please tell me which
of the two things you will me to do, and I will do it.
But Abraham said nothing of the kind. He simply started out, working
in the dark, that is, adhering to the will of the Father when it seemed
utterly impossible to do what the Father commanded. We know the outcome.
By putting Abraham into such a difficult position, God wanted Abraham
to profit spiritually in an enormous degree. Abraham did that, and His
faith was a merit for all his posterity.
Now Our Lady was put into such difficulty many times. First at the
annunciation, she knew at once from the words of the archangel that her Son
was to be the Messiah. For the angel had told her that her Son would reign
over the house of Jacob forever. Practically all Jews then believed that
only the Messiah would reign forever. Yet she knew the prophecy of Isaiah
53 about the terrible suffering and death of the Messiah. Ordinary Jews
seem to have had great difficulty with it, to such an extent that the
Targum on Isaiah 53 turned the meek lamb into an arrogant conqueror. She
would not do that, she would understand.
Her works were holy as she was holy. Isaiah loves to stress: God is
the Holy One. Zeus/Juppiter, chief god of Greece and Rome, was not so much
immoral as amoral. He lived beyond the reach of morality. The gods of
Mesopotamia, from whence the Hebrews came, were often of much of the same
temper. Thus the Mesopotamian gods sent the great flood not to punish the
immorality of the human race, but simply out of whim -and then were afraid
of it, and cowered on the battlements of heaven until it was over.
What a striking revelation was it then for the world when Psalm 11:7
proclaimed: "God is and He loves sedaqoth." He Himself observes
morality, and He loves things that are done in accord with morality - such
as the actions of Jesus and Mary in the Holy Family.
That word Holy, which the angels triply proclaimed before the
astonished gaze of Isaiah, really meant that God loves all that is morally
right. We can see this fact all over the Old Testament, the
intertestamental writings of the Jews, the New Testament, the Rabbis, and
the Fathers of the Church.
We have grown accustomed to the idea that there are three Persons in
the one God. But in her culture, and even to her, that idea was strange,
incomprehensible. Of course it is really incomprehensible to us too. It is
just that we have grown up with it, and so it never did have the impact it
would have when it first burst forth upon the world.
We saw it is obvious she knew her Son was to be the Messiah. That
understanding would be helped by Genesis 49:10, a line which again, so many
Catholic scholars find hard to understand, while fine Jews see it clearly.
Thus Jacob Neusner (op. cit. , p. 242 cites that line and then says: "It is
difficult to imagine how Gen 49:10 could have been read as other than a
messianic prediction." Not long before the annunciation, it was clear that
the time for the prophecy was at hand. For there had been some sort of
ruler from the tribe of Judah all along, until 41 B. C. when Rome imposed
Herod on them as Tetrach, and then in 37, as King. Herod by birth was not
of the tribe of Judah, was half Arab, half Idumean. Neusner also reports
(p. 12) that messianic expectation was intense and high at the time.
Did she also have to face the difficult belief in more than one Person
in God? Did she know He was to be divine? It is hard to escape that
conclusion.
First the archangel said her Son was to be conceived when the Holy
Spirit would her. That word was the same word used in Exodus
40:35 for the divine presence filing the ancient tabernacle in the desert.
She would easily grasp that. Then the archangel continued , the Son would be called Son of God. An ordinary Jew could be
called a son of God (cf. Hosea 11:1), but this was not the usual sense. He
was to be called Son of God for the unique reason that He would be
conceived by her being filled with the Divine Presence, like the Tabernacle
of old. Most likely she saw His divinity at this point.
But there were many helps toward seeing that in the Old Testament.
First, Isaiah 9:5-6, which, as the Targum shows, the Jews knew was
Messianic, said the child was to be , God the Mighty (he NAB
version as "God-hero" is completely indefensible, linguistically and
otherwise. Not even modern Jewish versions of Isaiah make such a
mistranslation, though they naturally would want to avoid the divinity of
the messiah). The difficulty the Jews had with this line was
understandable, for they had had monotheism hammered into them. So had she.
But what the stiff-necked Jews did not probably see, she, full of grace,
would hardly miss.
And there were additional helps in the OT, as we said:
In Psalm 80. 15-18 God is asked to visit this vine "and the stock which
your right hand has planted. . . . Let your hand be upon the man of your
right hand, upon the son of man whom you have strengthened for yourself."
Samson Levey () here comments: "It
would appear that the Targum takes the Messiah to be the son of God, which
is much too anthropomorphic and Christological to be acceptable in Jewish
exegesis." He notes that neither the earlier nor the later rabbis took up
this interpretation by the Targum. Rather, he says that some of the later
rabbis "carefully steer clear of any messianic interpretation " by the
Targum here. (In passing: we note that here the Messiah is called Son of
Man!)
Further, Psalm 45. 7-8 says: "Your throne, O God, is ever and ever. .
. . God your God has anointed you with the oil of rejoicing." Even though
some think the Psalm was occasioned by a royal marriage, the Targum saw it
as messianic. Levey even remarks that the Hebrew word for king in
verses 2, 6, 12, 15, and 16 is understood as God.
There is still more in Ezekiel 34. 11: God Himself said: "For thus
says the Lord God: Behold I, I will search out my sheep and seek them out."
We notice the repeated "I", which seems to stress the thought that God
Himself would come. But in verse 23 of the same chapter: "I will set one
shepherd over them, my servant David." The Targum Jonathan does treat the
psalm as messianic. Of course this is not conclusively clear, but there
could be an implication that the Messiah, called here "my servant David"
would be God Himself.
Again, in Jeremiah 23. 3 God said: "and I myself shall gather the
remnant of the my sheep from all the lands to which I have driven them."
But in verse 5: "I will raise up for David a righteous branch." That word
"branch" is often taken by the Targums to indicate the Messiah. Hence
Targum Jonathan on verse 5 does use "a righteous Messiah" instead of
"branch". Then, surprisingly, in verse 6: "And this is the name which He
shall call him: the Lord is our righteousness." In the later Midrash,
1. 51 we read :"What is the name of the King Messiah?
R. Abba b. Kahana said: 'His name is 'the Lord'". In the Hebrew text of
that passage, the word for Lord is Yahweh! It is astounding to find a later
rabbi doing such a thing. (cf. Levey, op. cit, p. 70).
Still another passage appears in Jeremiah 30. 11: "For I am with you -
oracle of Yahweh - to save you." The Targum clearly calls this passage
messianic. Levey notices this, and comments: "in v. 11 the apparent
anthropomorphism of God being with Israel, in the physical sense is
softened by the use of the word Memra" - Memra is a puzzling word in the
Targums, which seems in general to refer to the complex interplay between
God's constancy and the fickleness of His people - but a times, it seems to
mean God Himself. (On Memra cf. Bruce Chilton, ,
Glazier, 1987, p. lvi).
So there were multiple indications of the divinity of her Son. But, as
we said, this would be a shock to her, an occasion for holding on in the
dark. For she as we said had had monotheism hammered into her: but now she
learns that still another Person, he Son, is to be God!
She may even have picked up the fact that the Spirit who was to
overshadow her was a separate Person. It was entirely clear that the Spirit
was divine, from the connection to Exodus 40:35 as we said.
Then she would have to cope with a revelation even of the most Holy
Trinity. We, as we said above, have grown up with the concept of Three
Person but only One God. But if she picked up the implication we have
brought out, it would be something entirely new that burst upon her at this
point.
We can add: Not a few Saints have been given the grace to sense the
presence of Jesus in the Eucharist in Tabernacles. She who was full of
grace- how could she fail to sense the divine presence within her, for nine
months. But then, what reverence. A strong rabbinic tradition, beginning
with Philo ( 2. 14. 68-69) held that Moses after his first
encounter with God in a vision, never could bring himself to have sex again
with his wife. What reverence, what immense merit in her who had not just a
vision, but the physical presence of the Divine Son within her for nine
months! In passing, how could some today dare to think she must have had
several additional sons and daughters after Jesus, when even Moses could
not bring himself to that after just one vision. And what of Joseph, more
holy than Moses!
Was it easy, perhaps even not necessary for her to have faith after
such a vision? Not at all. She as we saw, had to hold on in the dark to
believe most difficult things. And further, after His birth, and during all
the hidden life, there would be a constant clash between two voices, as it
were, the voice of her faith telling her that this child is divine, and the
voice of her senses telling her that He feels like just any ordinary child,
and even has normal baby needs!
On entering into this world, as Hebrews said (10:7), He said: "Behold,
I come to do your will, O God." The Church teaches, though so many deny it,
that from the first instant of conception His human soul had the vision of
God, in which all knowledge is present. Pius XII even specified, in his
Encyclical (DS 3812) that at that point "when just received
in the womb of the Mother of God, He has all the members of the Mystical
Body continuously and perpetually present to Himself, and embraces hem with
salvific love. The same Pope repeated his teaching in
(1951 DS 3905) and still again in (1956, DS 3924). - We
add that anything taught repeatedly on the ordinary magisterium level is
infallible. So this surely is. - It is obvious that all throughout His life
He suffered anguish from the knowledge of all that He was to suffer. He
allowed us to see inside Himself, as it were, in Luke 12:50:"I have a
baptism to be baptized with, and how am I constrained until it is
accomplished!" He meant He knew He had to be plunged into the depths of
terrible suffering, and was as it were in a tight spot, could not get
comfortable until it would be over with. He let us look again in John
12:27: "Now is my soul troubled. And what shall I say? Father save me from
this hour." And then in Gethsemani the lifelong nightmare caught up with
Him, and He could not waken Himself by a scream to find it only a dream.
No, it was there, and He literally sweated blood, as the capillaries
adjacent to the sweat glands ruptured from the impossible interior tension
and poured out their red tide though those orifices. He even experienced
agonizing fear, as Mark 14:34 tells us. For His humanity was, by the will
of the Father and His own consequent self-emptying (Phil 2:7) unprotected
by divine resources from the natural consequences of so terrible a
prevision. So He was even moved to beg the Father to let the chalice pass.
Really, it could have passed, and there still would have been an infinite
redemption, since any act of the God-man, as we saw above, was of infinite
merit, infinite in reparation. B ut the Father willed that He should drink
the biter chalice even to the dregs, to show the immense measure - really
entirely beyond measure - of His love.
She began to suffer with Him and so to merit for us at the
annunciation, for then as we said, she knew the terrible prophecy of Isaiah
53. She knew Psalm 22 which He was to recite on the cross: "They have
pierced my hands and my feet"(22:16). She knew the related prophecy of
Zechariah 12:10: "They shall look on whom they have pierced, and they
shall mourn for as one mourns for an only son." Even the RSV fears to
render the underlined pronouns as the Hebrew has them. But the message is
plain:the one who is pierced is divine,"me";and "Him" refers to the Messiah
as if another person.
All spiritual perfection lies in aligning one's will with the will of
the Father. And when what He positively wills is known, it is required that
one positively will what the Father wills. So she as called upon even from
the start of her association with the suffering Messiah to will what she
knew the Father willed, what she knew her Son willed. She spoke her
to all that, perhaps not fully realized at the very moment of the
annunciation, yet surely present to her soul as she pondered all these
things in her heart, meriting immensely along with Him.
Not even the nativity scene, with the song of the angels, was exempt
from trials. His circumcision, the first shedding of His blood, was painful
to Him and therefore to her as well.
His presentation in the temple was most difficult: we might well call it
the offertory of the great sacrifice. Other parents bought their sons back
from the service of God. She and He, in obedience to the law, went through
that same ritual. But they knew it was not buying Him back. Rather, it was
giving Him over. For He, since He had had that divine vision in His soul
from the start and at the start had said: "Behold, I come to do your will O
God", He renewed that offering then, or rather, He continued it, with that
new expression of it. She too, continuing her , echoed that offering
of His.
Both knew what that implied, what it was to bring. Even though it was
well known in advance, yet to actually go through this offering must have
been painful indeed.
The prophecy of Simeon similarly, even though it conveyed no new
information to her, yet it would be painful to have to hear explicitly that
a sword would pierce her soul as He would be the stone on whom some would
stumble and fall, though some would rise.
Soon there came the threat to His life from Herod. This was in a way
strange indeed: He, the Messiah, whom she most likely knew to be even
divine, could He not protect Himself? But Joseph and Mary obeyed the angel
and went into exile into Egypt.
At age 12 something strange happened. He allowed His parents to be in
grief and distress for three days, while seeking HIm, to find Him in the
temple. His reply: "Did you not know that I must be about my Father's
business? -- this puzzled them. It need not mean they did not know who He
was. Rather, it is evident that His way of behaving was such a radical
departure from His usual kind and considerate way. It is that they could
not understand, and so had to hold on in the dark, with immense merit,
until the light dawned.
During the long years of that hidden life, humanly she might well have
wondered: when will He begin the mission for which He came? And yet, she
would find the thought of that mission hard to bear, for she knew all too
well to what it would lead.
At the start of His public life came the wedding at Cana. She, sin a
really feminine way, did not ask Him to do anything, she merely hinted,
saying: They have no wine. His response was such as to cause again an
occasion of holding on in the dark for her, with a chance for great
spiritual merit and growth. For the words "What is it to you and to me" in
the Old Testament do not carry a favorable color. There are two types of
this usage. One is in the sense of,"What did I do to bring this on?"
Examples are in Judges 11:12; 2 Chron 35:21 and 1 Kings 17:18. The other
type is about the same as saying: "This is your affair, not mine." Examples
are found in 1 Kings 3:13 and Hosea 14:8.
She did hold on well in the dark, as we can see from her words to the
waiters: Do whatever He tells you. And the outcome proved her faith was not
misplaced. It brought His very first miracle, the first open example of the
power of her intercession with Him. He advanced the hour. Some think that
word always refers to the hour of His death. But that would not at all fit
here. Rather, it is the time He had set for beginning His miracles. Really,
even so He did not change the time: in making His decision before then as
to when the time would actually come, He had taken into account in advance
her intercession. Without her intercession, the time would have been
somewhat later.
We might think of asking: Since she was full of grace at the start, how
could she grow? The answer is that sanctifying grace is simply the ability
to take in the vision of God face to face in the world to come. Since that
vision is infinite, and we are so finite, our capacity can always increase.
At the start, then, she was full of grace, in that she had all the ability
of which her soul was capable at that point. But that capability could
advance, especially by doing things that were difficult, such as holding on
in the dark.
So her merit for us, and her personal growth went on at a dizzying
pace. Again, we might compare it to a geometric progression.
We might be tempted to think that between the best of Sons and the
best of Mothers, everything would be sweetness and light. We already saw
the strange episode of finding in the Temple at age 12, a case that
required holding on in the dark. We saw another at Cana. Now we see some
very surprising cases. As Luke 11:27 tells us: "And it happened, when He
said these things, a woman in the crowd raised her voice and said to Him:
Blessed is the womb that bore you, and the breasts that you sucked. But He
said: Blessed rather are those who hear the word of God and keep it."
The thought is much the same in another passage, from Mark 3:20-35.
Some of those about Him, seeing He preached so intently that He would not
stop to eat, thought Him out of His mind, and went out to take Him by
force. Then -- if indeed the incident is chronologically placed -- the
scribes said He was casting out devils by the devils. Next, His Mother and
relatives came to a crowd where He was speaking. It was announced to Him.
Instead of inviting her in and telling the crowd: I want you to meet my
Mother, He replied "Who are my mother and my brothers? And looking around
on those who sat about Him He said: Here are my Mother and my brother.
Whoever does the will of God is my brother and sister, and mother."
Both incidents just mentioned not only do not praise or accept her, but
seem to reject or to put her down. Surely, both were difficult occasions
for immense merit of holding on in the dark. It would be only by pondering
in her heart that she could find the right interpretation.
Vatican II supplies the correct understanding in LG #58: "In the course
of His preaching, she received the words in which her Son praised those who
heard the word of God and kept it, as she was faithfully doing, more than
the reasons and bonds of flesh and blood." That is, He was making a
comparison of two forms of greatness: that of being the Mother of God -
which as we saw, is a quasi-infinite dignity - and hearing and keeping the
word of God. The second category is greater than the first. But she was at
the peak in both categories. She had indeed received the Word of God at the
annunciation, and thereby received the Word made flesh, and further she had
kept His words faithfully, as Vatican II said. That was even in her a
greater dignity than that of the Mother of God.
Not only on the occasions just mentioned, but all throughout His
public life, when He received the acclaim of the crowds, she in humility
had remained in the background.
But towards the end, the Apostles, and so many would have been able to
see He was in danger of death. There may be a hint of that in Mark 10:32:
they are on the road to Jerusalem, and "Jesus was walking ahead of them;
and they were amazed, and those who followed were afraid." Already long
before this point His enemies had resolved to ill Him. They were afraid to
arrest Him openly, for the crowds considered Him a prophet. But He, even
without the vision in His human soul, just naturally, could have seen this
coming. And she too must have seen it coming. Yet just as He went ahead,
wanting to fulfill His redemptive sacrifice, so too would she.
When He was in agony in the garden, she must have known even if at
some distance. For there seems to be such a thing as extrasensory
perception, which is probably just a natural phenomenon. So many have had
it, and it comes especially to mothers when their sons are in danger. So
she must have perceived His agony, and continuing her would have
willed what she knew the Father willed.
Then He was arrested, and everything was all too obvious. She, as we
said, had modestly and humbly remained in the background when He was
acclaimed by the crowds. But now, when the terrible blackness came over
Calvary, she moved out of the shadows and into that darkness, to share His
disgrace, to merit with Him, even though of course only in subordination to
Him.
It is not enough to say that He redeemed us by dying. Of course that
is true. But we still ask: How did that operate? There are three aspects to
the redemption: new covenant, sacrifice, payment of debt or rebalance of
the objective order. She shared in a singular way in all aspects, by her
obedience to the will of the Father.
First it was a new covenant. At Sinai, God had promised favor with
obedience as the condition. Jeremiah 31:31-33 had foretold a new covenant,
again with obedience as the condition. Probably Jeremiah did not see that
the obedience was to be that of the divine Messiah and His Mother. Yet that
was to be it. At the Last Supper, He said over the chalice: "This is the
chalice of my blood, the new and eternal covenant, which is to be shed for
you and for all so that sins may be forgiven." Yes, the Father's love of
objective goodness did not wish to forgive sins without a rebalance of the
moral order. So His blood was to be shed "so that sins might be
forgiven."But as we said the condition of that new covenant was obedience,
first His obedience even to death. But also her obedience in willing what
the Father willed. She had been appointed to this work as the New Eve, as
the one foretold in Genesis 3:15 as sharing in the struggle and the victory
over sin and death.
Secondly, it as the great sacrifice. She was even physically present
at it. In Isaiah 29:13 God had complained:"This people honors me with their
lips, but their hearts are far from But now the Hearts of Jesus and His
Mother were not far from the will of the Father. Rather, they, knowing what
He willed, willed the same-- all sanctify as we said consists in conformity
of one's will with the will of the Father. And when the soul know what He
positively wills, then it must and will positively will. it. So she then at
immense cost, did even will that He die, die then, die so horribly.
He on entering into the world had offered that: Behold I come to do your
will O God. She in unison of Heart has said her which she not only
never retracted, but intensely continued, even to the Cross. The difficulty
of willing His death is literally beyond our comprehension. For to do that
was to go most directly contrary to her love for Him. How great was it?
Strictly beyond the comprehension of anyone but God Himself. And this is
most strictly true, is no mere rhetoric. For we saw already that Pius IX,
in defining the Immaculate Conception, had said that her holiness at the
start was so great that "none greater under God can be thought of, and no
one but God can comprehend it."But, in practice, holiness and love of God
are interchangeable terms. Therefore, her love, a principal measure of her
suffering, was really beyond the ability of any actually existing creature
to comprehend. We said "actually existing creature" since of course God
being almighty, could have created a creature capable of comprehending her
Son. But as a matter of fact, He has not done that. So only God could
comprehend her love, and consequently, her suffering. This was done in
union of will. It was that obedience of will which gave all the value to
His sacrifice. Without that it would have been a tragedy, not a sacrifice.
It would have been as empty as that of which God complained in Isaiah
29:13. But she by her obedience, at cost beyond our comprehension, joined
in that will which gave all the value to His sacrifice. She did it as the
new Eve, as the one foretold as sharing in the victory over sin and death.
The third aspect is that of the rebalance of the objective order, or
the payment of the debt of sin. We saw that the Holiness of God really
means His love of all that is objectively right. Sinners had taken from the
scales, as it were - we recall the words of Simeon ben Eleazar - what they
had no right to take. He, and she in union with Him, both owing nothing,
yet gave up, put back more than all sinners of all ages together had taken
away. This was a self-emptying spoken of in Philippians 2:7. This was the
sacrifice that made our peace and won all forgiveness and grace, once for
all.
We have been working basically with Scripture alone to show the fact
of Our Lady's immediate cooperation in the objective redemption, by way of
obedience, which was part of the covenant condition, of the essential
interior disposition of the sacrifice, or rebalancing the objective order.
This fits perfectly with the teachings of the magisterium. There are 17
documents, from every Pope from Leo XIII to John Paul II inclusive, plus
Vatican II that teach this truth.
To illustrate, we look at #61: "The Blessed Virgin,
predestined from eternity along with the incarnation of the divine Word as
the Mother of God, by design of divine Providence was the gracious Mother
of the divine Redeemer, in a singular way more than others, and the
generous associate and humble handmaid of the Lord. In conceiving Christ,
in bringing Him forth, in nourishing Him, in presenting Him to the Father
in the temple, in suffering with her Son as He died on the Cross, she
cooperated in the work of the Savior, in an altogether singular way, by
obedience, faith, hope and burning love, to restore supernatural life to
souls. As a result, she is our Mother in the order of grace."
That is indeed a magnificent text. It begins as we did, with her union
with Him in the eternal decree for the Incarnation. It speaks of her
association with Him throughout all His life, and especially in the great
sacrifice itself. It says she did this in a singular way - which means that
even though St. John was present at the Cross, he was not in the position
in which she was, the New Eve, His associate, the one appointed "by design
of Divine Providence" to act thus. It stresses especially that her role was
one of obedience. LG #56 had twice said her role was accomplished by
obedience, in contrast to the disobedience of the first Eve, to undo what
the first Eve had bound by disobedience. John Paul II in #19 expressed the same truth excellently,"as a sharing in the
sacrifice of Christ - the new Adam - it becomes in a certain sense the
counterpoise to the disobedience and disbelief embodied in the sin of our
first parents. Thus teach the Fathers of the Church and especially St.
Irenaeus, quoted by the Constitution : 'The knot of Eve's
disobedience was untied by Mary's obedience. . . . '"
There is something really remarkable that not everyone has noticed
here. At the start of that Chapter 8 of the Council had
said it did not intend to settle debates in Mariology. Yet we believe it is
clear that it did settle the chief debate. Such a thing is very possible.
We saw above that in LG #55 the Council indicated that perhaps the human
writers of Gen 3:15 and Is 7:14 did not understand all that the Church now,
guided by the Holy Spirit, has gradually come to see. We noted it is likely
that Jeremiah did not fully understand his prophecy of the new covenant. We
saw that St. Irenaeus implied more than he is likely to have seen, in his
words about the knot, cited by the Council. So too the Council, an
instrument in the hands of Divine Providence, certainly could, if God so
willed, write more than it saw.
Now before the Council there were two positions about her cooperation on
Calvary: 1)The German theory of active receptivity, in which she would, as
it were, merely put forth her hand [active] and pick up what she had no
share in producing [receptivity]. 2)The position of Cardinal Santos and
associates, according to which she shared by meriting, that is,
contributing to establishing a claim to all forgiveness and grace. Hence in
LG #61 and 56 the Council said, three times, that she shared by obedience.
But as we have explained, obedience is sharing in the covenant condition,
sharing in the interior disposition which gave all its value to the great
sacrifice, obedience is rebalancing the objective order of paying the debt
incurred by the disobedience of our first parents, and all other humans. Of
course that is not merely picking up something which she had no share in
producing (to say that is really a Lutheran theology of redemption: merely
appropriating). No, she shared actively in the ways indicated.
How actively? Any soul should positively will what the Father wills.
Since there is in us only one free thing, our free wills, to align that
will with the will of the Father is all the perfection requires. She in
that dread hour knew what the FAther willed, that her Son die, die then,
die so horribly. So she was called upon not to just passively acquiesce,
but to actively will what the Father willed! She did that, heroically, and
did it going counter to her love, which was so great that, according to
"none greater under God can be thought of, and no one
but God can comprehend it." ( spoke of her holiness -but
holiness and love are in practice interchangeable terms). So her suffering
is literally beyond our comprehension, beyond that of any actually existing
creature (though God could create a creature to comprehend it, but actually
He has not done so). Again, John Paul II, in , after
saying in that he intended to deepen the theology of
Vatican II on her faith, wrote in #18: "How great, how heroic, then, is the
'obedience of faith' [Rom 1:5] shown by Mary in the face of God's
'unsearchable judgments'! How completely she 'abandons herself to God'
without reserve, 'offering the full assent of the intellect and the will'
to him whose 'ways are inscrutable'. . . . At the foot of the Cross Mary
shares through faith in the shocking mystery of this self-emptying [cf.
Phil 2:5-8]. This is perhaps the deepest 'kenosis' in human
history. Through faith the Mother shares in the death of her Son, in his
redeeming death. . . ." Now since according to St. Paul, faith requires
belief in God's word, confidence in His promises, and above all, the
'obedience of faith' [cf. Rom 1:5] that is, the full alignment of human
will with the will of the Father, so she by her faith shared in the
obedience that is the covenant condition, in the interior disposition of
the sacrifice, in the rebalancing of the objective order or paying the debt
of all sin, which is really the same as the price of redemption [cf. 1 Cor
6:20; 7:23].
Of course, this is far beyond any mere "active receptivity".
We can see that truth by Scripture, as we have done, by the words of
Vatican II, and by the Encyclical .
Now about the objection that since she had to be redeemed, she could not
cooperate in the redemption, which would include her own redemption, we
have two replies:
1)the Magisterium has taught repeatedly, so often as to constitute an
infallible teaching, that she did so cooperate. We saw above how precise
and clear this teaching is, we saw it cannot be taken as something merely
loose or vague, especially since LG ##56 & 61 had said three times that she
shared by obedience, the covenant condition, and that which gave its value
even to His sacrifice. Pius XII, in the constitution solemnly defining the
assumption, had even gone so far as to speak of her role on Calvary as a
work "in common" with Him. Even if we could not explain the how, we should
still believe an infallible teaching. The saying is very true: a thousand
difficulties do not add up to one doubt, when the assurance of the truth is
full.
2)One major aspect of the redemption is that it is a new covenant. Two
comments on that:
a)He who makes a covenant does not ask, need not ask of a proposed
covenantor: Are you worthy to fulfil this condition, so that if you do
this, I will do that? No, the one who makes the covenant has the sovereign
right to set whatever terms and conditions He wishes, and to choose whoever
he wishes as a covenant partner, especially when the originator of the
covenant is God Himself. Really, He could have set as a condition for the
whole of redemption an animal sacrifice by any ordinary human, and have
even bound Himself by advance promise to accept it.
b)There are two levels within the new covenant, so that if we ask
why God gives good things under it, there are two answers, on the two
levels. First, on the most basic level, everything He gives is unmerited,
unmeritable, for no creature by its own power can establish a claim on God.
And He cannot be moved at all. But then, on the secondary level, that is,
given the fact that the Father has freely created and entered into a
covenant, then if the human fulfills the condition set, the Father owes it
to Himself to give what He has promised. Really, even the death of Jesus
was on this secondary level. It did not move the Father: He could not be
moved, did not need to be moved. It was because the Father always loved us
that Jesus came, not that Jesus came and then the Father dropped His anger.
The old language on this subject often spoke much of meriting
redemption on a basis of justice. But we must never forget that no creature
at all can ever establish any kind of claim on God, whether in justice or
on a lesser level, by its own power. It can establish any sort of claim
only if God as it were says: "If you do this, I will do that." So St.
Augustine wrote well in saying to God ( 9. 5): "You deign to
even become a debtor by your promises to those to whom you forgive their
debts."
So there is no need to think of logical momenta in her cooperation, as
if she had to earn on a primary, basic level. No, as we saw, even the work
of Jesus, infinite though it was, was on the secondary level. It was, to
borrow an expression from St. Thomas, a (ST I. 19. 5. c)
"Vult hoc esse propter hoc, sed non propter hoc vult hoc. That is: God in
His love of good order, of all that is right, loves to have one thing in
place to serve as a reason or title for giving the second thing, even
though that title does not at all move Him. Again, we must not forget that
He cannot be moved, and needed not to be moved to love us.
I had a very indulgent grandfather who acted somewhat in this way.
Each year the day before New Year's Day he would tell me: "Now phone me
tomorrow. If you can say Happy New Year before I do, you win a dollar."
This of course was a setup. He arranged a condition which he did not at
all need, which did not at all earn the dollar. But in his generosity he
was trying to find a fine way to give. St. Irenaeus tells us (4. 14. 1):
"In the beginning God formed Adam not because He stood in need of man, but
that He might have someone to receive His benefits."
When we finally grasp this perspective, when we realize that even the
merits of His Son did not move the Father, who did not need to be moved,
who could not be moved, but who made a setup suited to His own purpose - we
already saw that that purpose entailed two things: His desire to fully
satisfy everything that was right, i.e. , to rebalance the scales of the
objective order, and, secondly to provide a means of giving to us, of
making us open to receive - then we think again of my grandfather on New
Year's Day.
Within, then, such a framework, with such an attitude on the part of
Our Father, if He, the supreme master who makes the covenant, wants to set
whatever condition it pleases Him to set, then if any human, even if it
were a mere, an ordinary human, if that human fulfills the covenant
condition, then the human is providing the Father with a reason for giving,
which the Father did not need, but yet willed for the two reasons just
reviewed. So if Our Lady joins in the condition set by the Father, there is
no problem at all: she is meeting the condition which His excessive
generosity liked to set, as a means of giving for a great New Year's Day.
