amandakonet/climate_fever_adopted · Datasets at Hugging Face

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455	Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.	Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,765	That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.	Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,666	Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.	Simultaneously, the capacity of the atmosphere to carry precipitation increases with temperature so that precipitation, in the form of snowfall, increases in global and regional models.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
2,361	"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.	Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2,012	U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."	The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Emissions trading
737	The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change	Such a pattern seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope cores.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Pleistocene
1,057	“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.	These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Dead zone (ecology)
1,304	in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.	Former The New York Times executive editor Bill Keller decided not to report the piece after being pressured by the Bush administration and being advised not to do so by The New York Times Washington bureau chief Philip Taubman.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	The New York Times
2,027	You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.	The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,729	89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.	From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	International Space Station
1,688	Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.	Large populations of megaherbivores have the potential to contribute greatly to the atmospheric concentration of methane, which is an important greenhouse gas.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Holocene extinction
1,410	“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘	An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\displaystyle T} and density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } gives μ = α ρ λ 2 k B T π m , {\displaystyle \mu =\alpha \rho \lambda {\sqrt {\frac {2k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}},} where k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\displaystyle 1} .	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Viscosity
2,720	The result did suggest the sea level was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in the level near the Alaskan coast.	with a marginal drop in sea level.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
1,577	Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.	During the four-day drive A Scientific Support For Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach Intelligent Design As Science gathered 7733 signatures of verifiable scientists.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Project Steve
243	In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.	In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1,083	‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”	Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Wikipedia
1,299	A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.	"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
164	Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.	In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming
2,836	Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.	Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Post-glacial rebound
1,799	Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.	Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Satellite television
1,830	Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.	Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Joe Barton
2,387	The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago	Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenland ice sheet
2,398	While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.	Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide
3,032	Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.	Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
42	Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.	For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.	REFUTES	contradiction	Sea level
1,240	“Ice-free means the central basin of the Arctic will be ice-free	"Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic Ocean
294	A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.	Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled "Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global governance
152	“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.	While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change (general concept)
2,020	Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax	Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming conspiracy theory
1,665	The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.	The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sustainability
44	Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.	European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,922	More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."	"Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Islamic terrorism
1,855	Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.	"Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Barack Obama
2,150	Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it	Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,130	Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels	Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Photosynthesis
692	“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.	They did note that the agreement between the observations and the intermediate scenario was accidental because the climate sensitivity used was higher than current estimates.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	James Hansen
716	Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.	Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific method
1,144	It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.	found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.	REFUTES	contradiction	Antarctica
1,445	CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.	The United States produced 5.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2018, the second largest in the world after China and among the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
446	It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”	Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,458	Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.	Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Argentina, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Glacier
2,241	When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.	The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age
2,204	All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.	Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,333	"While major green house gas H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2 have little effect....	She found moist air warmed more than dry air, and CO 2 warmed most, so she concluded higher levels of this in the past would have increased temperatures: Huddleston 2019.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,294	“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.	Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Fertilizer
1,178	“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.	Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.	REFUTES	contradiction	Geography of Tuvalu
1,454	The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.	Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,426	Many of the world’s coral reefs are already barren or in a state of constant decline.	This can rapidly result in transitions to barren landscapes where relatively few species persist.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Marine habitats
1,689	Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative.	One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
2,668	Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.	On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hurricane Sandy
1,617	IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.	It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.	REFUTES	contradiction	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
556	The April low temperatures here are now about 6 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than they used to be.	With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Florida
2,613	CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.	Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse gas
2,401	Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'	Its soil is utterly barren and its atmosphere is a fog of pollution.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth in science fiction
1,488	New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.	A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs.	REFUTES	contradiction	Electric vehicle
2,631	The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.	This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
2,495	'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.	Because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mount Kilimanjaro
2,555	Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.	Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Science
1,399	Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.	Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate change in the Arctic
1,598	Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.	The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
3,047	The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).	The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide
2,047	contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.	Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Fred Singer
3,124	the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle	The Queensland "shark control" program uses shark nets and drum lines with baited hooks to kill sharks in the Great Barrier Reef – there are 173 lethal drum lines in the Great Barrier Reef.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Great Barrier Reef
1,533	The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.	Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,222	The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.	Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenland ice sheet
1,449	43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).	Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Airliner
344	Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.	Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,017	Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.	Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change mitigation
307	For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests	In 2009, for every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 were killed by cats and another 500,000 by buildings.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Wind turbine
335	Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces	"June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Heat wave
2,967	The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.	For example, waste heat flux was +0.39 and +0.68 W/m2 for the continental United States and western Europe, respectively) globally it accounted for only 1% of the energy flux created by anthropogenic greenhouse gases.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Waste heat
2,973	Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability	Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,318	A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.	McKitrick has authored works about environmental economics and climate change issues, including co-authoring the book Taken by Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming, published in 2002.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ross McKitrick
1,747	An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.	Describing its report as "hugely positive", he stated that "it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climatic Research Unit email controversy
1,653	The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.	From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Physical impacts of climate change
2,246	"His [Dr Spencer's] latest research demonstrates that – in the short term, at any rate – the temperature feedbacks that the IPCC imagines will greatly amplify any initial warming caused by CO2 are net-negative, attenuating the warming they are supposed to enhance.	It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
356	This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.	This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Nick Bostrom
430	“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.	"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
2,369	The public understand it, in that if you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.	This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Passive solar building design
708	Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance	The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Coal
1,360	In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”	Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Usage share of operating systems
1,674	Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.	One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.	SUPPORTS	entailment	20th century
28	Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming	This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back to equilibrium.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate variability
583	But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.	These two processes produce water that is denser and colder (or, more precisely, water that is still liquid at a lower temperature).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Gulf Stream
1,028	A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”	The first take ran well, but in the second take, the burst of fire came too soon as a result of which the flames set fire to her green and copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns on her hands and face.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
1,684	The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.	This law is the basis of temperature.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Second law of thermodynamics
1,160	With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.	To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon footprint
2,607	Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing - produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas.	One liter of gasoline, when used as a fuel, produces 2.32 kg (about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters) of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,952	Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.	Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.	REFUTES	contradiction	Arctic Ocean
1,917	May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,658	Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.	Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide
2,928	Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.	Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide
1,751	Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.	One of his main points of criticism is that the vast majority of the abstracts referred to in the study do not mention anthropogenic climate change, and only 13 of the 928 abstracts explicitly endorse what Oreskes called the "consensus view".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Benny Peiser
287	Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.	Improved measurement and analysis techniques have reconciled this discrepancy: corrected buoy and satellite surface temperatures are slightly cooler and corrected satellite and radiosonde measurements of the tropical troposphere are slightly warmer.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
2,206	No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the contrary.	The severity of this cooling in Alan Robock's model suggests that the cumulative products of 100 of these firestorms could cool the global climate by approximately 1 °C (1.8 °F), largely eliminating the magnitude of anthropogenic global warming for the next roughly two or three years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Nuclear winter
349	Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.	The increase in global freshwater flow, based on data from 1994 to 2006, was about 18%.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Physical impacts of climate change
2,915	"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide is not a pollutant.	These dangerous pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Air pollution
1,212	(In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”	Carbon emissions have an "unpriced" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon tax
1,170	If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”	A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Storm surge
2,577	"Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse gases." (World Climate Report)	It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change

