Datasets:

juanluisdb

/

triviaqa-bge-m3-logits

like 0

[ "Revolutions Per Minute. A vehicle’s engine speed is expressed in RPMs. It is the rate of speed at which the crankshaft is rotating and is displayed on the tachometer—a gauge usually found on a vehicle’s dashboard. Higher RPMs produce greater power and more wear; lower RPMs typically yield better fuel economy and less wear.", "A tachometer is an instrument that measures the rotational speed of the motor's crankshaft. The tachometer displays the revolutions per minute (RPM) on a calibrated analog dial or digital display.  The tachometer is one of the most important gauges providing important information such as, engine RPM, optimal shifting points, and maximum engine RPM known as the Red Line, not to be exceeded as serious engine damage could occur.", "Tachometers or revolution counters on cars, aircraft, and other vehicles show the rate of rotation of the engine's crankshaft, and typically have markings indicating a safe range of rotation speeds. This can assist the driver in selecting appropriate throttle and gear settings for the driving conditions. Prolonged use at high speeds may cause inadequate lubrication, overheating (exceeding capability of the cooling system), exceeding speed capability of sub-parts of the engine (for example spring retracted valves) thus causing excessive wear or permanent damage or failure of engines. This is more applicable to manual transmissions than to automatics. On analogue tachometers, speeds above maximum safe operating speed are typically indicated by an area of the gauge marked in red, giving rise to the expression of \"redlining\" an engine — revving the engine up to the maximum safe limit. The red zone is superfluous on most modern cars, since their engines typically have a revolution limiter which electronically limits engine speed to prevent damage. Diesel engines with traditional mechanical injector systems have an integral governor which prevents over-speeding the engine, so the tachometers in vehicles and machinery fitted with such engines sometimes lack a redline.", "The speedometer is the most recognizable of the gauges. It measures the speed the vehicle is traveling in both miles per hour (mph) and kilometers per hour (km/h). The speedometer reading is a reasonably accurate account of the speed the vehicle is operating at that precise moment. In modern automobiles, the speed is measured from an electronic sensor that transfers the wheel rotation rate directly to the speedometer, which displays the findings of that reading in mph or km/h on the dashboard. The driver must continually monitor the speedometer to ensure that they are operating near the speed limit.", "In older vehicles, the tachometer is driven by the RMS voltage waves from the low tension (LT) side of the ignition coil, while on others (and nearly all diesel engines, which have no ignition system) engine speed is determined by the frequency from the alternator tachometer output. This is from a special connection called an \"AC tap\" which is a connection to one of the stator's coil output, before the rectifier. Tachometers driven by a rotating cable from a drive unit fitted to the engine (usually on the camshaft) exist - usually on simple diesel-engined machinery with basic or no electrical systems. On recent EMS found on modern vehicles, the signal for the tachometer is usually generated from an ECU which derives the information from either the crankshaft or camshaft speed sensor.", "3.      When you look at the speedometer in a moving car, you can see the car's", "The speed of an engine, before the throttle is opened. and without a load applied. Idle speed is expressed in revolutions per minute or RPM and is specified by the vehicle manufacturer.", "The power of a mechanical engine is a function of both the engine's speed and its torque provided at the output shaft. Speed of an engine's output shaft is measured in revolutions per minute, or RPM. Torque is the amount of twisting force produced by the engine, and it is usually measured in pound-feet, or lb-ft (not to be confused with foot-pounds or ft-lbs, which is the unit for work). Neither speed nor torque alone is a measure of an engine's power.", "TACHYMETER: instrument for measuring speed over a measured distance. A racing car covers 1 mile in 30 seconds. The sweep second hand, when stopped at the end of the mile, would point to the 120 on the tachymeter. The average speed in 120mph.", "As the load on the engine changes, its rotational speed will also change. This is detected by the governor through a change in the engine speed feedback signal. The net effect is to adjust both the fuel rate and the load regulator position so that engine RPM and torque (and thus power output) will remain constant for any given throttle setting, regardless of actual road speed.", "An instrument that measures and indicates speed relative to the speed of sound , i.e., that indicates the Mach number . Also called Mach indicator.", "Revolutions per minute (abbreviated rpm, RPM, rev/min, r/min) is a measure of the frequency of rotation, specifically the number of rotations around a fixed axis in one minute. It is used as a measure of rotational speed of a mechanical component. In the French language, tr/mn () is the common abbreviation. The German language uses the abbreviation U/min or u/min ().", "A crankshaft—related to crank—is a mechanical part able to perform a conversion between reciprocating motion and rotational motion. In a reciprocating engine, it translates reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational motion; whereas in a reciprocating compressor, it converts the rotational motion into reciprocating motion. In order to do the conversion between two motions, the crankshaft has \"crank throws\" or \"crankpins\", additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the \"big ends\" of the connecting rods from each cylinder attach.", "Another object is to provide a numerical display corresponding to the particular engine RPM or speed that is producing the sound.", "Data representing the amount of power output desired by the driver (sometimes known as \"engine load\") is also used by the engine control unit in calculating the amount of fuel required. A throttle position sensor (TPS) provides this information. Other engine sensors used in EFI systems include a coolant temperature sensor, a camshaft or crankshaft position sensor (some systems get the position information from the distributor), and an oxygen sensor which is installed in the exhaust system so that it can be used to determine how well the fuel has been combusted, therefore allowing closed loop operation.", "Speedometers for other vehicles have specific names and use other means of sensing speed. For a boat, this is a pit log. For an aircraft, this is an airspeed indicator.", "The Chassis Dyno measures actual horsepower to the rear axle of the car. It's like a trailer that the car is placed on, the rear wheels placed on wheels on the dyno, then the car is run at speed on the dyno, calculating horsepower", "Car engines are built around a set of \"cooking pots\" called cylinders (usually anything from two to twelve of them, but typically four, six, or eight) inside which the fuel burns. The cylinders are made of super-strong metal and sealed shut, but at one end they open and close like bicycle pumps: they have tight-fitting pistons (plungers) that can slide up and down inside them. At the top of each cylinder, there are two valves (essentially \"gates\" letting things in or out that can be opened and closed very quickly). The inlet valve allows fuel and air to enter the cylinder from a carburetor or electronic fuel-injector; the outlet valve lets the exhaust gases escape. At the top of the cylinder, there is also a sparking plug (or spark plug), an electrically controlled device that makes a spark to set fire to the fuel. At the bottom of the cylinder, the piston is attached to a constantly turning axle called a crankshaft . The crankshaft powers the car's gearbox which, in turn, drives the wheels.", "show the crank position of the engine at the operating stages of the cylinder stroke cycle. The vertical scale in", "For  the  simplest  applications  in  sensing  shaft  speed,  either  of  the  phase outputs  can  be  fed  into  a  comparator,  Figure  9(a),  with  the  AC  signal fed  to  the  positive  input  and  the  DC  component  (because  of  the  low-pass filter)  to  the  negative  input.  This  circuit  is  applicable  only  to  rotational speeds  for  which  the  frequency  is  high  enough  to  allow  the  filter  to  be effective, and for response to zero frequency the circuit of Figure 9(b) is better, using a potentiometer to set the input level at the negative input of the  operational  amplifier  to  a  level  midway  between  the  signal  peaks.  A counter can be connected to the output of the comparator in either case.", "In 1977, Buick introduced the new \"split-pin crankshaft\" in the 231. Using a crankpin that is 'split' and offset by 30° of rotation resulted in smooth, even firing every 120°. However, in 1978 Chevrolet introduced a 90° 200/229 V6, which had a compromise 'semi-even firing' design using a crankpin that was offset by only 18°. This resulted in cylinders firing at 108° and 132°, which had the advantage of reducing vibrations to a more acceptable level and did not require strengthening the crankshaft. In 1985, Chevrolet's 4.3 (later the Vortec 4300) changed it to a true even-firing V6 with a 30° offset, requiring larger crank journals to make them adequately strong.", "An acronym meaning crankshaft-position sensor. The power control module monitors the position of the crankshaft, to help determine cylinder timing.", "When the engine goes through steps 1-4 once it is called a cycle (Fig. 1), and by repeating cycle after cycle the engine can use the energy gained from many small ignitions to move the vehicle. The movement of the actual vehicle is the result of transferring the cyclic movement of the piston into the rotary movement of the wheels. This distribution is facilitated through the use of a crankshaft, which is connected directly to the pistons. As the pistons go up and down, the crankshaft is forced to rotate. This rotation is then indirectly coupled to the wheels by the front and rear differentials after being geared by the transmission. Ultimately, the result is that as the engine cycles the wheels can be made to turn by putting the car \"in gear.\"", "Because  angle  in  rotational  motion  corresponds  to  distance  in  linear motion, rotational speed is defined as the angle through which a shaft turns per  second,  and  corresponds  to  linear  speed.  If  the  rotating  object  is  a wheel  and  is  in  contact  with  a  surface,  then  Figure  2  shows  how  the linear distance and velocity are related to the angle turned and the angular velocity.   The   angular   acceleration   is   defined   as   the   rate   of   change   of angular  velocity,  and  the  equations  that  relate  these  angular  quantities, along  with  the  linear  counterparts,  are  illustrated  in  Figure  3.  The sensors  for  angular  motion  are  also  very  closely  related  to  those  that  are used for linear motion.", "The hood user should also check the magnehelic gauge or other hood performance indicator and compare its reading to the reading indicated on the hood survey sticker. If the reading differs significantly (20% or more for a magnehelic gauge) from that on the sticker the hood may not be operating properly. Contact Joan Hutzly with hood location and contact information.", "* Radar speed guns use a microwave signal that is directed at a vehicle; the Doppler effect is used to derive its speed.", "There are two camshaft position sensors, one for the intake and one for the exhaust. The code should tell you which to replace. DIYs for the exhaust camshaft position sensor can be found here: Thread 1 Thread 2 Thread 3 . A DIY for the intake camshaft position sensor can be found here: Thread 1 .", "With the success of the Speed Eight program, Wheeler also undertook the design of a \"Speed Six\" engine to complement it. This engine also made its debut in the Cerbera. Unlike the Speed Eight , the new engine is 4.0 litre inline slant six (I6) design. It also differs from the V8 in having four valves per cylinder to the Speed Eight's two.", "All AMXs came with four-barrel carbureted small block AMC V8 engines in several versions: 290 CID (225 hp, N-code), 343 CID (290 hp, T-code), as well as the 390 CID \"AMX\" featuring 315 hp with 425 lb·ft of torque (X-code). All derived from the same external sized block. However, the three engines differed vastly internally, with the smallest engine having small intake and exhaust valves, thin block webbing, and a cast nodular iron crankshaft; the 343 used larger valves with a thicker block webbing; and the 390 moved up to a forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods, as well as larger rod bearings, compared to in the smaller two versions. ", "*Spinner knobs, suicide knobs - an egg sized knob mounted on the steering wheel to assist rapid turning. Many cars needed 5 or more turns of the wheel from full right to full left. Knobs often had pin-up girl pictures.", "        When making a right-hand turn through an intersection, for example, the right-hand (inside) set of wheels might rotate 10 times to complete the arc — while the left-hand (outside) set of wheels rotate 11 times — resulting in “different” rotation speeds for the wheels.That brings in the natural term “differential” as the name of the mechanical device that allows wheel speeds to differ on front- or rear-drive systems.", "A wheel has a diameter of 100 cm. If the wheel is supporting a craft moving at 45 kilometers per hour, then what is the angular velocity of the wheel, to the nearest whole number of revolutions per minute?" ]

[ 5.18359375, 4.5703125, 3.07421875, -0.365966796875, -1.359375, -1.7939453125, -1.8359375, -1.904296875, -2.341796875, -2.849609375, -2.912109375, -2.98046875, -3.107421875, -3.115234375, -3.197265625, -3.287109375, -3.3046875, -3.43359375, -3.451171875, -3.478515625, -3.560546875, -3.5859375, -3.666015625, -3.97265625, -4.08984375, -5.25390625, -5.53515625, -5.921875, -5.953125, -6.375, -6.79296875, -7.73046875 ]

[ "United States 2011 United States US Politician Ferraro Dies 26th March, 2011 : Geraldine Ferraro, a prominent US Democrat, died after battling cancer for several years. Ferraro was famously known as the first female vice-presidential candidate when she became Walter Mondale's running mate in the 1984 election against Ronald Reagan.", "Geraldine Ferraro (1935-2011) was the first woman to secure the nomination for vice president on a major party's ticket. But she and her running mate, Walter Mondale, did not win the election (They lost to Reagan-Bush). Prior to the nomination, Ferraro represented New York in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1979-1985. In 1998, Ferraro revealed she was diagnosed with a rare form of blood cancer. She succumbed to the illness in 2011", "In 1984, Democratic presidential candidate Walter Mondale selected New York congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro as his vice presidential running mate. The Mondale-Ferraro ticket lost to Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, but Ferraro went down in history as the first woman nominated by a major political party as a vice presidential candidate. (Diana Walker / Time & Life Pictures via Getty Image) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "Walter Mondale, the leading Democratic presidential candidate, announces that he has chosen Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate. Ferraro, a daughter of Italian immigrants, had previously gained notoriety as a vocal advocate of women�s rights in Congress.", "Walter Mondale, the leading Democratic presidential candidate, announces that he has chosen Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate. Ferraro, a daughter of Italian immigrants, had previously gained notoriety as a vocal advocate of women's rights in Congress.", "Ferraro grew up in New York City and became a teacher and lawyer. She joined the Queens County District Attorney’s Office in 1974, where she headed the new Special Victims Bureau that dealt with sex crimes, child abuse, and domestic violence. She was elected to the House in 1978, where she rose rapidly in the party hierarchy while focusing on legislation to bring equity for women in the areas of wages, pensions, and retirement plans. In 1984, former Vice President and presidential candidate  Walter Mondale  selected Ferraro to be his running mate in the upcoming election. In doing so she became the only Italian American to be a major-party national nominee in addition to being the first woman. The positive polling the Mondale-Ferraro ticket received when she joined faded as questions about her and her husband’s finances arose. In the general election, Mondale and Ferraro were defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush.", "In November 1984, Ronald Reagan was reelected in a landslide, defeating Walter Mondale and his running mate Geraldine Ferraro (1935-), the first female vice-presidential candidate from a major U.S. political party. Reagan, who announced it was “morning again in America,” carried 49 out of 50 states in the election and received 525 out of 538 electoral votes, the largest number ever won by an American presidential candidate.", "In 1984, former vice president and presidential candidate Walter Mondale, seen as an underdog, selected Ferraro to be his running mate in the upcoming election. Ferraro became the only Italian American to be a major-party national nominee in addition to being the first woman. The positive polling the Mondale-Ferraro ticket received when she joined soon faded, as damaging questions arose about her and her businessman husband's finances and wealth and her Congressional disclosure statements. In the general election, Mondale and Ferraro were defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush.", "In 1984, Democratic presidential candidate Walter F. Mondale announced heâd chosen U.S. Rep. Geraldine A. Ferraro of New York to be his running mate; Ferraro was the first woman to run for vice president on a major party ticket. ", "1984 - Geraldine Ferraro was nominated by the Democratic Party to become the first woman from a major political party to run for the office of U.S. Vice President. Ferraro, age 48, campaigned with presidential hopeful Walter �Fritz� Mondale of Minnesota. Both lost in a landslide to the GOP ticket of Ronald Reagan and George Bush.", "Reagan and Bush ran for reelection in 1984. The Democratic opponent, Walter Mondale, made history by choosing a woman as his running mate, New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro. She and Bush squared off in a single televised Vice Presidential debate. Serving as a contrast to the Ivy-League educated Bush, Ferraro represented a \"blue-collar\" district in Queens, New York; this, coupled with her popularity among female journalists, left Bush at a disadvantage. The Reagan-Bush ticket won in a landslide against the Mondale-Ferraro ticket. Early into his second term as Vice President, Bush and his aides were planning a run for the presidency in 1988. By the end of 1985, a committee had been established and over two million dollars raised for Bush.", "The two women vice presidential nominees were Democrat Geraldine Ferraro and Republican Sarah Palin . There have been many women vice presidential candidates nominated by third parties such as the Libertarian and Socialist parties over the years.", "Ferraro ran campaigns for a seat in the United States Senate from New York in 1992 and 1998, both times starting as the front-runner for her party's nomination before losing in the primary election. She served as a United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1993 until 1996, in the presidential administration of Bill Clinton. She also continued her career as a journalist, author, and businesswoman, and served in the 2008 presidential campaign of Senator Hillary Clinton. Ferraro died on March 26, 2011, from multiple myeloma, 12 years after being diagnosed.", "Geraldine Anne Ferraro (1984) – Ferraro was the first woman vice-presidential nominee of a major U.S. party. Shortly before the Democratic National Convention in July of 1984, Ferraro was named by Walter F. Mondale as his choice for the vice-presidency. The ticket received 13 electoral votes. Born on August 26, 1935, in Newburgh, New York, she attended Marymount Manhattan College and Fordham University Law School. She was an assistant district attorney in Queens, New York. She won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978 and was subsequently elected to two more terms. In 1992 and again in 1998, she lost bitterly contested primaries to challenge Alfonse D’Amato for the U.S. Senate seat. She also served as co-host on the CNN public affairs program Crossfire and was the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Commission. She became president of G&L Strategies, a management consulting firm, and then executive vice president and head of the public affairs practice of The Global Consulting Group.", "Mondale chose U.S. Rep. Geraldine A. Ferraro of New York as his running mate, making her the first woman nominated for that position by a major party, and the second Italian American on a major party ticket. Mondale wanted to establish a precedent with his vice presidential candidate, although Tonie Nathan of the Libertarian Party was already the first woman to receive an electoral vote in the 1972 election. Another reason for the nominee to \"go for broke\" instead of balancing the ticket was Reagan's lead in the polls; Mondale hoped to appeal to women, by 1980 the majority of voters, by choosing Ferraro. In a \"much criticized parade of possible Veep candidates\" to his home in Minnesota, Mondale considered San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein and Kentucky Governor Martha Layne Collins, also female; Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, an African American; and San Antonio Mayor Henry Cisneros, a Hispanic, as other finalists for the nomination, and chose Ferraro because he hoped that she would attract ethnic voters with her personal background. Unsuccessful nomination candidate Jackson derided Mondale's vice-presidential screening process as a \"P.R. parade of personalities,\" but praised Mondale for his choice, having himself pledged to name a woman to the ticket in the event he was nominated.", "In 1998 Ferraro decided to pursue a race against the same incumbent.  The likely Democratic primary field included Rep. Charles Schumer (Brooklyn), Elizabeth Holtzman and Mark Green, New York City Public Advocate.  Ferraro had the support of Gov. Cuomo. She dropped out of the race over an investigation into whether her husband had made illegal large contributions to her 1978 Congressional campaign. Schumer won the primary and the election.", "While Ferraro’s choice was popular among Democratic activists, polls immediately after the announcement showed that only 22% of women were excited about her selection, versus 18% who agreed that it was a bad idea. 60% of all voters thought that pressure from women’s groups had led to Mondale’s decision, versus 22% who believed that he had chosen the best available candidate. [45] Some members of the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church criticized the Catholic Ferraro for being pro-choice on abortion. Already fighting an uphill battle with voters, Ferraro also faced a slew of allegations, mid-campaign, directed toward her husband, John Zaccaro . These allegations included Zaccaro’s possible past involvement in organized crime, pornography distribution, and campaign contribution violations. Ferraro responded to these allegations against her husband by releasing her family tax-returns to the media on August 21, 1984. However, the damage to the campaign was already done. [56]", "In December 2006, Ferraro announced her support for Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. Later, she vowed to help defend Clinton from being \"swiftboated\" in a manner akin to 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry. She assisted with fundraising by assuming an honorary post on the finance committee for Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign. A heated nomination battle emerged between Clinton and Barack Obama, in which racial dust-ups caused by perceptions of remarks made by campaign surrogates took place. Ferraro became livid when her daughter voted for Obama in a primary, which reflected a generational difference among American women in how they viewed the significance of a woman being elected president. ", "While Ferraro's choice was popular among Democratic activists, polls immediately after the announcement showed that only 22% of women were excited about her selection, versus 18% who agreed that it was a \"bad idea\". 60% of all voters thought that pressure from women's groups had led to Mondale's decision, versus 22% who believed that he had chosen the best available candidate. Some members of the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church criticized the Catholic Ferraro for being pro-choice on abortion. Already fighting an uphill battle with voters, Ferraro also faced a slew of allegations, mid-campaign, directed toward her husband, John Zaccaro. These allegations included Zaccaro's possible past involvement in organized crime, pornography distribution, and campaign contribution violations. Ferraro responded to these allegations against her husband by releasing her family tax-returns to the media on August 21, 1984. However, the damage to the campaign was already done.", "President Obama said upon her death that \"Geraldine will forever be remembered as a trailblazer who broke down barriers for women, and Americans of all backgrounds and walks of life,\" and said that his own two daughters would grow up in a more equal country because of what Ferraro had done. Mondale called her \"a remarkable woman and a dear human being ... She was a pioneer in our country for justice for women and a more open society. She broke a lot of molds and it's a better country for what she did.\" George H. W. Bush said, \"Though we were one-time political opponents, I am happy to say Gerry and I became friends in time – a friendship marked by respect and affection. I admired Gerry in many ways, not the least of which was the dignified and principled manner she blazed new trails for women in politics.\" Palin paid tribute to her on Facebook, expressing gratitude for having been able to work with her the year before and saying, \"She broke one huge barrier and then went on to break many more. May her example of hard work and dedication to America continue to inspire all women.\" Bill and Hillary Clinton said in a statement that, \"Gerry Ferraro was one of a kind – tough, brilliant, and never afraid to speak her mind or stand up for what she believed in – a New York icon and a true American original.\" ", "Mondale selected the first woman to be nominated to be the vice presidential candidate for a major political party, New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro. With his choice, Mondale intended to win over the female vote, also considering other women, African American, and Hispanic candidates for the position.", "Ferraro is one of only two U.S. women to run as vice-president on a major party national ticket. The other is Alaska governor Sarah Palin, the 2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee, whose ticket also lost.", "New York Congresswoman Nita Lowey was the candidate first expected to be the Democratic nominee, [4] while other mentioned possible candidates included Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Andrew Cuomo , New York State Comptroller Carl McCall , and New York Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney . [5] State Democratic figures were concerned that neither Lowey nor the others had the star power to rival Giuliani, and that the seat would be lost. Late in 1998, prominent Democratic politicians and advisors, including New York Representative Charles Rangel , [6] urged First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton to run for the New York Senate seat. An unprecedented action if she did it, Clinton spent considerable time mulling over the idea while Lowey waited in the wings. [4] Her political advisors told her the race would be difficult and some of them told her she would lose. [7] She waited for the impeachment proceedings of Bill Clinton to conclude, [7] which it did with his acquittal on February 12, 1999.", "Geraldine Ferraro leaves the legacy of being the first woman vice-presidential candidate on a major US party campaign", "Ferraro left Congress in 1985. In 1992 and 1998, she made unsuccessful bids for a U.S. Senate seat. During President Bill Clinton�s administration, she was a permanent member on the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.", "President Clinton appointed Ferraro as a member of the United States delegation to United Nations Commission on Human Rights in . She attended the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna as the alternate U.S. delegate. Then in , Clinton promoted her to be United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, saying that Ferraro had been \"a highly effective voice for the human rights of women around the world.\" The Clinton administration named Ferraro vice-chair of the U.S. delegation to the landmark Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing; in this role she picked a strong team of experts in human rights issues to serve with her. During her stint on the commission, it for the first time condemned anti-Semitism as a human rights violation, and also for the first time prevented China from blocking a motion criticizing its human rights record. Regarding a previous China motion that had failed, Ferraro had told the commission, \"Let us do what we were sent here to do—decide important questions of human rights on their merits, not avoid them.\" Ferraro held the U.N. position into 1996.", "As early as 1983, an op-ed in the New York Times by Jane Perletz urged that Ferraro be given the vice president slot on the Democratic ticket. She was appointed to chair the platform committee.", "The 1998 primary defeat brought an end to Ferraro's political career. The New York Times wrote at the time: \"If Ms. Ferraro's rise was meteoric, her political career's denouement was protracted, often agonizing and, at first glance, baffling.\" She still retained admirers, though. Anita Perez Ferguson, president of the National Women's Political Caucus, noted that female New York political figures in the past had been reluctant to enter the state's notoriously fierce primary races, and said: \"This woman has probably been more of an opinion maker than most people sitting for six terms straight in the House of Representatives or Senate. Her attempts, and even her losses, have accomplished far beyond what others have accomplished by winning.\"", "As Ferraro was the first woman to run on a major party national ticket in the U.S., and the first Italian American, her nomination at the 1984 Democratic National Convention was one of the most emotional moments of that gathering, with female delegates appearing joyous and proud at the historic occasion. In her acceptance speech, Ferraro said, \"The daughter of an immigrant from Italy has been chosen to run for vice president in the new land my father came to love.\" Convention attendees were in tears during the speech, not just for its significance for women but for all those who had immigrated to America. The speech was listed as number 56 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century. ", "Ferraro grew up in New York City and worked as a public school teacher before training as a lawyer. She joined the Queens County District Attorney's Office in 1974, heading the new Special Victims Bureau that dealt with sex crimes, child abuse, and domestic violence. In 1978 she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where she rose rapidly in the party hierarchy while focusing on legislation to bring equity for women in the areas of wages, pensions, and retirement plans.", "Ferraro was active in Democratic presidential politics as well. She served as one of the deputy chairs for the 1980 Carter-Mondale campaign. Following the election, she served actively on the Hunt Commission that in 1982, rewrote the Democratic delegate selection rules; Ferraro was credited as having been the prime agent behind the creation of superdelegates. By 1983, she was regarded as one of the up-and-coming stars of the party. She was the Chairwoman of the Platform Committee for the 1984 Democratic National Convention, the first woman to hold that position. There she held multiple hearings around the country and further gained in visibility.", "See also: Geraldine Ferraro Biography with more information about her life, through the campaign of 2008." ]

[ 6.2734375, 6.01953125, 5.91796875, 5.39453125, 5.37109375, 5.3515625, 5.13671875, 4.5625, 4.4921875, 4.36328125, 3.19140625, 3.173828125, 2.82421875, 1.9443359375, 1.693359375, 1.32421875, 0.91064453125, 0.82763671875, 0.7197265625, 0.70263671875, 0.6396484375, 0.5322265625, -0.81005859375, -0.95068359375, -2.07421875, -2.3125, -2.412109375, -3.267578125, -3.615234375, -3.779296875, -3.912109375, -4.60546875 ]

[ "In 1917, the United States purchased the US Virgin islands from Denmark for $25 million in order to get possession of the harbour in St. Thomas.", "US Virgin Islands On March 31, 1917, the US took formal possession of the Danish West Indies. Renamed the Virgin Islands, this chain consists of St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. John and about 50 other small islands, most of which are uninhabited. Lying about 65 kilometers east of Puerto Rico at the end of the Greater Antilles, the US purchased the islands from Denmark for $25 million because of their strategic location in relation to the Panama Canal", "The Virgin Islands of the United States is a former Danish colony, the Danish West Indies, purchased by the United States from Denmark in 1917. The territory includes three principal islands, St. Thomas , St. John , and St. Croix , plus a large number of islets and cays. The population is about 110,000.", "If you owned a tropical island, what would you call it? The U.S. chose the name \"Virgin Islands\" when it took formal possession of the Danish West Indies on March 31, 1917. The U.S. bought the islands from Denmark for $25 million. The island chain consists of St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. John, and about 50 other small islands, most of which are uninhabited. The islands are in the Lesser Antilles, between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.", "Beginning in 1867, the United States made several attempts to expand its influence into the Caribbean by acquiring the Danish West Indies. However, due to a number of political difficulties in concluding and ratifying a treaty to govern this exchange, this collection of islands did not become a part of the United States until their formal transfer from Denmark on March 31, 1917. After the transfer, the United States Government changed the name of the islands to the Virgin Islands of the United States.", "     The 31st of March is recognized every year as \"Transfer Day\" in the United States Virgin Islands. This day commemorates an event that occurred over eight decades ago, when the Danish West Indies were formally ceded to the United States by Denmark; thus, becoming the U.S. Virgin Islands, in exchange for twenty-five million dollars. The United States' interest in the Virgin Islands was primarily for their strategic location, while any economic benefits were secondary. The islands represented a much needed foothold in the Caribbean for the American navy, and later were looked toward as a base to guard the Panama Canal. American negotiations with the Danish government can be characterized as ones of strategic diplomacy. All offers of proposed purchase came on the heels of American military conflicts.", "United States Virgin Islands Caribbean & North Atlantic 346.36 km2 (134 sq mi) 106,405 Charlotte Amalie Purchased by the U.S. from Denmark in 1917. ...", "were a colony of Denmark - Norway in the Caribbean. They were sold to the United States in 1916 in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies and became the United States Virgin Islands in 1917.", "The Treaty of the Danish West Indies was signed in August 1916, with a Danish referendum held in December 1916 to confirm the decision. The deal was finalized on January 17, 1917, when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty ratifications. The United States took possession of the islands on March 31, 1917 and the territory was renamed the Virgin Islands of the United States. Every year Transfer Day is recognized as a holiday, to commemorate the acquisition of the islands by the United States. U.S. citizenship was granted to the inhabitants of the islands in 1927.", "1917-01-25: Denmark sold the Danish West Indies (De dansk-vestindiske �er) to the United States, which renamed them the U.S. Virgin Islands.", "As a slave-trading colony of Denmark during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Virgin Islands, then known as the Danish West Indies, were a destination for slaves and slaveowners. People who came to the islands rarely left unless they were returning to Denmark or another part of Europe. Not until after the United States purchased the islands did Virgin Islanders come to the U.S. mainland. Many Virgin Islanders who emigrated settled on other Caribbean islands such as Puerto Rico, where they found employment. Later emigrants from the Virgin Islands to the mainland United States were often students enrolled in colleges and universities. The number of Virgin Islanders coming to the continent was small. Government statistics on immigration and the Virgin Islands concentrate on the number of alien workers brought to the islands, especially during the 1970s economic boom, rather than the number of Virgin Islanders emigrating to the mainland.", "U.S. interest in the islands began in the Civil War period, but the U.S. Senate refused in 1870 to approve the purchase of St. Thomas and St. John for $7.5 million. The United States moved decisively only in World War I , when it was seen to be strategically important to control the main passage through the Caribbean to the Panama Canal , as well as routes along the eastern coasts of the American continent. Denmark at that time was willing to sell to avoid the jeopardy of seizure by the Allies or conquest by Germany, which then owned Hamburg–America Line docks, warehouses, steamers, and other property in St. Thomas. In 1917 the United States purchased the three islands for $25 million and the Virgin Islands became an unincorporated territory of the United States. The treaty of cession promised U.S. citizenship to the inhabitants, except for those who chose to retain Danish citizenship.", "1916 - Denmark cedes Danish West Indies, including the Virgin Islands, to the US for $25 million", "In 1917, St. Thomas was purchased (along with Saint John and Saint Croix) by the United States for $25 million in gold, as part of a defensive strategy to maintain control over the Caribbean and the Panama Canal during the First World War. The transfer occurred on March 31, 1917, behind Fort Christian before the barracks that now house the Legislature of the U.S Virgin Islands. The baccalaureate service for the transfer was held at the St. Thomas Reformed Church as it was identified as the American church in the Danish West Indies.", "The U.S Virgin Islands were originally inhabited by the Ciboney, Carib, and Arawaks. The islands were named by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 for Saint Ursula and her virgin followers. Over the next two hundred years, the islands were held by many European powers, including Spain, Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, and Denmark-Norway.", "during the First World War . The transfer occurred March 31, 1917 behind Fort Christian before the barracks which now house the Legislature of the Virgin Islands. The baccalaureate service for the transfer was held at the St. Thomas Reformed Church as it was identified as the American church in the Danish West Indies.", "The Danish West Indies (St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix) become the Virgin Islands of the United States.", "The Danes secured control over the southern Virgin Islands of Saint Thomas, Saint John, and Saint Croix during the 17th and early 18th centuries. Sugarcane, produced by African slave labor, drove the islands' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1917, the US purchased the Danish holdings, which had been in economic decline since the abolition of slavery in 1848.", "2958 What Caribbean islands did the US purchase from Denmark in 1917 to keep the Germans from building a submarine base?", "Virgin Islands - a group of islands in northeastern West Indies (east of Puerto Rico) discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493; owned by United States and Britain", "[…] here: On 4th August 1916 the USA Purchased the Danish Virgin Islands for … accounting, business, danes, history, investments, islands, link4business, literature, marketing, […]", "In 1902, Secretary of State John Hay negotiated a new treaty with the Danes, only to have the agreement rejected by Copenhagen because of the compensation (only $5 million) pledged by the United States. During World War I the fear of German penetration into the Caribbean revived the idea of the purchase. In 1915 the American minister in Copenhagen, Maurice F. Egan, and the U.S. secretary of state arranged the final $25 million deal. Representatives signed the treaty August 4,1916, and Congress approved it January 17,1917. On March 31,1917, the United States officially took possession of the islands and renamed them the Virgin Islands of the United States. Although economically the islands remained unprofitable until the development of the tourist industry, their acquisition proved to be strategically sound, strengthening U.S. control over the Caribbean. Citizens of the U.S. Virgin Islands have U.S. citizenship and have a nonvoting representative in the U.S. House of Representatives.", "The United States flag was hoisted on the three ‘Virgin Islands of America’ on the 31st of March 1917. The islands remained under US Navy Rule until 1931; during that time several major public works and social reform projects were undertaken. Governors were appointed from 1931 until 1969 when the first elected governor took office. The capital of the island group is Charlotte Amalie, on St. Thomas.", "The Virgin Islands are a group of about 90 small islands in the West Indies, located some 40 to 50 miles (64 to 80 kilometers) east of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea. The islands extend from west to east for about 60 miles. They are administered in two groups-the British Virgin Islands and the United States Virgin Islands. The former is a British colony consisting of four larger islands-Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, and Jost Van Dyke-and 32 smaller islands. The total area of the British Virgin Islands is 59 square miles (154 square kilometers), and they lie to the north and east of the U.S. islands. The latter group, an unincorporated territory of the United States, consists of three larger islands-St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas-and some 50 smaller islands. Their total area is about 133 square miles (344 square kilometers).", "The island was inhabited by various indigenous groups during prehistory. Christopher Columbus landed forces on the island on November 14, 1493, and was attacked by the Kalinago, who lived at Salt River on the north shore. Control of the island was traded among various powers, including Spain, the Netherlands, the Knights of Malta, and Great Britain before it became a possession of France from 1650 until 1733. On June 13, 1733, France sold the island group to Denmark-Norway and the Danish West India Company. For nearly 200 years, St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John were known as the Danish West Indies; around the mid to late 18th century, \"at the peak of the plantation economy, the enslaved population of St. Croix numbered between 18,000 and 20,000, the white population ranging between 1,500 and 2,000\". ", "In March of 1916, Secretary Lansing sent a drafted treaty to the Danish Ambassador in Copenhagen Dr. Maurice Egan, offering twenty-five million dollars in gold coins for the islands, with instructions to deliver the proposal to the Danish government. On August 14, 1916, at the Biltmore Hotel in New York City, a revised treaty was signed by Danish Minister Constantin Brun and Secretary of State Lansing. The U.S. Senate approved the treaty on September 7, 1916 and by December 21, 1916 the Danish Rigsdag had approved the treaty as well. Finally, on January 17, 1917 the treaty ratifications were exchanged and the treaty finalized.", "During the 17th century, the archipelago was divided into two territorial units, one English and the other Danish. Sugarcane, produced by slave labor, drove the islands' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1917, the US purchased the Danish portion, which had been in economic decline since the abolition of slavery in 1848.", "Saint Croix  is an island in the Caribbean Sea , and a country of the US Virgin Islands , an unincorporated territory of the USA . It is the largest of the U.S. Virgin Islands, being 28 by 7 miles (45 by 11 km). However, the territory's capital, Charlotte Amalie , is located on Saint Thomas . ", "Declining the sugar cane and with the slavery abolition, St.Thomas lost part of its economic attractions but didn't lose the strategical position. In 1917, together with Saint John and Saint Croix, the U.S.A. bought St. Thomas for 25 million dollars ; their intent was to strengthen the control on Caribbean sea and the Panama channel during the first world war.  ", "The Danish West India and Guinea Company represented the first Europeans to settle the island in 1718. They are also credited with naming the island Saint John (Danish: Sankt Jan). The Danish crown took full control of this and nearby colonies in 1754, including those founded on the similarly named islands of Saint Thomas and Saint Croix.", "During the American Civil War, the North States had needed port facilities for their Navy in the Caribbean. Therefore the United States wanted to take over Saint Thomas and Saint John with the fine natural harbours. The Danish government was willing to sell, and a treaty was agreed upon in 1867 by the two parties. However, due to domestic American political complications the sale was not effected.", "In 1927, the people of the US Virgin Islands became American nationals and in 1936, they achieved limited self-government. Today the Virgin Islands has a limited form of self-government, with an elected governor and lieutenant, and a nonvoting delegate to the US House of Representatives." ]

[ 5.3359375, 5.23046875, 4.6796875, 4.33984375, 3.947265625, 3.890625, 3.240234375, 3.1640625, 2.73046875, 2.55859375, 1.44921875, 1.146484375, -0.250244140625, -1.3759765625, -1.41796875, -1.5654296875, -1.92578125, -2.052734375, -2.177734375, -2.271484375, -2.71484375, -2.763671875, -2.791015625, -3.373046875, -3.4296875, -3.6875, -4.4609375, -4.90234375, -5.4765625, -5.54296875, -6.23828125, -6.54296875 ]

