amandakonet/climate_fever_adopted · Datasets at Hugging Face

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102	Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.	The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
791	‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.	Coal pollution mitigation, often called clean coal, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate the pollution and other environmental effects normally associated with the burning (though not the mining or processing) of coal, which is widely regarded as the dirtiest of the common fuels for industrial processes and power generation.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Coal pollution mitigation
3,064	No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.	This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.	REFUTES	contradiction	Sea level rise
952	The Alaskan tundra is warming so quickly it has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide ahead of schedule, a new study finds	Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which is a major contributor to global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Fossil fuel power station
2,048	CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.	The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,821	The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.	"Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Stephen Harper
2,949	There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).	The space-based TSI record comprises measurements from more than ten radiometers spanning three solar cycles.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Solar irradiance
1,826	Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.	There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.	SUPPORTS	entailment	China
739	The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.	Variations in temperature can also induce a change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Common octopus
1,075	“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.	If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
1,753	Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.	"Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming".	REFUTES	contradiction	El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1,357	“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.	Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Falsifiability
616	The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times	Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Cryosphere
98	Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.	This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Venus
1,256	‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’	(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)	REFUTES	contradiction	Ice age
1,882	Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.	The FIT allowed small businesses and homeowners to supply electricity into the municipal power grid and paid a premium for the clean, on-site generated solar electricity.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Gainesville, Florida
91	They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records	The Simpson's sets a record by staying relevant".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	The Simpsons
189	The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas	Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
211	For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.	US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,298	(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.	With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Florida
3,051	Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.	While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,560	In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone."	During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age
1,580	Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.	These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Stoma
1,416	In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.	Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
3,070	So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.	John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a “clear threat” to working people’s living standards, while the Liberal Democrats said that the “savage cuts” would make millions of households poorer.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Poverty in the United Kingdom
832	Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’	"A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Larsen Ice Shelf
1,492	Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.	This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
2,243	The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.	The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse effect
2,668	Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.	Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hurricane Sandy
1,503	climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.	The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
3,051	Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.	Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change (general concept)
1,480	I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.	The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.	REFUTES	contradiction	Paris Agreement
65	A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.	The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Windmill
818	“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.	There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide
2,000	There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.	Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Republican Party (United States)
2,011	U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing	So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.	REFUTES	contradiction	Paris Agreement
2,520	According to the second law of thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."	Then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the whole undergoes changes and eventually reaches a new and final equilibrium with the surroundings.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Thermodynamic equilibrium
1,851	Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.	Wind power is a sustainable and renewable energy, and has a much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Wind power
2,444	There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).	These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate system
248	But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.	The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,020	“The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species.	The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Extinction risk from global warming
1,181	However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.	He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine bar when the waves broke and lost much of their energy.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Barrier island
2,136	Renewables can't provide baseload power	This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.	REFUTES	contradiction	Power station
3,124	the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle	Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Great Barrier Reef
1,558	2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.	The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Second law of thermodynamics
366	Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.	The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cold War
2,650	The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.	The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climatic Research Unit documents
2,890	Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.	It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ocean
254	it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]	During the 1990s, the tobacco campaign died away, and TASSC began taking funding from oil companies including Exxon.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change denial
74	The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].	Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,066	[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.	Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
990	many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough	The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Beach nourishment
1,235	“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.	During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Ice age
461	Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.	September 16, 1972.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Temperatures Rising
2,827	However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.	The eruption had a noticeable impact on growth conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, which were the worst of the last 600 years, with summers being on average 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) colder than the mean.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Huaynaputina
2,208	Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.	"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
2,243	The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.	Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse gas
817	Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.	Meanwhile, deep ocean temperatures were as much as 15 to 20 °C (27 to 36 °F) warmer than today's.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cretaceous
2,840	Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.	"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Arctic
1,896	Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.	To further reduce U.S. carbon dioxide emissions by 7%, as stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol, would require the planting of "an area the size of Texas [8% of the area of Brazil] every 30 years".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon sink
2,970	"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.	Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Natural gas
2,153	Water levels correlate with sunspots	Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Solar phenomena
2,260	The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.	As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide
502	But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”	Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Santa Ana winds
948	In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.	Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
828	Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.	Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,649	Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.	For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Urban heat island
1,970	The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.	On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon tax
1,386	“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.	Some earlier studies had produced estimates of between 33,000 and 888,000 bat deaths per year.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Environmental impact of wind power
1,533	The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.	Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
77	[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.	Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Star
2,288	While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.	Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Cosmic ray
1,878	During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.	On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Tony Abbott
807	the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.	Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Effects of global warming
1,798	A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.	An example of this is the melting of ice sheets, which contributes to sea level rise.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Effects of global warming
2,308	"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are "indicative of what could also happen in the future," as Narisma	Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Drought
1,529	Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).	Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
2,895	The latest measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a satellite passes overhead.	Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal "tidal" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Gravimeter
710	With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago	For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
1,239	Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.	Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early civilizations (the development of urban development, complex society, social stratification and writing) from about 5,000 years ago (the Bronze Age), first beginning in Mesopotamia.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Human
1,875	Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C	Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
365	The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.	These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	National security
1,069	“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.	This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
2,248	Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.	Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate sensitivity
562	current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two	Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,235	“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.	During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Ice age
1,223	Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows	Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.	SUPPORTS	entailment	2013 in science
3,099	"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.	This section of the report, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, assessed current scientific knowledge of "the natural and human drivers of climate change" as well as observed changes in climate.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
859	By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.	There are frequent summer droughts in this region.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Europe
2,206	No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the contrary.	Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age
2,841	The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.	Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Antarctica
2,611	The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.	Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Petroleum
1,529	Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).	Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,822	Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.	Hippocrates and Medical Education: Selected Papers Presented at the XIIth International Hippocrates Colloquium, Universiteit Leiden, 24-26 August 2005.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	February 8
268	Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.	Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming controversy
79	The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC	Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,138	Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.	The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2014–16 El Niño event
2,104	Greenland ice sheet won't collapse	On balance, the IPCC estimates −44 ± 53 Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenland ice sheet
1,499	Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.	Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
538	Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.	According to a study published in 2016, about 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change in the Arctic

