amandakonet/climate_fever_adopted · Datasets at Hugging Face

claim_id int64 0 3.13k	claim stringlengths 26 406	evidence stringlengths 13 1.4k	evidence_label stringclasses 3 values	label stringclasses 3 values	category stringlengths 2 71
752	[South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.	Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	South Australia
749	“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.	"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,404	receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit	The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Effects of global warming on human health
2,796	Had he used the currently accepted value of approximately 3°C warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO2, Hansen would have correctly projected the ensuing global warming.	The effect was more fully quantified by Svante Arrhenius in 1896, who made the first quantitative prediction of global warming due to a hypothetical doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse effect
331	But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.	The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global cooling
1,591	Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.	These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon sequestration
1,160	With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.	"CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
506	More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.	"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,984	The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.	97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,881	Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.	Firm capacity is the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Variable renewable energy
3,068	for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average	It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	California
2,414	Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.	Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,755	Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.	"Climate Change and Financial Instability Seen as Top Global Threats".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,586	Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.	The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall.	REFUTES	contradiction	Ice sheet
1,793	While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.	The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.	REFUTES	contradiction	Little Ice Age
562	current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two	"Long-term persistence enhances uncertainty about anthropogenic warming of Antarctica".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
1,087	The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year	The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Eocene
2,263	They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.	A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming
2,319	While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.	For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Urbanization
2,709	When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.	Moreover, these environmental pollutions impacts on the human beings because its particles of the fossil fuel on the air cause negative health effects when inhaled by people.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Fossil fuel
2,409	Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.	These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change mitigation
2,500	Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'	In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,205	"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.	The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age
3,104	the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,103	IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests	"Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Tropical rainforest
1,938	Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.	The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.	REFUTES	contradiction	Clean Power Plan
990	many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough	The restoration was complicated by the presence of old seawalls, groins, piles of rocks and other structures.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Beach nourishment
1,968	The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.	The 2007 U.S. change conformed to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start- and end-dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Daylight saving time
2,394	(2005), where satellite altimetry established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the 11 years 1993-2003.”	This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).	REFUTES	contradiction	Sea level rise
2,935	Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".	In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
1,910	It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.	Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Solar panel
1,544	Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.	The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic ice pack
1,955	Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.	Four years later, in October 1976, Congress passed the Toxic Substances Control Act, which like FIFRA related to commercial products rather than pollution.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	United States Environmental Protection Agency
696	climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere	Globally, the troposphere (at the TLT altitude at which the MSU sounder measure) is predicted to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements
2,313	Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'	The three had agreed that the Admiralty warning of "submarine activity 20 miles (32 km) south of Coningbeg" effectively overrode other Admiralty advice to keep to 'mid channel', which was precisely where the submarine had been reported.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
1,619	Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.	During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	James Hansen
910	The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”	The hardest hit sectors in the worst recession years (2002–2003) were construction (−55.9%), petroleum (−26.5%), commerce (−23.6%) and manufacturing (−22.5%).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Economy of Venezuela
430	“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.	found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Antarctica
1,617	IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.	Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.	REFUTES	contradiction	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1,157	“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.	It grew 3.0% per year on average in the 1960s, 2.1% in the 1970s, 2.4% in the 1980s, 2.2% in the 1990s, 0.7% in the 2000s, and 0.9% from 2010 to 2017.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Economy of the United States
1,400	The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.	Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though "the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global cooling
2,694	The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.	The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climatic Research Unit email controversy
473	La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific	Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Pacific Ocean
2,230	[Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.	The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
2,093	Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant	An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Air pollution
2,574	On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.	In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Coral
2,243	The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.	The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1,375	the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago	The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E / 71.17250°N 25.79444°E / 71.17250; 25.79444.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Eemian
243	In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.	Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,389	If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”	However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	El Niño
2,103	IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests	IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Deforestation
978	The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.	Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
3,125	About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...	This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Holocene
578	‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’	The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
737	The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change	"Cryogenic cave calcite from several Central European caves: age, carbon and oxygen isotopes and a genetic model".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Speleothem
1,404	receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit	This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Effects of global warming on human health
559	And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.	The statement goes on to assert that "evidence is accumulating that wildlife and wildlife habitats have been and will continue to be significantly affected by ongoing large-scale rapid climate change."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
298	Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.	The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,579	A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.	Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
2,789	At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.	Hansen concluded that global warming would be evident within the next few decades, and that it would result in temperatures at least as high as during the Eemian.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	James Hansen
1,292	Any reasonable person can recognize both positives and negatives among the policy proposals of both Tories and Labour.	Both Cameron and Theresa May have aimed at helping families achieve a work-home balance and have previously proposed to offer all parents 12 months parental leave, to be shared by parents as they choose.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Conservative Party (UK)
1,691	Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.	Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
2,891	Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.	"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
2,556	For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.	The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global cooling
1,452	Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.	The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
366	Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.	It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Vietnam War
306	There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts	Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.	REFUTES	contradiction	Effects of global warming
2,896	But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.	Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Post-glacial rebound
1,783	Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.	Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Little Ice Age
1,932	Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change	Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,004	They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).	The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hillary Clinton
2,455	When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.	These anoxic periods occurred at a time of low global temperatures (although CO 2 levels were high), in the midst of a glaciation.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Anoxic event
775	Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.	Conservative think tanks since the 1990s have opposed the concept of man-made global warming; challenged scientific evidence; publicized what they perceived as beneficial aspects of global warming, and asserted that proposed remedies would do more harm than good.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Conservatism in the United States
692	“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.	For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate sensitivity
2,219	The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.	published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Hockey stick graph
2,799	satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).	From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
688	“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.	He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Wallace Smith Broecker
910	The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”	Improvements in existing plants reduced steel-industry energy consumption from 73.8 million tons of coal in 1978 to 69.1 million tons in 1983, and production increased by 26 percent.	REFUTES	contradiction	Technological and industrial history of China
1,180	“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.	Humans impact how much water is stored on land.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
554	The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.	The eyewall is where the greatest wind speeds are found, air rises most rapidly, clouds reach their highest altitude, and precipitation is the heaviest.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Tropical cyclone
2,208	Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.	The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Instrumental temperature record
978	The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.	In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming
2,735	It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).	In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
3,068	for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average	What the programme failed to do, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis has done from 2010 to 2011 in that tens of thousands of immigrants have left the country due to lack of jobs.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Spain
576	‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.	H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe, iii, 55–60.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	University of Oxford
1,553	2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.	Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cold wave
668	Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.	Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore tide gauges.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Remote sensing
1,304	in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.	During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the "negative processes" of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	The New York Times
2,766	The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.	In this report radiative forcing values are for changes relative to preindustrial conditions defined at 1750 and are expressed in Watts per square meter (W/m2)."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Radiative forcing
3,091	Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.	A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Communications satellite
3,007	There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.	There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age
86	There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.	Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate
2,460	That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."	During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).	REFUTES	contradiction	Tundra
1,294	“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.	Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Fertilizer
2,574	On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.	According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Coral reef
1,955	Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.	The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources which discharge to US waters.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	United States Environmental Protection Agency
2,745	Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.	Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
348	There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.	While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Atlantic hurricane
488	Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”	A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Habitat destruction
1,304	in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.	During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	The Washington Times