[ "Courtney Love (born July 9, 1964) is an American rock musician and Golden Globe-nominated actress, best-known as lead singer for the now-defunct alternative rock band Hole and for her two-year marriage to Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain. Rolling Stone has called Love \"the most controversial woman in the history of rock.\" Early life Courtney Love was born on July 9, 1964, at 2:08 p.m., in San Francisco, California, where her parents first met and married. Her mother, Linda Carroll (born Risi), and father, Hank Harrison, had known each other only a few months when Carroll became pregnant. Love's biological family broke apart rapidly while she was still very young. During a child custody case following Love's parents' divorce, both her mother and one of her girlfriends presented letters t...", "In 2009, Wendy O'Connor, Kurt Cobain's mother and Kimberly Dawn Cobain, Kurt's sister were granted temporary guardianship of Frances. A restraining order was also placed against Courtney Love prohibiting her from contact with her daughter.", "Frances Bean Cobain, the 17 year old daughter of Kurt Cobain and Courtney, went to court and had her attorneys set up a restraining order blocking her mother from contacting her. Frances now lives with other relatives, and is hoping to keep her mother at bay legally until she turns 18 and has the right to choose when her mother contacts her. Frances and other relatives have not explained why Frances made this choice in family court but Courtney Love hinted on Facebook that her daughter is \"not always honest\" and \"clearly deluded.\" A sad situation, but hopefully time and distance can bring some calm and mutual understanding in the long run.", "Kurt Donald Cobain ( 20 February 1967 – ca. 5 April 1994 ) was the lead singer, songwriter, and guitarist of the American grunge band, Nirvana .  He is survived by his wife Courtney Love and his daughter Frances Bean Cobain .", "Few couples typify the '90s like Cobain and his wife, Courtney Love. With Cobain being the pied piper of Seattle grunge and Love the rebellious other half, the two -- along with their daughter, Frances Bean -- were rock royalty in 1993. Frances Bean, who greatly resembles her late father, is now in her 20s, an artist and active Twitter user. She and Love recently attended a documentary on Kurt Cobain at Sundance .", "After Lana Del Rey told The Guardian \" I wish I was dead already ,\" she got a very strong response on Twitter from Frances Bean Cobain, the daughter of the late Kurt Cobain.", "On the 5th of April Kurt Cobain the leader of Nirvana, the grunge band that redefined the sound of the nineties, barricaded himself into the granny flat behind his mansion, put a shotgun in his mouth and pulled the trigger.", "During the last years of his life, Cobain struggled with heroin addiction, chronic health problems and depression. He also had difficulty coping with his fame and public image, and the professional and personal pressures surrounding himself and his wife, musician Courtney Love. On April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead at his home in Seattle, the victim of what was officially ruled a suicide by a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head. The circumstances of his death at age 27 have become a topic of public fascination and debate. Since their debut, Nirvana, with Cobain as a songwriter, has sold over 25 million albums in the U.S., and over 75 million worldwide. Cobain was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014, along with Nirvana bandmates Novoselic and Dave Grohl, in their first year of eligibility.", "Cobain lamented in his suicide note that he was turning into a “miserable, self-destructive death rocker.” Not only this, Cobain also “expressed his terror that Frances Bean’s [his daughter] life would turn out like his own”. 56 Prayerfully she will not, but Cobain’s suicide was certainly not the example to leave her if this was his fear. Certainly the words, “so remember it’s better to burn out than to fade away” were unconscionable and inexcusable if he was concerned about how his legacy would effect his daughter. What about all the millions of sons and daughters of other parents who because of him and other rock “stars” have to endure watching their children grow up into Cobain’s evil image? Cobain, if he had any conscience left, must have despaired as to the reprehensible damage and satanic influence he had on his fans. While drugs and sleep can allow one to escape the pangs of conscience for a small season, death only brings the conscience into full focus as every mouth will be stopped before God and will give an account for our lives.", "Cobain’s murderous thoughts went far beyond that of murdering Lynn Hirschberg, but extended to his wife. At one point he had to be persuaded not to kill Courtney Love. 32 Cobain also had a fierce hatred for humanity in general. The Word of God tells us that Satan is a murderer and was such from the beginning. Cobain, like his father the devil, held such a deep-seated hatred for humanity that he declared “ninety-nine per cent of humanity could be shot if it was up to me” , he maintained that only “one or two people” were worth saving. 33 In his suicide note found after his own self-murder, he wrote, “I’ve become hateful toward all humans in general”. 34 Cobain would demonstrate this hatred toward even many of his fans with both spitting upon them at concerts, as well as derogatory comments.", "Leaving rehab, Kurt Cobain eventually returned to Seattle and killed himself at the family's home on April 5, 1994. Frances was not even two years old by this time. After her father's death, Frances developed a close relationship with her paternal grandmother, Wendy O'Connor. She went on to tell Harper's Bazaar that O'Connor is \"the most constant thing I've ever had.\"", "Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 – April 5, 1994) was an American musician who was best known as the lead singer, guitarist, and primary songwriter of the rock band Nirvana. Cobain formed Nirvana with Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington, in 1987 and established it as part of the Seattle music scene and grunge genre. Nirvana's debut album Bleach was released on the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989.", "Freddie Mercury was the one rock star mentioned in singer Kurt Cobain ’s alleged suicide note (1994): \"I haven't felt the excitement of listening to as well as creating music along with reading and writing for too many years now. I feel guilty beyond words about these things. For example, when we’re backstage and the lights go out and the manic roar of the crowds begins, it doesn't affect me the way in which it did for Freddy [sic] Mercury who seemed to love, relish in the love and adoration from the crowd, which is something I totally admire and envy.\" [30]", "After a long and taxing battle with children's services in Los Angeles, where they were then living, the couple regained custody of the girl. In a September 1992 Los Angeles Times article, Cobain admitted to \"dabbling\" in heroin and detoxing twice in the past year — a strategic move, according to an insider, to mollify children's services. In subsequent interviews, Cobain never admitted to using heroin after he and Love had detoxed before Frances Bean was born.", "Cobain's downfall was swift. Nirvana continued touring and recording and in 1993 released In Utero (Number One). But the Cobains' admission of their drug use in a magazine article led to a children's services battle over the custody of their daughter. That year police were summoned to the couple's home on numerous occasions for incidents involving drugs and weapons, and Cobain was charged at one point with domestic abuse.", "With the success of Ten, Pearl Jam became a key member of the Seattle grunge explosion, along with Alice in Chains, Nirvana, and Soundgarden. The band was criticized in the music press; British music magazine NME said that Pearl Jam was \"trying to steal money from young alternative kids' pockets.\" Nirvana's Kurt Cobain angrily attacked Pearl Jam, claiming the band were commercial sellouts, and argued Ten was not a true alternative album because it had so many prominent guitar leads. Cobain later reconciled with Vedder, and they reportedly were on amicable terms before Cobain's death in 1994.", "Freddie Mercury was the one rock star mentioned in singer Kurt Cobain ’s alleged suicide note (1994): \"I havent felt the excitement of listening to as well as creating music along with reading and writing for too many years now. I feel guilty beyond words about these things. For example, when we’re backstage and the lights go out and the manic roar of the crowds begins, it doesn't affect me the way in which it did for Freddy Mercury who seemed to love, relish in the love and adoration from the crowd, which is something I totally admire and envy.\"", "Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 (birth time source: Craft, Astrodatabank, BC) � c. April 5, 1994) was the lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter of the Seattle-based rock band Nirvana. Cobain was born in Aberdeen, Washington and grew up with a troubled childhood, which he frequently addressed in his songs and interviews. Known for his abrasive and often disturbing songwriting as well as his distinctive vocal style, Cobain is often cited among the most influential musicians of his time. Cobain formed Nirvana in 1987 with Krist Novoselic. Within two years, the band became a fixture of the burgeoning Seattle grunge scene. In 1991, the arrival of Nirvana's \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" marked the beginning of a dramatic shift of popular rock music away from the dominant genres of the 1980...", "Brian Hugh Warner (born January 5, 1969), better known by his stage name Marilyn Manson, is an American musician, songwriter, actor, painter, singer, rapper, author, composer and former music journalist. He is known for his controversial stage personality and image as the lead singer of the band Marilyn Manson, which he co-founded with Daisy Berkowitz and of which he remains the only constant member. His stage name was formed by juxtaposing the names of two opposing American pop cultural icons; actress Marilyn Monroe and cult leader Charles Manson, responsible for the murders of actress Sharon Tate and several others in the late 1960s. ", "Who: Kurt Cobain , an American musician who was best known as the lead singer, guitarist, and primary songwriter for Nirvana", "The Bikini Kill and Le Tigre musician gets bonus points her for her recollections of her friendship with Kurt Cobain, as she reveals how a wild night out with the singer led to a lyric that everyone would soon know and she couldn’t get away from. Check the video below for a full explanation and performances of ‘Smells Like Teen Spirit’ and her own band’s ‘Rebel Girl.’", "27 Kurt Cobain 2/20/1967 - 4/5/1994 Lead singer, guitarist, songwriter and frontman for the grunge band Nirvana", "In her heyday, Lynn was not a stranger to controversy. She possibly had more banned songs than any other artist in the history of country music, including \"Rated X,\" about the double standards divorced women face, \"Wings Upon Your Horns,\" about the loss of teenage virginity, and \"The Pill,\" lyrics by T. D. Bayless, about a wife and mother becoming liberated via the birth control pill. Her song \"Dear Uncle Sam,\" released in 1966 during the Vietnam War, describes a wife's anguish at the loss of a husband to war. It has been included in live performances during the current Iraq War. [7]", "[quote]What IS known is that she and her brother hated glitter rock stars like Alice Cooper and David Bowie and Ian Hunter.", "On this day in 1994 whilst a rock icon was ending his life at the age of only 27, a cottage industry was born. Kurt Cobain dramatically blew out his brains, bringing to an end a musical career beset by both fame and personal torment. Thereafter, a multitude of magazine and newspaper articles, books, and documentaries attempted to unravel the enigma that was Kurt Cobain. Cobain by his own admission grew up as a nerd who subsequently became the idol of the disenfranchised youth of 'Generation X', for whom the 'American dream' was anathema. Cobain's group Nirvana started their own recording career with an album entitled 'Bleach', whose power chords and raw energy were a throwback to the heady days of punk rock, a dozen years earlier. A case in point was the track 'Negative Creep', which both revealed Cobain's sense of self-loathing and paved the way for the grunge music phenomenon, which was a sound that was the very antithesis of the expression 'easy listening'.", "Even Cobain’s posturing as some kind of feminist was betrayed by his lack of sensitivity and the utter brutish way he treated women. One woman describing her experience with Cobain stated:", "Hanna explained that early in the night, she was Cobain's lookout as he spray pained \"God Is Gay\" on the wall of a religious center that they believed was posing as an abortion clinic and telling women they would go to hell if they aborted their child. They got quite inebriated that night, and Hanna said, \"We ended up in Kurt's apartment and I smashed up a bunch of s--t. I took out a Sharpie marker and I wrote all over his bedroom wall - it was a rental so it was really kind of lame that I did that. I passed out with the marker in my hand, and woke up hung over.\" Six months later she got a call from Cobain, asking her if he could use what she wrote on the wall for a lyric. Said Hanna, \"I thought, how is he going to use 'Kurt Smells Like Teen Spirit as a lyric?\"", "April 8 – Kurt Cobain , songwriter and frontman for the band Nirvana , is found dead at his Lake Washington home.", "As a child, Cobain idolized stuntman Evel Knievel . In third grade, Cobain dived from the deck of the family's house onto a bed of pillows and blankets below. Cobain told journalist Michael Azerrad that he also once attached a set of firecrackers to a piece of metal, placed it on his chest, and lit them.", "2002: At a New York radio show, Kelly Osbourne re-ignited her family’s feud with Billy Corgan. She claimed Corgan’s new band, Zwan, was only on the bill because Corgan orally serviced the radio station’s program director. Kelly’s mom managed The Smashing Pumpkins briefly before quitting because, she claimed, Corgan made her sick.", "The singer-songwriter and frontman for the grunge band Nirvana died of a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head.", "The pissed off Canadian with no filter and angry confrontational, biting lyrics struck fear in the hearts of all men, and struck a chord with women scorn with Jagged Little Pill and a string of singles that brought the legacy of grunge back into mainstream success, and became a pioneer for women in the alternative rock movement. - theOpinionatedOne" ]

[ 6.1484375, 5.53125, 4.11328125, 1.4580078125, 0.285400390625, -0.11041259765625, -0.215576171875, -0.61083984375, -0.70654296875, -0.97509765625, -1.44921875, -2.7734375, -2.796875, -3.287109375, -3.63671875, -3.64453125, -3.7421875, -3.76171875, -3.927734375, -4.3203125, -4.76171875, -4.953125, -4.99609375, -5.05859375, -5.2578125, -5.6015625, -5.796875, -6, -6.01953125, -6.85546875, -7.2421875, -7.8828125 ]

[ "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (often shortened to Huck Finn) is a novel written by Mark Twain and published in 1884. It is commonly regarded as one of the Great American Novels, and is one of the first major American novels written in the vernacular, characterized by local color regionalism. It is told in the first person by Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn, best friend of Tom Sawyer and narrator of two other Twain novels. The book is noted for its colorful description of people and places along the Mississippi River. By satirizing a Southern antebellum society that was already anachronistic at the time, the book is an often scathing look at entrenched attitudes, particularly racism. The drifting journey of Huck and his friend Jim, a runaway slave, down the Mississippi River on their raft may be one of the most enduring images of escape and freedom in all of American literature. The book has been popular with young readers since its publication and is taken as a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. It has also been the continued object of study by serious literary critics. The book was criticized upon release because of its coarse language, and became even more controversial in the 20th century because of its perceived use of racial stereotypes and because of its frequent use of the racial slur, \"nigger.\"", "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain and published in 1884. It is commonly regarded as a sequel to Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn is the narrator of this Great American Novel, and he speaks in Southern antebellum vernacular. The vivid descriptions of people and daily life along the Mississippi River color the adventure of Huck and a runaway slave, Jim, rafting their way to freedom.", "Flowing from northwestern Minnesota south to the Gulf of Mexico, just below the city of New Orleans, The Mississippi River is 2,339 miles in length. It is the widest river in the USA and when combined with its major tributaries the Missouri and Ohio rivers it creates the third largest river system in the world. The Mississippi River is a popular setting in many famous novels and tales. Many stories of Mark Twain, including his famous Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, take place on the Mississippi River. His Life on the Mississippi is totally devoted to the river. The second chapter of Don Rosa's famous comic book The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck is named \"The Master of the Mississippi\", it is set on the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is an inspiration for many songs and music. The Johnny Cash song \"Big River\" is about the Mississippi River. Famous \"Moon River\" from the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's refers to the Mississippi River. The river goes through many cities and interesting sites in Minnesota, Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana, with probably New Orleans the most popular one. New Orleans, famous for its Mardi Gras and French Quarter, Bourbon and Magazine Streets, charming hotels and great food, is also a great spot to take one of many river cruses and experience the Mississippi River on a boat.", "The Mississippi River inspired two classic books – Life on the Mississippi and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn – written by native Missourian Samuel Clemens, who used the pseudonym Mark Twain . His stories became staples of Midwestern lore. Twain's hometown of Hannibal, Missouri is a tourist attraction offering a glimpse into the Midwest of his time.", "When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a port town on the Mississippi River that served as the inspiration for the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. At that time, Missouri was a slave state, and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing.", "*Many of the works of Mark Twain deal with or take place near the Mississippi River. One of his first major works, Life on the Mississippi, is in part a history of the river, in part a memoir of Twain's experiences on the river, and a collection of tales that either take place on or are associated with the river. The river was noted for the number of bandits which called its islands and shores home, including John Murrell who was a well-known murderer, horse stealer and slave \"re-trader\". His notoriety was such that author Twain devoted an entire chapter to him in Life on the Mississippi, and Murrell was rumored to have an island headquarters on the river at Island 37. Twain's most famous work, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is largely a journey down the river. The novel works as an episodic meditation on American culture with the river having multiple different meanings including independence, escape, freedom, and adventure.", "When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri , [7] a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. [8] Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery , a theme he would later explore in his writing.", "When he was four, Twain's family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Slavery, then legal in Missouri, was a theme Twain would explore in these writings.", "Referring to \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, \" H. L. Mencken noted that his discovery of this classic American novel was \"the most stupendous event of my whole life\"; Ernest Hemingway declared that \"all modern American literature stems from this one book,\" while T. S. Eliot called Huck \"one of the permanent symbolic figures of fiction, not unworthy to take a place with Ulysses, Faust, Don Quixote, Don Juan, Hamlet.\" The novel's preeminence derives from its wonderfully imaginative re-creation of boyhood adventures along the mighty Mississippi River, its inspired characterization, the author's remarkable ear for dialogue, and the book's understated development of serious underlying themes: \"natural\" man versus \"civilized\" society, the evils of slavery, the innate value and dignity of human beings, the stultifying effects of convention, and other topics. But most of all, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" is a wonderful story filled with high adventure and unforgettable characters (including the great river itself) that no one who has read it will ever forget. \" show more", "Huck Finn - The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is a story of a young man who finds himself in many unpredictable situations. In the novel, Huck is constantly changing his setting. Either he is on the land, at the shore of the mighty Mississippi river, or upon a small raft floating downstream. Since Huck lives on both the shore and the river, the reader is able to compare the differences between them. To Huck the river has sense of freedom. Compared to life on the shore, Huck believes the river should be his home....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Near the completion of Huckleberry Finn, Twain wrote Life on the Mississippi, which is said to have heavily influenced the former book. [32] The work recounts Twain's memories and new experiences after a 22-year absence from the Mississippi. In it, he also states that \"Mark Twain\" was the call made when the boat was in safe water – two fathoms (12 ft/3.7 m).", "Many of Twain's works during this period were tied to his childhood experiences in Hannibal. \"Life of the Mississippi\", \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and his most famous book \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884).", "Mark Twain's book, Life on the Mississippi, covered the steamboat commerce which took place from 1830 to 1870 on the river before more modern ships replaced the steamer. The book was published first in serial form in Harper's Weekly in seven parts in 1875. The full version, including a passage from the then unfinished Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and works from other authors, was published by James R. Osgood & Company in 1885.", "week of 2/11/01:  \"We judged that three nights more would fetch us to Cairo, at the bottom of Illinois, where the Ohio River comes in, and that was what we was after.  We would sell the raft and get on a steamboat and go way up the Ohio amongst the free states, and then be out of trouble.\" - Mark Twain, from 'Huckleberry Finn.' ", "This river reeks with history, when its waters were traversed by many river boats powered by both side and stern paddle wheels, and the song \" Ole Man River\" immortalises the timelessness of this great waterway. Mark Twain made it famous with his stories based upon the river, and its traffic.", "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, inspired by Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived. ", "    It was during this era that Samuel Clemens better known as Mark Twain was a river boat pilot on the Mississippi", "Missouri is the native state of Mark Twain. His novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are set in his boyhood hometown of Hannibal.", "Missouri is known for Mark Twain’s “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” and “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”", "Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast – in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the novels Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884). Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents.", "Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), well known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Twain is noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), which has been called \"the Great American Novel\", and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). Twain was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.", "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn began as a manuscript originally entitled Huckleberry Finn's Autobiography. Twain eventually abandoned it following Huck Finn's development into adulthood. Twain wrote the bulk of the story in pen and ink between 1876 (the year of Tom Sawyer) and 1883. A later version became the first typewritten manuscript delivered to a printer. Ever since the publication of his story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County Twain was famous throughout the English-speaking world, and news of the book soon spread outside of the United States. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was eventually published by Chatto & Windus on 10 December 1884 in Canada and the United Kingdom, and then on 18 February 1885 in the United States by Charles L Webster and Co. (The American edition was delayed thanks to a last-minute change to an illustration plate.)", "Mark Twain/ Huck Finn - In Mark Twains’ books he relates himself to a characters by giving them some of his personal life and history. In the book The Adventures of Huck Finn, Mark Twain relates the most to the main character of Huck Finn. Mark Twain and the character Huck Finn have similarities in their lives, such as, Twain placing Huck on the river he grew up on, having Huck not be specific with his religious beliefs, and never staying in the same place for long. The main thing that stood out in the book was that the story always happened around the river....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Huck Finn’s Experiences - Huck Finn’s Experiences In Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain presents the problem of slavery in America in the 19th Century. Twain poses this problem in the form of a character named Huckleberry Finn, a white boy raised in the antebellum South. Huck starts to question his view regarding slavery when he acquaints himself more intimately with a runaway slave while he himself tries to run away. Huck’s development as a character is affected by society’s influence on his experiences while growing up in the South, running away with Jim, and trying to save Jim....   [tags: essays papers]", "Censorship of Mark Twain Mark Twain’s most famous work, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, has been banned in classrooms and libraries since its first year of American publication, 1885. At the constant prodding of Louisa May Alcott, the public library of Concord, Massachusetts, banned the book; Louisa charged that it was unsuitable for impressionable young people. This criticism died down until the racially charged environment of the 1960’s, when African Americans began calling the novel “racist...", "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Short Form 1. Basic Details: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. Given the name... Samuel Langhorne Clemens at birth, Twain was born in Florida, Missouri on November 30, 1835, though he grew up in Hannibal, Missouri. Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut. 2. Publishing Info: Published in 1885, 283 pages. 3. Setting: In the time before the Civil War, yet amidst the fight against slavery, both Jim and Huck weave and wander all...", "This Prestwick House Literary Touchstone Edition includes a glossary and reader's notes to help the modern reader contend with Twain's language, allusions, and deliberate misstatements and malapropisms.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain's sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, became an instant success in the year of its publication, 1884, but was seen by some as unfit for children to read because of its language, grammar, and \"uncivilized hero.\" The book has sparked controversy ever since, but most scholars continue to praise it as a modern masterpiece, an essential read, and one of the greatest novels in all of American literature.Twain's satiric treatment of racism, religious excess, and rural simplicity and his accuracy in presenting dialects mark Huck Finn as a classic. His unswerving confidence in Huck's wisdom and maturity, along with the well-rounded and sympathetic portrayal of Jim draw readers into the book, holding them until Huck's last words rejecting all attempts to \"sivilize\" him.", "Version 3: Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave “civilized” society and go back to nature.", "Twain's next major published work, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , solidified him as a noteworthy American writer. Some have called it the first Great American Novel , and the book has become required reading in many schools throughout the United States. Huckleberry Finn was an offshoot from Tom Sawyer and had a more serious tone than its predecessor. The main premise behind Huckleberry Finn is the young boy's belief in the right thing to do though most believed that it was wrong. Four hundred manuscript pages of Huckleberry Finn were written in mid-1876, right after the publication of Tom Sawyer. Some accounts have Twain taking seven years off after his first burst of creativity, eventually finishing the book in 1883. Other accounts have Twain working on Huckleberry Finn in tandem with The Prince and the Pauper and other works in 1880 and other years. The last fifth of Huckleberry Finn is subject to much controversy. Some say that Twain experienced, as critic Leo Marx puts it, a \"failure of nerve.\" Ernest Hemingway once said of Huckleberry Finn:", "1884 — Moments in American Literature: Mark Twain published Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the first major work in America written in vernacular or informal language, named one of the Great American Novels, but in the 20th century was criticized for its racial stereotypes and racial slurs although the main character, \"Huck\" Finn is at his youthful core - non-racist in the severely racist milieu of his time - set in an American zeitgeist 20 years prior to the novels publication on December 10, 1884.", "A seminal work of American Literature that still commands deep praise and still elicits controversy, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is essential to the understanding of the American soul. The recent discovery of the first half of Twain's manuscript, long thought lost, made front-page news. And this unprecedented edition, which contains for the first time omitted episodes and other variations present in the first half of the handwritten manuscript, as well as facsimile reproductions of thirty manuscript pages, is indispensable to a full understanding of the novel. The changes, deletions, and additions made in the first half of the manuscript indicate that Mark Twain frequently checked his impulse to write an even darker, more confrontational book than the one he finally published.", "Huckleberry Finn may be the most exalted single work of American literature. Praised by our best known critics and writers, the novel is enshrined at the center of the American literature curriculum. According to Arthur Applebee the work is second only to Shakespeare in the frequency it appears in the classroom and is required in 70% of public high schools and 76% of parochial high schools. The most taught novel, the most taught long work, and the most taught piece of American literature, Huckleberry Finn is a staple from junior high (where eleven chapters are included in the Junior Great Books program) to graduate school. Written in a now vanished dialect, told from the point of view of a runaway fourteen-year-old, the novel conglomerates melodramatic boyhood adventure, farcical low comedy, and pointed social satire. Yet at its center is a relationship between a white boy and an escaped slave, an association freighted with the tragedy and the possibility of American history. Despite a social order set against interracial communication and respect, Huck develops a comradeship with Jim for which he is willing�against all he has been taught�to risk his soul." ]

[ 9.875, 8.8046875, 7.828125, 6.4375, 5.6328125, 5.53515625, 5.41796875, 5.3359375, 5.16015625, 4.9140625, 2.6796875, 2.392578125, 2.384765625, 1.5693359375, 1.1005859375, 1.02734375, 0.96533203125, -0.75537109375, -2.056640625, -2.166015625, -2.6796875, -3, -3.990234375, -4.3671875, -4.40625, -4.48828125, -5.1796875, -5.40234375, -5.67578125, -5.83984375, -6.04296875, -6.33203125 ]

[ "When Burger King told you to “Have it your way” during a commercial, you thought of burgers. But if you saw the slogan by itself? Gutter.", "Since it was founded in 1954, international fast food chain Burger King has employed many advertising programs. During the 1970s, its advertisements included a memorable jingle, the inspiration for its current mascot the Burger King and several well-known and parodied slogans, such as Have it your way and It takes two hands to hold a Whopper. From the early 1980s until approximately 2002, Burger King engaged a series of advertising agencies that produced many unsuccessful slogans and programs, including its least successful campaign, Where's Herb?.", "In 1973, BK introduced a jingle in response to McDonald's Big Mac song. The lyrics proclaimed that Burger King would serve you a customized product (for example you can have whatever toppings you wanted on a burger, or even plain), according to its slogan Have it your way, and that it would happily do so:", "Pillsbury acquired the Burger King business in 1967, and a year later, BBDO were signed on as the company's advertising agency. The relationship continued until July 1976. From 1974, Burger King ran a series of much-lampooned but successful television commercials in which employees sing: \"Hold the pickles, hold the lettuce. Special orders don't upset us. All we ask is that you let us serve it your way!\" This advertising strategy aimed to contrast Burger King's flexibility with McDonald's famous rigidity. This theme has been reiterated in subsequent advertising campaigns. BBDO were believed to have been dropped because of their inability to originate a successful new campaign following their \"Have It Your Way\" campaign.", "How about the old Burger King commercial jingle that went something like \"Hold the pickles hold the lettuce, special orders don't upset us, all we ask is that you let us serve it your way. Have it your way, have it your way at Burger King\"", "Machado noted that Burger King hasn't been actively using the \"Have It Your Way\" slogan for some time in the U.S. The company, which is based in Miami, Florida, also will stop using its more recent \"Taste Is King\" motto. \"Be Your Way\" will start in the U.S. but eventually be rolled out globally, the company says.", "Burger King is scrapping its 40-year-old \"Have It Your Way\" slogan in favor of the more personal \"Be Your Way.\"", "Fernando Machado, Burger King's senior vice president of global brand management, noted in an interview that \"Have It Your Way\" focuses only on the purchase — the ability to customize a burger. By contrast, he said \"Be Your Way\" is about making a connection with a person's greater lifestyle.", "Why, then, is Burger King getting so much attention for its recent decision to change its slogan to \"Be Your Way,\" after using \"Have It Your Way\" for 40 years?", "Here's the challenge: Burger King, as a company, will now have to live up to the slogan. Will every Burger King employee feel as if the company lets him or her \"Be Your Way?\" If not, then the slogan arguably becomes a hollow message, intended only to pander to prospective consumers.", "In 1988, a struggling sportswear company called introduced this memorable line into its advertising and soon catapulted to the front of the pack. The company is called Nike. You might have heard of it. This quality slogan brims with attitude and captures the defiant and determined mentality that's required of successful sports stars. \"Just Do It\" is a bold statement that inspires athletes to work harder, a no-nonsense call to action that audiences instantly associate with Nike's apparel and accessories. It also serves as encouragement to customers when they're looking at Nike merchandise, credit card in hand.", "Many enterprises and corporations do not call their slogans corporate mottos any longer and the term of a corporate motto has changed within time; others include their slogans nowadays into their advertising campaigns, e.g. Nike’s “Just do it”, L’Oreal “Because I’m worth it!” or even in their product names, e.g. IBM’s “Thinkpad” and “Thinkcentre”.", "Throughout most of the company's history, Staples employed, in its American commercials and advertising promotions, the slogan \"Yeah, we've got that.\", signifying their wide selection of products. This slogan was retired in 2003, to be replaced with \"That was easy.\" Expanding on that theme, 2005 ads featured a large red push-button marked \"easy\". In the UK, Staples had used the slogan \"You want it. We've got it\"; they have now changed it to \"That was Easy\".", "\"'Be Your Way' is suggesting that it's an individual choice to eat [at Burger King] and people can make their own choices.\" ", "The famous l’Oréal slogan “Because you’re worth it,” registered at the USPTO in 1976, has evolved with the company’s customers over the years. “Parce que je le vaux bien” and its English translation “Because I’m worth it” became popular in the late 1990s. In 2004, l’Oréal advertising started targeting the ever-growing cosmetics market for men with “Because you’re worth it too.” Then in 2009, their advertising started using “Because we’re worth it” and for kids “Because we’re worth it too.” The shift to “we” followed a psychology-based study of l’Oréal’s consumer base. \"We\" apparently creates stronger consumer involvement in l'Oréal’s philosophy and lifestyle and provides more perceived consumer satisfaction with l'Oréal products.", "The Ford Capri is remembered for the classic advertising slogan “The car you always promised yourself”. A North American advertising campaign featured a shorter line: “Capri: The Sexy European”.", "\"Don’t Leave Home Without It.\" In 1975, Ogilvy & Mather created this slogan for American Express. The commercials were among the first to include celebrity cameos, including Jim Henson, Stephen King, and Jerry Seinfeld. In 1985, BBDO responded with \"Visa, It’s Everywhere You Want to Be.\" And not to be outdone in the plastic slogan war, in 1997, MasterCard brought the heat with \"There are some things money can’t buy. For everything else, there’s MasterCard.\" Priceless.", "After a decade of corporate conformity, the world began again to see things the Hush Puppies way in the mid-1990�s. A relaxing of corporate dress standards led to the creation of �casual� work days and �business casual� attire. And Hush Puppies � the brand that �invented casual� � was there. When IBM and Ford announced �casual days,� Hush Puppies ran full page congratulatory ads in USA Today and The Wall Street Journal.", "The Capri is remembered for the classic advertising slogan \"The car you always promised yourself\". A North American advertising campaign featured a shorter line: \"Capri: The Sexy European\".", "The tag line for PepsiCo's 1997 campaign, \"Generation Next,\" represented something of a return to the company's roots. Replacing the two-year-old theme \"Nothing Else Is a Pepsi,\" the new theme echoed one of Pepsi's most memorable campaigns of previous years, which featured the tag line \"Choice of a New Generation.\" Both themes were concocted by the New York ad agency BBDO. The \"Generation Next\" campaign was designed to leverage Pepsi's \"generation\" equities of humor and humanity while positioning Pepsi and its drinkers as looking in anticipation to the future. The new spots encompassed a diverse swath of themes and characters but retained traditional Pepsi features like the storyline approach.", "1969 \"You've got a lot to live. Pepsi's got a lot to give\" marks a shift in Pepsi Generation advertising strategy. Youth and lifestyle are still the campaign's driving forces, but with \"Live/Give,\" a new awareness and a reflection of contemporary events and mood become integral parts of the advertising's texture.", "Nintendo of America has engaged in several high-profile marketing campaigns to define and position its brand. One of its earliest and most enduring slogans was \"Now you're playing with power!\", used first to promote its Nintendo Entertainment System. It modified the slogan to include \"SUPER power\" for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and \"PORTABLE power\" for the Game Boy. Its 1994 \"Play It Loud!\" campaign played upon teenage rebellion and fostered an edgy reputation. During the Nintendo 64 era, the slogan was \"Get N or get out.\" During the GameCube era, the \"Who Are You?\" suggested a link between the games and the players' identities. The company promoted its Nintendo DS handheld with the tagline \"Touching is Good.\" For the Wii, they used the \"Wii would like to play\" slogan to promote the console with the people who tried the games including Super Mario Galaxy and Super Paper Mario. The Nintendo DS's successor, the Nintendo 3DS, used the slogan \"Take a look inside\". The Wii's successor, the Wii U, used the slogan \"How U will play next.\"", "** The company introduces its recently developed brand philosophy at the 75th Geneva International Motor Show, expressed in the Way of Life! slogan. This English phrase is used worldwide with two notable exceptions:", "Montgomery Ward was the first company in the United States to advertise, Satisfaction guaranteed or your money back", "Some famous ad campaigns were developed in the 1950s, ’60s and into the early 1970s that were known for their overt use of sexual phraseology or imagery, while others in effect told the punch line, knowing the onlookers grasped the story. A case in point is Winston Super King cigarettes. For many years dancing couples pranced around the TV screen as they sang the famous jingle, “It’s not how long you make it, it’s how you make it long.”", "The 'Just do it' slogan first appeared at the end of a TV advert in 1988 ", "It was introduced to the car buying public with a television add featuring a catchy tune and jingle proclaiming: \"It’s whatever you want it to be.\"", "my favourite quote from this book is 'just do it' because it is the same as the slogan of a famous company.", "Comment: It was part slogan, part jingle. And we can still see the 1980s commercials that featured it.", "Was a successful respected advertising icon in the 1970s. His most remembered advert was for the \"wear seat belts\" campaign called \"clunk click every trip\", which lead to widespread take-up of seat belt use. He has also advertised train journeys \"let the train take the strain\" and \"this is the age of the train\", Green Shield Stamps, Bisto Gravy (with his mother), Startrite Shoes and Dale Farm Yoghurts.", "While the original commercial is 60 seconds long, an edited 30-second version and 15-second version of this commercial are the ones that have aired innumerable times over the years. The dialogue to the 60-second version is as follows:", "The company's logo, adopted in 1958, is a Centurion whose image appears on the company's traveler's cheques, charge cards and credit cards." ]

[ 3.826171875, 3.583984375, 3.158203125, 2.673828125, 1.6572265625, 1.49609375, 1.4619140625, 1.2978515625, 0.256591796875, -0.650390625, -1.1142578125, -2.6640625, -2.94140625, -3.107421875, -3.515625, -3.876953125, -4.10546875, -4.34765625, -4.40625, -4.875, -5.24609375, -5.36328125, -5.515625, -6.23828125, -6.2421875, -7.01171875, -7.38671875, -7.72265625, -8.1484375, -8.2109375, -9.1875, -9.6484375 ]

[ "An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart. Artificial hearts are typically used to bridge the time to heart transplantation, or to permanently replace the heart in case heart transplantation is impossible. Although other similar inventions preceded it going back to the late 1940s, the first artificial heart to be successfully implanted in a human was the Jarvik-7 in 1982, designed by a team including Willem Johan Kolff and Robert Jarvik.", "In 1982, Seattle dentist Dr. Barney Clark was the first person implanted with the Jarvik-7, the first artificial heart intended to last a lifetime. William DeVries, an American cardiothoracic surgeon, performed the surgery. The patient survived 112 days. \"It has been hard, but the heart itself has pumped right along,\" Clark said in the months following his history-making surgery.", "The first artificial heart for humans was invented and patented in the 1950s, but it wasn't until 1982 that a working artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, was successfully implanted in a human patient. ", "In 1982 the first 'successful' artificial heart (the Jarvik-7) is designed by Robert Jarvik, it is received by Barney Clark: William DeVries performs the surgery. He lives for 112 days, although the heart was intended to last a lifetime it is the first occurrence of a patient living beyond surgery. Jarvik continued to improve the device for example, working on the Jarvik 2000, a thumb-sized heart pump.", "An artificial heart is implanted into the body to replace the biological heart. On July 3, 1952, 41-year-old Henry Opitek suffering from shortness of breath made medical history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan . The Dodrill-GMR heart machine, considered to be the first operational mechanical heart was successfully inserted by Dr. Forest Dewey Dodrill into Henry Opitek while performing heart surgery. In 1981, Robert Jarvik implanted the world’s first permanent artificial heart, the Jarvik 7, into Dr. Barney Clark. The heart, powered by an external compressor kept Clark alive for 112 days. The Jarvik heart was not banned for permanent use. Since 1982, more than 350 people have received the Jarvik heart as a bridge to transplantation.", "An artificial heart is implanted into the body to replace the biological heart. On July 3, 1952, 41-year-old Henry Opitek suffering from shortness of breath made medical history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan. The Dodrill-GMR heart machine, considered to be the first operational mechanical heart was successfully inserted by Dr. Forest Dewey Dodrill into Henry Opitek while performing heart surgery. In 1981, Robert Jarvik implanted the world's first permanent artificial heart, the Jarvik 7, into Dr. Barney Clark. The heart, powered by an external compressor, kept Clark alive for 112 days. The Jarvik heart was not banned for permanent use. Since 1982, more than 350 people have received the Jarvik heart as a bridge to transplantation.", "Artificial heart In 1982 the Jarvik-7, the first permanent one of these, was implanted in patient Barney Clark", "August: Dr. Copeland becomes the first surgeon to successfully use the Jarvik 7 Total Artificial Heart as a bridge to human heart transplant. Michael Drummond, 25, lives nine days on the Total Artificial Heart before receiving a donor heart.", "1982: American physician Robert Jarvik designs the first artificial heart and American surgeon Willem DeVries implants it.", "The Jarvik 7 was state-of-the-art for its time, and was the first one designed for permanent use. It employed a heart-shaped pump that was implanted into the patient. An external pneumatic compressor, connected to the pump by tubes running through the chest wall, regulated blood flow.", "Contrary to popular belief and erroneous articles in several periodicals, the Jarvik heart was not banned for permanent use. Today, the modern version of the Jarvik 7 is known as the SynCardia temporary Total Artificial Heart. It has been implanted in more than 1,350 people as a bridge to transplantation.", "Numerous scientists and engineers worked on the development of the artificial heart, but it was Robert Jarvik, M.D. in the Kolff laboratory who changed the TAH from a sphere to an elliptical shape allowing it to fit more easily into the chest cavity. Jarvik also added a third and fourth bladder to each ventricle creating more flexibility and durability. The addition of two extra rubber bellows allowed for more vigorous blood flow. His improvements allowed the correct amount of blood 100cc's, to circulate through the body. Jarvik also experimented with materials using polyurethane Biomar to create surfaces inside the housing which prevented blood thrombosis or clotting. The highly publicized artificial heart operations brought attention to the triumphs of scientific technology as well as its limitations, and costs, both literal and figurative.", "DeVries then joined the staff at Humana Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky. At Humana he carried out four other Jarvik-7 implants during 1984 and 1985. Each of these patients also died, including William Schroeder. Schroeder survived 620 days, but suffered a long series of debilitating setbacks during that period. The results of actual permanent implantation of the Jarvik-7 revealed its limitations, including the fact that it caused blood clots to form that traveled to the brain and caused strokes.", "The first implantation of an artificial heart in a human being ocurrred in 1969. Intended as a temporary measure, its goal was to keep a cardiac patient alive until a heart transplannt could be performed.", "Although prostheses in general supplement lost or damaged body parts with the integration of a mechanical artifice, bionic implants in medicine allow model organs or body parts to mimic the original function more closely. Michael Chorost wrote a memoir of his experience with cochlear implants, or bionic ear, titled \"Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More Human.\" Jesse Sullivan became one of the first people to operate a fully robotic limb through a nerve-muscle graft, enabling him a complex range of motions beyond that of previous prosthetics. By 2004, a fully functioning artificial heart was developed. The continued technological development of bionic and nanotechnologies begins to raise the question of enhancement, and of the future possibilities for cyborgs which surpass the original functionality of the biological model. The ethics and desirability of \"enhancement prosthetics\" have been debated; their proponents include the transhumanist movement, with its belief that new technologies can assist the human race in developing beyond its present, normative limitations such as aging and disease, as well as other, more general incapacities, such as limitations on speed, strength, endurance, and intelligence. Opponents of the concept describe what they believe to be biases which propel the development and acceptance of such technologies; namely, a bias towards functionality and efficiency that may compel assent to a view of human people which de-emphasizes as defining characteristics actual manifestations of humanity and personhood, in favor of definition in terms of upgrades, versions, and utility. ", "In fact, the prototype of an artificial retina was introduced by UCB's Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in 2010. It used 16 (the \"first generation\") or 60 (the \"second generation\") microelectrodes, and allowed patients to distinguish light from dark areas and detect movement.  Lawrence Livermore scientists are currently working on a \"third generation\" implant which would allow some perception of form, and estimate that an implant with only 1,000 microelectrodes would actually permit facial identification.  The 60-electrode version was named \"Invention of the Year\" by time magazine in 2013.", "New advances in artificial limbs include additional levels of integration with the human body. Electrodes can be placed into nervous tissue, and the body can be trained to control the prosthesis. This technology has been used in both animals and humans. The prosthetic can be controlled by the brain using a direct implant or implant into various muscles. ", "In 1997, Philip Kennedy, a scientist and physician, designed the world's first human cyborg, named Johnny Ray. Ray was a Vietnam veteran in Georgia who suffered a stroke. Unfortunately, Ray's body, as doctors called it, was \"locked in\". Ray wanted his old life back so he agreed to Kennedy's experiment. Kennedy embedded a Neurotrophic Electrode near the part of Ray's brain so that Ray would be able to have some movement back in his body. The surgery went successfully, but in 2002, Johnny Ray died. ", "\" It has long been clear to me that the modern ultra-rapid computing machine was in principle an ideal central nervous system to an apparatus for automatic control; and that its input and output need not be in the form of numbers or diagrams but might very well be, respectively, the readings of artificial sense organs, such as photoelectric cells or thermometers, and the performance of motors or solenoids. With the aid of strain gauges or similar agencies to read the performance of these motor organs and to report, to \"feed back,\" to the central control system as an artificial kinesthetic sense, we are already in a position to construct artificial machines of almost any degree of elaborateness of performance. Long before Nagasaki and the public awareness of the atomic bomb, it had occurred to me that we were here in the presence of another social potentiality of unheard-of importance for good and for evil. The automatic factory and the assembly line without human agents are only so far ahead of us as is limited by our willingness to put such a degree of effort into their engineering as was spent, for example, in the development of the technique of radar in the Second World War .", "Mark 1-1952- This general purpose 95th percentile dummy was developed by Alderson Research Laboratories for use by U.S. and European Air Force. A full plaster cast was made of a life subject. Cuts through estimated joint centers (palpation method on the life subject), sagittal through shoulders, oblique through hips and transverse at vertebrae 07 and waist determined the basic segmentation. The head was a two-piece cast aluminum skull with cranial cavity to house accelerometers and pressure transducers with integral vinyl skin/foam covering. The neck was a series of precision investment cast semi-spherical ball-and-socket joints held together by a tensioned steel cable. A full ball-and-socket joint between head and neck provided most of the flexion and extension. The dummy featured a lumbar/thoracic spine with ball-and-socket joints separated by phenolic spacers and rubber elements to prevent metal to metal contact and dampen the range of motion. Ribs were constructed of round steel tubing and attached to the individual thoracic vertebrae. The entire assembly was held together by a tensioned steel cable.", "Aug 1998: Kevin Warwick, a Cybernetic scientist, becomes the first human to be implanted a microchip", "1979 Bionic ear - The cochlear implant was invented by Professor Graeme Clark of the University of Melbourne.", "2002 - The first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans is carried out by Kevin Warwick in the United Kingdom.", "Neuroprosthetic research began long before it solidified as an organized academic field of study. In 1973, University of California, Los Angeles, computer scientist Jacques Vidal observed modulations of signals in the electroencephalogram of a patient and wrote in Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering: “Can these observable electrical brain signals be put to work as carriers of information in man-computer communication or for the purpose of controlling such external apparatus as prosthetic devices or spaceships?” While we don’t yet have mind-controlled spaceships, neural control of a prosthetic device for medical applications is now becoming commonplace in labs around the world.", "Programmable humanoid robot band : Al-Jazari (1136–1206) created the first recorded designs of a programmable humanoid robot in 1206, as opposed to the non-programmable automata in ancient times. Al-Jazari's robot was originally a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs ( cams ) that bump into little levers that operate the percussion . The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns if the pegs were moved around. [111] According to Charles B. Fowler, the automata were a \"robot band\" which performed \"more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection.\" [112]", "* Late 1940s/early 1950s: The integrated circuit, commonly called the microchip, conceptualised and built by Geoffrey Dummer (1909–2002).", "Socket technology for lower extremity limbs saw a revolution of advancement during the 1980s when John Sabolich C.P.O., invented the Contoured Adducted Trochanteric-Controlled Alignment Method (CATCAM) socket, later to evolve into the Sabolich Socket. He followed the direction of Ivan Long and Ossur Christensen as they developed alternatives to the quadrilateral socket, which in turn followed the open ended plug socket, created from wood. The advancement was due to the difference in the socket to patient contact model. Prior to this, sockets were made in the shape of a square shape with no specialized containment for muscular tissue. New designs thus help to lock in the bony anatomy, locking it into place and distributing the weight evenly over the existing limb as well as the musculature of the patient. Ischial containment is well known and used today by many prosthetist to help in patient care. Variations of the ischial containment socket thus exists and each socket is tailored to the specific needs of the patient. Others who contributed to socket development and changes over the years include Tim Staats, Chris Hoyt, and Frank Gottschalk. Gottschalk disputed the efficacy of the CAT-CAM socket- insisting the surgical procedure done by the amputation surgeon was most important to prepare the amputee for good use of a prosthesis of any type socket design. ", "Differing from its predecessors, ASIMO was the first to incorporate predicted movement control, allowing for increased joint flexibility and a smoother, more human-like walking motion. Introduced in 2000, the first version of ASIMO was designed to function in a human environment, which would enable it to better assist people in real-world situations. Since then, several updated models have been produced to improve upon its original abilities of carrying out mobility assistance tasks. A new ASIMO was introduced in 2005, with an increased running speed to 3.7 mph, which is twice as fast as the original robot. ASIMO fell during an attempt to climb stairs at a presentation in Tokyo in December 2006, but then a month later, ASIMO demonstrated tasks such as kicking a football, running and walking up and down a set of steps at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas , Nevada .", "Despite his vigorous anticommunist rhetoric, Reagan made nuclear arms control one of the keynotes of his administration. By 1983, however, talks with the Soviets were stalled over issues of what kinds of weapons should be controlled, what kind of control would be instituted, and how compliance with the controls would be assured. It was at this point that Reagan became enamored with an idea proposed by some of his military and scientific advisors, including Dr. Edward Teller, the “father of the hydrogen bomb.” What they proposed was a massive program involving the use of antimissile satellites utilizing laser beams or other means to knock Soviet nuclear missiles out of the sky before they had a chance to impact the United States. Reagan therefore called upon the nation’s scientists to “turn their great talents” to this “vision of the future which offers hope.” He admitted that such a highly sophisticated program might “not be accomplished before the end of this century.”", "Edward A. Murphy, Jr. was one of the engineers on the rocket-sled experiments that were done by the U.S. Air Force in 1949 to test human acceleration tolerances (USAF project MX981). One experiment involved a set of 16 accelerometers mounted to different parts of the subject's body. There were two ways each sensor could be glued to its mount, and somebody methodically installed all 16 the wrong way around. Murphy then made the original form of his pronouncement, which the test subject (Major John Paul Stapp) quoted at a news conference a few days later.", "Edward A. Murphy, Jr. was one of the engineers on the rocket-sled experiments that were done by the U.S. Air Force in 1949 to test human acceleration tolerances (USAF project MX981). One experiment involved a set of 16 accelerometers mounted to different parts of the subject's body. There were two ways each sensor could be glued to its mount, and somebody methodically installed all 16 the wrong way around. Murphy then made the original form of his pronouncement, which the test subject (Major John Paul Stapp) quoted at a news conference a few days later.", "1970 AD - First Android, Hardwired, Chimaster, Gadgeteer, Evolved Animal, Exo Pilot and Augmented. Students killed during anti Vietnam war protests. " ]