455

Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,765

That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,666

Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.

Simultaneously, the capacity of the atmosphere to carry precipitation increases with temperature so that precipitation, in the form of snowfall, increases in global and regional models.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

2,361

"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.

Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2,012

U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Emissions trading

737

The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

Such a pattern seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope cores.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Pleistocene

1,057

“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.

These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Dead zone (ecology)

1,304

in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.

Former The New York Times executive editor Bill Keller decided not to report the piece after being pressured by the Bush administration and being advised not to do so by The New York Times Washington bureau chief Philip Taubman.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

The New York Times

2,027

You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,729

89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

International Space Station

1,688

Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

Large populations of megaherbivores have the potential to contribute greatly to the atmospheric concentration of methane, which is an important greenhouse gas.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Holocene extinction

1,410

“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\displaystyle T} and density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } gives μ = α ρ λ 2 k B T π m , {\displaystyle \mu =\alpha \rho \lambda {\sqrt {\frac {2k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}},} where k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\displaystyle 1} .

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Viscosity

2,720

The result did suggest the sea level was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in the level near the Alaskan coast.

with a marginal drop in sea level.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

1,577

Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.

During the four-day drive A Scientific Support For Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach Intelligent Design As Science gathered 7733 signatures of verifiable scientists.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Project Steve

243

In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.

In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

1,083

‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Wikipedia

1,299

A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.

"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

164

Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming

2,836

Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.

Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Post-glacial rebound

1,799

Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Satellite television

1,830

Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.

Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Joe Barton

2,387

The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenland ice sheet

2,398

While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide

3,032

Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.

Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

42

Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.

For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.

REFUTES

contradiction

Sea level

1,240

“Ice-free means the central basin of the Arctic will be ice-free

"Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic Ocean

294

A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.

Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled "Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global governance

152

“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change (general concept)

2,020

Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming conspiracy theory

1,665

The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.

The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sustainability

44

Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.

European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,922

More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

"Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Islamic terrorism

1,855

Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

"Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Barack Obama

2,150

Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it

Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,130

Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Photosynthesis

692

“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

They did note that the agreement between the observations and the intermediate scenario was accidental because the climate sensitivity used was higher than current estimates.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

James Hansen

716

Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific method

1,144

It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.

found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.

