amandakonet/climate_fever_adopted · Datasets at Hugging Face

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1,079	“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.	The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Instrumental temperature record
1,703	Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.	The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
356	This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.	"Wild cards" refer to low-probability and high-impact events, such as existential risks.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Futures studies
1,473	A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.	The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1,822	Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.	As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon tax
368	The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.	Holding this rise to 1.5 °C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2 °C.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
382	The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.	They found producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Renewable energy
2,293	Steve McIntyre noticed a strange discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.	The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Steve McIntyre
2,263	They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.	They concluded that although the 20th century was almost certainly the warmest of the millennium, the amount of anthropogenic warming remains uncertain."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hockey stick controversy
855	Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”	The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Human overpopulation
1,448	The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.	Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; other OECD countries, 5%; Japan, 4%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
2,907	Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.	In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea ice
447	“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.	Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide
616	The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times	Some agricultural areas depend on an accumulation of snow during winter that will melt gradually in spring, providing water for crop growth, both directly and via runoff through streams and rivers, which supply irrigation canals.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Snow
1,183	“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.	"Islands disappear under rising seas".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Kiribati
2,735	It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).	However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.	SUPPORTS	entailment	El Niño
1,599	CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.	"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Cosmic ray
235	The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)	Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
2,981	Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.	Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.	REFUTES	contradiction	Greenhouse gas
2,692	Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.	These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate system
1,367	But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period	At around 41.5 million years ago, stable isotopic analysis of samples from Southern Ocean drilling sites indicated a warming event for 600 thousand years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Eocene
1,052	But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.	If the high latitude waters are below 5 °C (41 °F), they will be dense enough to sink; as they are cool, oxygen is highly soluble in their waters, and the deep ocean will be oxygenated.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Anoxic event
2,013	U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson voted to let oil and gas companies emit "unlimited carbon pollution into our air"	According to the Environmental Defense Fund, cap-and-trade is the most environmentally and economically sensible approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the primary cause of global warming, because it sets a limit on emissions, and the trading encourages companies to innovate in order to emit less.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Emissions trading
2,520	According to the second law of thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."	The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Thermodynamics
263	it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.	Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that "late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Hockey stick graph
1,599	CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.	In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
2,363	The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.	The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
619	Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.	Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Glen Canyon Dam
1,667	Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.	Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mars
1,588	Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.	Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
768	“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.	The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse effect
2,661	Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.	However, various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs; 500 million years ago CO 2 levels were likely 10 times higher than now.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,988	The Obama administration's "own Environmental Protection Agency" has said its Clean Power Plan "will have a marginal impact on climate change."	"The EPA Could Soon Formally Propose Repealing Obama's Key Climate Change Regulation".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Clean Power Plan
703	If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”	The long term cooling in the lower stratosphere occurred in two downward steps in temperature both after the transient warming related to explosive volcanic eruptions of El Chichón and Mount Pinatubo, this behavior of the global stratospheric temperature has been attributed to global ozone concentration variation in the two years following volcanic eruptions.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Satellite temperature measurements
2,750	There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions from doubling by 2100"	Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.	REFUTES	contradiction	Ocean acidification
590	Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.	They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence).	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate sensitivity
906	Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”	Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1,998	There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.	The false claims are, in some cases, used to undermine the link between the current bushfires and the longer, more intense fire seasons brought about by climate change."	SUPPORTS	entailment	2019–20 Australian bushfire season
1,082	“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.	Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
2,539	"[T]he influence of so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet absolutely proven.	"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
1,246	Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.	The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic sea ice decline
1,919	Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.	The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.	REFUTES	contradiction	Arctic
412	From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
142	Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.	With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,557	Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.	The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Pacific decadal oscillation
807	the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.	The data shows that recent warming has surpassed anything in the last 2,000 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Effects of global warming
2,775	For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.	The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Temperature record of the past 1000 years
2,973	Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability	Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cloud
1,073	The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.	The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Arctic
1,463	The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.	The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	New York City
1,273	The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas	Recurring droughts leading to desertification in East Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in 1984–85, 2006 and 2011.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Drought
799	the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’	The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
196	Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die	By that point, all life on the Earth will be extinct.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Future of Earth
1,135	Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.	In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Coral bleaching
701	“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.	This was once quite controversial: From the beginning of the satellite record in late 1978 into 1998 it showed a net global cooling trend, although ground measurements and instruments carried aloft by balloons showed warming in many areas.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	John Christy
2,966	Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'	While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1,673	When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.	Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse effect
2,577	"Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse gases." (World Climate Report)	The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,482	18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.	The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hockey stick controversy
2,982	Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.	Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
656	The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming	The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Arctic
487	“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.	Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change and ecosystems
698	A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the ‘overestimation’ was ‘partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.’	A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming controversy
2,282	While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.	A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Glacier
236	global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
797	Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming	Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
695	Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.	The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate sensitivity
2,400	'To suddenly label CO2 as a "pollutant" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.	In its book, the Commission described four key elements of sustainability with respect to energy: the ability to increase the supply of energy to meet growing human needs, energy efficiency and conservation, public health and safety, and "protection of the biosphere and prevention of more localized forms of pollution."	REFUTES	contradiction	Sustainable energy
1,865	Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."	George Monbiot reports "The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.	REFUTES	contradiction	James Hansen
1,001	‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said.	Observational studies analyze uncontrolled data in search of correlations; multivariate statistics are typically used to interpret the more complex situation.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Psychology
997	Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes	Problems of global warming, climate change, and their various negative impacts on human life and on the functioning of entire societies are one of the most dramatic challenges of modern times.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,181	Humans survived past climate changes	"The character of late-glacial and post-glacial climatic changes".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Quaternary extinction event
1,469	Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.	The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans' history: according to this theory, the oceans became so anoxic, anaerobic sulfur-reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Permian–Triassic extinction event
784	“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.	A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change in the United States
1,414	The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.	After temperatures began to rise again, starting in 1814, the river stopped freezing over.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	River Thames
896	According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.	Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Air pollution
67	Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]	Research using sediment in lakes near the Okstind Glacier has shown that the summer climate in Nordland was up to 2.5 °C warmer 9,000 to 6,000 years ago, and then slowly cooled—it was 0.5 °C warmer 2,000 years before present (see Holocene climatic optimum.).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Nordland
567	But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change	indicates that current greenhouse gas reduction policies in the US are based on what appear to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Atmospheric methane
888	the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century	The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0 °C (46 °F).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Uppsala
2,948	Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.	In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Attribution of recent climate change
2,755	Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.	Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year 2019 and defines the term as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
914	The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas	At an EU summit in October 2014, EU countries agreed on a new energy efficiency target of 27% or greater by 2030.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Efficient energy use
2,171	UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong	The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.	SUPPORTS	entailment	UAH satellite temperature dataset
3,114	'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”	Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a busy one, with significant cross traffic going to docks and ferries.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	West Side Highway
2,609	Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide
302	In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial	Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,217	Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.	While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Urban heat island
2,178	Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming	The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming hiatus
1,549	There's no empirical evidence for climate change.	Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.	REFUTES	contradiction	Biodiversity
477	Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions	Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change mitigation
1,142	Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”	A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
1,721	Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.	This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
1,466	This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.	Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
399	Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation	The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climatology
293	When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.	Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Microphone
2,157	CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused	While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
105	Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.	During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.	REFUTES	contradiction	Greenhouse gas
1,369	“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.	"Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global storm activity of 2010
1,917	May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.	The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	20th century
1,598	Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.	"Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say".	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate change mitigation