[ 5.984375, 5.31640625, 4.87890625, 4.0078125, 4.0078125, 3.83203125, 3.537109375, 2.9453125, 2.59765625, 2.50390625, 1.0400390625, -0.79248046875, -1.7392578125, -3.705078125, -4.046875, -4.58984375, -5.3671875, -5.83984375, -5.9765625, -6.19140625, -6.41015625, -6.4765625, -6.69921875, -7.2421875, -7.41015625, -7.83203125, -8.15625, -8.3984375, -8.6796875, -9.1796875, -9.1796875, -9.25 ]

[ "On March 30, 1981, President Ronald Reagan is shot in the chest outside a Washington, D.C., hotel by a deranged drifter named John Hinckley Jr.", "Shortly after his inauguration, an attempt was made on the president's life. On March 30, 1981, Reagan was shot in the chest by John Hinckley Jr. while in Washington, D.C. . The bullet passed through his lung and was only an inch from his heart. He was operated on at George Washington University Hospital and was only hospitalized for two weeks. His Press Secretary James Brady, however, suffered permanent brain injuries from one of the bullets. [3]", "On March 30, 1981, President Ronald Reagan is shot in the chest outside a Washington, D.C., hotel by a deranged drifter named John Hinckley Jr. The president had just finished addressing a labor meeting at the Washington Hilton Hotel and was walking with his entourage to his limousine when Hinckley... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-reagan-shot?et_cid=73196847&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fpresident-reagan-shot", "\"On March 30, 1981, just 70 days into his presidency , Ronald Reagan was shot by John Hinckley Jr., a deranged drifter who had briefly stalked President Jimmy Carter.\" -Arizona Daily Star", "1981 - Assassination Attempt / Ronald Reagan - March 30th, 1981: \"David Hinckley shot and wounded President Ronald Reagan outside a Washington, D.C., hotel. Press Sec. James Brady took a bullet as did Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy and a District of Columbia police officer.\"", "While President Ronald Reagan was leaving the Washington Hilton in Washington, D.C., on March 30, 1981, he was seriously injured by a .22-caliber bullet fired by twenty-five-year-old John W. Hinckley Jr. After watching the movie Taxi Driver, Hinckley was impressed by Robert DeNiro's role as a man who tries to assassinate a senator. Hinckley also became infatuated with Jodie Foster, a young actress in the film, and decided that the way to impress her was to kill the president. Reagan survived major surgery to repair a collapsed lung, and Hinckley was sentenced to a psychiatric facility.", "Near-tragedy struck on his 70th day as president. On March 30, 1981, Reagan was leaving a Washington hotel after addressing labor leaders when a young drifter, John Hinckley, fired six shots at him. A bullet lodged an inch from Reagan's heart, but he recovered.", "* Ronald Reagan was shot in Washington, D.C. on March 30, 1981 by John Hinckley, a mentally disturbed young man who also stalked actress Jodie Foster. Reagan's press secretary James Brady was also shot, along with a police officer and a U.S. Secret Service agent. The latter two recovered, along with Reagan himself, but Brady used a wheelchair as a result of brain damage thereafter and would become an advocate of gun control.", "On March 30, 1981, only 69 days into the new administration, Reagan, his press secretary James Brady , Washington police officer Thomas Delahanty , and Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy were struck by gunfire from would-be assassin John Hinckley, Jr. outside the Washington Hilton Hotel . Although \"close to death\" during surgery, [95] Reagan recovered and was released from the hospital on April 11, becoming the first serving U.S. President to survive being shot in an assassination attempt. [96] The attempt had great influence on Reagan's popularity; polls indicated his approval rating to be around 73%. [97] Reagan believed that God had spared his life so that he might go on to fulfill a greater purpose. [98]", "On March 30, 1981, only 69 days into the new administration, Reagan, his press secretary James Brady , Washington police officer Thomas Delahanty , and Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy were struck by gunfire from would-be assassin John Hinckley, Jr. , outside the Washington Hilton Hotel . Although \"close to death\" upon arrival at George Washington University Hospital , Reagan was stabilized in the emergency room, then underwent emergency exploratory surgery. [115] He recovered and was released from the hospital on April 11, becoming the first serving U.S. President to survive being shot in an assassination attempt. [116] The attempt had great influence on Reagan's popularity; polls indicated his approval rating to be around 73%. [117] Reagan believed that God had spared his life so that he might go on to fulfill a greater purpose. [118]", "On March 30, 1981, only 69 days into the new administration, Reagan, his press secretary  James Brady , Washington police officer Thomas Delahanty , and Secret Service agent  Timothy McCarthy  were struck by gunfire from would-be assassin  John Hinckley, Jr. , outside the  Washington Hilton Hotel . Although \"close to death\" upon arrival at  George Washington University Hospital , Reagan was stabilized in the emergency room, then underwent emergency exploratory surgery. [114]  He recovered and was released from the hospital on April 11, becoming the first serving U.S. President to survive being shot in an assassination attempt. [115]  The attempt had great influence on Reagan's popularity; polls indicated his approval rating to be around 73%. [116]  Reagan believed that God had spared his life so that he might go on to fulfill a greater purpose. [117]", "In the FBI’s Vault the following is mentioned under the file Attempted Assassination of President Ronald Reagan : “On March 31, 1981, John W. Hinckley, Jr., shot President Ronald Reagan and several others in a failed assassination attempt. The FBI conducted an extensive investigation, named REAGAT.”", "When President Ronald Reagan was shot on this day, March 30, in 1981, it was anything but funny. The assassination attempt by John W. Hinckley Jr. required the President to undergo surgery and seriously wounded three others.", "1981 – Trying to impress actress Jodie Foster, obsessed fan John Hinckley, Jr. shot and wounded U.S. President Ronald Reagan and three others outside the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C.", "Moving on swiftly now to 1981 and the puppet-President Ronald Reagan and his controllers, the Bush crime-family. In that year, Reagan was the subject of an assassination attempt by another ‘lone-nut’ gunman, John Hinckley. Strange is it not how assassinations are never politically motivated?", "On March 30, 1981, 70 days into his presidency, President Reagan was shot outside the Washington Hilton Hotel. ", "On March 30, 1981, Hinckley shot Reagan, his press aide Jim Brady and two others outside a Washington hotel in an effort to impress Hollywood actress Jodie Foster with whom he said he was obsessed.", "93. Who did John Hinckley attempt to assassinate on the 30th of March 1981? President Ronald Reagan", "On March 31, l981, there was an assassination attempt on Reagan's life as he left a speaking engagement in downtown Washington. His Press Secretary, James Brady, was severely wounded and left disabled.(Anti-gun legislation, called The Brady Bill, has been named for him.) One secret service agent took a bullet that would have hit the President, and a local policeman also was wounded. Reagan was wounded, but not badly. The shooter, a disturbed man named John Hinckley, was found not guilty by reason of insanity and was committed to a mental institution.", "Reagan did not trust GHW Bush and would not allow anyone in his inner circle to communicate with Bush.  Then, less than 60 days in office, Reagan was shot twice by Hinkley,  a Bush family friend.  Hinckley’s brother was at Neil Bush’s Birthday party the night Reagan was shot.", "Narrator: A deranged lone gunman, John Hinckley, Jr., had fired six bullets at the president. One ricocheted off Reagan's limousine, and tore into his left lung missing his heart by an inch.", "Two months after Reagan took office, there was an incredible lapse of security, and the son of a Bush supporter shot and nearly killed Ronald Reagan.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, following a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader.", "From 3/30/1981 ( U.S. President Ronald Wilson Reagan shot and wounded in near-fatal assassination attempt ) To 10/2/2008 ( George Bush is enemy combatant and violent criminal against the U.S. federal government ) is 10048 days", "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( / ˈ r ɒ n əl d ˈ w ɪ l s ən ˈ r eɪ ɡ ən / ; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). Prior to his presidency, he served as the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975), and was a radio, film and television actor.", "The Secret Service agent credited with saving President Ronald Reagan’s life on the day he was shot outside a Washington hotel in 1981 has died.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). Born in Tampico, Illinois , Reagan moved to Los Angeles, California in the 1930s, where he was an actor , president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), and a spokesman for General Electric (GE). His start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party , he switched to the Republican Party in 1962, at the age of 51. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater 's presidential candidacy in 1964 , he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970 . He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976 , but won both the nomination and election in 1980 .", "5 The chaotic aftermath of the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan in Washington on 30 March. How many shots were fired at the president?", "It's hard to judge who the worst was, for me, because Reagan looms as such a stupid, evil man that I can't look at him objectively. He brought racism back to life as it was trying to die. He kicked off his campaign in Philadelphia, MS, a town known only for the triple murder of civil rights activists by KKK members. Reagan divided a nation that needed healing, brought war and military violence back into fashion when America was finally rejecting it, set up every major foreign crisis that we face today, from Iraq to Usama bin Laden, and had no concern for how many people he killed or how many lies he told.", "Hinckley shot James Brady in the head, inflicting permanent brain damage on Reagan’s press secretary. Timothy McCarthy, a Secret Service agent, was shot in the side, and Thomas Delahanty, a District of Columbia policeman, was shot in the neck. Both recovered from their wounds.", "The United States experienced a number of major losses to assassins in the twentieth century. Huey Long, an icon in Louisiana politics, was assassinated on September 8, 1935, in the corridor of the capitol building by Carl Weiss, a medical doctor in Baton Rouge and son-in-law of one of Long's many political enemies. Mark David Chapman shot John Lennon, one of the most politically active rock stars of his generation, on December 8, 1980. Attempts were made on other noteworthy men such as George Wallace (May 15, 1972, in Laurel, Maryland ) and civil rights leader James Meredith (June 1966 during a march from Memphis , Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi ).", "Former NRA Board Member Praised Dictator Robert Mugabe For Calling Gay People “Perverts Who Do Not Deserve Civil Rights.” Jeff Cooper, a longtime board member whom the NRA honored by naming a shooting range after him when he died in 2004, praised Zimbabwe dictator Robert Mugabe in his often-homophobic “Jeff Cooper’s Commentaries” newsletter:" ]

[ 8.9765625, 7.3828125, 6.48828125, 5.8046875, 4.65234375, 4.53515625, 4.52734375, 4.0234375, 3.83203125, 3.63671875, 3.619140625, 3.400390625, 3.134765625, 2.912109375, 2.099609375, 1.947265625, 0.958984375, 0.6865234375, 0.4951171875, -0.395263671875, -0.50830078125, -0.5947265625, -0.720703125, -0.865234375, -1.4775390625, -1.6650390625, -1.7978515625, -4.21875, -4.53125, -4.7890625, -5.4140625, -8.6640625 ]

[ "PEGASOS (Pegasus) was an immortal, winged horse which sprang from the neck of the beheaded Gorgon Medousa (Medusa). It was tamed by Bellerophon who rode it into battle against the fire-breathing monster known as the Khimaira (Chimera) . Later the hero attempted to fly to heaven but Zeus caused the horse to buck throwing him back down to earth in disgrace. Pegasos winged his way on to Olympos where he became the thunderbolt-bearer of Zeus.", "Pegasus (Greek Pegasos) is the winged white horse, son of Poseidon in the shape of a horse. At birth Pegasus sprang forth from the bloody neck of the Gorgon Medusa ( Algol ) when she was beheaded by the hero Perseus . A spring was created when Pegasus' hooves struck the earth on Mount Helicon, the fabled spring of Hippocrene, at the behest of Poseidon to prevent the mountain swelling too much. Pegasus was tamed by Bellerophon who rode him into battle against the fire-breathing Chimera. Later Bellerophon attempted to fly to Mt. Olympus, the home of the gods, on the back of Pegasus. The gods sent a gadfly to sting Pegasus causing the horse to buck, throwing Bellerophon back down to earth. Pegasus, freed of his burden, continued to wing his way to Mt. Olympus where he took a place in the stables of Zeus/Jupiter. One of his wing feathers fell to earth close to Tarsus giving the city its name. It is said that Pegasus bears for Jupiter the lightning and thunder. Pegasus was a great favorite with the nine Muses who gathered around the Mount Helicon spring to sing and dance, for its water was said to bring poetic inspiration.", "One of the most well known mythological horses is Pegasus . Winged horses have been used to symbolize freedom , power and victory in many different cultures. Pegasus is an immortal winged horse of Greek mythology. Pegasus is said to have sprung from the head or body, depending on what version of the myth you read, of Medusa , a mythical Gorgon sister with hair of snakes and a stare that could turn a man to stone. Medusa's head was lopped off by Perseus , a greek hero who was challenged by a rival suitor to bring back Medusa's head, a ploy intended to keep him out of the way while his rival won his lady. Thanks to some tools and trickery supplied by a sympathetic God and Goddess, Perseus was successful in his quest. Along with Pegasus was 'born' a warrior, Chrysaor who arrived riding Pegasus and carrying a golden sword and is regarded as his brother.", "The fate of our next hero also carries this message. Young Bellerophon tamed the beautiful winged horse Pegasus, and on its back he killed the fearsome monster the Chimaera, which was part lion, part goat and part serpent. But after a number of deeds he became too ambitious and tried to ride Pegasus up to Olympus. Zeus sent a gadfly to sting Pegasus, who reared suddenly and threw Bellerophon to his death.", "Euripides and some later writers added that, while still at Corinth , Bellerophon tamed the winged horse Pegasus with a bridle given to him by Athena and that he used Pegasus to fight the Chimera and afterward to punish Stheneboea. He supposedly earned the wrath of the gods by trying to fly up to heaven and was thrown from Pegasus and lamed. This version is found in Euripides’ Bellerophontes and is parodied in Aristophanes’ Peace.", "Pegasus - Technically the proper name of Bellerophon's winged horse, which became the general name for winged horses.", "Pegasus is one of the best known mythological creatures in Greek mythology. He is a winged divine horse usually depicted as white in colour. Bellerophon caught & tamed this mighty steed", "A long time ago, the Greek hero Bellerophon set out to kill the fire-breathing Chimera, a beast with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail. The goddess Athena helped Bellerophon tame Pegasus, and with the winged horse's aid, Bellerophon killed the monster.", "Pegasus�is a winged horse that played part in several legends of the Greek mythology. A version of the legend reports that this magical winged horse was born on earth. One day, as it was drinking from the spring of Pirene in Corinth, Bellerophon broke him in. Mounted on the miraculous steed, the latter accomplished great exploits, showing that with the help of gods� mankind can tame the elements. Bellerophon wanted eventually to ascend into the heavens. Zeus, the king of the gods in Greek mythology, unseated him and the winged horse was changed into a constellation. Pegasus can be compared to today�s finest raced horses and represents a kind of immortality, i.e. the rider of Pegasus could fly through the air to reach the heavens. Therefore, Pegasus symbolizes mankind�s desire to take the air, as well as the capricious nature of the element.", "\"Bellerophon mounted Pegasos, his winged horse born of Medousa (Medusa) and Poseidon, and flying into the air brought down the Khimaira (Chimera) with his bow and arrows.\"", "Some years passed before Athena found Pegasus and presented him to the Greek hero, Bellerophon . She also gave Bellerophon a golden bridle, or harness, to tame Pegasus. While Pegasus was grazing on the banks of a stream, Bellerophon threw the golden bridle over Pegasus's head to tame him. Once he was tamed, Bellerophon and the winged equine became thick friends and galloped over the seven seas and the mountains. It is said that Pegasus could gallop faster than the wind. So while riding on Pegasus, Bellerophon conquered the Chimera , a large three-headed monster.", "  To kill the monster Chimaera, the Lycian seer Polyeidus told Bellerophon that he would have need of Pegasus, the magic winged horse,immortal offspring of the god Poseidon and the Gorgon Medusa . Pegasus was born when the hero Perseus cut off Medusa 's head. Bellerophon had been unable to tame Pegasus, after many failures, Polyeidus suggested that Bellerophon spend the night in Athena 's temple. There, he had a dream that the goddess offered him a magical, golden bridle. He awoke and found the bridle he dreamt about in his hands. He sensibly made a sacrifice to both Athena and Poseidon . Afterwards, he went to the meadow, Pegasus was grazing at, and was able to bridle and tame the horse without difficulty.  In one version, it was described that Athena or Poseidon brought Pegasus already tamed and bridled to Bellerophon. ", "BELLEROPHONTES (Bellerophon). The hero-prince of Korinthos (Corinth), master of the winged-horse Pegasos and slayer of the Khimaira (Chimera).", "Bellerophon was advised, by a local seer in Lycia, to find and tame the winged Pegasus in order to prevail the battle with Chimera. Bellerophon then went to pray night and day in a temple of Athena. When the goddess finally appeared in his dreams, she gave him a golden bridle with which he could successfully tame Pegasus. He was also hinted to go to the well of Peirene, on the Acropolis of his birthplace in Corinth, where he would find Pegasus and tame it, while drinking from the well. After successfully bonded with the creature, Bellerophon flew back to Lycian lands and spotted the monster. He engaged in battle but couldn`t come close enough to hit it with arrows or a spear, because of the fire expelled by Chimera. Soon, hero came up with a solution by attaching a block of lead to his spear and flew over the fire-breathing beast, dropping the lead from his spear into its mouth. The beast`s fire breath melted the lead, blocking its air passage and consequently suffocating the beast.", "The beautiful celebrated winged horse of mythology, he was ironically the offspring of Medusa when Perseus decapitated her. Wild and free, he was tamed by the hero Bellerophon with the aid of the famed golden bridle. Winged animals are not of Greek origins, and, like the Sphinx, the myth of Pegasus is probably foreign—most likely it migrated from the East.", "The most famous moment involving the Chimera in Greek mythology is when the Greek hero Bellerophon, with the help of his trusty winged steed, Pegasus, killed the Chimera with a bow and arrow from the sky above.", "We don't seem to know much abour Chrysoar, and the relationship between the brothers. Perseus himself was the first to ride Pegasus in a heroic quest. Bellerophon, a rather vain young man also desired to ride Pegasus but did not know how to capture him. He was told to sleep in a temple to gain guidance, and dreamed he was presented with a golden bridle. When he awoke the bridle was beside him. He used the bridle to capture Pegasus while the winged horse drank at a fountain. Then Bellerophon is said to have ridden Pegasus into a battle against a fire-breathing Chimera. Then, unwisely, Bellerophon tried to ride Pegasus to the top of Mount Olympus , the home of the gods. But this displeased Zeus with whom Bellerophon had fallen out of favor, and he sent an insect to to sting Pegasus and make him buck. Bellerphon fell to the earth.", "Not so fast. Bellerophon was able to use his heroics to defeat the Chimaera, \"for he was guided by signs from heaven.\" He did it from high up, says Pseudo-Apollodorus. \" So Bellerophon mounted his winged steed Pegasus, offspring of Medusa and Poseidon, and soaring on high shot down the Chimera from the height.\"", "Athena may actually have had a role in this. Pindar claims that Athena helped Bellerophon harness Pegasus by giving him \"a bridle with golden cheek-pieces.\" After sacrificing a bull to Athena, Bellerophon was able to bridle the untameable horse. He \"stretched the gentle charmed bridle around its jaws and caught the winged horse. Mounted on its back and armored in bronze, at once he began to play with weapons.\"", "is one of the best known mythological creatures in Greek mythology. He is a winged divine stallion usually depicted as pure white in color. He was sired by Poseidon, in his role as horse-god, and foaled by the Gorgon Medusa. He was the brother of Chrysaor, born at a single birthing when his mother was decapitated by Perseus. Greco-Roman poets write about his ascent to heaven after his birth and his obeisance to Zeus, king of the gods, who instructed him to bring lightning and thunder from Olympus. Friend of the Muses, Pegasus is the creator of Hippocrene, the fountain on Mt. Helicon. He was captured by the Greek hero Bellerophon near the fountain Peirene with the help of Athena and Poseidon. Pegasus allows the hero to ride him to defeat a monster, the Chimera, before realizing many other exploits. His rider, however, falls off his back trying to reach Mount Olympus. Zeus transformed him into the constellation Pegasus and placed him up in the sky.", "The chimera is best known for its death at the hands of Bellerophon who triumphed over it with the help of Pegasus, the flying horse. Able to fly above the chimera, and so out of the range of the fire coming out of its mouth, Bellerophon shot arrows at the beast wounding and finally killing it.", "Bellerophon, a demigod that tames Pegasus, is sent to kill the Chimera, a fire-breathing monster with the body of a lion, dragon, and goat. Later, Bellerophon flies Pegasus to Mt. Olympus to visit the gods. They are angered and send a gadfly to sting Pegasus causing Bellerophon to endure a crippling fall. ", "PEGASOS (Pegasus). A winged horse, son of Poseidon and the Gorgon Medousa (Medusa), which was the steed--and half-brother--of Bellerophontes.", "The gods aided him in his quest, by sending the winged horse, Pegasus (Πήγασος), to him. He received the golden bridle from the goddess Athena. On Pegasus' back, he flew to the countryside and killed Chimaera with his arrows, safely out of range of the fire-breathing monster.", "A winged horse, and one of the most famous mythic creatures. He's the child of Medusa and Poseidon (the result of rape). Later became hero Bellerophon's steed after being captured on the Muses' Mount Helicon and helped him slay Chimera, as well as in battle against the Amazons. After Bellerophon's fall (literally and figurative ), Zeus keeps him.", "Unlike the fearsome chimera slain by Bellerophon, Pegasus is a noble creature. When Bellerophon became too proud and tried to fly to Mount Olympus where the Gods dwelt, Pegasus threw him off and was rewarded with a place in Mount Olympus in the stable of Zeus' horses.", "However, as Bellerophon's fame grew, so did his ego. Bellerophon felt that, with Pegasus, he could fly to Mount Olympus , the realm of the gods. However, the flight was truly exhausting for Pegasus and the gods sent a fly to sting the horse. Pegasus stumbled and Bellerophon fell to his death, punished for the pride of hubris. (In some versions, Athena saves him but Pegasus flies away and Bellerophon is crippled by the fall.)", "As Bellerophon's fame grew, so did his hubris. Bellerophon felt that because of his victory over the Chimera, and because he thought he was a god he deserved to fly to Mount Olympus, the realm of the gods. However, this presumption angered Zeus and he sent a gadfly to sting the horse, causing Bellerophon to fall all the way back to Earth. Pegasus completed the flight to Olympus where Zeus used him as a pack horse for his thunderbolts. On the Plain of Aleion (\"Wandering\"), Bellerophon (who had fallen into a thorn bush) lived out his life in misery as a blinded crippled hermit, grieving and shunning the haunts of men until he died. In Tlos, near Fethiye, in modern-day Turkey, ancient Lykia, there is a tomb with a carving of a man riding a winged horse. This is claimed locally to be the tomb of Bellerophon.", "Bellerophon was a Korinthian Hero. Bellerophon rode Pegasus into battle against the Khimaira which was a fire breather. This was a creature that had the head and the main of a lion with a head of a goat that rose from it’s back alone with goat udders and a tail of a serpent.", "Pegasus is the beautiful flying horse of mythology. Pegasus was a white horse with wings, sometimes depicted as a unicorn, a single, spiraling horn that protruded from the forehead of Pegasus; on the other hand, most depictions of Pegasus did not show the horse as a unicorn.", "Bellepheron: \"Wielder of Missles\" or \"Slayer of Bellerus\": Son of Poseidon and Eurymede or Eurynome: First tamer of Pegasus, Subduer of the Amazons, and Killer of the Chimaerae. Attempted to fly to Olympus on Pegasus and was knocked off the horse after a gadfly sent by Zeus stung the horse causing it to buck throwing Bellepheron. He could be an enemy of Kratos for riding the Pegasus as well as for stealing his name to fame and killing the Chimera.", "Bellerophon tamed this beast by using the magic bridle that was given to him by Athena." ]

[ 8.0390625, 7.25390625, 7.12109375, 6.0859375, 6.0625, 5.90234375, 5.484375, 5.3828125, 5.01953125, 5.01171875, 4.6171875, 4.59375, 4.4609375, 4.23828125, 4.21875, 3.859375, 2.806640625, 2.638671875, 2.333984375, 2.25, 2.23828125, 1.951171875, 1.9453125, 1.26953125, 0.482421875, 0.43310546875, 0.1500244140625, 0.0227203369140625, -0.0655517578125, -0.1236572265625, -0.814453125, -1.076171875 ]

[ "On April 3, 1996, Federal Agents arrested Theodore J. Kaczynski, a Harvard grad and former UC Berkeley math professor, in a remote cabin in the Montana mountains. Authorities believe Ted is indeed the mysterious Unabomber. After a 18-year search, Kaczynski's brother David broke the case when he uncovered old letters in his mother's attic that sounded like Unabom. Through a lawyer David handed the documents to authorities after negotiating that they would not pursue the death penalty. After a three week stakeout around Kaczynski's remote mountain cabin in the freezing wilderness near the Continental Divide, federal agents arrested the reclusive genius.", "On April 3, 1996, federal investigators arrested Ted Kaczynski at his cabin in Montana. News outlets carried images of the bearded and disheveled Kaczynski, giving the country and the world its first glimpse of the infamous Unabomber. At his cabin, they found one completed bomb, other bomb parts and about 40,000 pages of his journals, in which he described his crimes in detail.", "(born 1942). One of the most prolonged and publicized manhunts in United States history reached a dramatic climax in early April 1996, as investigators from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) descended upon a one-room wood shack in a remote area near Lincoln, Mont. After weeks of surveillance, FBI agents apprehended the owner of the shack, a bedraggled hermit named Ted Kaczynski. A mathematical genius who had once been a university professor in California, Kaczynski would eventually confess to being the mysterious, elusive, and notorious Unabomber, who had waged a 17-year campaign of terror that left three people dead and 29 injured.", "The ‘Unabomber’, Ted Kacynski, was arrested in Montana, USA. He had waged a 17-year bombing campaign in the USA, attempting to bring about a revolution against industrialism", "Ted Kaczynski, also known as the “Unabomber,” was born on May 22, 1942, in Illinois. A mathematics prodigy, Kaczynski taught at the University of California at Berkeley before retreating to a survivalist lifestyle in the Montana woods. Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski mailed bombs to universities and airlines, killing three people and injuring 23 more. FBI agents arrested Kaczynski in 1996, and two years later he was sentenced to life in prison.", "But according to the Norwegian anti-Islamic citizen journalist website Document.no, to which Mr Breivik himself was a frequent contributor, large parts of the manifesto are copied directly from \"Unabomber\" Ted Kaczynski's own manifesto, with minor changes such as replacement of the word \"leftist\" by the phrase \"cultural Marxist\". Kaczynski is serving a life sentence for carrying out a bombing campaign in the US from 1978 to 1995, sending 16 bombs which killed three people and injured another 23, organised from a remote cabin in the state of Montana.", "The Unabomber was the target of one of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's (FBI) most costly investigations. Before Kaczynski's identity was known, the FBI used the handle \"UNABOM\" (\"UNiversity and Airline BOMber\") to refer to his case, which resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber. Despite the FBI's efforts, he was not caught as a result of this investigation. Instead, his brother recognized Ted's style of writing and beliefs from the manifesto, and tipped off the FBI. To avoid the death penalty , Kaczynski's lawyers were court appointed, but he eventually got rid of them because they wanted to plead insanity and he did not believe he was insane. Once it was sure that he would be defending himself on national television the court entered a plea agreement , under which he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole . Theodore Kaczynski has been designated a \" domestic terrorist \" by the FBI. [2] Several anarchist authors, such as John Zerzan and John Moore , have come to his defense, while holding some reservations over his actions and ideas. [3] [4] [5]", "The Unabomber ( University and Airline Bomber ) was Theodore John Kaczynski, an American mathematician and social critic who was charged with carrying out a campaign of deadly mail bombings.", "But housed in neighboring cells on the same secluded wing at the United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX) in Florence, Colo., Ted Kaczynski, the Unabomber, struck up an odd friendship with two other notorious terrorists of the 1990s: Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh and Ramzi Yousef, who planted a bomb in the World Trade Center in 1993 that killed six people, a precursor to the 9/11 attacks.", "After resigning from his post at Berkeley, the Unabomber moved to a remote cabin in Montana, which lacked running water and electricity. While removed from society, Kaczinski started a bombing campaign after watching the land and wilderness being destroyed by development companies. From 1978 to 1995, the Unabomber sent 16 bombs to various targets, including airline companies and Universities.", "In 1971, he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water, in Lincoln, Montana, where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient. He decided to start a bombing campaign after watching the wilderness around his home being destroyed by development. From 1978 to 1995, Kaczynski sent 16 bombs to targets including universities and airlines, killing three people and injuring 23. Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times on April 24, 1995 and promised \"to desist from terrorism\" if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto. In his Industrial Society and Its Future (also called the \"Unabomber Manifesto\"), he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization.", "In 1971, he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water, in Lincoln, Montana, where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient. Seventeen years after beginning his mail bomb campaign, Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times on April 24, 1995 and promised \"to desist from terrorism\" if the Times or the Washington Post published his manifesto, Industrial Society and Its Future (the \"Unabomber Manifesto\"), in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization.", "A intellectual psychopath, Unabomb likes to plant references to wood and forestry in his bombing text. In 1995, in a desperate cry for attention, the moody bomber threatened to blow up an airliner in Los Angeles International Airport during the fourth of July weekend. Nothing came to pass, except that the Unabomber became the hottest publishing commodity in the nation after he requested that his treatise against technology be published by the media. Finally, on September 1995, the Washington Post and the New York Times published his manifesto . On November 6, 1995, the FBI declared that Unabom no longer was considered a terrorist and that his profile was more like that of a serial killer.", "Kaczynski lived in a 10-by-12-foot (3-by-4-metre) cabin that he built on the land. The building had no heat, electricity, or running water, and most of Kaczynski’s time was spent reading books from the local library and composing the early versions of a manuscript that would later become known as the Unabomber Manifesto . In 1978 Kaczynski moved to the Chicago area to take a job at his brother’s factory, and it was during this time that the first of the Unabomber’s 16 packages was delivered. Though crude compared with later designs, the bomb—addressed to an engineering professor at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill.—detonated, injuring a police officer.", "The Unabomber was spotted on February 20, 1987, placing a bomb at another computer store, this one in Salt Lake City , Utah . This sole sighting provided authorities with a sketch of the Unabomber, who then ceased activities for six years. In June 1993, after two more bombings that month, the Unabomber sent the New York Times a letter outlining an agenda based in environmental and anarchist themes. His last two attacks, in 1994 and 1995 (the latter just five days after Oklahoma City) struck an advertising executive and a timber industry lobbyist respectively, again suggesting an anti-capitalist, environmentalist agenda.", "In November 1995, a gunman, 35-year old Randall Tolbert, entered the halfway house and demanded to know where Koon was. Koon was on a holiday pass at the time. The gunman took three hostages, one of whom, 67-year old Karl Milan, he later shot and killed before being killed himself by the sheriff’s SWAT team during a shootout. [6] [7]", "1995 - The Unabomber's manifesto was published by The Washington Post and the New York Times.", "The Muslim terrorist who on Dec. 22, 2001 allegedly attempted to blow up an American Airlines airliner going from Paris to Miami. He had explosive in his shoes. A hero stewardess tackled him as he was trying to ignite his shoes. He was born on August 12 1973 in Bromley, near London, U.K., of a Jamaican father and an English mother, and had a long criminal history in the U.K.. He was recruited by Al Qaeda after attending a mosque near London, and he went to Osama bin Laden's Afghanistan training camp. Fortunately for us, this guy was a definite Al Qaeda second-stringer, and was lacking in the brains department, so he was stopped before he could set off his shoe-bomb.", "An American-born convert to Islam, Adam Yahiye Gadahn (aka, “Azzam the American”) threatened a terrorist attack on Los Angeles in a 2005 Al Qaeda video. As a full-on member of their “media committee”, Gadahn served Al Qaeda as translator, video producer, cultural interpreter and spokesman. His zeal in their propaganda was cartoonish in its intensity, but all too real. After Al Qaeda leader Ayman Al-Zawahiri endorsed the videos—some of which referred to the United States as “enemy soil”–the Justice Department indicted Gadahn, the first American accused of treason since World War Two. It is widely believed that “Azzam the American” is now “Azzam the Dead American”; following reports that he was killed by a Predator drone in January 2008.", "* June 2 – In Denver, Colorado, Timothy McVeigh is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.", "* April 10, 2015: the FBI arrested 63-year old Robert Rankin Doggart, of Signal Mountain, Tennessee, who ran as a congressional candidate in 2014. He was wiretapped explaining plans to raise a militia to burn down a mosque, school and cafeteria and gun down Muslims in an enclave called Islamberg in New York. He planned to amass M4 carbines, pistols, Molotov cocktails and machetes, saying \"We will offer [our] lives as collateral to prove our commitment to our God,\" and \"We shall be Warriors who inflict horrible numbers of casualties upon the enemies,\" and \"If it gets down to the machete, we will cut them to shreds.\" He has a Ph.D. from a diploma mill and an ordination from an ordination mill. He pled guilty on May 15, 2015. ", "Some of McVeigh's activities bordered on the bizarre.  He turned his modest Arizona home into a bunker, renounced his U. S. citizenship, and began making and exploding homemade bombs.  (According to a book by two inmates who later shared death row with McVeigh, his recipe for the bomb he would use in Oklahoma City came from a patriot friend, who used his chemistry degree from the University of California as a Meth manufacturer.) About this same time, McVeigh's own use of methamphetamines increased.  He became increasingly vocal in promoting his apocalyptic world view.  In July 1994, he and Michael Fortier trespassed on to \"Area 51,\" a top secret government reservation for weapons testing located near Roswell, New Mexico.  Two months later, he journeyed to Gulfport, Mississippi to investigate a rumor that the town had become a staging area for United Nations troops and equipment. ", "Abbot Howard \"Abbie\" Hoffman (November 30, 1936 � April 12, 1989) was a social and political activist in the United States who co-founded the Youth International Party (\"Yippies\"). Later he became a fugitive from the law, who lived under an alias following a conviction for dealing cocaine.", "On December 5, 2005, Michael Curtis Reynolds was arrested at a motel near Pocatello, Idaho, after arranging to meet a purported al-Qa’ida contact. Reynolds offered to assist al-Qa’ida in engaging in acts of terrorism within the United States by identifying targets, planning terrorist attacks, and describing bomb-making methods. Reynolds sought to carry out violent attacks against pipeline systems and energy facilities in an effort to reduce energy reserves, create environmental hazards, and increase anxiety. Reynolds sought payment for supplying his assistance and continuing work on behalf of al-Qa’ida. Reynolds has been charged with attempting to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization.", "For decades, Bob Lazar claimed to have worked as an engineer at Area 51, working directly on captured alien spacecraft powered by some sort of gravity drive. This guy made uncounted appearances on television, and was given an unchallenged platform to say whatever the heck he wanted. On the few occasions when Lazar was asked why there are no records of his attendance at any of the schools he claimed to have gotten his degrees from, he said the government erased his records. Men in Black were, apparently, sent to every legitimate alumnus' house and exchanged their yearbooks with copies missing Lazar's picture. Yeah, right.", "Timothy James McVeigh was an American domestic terrorist who detonated a truck bomb in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995.", "1997 – In Maine, Philip Berrigan was arrested at an anti-nuclear protest. He was one of six activists later convicted for vandalizing a Navy guided missile destroyer at the Bath Iron Works.", "In October 1990, Jeffrey Cain was killed in a road rage shooting in Anchorage, Alaska. When George Kerr informed on the friends who had done the shooting, he said, \"I usually wouldn't rat out my friends, but this is just so severe I got to do it.\" \"Just so severe\" is the issue. After their conviction, the \"friends\" arranged from prison, in a conspiracy including the pregnant sister of one defendant, to have a bomb sent to Kerr's house. Kerr wasn't home, and the bomb killed his father. All the conspirators, including the sister, were convicted of the murder. This does not encourage one to believe in the goodness of human nature.", "On April 10, 2003, the FBI arrested William Joseph Krar for fraud-related charges stemming from his attempt to deliver numerous false identification badges—including a United Nations Observer Badges, Defense Intelligence Agency identification, and a Federal Concealed Weapons Permit—to Edward Feltus, a member of the New Jersey Militia. Krar had also been identified as a potential weapons supplier associated with extremist militia activities. In a search of Krar’s Texas residence at the time of his arrest, FBI investigators found firearms, explosives, blasting caps, machine guns, over 100,000 rounds of ammunition, approximately 800 grams of sodium cyanide, and plans to weaponize the sodium cyanide. Krar and a co-conspirator, Judith Bruey, pled guilty to federal weapons charges, and in May 2004 were sentenced to 135 months and 57 months in federal custody, respectively. Feltus pled guilty to aiding and abetting the transportation of false IDs, and was sentenced in May 2004 to 18 months probation and fined $1,500.", "On November 8, 2002, James Kilgore, who had been a fugitive since 1975, was arrested in South Africa and extradited to the United States to face federal explosives and passport fraud charges. Prosecutors alleged that a pipe bomb had been found in Kilgore's apartment in 1975 and that he had obtained a passport under a false name. He pleaded guilty to the charges in 2003.", "an American domestic terrorist who detonated a truck bomb in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. Killed 168", "At 9:02 a.m. on April 19, 1995, the truck exploded in the street in front of the Alfred P. Murrah federal building. About 90 minutes later, McVeigh was stopped by an Oklahoma state trooper for driving a vehicle without a license plate, who then arrested him on a firearms charge. Two days later he was charged in the bombing. His friend Terry Nichols was arrested in Kansas, and formally charged with the bombing on May 10." ]

[ 4.5625, 4.12890625, 3.298828125, 1.931640625, 1.0263671875, 0.43212890625, 0.042327880859375, 0.0166015625, -1.2919921875, -1.4697265625, -2.14453125, -2.734375, -3.591796875, -4.51953125, -5.55859375, -6.2734375, -6.6015625, -7.20703125, -7.359375, -7.65234375, -7.75390625, -7.859375, -8.2421875, -8.2578125, -8.7890625, -9.09375, -9.1328125, -9.1796875, -9.1796875, -9.4296875, -9.53125, -9.703125 ]

