amandakonet/climate_fever_adopted · Datasets at Hugging Face

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3,127	"Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of physics and properly physical modeling techniques...	"Modelers" (also called "model-builders") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of mathematical modeling to physics problems.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Theoretical physics
2,688	Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.	"Evidence for methane escape and strong seasonal and dynamical perturbations of Neptune's atmospheric temperatures".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Neptune
1,799	Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.	Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.	REFUTES	contradiction	Satellite television
113	The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.	Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
1,935	No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.	Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	California
1,508	global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.	An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
1,734	Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.	They described a business-as-usual scenario, which has greenhouse gases growing at approximately 2% per year; and an alternate scenario, in which greenhouse gases concentrations decline.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	James Hansen
1,308	Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s	The last report was published in 2019.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Great Barrier Reef
74	The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].	Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming controversy
2,041	There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.	Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hydrology
502	But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”	A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
2,431	Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.	La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.	SUPPORTS	entailment	La Niña
1,293	Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.	The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,055	They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”	A 2005 study concludes human activity is the cause of the temperature rise and resultant changing species behaviour, and links these effects with the predictions of climate models to provide validation for them.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change and ecosystems
365	The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.	A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale which crosses international boundaries, usually affecting a large number of people.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Pandemic
1,796	Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.	This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Natural environment
95	[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.	"Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Hurricane Harvey
2,907	Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.	As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea ice
1,782	Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.	The Maldives consists of 1,192 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26 atolls, along the north-south direction, spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making this one of the world's most dispersed countries.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Maldives
2,152	Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect	The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.	REFUTES	contradiction	Greenhouse effect
1,065	However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.	The summer of 1976 or 2019, for example, experienced temperatures as high as 35 °C (95 °F), and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate of the United Kingdom
100	'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.	His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,564	This small warming is likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations.	Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
1,850	Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.	The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between €3-4.5 billion annually, with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon tax
342	While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story	This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,011	The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”	There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
3,059	Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.	Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,539	Climate change is due to cosmic rays.	"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Henrik Svensmark
1,570	Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.	The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
897	The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”	Water pollution is a major problem in many developing countries.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Developing country
1,146	“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.	During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Eocene
67	Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]	Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
614	The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.	Mediterranean Climates, opposite to the humid subtropical and monsoonal climates, have a dry summer, with rainfall in the winter and cooler months.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Temperate climate
1,579	A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.	Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
3,074	Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C" (Pat Michaels)	Surface air warming in the 21st century: Best estimate for a "low scenario" is 1.8 °C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9 °C (3.2 °F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2 °F) Best estimate for a "high scenario" is 4.0 °C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4 °C (7.2 °F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5 °F) A temperature rise of about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected for the next two decades, even if greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations were kept at year 2000 levels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
956	Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”	Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide
2,420	The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.	Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Little Ice Age
1,985	The North Pole is melting "a bit" but the South Pole is getting bigger.	The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	North Pole
2,463	Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.	Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Volcano
3,056	"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...	"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".	REFUTES	contradiction	Cosmic ray
534	Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state	"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Runaway greenhouse effect
302	In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial	These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change mitigation
1,654	Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.	Russia has an upper-middle income mixed economy with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Russia
896	According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.	Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial pneumonia were the most common ailments treated by area hospitals.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Particulates
646	If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.	A consensus was emerging that parties to an international agreement would introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that scientists predicted would limit environmental harm to tolerable levels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Peak oil
2,920	"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit.	The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,678	No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.	Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,600	"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!	Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,618	We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.	The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	20th century
1,547	Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.	The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse gas
2,127	Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project	Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Art Robinson
2,410	"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.	There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change denial
637	By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers	"Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mediterranean Sea
2,574	On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.	"From despair to repair: Dramatic decline of Caribbean corals can be reversed".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Coral reef
2,979	Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36–72 percent of the greenhouse effect.	From 1859 onwards, he showed that the effect was due to a very small proportion of the atmosphere, with the main gases having no effect, and was largely due to water vapour, though small percentages of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide had a significant effect.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse effect
1,685	Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.	Lorenz's discovery, which gave its name to Lorenz attractors, showed that even detailed atmospheric modelling cannot, in general, make precise long-term weather predictions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Chaos theory
1,098	Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”	Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.	REFUTES	contradiction	Sea
2,523	This is called the "atmospheric greenhouse effect", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.	The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse effect
2,607	Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing - produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas.	The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
2,720	The result did suggest the sea level was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in the level near the Alaskan coast.	Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
2,935	Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".	In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming controversy
1,525	Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.	A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that "amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming
101	Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
717	Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates	Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,867	Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.	Many creationists strongly oppose certain scientific theories in a number of ways, including opposition to specific applications of scientific processes, accusations of bias within the scientific community, and claims that discussions within the scientific community reveal or imply a crisis.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Creation–evolution controversy
3,062	This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.	"The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters (m) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
230	In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.	Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Antarctica
305	There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods	Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Effects of global warming
861	None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.	The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for livestock feed supplements) and 5% used for other products.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Florida
2,562	When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.	Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
1,721	Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.	For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
1,149	Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.	Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,084	[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.	The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse gas
455	Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.	The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age
1,747	An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.	The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether "the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climatic Research Unit email controversy
1,758	Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.	[citation needed] This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Lake Superior
1,143	Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.	In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
3,000	The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.	Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Kīlauea
1,204	Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.	Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
917	Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.	Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Ice sheet
591	But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.	Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,167	Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past.	Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.	REFUTES	contradiction	Atlantic hurricane
757	The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.	It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere.	REFUTES	contradiction	Wetland
2,042	Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.	Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
3,102	...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.	They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Lava
413	However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.	CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,494	There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.	The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Retreat of glaciers since 1850
554	The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.	"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Rain
952	The Alaskan tundra is warming so quickly it has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide ahead of schedule, a new study finds	The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Coal
2,819	More importantly, the OISM list only contains 39 scientists who specialise in climate science.	Crudely extrapolating, the petition supporters include a core of about 200 climate researchers – a respectable number, though rather a small fraction of the climatological community.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Oregon Petition
1,955	Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.	The Environmental Protection Agency has the power to issue regulations.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	United States Environmental Protection Agency
1,367	But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period	For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Eocene
1,912	Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.	The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Emissions trading
198	For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.	The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse
2,304	We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.	Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,499	Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.	The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
506	More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.	They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2,486	The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years."	The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,524	The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.	The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,654	Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.	According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Jim Inhofe

