amandakonet/climate_fever_adopted · Datasets at Hugging Face

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1,448	The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.	In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Environmental impact of aviation
1,654	Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.	He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change denial
3,121	"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.	Predictive utility of an objective measure of situation awareness.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Situation awareness
3,134	Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.	Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,441	195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.	On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2,809	The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.	Significant movement of heat, matter, or momentum on time scales of less than a day are caused by turbulent motions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Meteorology
2,347	In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.	Between 2003 and 2013, the donor-advised funds Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund, combined, were the largest funders, accounting for about one quarter of the total funds, and the American Enterprise Institute was the largest recipient, 16% of the total funds.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change denial
2,468	"Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly.	Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
740	“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.	The major influence on δ18O is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the δ18O value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Paleothermometer
1,510	Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.	The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change feedback
452	“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.	Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.	REFUTES	contradiction	Attribution of recent climate change
99	Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.	United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change denial
1,421	The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas	On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Thaumasia quadrangle
856	as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.	The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Eocene
1,663	Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.	These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenland ice sheet
539	We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.	The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Planetary boundaries
648	‘there will not be enough nitrogen available to sustain the high carbon uptake scenarios.’	However, because the ratio of soil organic carbon to nitrogen is mediated by soil biology such that it maintains a narrow range, a doubling of soil organic carbon is likely to imply a doubling in the storage of nitrogen in soils as organic nitrogen, thus providing higher available nutrient levels for plants, supporting higher yield potential.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change and agriculture
1,490	the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.	Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide
2,193	In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.	In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Solar activity and climate
2,189	This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.	Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,745	Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.	There were a small number of weather stations in the 1850s, and the number didn't reach the current 3000+ until the 1951 to 1990 period The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) acknowledged that the urban heat island is an important local effect, but cited analyses of historical data indicating that the effect of the urban heat island on the global temperature trend is no more than 0.05 °C (0.09 °F) degrees through 1990.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
2,374	Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.	The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate system
1,675	The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.	The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global cooling
93	unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed	According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Australia
2,963	When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.	Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse gas
1,963	Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.	A typical bituminous coal may have an ultimate analysis on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Coal
995	“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.	This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Jet stream
386	Renewables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.	damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Wind turbine
1,253	“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.	Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
412	From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.	These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Eocene
3,104	the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.	Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Atmosphere of Earth
256	One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.	The period was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Medieval Warm Period
168	As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.	This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Attribution of recent climate change
434	It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.	By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,645	Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.	estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.	REFUTES	contradiction	Solar activity and climate
1,240	“Ice-free means the central basin of the Arctic will be ice-free	The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic Ocean
926	The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”	The warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
428	Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.	Satellite measurements by NASA indicate a still increasing sheet thickness above the continent, outweighing the losses at the edge.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctic ice sheet
3,074	Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C" (Pat Michaels)	In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC said that climate sensitivity is "likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5 °C with a best estimate of about 3 °C".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming controversy
98	Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.	The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Venus
263	it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.	Archives of climate proxies were developed: in 1993 Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones composited historical records, tree-rings and ice cores for the Northern Hemisphere from 1400 up to the 1970s to produce a decadal reconstruction.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hockey stick graph
948	In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.	Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: "deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
871	“As it happens, Zika may also be a good model of the second worrying effect — disease mutation.	In addition, research was needed to determine the mechanism by which Zika produced these effects.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Zika fever
1,120	The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.	Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing cryosphere to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Extreme weather
2,295	As a result, "The warmest year on US record is now 1934.	This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2000s (decade)
1,014	Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.	Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).	REFUTES	contradiction	Sea level rise
1,157	“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.	Despite the recession, it was still at 2.79% in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73% in 2013, according to provisional data, and should remain at a similar level in 2014.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Economy of the United States
705	policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered	GCMs and global climate models are used for weather forecasting, understanding the climate, and forecasting climate change.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	General circulation model
1,247	People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.	"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Arctic sea ice decline
1,431	Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.	Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,295	As a result, "The warmest year on US record is now 1934.	The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate change in the United States