[ "According to the nursery rhyme, \"Old Mother Hubbard went to her cupboard, to fetch her poor dog a bone. But when she got there, the cupboard was bare, and so her poor dog had none.\"", "Old Mother Hubbard – An English Nursery Rhyme character, who allegedly suffered a dog-food crisis. Given that Granny-style costumes are available, along with a dog outfit, this might make the basis of a couples costume.", "The starving dog troubles me. But the origin for this one is beyond bizarre. Divorce! Perfect for young minds! According to  brainz.org  the rhyme is about a cardinal who refused to facilitate a divorce from Queen Katherine of Aragon for King Henry VIII, who wanted to marry Anne Bolyn (whom he later had executed.) “The doggie and the bone in the rhyme refer to the divorce, the cupboard is a reference to the Catholic Church and Wolsey is Old Mother Hubbard.” Ummm? Okay?", "While George's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Kranky, are away running errands his maternal grandma is mean to him as she bosses him around and scares him by telling him that she likes to eat insects and believes that she is a witch. George decides to make a magic medicine to replace his horrid grandma's old medicine. He goes around his home and finds things to put in his grandmother's new medicine. He collects a variety of ingredients except those found in the medicine cupboards. Ingredients include deodorant and shampoo from the bathroom, floor polish from the laundry room, horseradish sauce and gin from the kitchen, animal medicines, engine oil and anti-freeze from the garage and brown paint to mimic the colour of the original medicine.", "A nursery rhyme is a traditional poem or song for children in Britain and many other countries, but usage only dates from the late 18th /early 19th century. In North America the term Mother Goose Rhymes, introduced in the mid-18th century, is still often used. ", "A see-saw is one of the oldest 'toys' for children , easily constructed from logs of various sizes. The words of the nursery rhyme reflect children playing on a see-saw and often singing this rhyme to accompany their game. There was no such person that we can identify who had the name Margery Daw and we therefore make the assumption that this was purely used to rhyme with the words 'see-saw'. The last three lines appear to reflect the use of child labour in work houses where those with no where else to live would be forced to work for a pittance (a penny a day) on piece work (because he can't work any faster)", "A cautionary tale with words directed toward to a mother and child and the common occurrence of losing an article, then finding it and finally being rewarded!  The word \"meeow\" shows effective use of onomatopoeia where a word sounds like the action. The mother cat was correct in her view that she could \"smell a rat!\" This Nursery Rhyme first appeared in the \" Only True Mother Goose Melodies\" in 1843.", "Nothing wrong with a sound whipping every now and again, right? I also happen to be serving broth for dinner tonight. There is no specific origin for this rhyme, but there are several theories. According to suite101.com, “Some students of Mother Goose believe that the ‘old woman” was a symbol for the English Parliament and that the rhyme represents its treatment of its colonies (children) in the 17th Century. Others believe the “old woman” was Mother Goose herself who they claim was Elizabeth Goose, or Vergoose, of colonial Boston.” Others believe the old woman represents King George III who had a contentious relationship with Parliament and was often called “the old woman” behind his back. “Supporters of “George III as the old woman” contend that the “shoe” represents Great Britain, the “children” are Parliament members, and the “bed” is a symbol for the houses of Parliament.” This is just one of several nursery rhymes based on English history.", "Or The Skeleton in the Cupboard. London: William Heinemann, (1930). Original blue cloth, with dust jacket.", "As you can see, almost every nursery rhyme has a story behind it. Humpty Dumpty was actually King Richard III, and the famous farmer’s wife from the Three Blind Mice was supposedly Queen Mary I. Baa Baa Black Sheep was about taxation, and The Old Woman Who Lived In a Shoe was referring to the British Empire trying to control its colonies.", "The reason to the words and history to this song were to associate wool and wool products with the animal that produces it, not to mention the sound that a sheep would make! The first grasp of language for a child or baby is to imitate the sounds or noises that animals make onomatopoeia (words sound like their meaning e.g. baa baa). The first publication date for the lyrics to this famous nursery rhyme can be dated back to 1744.", "There Was An Old Lady Who Swallowed A Fly | Nursery Rhyme With Lyrics | English Nursery Rhymes - YouTube", "From the above lyrics, it clearly says that the words refer to somebodys wifes murder. This rhyme has reached to British children only at a recent stage and only from this rhyme; childrens in the British places came to know what is meant by pumpkin. Even majority of the British populations have never tried eating pumpkin and even they are not aware of the vegetable pumpkin.", "This article was posted on Friday, May 8th, 2009 at 10:34 pm and is filed under Arts and Crafts , Countries & Cultures , England , English , English Nursery Rhymes , Illustrations , Languages , Nursery Rhymes , There Was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe , United Kingdom . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response , or trackback from your own site.", "In the old box Sally found a of pearls, a of matches, and an old of playing cards. Suddenly, as she lifted a of rags, she saw an of stamps. She grabbed the stamps and raced outside to show her father who was feeding the of chickens that had just hatched. 3. Write the word from the box that names each group or class of things.", "With vinegar and brown paper.L. E. Walter, Mother Goose's Nursery Rhymes (1919, 1923, Forgotten Books), ISBN 1-4400-7293-0, p. 8.", "As a child, I had a beautifully illustrated nursery rhyme book that was brought as a birth present. My parents read it throughout my childhood and it still sits in my parents’ house very worn and much loved. Of the rhymes in the book my favourite was Mary Mary Quite Contrary, and I remember the page showing her tending to her beautiful garden with cockle shells at the front, followed by silver bells and then a row of pretty maids behind.", "The first lines of the Cock Robin rhyme and the wren hunting song that Graves quotes are nearly identical in structure: \"Who'll hunt the wren?\"; \"Who killed Cock Robin?\" Perhaps the old Mother Goose rhyme even relates to a lost pagan custom of hunting the robin, possibly at the Summer Solstice, parallel to the wren hunt at Yule. It is not surprising we should find old pagan wisdom hidden in the apparently nonsensical rhymes of Mother Goose , as she clearly represents a sort of crone goddess or witch figure.", "Polly Put the Kettle On | Nursery Rhymes | Nursery Rhymes Collection For Children | Rhymes For Kids", "This is a pretty long nursery rhyme and tells quite a story that includes several characters. This rhyme is excellent for developing memory, even for adults!", "This \"nursery rhyme\" is actually the first verse of a longer poem that was written by William Miller (1810-72). The poem was first printed in a collection published by David Robertson in 1841. Here's the whole poem:", "Well, while she was this thus sleepy and a deep dream of peaks, then up came the bears into the cotty. Now the fatherbold bear looking around and say: \"Who's been tasting and suffling my porry? Ho ho, dear!\" And then the mother bear look it in her baseload of porry and said: [tube voice again] \"Who been tasting my porry? Oohhhh, a bedder pinger!\" So the small bear came and said: \"Who touches my baseload and falolloping all down, mum! Huh-ha-ho dear, look it and empty and not scratching on the bottom!\"", "Old MacDonald Had a Farm | Nursery Rhyme | Children Songs with Lyrics - Duration: 2:59. Flickbox Kids Songs and Rhymes 25,856,465 views", "Adapted by Deborah Collcutt from Pop Goes The Weasel: The Secret Meanings Of Nursery Rhymes by Albert Jack, published by Penguin on August 28 at �12.99", "In addition to being the purported author of nursery rhymes, Mother Goose is herself the title character of one such rhyme:", "Bob Cratchit: Cratchit is an accountant who works for Scrooge, and he is a kind and loving family man. Scrooge generally mistreats Cratchit, but the accountant bears his employer no ill will because he believes that Scrooge's life is lonely. The greatest sorrow in Cratchit's life is that his young son, Tiny Tim, is very ill. Because Bob's salary is so meager, the family cannot afford treatment for Tim. When Scrooge sees their situation during one of the ghostly visitations, he realizes that he must be more generous to his employee and help save Tiny Tim.", "Re: Why does the weasel go pop? - the secret meaning of our best-loved nursery rhymes", "Pat is tasked with delivering a special new hibernation home to Amy, for Dora the Doormouse. However, when Pat's delivery lands in a tree, Pat is faced with recovering the Parcel for Amy and Dora.", "When I was a little guy, my mother used to recite a little rhyme which went like this:", "I would love to find out if ANYbody else knows about this long poem and perhaps find out the author. It was from a smal “Children’s Book” of rhymes, verse, short stories… long gone from my grandma’s home … I’d be glad to send the whole poem if you’d like.", "My mother used to recite a little poem or phrase that included the words \"Tom Toddy, Tom Toddy, all head and no body.\" Have your or your parents ever hear of such? That little scrap is all I remember. Ed", "Quote: \"Once there was a little girl called Sophie, and she was having tea with her mummy in the kitchen. Suddenly there was a ring at the door.\"" ]

[ 8.1875, 0.68115234375, 0.1676025390625, -2.61328125, -3.828125, -3.849609375, -3.875, -4.0625, -4.42578125, -4.59375, -4.6015625, -4.61328125, -4.65625, -5.1484375, -5.24609375, -5.3125, -5.3203125, -5.3359375, -5.41015625, -5.6640625, -5.734375, -6.16796875, -6.26953125, -6.27734375, -6.421875, -7.1484375, -7.22265625, -7.5078125, -7.64453125, -8.59375, -8.875, -9.046875 ]

[ "Constantinople was the capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire . That means that when Rome fell, Constantinople became the heart of the empire. The city is now known as Istanbul. Before it was named in honor of its founder, Constantine, it was called Nova Roma ' New Rome' . Before that, it was called Byzantium, after Byzas, the leader of a 7th century B.C. Greek expedition from Megara.", "Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes. Later became the capital of the Ottoman Empire and is know known as Istanbul", "İstanbul (Ĭs´tănbōōl´, Ĭstan´bōōl), city (1990 pop. 6,748,435), capital of İstanbul prov., NW Turkey, on both sides of the Bosporus at its entrance into the Sea of Marmara. Its name was officially changed from Constantinople to İstanbul in 1930; before AD 330 it was known as Byzantium. (For the history of the city, see Byzantium and Constantinople .)", "Istanbul – since 28 March 1930, formerly Byzantium (under Greek rule ) then Constantinople (under Roman and Ottoman rule); the latter name change inspired the popular song \" Istanbul (Not Constantinople) \" (see also Names of Istanbul )", "In about 550 BC, the region was invaded by the Persians, and became part of the Achaemenid Empire for the next few centuries. When Alexander the Great became ruler of Macedon in 336 BC, he quickly led his military to Anatolia to wrest the region from Persian control. After his death, the region eventually became part of the Roman Republic and later the capital of the Roman Empire was moved to Byzantium by Constantine. The city was renamed New Rome, but later called Constantinople after the leader, and today is known as Istanbul. When the Roman Empire was divided, the city became the capital of the Byzantine Empire.", "Recent archaeological finds show that the the Istanbul peninsula has been populated for at least 9,000 years, before the Bosphorus was even formed.  Thracian tribes established two settlements near where Topkapı Palace now stands, between the 13th and 11th centuries BC.  The history of Istanbul generally begins around 660 BC, when the settlers from Megara, under the command of King Byzas, established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosphorus.  Byzantium officially became a part of the Roman Empire in 73 AD.  In 324 AD the Roman Emperor Constantine rebuilt Byzantium as a new Christian city, officially named Nea Roma (New Rome); however it simply became known as Constantinople (‘the city of Constantine’), a name that persisted into the 20th century.  It became the capital of the Byzantine Empire.  Constantinople’s location and fortified construction secured its longevity; for many centuries it was Christian Europe’s bulwark against invaders from the east and was the largest and wealthiest city on the continent.  Following a long decline it finally fell to the Turkish Ottomans in 1453, after a siege during which the last Roman Emperor, Constantine XI, was killed.  Constantinople was declared the new capital of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1922, and was transformed from a bastion of Christianity to a symbol of Islamic culture.  Today, the megacity of Istanbul is home to a population of 13.5 million and is the only metropolis in the world situated on two continents (Europe and Asia).", "Byzantium took on the name of Konstantinoupolis (\"city of Constantine\", Constantinople) after its re-foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I , who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium in 330 AD and designated his new capital officially as New Rome (Νέα Ῥώμη) 'New Rome'. During this time, the city was also called 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and Roma Constantinopolitana.", "The capital city of Turkey was formerly known as Constantinople, and the name Istanbul was not officially adopted until 1930.", "Byzantium took on the name of Konstantinoupolis (\"city of Constantine\", Constantinople) after its re-foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the imperial capital from its historic base, Rome, to Byzantium in 330 AD and designated his new capital officially as Nova Roma (Νέα Ῥώμη) or \"New Rome.\" During this time, the city was also called by 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and Roma Constantinopolitana. As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population, and influence grew, the city also attained a multitude of nicknames.", "Originally it was a small Greek colony called Byzantion. The Roman emperor Constantinus decided to move the capital of the empire from Rome to there, in the process renaming it Nova Roma (New Rome). Everybody just called it Konstantinoupolis (Constantinus's city), though, and the name stayed mostly the same (only changing to Turkish Kostantiniyye) until 1933, when it was changed to the popular title of İstanbul. The name İstanbul probably derives from a corruption of Greek 'eis tēn Polin' ('to the city' or 'in the city').", "In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the territory of what is today Turkey until the Late Middle Ages, while the other remaining territory remained in Sassanid Persian hands.", "In A.D. 330 the Emperor Constantine, the first Christian Roman emperor, made the Greek city of Byzantium the capital of the Roman Empire. He named it New Rome. Later the rebuilt city was renamed Constantinople in his honor. (The city is now called Istanbul.) In A.D. 395 the empire broke into eastern and western halves. By the 400s, the western empire had fallen to barbarian invaders. But the eastern half, usually referred to as the Byzantine Empire, lived on as a Greek-speaking state which preserved Greek culture and traditions.", "In 324 ce the Roman emperor Constantine I decided to rebuild the great city at Byzantium, then a Greek centre. The city was sited strategically on the Bosporus, whose narrow waters connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea acted as a gateway between West and East. Constantine called his city New Rome; it was later renamed Constantinople (now Istanbul ) in his honour. After the collapse of the western part of the Roman Empire, which was based in Rome (and later Ravenna), Constantinople became the capital city of the Christian-dominated Byzantine Empire , the extent of which fluctuated considerably until its collapse in 1453.", "Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις) or Byzantium (Βυζάντιον): Greek city on the Bosphorus, capital of the Byzantine Empire , modern İstanbul.", "a large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the byzantine empire and later the ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul.", "Constantine the Roman Emperor from 324 to 337 decided to found a new Rome, and in 324 AD he moved the capital to the East, to the Greek city Byzantium on the Bosporus. He named the city Constantinople after himself. The empire was still Rome, though, and the inhabitants called themselves Romans or Romei in Greek. Constantine inaugurated the fortified city of Constantinople on the site of Byzantium on the Bosporos in 330. Soon called New Rome, the city became capital of the Roman world after the fall of 'old Rome' in 476. The modern name for this empire is 'Byzantine', after the city it superseded, but it described itself, in Greek, as  Empire of the Romans or Romania . After the reforms of Constantine, the Greek East gradually evolved into a separate political and cultural entity with Greek as its main language and Latin an official entirely replaced Latin as the language of law and administration.", ", and named the new colony after their king, Byzas. After Constantine I (Constantine the Great) made the city the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD, the city became widely known as Constantinopolis or Constantinople, which, as the Latinised form of \"Κωνσταντινούπολις\" (Kōnstantinoúpolis), means the \"City of", ", Constantinopolis, the \"City of Constantine,\" for many centuries the largest and richest city in Europe and Christendom, the repository of much of Greek and Roman Classical learning. It was often simply called \"Rome,\" Rhômê in Greek, or Byzantion, Byzantium, its old name as a Greek colony, or hê Konstantiou, \"the, of Constantine,\" with \"City\" elided, or just hê Polis, \"The City.\"", "0330 Byzantium (Istanbul) is renamed Nova Roma during a dedication ceremony, but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople", "Founded under the name of Byzantium on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city developed to become one of the most significant in history. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE, it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman and Byzantine (330–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin (1204–1261), and the Ottoman (1453–1922) empires. It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate. ", "This combination of imperialism and location would affect Constantinople's role as the nexus between the continents of Europe and Asia. It was a commercial, cultural, and diplomatic centre. With its strategic position, Constantinople controlled the major trade routes between Asia and Europe, as well as the passage from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. On May 29, 1453, the city fell to the Ottoman Turks, and again became the capital of a powerful state, the Ottoman Empire. The Turks called the city \"Istanbul\" (although it was not officially renamed until 1930); the name derives from \"eis-tin-polin\" (Greek: \"to-the-city\"). To this day it remains the largest and most populous city in Turkey, although Ankara is now the national capital.", "The latter term is derived from the name Byzantium, borne by a colony of ancient Greek foundation on the European side of the Bosporus, midway between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; the city was, by virtue of its location, a natural transit point between Europe and Asia Minor (Anatolia). Re-founded as the \"new Rome\" by the emperor Constantine in 330, it was endowed by him with the name Constantinople, the city of Constantine. The derivation from Byzantium is suggestive in that it emphasizes a central aspect of Byzantine civilization: the degree to which the empire's administrative and intellectual life found a focus at Constantinople from 330 to 1453, the year of the city's last and unsuccessful defense under the 11th (or 12th) Constantine. The circumstances of the last defense are suggestive, too, for in 1453 the ancient, medieval, and modern worlds seemed briefly to meet. The last Constantine fell in defense of the new Rome built by the first Constantine. Walls that had held firm in the early Middle Ages against German, Hun, Avar, Slav, and Arab were breached finally by modern artillery, in the mysteries of which European technicians had instructed the most successful of the Central Asian invaders: the Ottoman Turks.", "*330, May 11: Constantinople solemly inaugurated. Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, renaming it New Rome", "By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by either foreigners or Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, but used the name Stamboul—as the Turks also did—to describe the walled peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara. Pera (from the Greek word for \"across\") was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu (today the official name for one of the city's constituent districts). Islambol (meaning either \"City of Islam\" or \"Full of Islam\") was sometimes colloquially used to refer to the city, and was even engraved on some Ottoman coins, but the belief that it was the precursor to the present name, İstanbul, is belied by the fact that the latter existed well before the former and even predates the Ottoman conquest of the city.", "Constantinople (1453–1920): Named after the Roman Emperor Constantine I. The modern name Istanbul is derived from the Greek phrase \"εἰς τὴν Πόλιν\" or in the Aegean dialect \"εἰς τὰν Πόλιν\" (modern Greek \"στην Πόλη\"), which means \"in the city\", \"to the city\" or \"downtown\". To this day, Greeks often refer to Istanbul as 'tin Poli' (the City). A version found in Western languages, Stamboul, was used in lieu of Istanbul until the creation of the modern Turkish language by Atatürk after 1932. Before that time, English-speaking sources used Stamboul to describe the central parts on the historic peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara.", "The name controversy was assumed to be settled when Atat�rk officially renamed the city Istanbul in the 1920s. It took Westerners a few decades to accept the name, as Constantinople continued to appear on maps well into the 1960s, when it began to appear in parentheses next to Istanbul. The Greeks still do not use the Turkish name, and Konstantinopolis continues to be used on maps and road signs in Greece today.", "Emperor Constantine,AD 330 moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city Byzantium in the east, and renamed the city. This city became the capital of the Roman empire. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes.", "         Constantinople was the first Christian city, the only major city in Europe during the Middle Ages, and one of the world's great cities at the time. Its population, at its peak, reached around a million inhabitants, while the second most populous city in Europe numbered 50,000 people. It was a cosmopolitan city where the Greeks were a minority. Its inhabitants were Armenian, Persian, Italian, Syrian, Arab, Ethiopian, Goth, Norman Celt, Russian, Bulgarian, and others. Christian Constantinople invented the ghetto - a section of the city occupied by Jews. This was a precedent of Jewish ghettos, which appeared repeatedly throughout Europe until the 20th century.", "Finally, Istanbul was cemented after the formation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. However, it took a while before the city’s previous names became obsolete. To enforce the new name, all postages stating any other name were promptly returned to the sender after the 1930s. The name was not new, however, but rather a name used in common language before and during the Ottoman Empire. Etymologically, the name “İstanbul” can be translated to ‘in the city’.", "1.^ Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (Basic Books, 2005), 57;\"Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930..\"", "Various economic and military policies instituted by Andronikos II, such as the reduction of military forces, weakened the empire and left it vulnerable to attack. In the mid-14th-century, the Ottoman Turks began a strategy of gradually taking smaller towns and cities, cutting off Constantinople's supply routes and strangling it slowly. On 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege (during which the last Roman emperor, Constantine XI, was killed), Sultan Mehmed II \"the Conqueror\" captured Constantinople and declared it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. Hours later, the sultan rode to the Hagia Sophia and summoned an imam to proclaim the Islamic creed, converting the grand cathedral into an imperial mosque due to the city's refusal to surrender peacefully. Mehmed declared himself as the new \"Kaysar-i Rûm\" (the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of Caesar of Rome) and the Ottoman state was reorganized into an empire. ", "'s supply routes and strangling it slowly. Finally, on 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege (during which the last Roman Emperor, Constantine XI, was killed), Sultan Mehmed II \"the Conqueror\" captured Constantinople and declared it the new capital of the" ]

[ 5.7890625, 5.6875, 5.6875, 4.02734375, 3.7734375, 3.705078125, 3.63671875, 3.6015625, 3.474609375, 3.33203125, 3.328125, 2.94140625, 2.595703125, 2.44140625, 2.41015625, 2.04296875, 1.994140625, 1.875, 1.8203125, 1.4521484375, 1.306640625, 0.69775390625, 0.6455078125, 0.13916015625, 0.120361328125, -0.379150390625, -1.2646484375, -2.513671875, -3.271484375, -3.38671875, -3.408203125, -3.958984375 ]

[ "The Roman equivalent of Aphrodite , Venus was a goddess of love and beauty. Originally, she was believed to be associated with gardens and fruitfulness, but later took on all the aspects of Aphrodite from the Greek traditions. She is considered by many to be the ancestor of the Roman people, and was the lover of the god Vulcan , as well as of the warrior god Mars.", "Venus was the Roman goddess of love, beauty, sex, fertility, prosperity and victory. Venus was closely associated with the Greek goddess Aphrodite.", "In Roman mythology , Venus was the goddess of love, sex, beauty, and fertility. She was the Roman counterpart to the Greek Aphrodite . However, Roman Venus had many abilities beyond the Greek Aphrodite; she was a goddess of victory, fertility, and even prostitution. According to Hesiod 's Theogony, Aphrodite was born of the foam from the sea after Saturn (Greek Cronus) castrated his father Uranus (Ouranus) and his blood fell to the sea. This latter explanation appears to be more a popular theory due to the countless artworks depicting Venus rising from the sea in a clam.", "Venus (/ˈvi.nəs/, Classical Latin: /ˈwɛ.nʊs/) is the Roman goddess whose functions encompassed love, beauty, sex, fertility and prosperity. In Roman mythology, she was the mother of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was venerated in Roman religion under numerous cult titles.", "Venus (, Classical Latin:) is the Roman goddess whose functions encompassed love, beauty, sex, fertility, prosperity, victory, and desire. In Roman mythology, she was the mother of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman religion under numerous cult titles.", "Aphrodite (Latin: Venus) is the Greek goddess of love, beauty and sexuality. According to Greek poet Hesiod, she was born when Cronus cut off Ouranos' genitals and threw them into the sea, and from the aphros (sea foam) arose Aphrodite. Because of her beauty other gods feared that jealousy would interrupt the peace among them and lead to war, and so Zeus married her to Hephaestus, who was not viewed as a threat. Her unhappiness in marriage caused her to frequently seek out the companionship of her lover Ares. Aphrodite also became instrumental in the Eros and Psyche legend, and later was both Adonis' lover and his surrogate mother. Aphrodite is also known as Cytherea (Lady of Cythera) and Cypris (Lady of Cyprus) after the two places, Cythera and Cyprus, which claim her birth. Her Roman equivalent is the goddess Venus. Myrtles, doves, sparrows, and swans are sacred to her. The Greeks identified the Ancient Egyptian goddess Hathor with Aphrodite.", "The Romans called the goddess principally associated with love, beauty and fertility Venus. Venus’s attributes largely arose from the Greek goddess Aphrodite. In Roman mythology Venus acts as consort to Vulcan. Vulcan presided as the Roman god of beneficial and hindering fire. Romans considered Venus the ancestor of the legendary founders of Rome. Venus and Aphrodite acted as the goddess of love, lust, and beauty. In Roman mythology Venus became associated with myrtle, the dove, the sparrow, and the swan. Venus was known as Inanna among the Sumerian people, Astarte among the Phoenicians, and Turan among the Etruscan. Venus parallels the Indo-European dawn goddesses such as Ushas or Aurora. The planet Venus is named for the goddess.", "Veneres), in ancient Roman mythology, the goddess of beauty and love, especially sensual love, from venus “love, sexual desire, loveliness, beauty, charm,” from PIE base *wen- “to strive after, wish, desire, be satisfied” (cf.", "XIII. Venus – Considered the most beautiful among all the Goddesses, the Goddess Venus was the Goddess of Beauty and Grace.", "The planet Venus was named after the Roman goddess Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. Venus was considered a major deity, and was also referred to as Aphrodite by the Greeks. Venus was married to Vulcan, but Romans believed Mars, the god of war, and Adonis were her lovers.", "Venus: Roman. Originally a Goddess of Spring and protectress of vegetation and gardens, was a minor deity till she became assimilated to the Greek Aphrodite in the second century BC.", "In the Roman tradition, there was a goddess Venus. Venus means \"charm\" in archaic Latin. Venus was an Italic goddess who presided over persuasiveness and seduction in both the divine and mortal worlds. She was closely associated with springs, gardens and vineyards. Under increasing Greek influence, Venus was easily equated with the Greek goddess of seduction, and Venus assumed Aphrodite's mythology. As Aphrodite's descendant Aeneas fled Troy to found the Roman race, Venus was regarded as the grandmother of the Roman people and treated with special honor.", "The Roman Venus was regarded as the goddess of love and beauty as well, but unlike the bawdy Greeks, the Romans saw her as more stately. She was said to protect the morals of maidens and avert vice. She was thought to dispense divine favor to her favorites. Many warlords of the late Republic - including Sulla, Pompey and Caesar - honored Venus as a protector and benefactor.", "Ancient Romans would later name the planet in honor of their goddess of love, Venus, whereas the Greeks used the name of her Greek counterpart, Aphrodite (Phoenician Astarte).", "The Roman Goddess Venus is the Greek version of Aphrodite. Their stories are similar, and both are the main deity honored in May Day celebrations during the first week of May in the neopagan belief.", "\"She was the goddess of chastity in women, despite the fact that she had many affairs with both gods and mortals. As Venus Genetrix, she was worshiped as the mother (by Anchises) of the hero Aeneas, the founder of the Roman people; as Venus Felix, the bringer of good fortune; as Venus Victrix, the bringer of victory; and as Venus Verticordia, the protector of feminine chastity. Venus is also a nature goddess, associated with the arrival of spring. She is the bringer of joy to gods and humans. Venus really had no myths of her own but was so closely identified with the Greek Aphrodite that she 'took over' Aphrodite's myths.\"", "The myth of the Roman Venus has evolved from her Greek predecessor Aphrodite. The birth of Aphrodite was both unusual and violent. Her father Ouranos (Uranus), the sky god, was paranoid of his children believing they could usurp his power, and after each birth pushed the child back into his partner Gaia (Earth). Eventually Gaia tired of this behaviour and implored Ouranos to stop but he wouldn’t. She implored her children to come out and help but only Chronos (Saturn) was brave enough to face their father. One night, when Ouranos lay with Gaia Chronos took him by surprise. He cut off Ouranos’ genitals and threw them into the sea. The drops of blood created the Furies and out of the resultant sea foam was born Aphrodite, who became the Goddess of Love. So, while Venus rules love and beauty it is tinged with disharmony and strife; the two go hand in hand. Venus loves to be nice and be treated well in kind. She is a svelt energy in our chart, coloured by the sign she sits in. Where Venus in Leo loves attention and is generous to a fault, Venus in Pisces is attuned to subtler energies floating in the ether, and Venus in Libra enjoys company and rarely ventures out alone.", "Roman goddess of love and beauty. She was originally associated with vegetable gardens. She later came to be equated with the Greek goddess Aphrodite, whose myths she took over. Her cult was apparently a late import to Rome from the surrounding Latin peoples. She was the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. Her consorts included Mars and Vulcan, modelled on the relationships of Aphrodite with Ares and Hephaistos. Her importance rose with the political fortunes of the gens Julia, the clan of Julius Caesar, who claimed descent from Venus via Aeneas and Julia. Caesar introduced the cult of Venus as a goddess of marriage and motherhood, Venus Genetrix, under which name he constructed a temple at the Forum in her honour. She became identified with many foreign goddesses, including Ishtar, whence came her identification with the planet we now know as Venus. Her festival, the Veneralia, was celebrated on April 1.", "    The Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite , sometimes rode the ocean waves on a giant abalone shell. The Romans called Aphrodite by the name Venus (still used as a planet name).", "Venus was the consort of Vulcan. She was considered the ancestor of the Roman people by way of its founder, Aeneas, and played a key role in many Roman religious festivals and myths.", "Greek Goddess of Love and Sex. Roman name Venus. Correspondences: copper, emeralds, turquoise, roses, clovers, doves, swans, and sandlewood incense.", "The Romans habitually assimilated various elements from other cultures and civilisations, including the gods and goddesses that were worshipped by the Greeks and other nations. When the Roman Empire conquered the Greeks in 146BC many of the Greek gods and goddesses were adopted by the Romans. The Romans simply changed the Greek gods names to Latin equivalents. The Greek counterpart of Venus was Aphrodite. The Roman religion significantly differed from the Greeks in that it was officially endorsed by the state and exerted influence over the government of Rome. Politicians took the offices of influential priests, called pontiffs, to gain control of the popular worship, Roman gods and goddesses like Venus were worshipped at every public event, including the gladiatorial games, where blood sacrifices were made to the gods. In ancient Rome, the pantheon of 12 major gods, including Venus, were called the 'Dei Consentes' meaning the Council of Gods.", "In early Rome, Venus was a separate goddess identified with plants and fertility. Through time, she gained the attributes of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, a goddess closely identified with sexual and romantic love. During the late Greek and early Roman period, Aphrodite became the goddess of perfect beauty. Early Greek statues of Aphrodite represented her nude or in Asian garments. According to Pliny (23-79 A.D.), \"The finest statue not only of Praxiteles but in the whole world is the Aphrodite, for the sight of which many have sailed to Cnidos.\" The statue to which Pliny refers was carved in the Fourth Century B.C. and is only known to moderns through Roman copies.", "ancient Greek goddess of sexual love and beauty, identified with Venus by the Romans. The Greek word aphros means “foam,” and Hesiod relates in his Theogony that Aphrodite was born from the white foam produced by the severed genitals of Uranus (Heaven), after his son Cronus threw them...", "Due to her early association with Aphrodite in the interpretatio graeca, it is hard to establish what characteristics the native Italic Venus may have had. In her earliest forms, as a goddess of vegetation and gardens, she was commonly associated with the Greek goddess Aphrodite and the Etruscan deity Turan, borrowing aspects from each.", "Venus was regarded as a mother of the Roman people through her half-mortal son Aeneas, who led refugees from the Trojan War to settle in Italy. The family of Julius Caesar claimed to have descended from Venus. In this capacity she was given cult as Venus Genetrix (Venus the Begetter). In the later Imperial era, she was included among the many manifestations of a syncretised Magna Dea (Great Goddess), who could be manifested as any goddess at the head of a pantheon, such as Juno or Minerva.", "Venus Caelestis (Celestial or Heavenly Venus), used from the 2nd century AD for Venus as an aspect of a syncretised supreme goddess. Venus Caelestis is the earliest known Roman recipient of a taurobolium (a form of bull sacrifice), performed at her shrine in Pozzuoli on 5 October 134. This form of the goddess, and the taurobolium, are associated with the \"Syrian Goddess\", understood as a late equivalent to Astarte, or the Roman Magna Mater, another supposedly \"Trojan Mother of the Romans\" ", "in Roman religion and mythology, goddess of vegetation. Later, she became identified (3d cent. B.C.) with the Greek Aphrodite Aphrodite", "In the interpretatio romana of the Germanic pantheon during the early centuries AD, Venus became identified with the Germanic goddess Frijjo, giving rise to the loan translation \"Friday\" for dies Veneris. The historical cognate of the dawn goddess in Germanic tradition, however, would be Ostara.", "Roman and Hellenistic art produced many variations on the goddess, often based on the Praxitlean type Aphrodite of Cnidus. Many female nudes from this period of sculpture whose subjects are unknown are in modern art history conventionally called 'Venus'es, even if they originally may have portrayed a mortal woman rather than operated as a cult statue of the goddess.", "Other Names of Aphrodite: Sometimes her name is spelled Afrodite or Afroditi. In Roman mythology, she is known as Venus.", "Like other major Roman deities, Venus was given a number of epithets that referred to her different cult aspects, roles, and her functional similarities to other deities. Her \"original powers seem to have been extended largely by the fondness of the Romans for folk-etymology, and by the prevalence of the religious idea nomen-omen which sanctioned any identifications made in this way.\" " ]

[ 6.93359375, 6.6796875, 6.671875, 5.19921875, 4.92578125, 4.3359375, 4.296875, 4.109375, 3.849609375, 3.79296875, 3.302734375, 3.189453125, 3.1484375, 3.126953125, 3.125, 3, 2.896484375, 2.09375, 1.6484375, 1.2021484375, 0.984375, 0.88427734375, 0.8349609375, 0.70703125, 0.498291015625, -0.10797119140625, -0.40869140625, -0.71044921875, -2.310546875, -2.34375, -2.611328125, -2.693359375 ]

[ "Ted Cassidy was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and raised in Philippi, West Virginia. He was a well respected actor who portrayed many different characters during his film and television career. His most notable role was Lurch, the faithful butler on the television series The Addams Family (1964). His most memorable dialogue as Lurch would be, \"You rang?\", whenever someone summoned him. Due to his large size, (6ft. 9in.) he portrayed larger than life characters. His deep voice, was used for narrations and for dubbing certain character's voices. His acting career spanned three decades. Ted Cassidy died in 1979 from complications following open-heart surgery. His live-in girlfriend had his remains cremated, then buried in the backyard of their Woodland Hills home.", "Ted Cassidy was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and raised in Philippi, West Virginia. He was a well respected actor who portrayed many different characters during his film and television career. His most notable role was Lurch, the faithful butler on the television series The Addams Family . His most memorable dialogue as Lurch would be, \"You rang?\", whenever someone summoned him. Due to his large size, (6ft. 9in.) he portrayed larger than life characters. His deep voice, was used for narrations and for dubbing certain character's voices. His acting career spanned three decades. Ted Cassidy died in 1979 from complications following open-heart surgery. His live-in girlfriend had his remains cremated, then buried in the backyard of their Woodland Hills home.", "Ted Cassidy was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and raised in Philippi, West Virginia. He was a well respected actor who portrayed many different characters during his film and television career. His most notable role was Lurch, the faithful butler on the television series The Addams Family (1964). His most memorable dialogue as Lurch would be, \"... See full bio »", "The Addams Family is not your typical family: it takes delight in most of the things of which normal people would be terrified. Gomez Adams is an extremely wealthy man and is able to indulge his wife Morticia's every desire, whether it's cultivation of poisonous plants or a candlelit dinner in a graveyard. People visiting the Addams Family just don't seem to appreciate the 7-foot-tall butler named Lurch or the helping hand (which is just a disembodied hand named Thing). Written by Murray Chapman <muzzle@cs.uq.oz.au>", "Another member of the family is seen in the form of a disembodied hand named \"Thing\". Thing has been Gomez's friend since childhood. He (it is implied that he is male) often performs common, everyday tasks such as retrieving the mail, writing a letter or just giving a friendly pat on the shoulder, appearing out of ubiquitous boxes or other convenient containers throughout the house. He communicates with Addamses with a Morse-like alphabet, sign language, writing, and knocking on wood. In the movies and The New Addams Family Thing was a fully mobile hand, cleanly severed just below the wrist (although no muscle or bone is exposed). In the original sitcom, Thing is severed just below the elbow (In the TV series, the lower arm was often seen). He lives in an upstairs closet made up as a house-within-a-house, though he is also shown to reside in a cigar box. In the original TV series, Thing was generally played by Ted Cassidy (the actor who played Lurch). He was usually a right hand, but Cassidy occasionally used his left, \"just to see if anyone noticed\". [4]", "The Addams Family is not your typical family: they take delight in most of the things that \"normal\" people would be terrified of. Gomez Adams is an extremely wealthy man, and is able to indulge his wife Morticia's every desire: be it cultivation of poisonous plants, or a candlelit dinner in a graveyard. People visiting the Addams Family just don't seem to appreciate the 7 foot tall butler \"Lurch\" or the helping hand (which is just a disembodied hand\" named \"Thing\". Written by Murray Chapman <muzzle@cs.uq.oz.au>", "Lurch is a 6 ft 9 in (2.05 m) tall, shambling, gloomy butler who somewhat resembles a cross between Frankenstein’s monster (as played by Boris Karloff ) and a zombie. In the original Addams Family television series, Lurch has a deep, resonant voice unlike that of Herman Munster , a character on the show’s main competitor, The Munsters . Although fully capable of normal speech, Lurch often communicates via simple inarticulate moans, which, much like the dialogue of Cousin Itt , his employers have no trouble understanding.", "Lurch (Ted Cassidy)-Lurch is the family butler who has an incredibly deep voice but rarely speaks. He is very tall and slightly resembles a live corpse. Morticia and Gomez call for him by tugging on a bell pull that resembles a hangman’s noose, which in turn rings the enormous bell in the mansion’s bell tower. The resulting gong doesn’t just ring but instead shakes the entire house. And though he rarely speaks, after he has been summoned he does utter the line, “You rang?” The rest of the time he usually just makes some type of grunt if asked a question. Lurch is known for playing the harpsichord and is very high-minded when it comes to visitors. He, like Uncle Fester, also uses stretching out on the torture rack as a way of reducing his stress level and is known to everyone to have superhuman strength.", "Probably the best-known fictional butlers are Alfred from the Batman comic and films, Hudson of Upstairs, Downstairs television series, and Crichton from J.M. Barrie's The Admirable Crichton. Other characters include Mr. Belvedere from the Belvedere television series, Lurch, from The Addams Family television series, Beach, from the Wodehouse series about Blandings Castle, Benson from the series Soap and Benson, Geoffrey from the television series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, and Niles from the television series The Nanny.", "Among the stars was the seven-foot tall butler, Lurch (played by Ted Cassidy), who would say in a deep voice, \"You rang?\" It was Cassidy's hand that provided the unforgettable Thing, the disembodied hand that would pop out of nowhere and cause mischief.", "The Addams family are also assisted by the Thing, a disembodied hand which emerges from various boxes around the house. The Thing was usually portrayed by the hand of Ted Cassidy (who also played Lurch) but sometimes by that of assistant director Jack Voghn. The character was always listed in the show's credits as being played by itself.", "Cassidy's 6' 9\" height gave him an advantage in auditioning for unusual character parts, which led to his most famous role as \"Lurch\" in The Addams Family (1964) (1965-66). Although the character was originally intended to be mute, Cassidy ad-libbed his signature line, \"You rang?\" The subtle humor and his deep voice was an immediate hit, and thereafter, it was a recurring phrase that was written into the script. Despite being an accomplished organist, the harpsichord was actually a dead keyboard that Ted pretended to play, and the actual music was dubbed by the show's theme composer, Vic Mizzy . When he wasn't on-screen, Cassidy played \"Thing\", the disembodied hand who assisted the Addams' household, and a crew member would fill in during Lurch's on-camera scenes. In 1965, Cassidy released a seven-inch vinyl on Capitol Records with two songs; \"The Lurch\", written by Gary S. Paxton, and \"Wesley,\" written by Cliffie Stone and Scott Turner. He introduced the dance and performed the song \"The Lurch\" on September 11, 1965 on Shivaree (1965), and again on Halloween of the same year on Shindig! (1964), along with Boris Karloff performing \"The Monster Mash\".", "In late 1972, ABC produced a pilot for a live-action musical variety show titled The Addams Family Fun-House. The cast included Jack Riley and Liz Torres as Gomez and Morticia (the pair also co-wrote the special), Stubby Kaye as Uncle Fester, Pat McCormick as Lurch and Butch Patrick (who had played Eddie Munster in The Munsters ) as Pugsley. Felix Silla reprised his role of Cousin Itt, connecting it to the original TV series. The pilot aired in 1973, but was not picked up for a series. [14]", "In late 1972, ABC produced a pilot for a live-action musical variety show titled The Addams Family Fun-House. The cast included Jack Riley and Liz Torres as Gomez and Morticia (the pair also co-wrote the special), Stubby Kaye as Uncle Fester, Pat McCormick as Lurch and Butch Patrick (who had played Eddie Munster in The Munsters) as Pugsley. Felix Silla reprised his role of Cousin Itt, connecting it to the original TV series. The pilot aired in 1973, but was not picked up for a series. ", "The first animated series ran on Saturday mornings from 1973–1975 on NBC . In a departure from the original series, this series took the Addamses on the road in a Victorian-style RV . This series also marked the point where the relations between characters were changed so that Fester was now Gomez's brother, and Grandmama was now Morticia's mother (though the old relations would be revisited in the 1977 television movie, to keep continuity with the original sitcom). Although Coogan and Cassidy reprised their roles, Astin and Jones did not, their parts being recast with Hanna-Barbera voice talents Lennie Weinrib as Gomez and Janet Waldo as Morticia, while a ten-year-old Jodie Foster provided the voice of Pugsley. Again, the characters were drawn to the specifications of the original Charles Addams cartoons. One season was produced, and the second season consisted of reruns. A complementary comic book series was produced in connection with the show, but it lasted only three issues. The show's theme music was completely different and had no lyrics and no finger snaps, although it retained a bit of the four-note score from the live-action show.", "The first animated series ran on Saturday mornings from 1973–1975 on NBC . In a departure from the original series, this series took the Addamses on the road in a Victorian-style RV . This series also marked the point where the relations between characters were retconned so that Fester was now Gomez's brother, and Grandmama was now Morticia's mother (though the old relations would be revisited in the 1977 television movie, to keep continuity with the original sitcom). Although Coogan and Cassidy reprised their roles, Astin and Jones did not, their parts being recast with Hanna-Barbera voice talents Lennie Weinrib as Gomez and Janet Waldo as Morticia, while an eight-year-old Jodie Foster provided the voice of Pugsley. Again, the characters were drawn to the specifications of the original Charles Addams cartoons. One season was produced, and the second season consisted of reruns. A complementary comic book series was produced in connection with the show, but it lasted only three issues. The show's theme music was completely different and had no lyrics and no finger snaps, although it retained a bit of the four-note score from the live-action show.", "As originally conceived, Lurch was to have no lines, but in the show’s pilot episode , Ted Cassidy ad-libbed the line “You rang?” in his trademark deep voice, and it was so impressive that it led to Lurch getting more dialogue; he ultimately had three lines in the pilot. In the films, however, this butler was totally mute except for the occasional expressive grunt. The 1990s revival returned to the original 1960s sitcom style, right down to the noose that rang a gong. In it, Lurch also seemed a little more polite than his earlier counterparts.", "As originally conceived, Lurch was to have no lines, but in the show's pilot episode , Ted Cassidy ad-libbed the line \"You rang?\" in his trademark deep voice, and it was so impressive that it led to Lurch getting more dialogue; he ultimately had three lines in the pilot. In the films, however, this butler was totally mute except for the occasional expressive grunt. The 1990s revival returned to the original 1960s sitcom style, right down to the noose that rang a gong. In it, Lurch also seemed a little more polite than his earlier counterparts.", "The New Addams Family was filmed in Vancouver, Canada, and ran for 65 episodes during the 1998–1999 season on the then newly-launched Fox Family Channel. Many storylines from the original series were reworked for this new series, incorporating more modern elements and jokes. John Astin returned to the franchise in some episodes of this series, albeit as \"Grandpapa\" Addams (Gomez's grandfather, a character introduced in Addams Family Reunion). Pubert's absence in the new series (and possibly Addams Family Reunion) was explained in an early episode when Wednesday mentioned that \"There were three of us, but Pugsley ate the little one.\" The cast included Glenn Taranto as Gomez Addams, Ellie Harvie as Morticia, Michael Roberds as Fester, Brody Smith as Pugsley, Nicole Fugere (the only cast member from Addams Family Reunion to return) as Wednesday, John DeSantis as Lurch, Betty Phillips as Grandmama and Steven Fox as Thing.", "The Lurch character also appeared in the Hanna-Barbera animated cartoon The Addams Family that aired Saturday mornings on NBC from September 1973 to August 1975; \"Halloween with the New Addams Family\" 1977 special, a second animated Addams Family ran on Saturday mornings on ABC from September 1992 to January 1995;  the motion picture remakes The Addams Family: The Movie (1991) and The Addams Family Values (1993); and the sitcom remake THE NEW ADDAMS FAMILY/FOX/1998-99 (with John DeSantis as Lurch).", "The second animated series introduced three new regular characters: the Normanmeyers (Norman, Normina, and N.J.), a family of \"normal\" people living across the street from the Addamses. While Norman and Normina were constantly appalled and shocked at the Addamses' macabre behavior, their son, N.J., counted Wednesday and Pugsley as his best friends. Norman owned and worked at an underwear factory and was utterly obsessed with underwear, decorating the entire Normanmeyer house with an underwear motif, which arguably made him less \"normal\" than the Addams Family themselves. Norman was voiced by Rob Paulsen , Normina by Edie McClurg , and N.J. by Dick Beals .", "The Addams Family is an American television series based on the characters in Charles Addams' New Yorker cartoons. The 30-minute series was shot in black-and-white and aired for two seasons on ABC from September 18, 1964, to April 8, 1966, for a total of 64 episodes. It is often compared to its CBS rival, The Munsters, which ran for the same two seasons and achieved somewhat higher Nielsen ratings. The show is the first adaptation of the Addams family characters to feature The Addams Family Theme.", "Morticia A. Addams (née Frump) is the fictional matriarch of \"The Addams Family\", created by cartoonist Charles Addams and based on his first wife Barbara (who became the second wife of John Hersey, a colleague at The New Yorker and the author of Hiroshima).", "Lurch largely shares the family's macabre standards, although he occasionally looks askance at some of their activities. He has a similar attitude toward visitors – almost a sixth sense. When a plainclothes policeman (played by George Neise) visits, Lurch pats him down and removes something from inside his suit coat: his service revolver. Lurch groans at the affront of someone other than the Addams Family bringing a weapon into the house. Neise shows Lurch his badge, and Lurch hands the gun back to him.", "\"The Addams Family Strikes Back\" by W.F. Miksch tells how Gomez plans to rehabilitate the image of Benedict Arnold by running for the local school board. The tone and characterizations in this book resemble the TV characters much more closely than in the first novel. Cousin Itt appears as a minor character in this story, but as a tiny, three-legged creature rather than the hairy, derby-hatted character seen on television and in the movies. The novel was published in paperback form by Pyramid Books in 1965.", "Charles Addams never named his characters, but he had to come up with names for the characters on the TV show (it was one of the few contributions he made to the series). Within a week he decided on all of them - except for Mr. Addams, who almost wound up being called Repelli (for \"repellent\") instead of Gomez.", "actor: The Addams Family, The Pruitts of Southampton, Operation Petticoat, Night Court, I�m Dickens, He�s Fenster, The Adventures of Brisco County Jr., National Lampoon�s European Vacation", "Actor Paul Benedict (b.1938) died on December 1. Benedict, who was born in New Mexico, is best known for his role as Bentley, the British neighbor on the television show \"The Jeffersons.\" Benedict also appeared in numerous Christopher Guest projects. His genre roles include a judge in the film version of \"The Addams Family\" and episodes of \"Tales from the Crypt\" and \"The Twilight Zone.\"", "Henry Mitchell & Alice Mitchell - Dennis's father, an aerospace engineer and Dennis's stay-at-home mother. His long-suffering parents can only shake their heads and try to explain their son's antics to others. Despite this, and the many times his mother sends Dennis to the corner chair, they really do love him very much. Henry seems to understand Dennis a lot more in affairs of the heart. One example was when a furious Dennis stormed in saying,\"Wimmin can say some of the stupidest things!\" and his father knowingly said to his wife, Margaret. Another time was when Dennis and Gina were having a fun time together, and his mother wondered if Dennis would realize that he really likes Gina, and his father said knowingly again, \"I think he will\". His mother, however, is usually the shelter where Dennis can run to when things get too overwhelming for him; and she is there with a warm hug and protection. Interestingly Henry Mitchell is similar to Hank Ketcham-being a former US Navy man and resembling Ketchum as Ketchum appeared in the 1950's! As a running gag Alice Mitchell has a phobia about snakes.", "This article is about the 1960s series. For the 1998 series, see The New Addams Family .", "* Mr. George Wilson (Joseph Kearns) – the Mitchells' neighbor, often exasperated with Dennis's antics, though is proud that Dennis considers him his best friend. George has a dog named Fremont. Kearns appeared in 101 episodes from 1959 to 1962; his last work was aired posthumously in the episode \"The Man Next Door\" on May 6, 1962.", "Skippy : If Alex P. Keaton was a nerd in a more political sense, Skippy stepped in to fill the stereotypical geek shoes on “Family Ties.” Erwin “Skippy” Handelman was the next door neighbor who, like many nerd characters, had an undying crush on Mallory Keaton, the wild-child daughter of the Keaton family played by Justine Bateman. Of course, Mallory did not share the same affections. Though Skippy was never a fully-developed character, he was a frequent guest at the Keaton house, always creating socially awkward situations with his ill-at-ease demeanor. He would sputter and stutter and withstand rejection from Mallory time and again. Played by actor Marc Price, he has had few other big roles since “Family Ties” went off the air. He did host the Disney game show “Teen Win, Lose, or Draw” from 1989 to 1992 and was also a short-lived contestant on “Last Comic Standing.”" ]