102

Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

791

‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.

Coal pollution mitigation, often called clean coal, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate the pollution and other environmental effects normally associated with the burning (though not the mining or processing) of coal, which is widely regarded as the dirtiest of the common fuels for industrial processes and power generation.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Coal pollution mitigation

3,064

No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

REFUTES

contradiction

Sea level rise

952

The Alaskan tundra is warming so quickly it has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide ahead of schedule, a new study finds

Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which is a major contributor to global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Fossil fuel power station

2,048

CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,821

The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.

"Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Stephen Harper

2,949

There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

The space-based TSI record comprises measurements from more than ten radiometers spanning three solar cycles.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Solar irradiance

1,826

Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.

SUPPORTS

entailment

China

739

The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

Variations in temperature can also induce a change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Common octopus

1,075

“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.

If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

1,753

Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

"Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming".

REFUTES

contradiction

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

1,357

“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Falsifiability

616

The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times

Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Cryosphere

98

Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Venus

1,256

‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’

(Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)

REFUTES

contradiction

Ice age

1,882

Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

The FIT allowed small businesses and homeowners to supply electricity into the municipal power grid and paid a premium for the clean, on-site generated solar electricity.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Gainesville, Florida

91

They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records

The Simpson's sets a record by staying relevant".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

The Simpsons

189

The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas

Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

211

For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,298

(2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.

With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Florida

3,051

Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,560

In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone."

During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

1,580

Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.

These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Stoma

1,416

In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.

Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

3,070

So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.

John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a “clear threat” to working people’s living standards, while the Liberal Democrats said that the “savage cuts” would make millions of households poorer.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Poverty in the United Kingdom

832

Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’

"A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Larsen Ice Shelf

1,492

Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

2,243

The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse effect

2,668

Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hurricane Sandy

1,503

climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

3,051

Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.

Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change (general concept)

1,480

I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.

REFUTES

contradiction

Paris Agreement

65

A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Windmill

818

“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide

2,000

There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.

Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Republican Party (United States)

2,011

U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.

REFUTES

contradiction

Paris Agreement

2,520

According to the second law of thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

Then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the whole undergoes changes and eventually reaches a new and final equilibrium with the surroundings.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Thermodynamic equilibrium

1,851

Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.

Wind power is a sustainable and renewable energy, and has a much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Wind power

2,444

There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).

These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate system

248

But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,020

“The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species.

The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Extinction risk from global warming

1,181

However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.

He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine bar when the waves broke and lost much of their energy.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Barrier island

2,136

Renewables can't provide baseload power

This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.

REFUTES

contradiction

Power station

3,124

the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle

Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Great Barrier Reef

1,558

2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Second law of thermodynamics

366

Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cold War

2,650

The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climatic Research Unit documents

2,890

Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.

It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ocean

254

it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

During the 1990s, the tobacco campaign died away, and TASSC began taking funding from oil companies including Exxon.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change denial

74

The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,066

[…] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

990

many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough

The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Beach nourishment

1,235

“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.

During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Ice age

461

Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.

September 16, 1972.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Temperatures Rising

2,827

However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.

The eruption had a noticeable impact on growth conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, which were the worst of the last 600 years, with summers being on average 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) colder than the mean.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Huaynaputina

2,208

Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

2,243

The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.

Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse gas

817

Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.

Meanwhile, deep ocean temperatures were as much as 15 to 20 °C (27 to 36 °F) warmer than today's.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cretaceous

2,840

Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.

"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Arctic

1,896

Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.

To further reduce U.S. carbon dioxide emissions by 7%, as stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol, would require the planting of "an area the size of Texas [8% of the area of Brazil] every 30 years".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon sink

2,970

"Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.

Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Natural gas

2,153

Water levels correlate with sunspots

Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Solar phenomena

2,260

The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide

502

But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”

Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Santa Ana winds

948

In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

828

Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.

Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,649

Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.

For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Urban heat island

1,970

The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon tax

1,386

“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

Some earlier studies had produced estimates of between 33,000 and 888,000 bat deaths per year.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Environmental impact of wind power

1,533

The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.

Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

77

[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.

Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Star

2,288

While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Cosmic ray

1,878

During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.

On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Tony Abbott

807

the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Effects of global warming

1,798

A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.

An example of this is the melting of ice sheets, which contributes to sea level rise.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Effects of global warming

2,308

"The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are "indicative of what could also happen in the future," as Narisma

Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Drought

1,529

Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

2,895

The latest measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a satellite passes overhead.

Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal "tidal" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Gravimeter

710

With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago

For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

1,239

Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early civilizations (the development of urban development, complex society, social stratification and writing) from about 5,000 years ago (the Bronze Age), first beginning in Mesopotamia.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Human

1,875

Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

365

The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.

These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

National security

1,069

“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.

This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

2,248

Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.

Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate sensitivity

562

current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,235

“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.

During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Ice age

1,223

Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows

Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.

SUPPORTS

entailment

2013 in science

3,099

"The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.

This section of the report, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, assessed current scientific knowledge of "the natural and human drivers of climate change" as well as observed changes in climate.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

859

By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.

There are frequent summer droughts in this region.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Europe

2,206

No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the contrary.

Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

2,841

The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Antarctica

2,611

The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.

Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Petroleum

1,529

Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,822

Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.

Hippocrates and Medical Education: Selected Papers Presented at the XIIth International Hippocrates Colloquium, Universiteit Leiden, 24-26 August 2005.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

February 8

268

Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.

Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming controversy

79

The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC

Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,138

Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.

The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2014–16 El Niño event

2,104

Greenland ice sheet won't collapse

On balance, the IPCC estimates −44 ± 53 Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenland ice sheet

1,499

Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

538

Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.

According to a study published in 2016, about 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change in the Arctic