REFUTES

contradiction

Antarctica

1,445

CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

The United States produced 5.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2018, the second largest in the world after China and among the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States

446

It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”

Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,458

Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.

Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Argentina, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Glacier

2,241

When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.

The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

2,204

All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.

Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,333

"While major green house gas H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2 have little effect....

She found moist air warmed more than dry air, and CO 2 warmed most, so she concluded higher levels of this in the past would have increased temperatures: Huddleston 2019.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,294

“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Fertilizer

1,178

“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.

Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.

REFUTES

contradiction

Geography of Tuvalu

1,454

The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.

Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,426

Many of the world’s coral reefs are already barren or in a state of constant decline.

This can rapidly result in transitions to barren landscapes where relatively few species persist.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Marine habitats

1,689

Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative.

One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

2,668

Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hurricane Sandy

1,617

IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.

REFUTES

contradiction

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

556

The April low temperatures here are now about 6 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than they used to be.

With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Florida

2,613

CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.

Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse gas

2,401

Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'

Its soil is utterly barren and its atmosphere is a fog of pollution.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth in science fiction

1,488

New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.

A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs.

REFUTES

contradiction

Electric vehicle

2,631

The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.

This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

2,495

'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

Because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mount Kilimanjaro

2,555

Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Science

1,399

Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.

Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate change in the Arctic

1,598

Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

3,047

The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).

The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide

2,047

contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Fred Singer

3,124

the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle

The Queensland "shark control" program uses shark nets and drum lines with baited hooks to kill sharks in the Great Barrier Reef – there are 173 lethal drum lines in the Great Barrier Reef.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Great Barrier Reef

1,533

The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,222

The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.

Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenland ice sheet

1,449

43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Airliner

344

Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,017

Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.

Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change mitigation

307

For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

In 2009, for every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 were killed by cats and another 500,000 by buildings.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Wind turbine

335

Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

"June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Heat wave

2,967

The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.

For example, waste heat flux was +0.39 and +0.68 W/m2 for the continental United States and western Europe, respectively) globally it accounted for only 1% of the energy flux created by anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Waste heat

2,973

Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,318

A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

McKitrick has authored works about environmental economics and climate change issues, including co-authoring the book Taken by Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming, published in 2002.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ross McKitrick

1,747

An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

Describing its report as "hugely positive", he stated that "it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

1,653

The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Physical impacts of climate change

2,246

"His [Dr Spencer's] latest research demonstrates that – in the short term, at any rate – the temperature feedbacks that the IPCC imagines will greatly amplify any initial warming caused by CO2 are net-negative, attenuating the warming they are supposed to enhance.

It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

356

This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Nick Bostrom

430

“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

2,369

The public understand it, in that if you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.

This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Passive solar building design

708

Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance

The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Coal

1,360

In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”

Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Usage share of operating systems

1,674

Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.

One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

SUPPORTS

entailment

20th century

28

Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming

This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back to equilibrium.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate variability

583

But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.

These two processes produce water that is denser and colder (or, more precisely, water that is still liquid at a lower temperature).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Gulf Stream

1,028

A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”

The first take ran well, but in the second take, the burst of fire came too soon as a result of which the flames set fire to her green and copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns on her hands and face.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)

1,684

The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.

This law is the basis of temperature.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Second law of thermodynamics

1,160

With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.

To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon footprint

2,607

Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing - produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas.

One liter of gasoline, when used as a fuel, produces 2.32 kg (about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters) of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,952

Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.

REFUTES

contradiction

Arctic Ocean

1,917

May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,658

Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide

2,928

Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

1,751

Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

One of his main points of criticism is that the vast majority of the abstracts referred to in the study do not mention anthropogenic climate change, and only 13 of the 928 abstracts explicitly endorse what Oreskes called the "consensus view".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Benny Peiser

287

Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.

Improved measurement and analysis techniques have reconciled this discrepancy: corrected buoy and satellite surface temperatures are slightly cooler and corrected satellite and radiosonde measurements of the tropical troposphere are slightly warmer.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

2,206

No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the contrary.

The severity of this cooling in Alan Robock's model suggests that the cumulative products of 100 of these firestorms could cool the global climate by approximately 1 °C (1.8 °F), largely eliminating the magnitude of anthropogenic global warming for the next roughly two or three years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Nuclear winter

349

Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.

The increase in global freshwater flow, based on data from 1994 to 2006, was about 18%.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Physical impacts of climate change

2,915

"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide is not a pollutant.

These dangerous pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Air pollution

1,212

(In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”

Carbon emissions have an "unpriced" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon tax

1,170

If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Storm surge

2,577

"Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse gases." (World Climate Report)

It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change