[ 5.29296875, 4.8359375, 4.8203125, 3.263671875, 2.861328125, 2.751953125, 2.716796875, 2.48046875, 2.130859375, 1.8359375, 1.0068359375, 0.482177734375, 0.415771484375, -0.00162506103515625, -0.004833221435546875, -0.027496337890625, -0.061614990234375, -0.07403564453125, -0.814453125, -1.0869140625, -1.548828125, -2.125, -2.7734375, -3.078125, -3.15625, -3.69921875, -4.06640625, -5.17578125, -5.66015625, -6.171875, -6.8203125, -8.171875 ]

[ "Dibbs' use of bagel as a representation of the number zero is thought to have taken inspiration from the comparison between the number '0' and the shape of an egg. This is a throwback to tennis's French roots, where a zero score was sometimes described as 'l'oeuf'. Interestingly, this connection gives us one possible theory about why a score of 0 in tennis is described as 'love' in the modern game – some believe this was down to an English mispronunciation of French 'l'oeuf'.", "I think that sports terminology is fascinating. My particular favorite is “love” meaning zero in tennis scoring. It comes from the French for egg l’oeuf because 0 looks like an egg!", "In tennis scores, zero is called \"love,\" because zero looks like an egg, the French called it \"l'oeuf,\" which is French for \"egg.\" You may have also noticed the weird numbering in the tennis scores which goes back to medieval numerology, in which 60 was considered a \"complete\" number (much like 100 is considered a nice round number today). Back in medieval times, tennis's four points were 15, 30, 45 (later abbreviated to 40), and 60, or game.", "Where did the game gets its affectionate score for zero? The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that the term might be rooted in the colloquial phrase “for love,” meaning “without stakes being wagered.” This theory reflects the sport’s long history of etiquette and sportsmanship. Others theorize that love arose from the French word for “egg,” l’oeuf, because a zero on a scoreboard resembles an egg. This is a clever claim, but it remains unsubstantiated.", "Wednesday, January 15, 2014 - Why is scoring in tennis so wacky?  It wasn't considered unusual in 17th century France, where the game really began to flower.  Early forms of what we know as tennis were played for silver pieces, each of which was worth 60 sous.  Wagers were placed on each point in quarters of silver:  15, 30, 45, and 60.  When the gambling side of the game was eventually phased out, 45 was reduced to 40 (this kept everything to two syllables), and the scoring became the bizarre system that tennis enthusiasts know and love today.  And speaking of  love . . . as for the word's meaning no score, that came from the word l'oeuf, which is French for \"the egg,\" or zero.", "A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving. A game is won by the first player to have won at least four points in total and at least two points more than the opponent. The running score of each game is described in a manner particular to tennis: scores of zero to three points are described as \"love\" (or zero), \"fifteen,\" \"thirty,\" and \"forty\" respectively. (See the main article Tennis score for the origin of these words as used in tennis.) If at least three points have been scored by each player, and the scores are equal, the score is \"deuce\". If at least three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point than his opponent, the score of the game is \"advantage\" for the player in the lead. During informal games, \"advantage\" can also be called \"ad in\" or \"ad out\", depending on whether the serving player or receiving player is ahead, respectively.", "A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving. A game is won by the first player to have won at least four points in total and at least two points more than his opponent. The running score of each game is described in a manner particular to tennis: scores of zero to three points are described as \"love\" (or zero), \"fifteen,\" \"thirty,\" and \"forty\" respectively. (See the main article Tennis score for the origin of these words as used in tennis.) If at least three points have been scored by each player, and the scores are equal, the score is \"deuce\". If at least three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point than his opponent, the score of the game is \"advantage\" for the player in the lead. During informal games, \"advantage\" can also be called \"ad in\" or \"ad out\", depending on whether the serving player or receiving player is ahead, respectively.", "A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving, and is won by the first player to have won at least four points and at least two points more than his opponent. The running score of each game is described in a manner particular to tennis: scores of zero to three points are described as \"love\" (or zero), \"fifteen,\" \"thirty,\" and \"forty\" respectively. When at least three points have been scored by each side and the players have the same number of points, the score is \"deuce.\" When at least three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point than his opponent, the score of the game is \"advantage\" for the player in the lead. During informal games, \"advantage\" can also be called \"ad in\" or \"ad out\", depending on whether the serving player or receiving player, respectively, is ahead.", "Why is a score of 0 called 'Love' in tennis and other racquet games? - Quora", "In tennis, squash, and some other sports, love [5] is a score of zero or nil ⇒", "The term \"tennis\" is thought to derive from the French word tenez, which means \"take heed\" – a warning from the server to the receiver. Real tennis evolved, over three centuries, from an earlier ball game played around the 12th century in France. This had some similarities to palla , fives , pelota , or handball , in that it involved hitting a ball with a bare hand and later with a glove. One theory is that this game was played by monks in monastery cloisters , based on the construction and appearance of early courts. By the 16th century, the glove had become a racquet, the game had moved to an enclosed playing area, and the rules had stabilized. Real tennis spread across Europe , with the Papal Legate reporting in 1596 that there were 250 courts in Paris alone, near the peak of its popularity in France. [4]", "In the USTA rule book (but not the ITF rules) there is the comment: ‘\"Zero,\" \"one,\" \"two,\" and \"three,\" may be substituted for \"Love,\" \"15,\" \"30,\" and \"40.\" This is particularly appropriate for matches with an inexperienced player or in which one player does not understand English.’ ", "Now that “love” is as clear as mud, let’s figure out why tennis is scored in what appears to be a completely random jumble of numbers. Before there was tennis, there was a French game called jeu de paume (“palm game”) that was very similar to tennis, but players used their hands instead of a racquet. The scoring system we use for tennis today was based on jeu de paume’s system, but the reason for that 15-30-40-Game scoring is still a little shaky. There are three possibilities. First is the theory that, back in the pre-Revolution days, the 1000-plus jeu de paume courts in French were 90 feet total, 45 per side. Upon scoring, the server got to move up 15 feet. Another score meant another 15-foot scoot forward. Since a third score would put the server right at the net, 10 feet was the last bump forward.", "Badminton, court or lawn game played with lightweight rackets and a shuttlecock . Historically, the shuttlecock (also known as a “bird” or “birdie”) was a small cork hemisphere with 16 goose feathers attached and weighing about 0.17 ounce (5 grams). These types of shuttles may still be used in modern play, but shuttles made from synthetic materials are also allowed by the Badminton World Federation. The game is named for Badminton , the country estate of the dukes of Beaufort in Gloucestershire , England , where it was first played about 1873. The roots of the sport can be traced to ancient Greece , China, and India , and it is closely related to the old children’s game battledore and shuttlecock . Badminton is derived directly from poona, which was played by British army officers stationed in India in the 1860s. The first unofficial all-England badminton championships for men were held in 1899, and the first badminton tournament for women was arranged the next year.", "(tennis, squash, badminton) one of the units of a match, in tennis one in which one player or pair of players must win at least six games: Graf lost the first set", "General: Origins trace back to French game called \"Paume\" (\"Palm\"), where players hit a small ball over a net by hand.", "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ). Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's court . The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return. The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will.", "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's court. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return. The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will.", "Extractions: Jump to: navigation search It has been suggested that Jeu de paume be merged into this article or section. ( Discuss Jeu de paume in the 17th century. Real tennis is the original racquet sport from which the modern game of lawn tennis, or tennis , is descended. It is also known as jeu de paume in France , \"court tennis\" in the United States , and \"royal tennis\" in Australia. The term \"real\" may be a corruption of \"royal\" and related to the game's connection with royalty during its heyday in England and France in the and 17th centuries . Others believe that \"real\" was first used at the end of the century as a retronym to distinguish it from the then recently invented game of lawn tennis. Real tennis players often just call the game \"tennis\", describing the modern game as \"lawn tennis\". Real tennis is still played by enthusiasts on about 35 existing courts in the United Kingdom Australia , the United States , and France . The sport is supported and governed by organizations around the world The term \"tennis\" derives from the French word tenez", "A racket is a sports implement consisting of a handled frame with an open hoop across which a network of strings or catgut is stretched tightly. It is used for striking a ball or shuttlecock in games such as squash, tennis, racquetball, and badminton. Collectively, these games are known as racket sports. This predecessor to the modern game of squash, rackets, is played with wooden rackets. While squash equipment has evolved in the intervening century, rackets equipment has changed little.", "Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half of the court. A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the ground, and each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net.", "Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half of the court. A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the ground, and the shuttlecock may only be struck once by each side before it passes over the net.", "Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquets so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half of the court. A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the ground, and the shuttlecock may only be struck once by each side before it passes over the net.", "Any shot in Tennis that does not land within the lines that it is supposed to land within is called an error", "Ace: Serve where the tennis ball is served in and not touched by the receiver. Aces are usually powerful and generally land on or near one of the corners at the back of the service box. Initially the term was used to indicate the scoring of a point.", "\"Tennis,\" a sport which first developed in France, was originally \"tenez\" (pronounced tuh-nay) which is the French verb \"tenir\" conjugated at the second person of the plural as a polite imperative verb (translated in this case by something like \"there you go\"). They were saying \"tenez\" when they hit the ball so as to say :\"there, try to get this one\". But tennis lost popularity in France and gained popularity in England at the same time. So, English people were still using the word \"tenez\" each time they hit the ball, but saying it with the English accent which sounded more like tennis, and which eventually took this new spelling. Then the sport gained popularity world wide and got picked up by many languages, including French.", "tennis game in which two opposing players (singles) or pairs of players (doubles) use tautly strung rackets to hit a ball of specified size, weight, and bounce over a net on a rectangular court. Points are awarded to a player or team whenever the opponent fails...", "individual or team sport where athletes use small rackets to hit a light, hollow ball, scoring points when opponents fail to return the ball. Also called ping-pong.", "It is well known that Tennis matches are decided by errors even at the pro level. Even beginning Badminton players win points mostly with winners and unfroced errors. I need to use tennis terminology because this classification doesn't exist in Badminton as it is so irrelevant.", "The French game was called paume (meaning palm); it was a court game where the ball was struck with the hand. Paume evolved into jeu de paume and rackets were used. By the time the game spread to England — Henry VII and Henry VIII were big fans — there were as many as 1,800 indoor courts. The Pope tried to ban it, to no end. Wood and gut rackets were developed by 1500, along with balls of cork and leather.", "The game has its origins in England as an after-dinner amusement for upper-class Victorians in the 1880s . Mimicking the game of tennis in an indoor environment, everyday objects were originally enlisted to act as the equipment. A line of books would be the net, a rounded top of a Champagne cork or knot of string as the ball, and a cigar box lid as the racket Template:Fact .", "Often tennis professionals are asked how to keep score in the game of tennis. Unfortunately, there is no simple answer. The explanation provided below may prove useful." ]

[ 4.5390625, 3.8125, 3.443359375, 1.4423828125, 1.3798828125, 0.55029296875, 0.5400390625, 0.225830078125, -0.02264404296875, -0.424072265625, -3.51953125, -4.0546875, -4.16796875, -4.64453125, -5.09765625, -5.16796875, -5.3671875, -5.4453125, -5.47265625, -5.5234375, -5.53125, -5.55078125, -5.5703125, -5.671875, -5.73046875, -6.2890625, -6.6875, -6.7109375, -6.7421875, -6.84375, -6.9921875, -7.5234375 ]

[ "The attempted assassination of United States President Ronald Reagan occurred on Monday, March 30, 1981, 69 days into his presidency. While leaving a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., President Reagan and three others were shot and wounded by John Hinckley Jr. Hinckley’s motivation for the attack was to impress actress Jodie Foster, over whom he had developed an obsession after seeing her in the film Taxi Driver. There were no fatalities in the immediate aftermath of the attack. Reagan was shot in the chest, just below the left underarm. He suffered a punctured lung and heavy internal bleeding, but prompt medical attention allowed him to recover quickly. No formal invocation of presidential succession took place, although Secretary of State Alexander Haig controversially stated that he was “in control here” while Vice President George H. W. Bush returned to Washington.", "The attempted assassination of United States President Ronald Reagan occurred on March 30, 1981, 69 days into his presidency. While leaving a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., President Reagan and three others were shot and wounded by John Hinckley Jr. Hinckley's motivation for the attack was to impress actress Jodie Foster, over whom he had developed an obsession after seeing her in the film Taxi Driver.", "The shooter, whose full name was John Warnock Hinckley Jr., tried to assassinate Reagan because he said he thought that would impress Jodie Foster. It was later revealed that during his stay in the Washington D.C. psychiatric hospital St. Elizabeths, Hinckley had exchanged letters with serial killer Ted Bundy and sought the address of mass murderer Charles Manson.", "On March 30, 1981, Hinckley shot Reagan, his press aide Jim Brady and two others outside a Washington hotel in an effort to impress Hollywood actress Jodie Foster with whom he said he was obsessed.", "Hinckley had attempted to assassinate the President to impress actress Jodie Foster, with whom he’d become obsessed after seeing the Robert de Niro film Taxi Driver. Hinckley had also been inspired by the case of Arthur Bremer, who attempted to assassinate Alabama Governor George Wallace in 1972.", "He is also forbidden from trying to contact his victims or any of their relatives or descendants, and he is barred from trying to contact the actress Jodie Foster or her family. At the time of the Reagan shooting, Hinckley was obsessed with Ms. Foster and hoped the assassination would impress her.", "Influenced by the Martin Scorsese film Taxi Driver (1976), John Hinckley --the son of a prominent Republican family from Colorado--tried to assassinate Reagan in 1981 in order to impress actress Jodie Foster . Foster had won her first Oscar nomination for the film, in which Robert De Niro 's character, \"Travis Bickle\", tried to assassinate a liberal Democratic presidential candidate to impress Betsy ( Cybill Shepherd ), the woman he is obsessed with. Hinckley was acquitted by a jury on reasons of insanity and (as of 2010) remains incarcerated in a psychiatric facility.", "John Hinckley was not obsessed with Catcher in the Rye. It just so happens that when police entered Hinkley’s residence, Catcher in the Rye was sitting on his coffee table. Hinckley, while mentally unbalanced, had an altogether different obsession: Taxi Driver. Hinkley saw himself as Travis Bickle. By killing Ronald Reagan, he sought to impress Jody Foster.", "What did interest the media very much was the story of John W. Hinckley Jr.’s obsession with the actress Jodie Foster, who had played the role of a teenage prostitute in the 1976 movie Taxi Driver. The prostitute is befriended by a taxi driver, Travis Bickle, who threatens to kill a senator who is running for president in order to win the love of the girl. Young John Hinckley had imitated the habits and mannerisms of Travis Bickle.", "Hinckley was immediately subdued and arrested at the scene. Later, he claimed to have wanted to kill the president to impress the teen actress Jodie Foster. He was deemed mentally ill and was confined to an institution. Besides Reagan, White House Press Secretary James Brady, Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy, and D.C. police officer Thomas Delahanty were also wounded in the attack. All three survived, but Brady suffered brain damage and was permanently disabled, and died in August 2014. His death was determined to be homicide because it was ultimately caused by the injury received in 1981.", "After failing to get a job at the end of February of 1981 as he�d promised his parents, John flew to Hollywood. Staying there only one day, John Hinckley Jr. boarded a bus and checked into the Park Central Hotel in Washington D.C. on March 29, 1981. The next day, Monday March 30th, John wrote a letter to Jodie Foster describing his plan to assassinate President Reagan, to impress her with his \"historical deed,\" left his hotel room and took a cab to the Washington Hilton where Reagan was to speak to a labor convention at 1:45 p.m. ", "Jodie Foster was stalked by mentally-impaired John Hinckley, who tried to impress the actress by attempting to assassinate Reagan in late March, 1981", "Hinckley’s path toward the assassination attempt began in 1976 when he saw the movie Taxi Driver. Robert DeNiro’s Travis Bickle stalks a Presidential candidate in the hopes that he will somehow impress and rescue a young prostitute played by Jodie Foster. Hinckley, who spent seven years in college without earning a degree or making a friend, added Foster to his list of obsessions, which also included Nazis, the Beatles and assassins.", "Hinckley's attempt on President Reagan's life on March 30, 1981, was said to be an effort to impress Foster, with whom he was obsessed after seeing her portray a prostitute in the movie \"Taxi Driver.\"", "Richardson traced Hinckley's path from Connecticut to Colorado, writing demented love letters to actress Jodie Foster, just like Hinckley. A week after Hinckley's infamous attack, Richardson was arrested in New York's Port Authority Bus Terminal with a .32 caliber revolver, after threatening the lives of both Reagan and Foster.", "When Regan finally was ousted in early 1987, New York Times columnist William Safire wrote a piece headlined “First Lady Stages a Coup” and said her “political interference” made her husband look weak. Regan took revenge in his 1988 memoir, “For the Record,” which disclosed the first lady’s reliance on San Francisco astrologer Joan Quigley. Reagan had long consulted astrologers but gave such advice more weight after March 30, 1981, when her husband was gravely wounded in an assassination attempt by John Hinckley Jr.", "\" . . . Hinckley was arrested by airport authorities in Nashville. . . on October 9, 1980...for carrying three guns, and was quickly released. Reagan had been in Nashville on Oct. 7, and Carter arrived there on Oct. 9 . . . the firearms charge against him on the same day that the president was coming town should have landed him on the Secret service watch list of potential assassins but the FBI apparently neglected to transmit the information to the Secret Service . . . Jodie Foster had indeed received a series of letters and notes from Hinckley, which she had passed on to her college dean. The dean allegedly gave the letters to the New Haven police, who supposedly gave them to the FBI. Nevertheless nothing was done to restrain Hinckley, who had a record of psychiatric treatment. Hinckley had been buying guns in various locations across the U.S. . . .Was a network operating through the various law enforcement agencies responsible for the failure to restrain Hinckley or put him under special surveillance?... [T]he FBI soon officially rubber stamped the order promulgated to the Cabinet that no conspiracy be found.. . . Hinckley's parents' memoirs refer to some notes penciled byHinckley which were found during a search of his cell and which \" could sound bad.\" these notes described \\lquote an imaginary conspiracy--either with the political right or left --to assassinate the President . . .", "This was the year in which former actor and Screen Actors Guild president Ronald Reagan was elected President of the US. Coincidentally, the attempted assassination of President Reagan by John Hinckley, Jr. (obsessed by Martin Scorsese's film", "Another “bizarre coincidence:” John Hinckley should have been on the Secret Service “Watch List.” Like Sara Jane Moore and Squeaky Fromme, Hinckley was already known to the FBI prior to the attempted assassination. Source", "During her Hollywood career, Davis dated many actors, including Clark Gable, Robert Stack, and Peter Lawford; she later called Gable the nicest of the stars she had met. On November 15, 1949, she met Ronald Reagan, who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild. She had noticed that her name had appeared on the Hollywood blacklist, and sought Ronald Reagan's help to maintain her employment as a guild actress in Hollywood, and for assistance in having her name removed from the list. Ronald Reagan informed her that she had been confused with another actress of the same name. The two began dating and their relationship was the subject of many gossip columns; one Hollywood press account described their nightclub-free times together as \"the romance of a couple who have no vices\". Ronald Reagan was skeptical about marriage, however, following his painful 1948 divorce from Jane Wyman, and he still saw other women.", "Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6, 1921) was an American actress and the wife of the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. She was born in New York; her parents divorced soon after her birth and she grew up in Maryland, living with an aunt and uncle while her mother pursued acting jobs. As Nancy Davis, she was an actress in Hollywood in the 1940s and 1950s, starring in films such as Donovan's Brain, Night into Morning, and Hellcats of the Navy. In 1952 she married Ronald Reagan, who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild, and they had two children. Nancy was the First Lady of California when her husband was Governor from 1967 to 1975. In that capacity, she began work with the Foster Grandparents Program.", "Though he didn't succeed, John Hinckley Jr.'s attempt on Ronald Reagan's life has all the crucial elements of a modern political assassination: a lone nut with a cheap gun, an obsessive love, conflicting eyewitness reports, impossible trajectories, a mysterious doppleganger and lots of \"coincidences.\"", "Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921 (birth time source: Astrodatabank) � March 6, 2016) was an American actress and the wife of the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. She was born in New York City. After her parents separated, she lived in Maryland with an aunt and uncle for some years. She moved to Chicago when her mother remarried and she took the name Davis from her stepfather. As Nancy Davis, she was a Hollywood actress in the 1940s and 1950s, starring in films such as The Next Voice You Hear..., Night into Morning, and Donovan's Brain. In 1952, she married Ronald Reagan who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild. They had two children together. Reagan was the First Lady of...", "This report examines some of the stranger elements of Hinckley's attempt on Reagan's life, including George Bush and his mysterious connection to Hinckley's family, as well as the assassination of John F. Kennedy.", "Originally a Broadway actress, Nancy Davis Reagan is the widow of the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan. She served as First Lady from 1981 to 1989, remembered for her passionate advocacy for decreasing drug and alcohol abuse.", "According to the article, Neil Bush had admitted on Monday, March 30 that he was personally acquainted with Scott Hinckley, having met with him on one occasion in the recent past. Neil Bush also stated that he knew the Hinckley family, and referred to large monetary contributions made by the Hinckleys to the Bush 1980 presidential campaign. Neil Bush and Scott Hinckley both lived in Denver at this time. Scott Hinckley was the vice president of Vanderbilt Energy Corporation, and Neil Bush was employed as a land man for Standard Oil of Indiana. John W. Hinckley Jr., the would-be assassin, lived on and off with his parents in Evergreen, Colorado, not far from Denver.", "\"According to the article, Neil Bush also stated that he knew the Hinkley family, and referred to large monetary contributions made by the Hinckleys to the Bush l980 campaign. Neil Bush and Scott Hinckley both lived in Denver at this time . . .John W. Hinckley, jr., the would-be assassin, lived on and off with his family in Evergreen, Colo., not far from Denver. . .", "Trivia: Spoke English and Russian with an American accent. Sister was a Bond girl and played the same character she did in The Searchers. Called, “Natasha” by her family. Attended high school with Robert Redford. Christopher Walken was on the boating trip when she drowned. Romantically linked to Nicholas Ray and Warren Beatty. Yacht was called the Splendor. Had a grandfather who worked in a chocolate factory and died during the Russian Revolution. Was invited to appear in the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade after appearing in Miracle on 34th Street.", "But in fact she had sex with scores of actors – and future American presidents John F Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.", "HANNITY: Many theories hint that her death somehow could be related to her ties with the Kennedy family. It is speculated that the starlet had an affair with President Kennedy and also possibly with his brother Robert.", "She was a Bond girl in A View to a Kill, a 1985 movie in the James Bond series of films. She later had a role in the 1992 Eddie Murphy film Boomerang. In 1986 she was a vampire in the film Vamp. Earlier in her acting career, she starred alongside future governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger and NBA legend Wilt Chamberlain in 1984's Conan the Destroyer.", "The Assassination of JFK JR: Murder by Manchurian Candidate is the second conspiracy theory film written, produced and narrated by John Hankey. Just as with his previous film, \"JFK II: The Bush Connection\", Hankey makes serious allegations about the involvement of the Bush family in the assassination of President John F Kennedy and forty years later, the death of Kennedy's son John F. Kennedy Jr." ]

[ 8.84375, 8.7109375, 8.21875, 7.70703125, 7.46484375, 7.3203125, 7.18359375, 6.48046875, 6.234375, 6.21875, 5.48828125, 5.41015625, 4.7734375, 4.17578125, 2.423828125, 2.080078125, 1.8984375, 0.4990234375, 0.1435546875, -1.3701171875, -1.4453125, -2.0625, -2.59375, -3.306640625, -3.484375, -4.4296875, -4.87109375, -7.03515625, -8.1953125, -8.359375, -9.9140625, -9.9765625 ]

[ "The Amazon River is Brazil's longest river and the second-longest river in the world. It covers 3,218 kilometers (2,000 miles) within the country of Brazil, but it has a total length of about 6,570 kilometers (4,080 miles). It starts in Peru and flows through Colombia and Brazil before reaching the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon has eighteen major tributaries, including ten that carry more water than the Mississippi River. The river is also known as having the world's largest flow of water, with about 303 million liters (80 million gallons) of water per second emptying into the Atlantic Ocean.", "The Amazon River is the longest river in South America and the second-longest river in the world. The Amazon starts in Peru and touches the southernmost part of Colombia before coursing through Brazil to flow eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. The total length of the Amazon is about 6,570 kilometers (4,080 miles). It has a total of eighteen major tributaries, including ten that are larger than the Mississippi River . The river is also known as having the world's largest flow of water, with about eighty million gallons of water per second emptying into the Atlantic Ocean. The main Colombian rivers that serve as tributaries to the Amazon are the Vaupés, Apaporis, Caquetá, and the Putumayo.", "The Amazon River, located in South America, is the second longest river in the world. It flows through Guyana , Ecuador , Venezuela , Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , and Peru traversing a distance of about 4,000 miles or about 6,400 kilometers. While for the major part, the river runs through dense rain forests, some populous and large cities have sprung up on its banks. The largest among these cities is Manaus in Brazil with a population of over 1.7 million people. The Central Amazon Conservation Complex along the Amazon Basin is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "The Amazon River is the longest river in South America and the second-longest river in the world. The Amazon starts in Peru and touches the southernmost part of Colombia before coursing through Brazil to flow eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. The total length of the Amazon is about 6,570 kilometers (4,080 miles). It has a total of eighteen major tributaries, including ten that are larger than the Mississippi River. The river is also known as having the world's largest flow of water, with about eighty million gallons of water per second emptying into the Atlantic Ocean. The main Colombian rivers that serve as tributaries to the Amazon are the Vaupés, Apaporis, Caquetá, and the Putumayo.", "Amazon River is the world’s second longest river located in South America. It flows within the Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Its upper part lies in the Andes Mountains (Maranon River).", "The Amazon River is the water way that drains the Amazon basin. This river is the second longest in the world. It flows through northern Brazil. With its tributaries it carries more water than any other river.", "2. Amazon River, South America – 6,400 km (3,976 miles). Its the second longest river in the world and is by far the largest by waterflow with an average discharge greater than the next seven largest rivers combined. The Amazon flows in the following countries: Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana", "One of the longest two rivers on Earth - the other being the Nile river in Africa - the Amazon drains an area of some 6,915,000 km� (2,722,000 mile�), or about 40 percent of South America. After a course of about 7,200 km (4,800 mi) through the interior of Peru and across Brazil , it enters the Atlantic Ocean, near Belem. Its estuary reaches up to 150 miles wide.", "Amazon River, Portuguese Rio Amazonas, Spanish Río Amazonas, also called Río Marañón and Rio Solimões, the greatest river of South America and the largest drainage system in the world in terms of the volume of its flow and the area of its basin . The total length of the river—as measured from the headwaters of the Ucayali - Apurímac river system in southern Peru —is at least 4,000 miles (6,400 km), which makes it slightly shorter than the Nile River but still the equivalent of the distance from New York City to Rome . Its westernmost source is high in the Andes Mountains , within 100 miles (160 km) of the Pacific Ocean , and its mouth is in the Atlantic Ocean , on the northeastern coast of Brazil . However, both the length of the Amazon and its ultimate source have been subjects of debate since the mid-20th century, and there are those who claim that the Amazon is actually longer than the Nile. (See below The length of the Amazon .)", "At an average discharge of about 209000 m3/s — approximately 6591 km3/a, greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined — the Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean. The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world, with an area of approximately 7050000 km2, and accounts for roughly one-fifth of the world's total river flow. The portion of the river's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river's basin. The Amazon enters Brazil with only one-fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean, yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river. ", "Plan a mind-blowing excursion down the 4,000-mile-long Amazon River -- the largest river in South America, and the largest drainage system in the world. Although the length of this river is equivalent to the distance from NYC to Rome, there is much debate as to whether the Amazon is longer than the Nile River in Egypt. The Amazon River’s source comes high within the Andes Mountains, near the Pacific Ocean, and its mouth is in the Atlantic Ocean on the northeastern coast of Brazil. 960 1280", "Amazon River , Amazon - a major South American river; arises in the Andes and flows eastward into the South Atlantic; the world's 2nd longest river (4000 miles)", "The Amazon River is the mightiest on Earth � 17,500 liters of water empty out of it every day. The Amazon is also the 2nd longest river in the world.", "Brazil covers nearly half of South America and is the continent's largest nation. It extends 2,965 mi (4,772 km) north-south, 2,691 mi (4,331 km) east-west, and borders every nation on the continent except Chile and Ecuador. Brazil may be divided into the Brazilian Highlands, or plateau, in the south and the Amazon River Basin in the north. Over a third of Brazil is drained by the Amazon and its more than 200 tributaries. The Amazon is navigable for ocean steamers to Iquitos, Peru, 2,300 mi (3,700 km) upstream. Southern Brazil is drained by the Plata system—the Paraguay, Uruguay, and Paraná rivers.", "The Amazon River is the world's second longest river. Only the Nile, in Africa, is longer. The Amazon however, at any one point in time has the highest amount of water flowing down it. No other river even comes close. It may not be the longest, but it is the widest.", "The vast Amazon basin (Amazonia), the largest lowland in Latin America , has an area of about 2.7 million square miles (7 million square km) and is nearly twice as large as that of the Congo River , the Earth ’s other great equatorial drainage system. Stretching some 1,725 miles (2,780 km) from north to south at its widest point, the basin includes the greater part of Brazil and Peru , significant parts of Colombia , Ecuador , and Bolivia , and a small area of Venezuela ; roughly two-thirds of the Amazon’s main stream and by far the largest portion of its basin are within Brazil. The Tocantins-Araguaia catchment area in Pará state covers another 300,000 square miles (777,000 square km). Although considered a part of Amazonia by the Brazilian government and in popular usage, it is technically a separate system. It is estimated that about one-fifth of all the water that runs off the Earth’s surface is carried by the Amazon. The flood-stage discharge at the river’s mouth is four times that of the Congo and more than 10 times the amount carried by the Mississippi River . This immense volume of fresh water dilutes the ocean’s saltiness for more than 100 miles (160 km) from shore.", "The Amazon River (occasionally River Amazon; Spanish : Río Amazonas, Portuguese : Rio Amazonas) of South America is one of the two longest rivers on Earth, the other being the Nile in Africa. The Amazon has by far the greatest total flow of any river, carrying more than the Mississippi , Nile , and Yangtze rivers combined. Its drainage area , called the Amazon Basin , is the largest of any river system. The Amazon could be considered the \"strongest\" (largest volume of water per second).", "The Amazon River (occasionally River Amazon; Spanish: Río Amazonas, Portuguese: Rio Amazonas) of South America is one of the longest two rivers on Earth, the Nile River in Africa being the other. The Amazon has by far the greatest total flow of any river, carrying more than the Mississippi, Nile, and Yangtze rivers combined. It also has the largest drainage area of any river system. It may be correctly stated that the Nile is the longest river, while the Amazon is the strongest.", "The Amazon River (US) or River Amazon (UK) (Portuguese: Rio Amazonas; Spanish: Río Amazonas) of South America is the largest river in the world with a total discharge greater than the next ten largest rivers combined. The Amazon, which has the largest drainage basin in the world, about 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,720,000 sq mi), accounts for approximately one-fifth of the world's total river flow.It total length is 6,400 km.It is also a longest river in South America and second  longest river in world after nile..", "South America is home to the world's largest contiguous tropical rainforest, the vast Amazon rainforest.  This lush and biologically rich forest covers the basin of the Amazon (also known as Amazonia), the world's second longest river and spreads into", "While the Amazon is the largest river in the world by most measures, the current consensus within the geographic community holds that the Amazon is the second longest river, just slightly shorter than the Nile.", "The Amazon River ( or; Spanish and ) in South America is the largest river by discharge of water in the world, and the longest in length.", "The Amazon River in South America is the largest river by discharge of water in the world with an average discharge that is greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined. The Amazon basin is also the largest drainage basin in the world, and accounts for approximately one-fifth of the world's total river flow.", "The river and its tributaries flow through the Congo rainforest, the second largest rain forest area in the world, second only to the Amazon Rainforest in South America. The river also has the second-largest flow in the world, behind the Amazon; the third-largest drainage basin of any river, behind the Amazon and Plate rivers; and is one of the deepest rivers in the world, at depths greater than 220 m. Because its drainage basin includes areas both north and south of the equator, its flow is stable, as there is always at least one part of the river experiencing a rainy season. ", "The world’s largest river, the Amazon River, is in South America. It flows through the dense Amazon Rainforest.", "The Amazon River basin has an area of almost 7 million square kilometers (2.7 million square miles), making it the largest watershed in the world. The basin, which covers most of northern South America, is fed by tributaries from the glaciers of the Andes. Every second, the Amazon River empties 209,000 cubic meters (7,381,000 cubic feet) of freshwater into the Atlantic Ocean.", "The basin lies between the Guiana Massif to the north and the lower Brazilian Massif to the south cover whole Europe it is twice as large as any other river drainage basin in the world. The river is also the largest in terms of the quantity of and volume of water. With 6,275 kms of longitude it is the second longest river of the world, after the Nile.", "This subregion has a humid equatorial climate in the south with long rainy seasons. A dense and concentrated hydrographic networks feeds two major rivers: the Congo River (the worlds second largest river after the Amazon River) and the Ogooué River (Africas third largest river).", "Named after the South American river, which is the world’s second-longest and the largest in terms of waterflow", "* Amazon River, empties so much freshwater into the Atlantic Ocean that it reduces the salinity of the sea for hundreds of miles", "Nearly all resources, including the book \"Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management,\" list the Amazon River as having the greatest volume of flow with 6.9 million cubic meters or a whopping 244 million cubic feet in annual volume discharge. Its flow is so powerful, no bridges can be built to span it, and it doesn't mix with the Atlantic salt water until it has flowed 125 miles out to sea. But the Amazon isn't content to be first in volume of flow. It has taken on the Nile to win the right to be the longest river, as well. In 2007, Brazilian scientists concluded that the Amazon River is 176 miles longer than previously reported, which, if correct, would make it 65 miles longer than the Nile River, and winner of the longest, most voluminous river in the world.", "At the core of the continent is the mighty Amazon River, which is more than two thousand miles long and has an enormous drainage basin in the largest tropical rain forest in the world. The Amazon’s many tributaries are larger than many other world rivers. Flowing parallel to the equator, the Amazon is in contention with the Nile as the longest river in the world. In 2007, a dispute arose over the actual length of the Amazon River. Brazilian scientists using satellite imagery and teams on the ground using a global positioning system (GPS) calculated a new length for the Amazon. Using similar methods, the Nile River also had a new length calculated. Both were determined to be longer than originally measured. At this time, the actual length of each river is openly disputed. The most accurate statement is that the Amazon River has the greatest discharge of any river in the world, and it is potentially also the longest river in the world." ]

[ 9.3984375, 8.8203125, 8.640625, 8.3359375, 7.52734375, 6.41796875, 5.8203125, 4.54296875, 3.166015625, 2.55859375, 2.173828125, 1.513671875, 1.3310546875, 1.3212890625, 0.9296875, 0.68505859375, 0.337890625, -0.5166015625, -0.5888671875, -0.85546875, -0.96533203125, -0.9814453125, -2.158203125, -2.41015625, -2.439453125, -2.548828125, -3.35546875, -3.68359375, -4.328125, -4.56640625, -4.64453125, -4.80078125 ]