Every comparison limps. Very true. And our does limp. But to limp
means to be partly parallel, partly not. So there is in our comparison a
lack of parallel in that what the Father in Heaven calls for is not just a
phone call, but the terrible suffering of His Son, and the incomprehensible
suffering of the Mother of that Son, so that even, as St. Paul says in Rom
8:17: "We are heirs provided we suffer with Him. . . ." But there is still
a great parallel in that in both cases the Father receives no benefit. What
is done at His request does not at all move Him: . The request made by the Father is still basically a means of giving
which He loves to have for the two reasons given above, that He loves all
objective goodness (here, rebalance), and that it is to benefit us His
children.
Now that all graces have been earned, once for all (cf. Hebrews
9:29), is there further role for Our Lady? The mere fact that she shared in
earning all graces -- for Calvary did not earn just some graces, but all
graces -- would all by itself warrant our calling her the Mediatrix of all
graces.
But there is much more. We saw above that Moses more than once
appealed to the merits of Abraham in asking God to grant forgiveness. Did
this mean that Abraham at the precise moment asked the Father to give
forgiveness? Before the death of Christ, Abraham would not have yet had the
beatific vision, in which He could see what Moses was asking and respond.
Yet in some way we may suppose God did take Abraham into account.
This could have been in two ways. First, The Father even without
giving Abraham the beatific vision could have made known to Abraham that
Moses was appealing for help. Then Moses could have responded. Second, even
if Abraham was not made aware of the request of Moses, yet the established
merit of Abraham would of itself provide a reason- a "hoc propter hoc" for
giving forgiveness.
We may speak in a parallel way about our Lady, except that there is no
doubt that she now sees all her spiritual children and all their needs in
the face to face vision of which St. Paul tells us in 1 Cor 13:12, the
beatific vision. That vision is of course, infinite. A creature will see in
it in proportion to the degree of grace with which that creature left this
life. But she was full of grace, grace was so great that "none greater
under God can be thought of, and only God can comprehend it" Or, as we saw,
her suffering with Her Divine Son was beyond our comprehension. So she even
now sees in that face to face vision all of her children and knows all of
their needs. She can then actively ask for them by way of intercessory
prayer. We are tremendously numerous, and our needs numerous, yet that is
not too much for her soul to take in, enlightened by a light proportioned
to her fullness of grace.
Secondly, even if she were not asking individually for our needs, yet
her merits, beyond our comprehension, provide a "hoc propter hoc", a reason
for the granting of what we need. The Father already wants to grant all
forgiveness and grace - He bound Himself by accepting the price of
redemption, which is infinite, to grant forgiveness and grace infinitely.
So there is no limit at all to that to which He has bound Himself to give.
The only limit is imposed by the receptivity or lack thereof on the part of
us individually. We recall that His commandments were given to tell us how
to be open to receive that which He so intensely wills to give.
So there are two scriptural reasons why we may and should call her
Mediatrix of all graces.
We add that she has a role in each Mass, the very heart of the
distribution of all graces. For a sacrifice has two elements, the outward
sign, and the interior disposition. As to the outward sign, the body and
blood on the altar are still those which she provided for her Son. As to
the interior disposition, just as His attitude of obedience to the Father
today is a continuation of that with which He left this world, so too her
acceptance of the Father's will which she had at Calvary, did not diminish
thereafter, and now is permanently continuing in the glory of heaven. John
Paul II confirmed these deductions in an address to the crowds in St.
Peter's square on Sunday Feb. 12, 1984 (, English
edition, Feb. 20, 1984, p. 10):"Today I wish to dwell with you on the
Blessed Virgin's presence in the celebration of the Liturgy. . . . Every
liturgical action. . . is an occasion of communion. . . and in a particular
way with Mary. . . . Because the Liturgy is the action of Christ and of the
Church. . . she is inseparable from one and the other. . . . Mary is
present in the memorial - the liturgical action - because she was present
at the saving event. . . . She is at every altar where the memorial of the
Passion and Resurrection is celebrated because she was present, faithful
with her whole being to the Father's plan, at the historic salvific
occasion of Christ's death."
Again, as before, we see if the magisterium confirms our Scriptural
understanding just given that she is Mediatrix of all graces. And we are
not disappointed.
Vatican II, in LG #62 did call her Mediatrix. It did not, however, add
the words "of all graces". The reason? First of all, it was not needed. For
as we said, the very fact that she shared in earning not just some but all
graces, means she shares in every grace that is given out. Secondly, there
was the unfortunate influence of Protestant observers at Vatican II. As C.
Balic, one of the drafters of Chapter 8, tells us (in "El Capitulo VIII de
la Constitucion 'Lumen gentium' comparado con el Primer Esquema de La B.
Virgen de la Iglesia" in 27, 1966, p. 174) Protestant
observers had said in advance that if the Church said too much, dialogue on
the topic would be ended.
But further, the Council itself added a footnote to its statement that
she is Mediatrix, referring us to texts of Leo XIII, St. Pius X, Pius XI,
and Pius XII, which call her Mediatrix of all graces. Really, there are
still more papal texts: Leo XIII (Encyclical, ) wrote: "nothing at all of that very great treasury of all
grace which the Lord brought us. . . is imparted to us except through Mary"
and again ( internal quote is from St.
Bernardine, n. 6): "'Every grace that
is communicated to this world has a threefold course. For by excellent
order, it is dispensed from God to Christ, from Christ to the Virgin, from
the Virgin to us. '" St. Pius X (, Feb. 2, 1904) called her
"Dispensatrix" of all the gifts which Jesus gained for us by His death."
And in , of August 27, 1910, he called her "the
treasurer of all graces." Pius XI three times also called her "treasurer of
all graces" (in AAS 14, 186; AAS 16, 152, and AAS 18. 213). Pius XII
(, May 13, 1946) said "nothing is excluded from her
dominion." John XXIII (, Jan 31, 1959)
wrote:"Did not the Lord will that we have everything through Mary" and in
II, 66:
"From her hands hope for all graces."
Her Son promised to send us a new Advocate (Jn 15:26; 16:7). He
Himself had been their Advocate and still is (1 Jn 2:1). She was and is, as
we saw, intimately associated with Him as advocate. Further, just as Israel
was considered the spouse of God (Is 54:5; Hos 2:19), and as St. Paul spoke
of the Church as the spouse of Christ (2 Cor 11:2; cf. Eph 5:25), so too we
could speak of her as the Spouse of the Holy Spirit to whom she is ever
most perfectly faithful, her soul ever responding to any slight breeze from
the Spirit sent through His Gifts.
In Isaiah 55:9 God said: "As the heavens are higher than the earth, so
are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts." On
hearing this a man might well wonder: How then can I understand God, how
know what He wills, how to deal with him? But In Jesus we have the answer.
He, though a Divine Person, has a fully human heart, which we can
understand. Pius XII in even says that Jesus has a love
of feeling in His human heart. But then, someone might still say: Yes, but
His heart is the heart of a Divine Person. However, her heart is purely,
entirely human, and yet it is completely in unison with His. So her
Immaculate Heart can and does assure us we have in heaven an Advocate whom
we can understand, who understands us. who loves us to the extent that like
the Father, she did not spare her only Son, but gave Him up for all of us.
In Apocalypse/Revelation 12 we find the image of the woman clothed
with the sun. Interpretation is debated. We have statements on it by
several Popes. St. Pius X (ASS 36. 458-59) said "No one of us does not know
that that woman signifies the Virgin Mary. . . . John saw the Most Holy
Mother of God already enjoying eternal happiness, and yet laboring from
some hidden birth With what birth? Surely ours." Pius XII( AAS 41. 762-63)
said: ". . the Scholastic doctors have considered the Assumption of the
Virgin Mother of God as signified not only in the various figures of the
Old Testament, but also in that woman clothed with the sun." Paul VI
(, May 13, 1967) said that this vision "is interpreted by
the sacred liturgy, not without foundation, as referring to the Most
Blessed Mary, the Mother of all men by the grace of Christ the Redeemer."
John Paul II ( #24) says the use of the word woman ties
together Gen 3:15, Cana, the foot of the cross, and this vision.
These Papal texts are not fully definite. But it seems that some
features of the vision do refer to Our Lady, others to the Church, in view
of the labor. Now there is a well known Hebrew pattern in which an
individual stands for and is identified with a collectivity. So this image
could stand for her as an individual, but as identified with the Church.
B. J Le Frois, in a dissertation for the Biblical Institute in Rome in
1954, suggests that if the image stands
for both, it might be a forecast that before the end the Church will take
on an especially Marian character, in an age of Mary. St. Louis de
Montfort, in #49 does predict an age of Mary.
So this might be taken as a scriptural image of her as the Church,
which is the spouse of Christ and/or the Holy Spirit, and so our Advocate.
23
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Evidence of a collateralized climbing fiber projection from the inferior olive to the flocculus and vestibular nuclei in rabbits.
In albino rabbits, horseradish peroxidase injections confined to vestibular nuclei retrogradely labeled neurons in the dorsal cap of the contralateral inferior olive. Mapping with stimulating electrodes revealed that stimulation of the lateral aspect of the medial vestibular nucleus and the medial aspect of the inferior vestibular nucleus evoked field potentials representing antidromic activation of contralateral dorsal cap neurons. These responses interfered with the antidromic response evoked from the contralateral flocculus and orthodromic responses evoked from the contralateral retina, suggesting that dorsal cap neurons which both receive retinal input and project to the flocculus send collaterals to vestibular nuclei. | [
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Syrian swimmer Saleh Mohammad is scheduled to participate in the 2014 circuit of the FINA 10km Marathon Swimming World Cup due in Canada on July 26th.
Mohammad won the second position in 88 km Barana swimming marathon in Argentina within the World Swimming Cup.
He told SANA that he will exert all efforts to achieve a remarkable level at the marathon and achieve positive outcomes.
Mohammad won Republic Championship Cub since 1998 and three gold medals in the Arab Championship in Jordan in 2002, two gold medals in 5 km and 10 km in the Asian Beach games in Indonesia in 2008 and the best athlete in Asia in the same championship as well as he was qualified for Beijing Olympic Games in 2008.
Mohammed also won a gold medal in the 5km and 10 km in the Asian Beach Games in Oman in 2010 and the gold medal in10 km and a silver medal in 5 km in Asia Championship in Kazakhstan in 2013. | [
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9.08.2015
i see you fall
three weeks ago yesterday, my father-in-law had a mild stroke. he spent the first week in ICU after enduring surgery to repair the blockage and then he spent another week in rehab. we all feel blessed with how his recovery is coming along and extremely grateful that he was able to return to his own home.
always on my mind is photography and i rarely leave home without my camera bag, but the past few weeks have been a blur and really amazingly hot, so my memory card is sad and lonely. thankfully, i still have some photos from earlier this summer that i can share here.
but as i sit here typing, the weather is changing. fall is literally watching me through the open window on our screened in porch and reminding me how much i adore "her" by sending in a cool breeze every few minutes to brush up against my skin. "hello fall, i see you. i feel you."
i picked up the newest issue of "bella grace" yesterday and as always, it's gorgeous. it's also filled with many new artists, which is like a breath of fresh air. i found it at joann fabrics, which just happens to be in my top five of most irritating stores ever, but i actually got through the store, including the fabric cutting line, without any injuries. i know, right?
unless you love that store, then you have no idea what i'm even talking about and it would now be your turn to tell me what store or stores irritate you. see, i'm fair like that :)
i read it
9 comments:
Love your pics! So happy that father in law is doing better. May his recovery continue smoothly.Hate the lines at joann's too. I have been known to arrive at the registers see the line and drop my basket and walk out.I can't believe fall is here. Missing the seasons a lot. Still feels like Florida summer here, hot and daily thunderstorms. Ready for the ac to be off and the windows to open. Sending love your way, dear one!
First of all, very sorry about your father in law and I'm glad to hear the recovery is moving along -- that, at least, is a good thing.
I've been trying to wring the last bits out of summer. I love fall but not what comes after, so I'm all for delaying as long as possible. To that end, I have been a slacker visitor, for which I apologize! I'm barely keeping up on comments to the Gypsy and one good thing about fall is more time for things that I love like connecting.
I'm none too fond of Joann's either but at least they have stuff I like there. Michael's is somewhat the same but I have to go there to get my Golden stuff. You want to see me go crazy, though, send me to Walmart or a big box store.
So glad your father-in-law is doing better. How scary. My most irritating stores are large department stores with the perfumey stuff at the entrance. I avoid them as much as possible. No JoAnne's nearby anymore, but I remember them and how slow the people that work in them can be. Gorgeous summer photos, oh but the colors of fall I am delighting in them.
Saying prayers for your father-in-law for a full and complete recovery. How scary it must have been for him and all of his loved ones.And the worst store EVER on my list is Toys R Us. It's pure torture. Joann's is definitely on my top 5 list along with Home Depot, Mall Food Courts with kids gyms that are dirty (and loud), and Active W judge. Active Wear stores that only have super skinny sales people who judge ;-)xoxo jj
copyright 2016-beth's photography-all rights reserved
Sometimes it might not look like it, but I've worked really hard on my photography and the writing that I share here. After all, it is my blog. So if there is something you see of mine that you'd like to use, copy or share, PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE ask for my permission first. Thank you ! | [
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] |
07 August 2008
We settled two lawsuits this quarter. In neither had there been medical negligence. It's pretty galling to settle cases like these, but it's smart. The deck is stacked against us, and you have to make the good decisions, even when it is bitter.
Both cases were quite straightforward. In one, there was a DVT diagnosed and treated according to hospital protocol -- low molecular weight heparin and transition to warfarin. The patient went on to have a pulmonary embolus and recovered uneventfully with no adverse sequelae. We only settled because it was cheaper than going to trial. As galling as it was to pay, we did have the satisfaction of knowing that the plaintiff's attorney took a loss on the case. (It was a very small payout, and his preparatory expenses were considerable.)
The other case is more maddening. A very young child was dropped on his head, suffered an epidural hematoma, which was diagnosed on CT, and the child was transferred to a regional trauma center. He recovered, though with some degree of neurologic disability. The plaintiffs waited ten years to file (!) and alleged that some minor delays in CT and transfer were the cause of the bad outcome. This is obviously bogus. But we knew they were going to wheel a brain-damaged kid in front of the jury. The likelihood of losing this case was significant for that reason alone, and the risk of a big payout was significant. So we settled in the mid six figures. I hated to settle, and struggled with the decision, but with juries making decisions, it's a crap shoot, and they consistently rule in favor of sympathetic plaintiffs.
What can we do? When you are at Yellowstone, they tell you not to feed the bears because it just encourages them. But that metaphor doesn't work when the alternative is to let the bear maul you and hope that he won't get all of your food.
The real problem isn't that these suits were frivolous. I don't really know what that word means. I do know they were baseless. The problem is that the newspapers are replete with cases where there is a huge jury award in cases where there was no malpractice. This is what induces us, and lord knows how many other medical groups, to settle cases which were well-handled. When there is no correlation between whether negligence occurred and whether you win or lose, the only viable strategy is to pick your fights very very carefully.
Simply: Lay juries are not qualified to make determination of causation.
What typically happens is that the two sides present dueling expert witnesses who assert fundamentally incompatible standards. The jury is then left to decide which was more credible. How the hell are they supposed to decide which of two eminent, respected academicians is right? When medical experts disagree, how on earth can uneducated laypersons decide accurately what constitutes negligent behavior? If the plaintiff died or was severly imparied as an outcome, that inarguably biases a jury to assume that "something must have gone wrong," and their verdicts do tend to correlate.
I am also aware that the defense prevails in many or most malpractice actions. To me, this is not an indication that the system works. Quite the opposite. There have been cases of which I was personally aware in which the care was clearly substandard but the defense experts were more convincing and the jury went along. The problem is not that doctors win 87% of the time, nor that awards are out of control. The problem is that juries are unpredictable and commonly make very wrong decisions. The result of this is that in many cases patients who were injured go uncompensated (especially if they are not sympathetic victims), and that doctors who were not culpable wind up losing.
When there is not good correlation between causation and verdicts, the system falls apart. I think that tort reform is essential. But I do not particularly favor caps. Caps are clumsy and heavy-handed. Moreover, caps on awards do not get at the heart of the problem, which is the arbitrary and capricious decision-making patterns of juries. It's just as well, because caps are as dead as a doornail, politically speaking. I would like to see an alternative solution. I would prefer special health care courts or some other system which attempts to improve the accuracy of judgements.
27 comments:
It appears that many of these lawsuits are pursued by the plaintiffs to somehow compensate them for the emotional pain of having a family member with a disability. Which by the way, in the company of thousands of dollars, is not diminished in any way, shape or form but for some reason gives them a potential concrete reason for the disability rather than having to hinge their pain on the existential question of why. Unfortunate and terrible for the folks who did their very best in caring for the person only to get slapped in the face by folks who can't deal.
1. "The deck is stacked against us." That is unequivocally false. If anyone, the deck is stacked against the plaintiff, regardless of the legitimacy of the claim. You would think a plaintiff with a good claim would simply be paid by the offending party or their insurer and move on. But even in cases of clear liability that's not the case. First, the provider will clam up, hoping the short statute of limitations will run. So now they have to find a lawyer, which they hopefully don't wait too long to do because if it's within 90 days of the statute running (and most laypeople have no idea when it runs) they will have extreme difficulty finding an attorney. Then they probably have to go through several attys because few do med mal. Next they have to wait while the atty gets a consulting expert to review the case - not a testifying one - just someone to review and say "hey, there's enough here to consider going forward." This is the first person that ever tells the plaintiff anything about what actually happened, and they often say no case.
Next, the attorney has to put the insurer on notice, who instead of settling, will deny liability regardless of fault typically. Especially if there are large damages. Next, the attorney has to, in some states, find an expert willing to go on record as saying it was malpractice, and one who is a decent witness. No matter how poor of skills the physician community thinks one of their own has, they certainly would never testify against each other.
Then the plaintiff will go through at least written discovery and most likely a deposition that covers every angle of his life, from birth to the date of depo. THen the insurer will want mediation where they'll come in and explain why he's fine and their insured is saintly.
And if the plaintiff does get a trial, the physician still wins 75% of the time. Oh yeah, and all this time if he/she can't work their bills are piling up and they may be facing bankruptcy, not to mention the stress and pain from the injury. So how exactly is the deck stacked against the doc?
2. "The likelihood of losing this case was significant for that reason alone, and the risk of a big payout was significant."
How significant? What exactly are the odds in your venue? Do you know?
3. "he problem is that the newspapers are replete with cases where there is a huge jury award in cases where there was no malpractice."
Ah, here's the problem. The people in charge of when you settle are using anecdotal evidence from NEWSPAPERS to make their decisions. Never mind the fact that a newspaper distills a weeklong trial into a column. Or the fact that you assume that although journalists never get medical issues right they hit legal ones right on the nose. Or that the amount a jury awards may not be anything near the actual payout. If I were paying into your system and this was the basis upon which you were settling cases I would want my money back.
As for your solutions - here's a better one - pay legit claims promptly. Special "health courts" are nonsense. First, the proposal you link to is just backdoor damage caps - read it. Common Good is run by a partner at the tobacco industry's main law firm and he's been their lobbyist for years. Do you really think they're interested in making sure more injured people get paid and paid quicker? Second, who is going to pay for these special health courts? And what will it cost? And exactly how are you going to train judges so they'll be, in your opinion, more accurate? Will each state have a judge for each specialty who roams around trying cases?
You say it's clear the current system is a "miserable failure." Yet your only solution is apparently something you haven't even studied or thought about in any detail. To support your claim you give us nothing but anecdotal evidence. You say juries are unpredictable and "commonly" make the wrong decision? This is true because. . . you say so? What level of accuracy do you require? The same as in medicine? I'm guessing not, because when things go wrong in medicine physicians just throw up their hands and say "well, there are some things we just can't control."
It appears you need to think about this issue a little more before you go pontificating, because right now you're just giving us tired insurance company talking points.
And I wonder why medical costs are through the roof or that many in healthcare these days (patients and docs) feel that the "humanity" has gone out of it. This is such an adversarial system the way we have it set up that it is bound to fail both physician and patient time and again....
It sounds like anonymous is a personal injury lawyer. I disagree with him/her on multiple points.
No matter how poor of skills the physician community thinks one of their own has, they certainly would never testify against each other.
And you say the newspapers use hearsay and anecdotal evidence!
As for your solutions - here's a better one - pay legit claims promptly. Special "health courts" are nonsense.
And who decides which claims are legit? A negative outcome doesn't always mean malpractice, and malpractice can occur even without a negative outcome.
You point to the supposed difficulty of finding an expert who's willing to go on record and who's also a "good witness." If it's truly malpractice, what does it matter if someone's a good witness? Res ipsa loquitur, right? If you're relying on whether someone can look good in front of a jury, then your case is already flawed.
Second, who is going to pay for these special health courts? And what will it cost? And exactly how are you going to train judges so they'll be, in your opinion, more accurate?
First of all, who pays for it now? Obviously attorney fees come out of a settlement or judgement, but how are the indirect costs (e.g. time occupying courtroom, stenographer's salary, etc.) handled?
How should judges be trained? Well, the National Judges' Medical School is a start.http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2008/07/28/prsa0728.htm
A medical court system maintains adversarial positions. I favor a publicly funded, no-fault, adverse outcome system. Some adverse outcomes are absolutely unavoidable. The patient/family bear a heavy financial burden of care, regardless of whether egregious errors were made. These are best dealt with by disability insurance (patient's burden), but most people don't pre-subscribe to this possibility.
To apply this idea to your two cases, the challenge is to assign adverse outcome to medical care, vrs. trauma vrs. natural history.
Imagine the financial and guilt burden for the family of the child you described. Allow them to dip in the "adverse outcome" well? The kid need extra resources; it doesn't matter where the money comes from .
While I have no answer that would satisfy you or opponents, I do have a couple of thoughts that might fairly be characterized as glib:1. If it weren't for that pesky Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, we could just abolish trial by jury.2. "Where there is law, there is injustice" (from Oliver Twist, I think).
What is amazing is that there are 2 "experts" willing to testify against the care you (or whomever) provided. Kind of negates comment of lawyer anonymous..."No matter how poor of skills the physician community thinks one of their own has, they certainly would never testify against each other"
It is really frustrating to me that you would settle these and "feed the bears". I understand the business decision, but this is a long term war against this insanity.
I belong to a very large group and we vigorously defend these even if it would cost less to settle. As such we have made an indemnity payment in less than 5% of claims.
One of my partners had a case that occurred 1 year before his retirement. It was a bad outcome in which they could bring out a wheelchair bound person in front of the jury. His care was completely standard of care, appropriate and defensible, but he didn't want to go through the mental stress and asked that we settle for policy limits. Since he was retired a "black mark" or data bank entry didn't concern him. (we are self insured). We took it to trial anyway and prevailed.
People need to know this is not the lottery to play. Settleing these cases is wrong in principle and does us no favors in the long run.
BTW, were the doctor involved coerced into settling or did they willingly go along with the idea?
Settling these cases is wrong in principle and does us no favors in the long run.
*Nods* A few little payouts each year and a big payout or two at hundreds of hospitals in hundreds of cities makes us pay hundreds more each month for health insurance and keep many out of the insurance market for many reasons.
PS The Democrats are not doing anything to prevent frivolous lawsuits.
Check this post out to see the idiocy. I linked Slate/Ezra Klein because he's one of your peeps. The Democrats want to reduce medical malpractice payouts by "reducing medical errors". Uh, how would that plan have helped in either of these cases? It's something to say that won't turn the the lawyers against them (Lawyers *Heart* Democrats for this reason).
Tort reform reduces the cost of health care SIGNIFICANTLY. Until then, Shadow, I encourage you to follow in ad's footsteps, smile pretty for the cameras and stick it to plaintiff's attorneys backwards and sideways.
Actually, I'm telling you from actual experience in trying to find an expert in a case with clear liability. I've handled maybe 3 malpractice cases in my life, all except one low damages and all slam dunk liability from the start. Anecdotal, yes. Hearsay, no. Would you testify against someone in your city if you thought there was malpractice?
"And who decides which claims are legit? A negative outcome doesn't always mean malpractice, and malpractice can occur even without a negative outcome."
I agree. Although without damages, you don't have the elements for a prima facie case.
"Res ipsa loquitur, right?"
Not in malpractice. Most state statutes require a testifying expert for professional malpractice.
"I would like him to explain how settling promptly cases liability would prevent frivolous cases from this being filed."
I don't know that it would. I was referring to the comment that the deck was stacked against the doc. That's nonsense. That being said, med mal is about the worst type of case to file a "frivolous" one. It's too damn expensive and the odds are so great against you. Plus the trial lawyers for the defense are usually very good. If you were going to file nonsense cases, you'd be better off filing on car wrecks. That's just basic economics.
"PS The Democrats are not doing anything to prevent frivolous lawsuits."
How does one "prevent" frivolous lawsuits in this context? Is there someone who somehow sees the evidence before the cases are filed and decrees from on high that the circuit clerk should not let them even pay the filing fee?
"Tort reform reduces the cost of health care SIGNIFICANTLY."
Because. . . you say so? How much cheaper is care in California, which has had draconian "reform" for decades, vs. a state like Tennessee, which hasn't decided to let insurance lobbyists decide the value of cases?
"Until then, Shadow, I encourage you to follow in ad's footsteps, smile pretty for the cameras and stick it to plaintiff's attorneys backwards and sideways."
Until, of course, you're the victim of malpractice. Because if it's you, the physician's insurer will surely recognize your greatness and be willing to pay the hundreds of thousands, if not millions, for your future care and lost quality of life? All you'll have to do is ask politely? Maybe in an email?
A friend of mine who is a practicing civil attorney describes jurors as "people too stupid to get out of jury duty". He goes on to discuss how he was trained (in law school) to select jurors with the least education and greatest gullibility.
I'm betting your friend doesn't try many cases. Every experienced trial lawyer, not just paper pusher, will tell you the dumbest thing you can do is think the jury is stupid. And every trial practice training class teaches you the exact opposite of what your friend told you.
Yet multiple western countries have a version of this that work just fine. Imagine. I know the USA is so much different than the rest of the world it won't work here. At least according to you.
"The same as in medicine? I'm guessing not, because when things go wrong in medicine physicians just throw up their hands and say "well, there are some things we just can't control."
According to...you? Since you are so knowldgeable about medicine please to justify your statements with referneces. Otherwise, it is just your opinion. Opinions are like assholes. Everybody has one.Doesn't mean they are worth a damn CJD.
"Yet multiple western countries have a version of this that work just fine."
Which ones? Do tell. When you figure those out let's discuss the pros and cons of those systems.
Are they ones that also have universal healthcare and a deep social safety net, so a debilitating injury caused by malpractice isn't as crushing to your financial life as well as your physical? You guys love to cite other countries' legal systems, even though you know precious little about them, but you never seem to want to adopt the medical systems. Guess it depends on whose ox, eh?
"Since you are so knowldgeable about medicine please to justify your statements with referneces."
Read any physician blog with a post discussing malpractice. They're replete with "sometimes bad things just happen" comments. Let something bad happen to a physician, however, and you guys are calling for Constitutional amendments! I agree with you, though, I don't think that position is worth much.
"The problem is not that doctors win 87% of the time, nor that awards are out of control. The problem is that juries are unpredictable and commonly make very wrong decisions."
My problem with professional juries, or medical courts, is like my problem with my own opinions about nuclear power. I am very pro-nuclear power, and was trained by the Navy and the civilian nuclear power industry. So, what does the second part make you think about the opinion expressed in the first part. On the one hand, I know more about nuclear power than your college tree hugger. On the other hand, I have to admit my information has all come from sources interested in the survival of nuclear power.
Perhaps you could have lay juries make specific findings of fact and then MDJD Administrative Law Judges could make findings of law with regard to causation and damage.
I don't know.
What percentage of our health care costs are related to malpractice payments/insurance? What percentage of the payments are wrong?
What percentage of our health care costs are related to malpractice payments/insurance?
your question is so logical, but unanswerable. From time to time, someone tries to study this , but it is impossible. The cost of defensive testing , some of which leads to more testing and more procedures is enormous and unfathomable. For (almost) every clinical question presented to a doctor, s/he inevitably acts or tests or talks in a defensive way. It is deeply embedded in the way we think. Honestly, I feel doctors don't think well because we are so defensive-skewed and tortured by the need to generate defensive charts.
Not only is the cost of defensive testing impossible to measure, the term is impossible to define. And even more oddly, physicians claim they do it all the time, but none of them have a clue if it works, or if it does, what amount their risk is reduced. Frankly, few even have any concept of their risk. Yet we're supposed to make policy decisions with such little info based on these claims?
I agree with anonymous's first comments and then with the comments of ad. And I'm an academic economist rather than an attorney.
In my local area, the defendants fight all claims. The plaintiff attorneys know this.
Your decisions to settle because of anecdotal instances of large awards described in newspapers is nuts and not based in any legal or law and economics research. Thinking of your actions using game theory in a world of repeated games, you are just setting your self up for more and more lawsuits in the future by getting a reputation for making six figure payouts for frivolous claims. You have a Sue Me Now sign on the back of your jacket.
I consider the settling of a weak case to be treason to clinical care. One must hire a personal lawyer to totally terrorize the insurance defense attorney, the insurance company, the plaintiff, the plaintiff lawyer, and the judge.
You must demand total e-discovery and put all enemies of clinical care through the wringer.
One should continually file ethics complaints against the plaintiff lawyer, the plaintiff expert.
One must countersue where possible. One should file a cross claim against all co-defendant to prevent any from settling without permission.
One must insist that the plaintiff get excluded from the trial to avoid the emotional reaction.
One has to appeal the case as far as it takes.
If one does that, the land pirates do not come back. This is painful, but an investment in the future. The more inflicted, the longer it will take for the land pirates to return.
The defendant doctor has no chance of persuading the treasonous insurance company defense attorney of this tactic. The latter wants the longest trial possible to break even. He does not want to do anything that will end the trial halfway. That is why it is imperative to hire a personal attorney who can "persuade" this insurance company lawyer, especially if specializing in legal malpractice lawsuits.
Shadowfax
About me: I am an ER physician and administrator living in the Pacific Northwest. I live with my wife and four kids. Various other interests include Shorin-ryu karate, general aviation, Irish music, Apple computers, and progressive politics. My kids do their best to ensure that I have little time to pursue these hobbies.