1,211	“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.	A positive externality (also called "external benefit" or "external economy" or "beneficial externality") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Externality
634	But there is also good data showing sea levels	Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,409	Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.	Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide
2,568	"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.	Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2,733	A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.	Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change feedback
161	Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.	This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
665	many scientists were surprised when other researchers subsequently found that ringed and bearded seals (the primary prey of polar bears) north of the Bering Strait especially thrived with a longer open-water season, which is particularly conducive to fishing	The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Polar bear
392	a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming	"U.N. Report: Global Warming Man-Made, Basically Unstoppable".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
938	We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.	Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming in Antarctica
625	I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.	Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
1,606	Renewable energy investment kills jobs.	Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.	REFUTES	contradiction	Green-collar worker
2,787	Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.	Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate sensitivity
2,401	Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'	Her work in this field has been questioned.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mother goddess
1,507	Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.	Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global cooling
2,150	Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it	Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change adaptation
398	nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.	High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Earth
14	The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded	A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Great Barrier Reef
1,171	If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.	Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
1,837	A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."	He and Democratic senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	John McCain
76	Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.	Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
555	In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.	As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Kodiak bear
2,229	but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.	If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
129	Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.	The study also concluded that the Paris climate agreement emissions scenario, if met, would result in a median 52 cm (20 in) of sea level rise by 2100.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
477	Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions	Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Avoided Deforestation Partners
728	The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”	The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,178	“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.	A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.	REFUTES	contradiction	Tuvalu
1,312	A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”	The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	St. Louis
1,034	Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —	{\displaystyle Y(\omega )={\begin{cases}1,&{\text{if }}\omega ={\text{heads}},\\[6pt]0,&{\text{if }}\omega ={\text{tails}}.\end{cases}}} If the coin is a fair coin, Y has a probability mass function f Y {\displaystyle f_{Y}} given by: f Y ( y ) = { 1 2 , if y = 1 , 1 2 , if y = 0 , {\displaystyle f_{Y}(y)={\begin{cases}{\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\text{if }}y=1,\\[6pt]{\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\text{if }}y=0,\end{cases}}} A random variable can also be used to describe the process of rolling dice and the possible outcomes.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Random variable
258	But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.	In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Ice age
137	Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture	Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known by its opponents as factory farming, is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Intensive animal farming
2,666	Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.	Snow science often leads to predictive models that include snow deposition, snow melt, and snow hydrology—elements of the Earth's water cycle—which help describe global climate change.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Snow
1,144	It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.	The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.	REFUTES	contradiction	Antarctica
1,901	If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped	Waterplace Park is an urban park situated along the Woonasquatucket River in downtown Providence, Rhode Island.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Waterplace Park
386	Renewables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.	Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Wind turbine
1,334	We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”	As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide
620	Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.	For example, based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and results from the United Kingdom Hadley Centre's climate model (HadCM2), a model that accounts for both greenhouse gases and aerosols, by 2100 temperatures in Idaho could increase by 5 °F (2.8 °C) (with a range of 2-9 °F) in winter and summer and 4 °F (2.2 °C) (with a range of 2-7 °F) in spring and fall.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change in the United States
2,751	The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is "too hard" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,	The development and scaling-up of clean technology, such as cement that produces less CO2, is critical to achieve sufficient emission reductions for the Paris agreement goals.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,665	The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.	Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change and agriculture
1,360	In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”	Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a −0.008%/decade downward trend.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Solar cycle
3,005	About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase" (Loehle and Scafetta)	This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Holocene
1,181	However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.	Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for "unborn") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Coral reef
1,387	[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”	Wouldn't you think it makes sense to make sure we're as robust and wealthy as possible?	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
378	for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.	Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Earth
2,729	89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.	Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Solar energy
148	Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.	In the current climate, clouds exert a cooling effect on climate (the global mean CRF is negative).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cloud feedback
2,623	(2009) have demonstrated recently – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably drier than the models are tuned to expect."	At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this height, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea surface temperature
3,093	Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level	Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Microwave oven
3,110	In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'	Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,384	A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now	Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming

1,448

The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Environmental impact of aviation

1,654

Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change denial

3,121

"Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

Predictive utility of an objective measure of situation awareness.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Situation awareness

3,134

Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,441

195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.