1,079

“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Instrumental temperature record

1,703

Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

356

This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

"Wild cards" refer to low-probability and high-impact events, such as existential risks.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Futures studies

1,473

A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.

The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

1,822

Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon tax

368

The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.

Holding this rise to 1.5 °C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2 °C.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

382

The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

They found producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Renewable energy

2,293

Steve McIntyre noticed a strange discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.

The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Steve McIntyre

2,263

They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.

They concluded that although the 20th century was almost certainly the warmest of the millennium, the amount of anthropogenic warming remains uncertain."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hockey stick controversy

855

Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”

The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Human overpopulation

1,448

The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; other OECD countries, 5%; Japan, 4%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

2,907

Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.

In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea ice

447

“Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide

616

The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times

Some agricultural areas depend on an accumulation of snow during winter that will melt gradually in spring, providing water for crop growth, both directly and via runoff through streams and rivers, which supply irrigation canals.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Snow

1,183

“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

"Islands disappear under rising seas".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Kiribati

2,735

It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

SUPPORTS

entailment

El Niño

1,599

CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.

"Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Cosmic ray

235

The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

2,981

Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.

REFUTES

contradiction

Greenhouse gas

2,692

Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate system

1,367

But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period

At around 41.5 million years ago, stable isotopic analysis of samples from Southern Ocean drilling sites indicated a warming event for 600 thousand years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Eocene

1,052

But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.

If the high latitude waters are below 5 °C (41 °F), they will be dense enough to sink; as they are cool, oxygen is highly soluble in their waters, and the deep ocean will be oxygenated.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Anoxic event

2,013

U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson voted to let oil and gas companies emit "unlimited carbon pollution into our air"

According to the Environmental Defense Fund, cap-and-trade is the most environmentally and economically sensible approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the primary cause of global warming, because it sets a limit on emissions, and the trading encourages companies to innovate in order to emit less.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Emissions trading

2,520

According to the second law of thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Thermodynamics

263

it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.

Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that "late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Hockey stick graph

1,599

CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

2,363

The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.

The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

619

Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Glen Canyon Dam

1,667

Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.

Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mars

1,588

Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

768

“We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.

The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse effect

2,661

Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.