Disclaimer
This blog is for general discussion, education, entertainment and amusement. Nothing written here constitutes medical advice nor are any hypothetical cases discussed intended to be construed as medical advice. Please do not contact me with specific medical questions or concerns. All clinical cases on this blog are presented for educational or general interest purposes and every attempt has been made to ensure that patient confidentiality and HIPAA are respected. All cases are fictionalized, either in part or in whole, depending on how much I needed to embellish to make it a good story to protect patient privacy.
All Content is Copyright of the author, and reproduction is prohibited without permission. | [
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] |
// Copyright 2001-2019 Crytek GmbH / Crytek Group. All rights reserved.
/*************************************************************************
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
$Id$
$DateTime$
Description: Helper class for CStatePlayerMovement::StateJump
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
- 10.9.10: Created by Stephen M. North
- 4.4.11: Adapted to be a helper class for the new state machine.
*************************************************************************/
#pragma once
#ifndef __PlayerStateJump_h__
#define __PlayerStateJump_h__
#include "PlayerStateLedge.h"
#include "IPlayerEventListener.h"
#include "ActorDefinitions.h"
class CPlayer;
template<typename HOST>
class CStateHierarchy;
class CPlayerStateJump
{
public:
enum EJumpState
{
JState_None,
JState_Jump,
JState_Falling,
JState_Total
};
CPlayerStateJump();
~CPlayerStateJump();
void OnEnter( CPlayer& player );
bool OnPrePhysicsUpdate( CPlayer& player, const bool isHeavyWeapon, const SActorFrameMovementParams &movement, float frameTime );
void OnExit( CPlayer& player, const bool isHeavyWeapon );
void OnFullSerialize( TSerialize ser, CPlayer& player );
void OnJump( CPlayer& player, const bool isHeavyWeapon, const float fVerticalSpeedModifier );
void OnFall( CPlayer& player );
void SetJumpState(CPlayer &player, EJumpState jumpState);
EJumpState GetJumpState() const;
ILINE const float GetExpectedJumpEndHeight() const { return m_expectedJumpEndHeight; }
ILINE const float GetStartFallingHeight() const { return m_startFallingHeight; }
bool GetSprintJump() const { return m_bSprintJump; }
private:
void StartJump(CPlayer& player, const bool isHeavyWeapon, const float fVerticalSpeedModifier );
ILINE bool IsJumping() const { return m_jumpState != JState_None; }
ILINE void OnRevive() { m_jumpState = JState_None; }
void OnMPWeaponSelect( CPlayer& player ) { SetJumpState(player, JState_Jump); }
void UpdateJumping( CPlayer& player, const bool isHeavyWeapon, const SActorFrameMovementParams& movement, float frameTime );
void UpdateFalling( CPlayer& player, const bool isHeavyWeapon, const SActorFrameMovementParams& movement, float frameTime );
bool UpdateCommon( CPlayer& player, const bool isHeavyWeapon, const Vec3 &move, float frameTime, Vec3* pDesiredVel );
bool UpdateCommon( CPlayer& player, const bool isHeavyWeapon, const SActorFrameMovementParams &movement, float frameTime, Vec3* pDesiredVel );
void GetDesiredVelocity( const Vec3 & move, const CPlayer &player, Vec3* pDesiredVel ) const;
void FinalizeVelocity( CPlayer& player, const Vec3& newVelocity );
void Land( CPlayer &player, const bool isHeavyWeapon, float frameTime );
void Landed(CPlayer& player, const bool isHeavyWeapon, float fallSpeed);
const Vec3 CalculateInAirJumpExtraVelocity( const CPlayer& player, const Vec3& desiredVelocity ) const;
void OnSpecialMove( CPlayer &player, IPlayerEventListener::ESpecialMove specialMove );
EJumpState m_jumpState;
mutable float m_jumpLock;
float m_startFallingHeight;
float m_expectedJumpEndHeight;
bool m_firstPrePhysicsUpdate;
bool m_bSprintJump;
class CPlayerJump *m_jumpAction;
};
#endif //__PlayerStateJump_h__
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] |
Q:
Array index out of range when I am inserting an element into the array
I have an array that contains UIViews (cells) that starts empty. I set it's values when a function is fired by looping through a different array:
cells = [cell0, cell1, cell2, cell3, cell4]
// Code in function ↓
var cellAnimationArray: [NPFCarouselCell] = []
for cell in self.cells {
if cell.frame == farLeftFrame {
cellAnimationArray.insert(cell, at: 0)
} else if cell.frame == leftFrame {
cellAnimationArray.insert(cell, at: 1)
} else if cell.frame == centerFrame {
cellAnimationArray.insert(cell, at: 2)
} else if cell.frame == rightFrame {
cellAnimationArray.insert(cell, at: 3)
} else if cell.frame == farRightFrame {
cellAnimationArray.insert(cell, at: 4)
} else {
print("Frame does not exist!")
print(cell.frame)
return
}
When I get to the line cellAnimationArray.insert(cell, at: 4), the app crashes with :
fatal error: Array index out of range
Why am I getting an out of index error when I am insert an item into the array?
A:
Your error message is telling you that you're calling insert(cell, at:4) before inserting enough elements for 4 to be a valid index. Which implies that the order of items in self.cells is such that you're hitting that line before the inserts at 0 through 3. But you can't insert at 4 unless there's already something at 0 through 3.
When you use an array which already contains several items, you avoid this because index 4 is already valid.
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INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related death worldwide and its 5-year survival rate is low, about 15%-20%\[[@R1]\]. Surgical resection is an effective approach in achieving long-term survival and widely used in lung cancer. However, postoperative relapse and subsequent lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis still result in 90% of mortalities in lung cancer \[[@R2]\]. Lymphatic metastasis is directly associated with distant recurrence and overall survival (OS) in resected non-small cell lung cancer \[[@R3]\]. The image approaches such as PET/CT are currently most widely used for lymph node staging, however, the sensitivity for detecting metastatic tumor in lymph nodes smaller than 1 cm is low \[[@R4], [@R5]\]. Therefore, searching for biomarkers that can predict early metastatic phenomenon is beneficial to patients' survival. Molecular markers including microRNAs will be of great use for a more accurate risk assessment of nodal metastasis.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a family of endogenous and small RNA gene products (19 - 25 nucleotides in length) \[[@R6]\]. Over 50% annotated human miRNA genes are located within the cancer-associated genomic regions or fragile sites and exert important functions similar to oncogenes or tumor suppressors in malignancy \[[@R7]\]. These small RNA molecules can be efficiently retrieved from (fixed or frozen) tumor samples or biological fluids and display high stability and tissue specificity \[[@R8]\]. Previous studies demonstrated that a number of miRNAs have potential roles in diagnosis, staging, and prediction of outcomes in various types of cancer including lung cancer \[[@R9], [@R10]\]. Until now, many miRNAs have also been identified to be correlated with lymph node metastasis of lung cancer \[[@R11]\].
In the present study, we performed miRNAs microarray analysis in lymph node tissues of the patients with lung cancer and screened the differentially expressed miRNAs related to lymph node metastasis. Then we enrolled a training cohort of lung cancer patients and detected the expressions of top candidate miRNAs in plasma samples. The potential diagnostic value of the selected miRNAs in distinguishing lymph node metastasis was analyzed. Furthermore, miR-422a, the miRNA with highest accuracy, was validated in another cohort. Finally, the predicted target genes of miR-422a were analyzed by bioinformatic methods.
RESULTS {#s2}
=======
Literature review {#s2_1}
-----------------
To summarize the miRNAs that were correlated with lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer in previous reports, we performed a systematic literature review in two English databases (PubMed and Embase) up to June 30, 2016. After initial screening by reading the article titles and abstracts, 187 articles were left for selection. 54 papers were excluded according to the inclusion criteria, of which, 28 were irrelevant studies, 12 were review articles, 8 were only experimental studies, and 8 only reported the panel or signature of multiple miRNAs. Finally, 133 papers reporting 115 miRNAs were identified. Of the 115 miRNAs, 95 miRNAs were found to be associated with lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer in at least one publication while 20 were not correlated with the metastasis ([Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). miR-21, 10b, 148b, 155, and 200c were the most studied spots.
miRNA microarray analysis in NSCLC with lymphatic metastasis or not {#s2_2}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
In the present study, we aimed to identify novel miRNAs correlated with lymphatic metastasis in NSCLC. Firstly, we performed miRNA microarray analysis in lymph node tissues with metastasis from five lung cancer patients and compared with that in the corresponding lymph node without metastasis. After data processing and analysis, a set of 50 miRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed between metastatic lymph nodes and non metastatic lymph nodes, of which, 39 were up-regulated and 11 were down regulated (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Interestingly, 18 of the 50 miRNAs were also presented in the literature review.
![Microarray analysis of miRNAs of the metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes from five patients with lung cancer](oncotarget-08-42173-g001){#F1}
###### Top 50 differentially expressed miRNAs in metastatic lymph node compared with noncancerous lymph node identified by microarray analysis in five patients with lung cancer
miRNAs Fold change (LN+ vs LN-) P value
------------------------- -------------------------- ---------
**hsa-miR-375** 59.917 0.013
**hsa-miR-205** 49.518 0.014
hsa-miR-200a 40.533 0.010
**hsa-miR-183** 39.393 0.010
hsa-miR-200b 38.828 0.008
hsa-miR-200b-star 29.311 0.019
**hsa-miR-200c** 15.411 0.005
hsa-miR-187 15.292 0.013
**hsa-miR-224** 14.627 0.002
**hsa-miR-141** 13.350 0.046
hsa-miR-886-5p 9.666 0.017
hsa-miR-1290 7.783 0.050
hsa-miR-1308 7.548 0.004
hsa-miR-1244 5.058 0.031
**hsa-miR-452** 4.885 0.047
hsa-miR-149 4.395 0.033
hsa-miR-382 4.353 0.032
**hsa-miR-125a-5p** 4.336 0.004
hsa-miR-92b 4.085 0.013
**hsa-miR-503** 3.822 0.017
hsa-miR-885-3p 3.479 0.048
**hsa-miR-125b-1-star** 3.432 0.021
hsa-miR-424-star 3.355 0.008
hsa-miR-1300 3.194 0.027
hsa-miR-493 3.041 0.032
hsa-miR-99b-star 2.996 0.008
**hsa-miR-409-3p** 2.869 0.008
**hsa-miR-130b** 2.813 0.021
hsa-miR-218 2.776 0.030
hsa-miR-557 2.708 0.020
hsa-miR-127-3p 2.630 0.005
hsa-miR-15b 2.536 0.003
hsa-miR-665 2.496 0.001
hsa-miR-663b 2.388 0.024
**hsa-miR-198** 2.322 0.028
hsa-miR-498 2.290 0.046
hsa-miR-487b 2.225 0.042
hsa-miR-574-3p 2.210 0.028
**hsa-miR-21** 2.178 0.009
hsa-miR-1263 −2.034 0.039
hsa-miR-194 −2.089 0.000
hsa-miR-551b −2.262 0.043
**hsa-let-7g-star** −2.380 0.042
**hsa-miR-30e** −2.892 0.008
**hsa-miR-223** −2.911 0.048
hsa-miR-29c −3.368 0.031
hsa-miR-378 −5.044 0.007
**hsa-miR-486-3p** −6.148 0.012
hsa-miR-422a −6.207 0.006
hsa-miR-378-star −9.385 0.005
Note: LN: lymph node; Bold, miRNAs have been also identified in the previous reports
Value of the top differential expressed miRNA in diagnoses lymph node metastasis in lung cancer {#s2_3}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To determine the diagnostic value of the miRNA identified by miRNA microarray analysis, we chose six miRNAs (hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-205, hsa-miR-183, hsa-miR-200b, hsa-miR-378, and hsa-miR-422a). And we evaluated their expression levels in plasma samples from 26 lung cancer patients (14 with lymphatic metastasis and 12 patients without lymphatic metastasis, Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}) and five patients with benign lung diseases by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results suggested that all the six miRNAs were highly expressed in lung cancer with lymph node metastasis compared with the cancers without lymph node metastasis and benign diseases, of note miR-422a exhibited significant difference (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Then Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to compare the diagnosis accuracy among miRNAs or traditional tumor markers such as carcino embryonie antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 199 (CA199), cytokeratin 19 fragments (CYFRA21-1), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC). And the results indicated that the candidate miRNA, miR-422a, showed highest accuracy in predicting lymphatic metastasis with an AUC value of 0.744 (Figures [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}--[4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} and Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). In addition, correlations among the six miRNAs were also analyzed. And the correlations of miR-200b with miR-183, miR-375 with miR-183 and miR-200b, and miR-422a with miR-183, miR-200b, miR-375, and miR-378 were identified (Table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). At same time, to clarify if the aberrant expression of miR-422a in plasma were resulted from the cancer tissue, we downloaded a publically available dataset (GSE16025) from NCBI GEO database, which contained the miR-422a expression data in 20 lung cancers with lymphatic metastasis, 41 without lymphatic metastasis, and 10 normal lung tissues \[[@R12]\]. Consistent with our results in plasma samples, miR-422a expression was increased significantly from normal lung tissue to cancer tissue with lymphatic metastasis ([Supplementary Figure 1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
###### Clinical characteristics of the lung cancer patients
Clinicopathological features Training cohort (n=26) Validation cohort (n=51)
------------------------------ ------------------------ --------------------------
**Age** (years) 59.8±6.2 58.9±8.9
**Sex**
Male 11 29
Female 15 22
**TNM**
Ia 10 28
IIa 8 9
IIb 1 1
IIIa 7 6
IIIb 0 1
IV 0 6
**Tumor diameter (cm)** 2.74±1.04 3.04±1.51
**T stage**
T1 22 33
T2 3 17
T3 1 1
**N stage**
N0 12 40
N1 7 1
N2 7 7
N3 0 3
**M stage**
M0 26 45
M1 0 6
**Histology**
Adenocarcinoma 22 13
Squamous cell carcinoma 2 34
Small cell lung cancer 2 4
**Lymph node metastasis**
Yes 14 11
No 12 40
![Expression of candidate miRNAs in training cohort of 26 lung cancer with or without lymphatic metastasis and five patients with benign lung disease](oncotarget-08-42173-g002){#F2}
![The accuracy of plasma circulating candidate miRNAs in the diagnosis of lymphatic metastasis in training cohort of 26 lung cancer patients](oncotarget-08-42173-g003){#F3}
![The accuracy of known tumor markers in the diagnosis of lymphatic metastasis in training cohort of lung cancer patients](oncotarget-08-42173-g004){#F4}
###### ROC curve analysis of selected miRNAs and known tumor markers in diagnosis of lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer patients
Biomarkers AUC 95%CI P value
----------------------- ------- --------------- ---------
**Training cohort**
miR-183 0.513 0.296 - 0.729 0.110
miR-200b 0.630 0.431 - 0.830 0.102
miR-205 0.534 0.318 - 0.749 0.110
miR-375 0.634 0.436 - 0.833 0.101
miR-378 0.450 0.228 - 0.671 0.113
miR-422a 0.744 0.570 - 0.918 0.089
CEA 0.635 0.347 - 0.923 0.368
CA199 0.556 0.249 - 0.863 0.711
CYFRA211 0.540 0.234 - 0.845 0.791
SCC 0.548 0.241 - 0.855 0.751
**Validation cohort**
miR-422a 0.880 0.787-0.972 0.000
**All patients**
miR-422a 0.792 0.688-0.896 0.000
Note: CEA: carcino embryonie antigen; CA199: carbohydrate antigen-199; CYFEA211: cytokerantin-19-fragment; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma antigen
###### Correlations among the selected miRNAs in training cohort
miRNAs miR-183 miR-200b miR-205 miR-375 miR-378
-------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------- ------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
r P r P r P r P r P
**miR-183**
**miR-200b** **0.699** **0.000**
**miR-205** 0.075 0.688 0.284 0.121
**miR-375** **0.549** **0.001** **0.682** **0.000** 0.185 0.318
**miR-378** 0.135 0.469 0.301 0.099 0.021 0.909 0.303 0.097
**miR-422** **0.369** **0.041** **0.554** **0.001** −0.019 0.921 **0.417** **0.020** **0.735** **0.000**
Validation of miR-422a in predicting lymphatic metastasis of lung cancer {#s2_4}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Another cohort consisting of 40 lymphatic metastatic lung cancer cases and 11 non-lymphatic metastatic cases was used to further verify the diagnostic value of miR-422a (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). The plasma miR-422a levels were determined by qRT-PCR and ROC curve analysis was performed. The expression of miR-422a in samples with lymphatic metastasis was significantly higher than those without lymphatic metastasis, consistent with the results of training cohort. ROC analysis suggested that miR-422a exhibited high diagnostic accuracy with an AUC value of 0.880 (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"} and Figure [5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, the training cohort and validation cohort were integrated by normalizing the miR-422 expression data and a high diagnostic accuracy of miR-422a was still observed (AUC=0.792, Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"} and Figure [5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}).
![Validation of miR-422a as a biomarker for lymph nodes metastasis\
**A**. The accuracy of miR-422a in the diagnosis of lymphatic metastasis in validation cohort of 51 lung cancer patients. **B**. miR-422a expression data from both of training and validation cohorts were normalized and integrated. The diagnostic value of miR-422a in predicting lymphatic metastasis in all patients was analyzed.](oncotarget-08-42173-g005){#F5}
Meanwhile, the correlations between miR-422a and the clinical features including age, gender, histological subtypes, Tumor diameter, T stage, M stage, and the lymph node metastasis in all patients were investigated. The miR-422a expression level less than the cut-off value from the ROC analysis was defined as "Low expression" and that more than the cut-off value was defined as "High expression". The results suggested that miR-422a was correlated with histological subtype, T stage, and tumor diameter stratified by 2.55 cm, a cut-off value from ROC analysis with lymph node metastasis as state variable in all patients with lung cancer (Table [5](#T5){ref-type="table"}).
###### Correlation of miR-422a with clinical features in all 77 patients with lung cancer
Clinical features Low expression High expression P-value
--------------------------- ---------------- ----------------- ---------
**Age** (years)
\<60 15 22 0.814
≥60 16 21
**Gender** 0.226
Male 14 26
Female 18 19
**Histology** 0.019
SCC 12 23
ADC 20 16
SCLC 0 6
**Tumor diameter (cm)** 2.60±1.32 3.20±1.38 0.059
**Tumor diameter (cm)** 0.021
\<2.55 21 17
≥2.55 11 28
**T stage** 0.012
T1 28 27
T2-3 4 18
**M stage**
M0 31 40 0.391
M1 1 5
**Lymph node metastasis**
No (N0) 30 22 0.000
Yes (N1-3) 2 23
In addition, the correlations of lymphatic node metastasis with the clinical features were also explored. The results suggested that significant correlation was observed between lymphatic metastasis and the clinical feature tumor diameter, but not age, gender, histology subtype, T stage, and M stage (Table [6](#T6){ref-type="table"}). Based on the above results, histology subtype and T stage/tumor diameter might be the potential confounding factors for the association between miR-422a expression and lymphatic metastasis. After adjustment of the potential confounding factors, histology subtype and T stage, or histology subtype and tumor diameter, the odds ratios of miR-422a for lymphatic metastasis were 13.645 (95%CI, 2.677-69.553; *P*=0.002) and 11.459 (95%CI, 2.337-56.118; *P*=0.003), respectively, similar with the crude OR (15.682; 95%CI, 3.341-73.596; *P*=0.000) and indicating a strong association of miR-422a with lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer (Table [7](#T7){ref-type="table"}). On the other hand, the analyses of the data from GSE16025 also revealed that miR-422a levels in cancer tissue was associated with lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer in Univariate analysis (OR, 6.500; 95%CI, 1.136-37.203, P=0.035) and multivariate analysis (adjusted OR, 8.133; 95%CI, 1.103-59.986, P=0.040) (Table [7](#T7){ref-type="table"}). The cross verification between different sample source further demonstrated the association of miR-422a with lymph node metastasis.
###### Correlation of lymphatic node metastasis with clinical features in all 77 patients with lung cancer
Clinical features LN- LN+ P value
------------------------- ----------- ----------- ---------
**Age**
\<60 26 11 1.000
≥60 26 11
**Gender**
Male 27 13 0.995
Female 25 12
**Histology**
SCC 22 13 0.962
ADC 28 8
SCLC 2 4
**Tumor diameter (cm)** 2.87±1.47 3.12±1.19 0.473
**Tumor diameter (cm)**
\<2.55 31 7 0.014
≥2.55 21 18
**T stage**
T1 39 16 0.317
T2-3 13 9
**M stage** 0.063
M0 50 21
M1 2 4
**miR-422 expression** 0.000
Low 30 2
High 22 23
###### Odds ratios (ORs) of high miR-422a expression for lymphatic node metastasis in all 77 patients with lung cancer
Crude OR 95%CI P value Adjusted OR 95%CI P value Adjusted OR 95%CI P value
--------------- ---------- -------------- --------- ------------- -------------- --------- ------------- -------------- ---------
**Our study**
miR-422a 15.682 3.341-73.596 0.000 13.645^a^ 2.677-69.553 0.002 11.459^b^ 2.337-56.188 0.003
**GSE16025**
miR-422a 6.500 1.136-37.203 0.035 8.133^c^ 1.103-59.986 0.040
^a^The adjusted OR was obtained by controlling the factors of histology and T stages.
^b^The adjusted OR was obtained by controlling the factors of histology and tumor size.
^c^The adjusted OR was obtained by controlling the factors of age and T stage.
Prediction of miR-422a target genes that might be involved in lymphatic metastasis {#s2_5}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Given the fact that the biological significance of miRNAs deregulation relies on the actions of their targets, we aimed to identify the potential targets of miR-422a involved in lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer by prediction and data mining. Firstly, the predicted targets of the miR-422a were analyzed by the online database, miRecords and a total of 3309 predicted target genes were identified. Then, GSE51852 and GSE51853 were downloaded from NCBI, which contained both the mRNA and the miRNA expression profile of 126 lung cancer patients. 2052 genes co-expressed with miR-422a were obtained after analyzing the datasets. Thirdly, 983 lung cancer patients at N0-3 stage were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and 4842 differential expressed genes in lymph node metastasis cancers compared with non-metastatic cancers were identified. Finally, to find potential novel target genes of miR-422a involved in lymph node metastasis of lung cancer, the results from the above analyses were integrated and a total of 61 genes were left (Table [8](#T8){ref-type="table"}). Then these genes were subjected to gene ontology (GO) analysis in the GeneCoDis3 online database (<http://genecodis.cnb.csic.es>). The biological processes of apoptosis, transport, and protein phosphorylation contained multiple target genes. Many of the genes were related to DNA and protein binding. And most the genes served as nucleus and membrane components (Table [9](#T9){ref-type="table"}).
###### The potential target genes of miR-422a involved in lymphatic metastasis identified by predicting by online database, miRecords and mining of the data from GEO and TCGA
Gene Symbol Gene description
------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FYCO1 FYVE and coiled-coil domain containing 1
CX3CR1 chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1
PHC3 polyhomeotic homolog 3 (Drosophila)
IL33 interleukin 33
BDH2 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 2
RSL1D1 ribosomal L1 domain containing 1
GOT2 glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2, mitochondrial (aspartate aminotransferase 2)
FANCA Fanconi anemia, complementation group A
PUS7 pseudouridylate synthase 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae)
ZNF362 zinc finger protein 362
PTPRE protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, E
C18orf56 chromosome 18 open reading frame 56
ARHGAP11A Rho GTPase activating protein 11A
PTCD1 pentatricopeptide repeat domain 1
CCDC85A coiled-coil domain containing 85A
TOB2 transducer of ERBB2, 2
SUV420H1 suppressor of variegation 4-20 homolog 1 (Drosophila)
POLR2J polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide J, 13.3kDa
ARID5B AT rich interactive domain 5B (MRF1-like)
FANCI Fanconi anemia, complementation group I
ARHGEF12 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 12
CISH cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein
S1PR2 sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
PCDHA9 protocadherin alpha 9
E2F2 E2F transcription factor 2
TMEM130 transmembrane protein 130
SHROOM4 shroom family member 4
TGFBR2 transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80kDa)
PFKFB2 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 2
MEGF10 multiple EGF-like-domains 10
YPEL1 yippee-like 1 (Drosophila)
KIAA0247 KIAA0247
CC2D2B coiled-coil and C2 domain containing 2B
COL9A2 collagen, type IX, alpha 2
NHLRC3 NHL repeat containing 3
APLP2 amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2
ZNF599 zinc finger protein 599
HTATIP2 HIV-1 Tat interactive protein 2, 30kDa
ATG2B ATG2 autophagy related 2 homolog B (S. cerevisiae)
CAMKK1 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 1, alpha
C18orf1 chromosome 18 open reading frame 1
SLC16A12 solute carrier family 16, member 12 (monocarboxylic acid transporter 12)
LRRFIP2 leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 2
JMJD6 jumonji domain containing 6
C8orf46 chromosome 8 open reading frame 46
SEZ6 seizure related 6 homolog (mouse)
ALG3 asparagine-linked glycosylation 3 homolog (S. cerevisiae, alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase)
GPR123 G protein-coupled receptor 123
SLC34A2 solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 2
TRDMT1 tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1
ZNF552 zinc finger protein 552
RAB1A RAB1A, member RAS oncogene family
COX4NB COX4 neighbor
FBXO31 F-box protein 31
BTBD7 BTB (POZ) domain containing 7
SORBS1 sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1
DYRK1A dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A
KIAA0494 KIAA0494
JRK jerky homolog (mouse)
CYCS cytochrome c, somatic
ABCD4 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D (ALD), member 4
###### GO analysis of the potential target genes of miR-422a related to lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer
GO items P value Genes
------------------------- --------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Biological process**
Apoptotic process 0.047 E2F2, ARHGEF12, TGFBR2, CYCS, JMJD6
Transport 0.048 GOT2, ABCD4, SORBS1, CYCS, FYCO1
Protein phosphorylation 0.046 POLR2J, DYRK1A, TGFBR2, PTPRE
**Molecular function**
DNA binding 0.031 E2F2, ARID5B, PHC3, POLR2J, ZNF552, APLP2, ZNF362, ZNF599, TRDMT1
Protein binding 0.024 E2F2, IL33, FANCA, ARID5B, POLR2J, FANCI, DYRK1A, LRRFIP2, APLP2, CX3CR1, TGFBR2, PFKFB2, HTATIP2, SORBS1, PTPRE, CYCS, FYCO1, JMJD6
**Cellular component**
Nucleus 0.000 E2F2, FANCA, ARID5B, RSL1D1, PHC3, POLR2J, FANCI, YPEL1, ZNF552, DYRK1A, APLP2, ZNF362, ZNF599, SHROOM4, SUV420H1, HTATIP2, SORBS1, COX4NB, TOB2, PTPRE, TRDMT1, CYCS, JMJD6, CAMKK1
Integral to membrane 0.027 SLC16A12, SLC34A2, ALG3, MEGF10, C18orf1, SEZ6, APLP2, CX3CR1, GPR123, TGFBR2, ABCD4, PTPRE, KIAA0247, FYCO1, TMEM130, S1PR2, PCDHA9
Plasma membrane 0.012 SLC16A12, SLC34A2, FANCI, MEGF10, C18orf1, SEZ6, APLP2, CX3CR1, GPR123, TGFBR2, GOT2, SORBS1, PTPRE, JMJD6, S1PR2, PCDHA9
DISCUSSION {#s3}
==========
In the present study, we screened novel circulating miRNAs in predicting lymph node metastasis in lung cancer. One novel miRNA, miR-422a, showed the highest diagnostic value compared with other miRNAs and traditional tumor markers, such as CEA, CA199, and CYFEA211. Furthermore, a validation cohort consist of 51 lung cancer patients was recruited to confirm the diagnostic value of miR-422a. ROC curve analyses revealed that miR-422a possessed a high AUC value of 0.880 with sensitivity of 86.22% and specificity of 96.55%. Some miRNAs have been reported to be correlated with lymphatic metastasis and showed in our literature review. For example, miR-196a \[[@R13]\] and miR-130a \[[@R14]\] were positively associated with lymph node metastasis, while miR-451 \[[@R15]\] was negatively associated with lymph node metastasis. Recent studies have focused on the sources of circulatory molecular biomarkers \[[@R16]\]. In previous review papers about predictive values of circulating routine plasma tumor markers, the accuracy for metastasis detection ranged from 0.815 (CYFRA 21-1) to 0.724 (CEA), respectively (AUC values) \[[@R17], [@R18]\].
miR-422a was a less studied miRNA. A few studies have revealed the involvement of miR-422a in human cancers. It is dysregulated in osteosarcoma \[[@R19]\], colorectal cancer \[[@R20]--[@R22]\], hepatocarcinoma \[[@R23]\], and gastric cancer \[[@R24]\]. miR-422a is an indicative marker for poor prognosis in osteosarcoma, gastric cancer, and hepatocarcinoma \[[@R23]\]. It is also associated with chemo-resistance in osteosarcoma \[[@R25]\]. In lung cancer, one study suggested that miR-422a can be used to classify lung adenocarcinoma from lung squamous cell carcinoma \[[@R26]\]. In the present study, we found that plasma miR-422a levels were upregulated in lung cancer patient with lymphatic metastasis than that in patients without lymphatic metastasis. Here, the expression changes trends of miR-422a was opposite with the results of the microarray analysis. We predicted that the sample size in microarray analysis was very small and then the individual difference led to a certain degree of bias when exploring the differential expressed microRNAs in the patients with lymphatic metastasis or not. The upregulation of plasma miR-422a in lymphatic metastatic patients were also evidenced by an independent cohort, GSE16025, which analyzing the mRNA expression profile of lung cancer tissues ([Supplementary Figure 1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). And our study, for first time, found that miR-422a had a potential diagnostic value in discriminating lymph node metastasis of lung cancer. To further clarify the association of miR-422a and lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer, we analyzed the associations of miR-422a with the clinical parameters and the associations of lymphatic metastasis with the clinical parameters. And the results suggested miR-422a was associated with histology and T stage/tumor diameter, which might be the confounding factors for the association of miR-422a with lymphatic metastasis. Notably, a strong significant association was still observed between miR-422a and lymphatic metastasis after adjustment of the confounding factors (Table [7](#T7){ref-type="table"}). Furthermore, by analyses the mRNA profile data in cancer tissues in GSE16025, a similar association was observed between cancer tissue miR-422a level and lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer.