752

[South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.

Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

South Australia

749

“The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,404

receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Effects of global warming on human health

2,796

Had he used the currently accepted value of approximately 3°C warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO2, Hansen would have correctly projected the ensuing global warming.

The effect was more fully quantified by Svante Arrhenius in 1896, who made the first quantitative prediction of global warming due to a hypothetical doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse effect

331

But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.

The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global cooling

1,591

Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.

These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon sequestration

1,160

With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.

"CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

506

More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.

"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,984

The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,881

Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.

Firm capacity is the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Variable renewable energy

3,068

for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average

It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

California

2,414

Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,755

Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.

"Climate Change and Financial Instability Seen as Top Global Threats".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,586

Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.

The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall.

REFUTES

contradiction

Ice sheet

1,793

While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.

REFUTES

contradiction

Little Ice Age

562

current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

"Long-term persistence enhances uncertainty about anthropogenic warming of Antarctica".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

1,087

The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year

The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Eocene

2,263

They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.

A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming

2,319

While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Urbanization

2,709

When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.

Moreover, these environmental pollutions impacts on the human beings because its particles of the fossil fuel on the air cause negative health effects when inhaled by people.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Fossil fuel

2,409

Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.

These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change mitigation

2,500

Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,205

"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.

The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

3,104

the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,103

IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

"Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Tropical rainforest

1,938

Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.

The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.

REFUTES

contradiction

Clean Power Plan

990

many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough

The restoration was complicated by the presence of old seawalls, groins, piles of rocks and other structures.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Beach nourishment

1,968

The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

The 2007 U.S. change conformed to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start- and end-dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Daylight saving time

2,394

(2005), where satellite altimetry established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the 11 years 1993-2003.”

This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).

REFUTES

contradiction

Sea level rise

2,935

Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

1,910

It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.

Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Solar panel

1,544

Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic ice pack

1,955

Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.