[ "When they take to the stage, Mercury's replacement, Paul Rodgers from Bad Company, will be joined by Queen guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor. But John Deacon, the 'no-nonsense' bass player will be missing.", "Queen are a British rock band formed in London in 1970, originally consisting of Freddie Mercury (lead vocals, piano), Brian May (guitar, vocals), John Deacon (bass guitar), and Roger Taylor (drums, vocals). Queen's earliest works were influenced by progressive rock, hard rock and heavy metal, but the band gradually ventured into more conventional and radio-friendly works, incorporating further diverse styles into their music.", "Queen were an English rock band originally consisting of four members: vocalist Freddie Mercury , guitarist Brian May , bass guitarist John Deacon , and drummer Roger Taylor .", "At the end of 2004, May and Taylor announced that they would reunite and return to touring in 2005, with Paul Rodgers (founder and former lead singer of Free and Bad Company ). Brian May's website also stated that Rodgers would be \"featured with\" Queen as Queen + Paul Rodgers , not replacing the late Freddie Mercury. The retired John Deacon would not be participating. [16]", "At the end of 2004, May and Taylor announced that they would reunite and return to touring in 2005, with Paul Rodgers (founder and former lead singer of Free and Bad Company ). Brian May's website also stated that Rodgers would be \"featured with\" Queen as Queen + Paul Rodgers , not replacing the late Freddie Mercury. The retired John Deacon would not be participating. [19]", "Queen were an English rock band originally consisting of four members: vocalist Freddie Mercury, guitarist Brian May, bass guitarist John Deacon, and drummer Roger Taylor. The band formed in London in 1970 after May and Taylor's former band Smile split after having released an album and single. Freddie replaced lead vocalist Tim Staffell, after the latter's departure from the original trio. There was much deliberation as to what the band's name would be. May and Taylor had settled upon the Grand Dance, derived from a C.S. Lewis Trilogy of books Out Of The Silent Planet.", "Following Mercury's death, the remaining members of Queen were fairly quiet. Brian May released his second solo album, Back to the Light, in 1993, ten years after the release of his first record. Roger Taylor cut a few records with the Cross, which he had been playing with since 1987, while Deacon essentially retired. The three reunited in 1994 to record backing tapes for vocal tracks Mercury recorded on his deathbed. The resulting album, Made in Heaven, was released in 1995 to mixed reviews and strong sales, particularly in Europe. Crown Jewels, a box set repackaging their first eight LPs, followed in 1998. Archival live recordings, DVDs, and compilations kept appearing through the new millennium. The Queen name was revived in 2005, but this time with \"+ Paul Rodgers\" appended to it. Rodgers, the former lead singer of Free and Bad Company, joined Brian May and Roger Taylor (John Deacon remained retired) for several live shows, one of which was documented on 2005's Return of the Champions, a double-disc release issued by the Hollywood label. International touring continued, as did a new studio album featuring Rodgers' vocals. Released under the \"Queen + Paul Rodgers\" tag, The Cosmos Rocks appeared in September 2008, followed by an American release one month later. Reception was decidedly mixed.", "\"The Invisible Man\" is Taylor's first song on the album. The lyrical idea came from a book he was reading after which the beat instantly came to his head. May and Taylor commented (Queen for an Hour interview, 1989) that Taylor wrote part of the song in the bath (similarly to what happened with Mercury and \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" ten years before). The names of all four band members are \"hidden\" in the vocals: \"Freddie Mercury\" (said by Roger Taylor) right before the first verse begins, \"John Deacon\" after the first verse, \"Brian May\" (repeated twice) before his guitar solo, and \"Roger Taylor\" (with the initial \"r\" rolled by Mercury to sound like a drum roll) after the lyric \"look at me, look at me\". Taylor \"answers\" with a drum fill. The demo version features a completely different middle-eight with Mercury singing alternate lyrics in the style of Elvis Presley. The whispered parts of the chorus are sung by Taylor.", "\"The Invisible Man\" is Taylor's first song on the album. The lyrical idea came from a book he was reading after which the beat instantly came to his head. May and Taylor commented (Queen for an Hour interview, 1989) that Taylor wrote part of the song in the bath (similarly to what happened with Freddie Mercury and \" Crazy Little Thing Called Love \" ten years before). The names of all four band members are \"hidden\" in the vocals: \"Freddie Mercury\" right before the first verse begins, \"John Deacon\" after the first verse, \"Brian May\" (repeated once) before his guitar solo , and \"Roger Taylor\" (with the initial \"r\" rolled by Mercury to sound like a drum roll ) after the lyric \"look at me, look at me\". Taylor \"answers\" with a drum fill. An unreleased version features a completely different middle-eight with Mercury singing alternate lyrics in the style of Elvis Presley .", "But several months later, in early 1971, John again encountered Queen, when he was introduced to Brian May and Roger Taylor. For their part, they had not been impressed by the bass players they’d encountered and had just lost their seventh. They asked John if he was interested in auditioning and days later John found himself at a lecture hall at Imperial College where the band was rehearsing. He brought along his trusty bass guitar and his own custom- adapted amp, now known as the legendary ‘Deacy Amp’. He began to learn ‘Son And Daughter’ and a few other songs the group had been playing. Not long after, on 1 March 1971, John Richard Deacon became the fourth and final member of Queen, largely, as history recounts it, not only because he was a brilliant bass player, but he was also quiet and didn’t try to upstage the others, particularly the band’s lead singer, the very larger than life Freddie Mercury. At just 19, John was the youngest member to join the band.", "1973 saw Deacon poised on the eve of his greatest military victory yet. Having already conquered Leicester, Wales, most of Surrey, and two Shetland islands, his army seemed to be unstoppable as they marched towards London. At the same time, Freddie Mercury , Roger Taylor , and Brian May had just stormed Paris and obliterated Berlin. As the second seemingly unstoppable army marched toward London, John Deacon uncovered his bass and knocked down the fortifications surrounding London using the sheer power of music.", "In late 1992, the Brian May Band was officially formed. An earlier version of the band was loosely formed for 19 October 1991, the date of the band's last concert of reunion, when May took part in the Guitar Legends guitar festival in Seville, Spain. The line-up for his performance was May on vocals and lead guitar, Cozy Powell on drums and percussion, Mike Moran and Rick Wakeman on keyboards, and Maggie Ryder, Miriam Stockley and Chris Thompson on backing vocals. The original line-up was May on vocals and lead guitar, Powell on drums and percussion, Michael Casswell on guitar, Neil Murray on bass, and Ryder, Stockley and Thompson on backing vocals. This version of the band lasted only during the South American support tour (supporting The B-52's and Joe Cocker) on only five dates.", "From left to right: Deacon, Taylor and May in concert in Hanover in 1979. Behind the drum kit is the tam-tam used at the end of \"Bohemian Rhapsody\".", "While Lambert has appeared with current Queen members Brian May and Roger Taylor at numerous shows, this will be the singer's first official tour with the group. The trio first appeared together in 2009 to perform \"We Are the Champions\" during American Idol before teaming up again in 2011 to perform \"The Show Must Go On,\" \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\" at the MTV European Music Awards. In 2012, Lambert joined the group again for a series of shows throughout Europe.", "1977-1982 concerts featured drummer Roger Taylor singing lead on one song, \"I'm in Love with My Car\", on which Freddie stuck to piano and backing vocals. Most of their albums had one song with Brian singing lead and one song with Roger singing lead. Brian also occasionally played piano, such as on \"Save Me\" and \"Teo Torriatte\", while John Deacon played some guitar on \"Another One Bites the Dust\" and \"Misfire\". Less frequently but still, Roger would play guitar, bass and provide vocals in addition to drums.", "In 1993, May released his second solo album, Back to the Light, and continued recording solo and with the Brian May Band. Roger Taylor recorded three albums with a sideline band, the Cross, which began in 1987. He eventually resumed his solo career. In 1995, Queen finally completed its swan song Made in Heaven (Number 58), which features vocals recorded by Mercury during the last year of his life. In 1996, a statue of the singer was unveiled in Montreux, Switzerland. In 1998, a box set of their first eight LPs entitled Crown Jewels was released.", "In 2005, May and former Queen member Roger Taylor reunited for a tour, with Paul Rodgers on vocals. They released a studio album, Cosmo Rocks, in 2008. In 2012, May and Taylor returned to the stage once again, this time with American Idol rocker Adam Lambert on vocals. In 2013, a tour was announced and due to popular demand, they've continued to add dates and are still touring as of 2016. ", "Roger Meddows Taylor (born 26 July 1949) is an English musician, multi-instrumentalist, singer and songwriter. He is best known as the drummer of the rock band Queen, but has also served as songwriter and occasional lead vocalist. As a drummer, he was recognised early in his career for his unique sound. He has since been acclaimed by Foo Fighters drummer Taylor Hawkins as one of the most influential rock drummers of the 1970s and 1980s, as well as being voted by radio listeners as the eighth-greatest drummer in classic rock music history in a poll conducted by Planet Rock in 2005. ", "In early 1971, Deacon was introduced to Taylor and May by a friend at a disco who told him that they were in a band that had just lost its bassist. A couple of days later he auditioned in a lecture room at Imperial College London and became the last member of Queen to join. Since the band's last bassist drew attention away from Mercury, Deacon was selected for his musical talent, his quiet demeanour and his electrical skills. A persistent legend claims Deacon was the seventh bassist auditioned, but more recent sources show only three bassists played with Queen prior to Deacon; Mike Grose, Barry Mitchell and Doug Bogie. Deacon played his first show with Queen at the College of Estate Management in Kensington in June.", "In November 2009, Taylor appeared on the popular reality TV show The X Factor with May as Queen mentoring the contestants, then later performing \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". Also in that month, Taylor confirmed he is planning to tour with Taylor Hawkins, which Taylor described as a \"quick tour\". At the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards on 6 November, Queen received the Global Icon Award, and Taylor and Brian May closed the awards ceremony, with Adam Lambert on vocals, performing \"The Show Must Go On\", \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\". ", "*John Deacon: bass guitar, electric guitar on \"Party\", \"The Invisible Man\" and \"Rain Must Fall\", keyboards on \"My Baby Does Me\" and \"Rain Must Fall\"", "*Brian May – guitars, keyboards on \"Mother Love\", \"I Was Born to Love You\" and \"A Winter's Tale\", piano on \"Too Much Love Will Kill You\", backing vocals, lead vocals on \"Let Me Live\" and the last verse of \"Mother Love\"", "There was a single version released only in France on a 7\", cut down to 3:18, edited by John Deacon, but beyond the initial pressing of this French single, the only version recognized is the album version, at 5:55. This little-heard French single started right at the piano intro, and edited out the operetta part. Brian May admitted that there may have been additional parts for the song on Freddie's notes, but they were apparently never recorded. >>", "*Brian May – guitars, ukulele on \"Good Company\", backing vocals, lead vocals on \"'39\" and \"Good Company\", toy koto on \"The Prophet's Song\", harp on \"Love of My Life\", orchestral backdrops", "The band, now revitalised by the response to Live Aid – a \"shot in the arm\" Roger Taylor called it, — and the ensuing increase in record sales, ended 1985 by releasing the single \"One Vision\", which was the third time after \"Stone Cold Crazy\" and \"Under Pressure (with David Bowie)\" that all four bandmembers received a writing credit for the one song. Also, a limited-edition boxed set containing all Queen albums to date was released under the title of The Complete Works. The package included previously unreleased material, most notably Queen's non-album single of Christmas 1984, titled \"Thank God It's Christmas\". ", "Robert Plant, Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones, along with Jason Bonham. The date was recheduled to December 10, 2007 because Jimmy Page fractured his ring finger on his left hand.", "After four years of delay, the remainder of Yes became tired of waiting for Anderson's return. In early September 2008, it was announced that lead singer Anderson was replaced by Canadian musician Benoît David, a member of Mystery and of the Yes tribute band Close to the Edge. From 2008 to 2010, Yes performed the In the Present Tour, with Asia and Peter Frampton supporting the band on certain legs. A number of dates in 2009 were cancelled when Squire required emergency leg surgery plus recovery time. ", "In one of recent interviews Thin Lizzy keyboard player Darren Wharton expressed his regrets about the band not being asked to perform at the event: \"I think that was a tragic, tragic decision. It could've been and it should've been the turning point for Phil (Lynott). And I think that really did Phil in quite a lot, that we were never asked to play. I mean Phil, had a few problems at the time, but at the end of the day, if he would've been asked to play Live Aid, that would've been a goal for him to clean himself up to do that gig. We were all very upset of the fact that we weren't asked to do it. Because as you say, it was Geldof and Midge who Phil knew very well. I was surprised that we weren't asked to do that. That would've been the turning point, you know, definitely. I don't think Phil ever forgave Bob and Midge for that really.\"", "In July 2011, Lord performed his final live concert appearance, the Sunflower Jam at the Royal Albert Hall, where he premiered his joint composition with Rick Wakeman. At that point, they had begun informal discussion on recording an album together. Up until 2011, Lord had also been working on material with recently formed rock supergroup WhoCares, also featuring singer Ian Gillan from Deep Purple, guitarist Tony Iommi from Black Sabbath, second guitarist Mikko Lindström from HIM, bassist Jason Newsted formerly from Metallica and drummer Nicko McBrain from Iron Maiden, specifically the composition \"Out of My Mind,\" in addition to new compositions with Steve Balsamo and a Hammond Organ Concerto. Lord subsequently cancelled a performance of his Durham Concerto in Hagen, Germany, for what his website said was a continuation of his medical treatment (the concert, scheduled for 6 July 2012, would have been his return to live performance after treatment). ", "In addition to his drum work, Taylor routinely played keyboards, guitars and bass on his own songs. During the 1980s, in addition to his work with Queen, he formed a parallel band known as The Cross, in which he was the lead singer and rhythm guitarist. During the early 1980s, Taylor was also a panelist on the popular UK quiz show Pop Quiz, hosted by Mike Read.", "In June 1973, he joined Mike Oldfield onstage at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in a performance of Oldfield's Tubular Bells. Taylor was asked to take part in this project by Richard Branson as he felt Oldfield was unknown, having just been signed to Branson's fledgling label, Virgin Records. Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973.", "In 1993, Young was freed from his contract with the CBS/Sony Records label, and afterward, released fewer solo albums. He reformed the Q-Tips for a short series of concerts that year. He contributed to the Vangelis album Voices in 1995. Young sang the British national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\", at Wembley Stadium before England's Euro '96 semi-final match against Germany." ]

[ 4.47265625, 2.4375, 2.400390625, 1.87109375, 1.84375, 1.55078125, 0.7001953125, 0.056427001953125, -0.1214599609375, -0.52490234375, -1.3203125, -1.76171875, -2.056640625, -2.080078125, -2.27734375, -2.345703125, -2.845703125, -2.939453125, -3.740234375, -3.8125, -3.986328125, -4.01953125, -4.1484375, -4.4375, -4.64453125, -6.69921875, -6.80078125, -7.80078125, -7.84765625, -8.4765625, -10.3828125, -10.6953125 ]

[ "Tony the Tiger has been the mascot of Frosted Flakes since its introduction. Tony is known for uttering the cereal's slogan: \"They're Gr-r-reat!\" (the \"r\"s in \"Great\" pronounced as drawn-out). Tony the Tiger was originally voiced by Dallas McKennon, but Thurl Ravenscroft voiced him for more than 50 years, until his death in 2005. Tony was later voiced (in Canada and the US) by former professional wrestling play-by-play announcer Lee Marshall until his passing on April 27, 2014. Van Horne also voiced Tony in a 1997 television commercial. In the UK, Tom Hill voiced Tony after Ravenscroft's death. Tony is drawn wearing a red bandana on all Frosted Flakes cereal boxes.", "Over past generations Tony has demonstrated a figure of human characteristics. When you look at Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes cereal box you see Tony the Tiger impersonating the fundamental muscular human like structure. Tony the Tiger's iconic appearance has evolved through the use of graphic design and its abilities to enhance creativity. Although his appearance has changed his purpose in as an iconic mascot is to sell Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes and throughout his career Tony has remained sufficiently consistent. The deep and unique voice behind the famous “They’re Gr-eatt!” slogan was Thurl Ravenscroft for fifty years.", "Tony The Tiger has been the mascot for Frosted Flakes Cereal since 1952 when it was called Sugar Frosted Flakes. The cereal has had a few memorable taglines over the years, including \"They bring out the tiger in you\" and \"The taste adults have grown to love.\" But the most popular line, by far, was Tony's deep-throated \"They're not good. They're Gr-r-reat!\"", "They're Grrrreat! One of Kellogg's most popular cereals is Frosted Flakes and it's no surprise considering Tony the Tiger is one of the best cereal mascots of all time!", "Lee Marshall, one of the men behind the voice of Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes mascot Tony the Tiger, has died at age 64.", "As voice actors go, Thurl Ravenscroft did a fair number of roles (including the Christmas classic \" You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch \"), but he will forever be best-known as Tony the Tiger, for bellowing \"They're gr-r-r-reat!\" on cereal commercials.", "Originally Sugar Frosted Flakes in 1952, Tony the Tiger is an O.G. when it comes to the frosted corn cereal flakes with most of the ads revolving around the energetic tiger. Although it’s the most famous ad line, it was originally “They’re not good. They’re great!” to start. “They bring out the tiger in you,” and, “the taste adults have grown to love,” are other popular lines from Tony.", "As voice actors go, Thurl Ravenscroft has done a fair number of roles (including the song \"You're a mean one, mister Grinch\"), but he will always and only be known for bellowing \"They're gr-r-r-reat!\" on cereal commercials.", "After four years Tony graduated, and soon after graduation, he received his first major break on the route to stardom. It just so happened that at the time Kellogg's were looking for a mascot to front their sugary-flakes-of-corn-with-a-tiger-pictured-on-the-packet cereal, later to be called Frosted Flakes. After a tough audition, which pitted Tony against such theatrical giants as Tigger, Hobbes , Elmo the Elephant , Newt the Gnu , and Marlon Brando in a tiger outfit, he got the job.", "Tony's career at Kellogg’s began brightly with the mascot rising rapidly through the ranks of the corporation. His début advert, broadcast in 1952, featured him crunching his way through an entire box of Frosted Flakes and then uttering the immortal phrase \"They're grrrreat!\" Tragically, after the cameras stopped rolling, Tony suffered a massive sugar-induced heart attack and was rushed to hospital.", "Lucky Charms is a brand of cereal produced by the General Mills food company since 1964. [1] The cereal consists of toasted oat pieces and multi-colored marshmallow shapes (\"marbits\" or marshmallow bits). The label features a leprechaun mascot, Lucky, animated in commercials.", "Lucky Charms is a popular brand of breakfast cereal produced by the General Mills cereal company of Golden Valley, Minnesota. The cereal consists of two main components: small, toasted bits of oats and multi-colored marshmallow bits (or marbits) in various \"magical\" shapes making up over 25 percent of the cereal's volume. The label features an affable leprechaun mascot, Lucky, animated in commercials.", "An advertising company employed by General Mills and Company suggested marketing the new cereal around the idea of charm bracelets. [3] Thus, the charms of Lucky Charms were born. Lucky Charms is the first cereal to include marshmallows in the recipe. The mascot of Lucky Charms is Lucky the Leprechaun, also known as Sir Charms, and originally called L.C. Leprechaun. [4] Created in 1963, the cartoon character 's voice was supplied by Arthur Anderson until 1992, who later died on April 9, 2016. In 1975, Lucky the Leprechaun was briefly replaced by Waldo the Wizard in New England, while Lucky remained the mascot in the rest of the United States. [5] The oat cereal was not originally sugar coated. After initial sales failed to meet expectations, the oats were sugar coated, and the cereal's success grew. Piggy banks and plastic watches were introduced as cereal box send-away prizes as a marketing tactic to increase sales. The recipe for the cereal remained unchanged until the introduction of a new flavor: Chocolate Lucky Charms, in 2005. Later in 2012, General Mills introduced \"Lucky Charms Marshmallow Treats.\"", "One of the most beloved of breakfast mascots is Cap'n Crunch, introduced by Quaker Oats in 1963. As popular as that cereal has been, there have been other offshoots on whose boxes the Cap'n's visage has been featured, including Jean LaFoote's Cinnamon Crunch (left); Crunch Berries (featuring the Crunch Berry Beast); Choco Crunch (with Chockle the Blob); Peanut Butter Crunch (starring Smedley the elephant); and Vanilly Crunch (featuring the canine Seadog).", "In those countries where the cereal is known as \"Choco Krispis,\" an elephant is the mascot. In 1986, Kelloggs named the elephant \"Melvin\". Recently, he has been called \"Commando Melvin\" due to commercials featuring him a space-faring fighter and adventurer, note that this is due to a misunderstanding, as Commando Melvin in the commercials refers exclusively to the organization featured in them whose purpose is to defend the \"forti-calcio plus\" a supposed ingredient in the cereal from aliens or other such villains.", "Early boxes of Quisp cereal claimed it was \"the vitamin powered sugary cereal for QUAZY energy.\" Despite having quite a quirky and que-ative catchphrase, most people remember this cereal by a visual recognition of it's mascot, a pink alien with a propeller poking out of his head.", "In case anybody missed the full horror of Pantsman (pants meaning underpants in Britain), he was a mascot for a cereal called Wake-up Call. The concept being, \"So that you don't put on your pants last like Pantsman, get a Wake-up Call!\"", "During the 1990s, advertising campaigns for the cereal featured Dig'em attempting to have a bowl of Smacks while trying to outsmart his nemesis, Kitty. By 1997, these commercials were discontinued. Dig'em's voice was provided by Len Dresslar and for present the character is voiced in commercials by Frank Welker. While ads for Honey Smacks don't air in the US as of lately, more recent ads in other countries depict Dig'em as a character who's crazily addicted to Smacks.", "Smaxey the Seal wore a sailor suit on the boxes of Kellogg’s Sugar Smacks in 1957. He took over for Cliffy the Clown, who had been the spokescharacter since the introduction of the cereal in 1953.", "A look into the era when the cereal mascots were more than just Snap!, Crackle! and Pop!", "Rocky and Bullwinkle (voiced by June Foray and Bill Scott respectively) represented a number of General Mills cereals from 1959 to 1970. Rocky is a smart flying squirrel, and Bullwinkle is a dimwitted moose. A number of the Cheerios spots in the mid-to-late 1960's were written by Tony Jaffe, and produced by Jay Ward Studios.", "A line from the theme song to the CBS sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies (1962-1971). Maypo is a brand of maple-flavored oatmeal cereal first sold in 1953 and famous for celebrity endorsement ads with the slogan, “I want my Maypo!” The brand changed hands several times beginning in the 1960s, and is still made today. Farina is a type of soft wheat cereal sold most often as Nabisco’s Cream of Wheat and Malt-O-Meal’s Farina. It inspired the name of a character in Hal Roach’s Our Gang short films from 1922 to 1931, played by Allen Hoskins (1920-1980).", "Originally Sugar Pops in 1951 with the phrase “Sugar Pops are tops,” then Sugar Corn Pops in 1978, the cereal picked up their catchy slogan “Gotta have my Pops” in 1988. In the late ’90s, they ran a popular commercial featuring two stickler parents watching their out-of-control adolescent scarfing down his Pops using that same slug line. That kid was Aaron Paul before he broke bad.", "As oddly amusing as that image is, we prefer to think of these mascots in their cereal peddling heyday. And that leads us to wonder – who is the ‘best’ of these characters? So, in no particular order, here are the most popular cereal mascots we could find, and we’ll let you decide the best one in the comments at the bottom of this article.", "Dick Dastardly (Full Name Richard Milhous Dastardly) is one of Hanna-Barbera 's most recognized villains, known for his evil laugh and famous catchphrase: \"Drat, Drat and Double Drat!\" and occasionally \"Triple Drat!\" he is voiced by original Paul Winchell and later Jim Cummings impersonating Jack Lemmon on the movies Disney's Winnie the Pooh.", "Announcer on cereal commercial on Commercial. Exclamation at the end of the commercial or Cinnamon Toast Crunch.", "* Frank Welker - Garfield, Eddie Gourmand, Cleaning Robot, Evil Space Lasagnas, T3000, Paddy, Additional Voices", "Eric Cartman : [Imitating Bugs Bunny while chewing on a donut] Meh, What's up Bin Laden?", "Jack Gilford for Cracker Jack, and the jingle: Lip-smacking Whip-crackin Paddywhackin Knickaknackin Silabawhackin Scalawhackin Crackerjackin ... Cracker Jack!", "Announcer: Shut up! \"They are quite happy with bread crumbs, ants' eggs and—\" (text shows \"and the occasional pheasant\" crossed out) Who wrote that?!", "The Sponsor : Fred Flintstone once joined Eaters Anonymous, and his sponsor would grab whatever food Fred got a hold on while giving the group's secret call, \"Gobble, gobble, gobble!\"", "The Weetabix had a couple of catchphrases which were pretty popular: Brian's was \"OK!\", spoken in a parrot-like voice. Dunk contributed \"If you know what's good for you!\"" ]

[ 7.99609375, 7.5625, 6.2109375, 4.953125, 3.423828125, 3.15234375, 3.0625, 2.986328125, 2.240234375, 1.78125, -0.341796875, -1.5732421875, -2.515625, -2.5234375, -2.7890625, -3.228515625, -3.662109375, -4.18359375, -4.5234375, -4.65625, -5.1328125, -5.25, -5.4453125, -5.609375, -6.46484375, -6.84765625, -8.328125, -9.234375, -9.3125, -9.7578125, -9.796875, -9.9765625 ]

[ "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 1000 Hall of Fame Avenue in Springfield, Massachusetts. It serves as the sport's most complete library, in addition to promoting and preserving the history of basketball. Dedicated to Canadian doctor and inventor of the sport James Naismith, it was opened in, and inducted its first class in 1959.", "The Basketball Hall of Fame is a great stop for sports enthusiasts who are on a vacation in Massachusetts. The Hall of Fame in Springfield offers the opportunity to learn about the history of the game and the athletes who have played a significant role in the sport throughout the years, and to see plenty of basketball memorabilia.", "In the late 19th century, the Olympic sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. The Basketball Hall of Fame, is a major tourist destination in the City of Springfield and the Volleyball Hall of Fame is located in Holyoke. The American Hockey League (AHL), the NHL's development league, is headquartered in Springfield. ", "In 1891 and 1895, the sports of basketball and volleyball—both now Olympic sports, popular worldwide—were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke , respectively. Today, Springfield is home to the international Basketball Hall of Fame . Holyoke is home to the international Volleyball Hall of Fame . [78]", "The full name of the facility, the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, is in honor of the game's inventor. On December 21, 1891, physical education coach James Naismith first introduced the game in the city of Springfield during a physical education class at the YMCA. Naismith went on to develop his own basketball legacy, which included founding the powerhouse program at the University of Kansas. The Basketball Hall of Fame was established in 1959, and the NBA Hall of Fame had the grand opening for its first public facility in 1968, on the grounds of Springfield College. The first female players were inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1985.", "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts just celebrated their 50th year anniversary two years ago. Having been there, I can tell you that they have some pretty interesting things inside that will keep you there for a long time.", "* Basketball Hall of Fame – housed in a $47 million structure designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates, it is a shrine to the world's second most popular sport, basketball. Located in the city where basketball was invented, the facility – built beside the Connecticut River – spans features numerous restaurants and the WMAS-FM studios. However, it is separated from Springfield's Metro Center by the 8-lane highway, Interstate 91.", "Nicknamed The City of Homes because of its grand, Victorian architecture, and The City of Firsts because of the numerous innovations that took place there, e.g. the first American-English dictionary (Webster's, 1806;) the first gasoline-powered car (Duryea, 1893;) America's first motorcycle (Indian, 1901;) America's first modern fire engine and fire department (1905 & 1907;) America's first commercial radio station (WBZ AM & FM, 1920;) and UHF television station (1951, WWLP) - Springfield is best known worldwide as the birthplace of the sport of basketball (James Naismith, 1891, at Springfield College.) The Basketball Hall of Fame, located in Springfield beside the Connecticut River, is a major tourist draw.", "Luckily for travelers, Springfield is one of the Northeast's most walkable cities. Most of its historic sites, points of interest, and entertainment venues are clustered in the Metro Center neighborhood (aka downtown, where the skyscrapers are.) Thanks to Springfield's recent economic and cultural resurgence, tourist sites are well marked, as are many architecturally significant buildings. The Basketball Hall of Fame and Forest Park - both of which are well worth visiting - are Springfield's only major tourist sites outside of Metro Center; however, the Basketball Hall of Fame is within walking distance (it's less than a mile south of Metro Center, along the Connecticut River.)", "Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : If you are a basketball fan, you cannot miss this museum named after James Naismith, the inventor of the game. It is located in Springfield.", "Women''s Firsts: Women in Sports: Basketball: Ann Meyers becomes the first woman inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Mass.", "The Basketball Hall of Fame is convenient to Hartford Connecticut , Boston , and New York City , and Springfield and the surrounding area has a wide selection of hotels, which makes this sports mecca the perfect destination for a weekend adventure. Hotels in Springfield include the Hampton Inn, Clarion, Marriott, and Hilton, and several are within walking distance of the facility. Air travel is also convenient for visitors planning a trip to the Hall of Fame in Springfield, as the museum is near the Bradley International Airport and a reasonable drive from Logan International in Boston. The NBA Hall of Fame is open Sunday through Friday from 10 am to 4 pm, and Saturday from 10 am to 5 pm.", "Basketball Hall of Fame - Springfield The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is home to more than three hundred inductees and more than 40,000 square feet of basketball history. Located on the picturesque banks of the Connecticut River, the new museum is a fitting shrine to the game Dr. Naismith invented more than a century ago.", "* First Game of Basketball Sculpture – located directly on the site of the first game of basketball, this illuminated sculpture in Springfield's Mason Square commercial district has become a site of pilgrimage for basketball fans from around the world.", "In 1959, James Naismith was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame (called the Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame.)", "Former students include Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins, football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman, Marcellus Wiley, and world champion women's weightlifter Karyn Marshall. On May 17, 1939, fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field, making it the first televised regular athletic event in history. ", "Basketball Hall of Famer: Boston Celtics; Olympic Gold Medalist [1956]; head coach: Boston Celtics, Capitol Bullets, San Diego Conquistadors, Brandeis University", "Boston has been a city of championships in recent years, with the Boston Celtics winning an NBA championship, the Red Sox twice winning the World Series, the Bruins claiming the Stanley Cup and the nearby New England Patriots grabbing three Super Bowl rings. But Beantown has much more than just pro sports on the lineup. The Head of the Charles Regatta rowing competition takes place each year on the Charles River. Four NCAA Division 1 schools play in the city so visitors can find entertaining collegiate competition in dozens of sports, including the Beanpot Tournament – a hockey tournament held by the four schools every year. Boston has its history as well; Fenway Park i s the oldest professional sports stadium in the country and the Boston Marathon is the world’s oldest marathon. And like Chicago, Bostonians love to play sports almost as much as they love to watch them.", "FENWAY PARK: THE CENTENNIAL: 100 Years of Red Sox Baseball, by Saul Wisnia is more of a family album, full of pictures and recollections from generations of fans. The author, who has written for publications such as Sports Illustrated, Boston Magazine, The Boston Herald and The Boston Globe, has put together a succinct yet affectionate look at the cozy neighborhood and national treasure. The book does, however, concentrate on the team’s history, rather than the ballpark itself, as it recalls their successes when they still had the services of one George Herman Ruth before falling into a lull until Ted Williams and his cohorts came along. Then it was back to the roller coaster with its ups and downs until the Sox became a fixture of contention over the past decade or so. A DVD, narrated by Hall of Fame catcher Carlton Fisk, who has some firsthand experiences with the magic of Fenway, enhances the “multi-media” experience, although it’s pretty standard for the genre.", "*A yellow seat on the 300 level commemorated a 534 ft home run by Willie Stargell of the Pittsburgh Pirates. It has since been moved to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.", "Springfield is a city in western New England, and the seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, in the United States. Springfield sits on the eastern bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers: the western Westfield River, the eastern Chicopee River, and the eastern Mill River. As of the 2010 Census, the city's population was 153,060. Metropolitan Springfield, as one of two metropolitan areas in Massachusetts (the other being Greater Boston), had an estimated population of 698,903 as of 2009. ", "The World Chess Hall of Fame (WCHOF) is a nonprofit organization committed to building awareness for the cultural and artistic significance of chess. It opened on September 9, 2011, in Saint Louis's Central West End after moving from previous locations in New York and Miami.", "Fenway Park is a baseball park near Kenmore Square in Boston, Massachusetts, US Located at 4 Yawkey Way, it has served as the home ballpark of the Boston Red Sox baseball club since it opened in 1912, and is the oldest Major League Baseball stadium currently in use. It is the only one of the original standard ballparks that is still in use. Considered to be one of the best-known sports venues in the world, it is also the oldest venue used by a professional sports team in the United States.", "The stadium has hosted three Super Bowl games: Super Bowl XXII in 1988, Super Bowl XXXII in 1998, and Super Bowl XXXVII in 2003. It has also hosted the 1978 and 1992 Major League Baseball All-Star Games, as well as games of the 1996 and 1998 National League Division Series, the 1984 and 1998 National League Championship Series, and the 1984 and 1998 World Series. It is the only stadium ever to host both the Super Bowl and the World Series in the same year (1998) and is one of three stadiums to host the World Series, MLB All-Star Game, and Super Bowl, along with the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis and Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.", "Created in 1995, the Red Sox Hall of Fame recognizes the outstanding careers of former Red Sox players, managers, front office members and broadcasters. The Hall of Fame plaques are located in the Dell EMC Club hallway. Inductees are chosen every two years by a 14-member selection committee of Red Sox broadcasters and executives, past and present media personnel, and representatives from The Sports Museum of New England and the BoSox Booster Club. A memorable moment in Red Sox history is also recognized in each induction cycle.", "In 1998, the Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center and Yogi Berra Stadium (home of the New Jersey Jackals and Montclair State University baseball teams) opened on the campus of Montclair State University in Upper Montclair, New Jersey. The museum is the home of various artifacts, including the mitt with which Yogi caught the only perfect game in World Series history, several autographed and \"game-used\" items, and nine of Yogi's championship rings.", "April 20, 2012, marked Fenway Park's centennial. On March 7 of that year, the park was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Former pitcher Bill Lee has called Fenway Park \"a shrine\". It is a pending Boston Landmark which will regulate further changes to the park. Today, the park is considered to be one of the most well-known sports venues in the world. ", "Boston  — best known for its colonial history, its passion for sports, and its university students", "Boston - best known for its colonial history, its passion for sports, and its university students", "set a world's record in1960. From 1960 to 1967, Boston was ranked number one in the world in that event.", "My earliest recollections go back to the original Stadium, green facade, monuments on the field, Death Valley in left-center. My Dad took me to my first game there 50 years ago, and the color of the field and the Stadium contrasted with the black and white televised images I had seen. And for years afterward I thought Ruth, Gehrig and Miller Huggins were actually buried underneath the monuments in center field.", "FIELDER MUSEUM — This museum, in a 1914 prairie-style home, features a turn-of-the-century barbershop, general store, bedroom, and laundry and train exhibits. Facility also offers local history and traveling exhibits. Open 10 a.m.–4 p.m. Wed.–Fri. and 1:30–4:30 p.m. Sat.–Sun. Donations accepted. 1616 W. Abram. Exit south off I-30 at Fielder Road. 817/460-4001." ]

[ 7.015625, 4.7421875, 4.39453125, 3.630859375, 3.283203125, 3.0546875, 2.765625, 2.1875, 2.01953125, 1.3798828125, 1.2568359375, 0.478515625, 0.021087646484375, -0.74658203125, -0.83837890625, -2.2578125, -2.7734375, -3.197265625, -3.615234375, -3.783203125, -3.791015625, -4.48828125, -4.93359375, -5.48046875, -6.45703125, -7.6328125, -8.0078125, -9.0234375, -9.15625, -9.9609375, -10.3828125, -10.6328125 ]

[ "In the Wild West, Jesse James was legendary -- a Robin Hood -like figure who the public loved and lawmakers hated. The outlaw's notorious bank robbing spree led to a $10,000 reward for his capture. Brothers Bob and Charley Ford, members of James' own gang, decided to cash in on that reward. On April 3, 1882, while an unarmed Jesse James stood on a chair in his home fixing a picture on the wall, Bob shot him in the back of the head. James was just 34 years old when he died. Missouri Governor Thomas Crittenden pardoned the Ford brothers for their crime, but the public saw them as cowards. So did James' mother, Zerelda, who chose the inscription on his tombstone.", "On April 3, 1882, after eating breakfast, the Fords and James went into the living room in preparation for the trip to Platte City. James had just learned of gang member Dick Liddil's confession for participating in Hite's murder while reading the daily newspaper, and grew increasingly suspicious of the Fords for never reporting this matter to him. According to Robert Ford, it became clear to him that James had realized they were there to betray him. However, instead of scolding the Fords, James walked across the living room to lay his revolvers on a sofa. He then turned around and noticed a dusty picture above the mantle, and stood on a chair in order to clean it. Robert Ford then drew his weapon, and shot the unarmed Jesse James in the back of the head. James' wife Zerelda Mimms ran into the room and screamed, \"You've killed him.\" Robert Ford's immediate response was \"I swear to God I didn't.\"", "On April 3, 1882, after eating breakfast, the Fords and James went into the living room before traveling to Platte City for a robbery. From the newspaper, James had just learned of gang member Dick Liddil's confession for participating in Hite's murder, and grew increasingly suspicious of the Fords for never reporting this matter to him. According to Robert Ford, it became clear to him that James had realized they were there to betray him. However, instead of scolding the Fords, James walked across the living room to lay his revolvers on a sofa. He turned around and noticed a dusty picture above the mantle, and stood on a chair to clean it. Robert Ford drew his weapon, and shot the unarmed Jesse James in the back of the head. ", "The James brothers were most active as members of their own gang from about 1866 until 1876, when as a result of their attempted robbery of a bank in Northfield, Minnesota, several members of the gang were captured or killed. They continued in crime for several years, recruiting new members, but were under increasing pressure from law enforcement. On April 3, 1882, Jesse James was killed by Robert Ford, a member of his own gang who hoped to collect a reward on James' head. Already a celebrity when he was alive, James became a legendary figure of the Wild West after his death. ", "On April 3, 1882, Bob Ford enters the house he shared with \"Tom Howard\" and, while \"Tom\" is straightening a painting on the wall, Bob shoots \"Tom\" in the back, killing him instantly. Bob loudly rides around the town, telling everyone that he just shot and killed Jesse James , and is eventually pardon ed for the murder.", "The bullet hole was made at roughly the same moment that Jesse James was shot in the back of the head by one of his supposed friends, Bob Ford. This happened on April 3, 1882, but you'd never guess it from the interest that people still have in the hole. People reason that the bullet that made the hole also took a shortcut through Jesse's head -- which makes it a celebrity death hole, and a thing worth visiting. For over 50 years tourists were even allowed to touch the hole. That was a bad idea, as the hole is now a fist-sized blob, enlarged by generations of groping fingers. It looks as if Jesse James had been shot with a potato.", "As Jesse reaches to remove a picture, \"Hard Work Spells Success,\" from the wall, Robert shoots him in the back. Ford runs down the street boasting that he has shot Jesse James. After Jesse's death and Frank James admits he'll probably turn himself in to the authoritites, a minstrel sings the song that would help solidify Robert Ford's place in the pantheon of great traitors as \"the dirty little coward, who shot Mr. Howard, that laid poor Jesse in his grave.\"", "The blotter on the man who killed Robert Ford, c1892 (1954). Robert Ford was the man who killed the famous outlaw Jesse James in 1882. He was himself murdered in 1892, shot by Edward O'Kelley. A print from the Pictorial History of the Wild West, by James D Horan and Paul Sann, Spring Books, London, 1954. less", "Jesse James in death, 1882 (1954). Picture taken just before he was placed in his $500 coffin. A leading member of the James-Younger gang, Jesse James was one of the most notorious outlaws of the American West, robbing banks, stagecoaches and trains. He was shot and killed in 1882 by Robert Ford, a member of the gang intent on claiming the bounty on James's head. A print from the Pictorial History of the Wild West, by James D Horan and Paul Sann, Spring Books, London, 1954. less", "Noticing a dusty picture on the wall, he stood on a chair to clean it. Bob Ford shot James in the back of the head.", "Ford spent the rest of his life dogged by his own reputation for cowardice, and hounded by constant rumors that friends of James would have vengeance. The rumors are probably what drove Charlie Ford to suicide. Robert Ford went on to own a saloon in Creede, Colorado -- where he was himself shot in the back by one Ed O'Kelley. Ford's killer, who gained some fame as \"the man who shot the man who shot Jesse James\", spent eight years in prison for his crime, and soon after his release he was shot dead in Oklahoma City.", "In 1882, James got prepared to go for a robbery with the Ford brothers. They went out to get their horses ready. Since it was a hot day, James removed his coat and firearms and stood on a chair to clean a dusty picture. At this moment Robert Ford shot him in the back of his head.", "Jesse James, one of America’s most notorious outlaws, is shot to death by Robert Ford, a member of his gang who hoped to collect the bounty on Jesse’s head.", "Following the killing, Ford lived a tumultuous life. His brother, a tubercular morphine addict, died in 1884. Robert Ford drifted from job to job, opened a salon, survived would-be knife assassin, and wound up at a mine in Colorado. There, a petty outlaw named Edward O'Kelley, convinced he would be revered as a hero for killing the ultimate coward, shot Ford point-blank in the chest with a shotgun. Ford was only thirty years old, his place of cowardice in the violent history of the American West secured.", "Description: The stories of the American West, even though recent in time, have acquired as many fanciful legends as King Arthur and his knights. One of the most popular tales is that of Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday and the shootout at Tombstone Arizona. John Ringo is part of that legend. Historian Johnson has updated his 1996 biography of Ringo to include new material. He meticulously sorts through contemporary records and newspaper accounts to sift out the facts from the romantic fiction created by early biographers and later film makers. What he comes up with is as exciting and tragic as any of the fictions.", "His reputation as a marksman in desperate encounters with outlaws made him a frontier legend. Hickok once shot and killed his own deputy in error, which was the downfall of his career as a lawman. After a tour of the East with Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show(1872 to 1873), he went to Deadwood, South Dakota where he was murdered by Jack McCall while playing cards at the #10 Saloon. The hand Hickok had held, a pair of Aces and a pair of Eights, thereafter became known as \"The Dead Man's Hand.\"", "While working in Abilene, Hickok and Phil Coe, a saloon owner, had an ongoing dispute that later resulted in a shootout. Coe had been the business partner of known gunman Ben Thompson, with whom he co-owned the Bulls Head Saloon. On October 5, 1871, Hickok was standing off a crowd during a street brawl, during which time Coe fired two shots at Hickok. Hickok returned fire and killed Coe. Hickok, whose eyesight was poor by that time in his life due to the early stages of glaucoma, caught the glimpse of movement of someone running toward him. He quickly fired one shot in reaction, accidentally shooting and killing Abilene Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams, who was coming to his aid, an event that would haunt him for the remainder of his life. [2] His famous statement to Coe, who supposedly stated he could \"kill a crow on the wing,\" (flying) is one of the Old West's most famous sayings, and showed that Hickok was certainly a cool customer in a fight. He answered Coe by sneering, \"Did the crow have a pistol? Was he shooting back? I will be.\" Whether or not Coe had actually made the statement, and Hickok answered as reported, is disputable but it certainly personified the reputation Wild Bill accrued.", "Hickok soon parlayed his status as pop culture icon into a new career. He starred as \"Wild Bill\" in the play Scouts of the Praires, and toured with Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show in 1872-73. Eventually he returned to the frontier and resumed gambling. During a poker game in 1876, a gunman shot him in the back as he held two pairs, aces over eights--a holding henceforth known as \"the dead man's hand.\" One historian writes, \"As was the case with most Western characters, Hickok's fame grew with the passage of time and he became in the hands of later writers the classic frontier hero--upright, fearless, and almost superhuman in his ability to outfight and outshoot desperadoes of all sorts in any numbers.\"", "Robert Leroy Parker (April 13, 1866 – November 7, 1908), better known as Butch Cassidy, was a notorious American train robber, bank robber, and leader of the Wild Bunch gang in the American Old West.", "After accidentally killing his deputy during an 1871 shootout in Abilene, Texas, Hickok never fought another gun battle. For the next several years he lived off his famous reputation, appearing as himself in Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West show. Occasionally, he worked as guide for wealthy hunters. His renowned eyesight began to fail, and for a time he was reduced to wandering the West trying to make a living as a gambler. Several times he was arrested for vagrancy.", "Six-year-old Eddie began performing in the streets and local saloons to support his family. At 15 he changed his name to Foy, and with a partner began dancing in bars, traveling throughout the western United States. He worked for a time as a supernumerary in theatrical productions, sharing a stage at times with such leading men of the time as Edwin Booth and Joseph Jefferson. With another partner, Jim Thompson, Foy went west again and gained his first professional recognition in mining camps and cow towns. In one such town, Dodge City, Kansas, Foy and his partner lingered for some time and Foy became acquainted with notable citizens Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson, and Doc Holliday. In later years, Foy told of an altercation over a girl with fellow actor Charles Chaplin (not the later film star), who was drunkenly taking pot-shots at Foy. The gunfire awakened Wyatt Earp, who disarmed the actor and sent both the players home to sleep it off. Foy is also rumored to have been in Tombstone, Arizona, in October 1881, appearing at the Birdcage Theater when the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurred on the 26th of that month.", "The man on the right of this picture - taken around 1879 -  is believed to be the Wild West gunslinger.", "The legendary gunfight at the OK Corral has been the subject of many films, including “Frontier Marshal” (1939), “Gunfight at the O.K. Corral” (1957), “Tombstone” (1993, with Val Kilmer's brilliant performance as Doc) and “ Wyatt Earp ” (1994). Usually the gunfight is the centerpiece of the film. Here it plays more like the dispatch of unfinished business; Ford doesn't linger over the violence.", "Figures of history and legend include James Bowie (b.Kentucky, 1796?–1836), who had a reputation as a brawling fighter and wheeler-dealer until he died at the Alamo: he is popularly credited with the invention of the bowie knife. David \"Davy\" Crockett (b.Tennessee, 1786–1836) served three terms as a US representative from Tennessee before departing for Texas; he, too, lost his life at the Alamo. Among the more notorious Texans was Roy Bean (b.Kentucky, 1825–1903), a judge who proclaimed himself \"the law west of the Pecos.\" Gambler, gunman, and desperado John Wesley Hardin (1853–95) boasted that he \"never killed a man who didn't deserve it.\" Bonnie Parker (1910–34) and Clyde Barrow (1909–34), second-rate bank robbers and murderers who were shot to death by Texas lawmen, achieved posthumous notoriety through the movie Bonnie and Clyde (1967).", "The famous gunfight did not actually occur at the O.K. Corral. It occurred in a fifteen- to twenty-foot space between Fly's Lodging House and photographic studio, and the MacDonald assay house west of it. The end of the gunfight took place in Fremont Street. Some of the fighting was in Fremont Street in front of the vacant lot. About thirty shots were fired in thirty seconds. Although only three men were killed during the gunfight, it is generally regarded as the most famous gunfight in the history of the Old West, even though many other gunfights of the period resulted in more people killed (e.g., the Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight, the Going Snake Massacre, the Hot Springs Gunfight, and the Gunfight at Hide Park).", "Wyatt had been an assistant marshal when he and policeman James Masterson , along with a few other citizens, fired their pistols at several cowboys who were fleeing town after shooting up a theater. A member of the group, George Hoyt (sometimes spelled Hoy), was shot in the arm and died of his wound a month later. Wyatt always claimed to have been the one to shoot Hoyt, although it could have been anyone among the lawmen. [26] :666 [27] :329 Wyatt had developed a reputation as a no-nonsense, hard-nosed lawman, but prior to the gunfight in October 1881, he had been involved in only one other shooting, in Dodge City, Kansas during the summer of 1878. [18]", "Henry McCarty (reportedly November 23, 1859 — July 14, 1881), better known as Billy the Kid, but also known by the aliases Henry Antrim and William H. Bonney, was a 19th century American frontier outlaw and gunman who participated in the Lincoln County War . According to legend, he killed over 20 white men and a number of Mexicans and Indians,but he is generally accepted to have killed four men.", "Lake's book did however seed the public consciouness with one of the penultimate moments in American history: the shootout between the Earp gang and the Clanton gang near the OK Corral in Tombstone, Arizona. That event was further etched in American folklore by John Ford's 1946 film My Darling Clementine. In the film the real historical 30-second shootout that left three dead and two seriously wounded becomes a metaphor for the heroic defense of a community against lawlessness.", "In 1889, a man attempted to kill Robert Ford at a casino in Kansas City. Ford described the event to the New York Times:", "The Lone Ranger, for example, is believed to have been inspired by Bass Reeves , a black lawman who used disguises, had a Native American sidekick and went through his whole career without being shot.", "The Biograph Theater, at 2433 North Lincoln Avenue, near Lincoln Park in Chicago, Illinois, was originally a movie theater but now presents live productions. It is notable as the location where bank robber John Dillinger was shot by FBI agents after watching a gangster movie on July 22, 1934. The theater is on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a Chicago Landmark on March 28, 2001.", "The Man From Laramie (James Stewart, 1955).  Will Lockhart (James Stewart) has been shot in the right hand point-blank, but he doesn’t let that stop him in his quest to hunt down whoever killed his brother and is responsible for selling guns to the Indians.  It does mean he has to use a rifle instead of a pistol, however." ]