In summary, our findings highlight that a novel circulating miRNA, miR-422a, may serve as a non-invasive biomarker with sufficient accuracy in predicting lymph node metastasis in lung cancer patients. And the application of miR-422a in clinical practice may help for prophylactic intervention to mitigate morbidity and mortality. miR-422a may also provide a new target for therapeutic approaches in management of lung cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS {#s4}
=====================
Literature review {#s4_1}
-----------------
To summary the associations of miRNAs with lymph node metastasis in lung cancer, a systematic literature search was performed independently by two authors in two databases (PubMed and EMBASE) up to June 30, 2016. The following termed were used: "lung cancer", "lymph node OR lymph node metastasis, OR lymphatic metastasis", and "Microrna OR miRNA". Inclusion criteria: (1) English language papers; (2) The associations of miRNA with lymph node metastasis were determined in clinical samples; (3) single miRNA but not panel or signature of mutiple miRNAs was investigated.
Patients and samples {#s4_2}
--------------------
Anonymized fresh metastatic lymph node samples and the compared noncancerous lymph nodes from five lung cancer patients were collected after surgical resection for miRNA profile analysis. Then, 26 lung cancer patients (14 cases with lymphatic metastasis and 12 cases without lymphatic metastasis) from August 2013 to May 2014 were included as a training cohort to determine the diagnosis value of the top differentially expressed miRNAs from miRNA profile analysis (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). In addition, five patients with benign lung diseases without cancers were recruited as controls. Furthermore, another cohort of 51 lung cancer patients (LN+, 40; LN-, 11) was recruited from June 2014 to October 2015 to validate the miRNA with highest diagnosis accuracy in the training cohort (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Unlike with the microarray analysis, fresh peripheral blood samples were used. Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with lung cancer were defined according to the TNM staging system criteria of the Union for International Cancer Control. And histological diagnosis was based on the medical records. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections were carefully reviewed for the diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes and noncancerous lymph nodes. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University. Written informed consents were obtained from all patients or their families.
miRNA microarray analysis {#s4_3}
-------------------------
The matched frozen tissue samples of metastatic and noncancerous lymph nodes from the same patients were used to perform miRNA microarray analysis. Total RNA (100 ng) was polyA-tailed and ligated to biotinylated signal molecules using the Flash Tag™ Biotin RNA Labeling Kit (Genisphere, Llc in Hatfield, PA, USA). An enzyme-linked oligo sorbent quantitative-competitive assay was performed to verify the labeling prior to array hybridization to GeneChip® miRNA microarrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). And then hybridization, washing, staining, and scanning were conducted using Affymetrix Gene Chip® system instruments and protocols (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Subsequently, the microarray image was analyzed and the intensity values were calculated by Affymetrix Gene Chip® Command Console Software version 3.0.1. Further analysis was performed using Partek Genomics Suite (Partek, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) {#s4_4}
----------------------------------------------------------
MiRNAs were extracted from the plasma samples from lung cancer patients using miRNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer\'s instructions. The concentration and purity of isolated RNA was estimated using the ND-1000 microspectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). RNA integrity was assessed on BioAnalyzer 2100 using BioAnalyzer RNA 6000 Nano LabChip Kit (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Then TaqMan miRNA assays (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) were used to detect the expression levels of mature miRNAs. For reverse transcription reactions, 10 ng of total RNA was mixed with the reverse transcription primers, reacted at 16°C for 30 min, 42°C for 30 min, and 85°C for 5 min, and then maintained at 4°C. Following the reverse transcription reactions, 1 μL of cDNA was used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 2 μl of the TaqMan primers. PCR reactions were conducted at 95°C for 10 min followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 s and 60°C for 60 s on an ABI 7500 Fast Real-time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Real-time PCR results were analyzed and the expression of miRNA levels was calculated using the 2^−ΔΔCt^ method and normalized to miR-16, an internal reference control. The probes of the candidate miRNAs were show in [Supplementary Table 2](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Predicted targets analysis of miR-422a {#s4_5}
--------------------------------------
The predicted targets of the miR-422a were analyzed by an online database, miRecords (<http://c1.accurascience.com/miRecords/>), which is a resource for animal miRNA-target interactions. The Predicted Targets component of mIRecords integrates the predicted targets of the following miRNA target prediction tools: DIANA-microT, MicroInspector, miRanda, MirTarget2, miTarget, NBmiRTar, PicTar, PITA, RNA22, RNAhybrid, and TargetScan/TargertScanS \[[@R27]\]. The target genes of miR-422a were derived when the target genes were predicted by at least three algorithms in mIRecords. In addition, the GEO datasets (GSE51852 and GSE51853) were downloaded from NCBI, which contained both the mRNA and the miRNA expression profile of 126 lung cancer patients and were used to find the genes co-expressed with the selected miRNA, miR-422a \[[@R28]\]. Furthermore, mRNA profile data of 983 lung cancer patients was downloaded from TCGA database, subgrouped by lymphatic metastasis or not, and used to find genes related to lymphatic metastasis. Then, the potential target genes of miR-422a involved in lymphatic metastasis were identified by integrated analysis of predicted targets from miRcords and data mining of GEO and TCGA. Finally, the potential targets were subjected to GO analysis in the GeneCoDis3 online database (<http://genecodis.cnb.csic.es>).
Statistical analysis {#s4_6}
--------------------
Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 16.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Kruskall Wallis H test was used for comparing miRNAs expression among multiple groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were established for discriminating the patients with lymphatic metastasis or not. The area under curve (AUC) value and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to determine the specificity and sensitivity. Z-score method was used to normalize the expression data of miRNA in training and validation cohorts. Chi-square test was used to explore the associations of miR-422a and clinical features and the associations of lymphatic metastasis with clinical features in the all recruited lung cancer patients and in dataset GSE16025. The correlations among the miRNAs in training cohort and the correlations between the genes and miR-422a in GEO data were analyzed by Pearson\'s correlation coefficient. The mRNA expressions in lymphatic metastatic lung cancer patients compared with non-lymphatic metastatic patients in TCGA data were analyzed by Student\'s t test. All tests were two-sided. *P* \< 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS FIGURES AND TABLES {#s5}
==========================================
**Author contributions**
LNW, BH and BTZ prepared the manuscript. YNL, YY and LJZ designed the study and performed the statistical analysis. JFC conceived the study, participated in its design and coordination, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
**CONFLICTS OF INTEREST**
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
**FUNDING**
This work was supported by the grants from Science Foundation of Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute (No. 2013--18), Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of special funding support (ZYLX201509), Peking University (PKU) 985 Special Funding for Collaborative Research with PKU Hospitals (2013-5-05), and The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, 2014AA020602).
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# Developer guide
## Continuous integration
* There are a private Team City and SonarQube servers configured for our project
* As a project developer ask for developer access
* These builds shouldn't be used as public available development builds (beta or RC)
## How to configure environment
* Install Visual Studio, With Database tools, Install Wix, Resharper.
* Configure the database server to accept the database connection string in test project app.config file.
* Run chocolatey script Build\installprerequisities.ps1 to configure development tools.
# Application life cycle
* To publish release version:
* the application version should be updated in Setup project and in Common.AsssemblyInfo.cs
* Use build.ps1 script in build directory and publish both generated files
* Update related build version in Team City builds
* Mark release with tag. If you want to rollback to previous version load selected version release tag
* Create and publish the Chocolatey package at Chocolatey.org using Build\createChocolateyPackage.ps1 script
* When fixing an issue, mark it as Closed, after the changes are released (not when it is fixed in code base).
## Cooperation rules
* Miguel de Icaza has a good post on [Open Source Contribution Etiquette](http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2010/Dec-31.html)
that is worth reading, as the guidance he gives applies well to Terminals (inspired by Nuget project).
* Pickup from task stack by Votings
* Select only task, which you are able to solve in no more than two months
* Don't keep your checkouts long time, use Shelve sets instead
* Always associate check-in change set with task, if your check in is related to it
* In case of formatting make two separate checkins: one which holds only code formatting changes, second with fix/feature changes
## Project structure
* Current development tool is Visual Studio 2017 with .NET C#.
* The main solution project is configured to target .NET framework 4. But there are other external projects, which are still targeting .NET 2.0. Don't change the target framework for them.
* Terminals solution references libraries and images from Resources directory.
* For Logging the Log4Net is configured. Log files are stored under application Logs subdirectory.
* To build the release setup use the "Distribution release" solution configuration. For general development use standard debug and release.
* Output directory is "Build\Output" directory.
* Put all localize able resources under the Localization directory in resource file stored there.
* All external components and other resources like images should be stored under "Resources" directory in its branch
## Develop new plugins
It is also possible to provide new protocol specific connection extension see [Write new plugin](/Docs/WriteNewPlugin.md)
## External components
* SSH protocol from Granados project (actually developed as [Poderosa](http://sourceforge.net/projects/poderosa/))
* Terminal emulator control for ssh and telnet [Terminal control](http://www.codeproject.com/KB/IP/Terminal_Control_Project.aspx)
* Amazon S3 component from Amazon SDK [Amazon SDK for .NET](http://aws.amazon.com/sdkfornet/)
* zLib compression library [zLib](http://www.componentace.com/)
* VNC client library [VncSharp](http://cdot.senecac.on.ca/projects/vncsharp/)
* [Log4Net](http://logging.apache.org/log4net/)
* Packet manipulation library [SharpPcap](http://www.tamirgal.com/blog/page/SharpPcap.aspx)
* ICA Citrix component
* RDP imported as activeX component
* Setup WIX toolkit [WIX Toolkit](http://WixToolSet.org)
* PowerShell comunity extensions
* Chocolatey to download external dependecies in build
## Coding rules
* Use Visual Studio 2017 default settings or similar settings in another editor.
* For developer who are using Resharper, there is a Team shared configuration file for coding rules. Don't change this file, if you want to apply some rules. Discuss it first within the team.
* Indents are 4 spaces. You can use Productivity Power Tools for VS to convert tab characters into spaces.
* Fields should be declared private and above all methods.
* Put curly brackets on a new line and close it in the same indentation.
* Keep classes small up to maximum 500 lines
* Keep methods small up to maximum 35 lines
* Use usings as much as possible and remove not used usings
* Members order: constants and statics, fields, properties, events, constructors, methods.
* When using an if condition with one statement, put the statement on the next line.
```cs
if (true)
DoSomething();
```
* When using an if condition with one statement after if condition and else condition, curly brackets are optional.
```cs
if(true)
DoSomething();
else
DoSomethingElse();
```
* When using an if condition with curly brackets, use curly brackets for all attached conditions
```cs
if (true)
{
x++;
DoSomething();
}
else
{
DoSomethingElse();
}
```
* After an if, while, for each or other conditions that can use curly brackets, leave an empty line.
```cs
if (true)
DoSomething();
x++;
foreach(String s in stringArray)
{
Debug.Print(s);
}
DoTheNextThing();
```
* Use String.Format when possible.
* Use String.Empty instead of "", use String.IsNullOrEmpty() instead of (x == null | x = "").
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A camera module which is used for a cellular phone with a camera, a digital camera, a security camera, or the like has a structure in which, for example, an image sensor such as a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) and a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), a transparent plate such as glass, a wiring substrate having terminals, a cover body holding the above, a concentrating portion including lenses, a lens barrel, and the like, and a lens holder holding the lenses and the barrel are integrated.
FIGS. 15(a) to (e) illustrate a structure of a camera module of PTL 1. As illustrated in FIG. 15(a), the camera module includes a concentrating portion 20 and an imaging portion 10. The concentrating portion 20 is provided with a lens holder 22 and a lens unit which is fixed to the lens holder 22 and includes a lens 21. The imaging portion 10 is provided with a wiring substrate 11, an image sensor 13 which is mounted on the wiring substrate 11 via an adhesive 12, a transparent plate 17 made of glass, plastics, or the like, and a cover body 14 which covers the wiring substrate 11 and the image sensor. The cover body 14 is mounted on the wiring substrate 11. The image sensor 13 is electrically connected to the wiring substrate 11 with wires 15 or the like. Peripheral part of the transparent plate 17 is fixed to the cover body 14 with an adhesive 16. The lens unit is provided above the image sensor 13 and the transparent plate 17 which are in the imaging portion 10.
An aperture is provided in the center of the cover body 14, and the transparent plate 17 is arranged on the aperture. As a result, an internal space 18 surrounded by the transparent plate 17, the cover body 14, and the wiring substrate 11 is formed in the imaging portion 10.
In a case where the internal space 18 is sealed up, there is a possibility that a gas in the internal space 18 thermally expands in accordance with an increase in temperature and then a crack and the like occurs at a joining part serving as a starting point. Moreover, there is also a possibility that the transparent plate 17 loses transparency due to an influence of a gas or ions which are generated from the adhesive 12, 16, and the like because of a change in temperature or pressure. In the camera module, by providing a ventilation groove G in the cover body 14, the internal space 18 and an outside of the cover body 14 are made to communicate with each other via the ventilation groove G and a gap 19. Note that, a structure of the ventilation groove G is as illustrated in plan view in FIGS. 15(b) to (e).
In this case, when the internal space 18 and the outside of the cover body 14 are made to communicate with each other as described above, there is a possibility that a foreign matter enters the internal space 18 from the outside and the foreign matter adheres to the image sensor 13. In the camera module, a recess part GH is formed by partially digging a bottom of the ventilation groove G deeply as illustrated in FIG. 15(e), and the foreign matter which has entered into the ventilation groove G is trapped by the recess part GH. | [
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Details
ITEM#: 11895870
Place a timeless and stylish finishing touch on any kitchen with the Kraus stainless steel, single-lever kitchen faucet. This faucet is made of 100 percent stainless steel, so it does not discolor or rust, and the faucet's smooth and simple features make it easy to clean and maintain. It boasts a simple and intuitive single-lever design to control both water temperature and pressure. Water pressure has been tested to meet the national standard. All hardware is included for easy installation.
Update the look of your kitchen with this functional and stylish Kraus kitchen faucet
Kraus faucet resists discoloration and corrosion, no brass or copper used
Spout features 100-percent solid stainless steel construction
Sleek contemporary design
Sedal drip-free ceramic cartridge
Single lever water and temperature control
Single-hole
Top-mount installation
Easy to clean and maintain satin stainless steel finish
Water pressure tested for industry standard
Standard U.S. plumbing connections
Flow rate: 2.2 gallons per minute (GPM) at 60 PSI
ADA Compliant
Installation in a 1.4-inch hole
All mounting hardware and hot/cold waterlines included
Faucet: 14 inches high
Spout reach: 7 inches long
Swivels 360 degrees
In Accordance with Industry Codes and Standards for USA and Canada, all Kraus Stainless Steel Kitchen Faucets are Certified and Listed by UPC, cUPC, CSA, IAMPO, ANSI, SCC & NSF
i have 2 return..and i order the 3er.cause i love this faucet..my problems was..1st..the faucen isnt vertical...2nd return ..was leaking from the eurator.not from the faucet...but..this faucet is very good.i hope...if i have any other problem with it..i will request my money back.
This faucet is too hard to control the water flow... It blasts water and you end up with a bath. It's tough to regulate, it seems to be all or none. It does not have a sprayer...which I guess I did not read closely enough...But I absolutely hate this faucet and would have sent it back if I hadn't payed the plumber to put it in and then discovered it's issues...My best advice "avoid it"
Purchased the lever faucet to replace an existing leaky one so my specks for a replacement were particular. I did not want a sprayer and this product fit all of my specifications. The stainless steel finish matches appliances exactly. There must be some airration feature in the faucet because the water pressure coming out of this faucet is powerful. The plumber who installed commented on the quality of the faucet. It didn't come with any installation instructions but that didn't matter since I had it professionally installed. Keep in mind that the lever needs space to be pushed directly back for cold water. I had to install the faucet on a slight angle but it looks great.
Hello Everybody, We're from the N.E. area and These Type's of criteria are what we look for. Life Long materials that will not corrode and or rust nor deteriorate. KRAUS has got a true winner here -----------We
Shopping Tips & Inspiration
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Unique Faucet Designs
Faucet Buying Guide
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5 Styles of Danze Fixtures
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FAQs about Fixing Faucets
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Curb Appeal
From the mailbox to the numbers by the door, the front of your home can make a valuable first impression. It's time to get out your gloves, plant some flowers, and freshen up the front porch with a new door handle, planters and doormat. Your house will be glowing with curb appeal.
* For your protection, all orders are screened for security purposes. If your order is selected for review, our Loss Prevention Team may contact you by phone or email. There may be a two business day delay to process your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be
delivered.
Shop Overstock™ and find the best online deals on everything for your home and your family. We work every day to bring you discounts on new products across our entire store. Whether you're looking for memorable gifts or everyday essentials, you can buy them here for less. | [
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WWE and Warner Bros. Interactive today announced WWE Immortals, a free-to-play mobile game developed by Mortal Kombat studio NetherRealm in association with Phosphor Game Studios.
Due to launch worldwide in 2015, WWE Immortals is coming to iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch and Android devices. Unfortunately, WWE and Warner Bros. aren't sharing many details about the game. All we know is that it will "feature epic Superstar battles in a fantastically re-imagined WWE world."
WWE and Warner say further details, including information about gameplay features, will be announced sometime ahead of WWE Immortals' release next year. We also don't have any images or video to look at, so the picture of gamer-guy Big Show above will have to do for now.
In addition to WWE Immortals, NetherRealm is working on Mortal Kombat X, which will be released for consoles and PC in 2015. | [
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Main menu
a clusterfuck of words
Tag Archives: reckless
I was once asked if I would ever track you down,or even if I wanted to meet you; Lex knows how I feel about you but he still had to ask.
I thought it would have be easier, you’ve done nothing for me, but instead a lump formed in my throat and my heart broke a little when i said fuck no.
Why would I?
I can’t even remember your face,let alone voice.
I do remember the last we spoke- I don’t remember the words you said but I know I hung up on you and never spoke to you again.
I won’t admit that I think about you from time to time; I remember the mural by what I assume was your home,do you still live there?
Or if you had another family,do I have half siblings out there somewhere?
I’d never admit that jealousy was my best friend during my younger years;seeing fathers with their children, enjoying themselves- I told myself over and over that it didnt matter, it was okay.
I used to ask mother about you but she must have hated you as much as I did because I never got a straight answer, only ever saying your name once.
What did you do?
Why did you give up so easily?
Its fucking hard to admit that I did need you. I hate myself for it and I hate you. You gave up.
Writing this, shit, I never thought I would; I dont even know why I am- you’ll never see it,is making me feel slightly better.
For years I acted out recklessly, craving an attention I would never get, even know,destroying everything in my path;putting relationships at risk.
But I’m finally starting to realize it wasn’t in my control, I don’t know what you did and I dont care. I don’t say that I forgive you because I don’t think I can(you’ll go back into the forget box until someone asks me about you)but I understand, you did what you had to do.
I do thank you for not being there since I am the person I am today without you. I may not like myself all the time and have some issues but I wouldn’t trade it for a single day with you. | [
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Here is a simple set-up for backyard practice. All you’ll need are four jumps, one tunnel and an A-frame (although you can substitute the dog walk or teeter – just tweak the spacing to accommodate those obstacles.) | [
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26.ru report:
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Html Validation
181 Error
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90
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With Meta Language tag you can define your site language. This doesn't seem to bring any benefit at all, but you can use it as a standard.
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Global-Alexa Rank : 214285
www.26.ru has 214285 rank out of 50.000.000 sites. For additional information see alexa.com.
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https:www.wboxy.site has determined a value for 26.ru based on spesific criterias. Some of them :
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Estimated Value
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Shows how much does it take to load the website. Colors on image shows suitability, green for fast and suitable, yellow for moderate and needs improvement, red for very slow and needs urgent improvement.
Page Speed
925
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Meta Description Explanation
Meta Description tag allows you to tell search engines what your website is about. This process has benefits. You can find information of how should be a meta description tag on comments below.
Meta Description Length
56
Character length in meta description code section of your 26.ru web site is 56 character. You could put in the information to sum up your internet site's content. But you have a chance to raise this number to 150 characters because search engines read almost 150 characters. For a better optimization, You can sum up your site's content in meta description part.
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Meta Keywords tag allows you to define keywords of your website. This process has benefits. You can find information of how should be a meta description tag on comments below.
Meta Keywords Length
93
Character number in meta keywords area related to your 26.ru internet site is 93. You character number is seen adequate to explain your site's content but search engines allow keywords till 200 characters. If you raise your keywords, you can also raise the visitors traffic out of internet. If you want your web site gets more visitors , please make a better keywords analysis about your site and put in these keywords in title and meta keywords section. | [
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package jetbrains.mps.samples.formulaLanguage.editor;
/*Generated by MPS */
import jetbrains.mps.nodeEditor.DefaultNodeEditor;
import jetbrains.mps.openapi.editor.cells.EditorCell;
import jetbrains.mps.openapi.editor.EditorContext;
import org.jetbrains.mps.openapi.model.SNode;
public class AndOperation_Editor extends DefaultNodeEditor {
public EditorCell createEditorCell(EditorContext editorContext, SNode node) {
return new AndOperation_EditorBuilder_a(editorContext, node).createCell();
}
}
| [
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package com.crawljax.plugins.testcasegenerator.report;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import com.crawljax.condition.invariant.Invariant;
import com.crawljax.core.state.Eventable;
import com.crawljax.core.state.StateVertex;
public class MethodResult {
private LinkedList<StateVertexResult> crawlStates;
private LinkedList<EventableResult> crawlPath;
private boolean success;
private String methodName;
public MethodResult(String methodName) {
this.methodName = methodName;
this.crawlPath = new LinkedList<EventableResult>();
this.crawlStates = new LinkedList<StateVertexResult>();
this.success = false;
}
public void setSuccess(boolean success) {
this.success = success;
}
public void addEventable(Eventable eventable) {
this.crawlPath.add(new EventableResult(eventable));
}
public void addState(StateVertex state) {
this.crawlStates.add(new StateVertexResult(state));
}
public void markLastEventableFailed() {
this.crawlPath.getLast().setSuccess(false);
}
public void markLastStateFailed(List<Invariant> failedInvariants) {
this.crawlStates.getLast().setSuccess(false);
this.crawlStates.getLast().setFailedInvariants(failedInvariants);
}
public void markLastStateDifferent() {
this.crawlStates.getLast().setIdentical(false);
}
}
| [
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] |
Are organisational factors affecting the emotional withdrawal of community nurses?
Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of work organisation on the emotional labour withdrawal behaviour of Australian community nurses. Methods Using a paper-based survey, a sample of 312 Australian community nurses reported on their emotional dissonance, withdrawal behaviours (i.e. job neglect, job dissatisfaction, stress-related presenteeism) and work organisation. A model to determine the partial mediation effect of work organisation was developed based on a literature review. The fit of the proposed model was assessed via structural equation modelling using Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS; IMB). Results Community nurses with higher levels of emotional dissonance were less likely to be satisfied with their job and work organisation and had a higher tendency to exhibit withdrawal behaviours. Work organisational factors mediated this relationship. Conclusion Emotional dissonance can be a potential stressor for community nurses that can trigger withdrawal behaviours. Improving work organisational factors may help reduce emotional conflict and its effect on withdrawal behaviours. What is known about the topic? Although emotional labour has been broadly investigated in the literature, very few studies have addressed the effect of the quality of work organisation on nurses' withdrawal behaviours in a nursing setting. What does this paper add? This paper provides evidence that work organisation affects levels of emotional dissonance and has an effect on job neglect through stress-related presenteeism. What are the implications for practitioners? In order to minimise stress-related presenteeism and job neglect, healthcare organisations need to establish a positive working environment, designed to improve the quality of relationships with management, provide appropriate rewards, recognition and effective workload management and support high-quality relationships with colleagues. | [
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iRobot Warrior 700 designed to deliver... more robots
The new iRobot Warrior 700 robot looks like the (much) bigger brother of the company’s PackBot. In fact the Warrior is a much larger, more powerful platform designed to deliver, well, PackBots (among other missions). The Warrior 700 can carry a PackBot at the end of an articulated arm, and insert the it through a window for reconnaissance, explosive ordnance disposal, rescue, or other missions.
The Warrior 700 was recently put through its paces at the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) unmanned systems event in Washington, DC. By rising up on the articulated treads, the Warrior was able to extend its arm and drop the PackBot through a window. The PackBot is rugged enough to survive the short drop to the floor, and using the Warrior to deliver it keeps the operators safely out of harm’s way.
The Warrior 700 has the same general design as the smaller PackBot, including articulated, tracked “flippers” for propulsion and a versatile platform for attaching accessories. Like the PackBot, the Warrior can maneuver across rough terrain, climb stairs, and even ford streams. However, the Warrior is scaled up to handle heavy-duty missions. Where the PackBot has a payload capacity of 46lbs (20.9kg), the Warrior can carry 150lbs (68kg) and has enough power to drag a person.
The PackBot, as its name implies, is small enough to be carried in a pack and deployed by one person. The Warrior 700 is not as portable and is designed for tougher tasks such as explosives disposal, route clearing, and surveillance. Its top speed is 9.3 mph (15 km/h), which isn’t bad for a robot that weighs 342.5lbs (155.3kg).
The first iRobot Warrior 700 production units should be available in the third quarter of 2009. | [
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] |
J-A06029-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
WALNUT STREET 2014-1 ISSUER, LLC, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
BY AND THROUGH THE BANCORP BANK, PENNSYLVANIA
ITS SERVICER AND AGENT,
Appellee
v.
MICHAEL S. PEARLSTEIN,
Appellant No. 2557 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Order Entered July 7, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Civil Division at No(s): March Term, 2016 No. 01672
BEFORE: PANELLA, SHOGAN, and RANSOM, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED JUNE 22, 2017
Appellant Michael Pearlstein (“Pearlstein”) appeals from the order
denying his petition to open the confessed judgment obtained by Walnut
Street 2014-1 Issuer, LLC (“Walnut”), through its predecessor-in-interest
and agent The Bancorp Bank (“the Bank”). We affirm.
Pearlstein is the sole member of the General Partnership of Empire
Schuylkill, L.P. (“Empire”), which owns a shopping mall in Frackville, PA
(“the Property”). On May 5, 2007, Empire and the Bank entered into a
series of transactions to finance the purchase, maintenance, and operation
of the Property (“Original Loan Agreement”). Pursuant to the Original Loan
Agreement, Empire borrowed $27,200,000 from the Bank. The parties
entered additional transactions in 2009 and 2010.
J-A06029-17
In late 2010, Empire was prepared to sell the Property. To retain the
Property as collateral for its loans to Empire, the Bank sought and obtained a
guaranty from the United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”). In
submitting its application for the USDA guaranty, the Bank valued the
Property at $30,372,821, despite a recent appraisal of $15,150,000 by
Quinn & Associates. The USDA accepted the Bank’s application and issued a
guaranty (“USDA guaranty”).
Empire and the Bank modified the Original Loan Agreement in
February of 2011 (“Amended Loan Agreement”), at which time Pearlstein
signed a personal guaranty agreement with the Bank (“Personal Guaranty”).
The Personal Guaranty covered three notes: Amended and Restated Note
for $17,300,000, which was reduced to $5,000,000; Term Note A for
$5,862,789; and Term Note B for $4,093,211 (“Notes”).
As of January 21, 2015, the Property had lost several anchor tenants,
and Empire had obtained an appraisal that valued the Property at
$5,300,000. Subsequently, Empire lost more tenants, and the fair market
value of the Property dropped to an estimated $2,000,000. The Bank did
not notify the USDA of Empire’s declining financial state.
The Bank sold the Amended Loan Agreement, Notes, and Personal
Guaranty to Walnut on or about December 30, 2014. Prior to this sale, the
Bank had not previously enforced Empire’s non-payment defaults of Current
Ratio, Minimum Tangible Net Worth, and Debt to Equity. Nonetheless,
-2-
J-A06029-17
pursuant to a warrant of attorney provision in the Amended Loan
Agreement, Walnut confessed judgment against Empire on January 20,
2016, for the non-payment defaults. Empire did not challenge the confessed
judgment.
On March 17, 2016, Walnut confessed judgment against Pearlstein on
the Personal Guaranty. Pearlstein filed a petition to open judgment
(“Petition to Open”) on May 16, 2016, raising defenses of fraudulent
inducement, non-occurrence of default, waiver/estoppel, and breach of
contract.1 Walnut filed an answer on June 27, 2016 (“Answer”). The trial
court denied the Petition to Open on July 7, 2016, finding that Pearlstein did
not raise any meritorious defenses. The trial court also denied Appellant’s
July 15, 2016 motion for reconsideration on August 2, 2016. This appeal
followed. The trial court did not direct Pearlstein to file a statement of errors
complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). For purposes of
complying with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), the trial court relied on its memoranda in
support of the orders denying the Petition to Open and denying
reconsideration. Order and Memorandum Opinion, 7/7/16; Memorandum
Opinion, 8/1/16.
____________________________________________
1
Walnut submits—and we agree—that Pearlstein has not appealed the trial
court’s rejection of several other defenses, i.e., Walnut’s lack of standing to
confess judgment against Pearlstein, the Bank’s breach of the Amended
Loan Agreement, the Bank’s breach of its duty of good faith and fair dealing,
and Walnut’s breach of the warrant of attorney. Walnut’s Brief at 15 n.4.
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On appeal, Pearlstein raises the following issues for our consideration:
1. Did the trial court err by prematurely requiring
evidence of the defenses without the issuance of a rule to show
cause, the opportunity to take discovery and the opportunity to
present evidence in support of the defenses, especially where
the trial court found that Pearlstein alleged some legally valid
defenses?
2. Did the trial court err in denying the Petition before
allowing discovery and the opportunity to present evidence
where Pearlstein alleged in a verified Petition all of the factual
elements necessary to establish the meritorious defense of
fraudulent inducement, to which the parol evidence rule does not
apply?
3. Did the trial court err by denying the Petition before
allowing discovery and the opportunity to present evidence
where Pearlstein alleged in a verified Petition all of the factual
elements necessary to establish the meritorious defenses of the
non-occurrence of an alleged default and waiver and/or estoppel
of the alleged defaults, which defenses are not vitiated by the
non-waiver provision in the parties’ agreement?