However, various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs; 500 million years ago CO 2 levels were likely 10 times higher than now.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,988

The Obama administration's "own Environmental Protection Agency" has said its Clean Power Plan "will have a marginal impact on climate change."

"The EPA Could Soon Formally Propose Repealing Obama's Key Climate Change Regulation".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Clean Power Plan

703

If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”

The long term cooling in the lower stratosphere occurred in two downward steps in temperature both after the transient warming related to explosive volcanic eruptions of El Chichón and Mount Pinatubo, this behavior of the global stratospheric temperature has been attributed to global ozone concentration variation in the two years following volcanic eruptions.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Satellite temperature measurements

2,750

There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions from doubling by 2100"

Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.

REFUTES

contradiction

Ocean acidification

590

Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.

They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence).

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate sensitivity

906

Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

1,998

There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.

The false claims are, in some cases, used to undermine the link between the current bushfires and the longer, more intense fire seasons brought about by climate change."

SUPPORTS

entailment

2019–20 Australian bushfire season

1,082

“But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

2,539

"[T]he influence of so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet absolutely proven.

"The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

1,246

Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.

The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic sea ice decline

1,919

Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

REFUTES

contradiction

Arctic

412

From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

142

Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,557

Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Pacific decadal oscillation

807

the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

The data shows that recent warming has surpassed anything in the last 2,000 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Effects of global warming

2,775

For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Temperature record of the past 1000 years

2,973

Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cloud

1,073

The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Arctic

1,463

The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

New York City

1,273

The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas

Recurring droughts leading to desertification in East Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in 1984–85, 2006 and 2011.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Drought

799

the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’

The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

196

Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

By that point, all life on the Earth will be extinct.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Future of Earth

1,135

Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.

In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Coral bleaching

701

“‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.

This was once quite controversial: From the beginning of the satellite record in late 1978 into 1998 it showed a net global cooling trend, although ground measurements and instruments carried aloft by balloons showed warming in many areas.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

John Christy

2,966

Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

1,673

When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.

Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse effect

2,577

"Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse gases." (World Climate Report)

The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,482

18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hockey stick controversy

2,982

Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

656

The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming

The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Arctic

487

“It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change and ecosystems

698

A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the ‘overestimation’ was ‘partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.’

A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming controversy

2,282

While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.

A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Glacier

236

global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

797

Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming

Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

695

Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate sensitivity

2,400

'To suddenly label CO2 as a "pollutant" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.

In its book, the Commission described four key elements of sustainability with respect to energy: the ability to increase the supply of energy to meet growing human needs, energy efficiency and conservation, public health and safety, and "protection of the biosphere and prevention of more localized forms of pollution."

REFUTES

contradiction

Sustainable energy

1,865

Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

George Monbiot reports "The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.

REFUTES

contradiction

James Hansen

1,001

‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said.

Observational studies analyze uncontrolled data in search of correlations; multivariate statistics are typically used to interpret the more complex situation.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Psychology

997

Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes

Problems of global warming, climate change, and their various negative impacts on human life and on the functioning of entire societies are one of the most dramatic challenges of modern times.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,181

Humans survived past climate changes

"The character of late-glacial and post-glacial climatic changes".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Quaternary extinction event

1,469

Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans' history: according to this theory, the oceans became so anoxic, anaerobic sulfur-reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Permian–Triassic extinction event

784

“Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.

A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change in the United States

1,414

The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

After temperatures began to rise again, starting in 1814, the river stopped freezing over.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

River Thames

896

According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.

Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Air pollution

67

Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

Research using sediment in lakes near the Okstind Glacier has shown that the summer climate in Nordland was up to 2.5 °C warmer 9,000 to 6,000 years ago, and then slowly cooled—it was 0.5 °C warmer 2,000 years before present (see Holocene climatic optimum.).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Nordland

567

But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

indicates that current greenhouse gas reduction policies in the US are based on what appear to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Atmospheric methane

888

the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0 °C (46 °F).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Uppsala

2,948

Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.

In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Attribution of recent climate change

2,755

Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.

Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year 2019 and defines the term as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

914

The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas

At an EU summit in October 2014, EU countries agreed on a new energy efficiency target of 27% or greater by 2030.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Efficient energy use

2,171

UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong

The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.

SUPPORTS

entailment

UAH satellite temperature dataset

3,114

'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”

Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a busy one, with significant cross traffic going to docks and ferries.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

West Side Highway

2,609

Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

302

In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,217

Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.

While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Urban heat island

2,178

Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming

The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming hiatus

1,549

There's no empirical evidence for climate change.

Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.

REFUTES

contradiction

Biodiversity

477

Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions

Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change mitigation

1,142

Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

1,721

Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.

This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

1,466

This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

399

Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation

The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climatology

293

When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.

Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Microphone

2,157

CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

105

Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.

REFUTES

contradiction

Greenhouse gas

1,369

“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

"Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global storm activity of 2010

1,917

May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

20th century

1,598

Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

"Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say".

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate change mitigation