[ 8.90625, 7.9921875, 7.83984375, 6.3828125, 5.6875, 4.53125, 4.33203125, 4.13671875, 3.4453125, 3.24609375, 3.033203125, 2.787109375, 0.327392578125, -0.1402587890625, -2.283203125, -2.755859375, -2.76171875, -3.23828125, -3.318359375, -3.630859375, -4.43359375, -4.44921875, -5.30078125, -5.3125, -6.7421875, -7.52734375, -7.65234375, -7.96484375, -8.2890625, -8.328125, -8.6875, -9.9296875 ]

[ "Shiner. (1) A poorly butchered slab of ribs with bones not covered by meat and shining through. (2) A beer made in Shiner, TX, that is the inspiration behind much of the state's best barbecue.", "SHINER. The familiar name for a lighthouse. Also, a name for the dace (which see). Also, money; Jack's \"shiners in my sack.\"", "a perfect dinner was a beef-steak, a potato, a cut of cheese, a pint of port, and afterwards a pipe (never a cigar). When joked with by his friends about his liking for cold salt beef and new potatoes, he would answer humorously,", "One man's meat is another man's poison and while some people like to eat fish, other people may hate fish.", "A white ocean fish similar to cod, it has flaky flesh and is available fresh or frozen, whole or as steaks and fillets. Haddock can be poached, baked, fried, smoked or grilled and served with or without sauce.", "The principal ingredients of ' are assorted kinds of meat chopped into bite-sized chunks and a mixture of sauerkraut (pickled cabbage) and shredded fresh white cabbage. The meats may include pork (ham, shoulder, bacon, ribs, loin, etc.), beef and veal, poultry (chicken, duck, goose, turkey) and game, as well as charcuterie, especially various kinds of ', or Polish smoked sausage. The variety of meats is considered essential for good '; its preparation may be a good occasion to clean out one's freezer and use up leftovers from other meat dishes. Some of the meats may be roasted before being diced together with other cuts of meat and braised in lard or vegetable oil.", "The Delmonico Steak, in fact, can be taken as a wonderfully apt metaphor for its namesake�s profound legacy. A legendary dish served by all of the Delmonico�s Restaurants, the Delmonico Steak is unanimously agreed on as being specific cut of prime beef. It seems, however, that no one can agree on which. Opinion differs wildly and discussion rages to this day amongst chefs and gourmet butchers. The explanation that seems most fitting is that the name Delmonico has been ingrained in the American collective consciousness to such an extent that Delmonico Steak refers to the most superior cut that a particular establishment has available. Delmonico, according to this version, is no less than a synonym for the best.", "Unlike beef fat, deer fat does not taste good. Neither does the sinew, membranes and other connective tissues holding the various muscle groups together. Venison, whether destined for steaks or hamburger, should be trimmed free of anything that’s not rich, red meat. ", "A saltwater fish, belonging to the ray species of fish, which is found in temperate waters throughout the world. It is part of the ray family and is related to the shark. Skate has a flat body with triangle-shaped wings on each side of its body. The wings, which are the pectoral fins, are the edible, boneless meat of the fish. Mildly sweet in flavor, the meat is semi-firm texture and although it appears to be somewhat layered or partitioned, it does hold together well when cooked or sautéed. When preparing, occasionally the skate meat will emit a smell similar to ammonia. This odor, which will not affect the meat, can be removed by soaking the meat in an acidulated water bath for a short period of time. If not available, catfish, shark (same family as skate) or sturgeon can be substituted.", "There is no real difference in cooking methods between game meat and domesticated meat. However, because of the lower fat content, game meat may occasionally be tougher, and so it can be helpful to slow cook the meat over a low temperature to tenderize it in certain cases. Because of their bold flavor, both venison and bison steaks are delicious served with a strong red wine , or even with a red wine sauce.", "An Italian dish, served as a appetizer, of very thin shavings of raw beef fillet, served cold with olive oil and lemon juice or with a mayonnaise or mustard sauce. Capers and sometimes onions often garish this dish.", "There are numerous ways the fish is served and many regional recipes: eaten raw, fermented, pickled, or cured by other techniques. The fish was sometimes known as \"two-eyed steak\".", "Moose are hunted as a game species in many of the countries where they are found. Moose meat tastes, wrote Henry David Thoreau in “The Maine Woods”, “like tender beef, with perhaps more flavour; sometimes like veal”. While the flesh has protein levels similar to those of other comparable red meats (e.g. beef, deer and elk), it has a low fat content, and the fat that is present consists of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fats rather than saturated fats. ", "This is the edible portion of the skate. The flesh, when cooked, separates into little fingers of meat and has a distinctive rich, gelatinous texture. The taste is similar to that of scallops. Never buy skate with the inedible skin on as it is very difficult to remove.", "Gravet elg - sweet and salt cured moose: this treatment may be used for all red meat, but game and beef work best. It is the same procedure as for gravlaks, but brandy is often substituted with aquavit, and dill with juniper berries.", "Spit – A pointed rod on which a portion of meat or a whole animal is speared for roasting over or in an open flame.", "The northern pike gets less respect than it deserves for the food value of its meat. Although it is difficult to clean due to an extra row of y-shaped bones along the top of its flank, it has a delicate and mild tasting flesh when properly filleted, skinned and cooked. For many years it was an acceptable practice to spear and even shoot these fish when they came into the shallow spawning flats of the lake and river deltas. This controversial tradition continues in Vermont where there is a season, exclusive to Lake Champlain, which remains in place for shooting northern pike.", "Answer: Rocky mountain oysters are cooked animal testicles, usually from cows. Lamb, pig, goat, yak, buffalo, and turkey testicles are also eaten. Its a well-known, novelty dish in parts of western America where cattle ranching is prevalent. Other names they go by are prairie oysters, Montana tendergroins, cowboy caviar, swinging beef, and calf fries.", "This is pretty much what it sounds like: You put a big wad of meat and some bland tuberous growths into a pot, cover them with water, clamp on a lid, and then parade around smugly barking about the importance of your dipshit state's presidential primary until the water has successfully annihilated any traces of flavor or character from your food, so that it can more closely resemble the people who will be eating it.", "My dealer showed up about 20 minutes late and we took a table in the dining area.  I don't think the decor of the restaurant has been changed since I first went in there over 20 years ago.  We got a menu from the host and took a look to see what they had to offer.  Actually, The Drover is famous for their whiskey marinated steaks - they take straight Jack Daniel's and marinate the meat in it for about 15 to 20 minutes before cooking.  Marinating the meat in whiskey helps bring out more of the intense flavor in the meat when it's cooked.  ", "There was a time when this species wasn’t so desirable to seafood connoisseurs. A name change from the less-appealing common name “slimehead” to the new-and-improved “orange roughy” turned out to be a brilliant – and problematic – marketing move. Customers assuredly also weren’t yet aware of the dangers of eating these fish; their long lives mean they accumulate high concentrations of mercury in their tissues.", "Northern Pike  - The northern pike is a very popular fish in the state also referred to a \"Northern\" or \"Pike\".  If you like to go ice-fishing, then you should...", "Don't brine meats that say \"self-basting,\" \"flavor-enhanced\" or \"enhanced\" on the package. Salty fluids are already injected into these meats.", "Up until the 1920s in America, it was the food of last resort. \"When it thawed it was mushy and less appealing than even canned food,\" writes Kurlansky. But in Labrador he learned from the Inuit how to fish trout from holes in the ice and watch it freeze instantly in the air, which registered at 30 degrees below zero. And when it was cooked, it tasted like fresh trout.", "The cow’s tongue, cooked in salted water, is tender and soft and can be served as starters with mashed avocado and lots of fresh lettuce. It is not a dish destined to be part of the top gastronomy of the nation, maybe for the generalized ignorance about its preparation, or maybe because it is sold in neighborhoods butcher’s shop, ready to be served with no shame.", "Sharpsnout bream (Sarago pizzuto) (Diplodus puntazzo) has a black ring on its tail and has the most inferior meat. It can be used in soup.", "This saltwater fish, which is not a true cod, has a soft textured flesh and a mild flavor. Its high fat content makes it a good fish for smoking. Also called \"sablefish.\"", "In Scombroid poisoning, the poisonous ingredient is a combination of histamine and similar substances. After the fish dies, bacteria create large amounts of the toxin if the fish is not immediately refrigerated or frozen.", "This saltwater fish, which is not a true cod, has a soft textured flesh and a mild flavor. Its high fat content makes it a good fish for smoking. Also called \"Sablefish.\"", "On November 22, 1954 a deer killed by Jim Reeves was delivered to a meat processing plant in Carthage, Texas. The Carthage Locker Plant processed Jim's deer as he requested: shanks (the calf meat below the knee), roasts and barbecue. The bill for it all was $5.15. Also, again as Jim requested, the head was saved for mounting.", "The Greaser was notorious for not allowing his punch of the day to eat anything that smelled of fish. Is that sick or what?", "The culinary name for the tail of cattle used to make many delicious dishes, notably oxtail soup" ]

[ -3.857421875, -4.04296875, -4.6328125, -7.6875, -7.890625, -7.93359375, -7.96875, -8.1484375, -8.296875, -8.359375, -8.375, -8.5078125, -8.5546875, -8.5546875, -8.609375, -8.625, -8.84375, -8.9765625, -9.015625, -9.0390625, -9.8515625, -9.9140625, -10, -10.015625, -10.0546875, -10.4296875, -10.515625, -10.515625, -10.5234375, -10.6640625, -10.8515625, -10.8515625 ]

[ "US aviator Wiley Post made the first solo round-the-world flight in 7 days, 18 hours, 49 min", "1933 – Wiley Post becomes the first person to fly solo around the world traveling 15,596 miles in 7 days, 18 hours and 45 minutes.", "*1933 – Wiley Post becomes the first person to fly solo around the world traveling 15596 mi in seven days, 18 hours and 45 minutes.", "And there's the Wiley Post-Will Rogers Memorial, the two gents after whom the airport is also named. Rogers, the legendary part-Cherokee cowboy, performer, social commentator, film actor and wit, and Post, the first solo pilot to fly around the world, died when their plane crashed into a lagoon at Point Barrow in 1935.", "January 11, American aviator Amelia Earhart begins her landmark flight across the Pacific Ocean. She is the first aviator to make that journey solo.", "2005 – Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly an airplane around the world solo without any stops without refueling – a journey of 25,000 mi completed in 67 hours and 2 minutes.", "6. Will Rogers, 1935. Will was a big fan of aviation and was embarking upon a flight around the world with his friend, aviator Wiley Post. On August 15, they made a brief stop at Walakpa Bay, just south of Barrow, Alaska. When they tried to take off again, the plane stalled and crashed into the river, killing them both.", "* Steve Fossett, 3 March 2005, GlobalFlyer, first non-stop, non-refueled solo circumnavigation in an airplane, 67 hours, covering 37000 km.", "James Stephen \"Steve\" Fossett (April 22, 1944 – c. September 3, 2007) was an American businessman, and a record-setting aviator, sailor, and adventurer. He was the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon. He made his fortune in the financial services industry, and was best known for many world records, including five nonstop circumnavigations of the Earth: as a long-distance solo balloonist, as a sailor, and as a solo flight fixed-wing aircraft pilot.", "In 2002 Steve Fossett became the first person to fly solo round-the-world, nonstop in a balloon. Steve is a millionaire businessman-turned-adventurer who is known for his record-breaking balloon flights. In 1995 he made the first solo crossing of the Pacific Ocean. He then tried and failed to become the first to circle the globe nonstop in a multi-person balloon. His attempts included a 1998 flight with British businessman, Richard Branson that ended with the balloon ditching in the Pacific near Hawaii. The first round-the-world circumnavigation was accomplished in March 1999 by Swiss pilot, Bertrand Piccard and Englishman, Brian Jones. Steve also failed in five solo circumnavigation attempts, including one in August, 2001 which began in Australia and ended when bad weather forced him to land in Brazil. The next year he triumphed , launching his balloon from Northam Western Australia on June 19, 2002 and returning to Australia on July 4, 2002. On February 28, 2005 Steve departed the Municipal Airport in Salina KS in the Virgin Atlantic Global Flyer (manufactured by Scaled Composites for Virgin Atlantic) in an attempt to fly a jet powered aircraft around the world non-stop without refueling. 67H 1M 46S and 22,877 miles later on March 3, 2005 Steve landed the Global Flyer back at the Salina Municipal Airport after completing his circumnavigation round-the-world and carving his name once again in history.", "Millionaire adventurer Steve Fossett became the first person to fly around the world alone without stopping or refueling, touching down in central Kansas after a 67-hour, 23,000-mile journey.", "Chay Blyth ~ native of Hawick who became the first to solo circumnavigate the earth sailing east to west. Blyth sailed the 30,00 miles in 292 days, 20 days faster than Knox-Johnson.14", "Below, pilot Steve Fossett standing on the gondola of the Bud Light Spirit of Freedom balloon, just after landing down in Australia on July 4th 2002. He became the first person in the world to complete a circumnavigation of the globe in a hot air balloon, completed in just under 15 days.", "Amelia Earhart is probably the most famous female pilot in aviation history, an accolade due both to her aviation career and to her mysterious disappearance. On May 20–21, 1932, Earhart became the first woman — and the second person after Charles Lindbergh — to fly nonstop and solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Flying a red Lockheed Vega 5B, she left Harbor Grace, Newfoundland, Canada, and landed about 15 hours later near Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The feat made Earhart an instant worldwide sensation and proved she was a courageous and able pilot. Then, on August 24–25, she made the first solo, nonstop flight by a woman across the United States, from Los Angeles to Newark, New Jersey, establishing a women's record of 19 hours and 5 minutes and setting a women's distance record of 3,938 kilometers (2,447 miles).", "* Marvin Creamer (USA); 21 December 1982 – 17 May 1984; only known person to circumnavigate the globe by boat with no nautical aids, not even a compass or watch [http://www.globestar.org/].", "Five years to the day that American aviator Charles Lindbergh became the first pilot to accomplish a solo, nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean, female aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first pilot to repeat the feat, landing her plane in Ireland after flying across the North Atlantic. Earhart traveled over 2,000 miles from Newfoundland in just under 15 hours.", "Fossett made the first solo nonstop unrefueled fixed-wing aircraft flight around the world between February 28, 2005, and March 3, 2005. He took off from Salina, Kansas , where he was assisted by faculty members and students from Kansas State University , and flew eastbound, with the prevailing winds, returning to Salina after 67 hours, 1 minute, 10 seconds, without refueling or making intermediate landings. His average speed of 342.2 mph (550.7 km/h) was also the absolute world record for \"speed around the world, nonstop and non-refueled.\" His aircraft, the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer , had a carbon fiber reinforced plastic airframe, with a single Williams FJ44 turbofan engine. It was designed and built by Burt Rutan and his company, Scaled Composites , for long-distance solo flight. The fuel fraction , the weight of the fuel divided by the weight of the aircraft at take-off, was 83 percent. [22] [23] [24]", "1937 – Amelia Earhart (39), famous American aviator , she was the first woman to try this. She and her navigator , Fred Noonan (44), disappeared over the central Pacific in the vicinity of Howland Island while attempting a circumnavigational flight of the globe, July 2.", "Friday, July 2, 1937:A Lockheed Electra 10E carrying navigator Fred J. Noonan and famed pilot Amelia Earhart was reported overdue at Howland Island in the Pacific, a stop on an eastward trip planned as the first flight to follow an equatorial path around the globe. A massive search failed to locate the aircraft, and theories as to its fate abound.", "21 May 1927 - Charles Lindbergh touchs down at Le Bourget Field in Paris, completing the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. 21 May 1932 - Amelia Earhart, because of bad weather, lands in a pasture in Derry, Northern Ireland, becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. 21 May 1934 - Oskaloosa, Iowa, becomes the first municipality in the United States to fingerprint each of its citizens.", "Fossett, the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon, crashed near Mammoth Lakes, California, after taking off from the Nevada ranch of hotel magnate Barron Hilton on September 3, 2007.", "1932: Amelia Earhart landed in Londonderry, Ireland, having flown solo from Newfoundland in just under 15 hours, a record solo transatlantic flight.", "Rear Admiral Alan Bartlett \"Al\" Shepard Jr. (November 18, 1923 – July 21, 1998) was an American naval officer and aviator, test pilot, one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts, and businessman, who in May 1961 made the first manned Mercury flight. Shepard's craft entered space, but did not achieve orbit. He became the second person, and the first American, to travel into space, and the first person to manually control the orientation of his spacecraft.", "In May, 2002, according to Reuters, Fossett announced he would make his sixth attempt to circumnavigate the globe solo in a hot air balloon, one of aviation's last unaccomplished feats. Depending on the weather, Fossett would launch in mid- to late-June from Northam, Western Australia. He aimed to fly 17,000 to 18,000 miles, mostly over the world's oceans in the Southern Hemisphere as he did in a 2001 attempt.", "The first east-west non-stop transatlantic crossing by an aeroplane was made in 1928 by the Bremen, a German Junkers W33 type aircraft, from Baldonnel Airfield in County Dublin, Ireland. On 18 August 1932 Jim Mollison made the first east-to-west solo trans-Atlantic flight; flying from Portmarnock in Ireland to Pennfield, New Brunswick, Canada in a de Havilland Puss Moth. ", "The Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer touched down at 1:50 p.m. CT Thursday — just over 67 hours after it took off from the Salina airport in central Kansas on Monday evening. In all, Fossett traveled 23,000 miles (36,800 kilometers) around the world.", "1932 Amelia Earhart, because of bad weather, lands in a pasture in Derry, Northern Ireland, becoming the 1st woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean", "Amelia Earhart poses in front of her airplane in Wheeler Field, Hawaii, on January 4, 1935, before becoming the first person to fly solo from Honolulu to Oakland, California.", "Prevailing headwinds made it a lot harder to fly from Europe to America. The first solo heavier-than-air flight from east to west wasn't made until 1932. The pilot's name was James Mollison, and he flew only from Ireland to New Brunswick.", "On January 11, 1935, Earhart became the first person to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland, California. Although this transoceanic flight had been attempted by many others, notably by the unfortunate participants in the 1927 Dole Air Race which had reversed the route, her trailblazing flight had been mainly routine, with no mechanical breakdowns. In her final hours, she even relaxed and listened to \"the broadcast of the Metropolitan Opera from New York.\"", "On April 5, 1991, Tower was aboard Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 when it crashed while on approach for landing at Brunswick, Georgia. The crash immediately killed everyone on board, including Tower and his middle daughter, Marian, the astronaut Sonny Carter, and twenty others. An investigation determined that the crash resulted from failure of the plane's propeller control unit, which caused the pilots to lose control of the aircraft. ", "May 8, 1935 - First person to fly solo nonstop from Mexico City to Newark; 14hrs 19min" ]

[ 6.96484375, 6.71875, 6.5390625, 1.63671875, 0.11279296875, 0.074462890625, -0.07342529296875, -0.10211181640625, -0.272705078125, -0.401611328125, -1.4580078125, -1.4814453125, -1.6806640625, -1.8359375, -1.9033203125, -1.9072265625, -2.552734375, -2.90625, -3.5, -3.5234375, -3.70703125, -3.79296875, -4.07421875, -4.49609375, -4.63671875, -4.734375, -4.921875, -5.05078125, -5.625, -6.12890625, -6.1875, -6.1953125 ]

[ "Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., commonly referred to as Lamborghini, is an Italian sports car manufacturer, based in the small village of Sant’Agata Bolognese. Founded by businessman and tractor factory owner Ferruccio Lamborghini in 1963, the company has achieved widespread recognition for sleek, exotic designs, and its cars have become symbols of performance and wealth. The Lamborghini Charging Bull Logo stands for the founder’s, Ferruccio Lamborghini, zodiacal sign (Taurus). Most of the company’s cars have been named after famous fighting bulls (oddly most have been Spanish bulls not Italian). Interestingly it is said that the choice of an animal and the colors used on the logo (gold on a black background, and a charging bull) are suspiciously similar to the Ferrari logo (a black horse on a yellow background). It is believed that this was no accident on the part of Lamborghini, who had a long standing (and not always friendly) rivalry with Ferrari.", "Lamborghini ‘s logo traces back to founder Ferruccio Lamborghini’s 1962 visit to Don Eduardo Miura’s ranch, where fighting bulls were bred. So heavily influenced by the power and presence of these animals, Lamborghini adopted the bull as the emblem for his cars. Soon after, he began to use the names of fighting bulls and bullfighting terms for his cars (except for the Miura, which was named after the breeder). Names like Islero, Espada, Urraco, Jalpa, Diablo, Murcielago, Gallardo and Aventador evoke the snorting bull emblem. We’re still trying to figure out the Countach, however.", "It is not for nothing that Ferruccio Lamborghini, the world famous Italian manufacturer of luxury sports cars, has chosen a raging bull as a distinctive emblem for his cars. Being a Taurus by zodiac sign, Lamborghini has also had a passion for bullfighting. He was greatly impressed by the bulls of Spanish breeder Don Eduardo Miura and began to put gold charging bulls on his cars emphasizing their power, force and grace. Moreover, many Lamborghini car models got the name of famous bulls: Lamborghini Islero, for example, was named in honor of the animal which killed renowned matador Manolete in 1947.", "Lamborghini is an Italian manufacturer of high performance sports cars based in the small Italian village of Sant’Agata Bolognese, near Bologna. Lamborghini is now a subsidiary of German car manufacturer Audi AG, which is in turn a subsidiary of Volkswagen. Lamborghini is the main counterpart to Ferrari in the italian sports car business. The Italian company was founded in 1963 by businessman Ferruccio Lamborghini, who owned a successful tractor factory. The Lamborghini Charging Bull Logo stands for the founder’s, Ferruccio Lamborghini, zodiacal sign (Taurus). Most of the company’s cars have been named after famous fighting bulls (oddly most have been spanish bulls not italian).", "The world of bullfighting is a key part of Lamborghini's identity. In 1962, Ferruccio Lamborghini visited the Seville ranch of Don Eduardo Miura, a renowned breeder of Spanish fighting bulls. Lamborghini, a Taurus himself, was so impressed by the majestic Miura animals that he decided to adopt a raging bull as the emblem for the automaker he would open shortly.", "This well recognised logo that today belongs to the Volkswagen organisation was created by Ferrucio Lamborghini. The very first iterations of Lamborghini products began in the form of tractors, burners, heaters and air conditioning systems in 1959. The first cars were produced and sold in 1963. The bull is used in this logo to depict the strength of the company and the vehicles. This logo is still used in this form today.", "Lamborghini (The Lamborghini logo was created taking inspiration from Taurus (bull), the zodiac sign of the founder of the company. Ferruccio Lamborghini’s passion for the bullfighting sport is also reflected in the logo. Most of the Lamborghini car models are named after famous bulls.)", "The symbol of Lamborghini cars, the ropeable bull, is interpreted differently. However, both interpretations quite combine with each other and, most probably, together became the cause of its origin.", "Interestingly it is said that the choice of an animal and the colors used on the logo (gold on a black background, and a charging bull) are suspiciously similar to the Ferrari logo (a black horse on a yellow background). It is believed that this was no accident on the part of Lamborghini, who had a long standing (and not always friendly) rivalry with Ferrari.", "The Lamborghini Automobili company was founded in 1963 by Ferrucio Lamborghini. Ferrucio Lamborghini, who was born in April, used his birth sign, \"Taurus the bull\" as the new cars symbol. Ferrucio set up a top of the line factory in the town of Sant'Agata. He then set about hiring the best people money could buy. The first Lamborghini cars were the 350GT and 400GT. But the Lamborghini car went on to have a difficult histroy. Georges Henri Rosetti bought 51% of its shares and in 1974, Rene Leimer bought the other 49%. By 1980, Lamborghini had gone into receivership and the Bologna Court sold the company to the Mimran Brothers. In 1987, Chrysler took control of Lamborghini. In 1994, Chrysler Corporation sold Lamborghini to Mega Tech. In 1998, Audi gained full control. Though it has been through difficult times, the future of the car company looks bright.", "Lamborghini Logo Meaning - Lamborghini company logo is a whole body full of strength, is preparing to launch a fierce attack to the opponent. Is said to the pigheadedness Lamborghini is this not to be outdone, also reflects the characteristics of the Lamborghini company's products because the company's cars are high-power, high-speed sports car. The trademark on the front and rear eliminating the need for the company's name, only a stubborn cattle.", "Alfa Romeo, also owned by Fiat but still considered an Italian symbol, is one of the companies whose logo changed a lot over time, but retained the main elements that remind us of the way the brand was brought to life. Alfa Romeo, initially known as Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili (Lombard Automobile Factory, Public Company), got its first logo in 1910, when Romano Cattaneo created a rounded badge consisting of a grass snake with a man in its jaw. Inspired from the House of Visconti flag, the so-called \"biscione\" (the Italian term for grass snake) actually represents one's ability to stand against opponents and face competition.", "The three colors underneath the company's name, green, white and red, symbolize Italy's flag, as the company was brought to life in Turin. The scorpion is Karl Abarth's astrological sign – he was born on November 15, 1908 – and is complemented by the two dominating colors, yellow and red, which are indicating the brand's appeal for motor racing.ALFA ROMEO", "The Lamborghini Urraco is a 2+2 sports car manufactured by Italian automaker Lamborghini. It was introduced at the Turin Auto Show in 1970 but was not put on sale until 1973; production ended in 1979. It was named after a breed of bulls. ", "The choice of colors of the Lamborgini logo holds great resemblance to the Ferrari logo . In addition to this, the very shape of the emblem definitely reminds the Ferrari shield. Many experts consider it nothing but a coincidence. However, rumor has it that Ferruccio Lamborghini copied Ferrari logo on purpose and then inversed the color scheme just to prod Enzo Ferrari. Taking into consideration the longstanding enmity with Ferrari, this explanation seems reasonable.", "The Lamborghini Miura, named after the famous Spanish fighting bulls, was the first real 'supercar.' Designed by the young Bertone designer Marcello Gandini, and developed by Giampaolo Dallara and Paolo Stazani, the Miura was first shown to the public in March 1966 at the Geneva Auto Salon.", "Alfa Romeo gets an automobile logo design award for including a lot of history in their logo. Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. is an Italian automaker founded on June 24, 1910 in Milan. The logo is split in half and contains the emblems of Alfa’s hometown Milan and the one of the great Milanese ‘Visconti’ family. On the left is the red cross on a white background, which refers back to the days of the First Crusade, when many Milanese soldiers were amongst the Lombards who followed Giovanni of Rho to the Holy Land. The red cross was their symbol, whilst the white background symbolised the white shirts they were forced to wear under their armour to protect them from the fierce Palestinian sun. On the right of the badge are the arms of the Visconti family, which later became recognised as those of the City of Milan. Some says the serpent represents the snakes that the Lombards used to wear round their necks in a little case as a lucky charm, – or the dragon which, at the start of the fifth century, plagued Milan and was finally killed by Uberto, Squire of Angera, and founder of the Visconti family, – or it could be the symbol of Ottone Visconti who fought a victorious duel with the Saracen leader, Voluce, during the First Crusade. The city of Milan, however, claims that the serpent has nothing to do with the Visconti family.", "Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi. Ferruccio Lamborghini, an Italian manufacturing magnate, founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 to compete with established marques, including Ferrari. The company gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, which established rear mid-engine, rear wheel drive as the standard layout for high-performance cars of the era. Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. The firm's ownership changed three times after 1973, including a bankruptcy in 1978. American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesi... This channel was generated automatically by YouTube's video discovery system.", "One of the most significant automobile manufacturers in the world, Ferrari S.p.A took a black prancing horse logo as their corporate identity. Enzo Ferrari founded his sports car manufacturing business in 1928. It was and still is based in Maranello, Italy. In 1923, racing in Ravenna, he acquired the black prancing horse logo. The horse logo was first displayed on a racing car, only in 1932. The initial owner of the this black horse logo was Francesco Baracca, a World War I SPAD fighter. The horse logo decorated the fuselage of Baracca's all yellow fighter plane. Modern day Ferrari merchandise licenses eye wear, pens, pencils, clothing, cell phones, laptop computers, high-tech bicycles, perfume, etc. branded with the Ferrari horse logo.", "The Scuderia Ferrari logo Coat of Arms of the City of StuttgartIt has been supposed that the choice of a horse was perhaps partly due to the fact that his noble family was known for having plenty of horses in their estates at Lugo di Romagna. Another theory suggests Baracca copied the rampant horse design from a shot down German pilot having the emblem of the city of Stuttgart on his plane. Interestingly, German sports car manufacturer Porsche, from Stuttgart, borrowed its prancing horse logo from the city's emblem. Furthermore astonishing: Stuttgart is an over the centuries modified version of Stutengarten (an ancient german word for \"Gestüt\", translated into english as mare garden or stud farm, into italian as \"scuderia\").", "The Scuderia Ferrari logo Coat of Arms of the City of Stuttgart. It has been supposed that the choice of a horse was perhaps partly due to the fact that his noble family was known for having plenty of horses in their estates at Lugo di Romagna. Another theory suggests Baracca copied the rampant horse design from a shot down German pilot having the emblem of the city of Stuttgart on his plane. Interestingly, German sports car manufacturer Porsche, from Stuttgart, borrowed its prancing horse logo from the city's emblem. Furthermore astonishing: Stuttgart is an over the centuries modified version of Stutengarten (an ancient german word for \"Gestüt\", translated into english as mare garden or stud farm, into italian as \"scuderia\").", "Yes, we know the Abarth logo is a Scorpion and not a Lobster. You have to admit, they do look quite similar though...", "Ferrari is an Italian car manufacturer involved in the Formula One World Championship. The company was founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929. The famous symbol of Ferrari is a black prancing horse on yellow background, usually with the letters S F for Scuderia Ferrari. The jumping black horse is known as “Rampante Cavallo.” The horse on the emblem honors an Italian flying ace named Francesco Baracca, who lost his life in World War I. The vibrant black silhouette of the Ferrari horse also represents the popular belief that a horse on the top of a car would always guide its driver to victory. Another assumption suggests Baracca copied the jumping horse design from a shot down German pilot who had the emblem of the city of Stuttgart on his plane. This horse theme comes from the origins of the city’s name Stutengarten, an ancient form of the modern German word Gestut, which translates into English as stud farm and into Italian as scuderia. Ferrari has used the Cavallino Rampante on official company stationery since 1929, while the yellow background was added to honor Modena – as yellow is the city’s historic color.", "Today the cars with the Lamborghini emblem are the sign of the success in life. Its models become more perfect and always remain in the spirit of the time. Advanced achievements are used in the design of each emblem.", "The high-performance models of traditional Italian brand Lamborghini are the embodiment of extreme driving dynamics, modern and unmistakable design, lightweight construction as well as high-quality materials and workmanship.", "Fiat, currently the largest Italian automaker and one of the new names in the American auto sector, changed its logo several times, especially following the growth the company recorded during the 1900s. The first emblem created by Fiat's designers was only showcasing the company's full name: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin). As the time passed by however, Fiat modified the logo several times, with the latest change getting into effect in 2006 when the company turned to the red background instead of the blue one.FORD", "Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. builds exclusive supercars in Sant’Agata Bolognese in northern Italy, where it produces the Aventador and Huracán supercars.", "It’s often been said that if there was ever a supercar brand that knows how to name its models, it’s Lamborghini. Think", "Alfa Romeo is an Italian automotive nameplate and part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV. Founded as A.L.F.A. in 1910 — translated as Anonymous Lombard Automobile Factory in English — the brand returned to the U.S. market after a 20-year absence. The 4C is the first of several new models planned for North American distribution.", "Maserati is an Italian luxury vehicle manufacturer established on December 1, 1914, in Bologna. The Maserati tagline is \"Luxury, sports and style cast in exclusive cars\", and the brand's mission statement is to \"Build ultra-luxury performance automobiles with timeless Italian style, accommodating bespoke interiors, and effortless, signature sounding power\". ", "In addition to being an essential part of advertising and brand identity, car company logos provide a powerful visual image for auto consumers. Each automobile manufacturer has a unique logo, many of which have changed dramatically over the years. In some cases, these logos are tied to the company's history in surprising ways.", "Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili makes up the Alfa part and Nicola Romeo loaned his surname to create the beautiful brand that is now synonymous with a pure Italian driving experience. Funnily enough, Fiat now owns Alfa Romeo and the marque derives its name from another acronym - Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino – or loosely translated to 'Italian car manufacturers of Torino', the place where it all started." ]

[ 5.8984375, 5.89453125, 5.296875, 4.5234375, 4.37109375, 4.29296875, 4.13671875, 3.7421875, 3.314453125, 2.376953125, 1.8056640625, 0.328857421875, 0.09454345703125, -0.9453125, -1.396484375, -2.009765625, -2.58203125, -3.39453125, -3.57421875, -3.607421875, -3.609375, -4.1171875, -4.2265625, -5.37890625, -5.8203125, -6.11328125, -6.19921875, -7.6328125, -7.78515625, -8.515625, -8.953125, -9.25 ]