4. Did the trial court err by denying the Petition before
allowing discovery and the opportunity to present evidence
where Pearlstein alleged in a verified Petition all of the factual
elements necessary to establish the meritorious defense of
breach of contract, which Pearlstein had standing to raise as a
party to the agreements and based on his role as guarantor for
other agreements?
Pearlstein’s Brief at 4.
“A petition to open a confessed judgment is an appeal to the trial
court’s equitable powers.” Crum v. F.L. Shaffer Co., 693 A.2d 984, 986
(Pa. Super. 1997).
It is committed to the sound discretion of the hearing court and
will not be disturbed absent a manifest abuse of that discretion.
Ordinarily, if a petition to open a judgment is to be successful, it
must meet the following test: (1) the petition to open must be
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promptly filed; (2) the failure to appear or file a timely answer
must be excused; and (3) the party seeking to open the
judgment must show a meritorious defense....
Century Surety Co. v. Essington Auto Center, LLC, 140 A.3d 46, 53 (Pa.
Super. 2016) (quoting Mother’s Restaurant, Inc. v. Krystkiewicz, 861
A.2d 327, 336 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc)); Neducsin v. Caplan, 121
A.3d 498, 505 (Pa. Super. 2015), appeal denied, 131 A.3d 492 (Pa. 2016).
“Judicial discretion requires action in conformity with law on facts and
circumstances before the trial court after hearing and consideration.
Consequently, the court abuses its discretion if, in resolving the issue for
decision, it misapplies the law or exercises its discretion in a manner lacking
reason.” Neducsin, 121 A.3d at 506 (quoting Miller v. Sacred Heart
Hosp., 753 A.2d 829, 832 (Pa. Super. 2000) (internal citations omitted)).
In adjudicating a petition to open a confessed judgment, the trial court
is charged with “determining whether the petitioner presented sufficient
evidence of a meritorious defense to require submission of that issue to a
jury.” Ferrick v. Bianchini, 69 A.3d 642, 647 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citing
Homart Development Co. v. Sgrenci, 662 A.2d 1092 (1995)). “When
determining a petition to open a judgment, matters dehors the record filed
by the party in whose favor the warrant is given, i.e., testimony,
depositions, admissions, and other evidence, may be considered by the
court.” Graystone Bank v. Grove Estates, LP, 58 A.3d 1277, 1282 (Pa.
Super. 2012).
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Because the Petition to Open was timely, no one challenges the first
two requirements for opening a confessed judgment; rather, Pearlstein
focuses on the trial court’s determination that the Petition to Open did not
present any meritorious defenses warranting issuance of a rule to show
cause. In his first issue, Pearlstein complains that the trial court disposed of
the Petition to Open based solely on the initial pleadings without “affording”
him the opportunity to develop any evidence in support of his defenses.
Pearlstein’s Brief at 17. Pearlstein asserts that the trial court propagated
error by not following the procedure set forth in Pa.R.C.P. 2959(b) and (e).
Id. According to Pearlstein, the averments in his Petition to Open should
have triggered the trial court’s action in issuing a rule and allowing
discovery. Pearlstein’s Brief at 21.
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 2959 governs a petition to open a
confessed judgment and provides, in relevant part, as follows:
(a) Relief from a judgment by confession shall be sought by
petition. . . . [A]ll grounds for relief whether to strike off the
judgment or to open it must be asserted in a single petition. . . .
(b) If the petition states prima facie grounds for relief the court
shall issue a rule to show cause and may grant a stay of
proceedings. After being served with a copy of the petition the
plaintiff shall file an answer on or before the return day of the
rule. The return day of the rule shall be fixed by the court by
local rule or special order.
* * *
(e) The court shall dispose of the rule on petition and answer,
and on any testimony, depositions, admissions and other
evidence. The court for cause shown may stay proceedings on
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the petition insofar as it seeks to open the judgment pending
disposition of the application to strike off the judgment. If
evidence is produced which in a jury trial would require the
issues to be submitted to the jury the court shall open the
judgment.
Pa.R.C.P. 2959(a), (b), and (e). We have explained that:
Pa.R.[C.]P. 2959(e) sets forth the standard by which a court
determines whether a moving party has properly averred a
meritorious defense. If evidence is produced which in a jury trial
would require the issues to be submitted to the jury the court
shall open the judgment. Furthermore, the court must view the
evidence presented in the light most favorable to the moving
party, while rejecting contrary evidence of the non-moving
party. The petitioner need not produce evidence proving that if
the judgment is opened, the petitioner will prevail. Moreover,
we must accept as true the petitioner’s evidence and all
reasonable and proper inferences flowing therefrom.
In other words, a judgment of confession will be opened if
a petitioner seeking relief therefrom produces evidence which in
a jury trial would require issues to be submitted to a jury. The
standard of sufficiency here is similar to the standard for a
directed verdict, in that we must view the facts most favorably
to the moving party, we must accept as true all the evidence and
proper inferences in support of the defense raised, and we must
reject all adverse allegations.
Neducsin, 121 A.3d at 506–507 (internal citations and quotation marks
omitted). Under this rule:
a court can no longer weigh the evidence in support of the
defense, but must only determine whether there is sufficient
evidence to allow the issue to go to a jury. The facts must be
viewed in the light most favorable to the petitioner, and a court
must accept as true all evidence and proper inferences therefrom
supporting the defense and must reject the adverse allegations
of the plaintiff.
Van Arkel & Moss Properties, Inc. v. Kendor, Ltd., 419 A.2d 593, 596
(Pa. Super. 1980) (internal citations omitted).
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Here, Walnut filed a complaint in confession of judgment, and
judgment was entered. Pearlstein filed the Petition to Open. At that point,
Pa.R.C.P. 2959(b) instructs the trial court to review the Petition to Open only
and determine if it states prima facie grounds for relief. However, Walnut
filed its Answer before the trial court made a finding. Then, based on the
Petition to Open and the Answer, the trial court refused to open the
judgment. Technically, therefore, Pearlstein’s procedural challenge has
merit. See City of Pittsburgh v. ACDI, 488 A.2d 333, 334 (Pa. Super.
1985) (“[The] threshold requirement of subsection (b) must be met before
the other procedures outlined in Rule 2959 are to take place.”).
Nevertheless, because we find support in the record for the trial court’s
finding that Pearlstein failed to present prima facie grounds for relief in the
Petition to Open, we conclude that the technical violation of Pa.R.C.P.
2959(b) in this case does not warrant opening the judgment. Thus,
Pearlstein’s first issue does not merit relief.
In his remaining issues, Pearlstein argues the Petition to Open contains
sufficient factual averments to support prima facie grounds for relief based
on four defenses. In his second question presented, Pearlstein claims the
Petition to Open establishes that the Bank fraudulently induced him to
execute the Amended Loan Agreement based on its misrepresentations
about obtaining the USDA guaranties. Pearlstein’s Brief at 22. According to
Pearlstein, the Bank made a representation to him which was material to the
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transaction; the representation was made falsely, with knowledge of its
falsity or reckless disregard as to its veracity, and with the intent of
misleading Pearlstein into relying on it; Pearlstein relied on the
misrepresentation and was proximately injured as a result. Id. (citing
Eigen v. Textron Lycoming Reciprocating Engine Div., 874 A.2d 1179,
1187 (Pa. Super. 2005)).
Also citing Eigen, the trial court disposed of Pearlstein’s fraud-in-the-
inducement defense as follows:
In this case, Pearlstein has offered no evidence showing
that the Bank, with an intent to mislead, falsely made a material
representation upon which Empire relied, and that Empire
suffered an injury proximately caused by such reliance.
Pearlstein has offered none of the . . . elements which are
required for submission to a jury, and for this reason his
[fraudulent inducement] challenge to the confessed judgment is
rejected.
Order and Memorandum Opinion, 7/7/16, at 6. Moreover, in denying
Pearlstein’s motion for consideration, the trial court observed that:
various documents executed by Empire and Pearlstein were fully
integrated contracts. Specifically, the Amended, Restated and
Consolidating Loan Agreement executed by Pearlstein stated as
follows:
Integration. This Agreement and the other
Loan Documents constitute the sole agreement
of the parties with respect to the subject
matter hereof and thereof and supersede all
oral negotiations and prior writings with
respect to the subject matter hereof and
thereof.28
28
Amended, Restated and Consolidating Loan
Agreement, Exhibit 1–D of the answer in
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opposition to the petition to open, § 9.10
(emphasis supplied). Also, USDA Form 4279–
14 titled Unconditional Guarantee, states that
Pearlstein, “Guarantor,” “may not use an oral
statement to contradict or alter the written
terms of the Note of this Guarantee….” Exhibit
1–J to the answer in opposition to the petition
to open.
The [c]ourt also notes that under Pennsylvania law—
Once a writing is determined to be the parties’
entire contract, the parole [sic] evidence rule applies
and evidence of any previous oral or written
negotiations or agreements involving the same
subject matter as the contract is … inadmissible to
explain or vary the terms of the contract.29
29
Youndt v. First Natl. Bank of Port Allegany,
686 A.2d 539, 546 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citing
Yocca v. Pittsburgh Steelers Sports, Inc., 854
A.2d 425, 436 (Pa. 2004)).
In this case, parol evidence precluded Pearlstein as a
matter of law from asserting the defense based on fraud-in-the-
inducement; therefore, the allegations based on this defense did
not state prima facie grounds for relief… .
Memorandum Opinion, 8/1/16, at 8–9.
On appeal, Pearlstein claims the Bank represented that it would
“submit complete and accurate information to the USDA in support of its
application” for guarantees. Pearlstein’s Brief at 23. Pearlstein accuses the
Bank of “knowingly and intentionally overstat[ing] the value of the Property
to the USDA” and not correcting “its earlier misrepresentation.” Id.
Pearlstein also asserts that without the Bank’s “representations and
verifications as to the accuracy of the information provided to the USDA,” he
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“would have never agreed to the Amended Loan Agreement or the
Guaranty” but would have terminated Empire’s relationship with the Bank
and sold the Property, as planned. Id. As for the trial court’s parol evidence
analysis, Pearlstein argues that, because he was not party to the Amended
Loan Agreement, the Personal Guaranty was not fully integrated, and neither
the Amended Loan Agreement nor the Personal Guaranty “‘directly deal’ with
[the Bank’s] obligations with respect to the application process for the USDA
Guaranties, the parol evidence rule would not bar evidence of [the Bank’s]
misrepresentations.” Id. at 26.
In response, Walnut argues that Pearlstein “failed to allege facts
beyond mere conclusions,” which “do not rise to the level of a prima facie
claim for fraudulent inducement[.]” Walnut’s Brief at 25, 26. Specifically,
Walnut points out Pearlstein’s failure to aver “what the actual statement
attributable to the Bank is, who said it, when it was said or why it was
false.” Id. at 27. Similarly, Walnut challenges Pearlstein’s averments
regarding the Bank’s intent to mislead, Pearlstein’s reliance, and Pearlstein’s
injury, as mere conclusions unsupported by the record. Id. at 28–33. With
regard to Pearlstein’s averment of injury, Walnut notes that the Amended
Loan Agreement actually reduced Pearlstein’s overall liability by $12,300,000
and that Empire could have sold the Property at any time. Id. at 32.
Moreover, Walnut asserts that the parole evidence rule precludes Pearlstein’s
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reliance on the Bank’s purported misrepresentations to support his fraud-in-
the-inducement claim. Walnut’s Brief at 33–39. According to Walnut:
the integration clause in the Amended Loan Agreement applies
to the “parties” who are parties to the Loan Documents, rather
than to parties that are only parties to the Amended Loan
Agreement. Since the 2011 [Personal] Guaranty is included in
the definition of “Loan Documents,” and because Pearlstein is a
party to that agreement, the 2011 [Personal] Guaranty is a fully
integrated document.
Id. at 35 (footnotes omitted).
Upon review, we discern no manifest abuse of the trial court’s
discretion in denying the Petition to Open. Century Surety Co., 140 A.3d
at 53. Pearlstein’s averments of fraudulent inducement are vague,
speculative, and conclusory. Despite the documentation he supplied in
support of the Petition to Open, Pearlstein does not provide facts regarding
who made a material misrepresentation, what the material
misrepresentation was, how the material misrepresentation induced
Pearlstein to reasonably rely upon it, and how the material
misrepresentation caused him harm.
The Bank represented that it would obtain a USDA guaranty, and it
did. The Bank’s alleged failure to comply with certain requirements of the
USDA guaranty does not support Pearlstein’s claim of fraudulent
inducement. Moreover, Pearlstein could not have reasonably relied on the
Bank’s alleged misrepresentations for the various reasons discussed by
Walnut: Empire was obligated to obtain the USDA guaranty, not the Bank—
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Amended Loan Agreement, 2/2/11, at ¶¶ 5, 5.16; Pearlstein’s liability under
the Personal Guaranty was not conditioned on the USDA guaranty—Personal
Guaranty, 2/2/11, at ¶ 2; Pearlstein obtained an independent valuation of
the Property before he executed the Personal Guaranty—Petition to Open,
5/16/16, at Exhibit Q; and, as guarantor, Pearlstein waived any “value”
related defenses—USDA Form 4279-14, at ¶ 6. Walnut’s Brief at 29–30.
Nor does the Petition to Open include facts establishing that the Bank’s
alleged misrepresentations caused him harm. In fact, the Personal Guaranty
merely restated and reaffirmed Pearlstein’s liability dating back to Empire’s
original obligations for loans in 2007, 2009, and 2010. Under the Amended
and Restated Note, Pearlstein’s overall liability was reduced by $12,300,000.
Moreover, although Pearlstein speculates that he would have sold the
Property at a higher price rather than execute the Personal Guaranty in
2011, he did not aver in the Petition to Open that the loss of value in the
Property was caused by the Bank’s alleged misrepresentations.
Furthermore, nothing of record prevented Empire from selling the Property
rather than continuing its relationship with the Bank.
Lastly, we find support in the record for the trial court’s findings that
the Personal Guaranty was a fully integrated agreement and that parol
evidence of the Bank’s alleged misrepresentations regarding the USDA
guaranty is barred. The Amended Loan Agreement contains an integration
clause which refers to the Amended Loan Agreement and the other Loan
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Documents. Amended Loan Agreement at § 9.10. “Loan Documents” is
defined in the Amended Loan Agreement as follows:
[The] documents listed in Section 4.1 hereof, including without
limitation this Agreement, the Note, the Mortgage, the
Assignment, and all agreements, amendments, certificates,
financing statements, schedules, reports, notices, and exhibits
now or hereafter executed or delivered in connection with
any of the foregoing, as may be in effective from time to time.
Id. at ¶ 1 (emphasis supplied). Because Pearlstein executed the Personal
Guaranty in connection with the Amended Loan Agreement, it falls squarely
within the definition of Loan Documents and, therefore, it also falls within
the scope of the integration clause. Thus, the parol evidence rule bars
Pearlstein from introducing extrinsic evidence of the Bank’s alleged
misrepresentations. Furthermore, even if we agree with Pearlstein’s claim
that the USDA application and forms are also Loan Documents, the
integration clause and parol evidence rule preclude extrinsic evidence of the
Bank’s alleged misrepresentations regarding those documents. In sum,
Pearlstein’s fraudulent inducement defense does not warrant relief.
In his third issue, Pearlstein argues that a factual dispute exists as to
whether Empire was in default and, therefore, a rule should have been
issued and discovery allowed. Pearlstein’s Brief at 28. According to
Pearlstein, the Bank waived any defaults by remaining silent for five years
during the life of the Amended Loan Agreement; therefore, he posits, Walnut
is estopped from confessing judgment against him personally based on
Empire’s defaults. Id. at 29.
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In its memorandum addressing Pearlstein’s motion for reconsideration,
the trial court relied on a non-waiver provision in the Personal Guaranty to
dispose of Pearlstein’s waiver/estoppel defense:
In the complaint-in-confession-of-judgment, Walnut
asserted that Empire had defaulted by breaching three financial
covenants, and specifically the covenants identified as “Minimum
Tangible Net Worth,” “Current Ratio,” and “Debt-to-Equity
Ratio.” In the subsequently-filed [Petition to Open], Pearlstein
challenged Walnut’s aforementioned averments by advancing
two defenses: first, Empire had not violated the Current Ratio
covenant at the time Walnut declared a default; and second,
Walnut had failed on prior occasions to enforce the other two
covenants and was therefore estopped from declaring a default
thereunder.
The [c]ourt shall address the second argument—namely,
that Walnut is estopped from declaring a default. To this end,
the [c]ourt turned to the allegations made by Pearlstein in his
Petition to [O]pen. In that petition, Pearlstein had stated that
Walnut was aware of the alleged “violations” of the financial
covenants, yet—
despite being given many opportunities to raise any
issues concerning these covenants, Walnut’s
predecessor remained silent at the time it ought to
have spoken . . . and . . . took no action regarding
these covenants for a period of five years.
* * *
By remaining silent when they should have spoken,
Bank and Walnut waived their ability to assert a
default based on such covenants . . . and Pearlstein
can prove the meritorious defenses of waiver and
estopped.
After examining the afore-quoted allegations in Pearlstein’s
petition, the [c]ourt also turned to the language of the Personal
Guaranty which Pearlstein executed on February 2, 2011.33 That
document stated as follows in pertinent part:
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[t]he liability of the Guarantor hereunder [Pearlstein]
is absolute and unconditional, and shall not be
affected in any way be reason of (a) … the lack of
prior enforcement of any rights against any person
or persons … (c) any delay in enforcing or failure to
enforce any such rights … or (d) any delay in making
demand on the Guarantor for performance or
payment of the Guarantor’s obligations hereunder.34
33
“The task of interpreting a contract is
generally performed bty a court rather than by
a jury. The goal of that task is … to ascertain
the intent of the parties as manifested by the
language of the written instrument.”
Humberston v. Chevron USA, Inc., 75 A.3d
504, 510 (Pa. Super. 2013).
34
GUARANTY AND SURETYSHIP AGREEMENT, Exhibit
1-E to the answer in opposition to the petition
to open judgment by confession, § 2.
This clear and unambiguous language left the [c]ourt with
no doubt: Pearlstein, as personal guarantor of Empire, had
agreed that his liability could not be washed away by the Bank’s
or Walnut’s lack of prior enforcement of any of their rights, or by
their delay in asserting such rights. Based on the clear language
of the Personal Guaranty, this [c]ourt found that Walnut or its
predecessor had not waived their right to hold Pearlstein liable
as guarantor, and could not be estopped from confessing
judgment against Pearlstein. Therefore, this [c]ourt found that
Pearlstein had failed to state prima facie grounds for relief as to
the Minimum Tangible Net Worth and Debt-to-Equity Ratio
covenants, and for the reason this [c]ourt rejected Pearlstein’s
challenges. Since Pearlstein had failed to state prima facie
grounds for relief under two of the three alleged financial
defaults, this [c]ourt deemed it unnecessary to address whether
Empire had breached the Current Ratio covenant at the time of
default.
Memorandum Opinion, 8/1/16, at 9–10 (three internal footnotes and
emphasis omitted).
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Pearlstein rebuts the trial court’s reliance on the non-waiver provision
of the Personal Guaranty in one-paragraph:
Instead of recognizing its error in failing to resolve the
Petition pursuant to Pa. R.C.P. 2959, in its opinion on
Pearlstein’s motion for reconsideration, the trial court found that
Pearlstein’s defense related to waiver of the default provisions
were precluded by the Guaranty’s “non-waiver” provision. In
reaching this conclusion, the trial court failed to recognize that,
under Pennsylvania law, a non-waiver provision may itself be
waived. See Gough v. Halperin, 159 A. 447, 448 (Pa. 1932);
McFarland v. Kittanning Ins. Co., 19 A. 796, 796–[7]97 (Pa.
1890); Imperial Fire Ins. Co. of London v. Dunham, 12 A. 668
(Pa. 1888). As [the Bank’s] conduct waived the default
provisions in the Amended Loan Agreement and the non-waiver
provision in the [Personal] Guaranty and “the issue of waiver is a
matter of fact to be shown by the evidence,” it was improper for
the trial court to deny the Petition before giving Pearlstein the
opportunity to conduct discovery.
Pearlstein’s Brief at 30 (footnote and some citations omitted).
Walnut replies that the Personal Guaranty “waiver provision is clear
and unambiguous. Indeed, Pearlstein does not argue otherwise.” Walnut’s
Brief at 42. According to Walnut, Pearlstein’s obligation to repay the loans is
irrespective of:
“any delay in enforcing or failure to enforce any such
rights, even if such rights are thereby lost, or … any delay
in making demand on the Guarantor for performance or
payment of the Guarantor’s obligations.” The Amended
Loan Agreement similarly provides that “no failure or delay on
the part of the Bank in the exercise of any right, power, or
remedy shall operate as a waiver thereof …”, and that “no
waiver of any one or more of the provisions hereof shall
be effective unless set forth in writing and signed by the
parties hereto.”
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Id. (quoting Personal Guaranty, 2/2/11, at ¶ 2; Amended Loan Agreement,
2/2/11, at ¶¶ 9.1, 9.11) (emphases in original; internal citations omitted)).
Walnut submits that whether the Bank “remained silent as to Empire’s
insolvency or financial requirements is irrelevant to Pearlstein’s obligations
under the [Personal] Guaranty.” Id. at 43. Because Pearlstein waived all
claims, Walnut asserts, “the trial court correctly held that it did not need to
address Pearlstein’s defense that Empire was not in default of one of the
financial covenants – the ‘Current Ratio’ covenant.” Id. at 45.
Upon review, we discern no manifest abuse of the trial court’s
discretion in rejecting Pearlstein’s third defense. We have explained that:
[p]arties to a written contract may abandon, modify or change it
either by words or conduct. While an abandonment or waiver is
not ordinarily presumed in the absence of an express
agreement, if the conduct of the opposite party has been such as
to mislead one, to his prejudice, into an honest belief that such a
waiver or abandonment was either intended or consented to, it
will be presumed. Delay in pressing a claim may be evidence
relevant to the issue of a claim’s abandonment, but such delay
does not give rise to a conclusive presumption.
Barr v. Deiter, 154 A.2d 290, 293 (Pa. Super. 1959) (internal citations
omitted).
Here, the plain language of the Personal Guaranty and the Amended
Loan Agreement indicate that Pearlstein unconditionally waived any
objection to the Bank’s delay in enforcing its rights with regard to Empire’s
default on the financial covenants. Personal Guaranty, 2/2/11, at ¶ 2;
Amended Loan Agreement, 2/2/11, at ¶¶ 9.1, 9.11. Moreover, the Petition
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to Open contains no averments justifying a conclusion that the Bank acted in
such a way as to waive or abandon the non-waiver provision. Barr, 154
A.2d at 293. Consequently, we discern no basis on which to disturb the trial
court’s rejection of Pearlstein’s estoppel/waiver defense.
In his fourth issue, Pearlstein challenges the denial of his final
defense: The Bank, and Walnut as its successor, breached the USDA
guaranty by misrepresenting the Property’s value and Empire’s financial
weakness to the USDA. Pearlstein’s Brief at 31. According to Pearlstein, he
and Empire were parties to the USDA guaranty because the Bank applied for
them on behalf of Empire and Pearlstein; therefore, the trial court erred in
concluding that Pearlstein could not raise a breach-of-contract defense. Id.
Walnut responds that Pearlstein lacks standing to assert a claim based
on the USDA guaranty because any cause of action arising out of the USDA
guaranty is between the Bank and the USDA; Pearlstein is not a third-party
beneficiary under the USDA guaranty; the USDA guaranty was additional
collateral for the Bank; Pearlstein was not harmed by any alleged breach of
the USDA guaranty; and Pearlstein was the primary guarantor on the Notes.
Walnut’s Brief at 47–48.
The trial court’s opinion mirrors Walnut’s reasoning:
Preliminarily, the [c]ourt notes that—
the petitioning party bears the burden of
producing sufficient evidence to
substantiate its alleged defenses … The
defenses raised must be valid ones.11
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11
Haggarty v. Fetner, 481 A.2d
641, 644 (Pa. Super. 1984)
(emphasis supplied).
Next, the [c]ourt shall examine the Loan Note Guarantee—a
document executed by the Bank—whereby the USDA specifically
guaranteed a portion of the loan made by the Bank to Empire.
This document states as follows:
in consideration of the making of the subject loan by
the above named Lender (the Bank), the United
States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”), pursuant
to the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act
… does hereby agree that … it will pay …
B. The [Bank] …
1. Any loss sustained by such Lender on
the guaranteed portion … or
2. The guaranteed principal advanced to
or assumed by [Empire] under said
notes….12
12
Loan Note Guarantee, UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—
RURAL DEVELOPMENT, Exhibit 7 of
plaintiff Walnut’s answer to the
petition to open the confessed
judgment.
This clear language leaves no doubt: the Loan Note
Guarantee is a contract between USDA as guarantor of the
loans, and the Bank as lender: nowhere in any of the documents
related to this transaction could this [c]ourt find that Pearlstein
was a party to such a contract. Having established that
Pearlstein was not a party to the Loan Note Guarantee, this court
additionally notes that under Pennsylvania law—
in a claim for breach of contract, the plaintiff
must alleged that there was a contract, the
defendant breached it, and plaintiff suffered
damages from the breach.13
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13
Discover Bank v. Stucka, 33
A.3d 82, 87 (Pa. Super. 2011)
[(emphasis original).]
In this case, Pearlstein may not remotely assert that he
was a party to the Loan Note Guarantee agreement, let alone
that he is a plaintiff entitled to assert thereunder a breach-of-
contract claim. For this reason, it is Pearlstein who has no
standing to assert that the Loan Note Guarantee was breached
by the Bank. As a result, Pearlstein may not rely on this
argument to invalidate the assignment from the Bank to Walnut.
Pearlstein has failed to bear the burden of producing a sufficient,
valid defense in . . . [this] challenge to the confessed judgment,
and for this reason the . . . challenge is rejected.
Memorandum Opinion, 7/7/16, at 4–5 (original brackets and one footnote
omitted).
Generally, a guarantor does not have standing to sue for breach of the
contract to which he was not a party. Accord Borough of Berwick v.
Quandel Grp. Inc., 655 A.2d 606, 608 (Pa. Super. 1995) (“[A]lthough the
borough signed the contract between the Authority and Buchart–Horn, it did
so only as a guarantor. It appeared to us … that the borough was not a
party to the contract.”). “To be considered a third-party beneficiary in
Pennsylvania it is necessary to show both parties to the contract had an
intent to benefit the third party through the contract and did, in fact,
explicitly indicate this intent in the contract.” Ira G. Steffy & Son, Inc. v.
Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania, 7 A.3d 278, 288 (Pa. Super. 2010).
In light of the law above, our review of the record supports the trial
court’s findings. Pearlstein was not a party to the USDA guaranty, nor a
third-party beneficiary of it; he was a guarantor of Empire’s financial
- 21 -
J-A06029-17
performance under the Amended Loan Agreement. As such, Pearlstein lacks
standing to assert a breach-of-contract claim against the Bank based on the
USDA guaranty. Consequently, we discern no abuse of the trial court’s
discretion in denying the Petition to Open based on Pearlstein’s meritless
defense.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/22/2017
- 22 -
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From our farm to your spoon!
Fuel your day with flax
Two tablespoons is all it takes. With golden roasted flax in seed, milled and flavoured milled varieties, it’s easy to eat CanMar Flax every day. Because our flax is roasted, it’s ready to eat, so all you need to do is add it to your breakfast in the morning. Try it on your yogurt, in a smoothie, or sprinkled over your cereal.
Highest quality wholesale flax
CanMar Foods bulk roasted flaxseed products have a wide range of applications as an ingredient. Whether you need bulk whole seed or custom milled roasted flaxseed, CanMar offers a product that is the right fit for your operation. | [
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Dnspython Manual
================
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
:caption: Contents:
name
rdata
message
query
resolver
zone
dnssec
async
exceptions
utilities
typing
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(CNN)Usaamah Rahim, who was fatally shot after waving a military knife at law enforcement officers in Boston, was originally plotting to behead Pamela Geller, an activist and conservative blogger, law enforcement sources told CNN on Wednesday.
But Rahim, a 26-year-old security guard who officials believe was radicalized by ISIS and other extremists, decided instead to target the “boys in blue,” a reference to police, according to court documents.
Mr. Toot is silent because he wishes that Rahim’s plan against Pam Geller succeeded.
Update: I am not claiming anything, I am only asking a question. I wonder if Mr. Toot either directly or indirectly influenced Rahim with his obsession with Pam Geller. Is it possible Rahim was a poster at LGF?
I think the peen is endangered, and she’s just waiting the prescribed period of time (1 year) before sending L’il Bruce to the guillotine. I think it’s a mistake, regardless of whether Cait is happy in her new female guise or not. Those fake vajayjays are problematic — I read an article about it, the other day. Prone to infection and odor. Not great for sex. SAVE THE PENIS PENIS PENIS LOL!!
Nice win for the ‘Hawks, btw. They really turned it up, when it was go time. I think they won the series tonight, as dumb as that sounds. Took over home-ice advantage, and delivered a crushing, late-game defeat. Bolts are in deep dookie.
Ace has it right. All these post-modern pussy men who are applauding Bruce Jenner’s sickness should be asked, “since you profess that Bruce is now truly a woman, would you go out with him? And by going out with him, would you make out with him? Would let him give you a blowjob? Would you fuck him?” Get them on the record as to how much they truly believe he’s now a woman and how much of this is just pandering to the braying mob.
No, no, no. You don’t have to want to fuck her, to play along and let her be a femme fatale if that’s her life-long dream, as she claims. Live and let live, I say. There are stranger things in this world, than a tranny with a bully pulpit. All this publicity will die down in due time, and she’ll be a late-60’s granny, wondering when the heart attack or cancer is going to come a-callin’. God be with her.
In the meantime, she may not be my cup of tea, but she already has one normal dude interested. The most normalest man I know, in fact. The Worm. 😆
And of course the terrorist’s devout yet “moderate” (since he doesn’t murder people) Muslim brother immediately tries to frame the cops, never mind the facts nor the timeline that do not fit his version. This should be a crime in itself.