On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

2,809

The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.

Significant movement of heat, matter, or momentum on time scales of less than a day are caused by turbulent motions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Meteorology

2,347

In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.

Between 2003 and 2013, the donor-advised funds Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund, combined, were the largest funders, accounting for about one quarter of the total funds, and the American Enterprise Institute was the largest recipient, 16% of the total funds.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change denial

2,468

"Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly.

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

740

“To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.

The major influence on δ18O is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the δ18O value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Paleothermometer

1,510

Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change feedback

452

“So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.

REFUTES

contradiction

Attribution of recent climate change

99

Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.

United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change denial

1,421

The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas

On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Thaumasia quadrangle

856

as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.

The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Eocene

1,663

Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenland ice sheet

539

We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.

The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Planetary boundaries

648

‘there will not be enough nitrogen available to sustain the high carbon uptake scenarios.’

However, because the ratio of soil organic carbon to nitrogen is mediated by soil biology such that it maintains a narrow range, a doubling of soil organic carbon is likely to imply a doubling in the storage of nitrogen in soils as organic nitrogen, thus providing higher available nutrient levels for plants, supporting higher yield potential.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change and agriculture

1,490

the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.

Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

2,193

In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Solar activity and climate

2,189

This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.

Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,745

Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.

There were a small number of weather stations in the 1850s, and the number didn't reach the current 3000+ until the 1951 to 1990 period The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) acknowledged that the urban heat island is an important local effect, but cited analyses of historical data indicating that the effect of the urban heat island on the global temperature trend is no more than 0.05 °C (0.09 °F) degrees through 1990.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

2,374

Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate system

1,675

The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.

The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global cooling

93

unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed

According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Australia

2,963

When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.

Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse gas

1,963

Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

A typical bituminous coal may have an ultimate analysis on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Coal

995

“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.

This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Jet stream

386

Renewables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.

damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Wind turbine

1,253

“The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

412

From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.

These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Eocene

3,104

the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Atmosphere of Earth

256

One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

The period was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Medieval Warm Period

168

As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Attribution of recent climate change

434

It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,645

Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.

REFUTES

contradiction

Solar activity and climate

1,240

“Ice-free means the central basin of the Arctic will be ice-free

The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic Ocean

926

The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

The warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

428

Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

Satellite measurements by NASA indicate a still increasing sheet thickness above the continent, outweighing the losses at the edge.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctic ice sheet

3,074

Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C" (Pat Michaels)

In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC said that climate sensitivity is "likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5 °C with a best estimate of about 3 °C".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming controversy

98

Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Venus

263

it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.

Archives of climate proxies were developed: in 1993 Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones composited historical records, tree-rings and ice cores for the Northern Hemisphere from 1400 up to the 1970s to produce a decadal reconstruction.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hockey stick graph

948

In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.

Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: "deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

871

“As it happens, Zika may also be a good model of the second worrying effect — disease mutation.

In addition, research was needed to determine the mechanism by which Zika produced these effects.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Zika fever

1,120

The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing cryosphere to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Extreme weather

2,295

As a result, "The warmest year on US record is now 1934.

This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2000s (decade)

1,014

Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.

Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

REFUTES

contradiction

Sea level rise

1,157

“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.

Despite the recession, it was still at 2.79% in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73% in 2013, according to provisional data, and should remain at a similar level in 2014.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Economy of the United States

705

policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

GCMs and global climate models are used for weather forecasting, understanding the climate, and forecasting climate change.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

General circulation model

1,247

People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Arctic sea ice decline

1,431

Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,295

As a result, "The warmest year on US record is now 1934.

The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate change in the United States

1,211

“climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.

A positive externality (also called "external benefit" or "external economy" or "beneficial externality") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Externality

634

But there is also good data showing sea levels

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,409

Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide

2,568

"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.

Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2,733

A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.

Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change feedback

161

Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.

This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

665

many scientists were surprised when other researchers subsequently found that ringed and bearded seals (the primary prey of polar bears) north of the Bering Strait especially thrived with a longer open-water season, which is particularly conducive to fishing

The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Polar bear

392

a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming

"U.N. Report: Global Warming Man-Made, Basically Unstoppable".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

938

We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.

Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming in Antarctica

625

I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

1,606

Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.

REFUTES

contradiction

Green-collar worker

2,787

Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate sensitivity

2,401

Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'

Her work in this field has been questioned.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mother goddess

1,507

Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global cooling

2,150

Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it

Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change adaptation

398

nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.

High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Earth

14

The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Great Barrier Reef

1,171

If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.

Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

1,837

A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

He and Democratic senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

John McCain

76

Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.

Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

555

In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Kodiak bear

2,229

but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.

If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

129

Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.

The study also concluded that the Paris climate agreement emissions scenario, if met, would result in a median 52 cm (20 in) of sea level rise by 2100.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

477

Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions

Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Avoided Deforestation Partners

728

The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,178

“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.

A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.

REFUTES

contradiction

Tuvalu

1,312

A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

St. Louis

1,034

Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —

{\displaystyle Y(\omega )={\begin{cases}1,&{\text{if }}\omega ={\text{heads}},\\[6pt]0,&{\text{if }}\omega ={\text{tails}}.\end{cases}}} If the coin is a fair coin, Y has a probability mass function f Y {\displaystyle f_{Y}} given by: f Y ( y ) = { 1 2 , if y = 1 , 1 2 , if y = 0 , {\displaystyle f_{Y}(y)={\begin{cases}{\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\text{if }}y=1,\\[6pt]{\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\text{if }}y=0,\end{cases}}} A random variable can also be used to describe the process of rolling dice and the possible outcomes.

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neutral

Random variable

258

But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Ice age

137

Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known by its opponents as factory farming, is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs.

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neutral

Intensive animal farming

2,666

Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.

Snow science often leads to predictive models that include snow deposition, snow melt, and snow hydrology—elements of the Earth's water cycle—which help describe global climate change.

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neutral

Snow

1,144

It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.

The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.

REFUTES

contradiction

Antarctica

1,901

If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Waterplace Park is an urban park situated along the Woonasquatucket River in downtown Providence, Rhode Island.

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neutral

Waterplace Park

386

Renewables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.

Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.

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neutral

Wind turbine

1,334

We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide

620

Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.

For example, based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and results from the United Kingdom Hadley Centre's climate model (HadCM2), a model that accounts for both greenhouse gases and aerosols, by 2100 temperatures in Idaho could increase by 5 °F (2.8 °C) (with a range of 2-9 °F) in winter and summer and 4 °F (2.2 °C) (with a range of 2-7 °F) in spring and fall.

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neutral

Climate change in the United States

2,751

The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is "too hard" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,

The development and scaling-up of clean technology, such as cement that produces less CO2, is critical to achieve sufficient emission reductions for the Paris agreement goals.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,665

The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change and agriculture

1,360

In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”

Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a −0.008%/decade downward trend.

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neutral

Solar cycle

3,005

About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase" (Loehle and Scafetta)

This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.

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neutral

Holocene

1,181

However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.

Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for "unborn") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.

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neutral

Coral reef

1,387

[…] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

Wouldn't you think it makes sense to make sure we're as robust and wealthy as possible?

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neutral

Global warming controversy

378

for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.

Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Earth

2,729

89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.

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neutral

Solar energy

148

Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.

In the current climate, clouds exert a cooling effect on climate (the global mean CRF is negative).

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neutral

Cloud feedback

2,623

(2009) have demonstrated recently – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably drier than the models are tuned to expect."

At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this height, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection.

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neutral

Sea surface temperature

3,093

Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level

Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Microwave oven

3,110

In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.

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neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,384

A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now

Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.

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neutral

Global warming