Four years later, in October 1976, Congress passed the Toxic Substances Control Act, which like FIFRA related to commercial products rather than pollution.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

United States Environmental Protection Agency

696

climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere

Globally, the troposphere (at the TLT altitude at which the MSU sounder measure) is predicted to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements

2,313

Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

The three had agreed that the Admiralty warning of "submarine activity 20 miles (32 km) south of Coningbeg" effectively overrode other Admiralty advice to keep to 'mid channel', which was precisely where the submarine had been reported.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

1,619

Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.

During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

James Hansen

910

The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”

The hardest hit sectors in the worst recession years (2002–2003) were construction (−55.9%), petroleum (−26.5%), commerce (−23.6%) and manufacturing (−22.5%).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Economy of Venezuela

430

“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Antarctica

1,617

IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

REFUTES

contradiction

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1,157

“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.

It grew 3.0% per year on average in the 1960s, 2.1% in the 1970s, 2.4% in the 1980s, 2.2% in the 1990s, 0.7% in the 2000s, and 0.9% from 2010 to 2017.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Economy of the United States

1,400

The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.

Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though "the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global cooling

2,694

The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.

The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

473

La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific

Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Pacific Ocean

2,230

[Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.

The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

2,093

Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant

An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Air pollution

2,574

On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.

In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Coral

2,243

The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

1,375

the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E / 71.17250°N 25.79444°E / 71.17250; 25.79444.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Eemian

243

In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,389

If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”

However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

El Niño

2,103

IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Deforestation

978

The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

3,125

About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...

This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Holocene

578

‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

737

The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

"Cryogenic cave calcite from several Central European caves: age, carbon and oxygen isotopes and a genetic model".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Speleothem

1,404

receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Effects of global warming on human health

559

And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.

The statement goes on to assert that "evidence is accumulating that wildlife and wildlife habitats have been and will continue to be significantly affected by ongoing large-scale rapid climate change."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

298

Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.

The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,579

A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

2,789

At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.

Hansen concluded that global warming would be evident within the next few decades, and that it would result in temperatures at least as high as during the Eemian.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

James Hansen

1,292

Any reasonable person can recognize both positives and negatives among the policy proposals of both Tories and Labour.

Both Cameron and Theresa May have aimed at helping families achieve a work-home balance and have previously proposed to offer all parents 12 months parental leave, to be shared by parents as they choose.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Conservative Party (UK)

1,691

Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.

Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

2,891

Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

"A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

2,556

For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global cooling

1,452

Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.

The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves

366

Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Vietnam War

306

There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.

REFUTES

contradiction

Effects of global warming

2,896

But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.

Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Post-glacial rebound

1,783

Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Little Ice Age

1,932

Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,004

They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hillary Clinton

2,455

When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.

These anoxic periods occurred at a time of low global temperatures (although CO 2 levels were high), in the midst of a glaciation.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Anoxic event

775

Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.

Conservative think tanks since the 1990s have opposed the concept of man-made global warming; challenged scientific evidence; publicized what they perceived as beneficial aspects of global warming, and asserted that proposed remedies would do more harm than good.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Conservatism in the United States

692

“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate sensitivity

2,219

The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.

published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Hockey stick graph

2,799

satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

688

“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.

He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Wallace Smith Broecker

910

The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”

Improvements in existing plants reduced steel-industry energy consumption from 73.8 million tons of coal in 1978 to 69.1 million tons in 1983, and production increased by 26 percent.

REFUTES

contradiction

Technological and industrial history of China

1,180

“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.

Humans impact how much water is stored on land.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

554

The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

The eyewall is where the greatest wind speeds are found, air rises most rapidly, clouds reach their highest altitude, and precipitation is the heaviest.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Tropical cyclone

2,208

Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Instrumental temperature record

978

The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming

2,735

It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone

3,068

for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average

What the programme failed to do, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis has done from 2010 to 2011 in that tens of thousands of immigrants have left the country due to lack of jobs.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Spain

576

‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.

H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe, iii, 55–60.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

University of Oxford

1,553

2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cold wave

668

Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore tide gauges.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Remote sensing

1,304

in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.

During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the "negative processes" of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

The New York Times

2,766

The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

In this report radiative forcing values are for changes relative to preindustrial conditions defined at 1750 and are expressed in Watts per square meter (W/m2)."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Radiative forcing

3,091

Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Communications satellite

3,007

There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.

There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

86

There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.

Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate

2,460

That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).

REFUTES

contradiction

Tundra

1,294

“Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Fertilizer

2,574

On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.

According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Coral reef

1,955

Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources which discharge to US waters.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

United States Environmental Protection Agency

2,745

Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.

Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

348

There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.

While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Atlantic hurricane

488

Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Habitat destruction

1,304

in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.

During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory."

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The Washington Times