I know…I was so disgusted by Chunky’s “discussion” of the Duggar family nightmare on Twitter last night, I just tuned out. An old fat bastard with no kids can easily pass judgement on a family (an admittedly-odd one, to be sure) trying to deal with a heinous development with their eldest son. I suppose they were supposed to have him arrested and charged immediately, instead of trying to deal with it through prayer and counseling, which didn’t work at first, but then did. From all indications, it stopped.
It’s unusual for pedophiles to stop molesting, and if Josh has stopped completely and permanently, it’s almost a miracle. But what would you do, in Dad Duggar’s situation, and owning his religion-based mindset? Shoot the kid, I guess. Or have him put away, removed from the family forever. I don’t know what I’d have done, but I know I would have protected my young girls better. I hope so.
Chunky went way beyond anything rational, calling the Duggars lunatic criminals, basically. He always projects, so we’re getting more than hint of some deep, dark problems in his own psyche.
I’m blocked by him (and yet I’ve never tweeted him – what are you afraid of GUS?) so I don’t know his follower count but it was pretty dismal the last time I looked. If you’re just a regular Joe on Twitter, a “healthy” account has a follower count that is 10% the number of your total tweets. Gus’s follower count should be 21,700 and I think it’s something like 2,000 – which isn’t even 1% of his total tweets.
This is a very multicultural segment of Kenny Rogers that would please the SJWs. Mr. Toot would be pleased that the one person with a southern accent in the skit is a complete drunken imbecile. Because that’s how he really views southerners.
I believe in my heart Fuckface does NOT want Pammmmmmm killed. However, he will obsess over it on Twitter hoping for blog hits if it happens. He doesn’t want death but will use it as best he can to further spread his message of leftist hate. Fucking POS.
If, god forbid, Pam gets it from some muzzie scum, Charles will spend weeks, months perhaps, issuing “but”-laden posts and tweets. “Yeah, she didn’t deserve to die, but…” Then he’ll scream persecution when people correctly point out that his “buts” make it sound like he’s not entirely against what happened.
Actually, Mr. Toot is a story of zen. The little kid at the end, the guy with the tall hat in the middle, and the old man with the “bum bum bu” at the beginning are all the same guy, at different times in his life. The old man is aware of his screw up, so all he remembers is the rhythm that made him famous.
Looks like Duggar is the new Ginger. Never heard of the family, the show or their particular Christian “sect” except from Mr. Toot’s Tweets. In addition to too much Tweeting it looks like the Fat Man also watches too much reality TV.
The only reality TV I watch are two shows about life in Alaska. The one about the Kilcher family and the other one called Life Below Zero. It’s fascinating how they survive up there.
he Duggars have obviously been advised to tie this into the “Christian persecution” meme Fox has been pushing for years.
12 hours ago
And the whole time Michelle Duggar is gazing adoringly at Jim Bob.
12 hours ago
Megyn Kelly: “So you do not view Josh as a pedophile?” The Duggars: “No! No.”
12 hours ago
Mr. Toot seemingly can’t understand that a loving couple wouldn’t view their own son as a heinous criminal “pedophile” and wouldn’t turn him to the police to go to jail possibly for life. What a fucking idiot.
“It was after that third time he came to us, is where we really felt like ‘you know what? We have done everything we can as parents to handle this in-house. We need to get help,'” he said.
Asked why the police weren’t called right away, Duggar said the family wanted to handle the matter themselves, that they watched the teen and put in place safeguards to protect the girls, and took comfort in the fact that the boy came forward with the confessions on his own.
After the treatment, “he went and asked God to forgive him, he went back and asked those that he had offended to forgive him,” Duggar said. “We felt like the last jurisdiction of who he needed to make things right with was the law.”
It’s pretty obvious Mr. Toot heard this explanation and rejected it outright. He would have hated this family either way because they’re devout Christians and he’s an anti-Christian bigot..
“An independent politician since 1979, Sanders is a self-described democratic socialist[1][2][3][4] who favors the creation of employee-owned cooperative enterprises[5][6] and has praised Scandinavian-style social democracy.[7][8][9] He caucuses with the Democratic Party and is counted as a Democrat for purposes of committee assignments.”
I wonder if suddenly Johnson is starting to worry that indeed his constant taunting and smearing of Pam is going to indeed come back to haunt him, and that people start letting HIM know that his childish nastiness and need for attention had some very real consequences.
At which point I’m sure we will all be treated to the evil stalkers and extreme right-wing haters that try to keep him from speaking the truth and he wasn’t wrong and it’s not his fault people do this (while of course, in the case of people on the other side, no such deflection is permitted) so, you know, eff off and all that. Oh, and I’m sure the Rodan audio will pop up.
Heck, I’d give it to that jerk Greenwald if I thought he’d use it. Maybe Jim Hoft. Because I can’t wait to see the back-pedaling the ex-cyclist is going to do if terror scum is one of his followers.
Because remember the rules of LGF folks — if YOU allow evil people to follow you, YOU are responsible for them and it makes YOU one of them too.
In their Orwellian pigpen, a Jewish freedom fighter like Geller is equivalent to a Klansman. Makes perfect sense, once you understand their world-view. A week of closely monitoring Chunky’s output on Twitter is enough education on modern Lefturd dumbth, for anyone.
The show’s much more entertaining stand-in for climate change is the White Walkers, the North-of-the-Wall monsters that command a gigantic zombie army.
The White Walkers are a threat to all humanity: their zombie minions are equally happy to rip apart people of all nations and noble houses. Yet instead of uniting to combat the shared threat to human existence itself, the noble houses in the show spend basically all their time on their own petty disagreements and struggle for power. White Walkers are generally ignored; some nobles deny their existence is outright denied.
Swap climate change for White Walkers, and “countries” for noble houses, and it starts to sound a lot like the real world.
Specifically, it sounds like the problem of international coordination on climate change. No one country can prevent catastrophic warming on its own: every country that’s a major greenhouse gas emitter is part of the problem.
When asked….George R.R. Martin, author of a Song of Ice and Fire, said, “uh, no it isn’t.”
And Vox, if you’re going to play around with Game of Thrones, get the effing terminology correct, because it’s an insult to those of us who have read the books and the people who really enjoy the series that you aren’t even respectful enough of the work to do your homework.
Just had a look at another one of your tweets Barry (see above). Wow. You are predictable as the rising sun…. hating on your favorite people, jealous of their successes…. always the pettiness and vitriole we can expect from Barrrrry….
sooner or later they will get to Geller. It’s a sad reality.
I hope they don’t but they don’t give up and you can’t be protected from these people at all times especially when they are willing and eager to be taken out in the process.
and when they do get her, I hope the feds visit mr green footballs and charge him for inciting
Megyn: “Would you explain what you wrote here on your blog and on Twitter… ”
Toot: “I never said that! You’re putting words in my mouth!”
Megyn: “it’s right HERE on the front page of your blog…”
Toot: “you’re taking it out of context, I wasn’t saying what you said! Typical Fox News lies!”
Megyn” “Mr Johnson, you’re not very bright are you…”
Later on Twitter and LGF: “Watch as I totally own Megyn Kelly and expose Fox News lies!”
I admire Pam for her courage to stick her thumb in the eye of muzzies and the MSM, I repeat myself. Without citizens like Pam, America would allow creeping sharia – which ain’t gonna happen! I hope. That said, I understand why Fuckface would want to see her boobi,,,, ya know.
He’s showing more effects of the bike accident, and divorce, each and every day. My hope is that he’s as miserable as it appears. Drinking out of the wrong Dew bottle doesn’t help, lol.
Wow Barry, looks like you forgot the First Amendment of the Constitution old man!
You see, around here, we are ENTITLED to say what we think whether everyone agrees with it, or not.
And, you see dear loser, that those who disagree with something that a person says do not then have a right to cut off her head.
Not around here.
And, just as a friendly reminder…. if you don’t like it here, you are FREE to leave. That’s right! You can pull up stakes and head for some Third World Hell Hole if you don’t like it here. Why, over there – where ever you choose – you will find EVERYONE to be WAY MORE TOLERANT of YOUR opinion and point of view.
And, oh yeah Barry, you should have had the shit kicked out of you at least once as a young man – you would hold a much healthier attitude now about yourself versus the world if you had. You see, Barry, you really are a nobody but you never learned that. There you are day after day thumping your chest believing you are a pace setting “warrior”. | [
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PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Background: The Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (CTSI) has a sustained record of accomplishment of training KL2 Scholars through its Career development, Education and Research Training (CERT) Program. KL2 scholars are recruited from the 3 major research universities in the state: Indiana University, Purdue University, and the University of Notre Dame, which enriches their experience and expands the breadth of translational research. The Indiana CTSI is uniquely positioned to also expand research and training opportunities to include training related to Down syndrome (DS). Career Goals: My long-term career goal is to build a translational research program that integrates insights from basic research in both typical and atypical development and knowledge from the stakeholders in the community to develop measurement techniques that improve the delivery and implementation of interventions. The overall objective of this application is progress towards that goal by determining whether real-time visual experience within home learning contexts is potentially an effective new outcome measurement tool. Research Project: Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a behavioral phenotype that presents with delays in language development that impact all aspects of life. Although children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (autism) are typically characterized with a very different behavioral phenotype, they too often present with language delays. Despite efforts to develop new, effective interventions, progress has been slowed in part due to issues with measurement tools. Dynamic aspects of visual sampling heavily impact the process of language learning in typically developing children. The objective for this research proposal is to determine how real-time visual experience (i.e. sampling) within home learning contexts impacts language learning for children with developmental delays as a first step in determining whether visual experience has potential as a new outcome measure. To accomplish this goal, children with DS, with autism, and typically developing peers will wear head-mounted cameras in their home during regular daily activities. Videos will be coded for patterns of visual sampling. Career Development: This Administrative Supplement to the KL2 Institutional Career Development Award will provide the necessary training required to launch an independent research career that includes a focus on children with DS. Training activities include: immersive clinical experience with DS, advanced training in the collection, processing, and analysis of visual experience data, and continued professional development. Mentorship: An interdisciplinary team from across institutions within the Indiana CTSI network supports training activities within this training plan: Dr. Linda Smith (Indiana University, Bloomington), Dr. Marilyn Bull (Indiana University, School of Medicine), Dr. Mandy Rispoli (Purdue University), and Dr. Chen Yu (Indiana University, Bloomington). | [
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8 best features of the MediaTek Dimensity 820
The Dimensity 820 provides premium 5G experiences in leading smartphones. Here’s the top 8 reasons why you’ll want one in your next phone upgrade:
1) Octa-core CPU with 4X Arm Cortex-A76 cores pumped up to 2.6GHz
Competitor alternatives in this market segment only offer two ‘Big’ Arm cores, whereas the Dimensity 820 provides four Arm Cortex-A76 pumped up to an ultra-fast 2.6GHz. It makes the difference when you need incredible responsiveness most, boosting performance in apps and gaming. The Arm Cortex-A76 is one of the most powerful CPU cores available today and the Dimensity 860 has four of them, plus four Cortex-A55 efficiency-focused cores in its octa-core processor within the 7nm chip.
2) 5G integrated into the chip
With the 5G modem integrated into the chip, rather than processor plus modem in a two-chip platform, it means the Dimensity 820 is considerably more power efficient than alternatives, plus its smaller platform size means brands get more space to use for things like cameras, bigger batteries, or other novel features in your smartphone.
The Dimensity 820 provides essential 2CC Carrier Aggregation where competitor alternatives do not. This technology enables higher average speeds and a seamless handover between two 5G connection areas across a coverage layer, where users receive over 30% greater throughput layer coverage than without CA.
4) MediaTek 5G UltraSave
Sometimes you need to download a little – like a few pictures, and sometimes a lot – like a video. MediaTek engineers have made the modem reactive to the data demand so it works to meet connectivity needs, avoiding excessive performance states, which would only waste power. This extensive power optimization comes from these technologies: Network Environment Detection, OTA Content Awareness, BWP and C-DRX. Read more about what they do here.
5) 5-core GPU & HyperEngine 2.0 game enhancements
With its combination of 5-core GPU built on flagship-class IP and an updated MediaTek HyperEngine 2.0, the Dimensity 820 is a gaming powerhouse. HyperEngine 2.0 comprehensively overhauls its technology suite for the 5G-era, enhancing the whole experience for gamers through networking optimization, touchscreen responsiveness, and picture quality enhancements. Read more detail about MediaTek HyperEngine 2.0 here.
6) 120Hz Displays
120Hz displays are great for gamers who need the fastest response and zero-blur. They’re also beneficial to the everyday smartphone experience with notably smoother scrolling of webpages and animations in apps. Brands can offer the latest high resolution, all-screen FullHD+ displays with ultra-fast refresh rates creating smartphones with notably superior sensation.
Smartphones used to be photo-centric but today it’s all about video capture and streaming. What the Dimensity 820 offers is native 4K video capture with HDR. This means any environment you capture in – for example, bright daylight at the beach, the city lights at night, or at home going indoors and outdoors – the recorded experience is as close to visual as we’ve ever had it. In the background, autonomously, the chip is capturing faster than you’re recording, then merging the images together in real-time to create HDR imagery. This needs an immense performance and tightly interwoven camera, AI, imaging processor and vast memory bandwidth to perform effectively: and the Dimensity 820 makes all this to work together, seamlessly. | [
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] |
Q:
How do I install Groovy on an Ubuntu system for all users?
I'm trying to install Groovy for all users on an Ubuntu system. Apparently the correct way to install Groovy is to use http://sdkman.io/ but following those instructions the software is only installed for the root user. What are you intended to do?
A:
I would check the paragraph: Installing to a Custom Location in the
install documentation.
After you install it, say in /usr/local/sdkman, it gets a matter to invoke:
source "/usr/local/sdkman/bin/sdkman-init.sh"
for any user login: it can be done putting a custom bash init file in
/etc/profile.d/
http://sdkman.io/install.html
| [
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UPDATE: Terry Gou, chairman of Foxconn Technology Group, the Taiwan-based industrial conglomerate best known for making iPhones for Apple in China (also known as Hon Hai Precision Industry Group), plans to announce a partnership with Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh to develop improved manufacturing technologies tonight, plus a search for a possible manufacturing site in Pennsylvania, Steve Kratz, spokesman for the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development confirms.
Foxconn already has a small electronics plant -- a former AMP Inc. site -- that employs around 30 workers on the southeast side of Harrisburg. The company will be scouting sites across the state and has not asked for any taxpayer aid, Kratz told me. | [
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] |
The 405 Uncovers #1
In an effort to discover new music I've come up with 'The 405 Uncovers' concept.
The Concept
We pick a band.
From their top friends we pick another band
We go to their myspace and listen to the most played song on their music player
We rate it
We pick a band from their top friends and do the same
We do this five times (Original band not included)
We appoint a winner from the 5 bands (Original band not included)
Ok, the band I'm deciding to use as my start poi... (continued)
In an effort to discover new music I've come up with 'The 405 Uncovers' concept.
The Concept
We pick a band.
From their top friends we pick another band
We go to their myspace and listen to the most played song on their music player
We rate it
We pick a band from their top friends and do the same
We do this five times (Original band not included)
We appoint a winner from the 5 bands (Original band not included)
Ok, the band I'm deciding to use as my start point is the fantastic Mi Ami (www.myspace.com/miamiamiami) from San Francisco.
1. Thank You
Myspace Description: Punk/Punk/Punk
Location: Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Link:www.myspace.com/wethankyouRating: I had a listen to 'Empty Legs' (15'005 plays) and I was quite impressed. Being billed as a punk band (x3) I was expecting something completely different. Instead of a cliche punk band sound pumping through my headphones, I was exposed to a dirty, psychedelic, free-for all. I guess the notion of punk was more evdident in the free spirit nature of it all rather than music itself.
2. Wildfire Wildfire
Myspace Description: Trance/Trance/Trance
Location: Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Link: www.myspace.com/wildfirewildfireRating: The song I listened to was 'Escastic Sunshine Duck' (18'742) songs. Being a stickler for the rules, I had to listen to the highest played song and unfortunately the song in question was only a couple of minutes in length. It wasn't exactly trance but more an experimental adventure into noise. Not bad though.
3. Santa Dads
Myspace Description: Experimental/A'cappella/Other
Location: Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Link: www.myspace.com/santadadsRating: I had a listen to 'Dog WYGHYLU' (9'825 plays). Not my cup of tea at all. Essentially it's two people trying to be funny. The only problem is, instead of it coming across as being funny it ends up becoming a really awful in-joke. I don't know the joke. I don't find it funny.
4. Ed Schrader
Myspace Description: Comedy/Experimental
Location: Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Link: www.myspace.com/edwardhenryschraderiiiRating: I had a listen to 'Time To Die' (1'316 plays). Much like the band above, Ed Schrader tries to be funny but doesn't quite pull it off. It's a mash up of Bowie talking, set to a dodgy drum beat. I think it might be a Liam Lynch rip-off. Not good.
5. Teeth Mountain
Myspace Description: Trance/Fusion
Location: Baltimore/Maryland, United States
Link: www.myspace.com/teethmountainRating: I had a listen to 'Keinsein' (22'662 plays). I really liked this song. It's got a healthy level of experimentation to it, which makes me think they'd be great live. Plus they're really rhythmic too. It's the sort of music you put on full blast and listen to while in a room full of swirling lights.
Overall Rating
The first ever adventure took us from San Francisco all the way to the east coast of America, specifially Baltimore. It seems Baltimore has a healthy scene of psychedelic/experimental bands, whilst having an unhealthy scene of un-funny comedic based musicians.
My winner for this little adventure goes to Thank You.
Don't take my word as gospel though. Check out the bands and let me know you think! | [
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] |
Q:
Count total and subtotal of nodes in neo4j in same query
I want to create an all in one statement in cypher to populate a data table. Two fields count the number of Sample: one shows the total number, and the other shows the number without the additional :Ghost label:
MATCH (a:Person)-[:OWNER]->(b:Project)-[:PROJECT]->(c:Import)-[:IMPORT|:INPUT|:OUTPUT*]->(d:Sample)
WITH a,b,c,d,d AS e WHERE NOT d:Ghost
RETURN DISTINCT b.Name,(a.`First Name` + " " + a.`Last Name`),b.Description,b.Date,count(DISTINCT c),count(DISTINCT d),count(DISTINCT e)
The problem is d and e come up with the same value, when in reality e should be smaller than d. I suspect somehow d and e are pointing to the same address. I can solve the problem by MATCH querying the graph again, but obviously that is expensive and I'd prefer to do it only once. Is it possible?
A:
WHERE filters what's returned by WITH, and you only get non-Ghost nodes. Use CASE for conditional results instead:
WITH a, b, c, d,
CASE
WHEN d:Ghost THEN null
ELSE d
END AS e
You could also collect the distinct sample nodes for the result, then get the size of the original list and a filtered list (so it won't deduplicate twice):
WITH DISTINCT b.Name AS projectName,
(a.`First Name` + " " + a.`Last Name`) AS fullName,
b.Description AS projectDescription,
b.Date AS projectDate,
count(DISTINCT c) AS importCount,
collect(DISTINCT d) AS samples
RETURN projectName, fullName, projectDescription, projectDate, importCount,
size(samples) AS sampleCount,
size([s IN samples WHERE NOT s:Ghost]) as nonGhostCount
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] |
How Do I Know If My Child Needs Glasses?
As parents we strive for the best for our children, whether it’s in regards to education, health, well-being or healthy relationships.
When it comes to your child’s vision, they might not even realise that they have problems with their eyesight. Studies have indicated that 20% of children have vision difficulties, and around 60% of children who have been identified as problem learners suffer from undetected vision problems. If your child is having trouble seeing the whiteboard or their work at school, it can contribute to a lack of concentration and falling behind in their education. This is especially the case for younger children as approximately 80% of what is taught in our schools is presented visually.
Often children won’t bring up the issue, simply because they don’t realise there is a problem. Other times, they might be embarrassed or afraid of what might happen if they tell you that they are struggling to see properly.
Some symptoms to look out for in your child are as follows:
Squinting
Using one eye over the other (possibly due to blurriness or lack of clarity)
Lack of Concentration
Excessive tears in the eyes
Constant eye rubbing
Complaining of headaches.
If these symptoms are present and you are concerned about your child’s eyesight, make an appointment with your local optometrist to organise a comprehensive eye exam. The longer a vision problem goes undiagnosed and untreated, the more a child’s brain learns to accommodate the vision problem.
Organising an annual eye exam for your children might not seem important, especially if they don’t seem to be experiencing any problems with their vision. However, an eye exam is not only an important diagnostic tool for determining if your child needs glasses or not, it’s also key for finding signs and symptoms of more serious issues.
Advice from the UK National Screening Committee recommends screening at age four to five years, however, many optometrists will see children much younger than this for a sight test. The Association of Optometrists say ‘we recommend that children have a sight test around the age of three, so that conditions are picked up and treated early. After the first test it is a good idea to return every two years, or as recommended by your optometrist.’
What can I do to look after my child’s eyes?
Plenty of outdoor activities – regular play and exercise has been shown to contribute to healthy eyes. Studies state that two hours of outdoor activity a day is ideal.
Diet – Eating the right foods and staying properly hydrated are key elements in keeping your entire body healthy, and this includes your eyes
Protect your children’s eyes from the sun – Make sure that they never look directly at the sun, and that they wear good quality sunglasses, which block out some of the sun’s harmful UV rays, during bright days.
If you feel that your child needs an eye exam, make sure to contact your local optometrist or medical eye specialist. At Cathedral Eye Clinic we have specialists that treat children in the area of orthoptics and surgery, if you would like to arrange a consultation please click the button below.
Next Steps
We'll get in touch and assess your options when you're ready. Simply fill the form below to get started.
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Tyrone GAA's Tiernan McCann called in a couple of days before the All Ireland Final against Dublin, one year after he had the groundbreaking SMILE Laser Eye procedure.
Tiernan Has Fixed His Eyes On Sam
Liesl Parker's eyesight was deteriorating rapidly, but now has her life back after her recent procedure at Cathedral Eye Clinic | [
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] |
Life Stories - Sharing Expertise and Experience
The Salzburg Global LGBT Forum collects and disseminates life stories that portray the rich realities of our lives today and share our diverse professional expertise. It is the sharing of stories and expertise rather than mere facts and figures that helps to galvanize our supporters and challenge our opponents.
As outlined in our 2013 Statement, we emphasize the value of exchange and storytelling as major tools of expressing of who we are and want to become. Increasingly, LGBT lives are portrayed in popular culture, often through the lens of heroism or victimhood to reach larger audiences. Still, in many countries, enforced silence and government-sponsored discrimination reject LGBT people as part of the human family. As the world becomes a global village, voices are amplified, including those that export homo-and transphobia.
In the short interviews below, members of the Global LGBT Forum share their expert knowledge and insights. The Global LGBT Forum will continue to cooperate with and magnify the work of writers, filmmakers and photographers as well as of community activists, legal experts, government representatives, and academics who reflect upon, portray and shape the complexities of our lives. | [
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MDB2_Driver_mysqli Bug #10895http://pear.php.net/bugs/10895
[Closed] setLimit() does not work properly when a subquery uses LIMITen-uspear-webmaster@lists.php.netpear-webmaster@lists.php.nethourly12000-01-01T12:00+00:00
setLimit() does not work properly when a subquery uses LIMITDescription:
------------
Queries with a subselect that use a LIMIT statement will not be modified correctly when using setLimit().
In a SQL statment like:
SELECT a, (SELECT dateOther FROM T1 ORDER BY date DESC LIMIT 1) FROM T2;
The preg_match in _modifyQuery matches the first LIMIT and will not append another one.aldo
aldohttp://pear.php.net/bugs/10895
MDB2_Driver_mysqli Bug
Reported by aldo
2007-04-30T13:18:08+00:00
PHP: 5.2.1 OS: Any Package Version: 1.4.0
Description:
------------
Queries with a subselect that use a LIMIT statement will not be modified correctly when using setLimit().
In a SQL statment like:
SELECT a, (SELECT dateOther FROM T1 ORDER BY date DESC LIMIT 1) FROM T2;
The preg_match in _modifyQuery matches the first LIMIT and will not append another one.]]>MDB2_Driver_mysqli Bug
Reported by aldo
2007-04-30T13:18:08+00:00
PHP: 5.2.1 OS: Any Package Version: 1.4.0
Description:
------------
Queries with a subselect that use a LIMIT statement will not be modified correctly when using setLimit().
In a SQL statment like:
SELECT a, (SELECT dateOther FROM T1 ORDER BY date DESC LIMIT 1) FROM T2;
The preg_match in _modifyQuery matches the first LIMIT and will not append another one.]]>2007-04-30T13:18:08+00:00
aldo [2007-05-02 19:37] http://pear.php.net/bugs/10895#1178134633
I have tested CVS and the check for the closing parenthesis is effective. It is correctly working for subqueries and statements that end in a LIMIT. Thank you.]]>I have tested CVS and the check for the closing parenthesis is effective. It is correctly working for subqueries and statements that end in a LIMIT. Thank you.]]>2007-05-02T19:37:13+00:00
quipo [2007-05-02 17:01] http://pear.php.net/bugs/10895#1178125304
This bug has been fixed in CVS.
If this was a documentation problem, the fix will appear on pear.php.net by the end of next Sunday (CET).
If this was a problem with the pear.php.net website, the change should be live shortly.
Otherwise, the fix will appear in the package's next release.
Thank you for the report and for helping us make PEAR better.
--
Can you test the current CVS version and send me some feedback, please? TIA]]>This bug has been fixed in CVS.
If this was a documentation problem, the fix will appear on pear.php.net by the end of next Sunday (CET).
If this was a problem with the pear.php.net website, the change should be live shortly.
Otherwise, the fix will appear in the package's next release.
Thank you for the report and for helping us make PEAR better.
--
Can you test the current CVS version and send me some feedback, please? TIA]]>2007-05-02T17:01:44+00:00 | [
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] |
1 Night 2 Days Season 3 Episode 530
2 Days & 1 Night (Hangul: 1박 2일; also known as 1 Night 2 Days; abbreviated as 1N2D) is a South Korean reality-variety show that airs on KBS2 beginning August 5, 2007. 1 Night 2 Days is one of the two segments (the other segment is The Return of Superman) on Happy Sunday, airing at 6:25pm KST once a week. | [
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] |
Electrochemical study of the antineoplastic agent etoposide at carbon paste electrode and its determination in spiked human serum by differential pulse voltammetry.
The electrochemical oxidation of the antineoplastic agent etoposide was studied at carbon paste electrode in Britton-Robinson buffer solutions over the pH range 2.0-10.0 using cyclic, linear sweep and differential pulse voltammetry. Oxidation of the drug was effected in a single reversible, diffusion-controlled step within the pH range 2.0-4.0, a second oxidation process was produced above pH 4.0. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the drug yielded a well-defined voltammetric response in Britton-Robinson buffer, pH 3.0 at 0.500 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) on carbon paste electrode. This process could be used to determine etoposide concentrations in the range 2.5 x 10(-7) to 2.5 x 10(-5) M with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-7) M. The method was successfully applied to the determination of the drug in spiked human serum. | [
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Sunday, June 3, 2012
Does McDonalds Cause Asthma?
American's love Big Macs, Whoppers, French fries, onion rings and deep fried chicken. These are convenient foods that are simply delicious. Yet the old saying goes, "If it tastes good, it's probably not good for you."
Now we already knew such high-fat foods are bad for your heart. Yet new evidence suggests they may also be bad for your lungs.
A study completed by Australian researchers in 2010 tested asthmatics before and after eating a meal, and determined that lung function was worse after eating a high-fat meal.
If that wasn't bad enough, the study also concluded that high-fat foods also made it so asthma rescue medicine (like Albuterol) worked less well.
Scientists aren't sure why this is, yet there are theories. One theory suggests that your asthmatic immune system might recognize saturated fat as an enemy and promptly acts to rid it from your system.
This response results in an increase in markers of inflammation such as leukotrienes and hystamine, and these increase inflammation in your respiratory tract. This causes muscles lining your air passages to constrict, and thus an asthma attack is the result.
Perhaps due to the increased inflammation, asthmatics who used their rescue medicine after eating a high-fat meal did not get as much relief as those who ate low-fat meals. Likewise, lung function improved less in subjects who used their rescue medicine after eating high-fat meals.
Obviously asthma rates have increased incrementally in the U.S. and other western nations over the past 20 years. This new theory suggests one of the factors might be the high-fat foods we put into our bodies.
I've also read other studies that suggest that if you're exposed to something that triggers inflammation in your lungs, and exposed to it often enough, the inflammation may become permanent. Thus, asthma is developed.
It's studies like this that remind us that the way we eat may determine the lives we live. If you want to prevent asthma, or prevent an asthma flare, it may be a good idea to eat a healthy diet.
Does that mean we asthmatics should never eat great tasting, convenient and high-fat foods? Absolutely not. Yet it's good to know the facts, and it's good to know what foods might not be good for us. | [
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] |
[Endourologic treatment of ureteral strictures. Experimental comparative study].
To compare efficacy and efficiency of two different endourological therapies for ureteral stricture, and to evaluate pathological reactions of the ureters following both endourological techniques. Ten pigs underwent experimental induction of ureteral stricture. Four weeks later, ureteral strictures were demonstrated by imaging techniques. Animals were divided in two groups, according to the received therapy: -Group I. (5 pigs), endoballoon rupture endoureterotomy. -Group II (5 pigs), Acucise balloon endoureterotomy. Ureteral stents were placed for 3 weeks following endoureterotomy. Animals were followed up four weeks after ureteral stents retrieval. In all cases, ureteral stricture was proved four weeks after model induction. In one case from each group, it was needed a second balloon dilatation to achieve complete endoureterotomy. Leading to ureteral restenosis, stent migration occurred in one animal from group I. Success was achieved in 80% of cases from group I, and 100% of cases from group II. Our results suggest that both endourological therapies are effective. Nevertheless, a higher efficiency was proved with Acucise endoureterotomy. Our pathological evidences do not support Davis's studies on ureteral healing following endoureterotomy. | [
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] |
(g) be the third derivative of 5*g**4/24 - 5*g**3/6 - 3*g**2. Is f(4) composite?