3,127

"Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of physics and properly physical modeling techniques...

"Modelers" (also called "model-builders") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of mathematical modeling to physics problems.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Theoretical physics

2,688

Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.

"Evidence for methane escape and strong seasonal and dynamical perturbations of Neptune's atmospheric temperatures".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Neptune

1,799

Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.

REFUTES

contradiction

Satellite television

113

The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.

Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

1,935

No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.

Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

California

1,508

global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.

An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

1,734

Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.

They described a business-as-usual scenario, which has greenhouse gases growing at approximately 2% per year; and an alternate scenario, in which greenhouse gases concentrations decline.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

James Hansen

1,308

Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s

The last report was published in 2019.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Great Barrier Reef

74

The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming controversy

2,041

There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hydrology

502

But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”

A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

2,431

Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

SUPPORTS

entailment

La Niña

1,293

Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,055

They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”

A 2005 study concludes human activity is the cause of the temperature rise and resultant changing species behaviour, and links these effects with the predictions of climate models to provide validation for them.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change and ecosystems

365

The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.

A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale which crosses international boundaries, usually affecting a large number of people.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Pandemic

1,796

Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Natural environment

95

[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.

"Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Hurricane Harvey

2,907

Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.

As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea ice

1,782

Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.

The Maldives consists of 1,192 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26 atolls, along the north-south direction, spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making this one of the world's most dispersed countries.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Maldives

2,152

Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect

The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.

REFUTES

contradiction

Greenhouse effect

1,065

However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

The summer of 1976 or 2019, for example, experienced temperatures as high as 35 °C (95 °F), and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate of the United Kingdom

100

'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,564

This small warming is likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations.

Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

1,850

Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between €3-4.5 billion annually, with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon tax

342

While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story

This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,011

The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

3,059

Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.

Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,539

Climate change is due to cosmic rays.

"Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Henrik Svensmark

1,570

Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

897

The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”

Water pollution is a major problem in many developing countries.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Developing country

1,146

“It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.

During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Eocene

67

Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

614

The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.

Mediterranean Climates, opposite to the humid subtropical and monsoonal climates, have a dry summer, with rainfall in the winter and cooler months.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Temperate climate

1,579

A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

3,074

Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C" (Pat Michaels)

Surface air warming in the 21st century: Best estimate for a "low scenario" is 1.8 °C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9 °C (3.2 °F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2 °F) Best estimate for a "high scenario" is 4.0 °C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4 °C (7.2 °F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5 °F) A temperature rise of about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected for the next two decades, even if greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations were kept at year 2000 levels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

956

Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

2,420

The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Little Ice Age

1,985

The North Pole is melting "a bit" but the South Pole is getting bigger.

The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

North Pole

2,463

Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Volcano

3,056

"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

"No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".

REFUTES

contradiction

Cosmic ray

534

Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state

"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Runaway greenhouse effect

302

In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial

These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change mitigation

1,654

Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

Russia has an upper-middle income mixed economy with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Russia

896

According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.

Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial pneumonia were the most common ailments treated by area hospitals.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Particulates

646

If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.

A consensus was emerging that parties to an international agreement would introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that scientists predicted would limit environmental harm to tolerable levels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Peak oil

2,920

"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit.

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,678

No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,600

"We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!

Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,618

We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

20th century

1,547

Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse gas

2,127

Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Art Robinson

2,410

"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change denial

637

By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

"Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mediterranean Sea

2,574

On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.

"From despair to repair: Dramatic decline of Caribbean corals can be reversed".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Coral reef

2,979

Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36–72 percent of the greenhouse effect.

From 1859 onwards, he showed that the effect was due to a very small proportion of the atmosphere, with the main gases having no effect, and was largely due to water vapour, though small percentages of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide had a significant effect.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse effect

1,685

Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Lorenz's discovery, which gave its name to Lorenz attractors, showed that even detailed atmospheric modelling cannot, in general, make precise long-term weather predictions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Chaos theory

1,098

Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”

Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.

REFUTES

contradiction

Sea

2,523

This is called the "atmospheric greenhouse effect", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse effect

2,607

Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing - produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas.

The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

2,720

The result did suggest the sea level was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in the level near the Alaskan coast.

Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

2,935

Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming controversy

1,525

Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.

A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that "amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming

101

Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

717

Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,867

Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.

Many creationists strongly oppose certain scientific theories in a number of ways, including opposition to specific applications of scientific processes, accusations of bias within the scientific community, and claims that discussions within the scientific community reveal or imply a crisis.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Creation–evolution controversy

3,062

This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.

"The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters (m) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

230

In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Antarctica

305

There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods

Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Effects of global warming

861

None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for livestock feed supplements) and 5% used for other products.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Florida

2,562

When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.

Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

1,721

Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.

For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

1,149

Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.

Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,084

[Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.

The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse gas

455

Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

1,747

An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether "the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

1,758

Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.

[citation needed] This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Lake Superior

1,143

Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

3,000

The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Kīlauea

1,204

Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.

Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

917

Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.

Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Ice sheet

591

But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.

Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,167

Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past.

Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.

REFUTES

contradiction

Atlantic hurricane

757

The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.

It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere.

REFUTES

contradiction

Wetland

2,042

Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.

Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

3,102

...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Lava

413

However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.

CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,494

There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.

The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

554

The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Rain

952

The Alaskan tundra is warming so quickly it has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide ahead of schedule, a new study finds

The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Coal

2,819

More importantly, the OISM list only contains 39 scientists who specialise in climate science.

Crudely extrapolating, the petition supporters include a core of about 200 climate researchers – a respectable number, though rather a small fraction of the climatological community.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Oregon Petition

1,955

Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.

The Environmental Protection Agency has the power to issue regulations.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

United States Environmental Protection Agency

1,367

But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period

For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Eocene

1,912

Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.

The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Emissions trading

198

For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.

The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse

2,304

We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,499

Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

506

More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2,486

The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years."

The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,524

The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,654

Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Jim Inhofe