True
Let v(l) = -l**3 + 8*l**2 + 4*l + 7. Let a be v(6). Suppose 2*w + m = a, -5*w + w - 4*m + 208 = 0. Is w prime?
False
Let s(m) = -1. Let g(c) = 13*c - 2. Let q(b) = -g(b) + 3*s(b). Is q(-12) a composite number?
True
Let x be (0 - (-6)/2)*-81. Let s = 112 - x. Is s prime?
False
Suppose -4*y - 4*i = -92, -y + 3*y + i = 44. Suppose -4*k + y = 5. Suppose 2*q - 28 = 4*o + 10, 2*o - 86 = -k*q. Is q prime?
False
Let v(p) = 3*p**2 - 22*p - 29. Is v(22) composite?
True
Let c(y) = 22*y**3 - y. Suppose 1 = 2*o - 3. Suppose 3*h - o*n = -n, 5*h + 2*n - 11 = 0. Is c(h) composite?
True
Let n = 22 - 1. Is n a prime number?
False
Let s = 7 - 10. Let f = 3 + s. Is (f + 1)/(1/11) composite?
False
Suppose -3*m = -6*m + 5079. Is m a composite number?
False
Let n = -199 - -410. Is n a prime number?
True
Let x = 2 - 2. Let d(q) = q - 171. Let u be d(x). Is u/(-15) - (-2)/(-5) a prime number?
True
Let a = 15 - -17. Suppose 0 = -4*g - a + 408. Is g composite?
True
Let r(w) = 10*w**3 + 2*w**2 + 3*w - 5. Is r(2) a composite number?
False
Let r = 232 - 113. Is r composite?
True
Suppose -3*i = -3*p - 4*i + 366, p + i = 124. Is p a prime number?
False
Suppose 5*x - 2*c = 5221, 4*x - 4485 + 310 = c. Is x composite?
True
Let m(q) = -q - 1. Let r be m(-2). Is (21/6)/r*26 a composite number?
True
Suppose -2*j - j + 2103 = 0. Is j composite?
False
Let s(f) = f**2 - f - 5. Is s(-7) a composite number?
True
Suppose -2*v - 3 = -3*v + g, -2*v - 4*g = -18. Let o be (v + -1)/((-8)/(-4)). Suppose -3*c - 4*h = -79, 0*c - o*h = -2*c + 34. Is c prime?
False
Suppose -37 = -y + 25. Is y prime?
False
Suppose 3*b = 2*w + 5, -3*b = 5*w - 12 - 28. Suppose -180 = -0*z - 5*z - w*p, -2*p + 2 = 0. Is z prime?
False
Suppose 0 = 3*k - 4*q - 2963, -3*q = -3*k - 4*q + 2983. Is k prime?
False
Is -4 + 5 + -2 - (3 - 755) prime?
True
Is 1830/9 + 6/(-18) a composite number?
True
Is (-4)/(-1) - (-11739)/13 composite?
False
Suppose 9*y - 6*y - 51 = 0. Is (33/1)/3*y prime?
False
Suppose s + 4*z - 20 = 3*z, s - 17 = 2*z. Is s a composite number?
False
Suppose 8 = -5*r - 7. Let m(b) = -116*b + 7. Is m(r) composite?
True
Let q = -10 - -21. Is q a composite number?
False
Let j = -382 + 559. Is j composite?
True
Suppose -4*a - k + 720 = 0, a + 0*k - 175 = k. Let w(l) = l - 4. Let y be w(7). Suppose 2*m + 4*t = -0*t + 122, 0 = y*m + 5*t - a. Is m prime?
True
Let d = -44 + 123. Is d prime?
True
Let g(x) = -x**3 + 11*x**2 - x + 5. Let f be g(5). Let y(q) = -3*q**2 + 4*q - 2. Let j be y(-5). Let c = j + f. Is c a prime number?
True
Suppose 0 = -7*o + 3*o + 8. Let k be (17/2)/(o/4). Let l = k - 11. Is l a prime number?
False
Suppose -5*z + 4*a - 564 = -0*a, 244 = -2*z - 3*a. Let k = z + 171. Is k a prime number?
False
Suppose 3*x - 5*t = 257, -2*x - 6*t = -t - 138. Is x a composite number?
False
Let w(q) = -2*q**3 + 3*q**2 - q - 3. Let z(c) = -c**3 + c**2 + 1. Let b(d) = w(d) - 3*z(d). Let p be b(0). Is 15*-7*2/p prime?
False
Let u = 124 - 51. Let t = u + 54. Is t a composite number?
False
Let n be (-1 - 53)/((-5)/5). Let w = n + -32. Is w a composite number?
True
Let n(d) = 96*d**3 + d**2 + d - 1. Let c be n(1). Let q = 66 - c. Let m = q + 66. Is m a composite number?
True
Let w = -771 - -1102. Is w a prime number?
True
Let f = -6 - -6. Suppose 2*i = -f*i + 428. Is i a composite number?
True
Suppose 0 = a - 14 + 1. Suppose 3*o + a = -17. Is (396/(-30))/(4/o) composite?
True
Let z be (-2)/(-2) + -1 + 4. Suppose 5*s - z*s - 79 = 0. Is s composite?
False
Let u(x) = 417*x**2 + 4*x - 4. Let j be u(3). Suppose -5*q + j = -704. Let t = q + -466. Is t a prime number?
False
Let i be 2 - 1 - (3 - 0). Let b(t) = 7*t**3 + 11*t**2 - 21*t - 19. Let a(g) = -4*g**3 - 5*g**2 + 10*g + 9. Let n(z) = 13*a(z) + 6*b(z). Is n(i) composite?
False
Let y = 204 - 19. Is y a prime number?
False
Let q(d) = d + 7. Let p be q(-3). Suppose 0 = p*c - 2*c - 34. Suppose -2*i + 3*k = 8*k - 31, i = 4*k - c. Is i a composite number?
False
Is 457 + (-6 - -6)*2/4 prime?
True
Let m(v) = 5*v**3 - 3*v - 1. Let p(f) be the first derivative of -21*f**4/4 + f**3/3 + 13*f**2/2 + 5*f + 3. Let g(i) = 9*m(i) + 2*p(i). Is g(3) composite?
False
Suppose -3*f + 2 = -u, -4*u - 8 = 2*f + 2*f. Suppose 4*o - 5*o - 232 = -3*r, r - 5*o - 82 = f. Is r composite?
True
Let j be (-9)/(-6) - (-92)/(-8). Let h be 30/(-4)*j/15. Suppose -h*z - g + 36 = -4*z, -4*z + 4*g + 152 = 0. Is z composite?
False
Let y(w) = 42*w - 9. Is y(5) a prime number?
False
Let m = -375 - -1366. Is m a composite number?
False
Suppose 0 = 5*d - 4*d - 4. Suppose 31 = -5*y - o + 2, 3*y - 1 = d*o. Let a(x) = -26*x - 3. Is a(y) a composite number?
False
Let s = -203 - -447. Let y = s + -131. Is y a prime number?
True
Is 5/(-90)*4 - 12442/(-18) composite?
False
Suppose -2*n + 901 = 4*y - 7*y, -3*n + y + 1348 = 0. Is n a prime number?
True
Let k(z) = -z**2 - 2*z - 1. Let v be k(-1). Let m(y) = -y**3 - y + 119. Is m(v) prime?
False
Let o(u) = 36*u + 3. Is o(8) a prime number?
False
Suppose 0*q - 5*q = -10, -4*q = 4*x - 96. Is x prime?
False
Suppose m + 9 = -0*m + 3*c, -15 = 3*m + 3*c. Let z(s) = 3*s**2 - 7*s - 11. Is z(m) a prime number?
True
Let f(q) be the second derivative of -q**5/20 + 7*q**4/12 + 3*q**3/2 - q. Let i be f(8). Is ((-30)/i)/((-6)/40) a composite number?
True
Let b be 2/2*32/4. Let n be 37/((-14)/b + 2). Suppose -2*r - 2*r = -n. Is r a composite number?
False
Suppose 5*j - u = -3*u + 31, 2*j + u = 13. Suppose -j*n = -665 - 290. Is n a prime number?
True
Suppose -2*w - 2*j + 3692 = 0, 1701 + 3843 = 3*w - 3*j. Is w composite?
False
Let q(i) be the second derivative of -i**8/112 - i**5/120 + i**4/12 - 2*i. Let u(t) be the third derivative of q(t). Is u(-1) a prime number?
True
Let l(q) = 4*q**3 + 4*q**2 + 1. Let b = 42 - 30. Let h(k) = -k**2 + 12*k + 3. Let d be h(b). Is l(d) composite?
True
Let d = 2597 - 1304. Is d prime?
False
Let c be 65/(-5) + (-6)/(-3). Let x(k) = k**3 + 11*k**2 - 4*k + 15. Is x(c) prime?
True
Let w = 9 + 31. Suppose 3*n = 65 + w. Is n prime?
False
Suppose -3*i = -1 - 1397. Let x be 7708/(-28) + 6/21. Let p = i + x. Is p prime?
True
Let d = 16 - 22. Let m be (d + 2)*235/(-4). Suppose 2*n - m = -3*n. Is n prime?
True
Suppose -4*y + 0*y = -120. Let d = y - 15. Is d composite?
True
Is 9752/24 + (-6)/(-9) composite?
True
Let p(n) = -78*n - 31. Is p(-10) a composite number?
True
Let g be -11 + 6/(9/3). Let f = 6 - g. Suppose -f = -n + 32. Is n composite?
False
Let n(s) = -s**3 + 10*s**2 + 7*s + 11. Let d be n(9). Let w = -100 + d. Is w composite?
True
Suppose 0 = 4*k - 2*k - 4*d + 24, -3*d + 13 = k. Is (-1*322/k)/1 a prime number?
False
Let m(r) = -r**3 - 6*r**2 + 6*r - 4. Let i = 5 + -12. Let u be m(i). Suppose u*c = 98 + 13. Is c prime?
True
Suppose 3*m = -m + 8. Suppose 0*d = m*d - 522. Suppose -3*l = -6*l + d. Is l a prime number?
False
Let k = 49 - 77. Let a = k - -62. Is a composite?
True
Suppose 10*f + 130 = 15*f. Is f a composite number?
True
Let l = 5 - 3. Let i be l/(-3)*(5 + -2). Is 1*(27 - (-4)/i) a prime number?
False
Let i = 54 - -169. Is i composite?
False
Let m be -3 - (-16*1 - -1). Suppose 0 = 2*p - 106 + m. Is p composite?
False
Suppose -5*q - u + 7641 = 0, u + 4591 = 6*q - 3*q. Is q a prime number?
False
Let q(b) be the first derivative of -33*b**2/2 + 15*b + 3. Let c be q(10). Is (-1)/(-4) + c/(-4) composite?
False
Suppose 0 = 11*t - 406 - 5677. Is t a composite number?
True
Suppose 4*d - 38 = 2. Is (-815)/d*1*-2 composite?
False
Let y(v) = v**3 + 4*v**2 - 5*v + 3. Let f be y(-5). Let g(u) = u**2 - 9*u - 17. Let k be g(10). Is k*(-2 + f + -2) composite?
False
Let w = -626 + 1375. Is w a composite number?
True
Suppose 5*z - 2822 - 2933 = 0. Is z prime?
True
Let k = 38 + -7. Is k prime?
True
Suppose 8*m = 10*m - 4. Suppose -3*f - 1 + 2 = -4*s, -2*f + 16 = 5*s. Is s*17 + (1 - m) composite?
True
Suppose 56 = -3*l + l. Is 3/(-7) + (-2448)/l a prime number?
False
Suppose 269 = -0*n + 4*n - 3*s, -n + 2*s = -61. Is n composite?
False
Let n = -4 + 7. Let l = 45 + -79. Let m = n - l. Is m prime?
True
Suppose 7*m - 4*m = -39. Let r = 28 + m. Is r composite?
True
Suppose -100 - 24 = -4*j. Suppose 0 = -0*n - n + j. Is n a prime number?
True
Suppose -3*c - 3 = -9. Suppose 24 = w + c*j, 5* | [
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SHAFAQNA Exclusive: How do we know Allah (SWT) is satisfied with us?
SHAFAQNA (Shia International News Association) – Answering the question Sheikh Ansarian said the same question was asked from Imam Baqer (AS) and Imam explained by saying that “refer to your heart and see if you like the friends of Allah? If you do, surely the Almighty also likes you”. [1] Sheikh Ansarian added that the friendship of Allah (SWT) can be realised in two ways. One is that what are the signs of Allah’s love to created beings in general and the other what are the signs towards an obedient servant of the Almighty?
In the first instance there are many signs indicating the love of the Creator towards the created beings such as spiritual feelings. The truth is if we do not like someone we do not go to see them, phone them, write to them or invite them to our house. The holy Quran, this great letter of Allah has been sent to humans inviting them to worship specially do SALAAT and FASTING in certain times. Are these not signs of love from Allah? Who is closer to us than veins in our necks and is placed between our hearts and beings. As the great Iranian Poet Sa’adi said “the friend is closer to me than myself but strange that I am far from the friend”.
Sheikh Ansarian pointed to Dua Abu Hamza where Imam Sajjad (AS) said, “thanks to Allah (SWT) whom whenever I wished, asked for my needs. Thanks to Allah who is kind to me without needing anything from me”. For the second situation the best way to see the signs, are to refer to our hearts and find out if we love Allah, love Allah’s friends, love praying and love all the things chosen for us by the Almighty? Obviously Allah will be satisfied by our prayers and good deeds such as SALAT, FASTING, RESPECT FOR PARENTS, etc. and will be dissatisfied by those forbidden acts.
Sheikh Ansarian referred to a narration from Imam Baqer (AS) where he said “Allah has covered three things in three others. Firstly satisfaction in obedience, so do not count any good deeds as small. Secondly anger in sins, so do not count any sins as small and thirdly Allah’s friends are hidden amongst people, so do not belittle anyone. [2] Therefore when someone does a good deed with pure and holy intention for the sake of Allah’s satisfaction, is certainly on a right path but when an individual commits an inappropriate act, moves away from the right path. | [
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Cycling New Zealand
4.11 - 1251 ratings - Source
Everything you need to know to get prepared. Bike maintenance tips to keep you on the road. Comprehensive listings for sleeping, eating and facilities along the way. Lonely Planet knows New Zealand. With some of the world's most varied and dramatic landscapes, New Zealand is a cyclist's dream. From the lush semitropical bush and geothermal wonders of the North Island, to the glaciers and icy-blue rivers of the South, we've chosen rides for every interest and ability level. Whether you want pleasant rural riding on narrow winding lanes, great offroad routes, or strenuous rides through the most spectacular landscapes, this guide gives you the best of New Zealand on two wheels.If you go mountain biking it is crucial you carry spares and a tool kit and know
how to maintain your bike, because if ... (2) spare tubes (2) tyre levers (2) chain
lube and a rag puncture repair kit (check the glue is OK) Allen keys to fit your bike
anbsp;...
Title
:
Cycling New Zealand
Author
:
Scott Kennedy
Publisher
:
Lonely Planet - 2009
ISBN-13
:
You must register with us as either a Registered User before you can Download this Book. You'll be greeted by a simple sign-up page.
Once you have finished the sign-up process, you will be redirected to your download Book page. | [
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The invention relates to computer memory, particularly to dynamic random access memory (DRAM).
A conventional DRAM cell requires expensive process steps to develop a capacitor. Moreover, a conventional dual-port DRAM requires major process changes to optimize the capacitor processing. Furthermore, compared to computer memory such as static random access memory (SRAM), the conventional DRAM is slower in speed due to the generation of charge sharing read differential. | [
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As officials question the suspect of the now dozen mail bombs addressed to critics of Trump, the president is lamenting about how this might negatively affect Republicans leading up to the midterm elections. | [
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The Bluebeards Revengehttp://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/
The manliest grooming brand on the planetFri, 31 Jul 2015 16:02:08 +0000en-UShourly1http://wordpress.org/?v=4.2.3Bluebeards stunt pilot takes to tarmac in nail-biting new ‘Plane Vs Car’ racehttp://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/bluebeards-stunt-pilot-takes-to-tarmac-in-nail-biting-new-plane-vs-car-race/
http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/bluebeards-stunt-pilot-takes-to-tarmac-in-nail-biting-new-plane-vs-car-race/#commentsThu, 23 Jul 2015 11:19:53 +0000http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/?p=12414As far as manliness goes, we’d say performing nail-biting air displays in a branded Bluebeards stunt plane has got to be up there at the top of the scale.
But Bluebeards stunt pilot and true adrenaline junkie Ben Lovering is stepping things up a notch with his latest venture as he takes to the tarmac in a nail-biting new race dubbed ‘Plane vs Car’.
The race sees Ben teaming up with with friend and colleague Rich Goodwin in a white-knuckle bid to pit car against plane – and see which has got what it takes to come out on the very top.
With Ben climbing into the driving seat of a slick Porsche GT3 and Rich taking the flying controls of his Pitts Special, it’s set to be an unmissable affair for speed junkies, with the guys now in talks to take the race to airs hows up and down the country.
G-Klaw may be taking the side-lines for this particular project, but The Bluebeards Revenge will still be up there in the thick of the action, with the Porsche GT3 branded up to the maximum as Ben takes on his rival.
There are no confirmed dates as yet, but once the green light is given we’ll be letting you know where you can get in on a slice of the action. watch this space.
]]>http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/bluebeards-stunt-pilot-takes-to-tarmac-in-nail-biting-new-plane-vs-car-race/feed/0Choosing the right hair-styling producthttp://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/choosing-the-right-hair-styling-product/
http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/choosing-the-right-hair-styling-product/#commentsThu, 23 Jul 2015 09:09:52 +0000http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/?p=12399Back in the 90s, crispy spikes and slicked down curtains were what it was all about, and an industrial-sized tube of slimy hair gel was all that was required to achieve both. Thankfully, things have moved on since then, but along with the plethora of new men’s hairstyles on the block comes a confusing array of lotions and potions, making it a minefield for many when deciding which one to go for.
If you’re still sheepishly clutching the afore-mentioned tube of gel, and have been continuing to slather it on enthusiastically ever since school, then not only are you doing yourself a great disservice in the style stakes, but you could be doing your barnet more harm than good. The type of product you plump for depends heavily on hair type and the style you hope to achieve, and going for the wrong option could even result in damage to your hair.
Standing in the aisles of your local pharmacy and attempting to make a selection can prove quite the challenge, so to give you a push in the right direction, here’s the low-down on what each type of product has to offer, and which one you should be using now.
The Bluebeards Revenge Pomade
Pomade
A greasy or waxy substance, pomade is the weapon of choice for slick, wet-look styles. While traditional pomades were originally oil-based and a nightmare to wash out of the hair, today’s offerings will often be water-based, providing all of the benefits with none of the consequences. Pomade works well on thinner hair of any length, and is great for taming waves or curls – but if your hair is particularly oily, it might not be the best choice for you. The biggest plus of using pomade over gel? More flexible hold, and no risk of flaking.
Gel
Gel is thick in consistency but easy to work with, making it a functional and versatile choice. Good for taming fly-aways, the hold it provides ranges from lighter to maximum, depending on the amount applied. Gel works well on thicker hair and short to medium lengths, and can be used on damp or dry hair. To use, distribute evenly over hands and run through hair to style. The downside? Gel is prone to unattractive flaking. Avoid touching once dried, as breaking the hold can result in a real mess.
The Bluebeards Revenge Matt Clay
Matt products
Clays, putties and pastes may all fall into this category, offering a dry or matt finish. Matt products provide pliable hold, adding plenty of texture without the shine. Clays are the best for creating effortless, tousled styles, as the hold they offer is invisible, but for something a little stronger you can opt for a paste or putty to much the same effect.
Wax
Wax is thicker than pomade, and oil-free, making it ideal for even those with greasier locks. Its density means that it works well on thicker, medium length hair, but if it isn’t applied correctly then clumping may occur. To avoid any mishaps, warm between palms and distribute evenly before applying to the hair.
Hopefully you are now feeling a bit more clued up when it comes to choosing the right hair-styling product. When weighing up the pros and cons, don’t forget to take into consideration the kind of look you are trying to create, as this is an important factor that will influence your choice. Don’t be afraid to experiment either – with the right, versatile cut, you can change it up on a regular basis.
]]>http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/choosing-the-right-hair-styling-product/feed/0The Bluebeards Revenge named Shaving Range of the Year in first ever annual Barber Awardshttp://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/the-bluebeards-revenge-named-shaving-range-of-the-year-in-first-annual-barber-awards/
http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/the-bluebeards-revenge-named-shaving-range-of-the-year-in-first-annual-barber-awards/#commentsWed, 15 Jul 2015 10:56:21 +0000http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/?p=12116The Bluebeards Revenge has been named Shaving Range of the Year in a prestigious awards ceremony held at this year’s Barber Connect.
The event, which took place at South Wales’s Celtic Manor hotel on Sunday, 28th June, saw the Bluebeards fight off stiff competition to claim the coveted Barber Awards title, with a number of other awards handed out to brands and industry professionals including Barbershop of the Year, Training Academy of the Year and Trimmer of the Year.
The awards ceremony proved to be a successful addition to Barber Connect 2015, and it is expected to become an annual occurrence in conjunction with the event.
With over 70 exhibitors, Barber Connect itself is now in its third year, with barbers flying in from around the world to attend. It is currently the only UK exhibition dedicated solely to barbering and men’s hairdressing, offering a unique opportunity for industry professionals to share new ideas and showcase their work.
With live cuts and shaves taking place on the day, the event also offered guests the chance to purchase tools and products at exclusive show prices, and as ever, The Bluebeards Revenge were in attendance on the day to display our wares.
It was a successful day for everyone involved, and we’re looking forward to doing it all again next year – and hopefully retaining our title.
]]>http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/the-bluebeards-revenge-named-shaving-range-of-the-year-in-first-annual-barber-awards/feed/0Growing and caring for the manliest of beardshttp://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/growing-and-caring-for-the-manliest-of-beards/
http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/growing-and-caring-for-the-manliest-of-beards/#commentsSun, 05 Jul 2015 17:17:58 +0000http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/?p=12055Beards have long been the ultimate man-accessory, and several years after bursting back onto the style scene, they’re still going strong. The rugged look is broadly perceived to be symbolic of masculinity, but while male grooming has only truly risen to prominence over the past decade or so, it is now a key part of any bearded gent’s journey to facial-haired perfection.
The Bluebeards Revenge Classic and Cuban Beard Oil
For those who are late to the party, any self-respecting beardie will be able to tell you that simply sprouting a few clumps of unruly fuzz is no longer the way to go about things. A good beard needs some careful pruning, shaping and nourishing in order to flourish, and luckily, there are several things that you can do to ensure that it turns out to be nothing less than a manly masterpiece.
If you’re starting completely from scratch, then patience is the ultimate key to success. Hold your horses, put down the scissors, and allow a good week of growth before you go tampering with the shape or length. Throughout this ‘limbo’ period, it’s vital that you keep the skin beneath in tip top condition. Look after it by using a decent facial scrub to slough away dead skin cells and remove any dirt and grime from the area. Facial hair can be a hotbed for bacteria to proliferate, harbouring oil and sweat which can result in all manner of unsightly acne. Bearded or not, it’s important to keep up a regular skincare routine in order to keep it at bay.
Apply a conditioning oil to the area to moisturise, nourish and protect the beard as it grows, taking care to massage into the skin as you go to avoid any dry areas developing. Remember, in order to grow a healthy piece of facial fuzz, you have to start at the source.
Once your beard reaches the desired length, maintenance begins to come into play. Invest in a beard comb and give it a regular once-over to eliminate any knots or tangles, using a pair of beard and moustache scissors to keep length in check. For sharper edges, a cut-throat razor is an essential tool, but to keep things really slick, a monthly visit to the barber for a tidy-up is highly recommended.
You can continue to use your beard oil on a weekly basis, as it will help to smooth and shape the beard as well as providing it with that all-important nourishment.
]]>http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/growing-and-caring-for-the-manliest-of-beards/feed/0Choosing the right beard type for your face shapehttp://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/choosing-the-right-beard-type-for-your-face-shape/
http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/choosing-the-right-beard-type-for-your-face-shape/#commentsTue, 30 Jun 2015 10:27:11 +0000http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/?p=12046Growing a beard might seem like a throw-away decision, but before you lock away the razor and shaving cream and jump in, there are a few things that you’d do well to know first.
The shape of your face could have a stronger influence than you think on whether or not you can pull off your new piece of facial fuzz. Despite what you might like to believe, one size does not fit all, so it’s worth doing your homework to avoid making a facial hair faux-pas.
Too much like hard work? Worry not. We’ve rounded up all you need to know on the matter to make your life easier, because we’re good to you like that. As for figuring out your own face shape, however, you’re on your own.
The Bluebeards Revenge Classic and Cuban Beard Oil
Square
A square jawline is considered the most masculine type to have, and it’s often worth emphasising rather than hiding. You can go for any type of beard, including a full one, but keep the edges squared-off so as not to lose your natural shape. A goatee will also flatter. If you dislike your face shape, then keep hair fuller on the chin, and shorter at the sides in order to slim the face.
Rectangular/Oblong
Avoid anything too angular, as this is a face shape with strong lines in itself. Longer faces are best suited to short-trimmed beards, as this enables them to avoid elongating the face even further.
Round
A neatly trimmed beard and hard lines along the cheekbones are your best bets.This style will slim the face, while squaring off slightly at the neckline gives the illusion of a more oval face shape
Oval
An oval face is by far the most versatile, with almost any beard style becoming fair game. It is one of the most symmetrical face types, which means there is no need to try and disguise any of your features. Experiment and see what you prefer – neatly-trimmed goatee, heavy scruff, or a stubbly 5 o’clock shadow will all flatter.
Small
The smaller-faced gent would do well to avoid a beard. We hate to be a kill-joy, but if it’s a real concern of yours then you won’t want to diminish it any further. In particular, avoid full, heavy beards. You don’t have to miss out on all the fun of facial hair, though – why not opt for a small moustache instead?
Large
Faces that are on the larger side can afford to go big with beards. Choose a full beard, and keep it trimmed so as to avoid any unnecessary elongation – your face is big enough already and you won’t benefit from the extra length.
Prominent chin
A full, traditional beard works well to balance a prominent chin – keep it thicker at the sides to create the illusion of added width.
No chin
To give the appearance of a stronger jawline and more pronounced chin, opt for a full beard that is shaped at the sides. Added will also help to create the illusion of the desired shape.
The on-the-go shaving product beat off stiff competition from scores of other big-name brands to take the coveted title, emerging victorious in the latest edition of the magazine as the 2015 winners were announced.
The Bluebeards Revenge Shaving Solution impressed judges with its silky, gel-like formula, which can be applied without a brush and makes for a smooth and easy shave.
Nick Gibbens, PR & Marketing Manager for The Bluebeards Revenge, said that the brand was thrilled with the recognition
“The award has come at a time when The Bluebeards Revenge is going from strength to strength, and we’re thrilled to be receiving such high-level recognition from the overseas media and customers alike. Men’s Health magazine is a highly respected title around the world, and we are very proud that the Shaving Solution has exceeded their expectations.”
The award is the latest and greatest in a string of impressive accolades afforded to the brand, following on from its 2013 and 2014 victories in the annual FHM Grooming Awards where it picked up Product of the Year and Grooming Brand of the Year respectively.
Explaining their reasons for selecting the brand as this year’s overall winner, FHM said: “This fresh British company have been making waves, and we, for one, like the cut of their jib. It’s not just the quality of their products that have us impressed; it’s the sheer breadth of products available.”
-ENDS-
For more information on The Bluebeards Revenge or for high res imagery, please contact Melanie Kruger Nick Gibbens on 01752 898191 or melanie @bluebeards-revenge.co.uk / nick@bluebeards-revenge.co.uk.
Notes to Editors
About The Bluebeards Revenge
The Bluebeards Revenge is a premium range of quality shaving and men’s skincare products designed to combat tough stubble and tackle common shaving problems like razor burn and rash. The shaving products contain Decelerine™, a unique ingredient that has been designed to reduce beard growth. More information can be found at www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk.
##
]]>http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/the-bluebeards-revenge-scoops-prestigious-grooming-gong-in-mens-health-south-africas-2015-awards/feed/0Why growing a beard may be good for your healthhttp://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/why-growing-a-beard-may-be-good-for-your-health/
http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/why-growing-a-beard-may-be-good-for-your-health/#commentsFri, 26 Jun 2015 10:32:48 +0000http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/?p=12035Turns out bearded may well be best after all…
Beards are fast becoming the trend that never ends, but lately they have fallen victim to a negative piece of press that suggests they might be somewhat unhygienic. Articles on the issue, however, have neglected to take into consideration the personal habits of beard-sporting individuals, and likewise, the positive points that wearing one has to offer.
Not convinced? Here’s our pick of the best reasons to grow a beard – besides looking pretty damn manly, of course.
Relief from shaving rash
Contrary to popular belief, friction between blade and skin is not the sole cause of razor rash in sensitive-skinned individuals, although it is often the culprit. ‘Folliculitis barbae’, as it’s known, can also be caused by a bacterium called staphylococcus, and can begin and be consistently aggravated by repeatedly reaching for the same shaving equipment – contaminated with the bacteria – on a daily basis. Failure to change your blade or clean your brush can result in reinfection and a whole heap of irritation, leaving skin sore, itchy, and – worse still – unsightly.
The best way to rid yourself of this nasty condition? Give shaving a break. Gentle exfoliators and cleansers containing salicylic acid will help, but putting down the razor for a while and allowing your skin to recover is the best thing that you can do for yourself. Not only will your skin begin to heal more quickly, but you’ll also get to sprout a slick beard which will cover the evidence.
The Bluebeards Revenge Classic and Cuban Beard Oil
Protect from allergies
Sensitive to pollen and dust? A beard could become your new best friend. Some believe that facial hair can filter out those pesky particles, while others insist that fuzz only serves to retain them and keep them a little too close for comfort. Whichever is true, it seems to be beneficial, as the presence of small amounts of pollen and dust appear to actually ‘desensitise’ the immune system to them. The result of this is that the body gets used to small amounts of pollen and dust trapped in the facial hair and becomes less likely to react to them. Result!
Protect from skin cancer
Sporting a thick beard may leave you hot and bothered come summertime, but don’t go shaving it all off just yet. A recent study conducted at Australia’s University of Southern Queensland looked at how effective facial hair is in defending the skin from the sun’s UV rays, and revealed that a beard can help to prevent skin cancer by providing an estimated 90-95% protection, depending on the beard’s length, density and angle of facial hair. This does not, however, mean that it’s time to bin off the sunscreen just yet, as all beards are different – and even the thickest can’t offer you 100% protection.
Disguise acne scars and bad skin
Cultivating a beard could do you plenty of favours if you’ve suffered from acne in the past. Attempting in vain to cover up marks and scars can be the bane of many men’s existence, particularly without the luxury of makeup that is afforded to their female counterparts. A heavy beard will mask any unsightly areas of skin on the chin, and nobody will be any the wiser.
One step ahead of the pack? Whether you’ve long been cultivating a beard or are simply considering taking the plunge, The Bluebeards Revenge’s brand new range of Beard Oils will ensure that your facial fuzz remains in tip top condition at all times. Designed to moisturise, condition and smooth the manliest of face-manes, the Classic Blend and Cuban Blend are now available to buy priced at £9.99 each.
]]>http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/why-growing-a-beard-may-be-good-for-your-health/feed/0The idiot’s guide to beard grooming, beard care & maintenancehttp://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/the-idiots-guide-to-beard-grooming-beard-care-maintenance/
http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/the-idiots-guide-to-beard-grooming-beard-care-maintenance/#commentsThu, 25 Jun 2015 14:39:49 +0000http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/?p=12048For the past two years in men’s grooming and fashion the beard has reigned supreme. From celebrities to magazine covers, the beard is seen pretty much everywhere. The current trend is especially towards beard and mustache styles seen from the turn of the century, particularly from the Victorian era. For those looking to grow a beard and keep it in great shape at all times we have put together some top tips for the care and maintenance of beards.
The Bluebeards Revenge Classic and Cuban Beard Oil
Exfoliate your face
When first growing out your beard it can become very scratchy and itchy for the first few days. To lessen these effects while your skin gets used to being covered by the hair try these methods of care. First exfoliate your face and hair with a mild face scrub. The exfoliating action softens the outer layer of hair made from keratin allowing moisturisers and water to enter and soften the hair. Apply The Bluebeards Revenge Post-Shave balm daily as this will also help to soften the skin and hair.
Use a quality beard wash and conditioner
Once your beard has grown out enough to begin maintaining and styling the first course of action is to use a decent beard wash and conditioner. Beard hair is more coarse and thick than head hair and requires different ingredients to take care of it properly which is why normal shampoo and conditioners will not work nearly as well as a specially formulated product. A good quality comb or brush is essential for keeping those lower locks looking as good or better than the top!
The Bluebeards Revenge Moustache Wax
Use a quality beard oil
Once all nice and combed, apply a styling or conditioning product as this will help keep things in top form. One of the most popular treatments is a beard oil. The oils from The Bluebeards Revenge will keep your beard well conditioned and provide a nice slight sheen, as well as keep you smelling nice and manly. Not to be forgotten, the mustache is an important part of the beard and applying a good mustache wax will keep your hirsute pursuits in fine form! The best application is to take a small amount from the jar with your fingernail, rub between the fingers to warm, apply to the mustache and beard, then comb and style according to your tastes!
Use a pair of specially designed moustache and beard scissors
Another item to consider for easier beard and mustache maintenance is a good set of clippers or scissors. Keeping those hairs in line and shaped well will make the difference of looking like a very dapper gentleman or Tom Hanks from the movie Castaway. Wash and comb as normal then trim a little at a time from the edges until you achieve the desired shape and profile. If you do not feel comfortable doing this yourself, your barber will willingly oblige a trim and style the next time you are in for a haircut.
We wish you the very best with your hirsute pursuits of beard and mustache growing. As with all things grooming a little care and maintenance added to your routine will keep you looking your best and impressing everyone around you.
Despite reports that ‘peak beard’ has been reached, it is becoming increasingly clear that the mighty beard is here to stay.
And to help keep them in check, premium men’s grooming brand The Bluebeards Revenge has released a new range of quality beard oils to transform them from untamed beasts to manly masterpieces.
The Bluebeards Revenge Classic and Cuban Beard Oil
The collection consists of two oils (both 50ml) dubbed ‘Classic Blend’ and ‘Cuban Blend’, with each offering a unique blend of fresh and masculine-smelling oils and fragrances designed to smooth, moisturise and protect facial hair while eliminating frizz and enhancing beard shape.
For the precious few yet to be seduced by the beard’s appeal, the brand has also launched a new moustache wax, which is available in handy 20ml tubs for touch-ups on the go.
Known as ‘The World’s Manliest Grooming Brand’, The Bluebeards Revenge is best known for its iconic wet shaving products, starting life as a shaving line aimed at men with tough stubble. It has since expanded to encompass all aspects of grooming, providing ‘The Ultimate Grooming Experience for Real Men’.
The new beard and moustache styling range join a broad collection of products already available from the British brand, including the new hair-styling range recently added to its already impressive repertoire.
The beard oils and moustache wax are now available from The Bluebeards Revenge (www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/shop), priced at £9.99 and £6.99 respectively.
Notes to Editors
About The Bluebeards Revenge
The Bluebeards Revenge is a premium range of quality shaving and men’s skincare products designed to combat tough stubble and tackle common shaving problems like razor burn and rash. The shaving products contain Decelerine™, a unique ingredient that has been designed to reduce beard growth. More information can be found at www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk.
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]]>http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/the-bluebeards-revenge-launches-new-range-of-barbershop-quality-beard-oils-moustache-wax/feed/0The Bluebeards Revenge Father’s Day Gift Guidehttp://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/the-bluebeards-revenge-fathers-day-gift-guide/
http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/blog/the-bluebeards-revenge-fathers-day-gift-guide/#commentsThu, 11 Jun 2015 12:32:05 +0000http://www.bluebeards-revenge.co.uk/?p=11954Stuck on what to get your dad this year? Picky parents can be hard to please, but The Bluebeards Revenge has rounded up the manliest of gifts for you, all of which are sure to put a smile on any father’s face.
GIFT SETS
For Dads in need of a complete grooming overhaul, the Perfect Man Kit is an ideal way to discretely drive home the hint – and the best thing is, he’ll never clock you. Sure to put a smile on every father’s face and get you straight back into the good books..
If he looks just fine but hasn’t updated his fragrance in years, then the Eau de Toilette Gift Set will be just the job. A fresh and masculine scent presented in a vibrant blue bottle, the EDT comes complete with a matching shower gel. This is one kit that will have him smelling like a real man in no time.
Re-introduce him to the world of traditional wet shaving with The Bluebeards Revenge Starter Kit. Containing a pot of our iconic luxury Shaving Cream, a Doubloon Shaving Brush and anti-perspirant deodorant, we’ve also thrown in a 20ml sample size of our Post-Shave Balm
If he’s one step ahead of the game and already a seasoned wet shaver, the Deluxe Kit will fit the gifting bill nicely. A luxury selection of products including a full-size Pre-Shave Oil, Shaving Cream and Post-Shave Balm along with a Doubloon shaving brush to help him on his way to that perfect shave. The kit also contains an anti-perspirant deodorant to finish his morning routine the right way..
One for the man who likes a little bit of luxury in his life, the Privateer Collection doubleedge razor gift set comprises the infamous Scimitar safety razor, along with a pot of luxury Shaving Cream and Post-Shave Balm and a Doubloon shaving brush.
HAIR & BODY
Give him the tools to create high-shine, wet-look styles reminiscent of the 6os with our brand new water-based Pomade. Chances are, he wore them the first time round, so this blast from the past will no doubt be a welcome one.
Can’t afford the gift set option? Worry not, that doesn’t mean you’ll have to put up with his poor choice of aftershave for the foreseeable future. The Eau de Toilette comes in a vibrant blue bottle, laser-etched with the iconic Bluebeards skull.
SHAVING ESSENTIALS
If you’ve got a father with persistent facial hair, the chances are that he’s fed up with his daily shave. Put some pleasure back into his morning with a single pot of The Bluebeards Revenge’s luxury shaving cream – not only does it whip up into a fine lather to facilitate an easier shave, but it also helps to combat common shaving woes such as razor rash and burn.
Fathers who are forever in a hurry in the mornings will appreciate The Bluebeards Revenge’s brushless Shaving Solution. No need for a brush or bowl, this can be applied straight to the face with fingers for a quick and easy shave.
Preparation is key when it comes to the perfect shave, and an angry, red rash will no doubt make for an angry, red dad. The Bluebeards Revenge Pre-Shave Oil will eradicate shaving woes by enhancing razor glide and softening the hairs beforehand for an easier, smoother experience.
Just as preparation is important, following up with the right products is vital. The BVluebeards Revenge’s Post Shave Balm will calm and soothe any irritation, adding essential moisture back into the skin and providing all the nourishment it needs.
For that extra moisture hit, the Cooling Moisturiser can be used all over the face, and is just the job for sensitive-skinned dads. At his age, he should be moisturising morning and night to minimise the appearance of lines and wrinkles – and gifting him this should ensure that he gets the hint.
If he likes a life of luxury, then go that one step further and pick him up The Bluebeards Revenge’s Privateer Collection Mach 3. Stylish and contemporary, it’s built from durable high-grade resin, and is lightweight yet comfortably substantial to use.
Last but not least, don’t forget the blades. They may be an altogether less exciting purchase than the main event, but what’s a brand spanking new razor without the necessaries to use it? Our double-edge razor blades slot nicely into the Scimitar, and can also be snapped in half to fit the Cut-Throat Shavette.
SHAVING ACCESSORIES
Add an air of luxury to his morning shave with The Bluebeards Revenge’s chrome shaving bowl. Mixing up a lacklustre lather on the back of your hand will no longer suffice, as shaving reverts back to the original and best methods of days gone by. All that’s required is this bowl, a brush and some water to whip The Bluebeards Revenge’s luxury Shaving Cream into the most impressive lather your dad has ever seen. Sold?
Father’s Day coincides nicely with the holiday season, and what better way to store his manly grooming essentials than in The Bluebeards Revenge’s Travel Washbag? Big enough to house all the necessaries and yet small enough to fit nicely into his suitcase – job done.
For dads who are already accustomed to the traditional wet shave, the Shaving Towel will take things that one step further. Soaked in hot water and wrapped around the target area pre-shave, this makes for a relaxing addition to the routine as a once-a-week treat.
If you’ve already kitted him out with all the Bluebeards gear he could posibly need for previous birthday, Christmas and Father’s Day presents, then chances are, he’ll need somewhere to store them. The Privateer Collection Chrome Brush and Razor Stand will keep his shaving tools in check, and is great for showing them off on the bathroom shelf. | [
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] |
Q:
Programmatic multi-select on the Silverlight DataGrid control
Is it possible to programmatically perform multi-select operations (eg. extend selection, remove selection) on the Silverlight 4 DataGrid control?
A:
I didn't notice it at first, but the SelectedItems collection on the DataGrid is directly editable. So you can add/remove things on that collection directly to change selection.
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#pragma once
// stolen from https://github.com/gpakosz/Assert
#if defined(_WIN32)
# define vi_debug_break() __debugbreak()
#elif defined(__ORBIS__)
# define vi_debug_break() __builtin_trap()
#elif defined(__clang__)
# define vi_debug_break() __builtin_debugtrap()
#elif defined(linux) || defined(__linux) || defined(__linux__) || defined(__APPLE__)
# include <signal.h>
# define vi_debug_break() raise(SIGTRAP)
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
# define vi_debug_break() __builtin_trap()
#else
# define vi_debug_break() ((void)0)
#endif
#define vi_debug(fmt, ...) fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: " fmt "\n", __func__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
inline void vi_assert(bool x)
{
if (!x) { vi_debug_break(); }
}
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I imagine the Redskins would get a lot of flak from their older fans if they were to change the name....but if they do it right think of all the money they can rake in from selling their new apparel.
As someone on Deadspin commented they could just offer to tweak the meaning of "redskins" and put an Idaho potato on their helmets.
You don't have to imagine. Many of the older fans would throw a fit. The passion regarding the name is such that if you are not a 'skins fan, you are better off not commenting on the issue here. For the record, some former players called for a name change while they were still playing.
__________________"I have the ultimate respect for White Sox fans. They were as miserable as the Cubs and Red Sox fans ever were but always had the good decency to keep it to themselves. And when they finally won the World Series, they celebrated without annoying every other fan in the country." Jim Caple, ESPN (January 12, 2011)
"We have now sunk to a depth at which the restatement of the (bleeding) obvious is the first duty of intelligent men." — George Orwell
Have the new SOX BP/Spring Training caps gone onsale yet? I didn't see it on the official site. They look nice matched up with the black jerseys based on the photos released today from inside the clubhouse. I'm hoping this will be my new favorite cap. I really liked the similar styled BP cap from a few years ago, except the mesh fabric was not as nice as the new ones.
I also like the revised Braves cap. I'm still warming up to all the alternate logos and white crowns. I'm glad the SOX kept their caps simple, although I wonder how the Diamond SOX or the Flying SOX would have looked.
I disagree with the over-sensitive people who bitch and moan about this ****ing nonsense.
It is an honor for Native Americans to be used as sports teams' nicknames/logos.
Teams use Native American names and imagery because in the past they were strong, fierce, and brave warriors.
I have especially disagreed with Paul Lukas of ESPN/ Uni Watch over this issue.
Edit: I can understand the outrage over the Cleveland Indians' Chief Wahoo logo and The Washington Redskins' name but, for folks to be upset over the names and imagery of ALL of these teams is just ridiculous.
If they ever mess with the Blackhawks name or logo I'll be the one who's outraged.
Haha, wow, yeah that's sort of a huge leap there, not assuming but telling Native Americans that they should be proud to be, essentially, a brand. Holy ****.
Without trying to be too political, which is difficult in a thread like this, my thoughts on this are like this. While some depictions of Native Americans or use of Native American names in sports are racist (Chief Wahoo for example, or the team name "Redskins"), I think that not every example of using native American imagery is racist. I have always found the Blackhawks logo to be a respectful depiction of a noble Native American warrior, specifically of Black Hawk. I think though that some people go too far, Paul Lukas is becoming one of them, in the assertion that all tribal imagery be removed. Sports Illustrated had a poll in 2002 that showed that 83% of Native Americans said they did not object to nor did they want teams to stop using Native American imagery in sports. A lot of people, Paul Lukas included, have cited some flaws in that poll and perhaps there are some but they also seem to dismiss that poll in an attempt to have it fit in with their own narrative. I wish SI or ESPN would run another poll now to remedy some of the flaws with the old one and maybe see if Native Americans find SOME logos offensive and not others.
Without trying to be too political, which is difficult in a thread like this, my thoughts on this are like this. While some depictions of Native Americans or use of Native American names in sports are racist (Chief Wahoo for example, or the team name "Redskins"), I think that not every example of using native American imagery is racist. I have always found the Blackhawks logo to be a respectful depiction of a noble Native American warrior, specifically of Black Hawk. I think though that some people go too far, Paul Lukas is becoming one of them, in the assertion that all tribal imagery be removed. Sports Illustrated had a poll in 2002 that showed that 83% of Native Americans said they did not object to nor did they want teams to stop using Native American imagery in sports. A lot of people, Paul Lukas included, have cited some flaws in that poll and perhaps there are some but they also seem to dismiss that poll in an attempt to have it fit in with their own narrative. I wish SI or ESPN would run another poll now to remedy some of the flaws with the old one and maybe see if Native Americans find SOME logos offensive and not others.
For me a lot of it depends on that individual team's relationship with and portrayel of whatever given Native American tribe or Indian they are using as a logo or name. Like, the Redskins? Yeah **** that. That's a disgrace. There is no comparision with an organization like that to, say, the Blackhawks.
They now come in actual sizes rather than small-medium, medium-large, and large-extra large.
They also look big and boxy like the authentic in-game caps.
Both are also let down.
Thanks! $35.00! The price went up. They do look a little more boxy so I think I will wait until they hit the stores so I can try one on first. I hope they have the lower crown.
In looking at the product description, they indicate that this is the game 59Fifty cap. Perhaps that's why the caps have actual sizes. I wonder if the SOX are adding this cap as an alternate cap for games? Perhaps they are wearing it with the black jerseys/road uniforms? The higher price would justify that.
...or maybe the desciption is incorrect.
Edit - The SOX have it up on their website store (MLB). Looks like it is a 59Fifty, but they indicate that it is for batting practice. I wonder if the 39Thirty caps are being discontinued?
These responses remind me of the infamous rant by jeremyb1, self-appointed leader of the "stat-geeks."
What? This is nothing at all like that. Not one bit. No one is making up the fact that lots of Native Americans are offended by offensive logos parodying them and their heritage and customs, not to mention using derogatory racial terms and images as sports team names and mascots. Is EVERY Native American outraged about EVERY single example of it? No, like I said, it's a case on case basis. But to have someone say they should be "honored" just to be included in the wonderful world of sports in that way, **** that. What's more important, being respectful to these people or ****ing sports? It's not surprising because people gotta have their sports. It wouldn't be the end of my world if the Blackhawks changed their name/logo because they were disrespectful of it.
But this is good though, very illuminating, posts like these. Nice to know what kind of people we're dealing with by being this honest.
What? This is nothing at all like that. Not one bit. No one is making up the fact that lots of Native Americans are offended by offensive logos parodying them and their heritage and customs, not to mention using derogatory racial terms and images as sports team names and mascots. Is EVERY Native American outraged about EVERY single example of it? No, like I said, it's a case on case basis. But to have someone say they should be "honored" just to be included in the wonderful world of sports in that way, **** that. What's more important, being respectful to these people or ****ing sports? It's not surprising because people gotta have their sports. It wouldn't be the end of my world if the Blackhawks changed their name/logo because they were disrespectful of it.
But this is good though, very illuminating, posts like these. Nice to know what kind of people we're dealing with by being this honest.
I said I was reminded of the thread jeremyb1 started, not that it was exactly like it. I made the comparison because thome25 seemed to be trying to speak for Native Americans as though they're incapable of speaking for themselves, just as jeremyb1 was doing with Shingo. | [
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] |
Gay Samurai
Rodger McFarlane, caretaker to the end.
When I last glimpsed the famous large ears of Rodger McFarlane, who chose Truth or Consequences, New Mexico, as the enigmatic site for his recent suicide, he was standing outside a May 1 screening of Outrage, a documentary about closeted politicians. Rodger was the film’s standout star, the only one with laugh lines. (“I actually kind of admire them,” he says of the stalwart wives of Larry Craig and Jim McGreevey. “But that is some weird shit.”)
Rodger was always the star. He liked to say “I won my Oscar at a young age,” in reference to his work running Gay Men’s Health Crisis, which is where we met 25 years ago. He went on to become one of the savviest organizational strategists in the fight against AIDS. Six foot six and athletic, with towering Alabama charm and wit, he built Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS into a grant-making behemoth, and then moved to Denver to remake Tim Gill’s gay-rights fund, where he worked until December, into a player in national politics. Now 54, you could still imagine him aboard a Navy submarine or trekking to the North Pole or competing in extreme Eco-Challenge races.
He looked happy to be back in New York. He did not seem to be in pain. But it turns out that he’d broken his back on the first day of an Eco-Challenge in Fiji in 2002, and though he underwent one operation, his friend Howard Grossman, a doctor, tells me he refused the surgical rebuilding that might have lessened his agony. His athletic life was behind him. “I know that was very distressing for him,” says Tim Sweeney, his successor at the Gill Foundation. “I would say, ‘Go coach! Do amateur competitions,’ and he gave me this look like ‘Are you out of your mind?’ ”
What none of his friends knew was that a recent heart attack added to his troubles. He refused bypass, too. He hated the idea of being hospitalized. Though he’d written The Complete Bedside Companion: A No-Nonsense Guide to Caring for the Seriously Ill, he was a terrible patient.
In his world, he was the caretaker. He doted on his brother David, who died of AIDS, and on the literary agent Jed Mattes, as he died of cancer, and on his old flame Larry Kramer, during a liver transplant. “Rodger stage-managed everything,” Kramer says. “He was in his element there.”
“Let’s catch a drink,” Rodger called to me after the screening, but two days later, he was already in New Mexico. The trip had been too much for him. “I really didn’t want to come back to civilization at all,” he said.
He had checked in to the Blackstone Hotsprings motel, and mailed farewells to his closest friends. He made arrangements with an undertaker. He settled his bills, and on May 15, sometime after 9 a.m., a bike rider found his lanky remains, pistol in hand. “I think of a gun as my Samurai sword,” he wrote.
Rodger always deplored self-pity. Grossman believes Rodger’s fatalism probably can’t be separated from his history in the epidemic, watching so many people die so horribly. “Life is fucking tough, and it’s not fair, goddamn it,” Rodger told me a year ago. “And if you didn’t learn that in the eighties, you didn’t learn anything.” | [
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Details of the purchase were not disclosed, but the new operators of the menswear chains says the debt structure of the company significantly reduced allowing it to focus on key initiatives for growth.
Article Continued Below
In January, cash-crunched Grafton-Fraser received temporary court protection so it could work to liquidate inventory and sell its assets.
A report filed with Ontario Superior Court said that Grafton-Fraser owed GSO Capital Partners about $39.4 million. It also owed $12.8 million to CIBC, which has a priority claim under an agreement between the two creditors.
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] |
from math import ceil
import threading
class Allotter(object):
def __init__(self, Handler, GlobalProgress):
self.globalprog = GlobalProgress
self.handler = Handler
# self.__allotter_lock__ = threading.Lock()
def makeBaseConn(self):
ranges = self.blockToRange(self.makeEvenBlock(len(self.handler.url.getAllUrl())))
for i, j in enumerate(self.handler.url.getAllUrl().keys()):
# print('make base conn')
self.globalprog.insert(j, *ranges[i])
if i + 1 >= len(ranges):
break
def splitRange(self, Range, num):
each = int((Range[1] - Range[0]) / num)
retlist = []
for i in range(num):
retlist.append((Range[0] + each * i, Range[0] + each * (i+1)))
if Range[1] > retlist[-1][1]:
retlist[-1] = (retlist[-1][0], Range[1])
return retlist
def makeEvenBlock(self, block_num):
"""it may returns more than total block"""
if not self.globalprog.block_map:
self.globalprog.makeMap()
each_block = ceil(len(self.globalprog.getMap()) * 1.0 / block_num)
blocks = []
# if each_block >= 1:
for i in range(block_num):
begin = i * each_block
end = (i + 1) * each_block
if begin < len(self.globalprog.getMap()):
blocks.append((begin, end))
else:
blocks.append((-1, -1))
blocks = list(filter(lambda x: x != (-1, -1), blocks))
# blocks.append((i * each_block, (i+1) * each_block))
blocks[-1] = (blocks[-1][0], len(self.globalprog.getMap()))
# else:
# blocks.append((0, len(self.globalprog.getMap())))
return blocks
# def assignAll(self):
# ranges = self.blockToRange(self.makeEvenBlock(self.handler.url.max_conn))
#
# for i in range(self.handler.url.max_conn):
# self.globalprog.insert(i, )
def getUrlsThread(self):
url_thread_table = [[] for i in range(len(self.handler.url.getAllId()))]
for i in self.globalprog.progresses.values():
if not i.isGoEnd():
url_thread_table[i.urlid].append(i)
return url_thread_table
def getIdleUrl(self):
idle_url = []
url_health = self.getUrlsHealth()
for i in self.handler.url.getAllUrl().keys():
for m in url_health:
if m[0] == i:
break
else:
idle_url.append(i)
return idle_url
def assignUrlid(self):
url_health_table = self.getUrlsHealth()
url_thread_table = self.getUrlsThread()
idle_url = self.getIdleUrl()
if not idle_url:
while True:
if not url_health_table:
put_urlid = -1
break
put_urlid = url_health_table.pop(-1)[0]
if self.handler.url.getAllUrl()[put_urlid].max_thread == -1 or \
len(url_thread_table[put_urlid]) < self.handler.url.getAllUrl()[put_urlid].max_thread:
break
else:
put_urlid = idle_url[0]
return put_urlid
def assignRange(self):
free_blocks = self.getFreeBlock()
half_block = [(int((i[1] - i[0]) / 2) + i[0], i[1]) for i in free_blocks]
ranges_table = self.blockToRange(half_block)
put_range = ranges_table[-1] if ranges_table else []
# print(put_range, self.globalprog.progresses.keys())
if put_range and put_range[0] == put_range[1]:
put_range = []
return put_range
def assign(self):
return self.assignUrlid(), self.assignRange()
def getUrlsHealth(self):
"""return: [(Urlid, AvgSpeed), ...]"""
urlspeed = {}
for i in self.globalprog.progresses.values():
if not i.isEnd():
urlspeed[i.urlid] = (urlspeed.get(i.urlid, (0, 0))[0] + 1,
urlspeed.get(i.urlid, (0, 0))[1] + i.getAvgSpeed())
for i, j in urlspeed.items():
urlspeed[i] = j[1] / j[0]
speed_table = sorted(urlspeed.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])
return speed_table
def getFreeBlock(self):
free_list = []
block_head = None
tmp_map = self.globalprog.getMap()
for i, j in enumerate(tmp_map):
if j is None:
if block_head is None:
block_head = i
else:
if block_head is not None:
free_list.append((block_head, i))
block_head = None
if block_head is not None:
free_list.append((block_head, len(tmp_map)))
return sorted(free_list, key=lambda x: (x[1] - x[0]))
def blockToRange(self, block_list):
retranges = []
the_last_block = len(self.globalprog.getMap())
for i in block_list:
begin = i[0] * self.handler.file.BLOCK_SIZE
end = i[1] * self.handler.file.BLOCK_SIZE
if i[0] < the_last_block:
if i[1] == the_last_block:
end = self.handler.file.size
retranges.append((begin, end))
else:
retranges.append((-1, -1))
# if retranges and retranges[-1][1] + self.handler.file.BLOCK_SIZE > self.handler.file.size:
# retranges[-1] = (retranges[-1][0], self.handler.file.size)
return list(filter(lambda x: x != (-1, -1), retranges))
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Asheville, NC Hope For Horses
YP - The Real Yellow PagesSM - helps you find the right local businesses to meet your specific needs. Search results are sorted by a combination of factors to give you a set of choices in response to your search criteria. These factors are similar to those you might use to determine which business to select from a local Yellow Pages directory, including proximity to where you are searching, expertise in the specific services or products you need, and comprehensive business information to help evaluate a business's suitability for you. “Preferred” listings, or those with featured website buttons, indicate YP advertisers who directly provide information about their businesses to help consumers make more informed buying decisions. YP advertisers receive higher placement in the default ordering of search results and may appear in sponsored listings on the top, side, or bottom of the search results page.
This was the best idea I have had for an activity for my family. We got there and the staff were very warm and friendly. We got right on our horses and away we went. It was very relaxing and a beautiful ride. Once we got to the top the view was just as they had described. We could see for miles and miles. We will definitly be going back. I don't know how long they will be running the special, but it was only $25 each when we went. It only took us 10 minutes from Downtown Asheville and there was construction, so it closer than that on a good day. | [
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Q:
CMMotionActivityManager Activities Not Printing When Calling
I made sure to add Motion to my plist. Not sure where I'm going wrong.
Below is my code:
import SwiftUI
import CoreMotion
struct Settings: View {
@State var walk = ""
@State var run = ""
@State var unk = ""
var body: some View {
VStack{
Text("Stationary: \(walk)")
Text("Walking: \(run)")
Text("Unknown: \(unk)")
Button(action: {
self.startTest()
}) {
Text("Start")
}
}
}
func startTest(){
let motionActivityManager = CMMotionActivityManager()
if CMMotionActivityManager.isActivityAvailable() {
motionActivityManager.startActivityUpdates(to: OperationQueue.main) { (motion) in
self.walk = (motion?.stationary)! ? "True" : "False"
self.run = (motion?.walking)! ? "True" : "False"
self.unk = (motion?.unknown)! ? "True" : "False"
print(self.walk)
print(self.run)
print(self.unk)
}
}
print("NONE")
}
}
A:
In this case (to make this view work) the fix is to make manager as property
struct Settings: View {
let motionActivityManager = CMMotionActivityManager()
// ... other code
func startTest(){
if CMMotionActivityManager.isActivityAvailable() {
// ... other code
but in general you have to place motionActivityManager somewhere at application-wide level (probably wrap in custom manager class), because startActivityUpdates(to:) can have only one hander. So you need to set up handler once and process/transform into your application wide notifications/events by yourself.
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] |
Posterior Shoulder Instability.
Posterior shoulder instability is a relatively uncommon condition, occurring in ∼10% of those with shoulder instability. Because of the rarity of the condition and the lack of knowledge in treatment, it is often misdiagnosed or patients experience a delay in diagnosis. Posterior instability typically affects athletes participating in contact or overhead sports and is usually the result of repetitive microtrauma or blunt force with the shoulder in the provocative position of flexion, adduction, and internal rotation, leading to recurrent subluxation events. Acute traumatic posterior dislocations are rare injuries with an incidence rate of 1.1 per 100,000 person years. This rate is ∼20 times lower than that of anterior shoulder dislocations. Risk factors for recurrent instability are: (1) age below 40 at time of first instability; (2) dislocation during a seizure; (3) a large reverse Hill-Sachs lesion; and (4) glenoid retroversion. A firm understanding of the pathoanatomy, along with pertinent clinical and diagnostic modalities is required to accurately diagnosis and manage this condition. | [
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] |
Title: ntfs-3g 20070822 Beta
Date: 2006-08-30 18:16
Author: toy
Category: Apps
Slug: ntfs-3g_20070822_beta
此 [ntfs-3g](http://www.linux-ntfs.org) 驱动程序为访问 NTFS
文件系统提供完全的读写支持,但不包括访问加密文件、写入压缩文件、更改文件所有权及访问权限。由于目前
ntfs-3g 仍然在测试,所以需谨慎使用。
[下载 ntfs-3g 20070822
Beta](http://data.linux-ntfs.org/ntfs-3g-20070822-BETA.tgz)
| [
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