[ "* 1865-9 April 1865: Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War.", "On a spring day 140 years ago, Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee met face to face in the parlor of Wilmer McLean's house in Appomattox Court House, Virginia. On that historic occasion, April 9, 1865, the two generals formalized the surrender of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, thus bringing an end to four years of fighting between North and South.", "On April 9, 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee (1807-70) surrendered his approximately 28,000 troops to Union General Ulysses S. Grant (1822-85) in the front parlor of Wilmer McLean’s home in Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War (1861-65). Days earlier, Lee had abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond and city of Petersburg, hoping to escape with the remnants of his Army of Northern Virginia, meet up with additional Confederate forces in North Carolina and resume fighting. When Union forces cut off his final retreat, Lee was forced to surrender, finally ending four years of bloody sectional conflict.", "April 9, 1865 - Gen. Robert E. Lee surrenders his Confederate Army to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at the village of Appomattox Court House in Virginia. Grant allows Rebel officers to keep their sidearms and permits soldiers to keep horses and mules.", "On April 9, 1865, Union Commanding General Ulysses S. Grant accepted the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia near Appomattox Court House from its longtime commander, Gen. Robert E. Lee. The next day Grant signed a parole paper, allowing Lee and his staff officers to return to their homes without legal repercussions.", "April 9 - General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.", "The legend was that on April 9, 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Lt. Gen. Grant, not inside the McLean House in Appomattox Court House, Va., but outdoors, in an apple orchard somewhere outside the village. It was a romantic story, conjuring up a picture of rival commanders on horseback solemnly stacking their arms before opposing lines of blue and gray. It was also entirely false.", "In March 1865, Grant invited Lincoln to visit his headquarters at City Point, Virginia. By coincidence, Sherman (then campaigning in North Carolina) happened to visit City Point at the same time. This allowed for the war's only three-way meeting of Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman.[26] At the beginning of April, Grant's relentless pressure finally forced Lee to evacuate Richmond, and after a nine-day retreat, Lee surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. There, Grant offered generous terms that did much to ease the tensions between the armies and preserve some semblance of Southern pride, which would be needed to reconcile the warring sides. Within a few weeks, the American Civil War was effectively over; minor actions would continue until Kirby Smith surrendered his forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2, 1865.", "Appomattox is most famous for the events of April 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant to effectively end the American Civil War. The scene of that historic event has been preserved as Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, located just north of the Town of Appomattox.", "* Appomattox Courthouse: The site of the Battle of Appomattox Court House, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War.", "Further north Robert E. Lee faced increasing pressure from Grant's forces in Virginia. On 2 April 1864 the Confederates abandoned Petersburg and Richmond. Finally on 9 April 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant at Appotomax Court House. That was effectively the end of the civil war. The rest of the Confederate forces surrendered soon afterwards. Johnston surrendered to Sherman on 18 April and the last Confederate army surrendered on 26 May 1865.", "At the Battle of Sailor's Creek  on April 6, 1865, it was becoming clear that the once vaunted Army of Northern Virginia was dissolving. Rather than pursue a path of more bloodshed, Grant reached out to Lee asking for his surrender on April 7, 1865.  Lee, still not ready to surrender, continued to hold a dialog with his nemesis Grant while holding out hope that he could escape the growing Union stranglehold.  Only after his defeats at Appomattox Station  on April 8, 1865, where critical supplies were captured, and Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 did Lee finally accede to Grant's surrender terms.", "Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s surrender of his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, marked the beginning of the end of the Civil War, but not its official conclusion. Learn where Union and Confederate forces continued to clash in the weeks following Appomattox.", "The last two years of the war were bloody for both sides, with Grant launching a war of attrition against General Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. This war of attrition was divided into three main campaigns. The first of these, the Overland Campaign forced Lee to retreat into the city of Petersburg where Grant launched his second major offensive, the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign in which he besieged Petersburg. After a near ten-month siege, Petersburg surrendered. However, the defense of Fort Gregg allowed Lee to move his army out of Petersburg. Grant pursued and launched the final, Appomattox Campaign which resulted in Lee surrendering his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House. Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended with no postwar insurgency.", "April 11, 1865 - After surrendering the Army of Northern Virginia to Union general-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant two days earlier, Confederate general Robert E. Lee leaves Appomattox Court House to be with his family in Richmond.", "April 9th 1865 - General Robert E Lee surrenders to the Union in Virginia effectively ending the Civil War.", "The Appomattox Court House National Historical Park commemorates the heroic acts which took place in April of 1865 in this, the original village, to bring about the end of the Civil War. The walking tour allows you to see all buildings which are original to the site, and have been restored to their original condition. The highlight of the Park is the McLean house where Generals Lee and Grant crafted and signed the terms of surrender, bringing an end to the bloddiest chapter of U.S. history.", "on April 9, 1865, his way west was blocked and there was nothing left except to bear with dignity the ordeal of surrender, which was made less painful for him by Grant’s considerate behavior.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ topic/334566/Robert–E–Lee (accessed November 13, 2008)", "From April 6 to 10, 1865, Lynchburg served as the Capital of Virginia. Under Governor William Smith, the executive and legislative branches of the commonwealth escaped to Lynchburg with the fall of Richmond. Then, Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, roughly 20 mi east of Lynchburg, ending the Civil War.", "In late March 1865, Grant’s forces finally took Petersburg, then captured Richmond that April. Grant, Sherman, Admiral Porter and Lincoln held a conference on the River Queen to discuss Reconstruction of the South. [145] Lee’s troops began deserting in large numbers; disease and lack of supplies also diminished the remaining Confederates. Lee attempted to link up with the remnants of Joseph E. Johnston ‘s defeated army, but Union cavalry forces led by Sheridan were able to stop the two armies from converging, cutting the line of advance to the Confederate supply trains. Lee and his army surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Going beyond his military authority, Grant, in effect, gave Lee and his men amnesty; Confederate troops surrendered their weapons and were allowed to return to their homes, on the condition that they would not take up arms against the United States. [146] On April 26, Johnson’s Confederate army surrendered to Sherman under the same terms Grant offered to Lee. [147] On May 26, Kirby Smith’s western Confederate army surrendered and the Civil War was over, ending in Union victory. [148]", "APRIL 9, 1865. After discovering that escape would be impossible, Lee arranged to meet Grant at Appomattox. \"I felt like anything rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly, and had suffered so much for a cause, though that cause was, I believe, one of the worst for which a people ever fought, and one for which there was the least excuse.\" 39 The two generals met in the parlor of the McLean House, Lee in an immaculate new uniform, Grant informally dressed with only shoulder straps to show rank. \"We soon fell into a conversation about old army times . . . Our conversation grew so pleasant that I almost forgot the object of our meeting.\" 40 Finally, Grant wrote a letter embodying his terms and Lee wrote one accepting them. See more about Grants' involvement in the Civil War from the history of the Battle of Shiloh at the end of this \"about me\".", "Within a few months, Grant forced Lee out of Petersburg and Richmond, finally accepting surrender at Appomattox Court House , Virginia. Sherman marched north from Savannah to ravage South Carolina, and hunted down the last Southern resistance in the mountains of North Carolina, accepting Johnston's surrender on April 26, 1865.", "surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on 9 April 1865, at the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg", "Grant finally cornered Lee at Appomattox Court House. Out of options, Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia there April 9.", "• Virginia is the site of the first major battle of the Civil War - First Manassas - and the surrender of Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House.", "The Confederate General Robert E Lee surrendered to General Grant in Virginia bringing the Civil War to an end.", "Outside Petersburg, Virginia , Lee launched a costly failed attack against the besiegers’ Fort Steadman on March 25. When Federals under Phil Sheridan captured the crossroads at Five Forks, cutting Lee’s supply line, he withdrew from the Petersburg–Richmond trenches and headed southwest, hoping to link up with Johnston coming up from the south. Before leaving Richmond, the Confederates set fire to the town. On April 9, at Appomattox Courthouse , after discovering Federals had beaten him to a supply cache, he surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant. Despite his nickname of “Unconditional Surrender” Grant and his policy of waging total war against the South to end the rebellion, Grant offered generous terms, realizing this surrender would virtually end the war.", "They met at a house in Appomattox at 2:00 p.m. on the afternoon of April 9. Lee was resplendent in his dress uniform and a fine sword at his side. Grant arrived wearing a simple soldier’s coat that was muddy from his long ride. The great generals spoke of their service in the Mexican War, and then set about the business at hand. Grant offered generous terms. Officers could keep their side arms, and all men would be immediately released to return home. Any officers and enlisted men who owned horses could take them home, Grant said, to help put crops in the field and carry their families through the next winter. These terms, said Lee, would have “the best possible effect upon the men,” and “will do much toward conciliating our people.” The papers were signed and Lee prepared to return to his men.", "\"It would be useless and therefore cruel, to provoke the further effusion of blood,\" said Confederate General Robert E. Lee, \"and I have arranged to meet with General Grant with a view to surrender.\" After four years of fighting the Civil War, Lee knew it was time to put an end to the fighting. Do you know where General Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia surrendered to the Union Army?", "Following the minor battles of Cumberland Church and High Bridge, on April 7 Grant sent a note to Lee suggesting that it was time to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia. In a return note, Lee refused the request, but asked Grant what terms he had in mind. On April 8, Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. and Brevet Maj. Gen. George Armstrong Custer captured and burned three supply trains waiting for Lee's army at the Battle of Appomattox Station. Now both the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James were converging on Appomattox.", "Robert E. Lee was only able to muster an army of 8,000 men. He probed the Union Army at Appomattox but faced by 110,000 men he decided the cause was hopeless. He contacted Ulysses S. Grant and after agreeing terms on 9th April, surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House. Grant issued a brief statement: \"The war is over; the rebels are our countrymen again and the best sign of rejoicing after the victory will be to abstain from all demonstrations in the field.\" Six days later, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth . A Southern Democrat, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, was now the president of the United States.", "The end came at Appomattox on April 9. During a truce between the armies, before Grant and Lee met, Custer rode into the Confederate lines and demanded the surrender of the army from Lee’s senior officer, James Longstreet. It was a brazen act, and Longstreet evidently berated the young Union general. After the surrender ceremony, however, Sheridan confiscated the table Grant had used and had it delivered to Libbie Custer. In an accompanying note, Sheridan wrote in part, permit me to say, Madam, that there is scarcely an individual in our service who has contributed more to bring about this desirable result than your gallant husband." ]

[ 9.1875, 8.6171875, 8.578125, 7.41015625, 7.25390625, 7.1796875, 6.66015625, 6.61328125, 6.5390625, 6.359375, 5.8984375, 5.875, 5.828125, 5.69921875, 4.66015625, 4.58984375, 4.34765625, 4.21484375, 3.630859375, 3.373046875, 3.322265625, 2.814453125, 2.029296875, 0.5546875, -0.300537109375, -1.0205078125, -1.6142578125, -1.787109375, -1.9716796875, -1.9833984375, -3.48046875, -3.546875 ]

[ "From the beginning, Fox portrayed itself as a somewhat edgy, irreverent, youth-oriented network compared to its rivals. Its first prime time shows, which debuted on Sunday nights beginning April 5 , 1987 , were a comedy about a dysfunctional family ( {{{2}}} ) and a variety series ( The Tracey Ullman Show ). The former would become a major hit for the network, airing for 11 seasons, while the latter would spawn the longest-running sitcom and animated series in U.S. history: The Simpsons , spun off in 1989. Another early success was 21 Jump Street , an hour-long police drama. The original Sunday lineup [2] also included the sitcoms Duet and Mr. President . [3]", "1987: The FOX network begins prime time programming with \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" and \"Married⦠with Children.\"", "The show premiered on April 5, 1987 as the very first program ever shown by the brand new FOX Network, and along with Twenty One Jump Street and The Tracey Ullman Show was one of the network's few hits before the NFL and The Simpsons turned the network into a major player. It was a constant ratings success until it ended in June of 1997; it's still Fox's longest-running live-action sitcom. This is the show in which Christina Applegate and Katey Sagal got their starts.", "In 1986 several independent outlets, led by the Metromedia stations, formed the Fox Broadcasting Company, the first major venture at a fourth U.S. broadcast television network since the DuMont Television Network shut down in August 1956 (which resulted in some of its affiliates, including those owned by Metromedia, becoming independents). Fox made efforts, slowly at first, to have its affiliates emulate a network programming style as much as possible; but in turn, Fox only carried a late-night talk show at its launch in October 1986, and beginning in April 1987, offered one night of prime time programming a week (on Sundays). The network only programmed two hours of prime time programming each night (and, beginning in the 1990s, some children's programming through Fox Kids), but gradually expanded its prime time lineup to all seven nights until January 1993.", "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom starring the animated Simpson family, which was created by Matt Groening. He conceived of the characters in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office and named them after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show called The Simpsons, which debuted on December 17, 1989. The show was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series to land in the top 30 ratings in a season (1990).", "The Tracey Ullman Show was a weekly television variety show, hosted by comedienne Tracey Ullman. It debuted in April 1987 as the FOX network's first series and ran until May 1990. The show featured sketch comedy along with many musical numbers. Much of the current success of FOX can be attributed the hugely successful spin-off , The Simpsons .", "The Simpson family first appeared in animated form as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show , with the first short \"Good Night\" airing on April 19, 1987. Matt Groening admits the reason that they were so crudely drawn in the beginning was because he could not draw well and the animators did nothing more than just trace over his drawings. The shorts were never aired by the BBC in the UK, though some of them, including \"Good Night\", were included in a Simpsons anniversary episode. The Simpsons was converted, by a team of production companies that included what is now the Klasky-Csupo animation house, into a series for the Fox Network in 1989 and has run as a weekly show on that network ever since. The first full length episode shown was \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", however the intended first episode was \"Some Enchanted Evening\", but when \"Some Enchanted Evening\" was completed it was rejected due to poor animation, so Fox aired \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" first.", "The Tracey Ullman Show is a weekly American television variety show, hosted by British comedian and onetime pop singer Tracey Ullman . It debuted on April 5, 1987 as the FOX network's second primetime series (after Married... with Children ), and ran until May 26, 1990. Re-runs of all the episodes appeared on the Lifetime TV cable channel as well as Comedy Central during the middle and late 1990s. The show featured sketch comedy along with many musical numbers , featuring choreography by Paula Abdul . It also produced the animated series The Simpsons . This is the first show produced by Gracie Films and also produced by 20th Century Fox Television .", "Because the Fox network was new to the world of television production, a bureaucracy had not yet been established. This enabled the show to take risks and the freedom to try things that the major networks would never permit. The series landed an initial twenty-six episode commitment deal, unheard of for a television comedy. The Tracey Ullman Show debuted on 5 April 1987. Describing the show proved difficult. Creator Ken Estin dubbed it a \"skitcom\". A variety of diverse original characters were created for her to perform. Extensive makeup, wigs, teeth, and body padding were utilised, sometimes rendering her unrecognisable. One original character created by Ullman back in Britain was uprooted for the series: long-suffering British spinster Kay Clark.", "  The Simpsons began as a series of \"bumpers\" or animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show  on April 19, 1987, and premiered as a full animated series on December 17, 1989, on FOX. The first episode was \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" (pictured). Regular broadcasts began on Sunday night beginning January 14, 1990.", "When the network launched, Fox management, having seen the critical role that sports programming – soccer events, in particular – had played in the growth of the British satellite service BSkyB, believed that sports – and specifically, professional football – would be the engine that would make Fox a major network the quickest. In 1987, after ABC initially hedged on renewing its contract to broadcast Monday Night Football, Fox made an offer to the National Football League to acquire the rights for the same amount that ABC had been paying, about $13 million per game at the time. However, partly due to the fact that Fox had not yet established itself as a major network, the NFL chose to renew its contract with ABC (where Monday Night Football remained until its move to sister cable channel ESPN in September 2006).", "The Simpsons began as a series of animated shorts created by cartoonist Matt Groening (who reportedly based some of the main characters on members of his family) that aired on The Tracey Ullman Show starting in 1987. On December 17, 1989, The Simpsons debuted as primetime program on Fox with a Christmas special titled “Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire.”", "NOTE: This episode aired three times that evening, along with the premiere episode of \"Married . . . With Children\", as part of Fox's prime-time debut. Each airing was preceded by a different introductory bit.", "Americas Most Wanted (began in 1987; longest-running show on FOX. It was actually canceled in Fall 1996 but fans, law enforcement, and the governments of 32 states rallied together to successfully persuade FOX to uncancel the show a month and a half later. Upon returning, it resumed its regular Saturday-night timeslot and paired with Cops . This combination itself is a long runner as one of the longest unchanged primetime schedules in American television history, currently in its 15th year.)", "The early and mid-1990s saw the launch of several soap-opera dramas aimed at younger audiences that became quick hits: Beverly Hills 90210 , Melrose Place , New York Undercover and Party of Five . September 1993 saw the heavy promotion and debut of a short-lived Western with science-fiction elements, The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. However, it was the Friday night show that debuted immediately following it, The X-Files , which would find long-lasting success, and would be Fox's first series to crack Nielsen's year-end Top 25.", "Family Ties struggled out of the gate, barely getting renewed in its first season. But in 1984, it was paired up with The Cosby Show on Thursday nights, and the two shows ranked in the top two for the Nielsen ratings until 1987, when Family Ties was moved to Sunday nights. Fox won three Emmy Awards and one Golden Globe for his portrayal of Alex P. Keaton. A famous episode in 1987, called \"My Name is Alex\" was directed like a theatrical play, with Alex seeing a psychiatrist to cope with the death of his best friend. This episode was picked as the 68th best in television history in a 1997 issue of TV Guide . In a 1999 issue, Alex P. Keaton was ranked #27 on their list of the 50 Greatest TV Characters Ever. Fox also met his future wife Tracy Pollan , when she portrayed Alex's girlfriend Ellen Reed in the 1985–1986 season. The couple met again on the set of his 1988 movie, Bright Lights, Big City .", "When crudely drawn animated shorts about a dysfunctional American family began appearing on Fox's \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" in 1987, nobody predicted the birth of a cultural phenomenon.", "On this day in 1997 America's second-longest running prime-time animated show debuted on Fox TV ( The Tick ), which already had the first ( The Simpsons ). King of the Hill started 13 years ago today.", "Answer: Assuming you mean the first prime-time animated network series, Ralph, that would be ABC's legendary Flintstones , which ran for six years beginning in September 1960 (and has been repeated in more places and at more times than I could begin to count). The show pioneered the half-hour animated comedy on network TV, and enjoyed a wave of merchandise sales decades before anyone ever threw on a Bart Simpson \"Don't have a cow, man!\" T-shirt.", "In 1983, HBO premiered its first original movie, The Terry Fox Story, a biopic about the Canadian runner who embarked on a cross-country run across Canada to raise money and awareness for cancer research; the film was also the first movie ever produced for pay television. That year also saw the premiere of the first children's program to be distributed on the channel: Fraggle Rock (that series' creator, Jim Henson, had earlier produced the special Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas, which won an ACE Award in 1978). HBO continued to air various original programs aimed at children until 2001, when these programs almost completely moved over to HBO Family (which continued to occasionally distributed its own slate of original children's programming until 2003). ", "A Christmas Story first aired on television on HBO during the mid-eighties and quickly attracted a growing following. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the film began airing quietly on then-SuperStation WTBS and WGN America (then known as Superstation WGN). From 1988 to 1992, the film had a short-lived tradition of airing on the American Thanksgiving night (or the night after Thanksgiving) to open the holiday television season. In 1988, then-fledgling FOX network aired the movie the night after Thanksgiving. In 1989 and 1990, TBS showed it on Thanksgiving night, and in 1991 and 1992, they aired it the night after.", "*OPT ran intermittently until 1987, except for its most successful program, which continues to this day: Entertainment Tonight.", "The show originally aired on ITV from 3 April 1987 to 1 May 1995, then it aired on Sky 1 from 22 February to 23 May 1996 before moving to BBC1 from 7 April 1997 to 2004 and then its sister channel BBC Two from 26 February 2006 to 4 June 2008.", "Groundwork for the Fox network began in March 1985 with News Corporation's $ 250 million purchase of 50 percent of TCF Holdings, the parent company of the 20th Century Fox movie studio. In May 1985, News Corporation agreed to pay $1.55 billion to acquire independent television stations", "The series itself began in September 1986 as Siskel & Ebert & the Movies, when Siskel and Ebert signed with Buena Vista Entertainment, the television division of the Walt Disney Company. The title of the show was shortened to simply Siskel and Ebert in mid-1987. The program was originally recorded in the studios of WBBM-TV, Chicago's CBS owned and operated station. Some time after Disney's 1996 purchase of Capital Cities/ABC, the show's tapings were moved to ABC's Chicago station, WLS-TV, where it remained for its duration.", "In January 1986, Murdoch said of his planned network, \"We at Fox at the moment are deeply involved in working to put shape and form on original programs. These will be shows with no outer limits. The only rules that we will enforce on these programs is they must have taste, they must be engaging, they must be entertaining and they must be original.\"", "Moonlighting, an hour-long episodic series which aired on ABC from 1985 to 1989, signaled the emergence of dramedy as a television genre. Although the series finished its first season in a ratings tie for 20th place, it rose to 9th place in 1986-87 and tied for 12th place the following season, (in which only 14 new episodes were made). The innovative qualities of the program, however, were marked by its nomination, for the first time in the 50-year history of the Directors Guild of America, for both Best Drama and Best Comedy.", "Moonlighting is an American television series that aired on ABC from March 3, 1985, to May 14, 1989. The network aired a total of 66 episodes (67 in syndication as the pilot is split into two episodes). Starring Cybill Shepherd and Bruce Willis as private detectives, the show was a mixture of drama, comedy, and romance, and was considered to be one of the first successful and influential examples of comedy-drama, or \"dramedy\", emerging as a distinct television genre.", "TV Land is a basic cable and satellite channel that debuted on April 29, 1996. Based on the Nick at Nite block, it originally aired classic television series from the early 1950s to the 1970s, but beginning in 2004, has broadened its programming inventory to include series from the 1980s and 1990s (and more recently, the 2000s). In 2008, TV Land began producing its own original series: originally these were reality series; however, the network ventured into scripted originals with the 2010 debut of Hot in Cleveland. On December 17, 2006, Viacom's MTV Networks Kids & Family Group division took over operational responsibilities for TV Land from Nick at Nite (concurrent with Nickelodeon taking operational duties for Nick at Nite), though TV Land continues to be operated as part of the company's Viacom Media Networks unit.", "Moonlighting is an American television series that first aired on ABC from 1985 to 1989 with a total of 66 episodes. The show starred Bruce Willis and Cybill Shepherd as private detectives and was a mixture of drama, comedy and romance that is considered a classic spoof of television detective shows.", "* Wednesday at 9:00–10:00 PM on ABC: September 28, 1983—May 6, 1987 (the most frequent time slot for the series)", "Which was the first and only* American TV series to earn a #1 Nielsen rating for its premiere episode?" ]

[ 7.5234375, 5.01171875, 4.97265625, 4.4375, 3.505859375, 2.783203125, 2.06640625, 1.9091796875, 1.36328125, 0.8154296875, 0.4921875, -0.11962890625, -0.1363525390625, -0.8876953125, -0.9521484375, -0.96923828125, -1.0498046875, -1.6708984375, -3.912109375, -4.02734375, -5.14453125, -5.16015625, -5.63671875, -5.859375, -6.1640625, -6.34375, -6.44921875, -6.85546875, -7.16015625, -7.45703125, -7.73828125, -9.078125 ]

[ "Go, which originated in China more than 2,500 years ago, is a complex game with an almost incalculable number of move options. The game involves two players who take turns placing black and white stones on a grid-shaped board. The winner is the player who manages to seal off more territory.", "Go is an ancient board game for two players that originated in China more than 2,000 years ago. The game is noted for being rich in strategy despite its relatively simple rules. The game is played by two players who alternately place black and white stones on the vacant intersections (called \"points\") of a grid of 19×19 lines (beginners often play on smaller 9×9 and 13×13 boards). The object of the game is to use one's stones to control a larger amount of territory of the board than the opponent.", "Go is a strategic, two-player board game originating in ancient China between 2000 BC and 200 BC.", "Go's complex and abstract nature makes it a more challenging AI project than designing a similar program for chess. The strategy game, which originated in China thousands of years ago, is played on a 19x19 grid with black and white stones and challenges players to occupy more of the board than their opponent.", "A board game played for over 2000 years. It is played with 181 black stones and 180 white ones, typically on a board of squares 19 squares wide and 19 deep.", "The rules of go are considerably simpler than those of chess. Black and White sides each have access to a bowl of black and white stones and each place one in turn on a 19 by 19 grid. Once placed, stones don’t move. The intent of the game, originating in China more than 2,500 years ago, is to completely surround opposite stones. Such encircled stones are considered captured and are removed from the board. Out of this sheer simplicity great beauty arises—complex battles between Black and White armies that span from the corners to the center of the board.", "The traditional way to place a Go stone is to first take one from the bowl, gripping it between the index and middle fingers, with the middle finger on top, and then placing it directly on the desired intersection. One can also place a stone on the board and then slide it into position under appropriate circumstances (where it does not move any other stones). It is considered respectful towards White for Black to place the first stone of the game in the upper right-hand corner. (Because of symmetry, this has no effect on the game's outcome.)", "Although one could play Go with a piece of card for a board and a bag of plastic tokens, Go players pride themselves on their game sets. The traditional Go board (called a goban in Japanese) is solid wood, about 15-20cm thick, preferably from the rare golden-coloured Kaya tree, and stands on its own attached legs. Players sit on reed mats (tatami) on the floor to play. The stones (go-ishi) come in matching solid wood pots (go-ke) and are made out of clamshell (white) and slate (black) and are extremely smooth. The natural resources of Japan have been unable to keep up with the enormous demand for the native clams and slow-growing Kaya trees; both must be of sufficient age to grow to the desired size, and they are now extremely rare at the age and quality required, raising the price of such equipment tremendously.", "go - A Japanese board game of territorial possession and capture played by two persons. The board has 361 intersections on which black and white stones or counters are placed alternately. The object is to capture the opponent's stones and control as much of the board as possible.", "The fact that \"wood\" and \"stone\" are used separately in the two versions of the Chinese character of Qi (short for Wei Qi), tends to indicate that wood and stone were the two most popular materials used for making Go stones. Yang Xiong wrote in Fa Yan, \"chop branches into Qi.\" Although some think that Yang was referring to another game Liu Bo, it's likely that wood was also used for the game of Go. Wei Yao wrote in Bo Yi Lun, 'three hundred pieces of Qi made from branches', shows that at least during the Three Kingdoms (220-265 A.D.), wooden stones were readily available. Bai Kung Liu Tie mentioned that stones made of precious wood like the purple sandalwood and Rui Long Nao were available in the Gui family in Guan Cheng. The other popular material used for ancient stones is rock or pebbles. A pebble go set that belonged to a famous general (301 A.D.) in Xi Jin was unearthed in China.", "Go is an ancient Chinese game, that’s popular in East Asia. In Chinese the game is called weiqi, in Japan it is igo, in Korean it is baduk. Over 60 million people watched the first game online in China alone, and over 100 million people watched the online live feed globally.", "Go is a fascinating strategy board game that’s been popular for at least 2,500 years, and probably more.", "The \"go\" stones lore is just as sublime: the ancient Weiqi stones (shown on the left) are dating from Ming or Song dynasty (from the collection of the Russian Go and Strategy School)... some stones are easily carved from seashells (see right image)... also, historically, \"go\" stones do not necessarily have to be black or white, but may come in various colors:", "The origin of many ancient games can be traced to Africa and to the Orient.  The oldest board found showing the game of NINE MEN’S MORRIS, also known as MILL or MORELLES, was found in Egypt; the game has been popular throughout the world for centuries.  GO, an ancient game from Japan, is still a favorite there and has earned a great following in the United States.  MAH JONGG, the game that became a craze in the U.S. in the early 1920s, had been the game of China for hundreds of years.", "Go is a game of simple logic, remarkable strategy and complex tactical analysis. Although Go is essentially an abstract strategy game, it has been said to represent war, politics, stock markets and many other aspects of life. In Asia, it is commonly said that Go reflects life itself.", "The Japanese call this game Go-moku (five stones). In the nineteenth century, the game was introduced to Britain where it was known as Go Bang, said to be a corruption of the Japanese word goban, said to be adopted from Chinese k'i pan (qí pán) \"chess-board.\" ", "Go is a popular game in East Asia. The development of Internet play has increased its popularity throughout the rest of the world. The English name Go originated from the Japanese language|Japanese character 碁 (go). The Chinese language|Chinese name 圍棋 w?iq? roughly translates to the \"Board Game of Surrounding (One's Opponent)\", or, less literally, the \"Enclosing Game\".", "Sloan [Sloan 1985]bases his theory about Chinese Chess origin on two Chinese poems, one stemming from the 2nd century BC. Since Chess is often wrongly confused with the far older Go, this could also be the case here (or a mixup with another board game).", "Whatever its origin, go became a much-used metaphor for war later. The \"Qijing Shisan Pian\" just quoted, for example, is modelled on Sun Zi's Art of War, not just in the number of chapters but in its phraseology. Mao Zedong was also fond of using the analogy (Boorman 1969). Nonetheless, except insofar as the speculation above is justified, go seems never to have had strong associations with warfare, unlike chess. Even its terminology is elusive - the many ancient terms that survive refer mainly to hand movements (block, push, throw, etc.).", "Regardless, the game that sprang from this area of China, almost certainly a descendant of the card game Ma-Tiao, was initially somewhat rough around the edges. In 1905, Mah Jong was not really known outside its original area but over the next 15 years it spread incredibly quickly across most of China and in doing so supplanted Chess as the most popular Chinese game.  The Chinese gradually removed the inelegant elements of game play and incorporated a bevy of rituals surrounding the method of play that have now become enshrined in stone.  Most of these rituals occur at the start of the game and are to do with the shuffling, the building of the four walls in a square, the deal and the splitting of the wall to form the \"Kong box\".  To a beginner, they seem mystifying and unnecessary but the truth is that Mah Jong is, by origin, a gambling game and most of these elements prevent cheating very effectively, a factor that is important when the stakes are high.....", "The Go board (generally referred to by its Japanese name goban ) typically measures between 45 and in length (from one player's side to the other) and 42 to in width. Chinese boards are slightly larger, as a traditional Chinese Go stone is slightly larger to match. The board is not square; there is a 15:14 ratio in length to width, because with a perfectly square board, from the player's viewing angle the perspective creates a foreshortening of the board. The added length compensates for this. There are two main types of boards: a table board similar in most respects to other gameboards like that used for chess, and a floor board, which is its own free-standing table and at which the players sit.", "Although the game was developed in China, in recent centuries the strongest players in the world have come from Japan. However, top players from China (since the 1980s) and South Korea (since the 1990s) have reached the same or an even higher level.", "Similarly, evidence of the game we know as jacks and its earlier version, knuckle bones suggest they were played in the ancient world over 2000 years ago. Small animal bones or pebbles were the first paying pieces. Over time, the Jack stone was replaced by first a wooden ball, then a rubber one. The other pieces were replaced by the metal jacks of today which are said to be reminiscent of the original animal knucklebones. A wide variety of games can be played with these pieces.", "Mahjong or Mah Jongg (from the Chinese meaning \"sparrows\" ) is a game of skill and chance of ancient Chinese origins, usually played by four people in which game pieces known as Tiles, bearing various designs, are drawn and discarded until one Player has an entire Hand of winning combinations, or the Game is drawn. The tiles are traditionally made of bamboo faced with bone and ivory, although modern tiles are plastic imitations. During the Cultural Revolution the game suffered many setbacks in its country of origin, particularly in connection with gambling, however it is now making a comeback with the use of plastic chips or pure points scoring.", "While not actually mentioned in the rules of Go (at least in simpler rule sets, such as those of New Zealand and the U.S.), the concept of a living group of stones is necessary for a practical understanding of the game.Matthews 2002 ", "According to legend, the game was used as a teaching tool after an ancient Chinese emperor designed it for his son, who he thought needed to learn discipline, concentration, and balance. The son went on to become the first great player, a good emperor, and a balanced human being. Another suggested genesis for the game states that in ancient times, Chinese warlords and generals would use pieces of stone to map out attacking positions. Further and more plausible theories relate Go equipment to divination or flood control. See also history of Go.", "The original Mahjong is an ancient Chinese game played with similar pieces but under a different concept. The original game is played with 136, 144, 152 or more thick tiles of bone and bamboo, usually by four people. There are various sites in the Internet dedicated to the ancient game Mahjong. You will find clubs, competitions, history, etc.; for now, just enjoy this fine solitaire online.", "Another theory exists that chess arose from the similar game of Chinese chess, or at least a predecessor thereof, existing since the 2nd century BC in China. David Li and Joseph Needham are two of several scholars that have favored this theory.", "Mahjong tiles () are tiles of Chinese origin that are used to play mahjong as well as mahjong solitaire and other games. Although they are most commonly tiles, they may also refer to playing cards with similar contents as well.", "Dice likely originated in the ancient Middle East. One of the oldest known dice games was excavated from a Mesopotamian tomb, dating to the 24th century BCE. British archaeologist Leonard Woolley discovered the dice in the Royal Cemetery at Ur with a board game known as the Royal Game of Ur. Two types of dice, stick dice and tetrahedral dice (dice with four triangular surfaces), were found with the board game. Unlike modern dice, the numbers on the opposite sides of Mesopotamian dice were consecutive numbers rather than numbers that add up to seven. ", "I must use my final round to direct you to a very user-friendly and popular English server to play Go if this debate has at all piqued your interest: http://www.gokgs.com...", "Garnet has been used for 1,000s of years, dating back to the ancient Egyptians. Jewelry, beads, and bracelets from 3100 B.C. have been found in the Nile delta." ]

[ 4.03125, 3.2421875, 3.12109375, 1.4189453125, 0.1697998046875, -0.169677734375, -0.640625, -1.126953125, -1.201171875, -1.90625, -2.0390625, -2.556640625, -2.6171875, -4.125, -4.5078125, -4.8984375, -5.01953125, -5.84375, -6.234375, -6.3046875, -6.42578125, -6.5078125, -6.578125, -7.25, -7.33203125, -7.65234375, -7.68359375, -8.734375, -8.8125, -8.9453125, -9.40625, -10.1015625 ]

[ "Twinkies were invented in Schiller Park, Illinois on April 6, 1930, by James Alexander Dewar, a baker for the Continental Baking Company. Realizing that several machines used to make cream-filled strawberry shortcake sat idle when strawberries were out of season, Dewar conceived a snack cake filled with banana cream, which he dubbed the Twinkie. Ritchy Koph said he came up with the name when he saw a billboard in St. Louis for \"Twinkle Toe Shoes\". During World War II, bananas were rationed and the company was forced to switch to vanilla cream. This change proved popular, and banana-cream Twinkies were not widely re-introduced. The original flavor was occasionally found in limited-time promotions, but the company used strawberry cream for most Twinkies. In 1988, Fruit and Cream Twinkies were introduced with a strawberry filling swirled into the cream. The product was soon dropped. Vanilla's dominance over banana flavoring would be challenged in 2005, following a month-long promotion of the movie King Kong. Hostess saw its Twinkie sales rise 20 percent during the promotion, and in 2007 restored the banana-cream Twinkie to its snack lineup. ", "Hostess’ iconic “Golden Sponge Cake with Creamy Filling” has been sugaring us up since James Dewar invented it at the Continental Baking Company in Schiller Park, Illinois, in 1930.", "Many new kinds of sweets were introduced in the 20th century. They included Milky Way (1923), Crunchie (1929), Snickers (1930), Mars Bar (1932), Aero and Kit Kat (1935), Maltesers and Blue Riband (1936) and Smarties and Rolos (1937). Later came Polo mints (1948), Bounty (1951), Yorkie and Lion Bar (1976) and Twix (1979). Also in the 20th century new biscuits were introduced including the custard cream (1908) bourbon (1910) and HobNobs (1986).", "Buche de Noel is one of many traditional cakes baked at Christmas. As the name suggests, it is of French origin. The name of this recipe literally translates as \"Christmas log,\" referring to the traditional Yule log burned centuries past. The ingedients suggest the cake is most likely a 19th century creation. That's when thinly rolled sponge cakes filled with jam or cream and covered with buttercream icing begin to show up in European cook books. Marzipan and meringue , typically employed for decorative purposes, date to the Medieval Ages and the 17th century respectively. We find no person/place/company credited for having *invented* this particular confection.", "sponge cake US, UK, génoise France, pan di spagna Italy, Biskuit Austria, Germany, bizcocho, vizcocho (dated) SpainSponge cake is made by beating eggs to a foam and then folding in flour, ground nuts, cocoa and/or other flavorings.  A number of variations exist: sometimes the eggs are separated and the yolks and whites beaten individually, at other times the eggs are beaten whole, occasionally the eggs are beaten over a low heat source.  The technique may well have originated in Spain since the earliest Italian recipes call it pan di Spagna or “bread of Spain” and early Portuguese recipes referred to it as paõ de Castella, or “bread of Castille.”  The Japanese still call it castella.  Since the recipe for pan di Spagna was used to make the more delicate kind of biscotti in renaissance Italy, the French picked up the habit of calling their egg-leavened cake biscuit, a term that, in France, had once referred exclusively to ship’s biscuit or hard tack.  Eventually the term came to mean primarily small cakes or cookies.", "Sponge Cake: A type of cake made by whipping eggs and sugar to a foam, then folding in flour.", "The Parker House Hotel alleges that its chef invented the Boston cream pie—a sponge cake layered with pastry cream and topped with a chocolate fondant—in 1856. History blogger Tori Avey takes issue with that origin story , explaining that “cream pie” was a common 19th-century term for round cakes layered with pastry cream, that the chocolate topping came into play later, and that people only started calling this dessert “Boston cream pie” because there was already a well-known dessert called “Boston cream cake,” which was in fact not a cake but a cream puff. (Got all that?) Regardless, the name stuck, Bostonians embraced it, and no less a distinguished Massachusetts family than the Kennedys championed the dessert as a symbol of the commonwealth. Sometimes, the myth is more important than the reality; this is one of those times.", "PAN DI SPAGNA – Sponge cake. Used in many Italian desserts such as Cassata, and Zuppa Inglese.", "German and Nordic-style cakes and pastries, such as sponge cakes and Danish pastry (known as \"wienerbrød\", literal translation: \"Viennese bread\") share the table with a variety of home made cakes, waffles and biscuits. Cardamom is a common flavouring. Another Norwegian cake is Krumkake, a paper- thin rolled cake filled with whipped cream. (Krumkake means 'Curved Cake' or 'Crooked Cake'). Baked meringues are known as \"pikekyss\", literally translated as \"girl's kiss\".", "Colouring the window displays of bakeries throughout Sweden is the all-time favourite green princess cake ( prinsesstårta ), topped with a bright pink sugar rose. Comprising layers of yellow sponge cake lined with jam and vanilla custard, and then finished off with a heavy topping of whipped cream, the cake is carefully sealed with a thin layer of sugary sweet green marzipan. A relatively recent addition to Sweden’s culinary history, princess cake debuted in the 1920s, courtesy of Jenny Åkerström. She was a teacher to King Gustav V’s brother Prince Carl Bernadotte’s daughters – Princesses Margaretha, Märtha and Astrid – who loved it so much that they inspired its name. While the third week of September is officially princess cake week, this popular cake is now eaten during special festivals and is used to mark many milestones in people’s lives. Today, it comes in a variety of colours – from the classic green to yellow for Easter, red at Christmas, orange for Halloween and white for weddings.", "Pavlova - In the 1930's an Australian chef, Herbert Sachse,  invented this dessert when a soft meringue cake was requested for an afternoon tea at the hotel where he worked.  This meringue cake, with its unusual soft sweet marshmallow center and light, delicate,", "\"Thin flat cakes made from batter fried in a pan, flavored with the yellow pulpy fruit of the banana plant. Always put a smile on B'Elanna Torres's face.\"", "Genoise: A sponge cake made by whipping whole eggs with sugar and folding in flour and, sometimes, melted butter.", "Genoise: A sponge cake made by whipping whole eggs with sugar and folding in flour and, sometimes, melted butter.", "The cake was also made and marketed in British India, and in independent India after 1947, by Britannia Industries and its successor firms. However, after 1980 the cake was withdrawn from the market though it continued to be supplied privately as a corporate Christmas gift by the maker.", "The doberge cake is a New Orleans specialty apparently created by Beulah Ledner in the 1930s.  The cake is based on the Dobostorte–thus the name–but is made by layering American-style yellow cake with either chocolate or lemon pudding, resulting in a cake than can easily top 6 inches (15 cm) in height.  The outside it typically frosted with buttercream.  For more on its invention see Carolyn Kolb, “Sweet Story,” New Orleans Magazine (June 2008).", "Having travelled to France in the early 1920s, Gordon Balfour, found inspiration for the frog cake in European confectionery.The frog cake was introduced by Balfours in 1922 after Gordon's return to Adelaide, during a time in which tearooms were still popular in the city.", "This round and tall cake characterized by its puffed dome shape filled with fruit jellies is a very popular Christmas dessert in Spain where it is nationally elaborated, even though its origin is Italian. In Spanish, it is called Pan de Oro (golden bread).", "One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish \"báirín breac\"), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany. Other foods associated with the holiday:", "Having traveled to France in the early 1920s, Gordon Balfour, the nephew of John Balfour, (who was one of the co-founders of Balfours Bakery), found inspiration for the frog cake in European confectionery. The frog cake was introduced by Balfours in 1922 after Gordon's return to Adelaide, during a time in which tearooms were still popular in the city. It soon became known as the Balfours mascot, and has traditionally only been sold in South Australia, although they are now sold in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland as well.", "* Crepes Suzette – said to have been created for then-Prince of Wales Edward VII on 31 January 1896, at the Café de Paris in Monte Carlo. When the prince ordered a special dessert for himself and a young female companion, Henri Charpentier, then 16 (1880–1961), produced the flaming crepe dish. Edward reportedly asked that the dessert be named after his companion (Suzette) rather than himself. However, Larousse disputes Charpentier's claim.", "Crêpes Suzette – said to have been created for then-Prince of Wales Edward VII on 31 January, 1896, at the Café de Paris in Monte Carlo . When the prince ordered a special dessert for himself and a young female companion, Henri Charpentier , then 16 (1880–1961), produced the flaming crepe dish. Edward reportedly asked that the dessert be named after his companion (Suzette) rather than himself. However, Larousse disputes Charpentier's claim.", "Crepes Suzette – said to have been created for then-Prince of Wales Edward VII on 31 January 1896, at the Café de Paris in Monte Carlo . When the prince ordered a special dessert for himself and a young female companion, Henri Charpentier , then 16 (1880–1961), produced the flaming crepe dish. Edward reportedly asked that the dessert be named after his companion (Suzette) rather than himself. However, Larousse disputes Charpentier's claim.", "During the Victorian Era (1937-1901), elaborate ice cream desserts made by local dairies and confectioners were the height of refinement, served at the best teas and formal dinners.  They prided themselves on fancy ice cream “bombes” (ice cream pressed into molds which produced elegant and elaborate frozen desserts in fancy and festive shapes.  These tradition was taken from molded puddings and custards.  These were also known as ice cream cakes.", "1927 – Harry Baker, a Los Angeles insurance agent, is said to have invented the original chiffon cake in 1927.  As word spread of this wonderful airy cake, he was continually asked for the recipe.  But for two decades he carefully guarded his secret recipe, making his special cake only for the reigning royalty of the silver screen.  Baker sold the cake to Hollywood stars and made it for the famous Brown Derby Restaurant.", "In the seventeenth century wedding cakes were made in pairs, one for the bride and another for the groom. Groom’s cake, a dark, heavy fruitcake, was served alongside bride cake. Smaller than bride cake and usually not iced, the groom’s cake was cut up into little squares that were then placed in boxes for the guests to take home as a wedding memento and to ensure good luck. At bedtime the recipient of groom’s cake would place the square underneath his or her pillow. This tradition was recorded as early as the seventeenth century but gradually died out, as did the groom’s cakes, which are no longer part of British weddings. However, the tradition has undergone a revival in the United States, where for many years the groom’s cake has served as a wedding favor for guests. Modern groom’s cakes are often shaped and decorated to depict the groom’s favorite hobby—a golf bag, a camera, a chess board.", "1929 Mercury (Hobart) 25 April: The children will start their party with fairy bread and butter and 100's and 1,000's, and cakes, tarts, and home-made cakes.", "In the English village of Biddenden, Kent, an annual dole of food and drink is made to the poor every Easter. Accounts vary on how long this has been going on but claims are made that it began after the death of conjoined twin sisters, who were born in Biddenden in 1100. Records show that the annual distribution is known to have taken place since at least 1605 and that, since at least 1775, the dole has included Biddenden cakes. These are hard biscuits that contain an image of twins, joined at the hip and shoulder. ", "In 1935, Marcel Lamaze, founded the original Café La Maze on Sunset Boulevard.  Marcel was a legendary and influential Restaurateur & Maître D in the Los Angeles area during the Golden Age of Hollywood. The Hollywood location was a Movie Star Hangout, where Marcel was well connected with the movie star crowd. Marcel was known to be a good friend of Jimmy Durante and loved to Play Poker with the Marx Brothers.^**^", "In Sweden, chocolate mud cake is called kladdkaka. This word can be literally translated from Swedish as “gooey cake”. It is a brownie-like cake with dense and sticky texture and a soft and gooey center. Chocolate mud cake is usually served with whipped cream, a scoop of vanilla ice cream, or fresh strawberries.", "Remember when a fancy cake was decorated with pastel-tinted royal icing roses, a piped edge and a carefully written missive that began with “Happy …”?", "The Cake Walk is said to have originated in Florida about 1880. The style of walking was practiced by the blacks as an art. The dignity of the promenade was rewarded by a prize, usually a cake. The winner cut the cake and shared it with the others." ]

[ 3.2578125, 1.078125, -2.732421875, -3.466796875, -4.83984375, -4.921875, -5.2109375, -5.3125, -5.359375, -5.3984375, -5.921875, -6.98046875, -7.0390625, -7.0390625, -7.4296875, -7.4765625, -7.484375, -7.4921875, -7.703125, -7.99609375, -8.015625, -8.0546875, -8.3671875, -8.375, -8.3828125, -8.890625, -9.625, -9.8515625, -9.953125, -9.9765625, -10.1328125, -10.6328125 ]

[ "On April 2, 1982, Argentina invades the Falklands Islands, a British colony since 1892 and British possession since 1833. Argentine amphibious forces rapidly overcame the small garrison of British marines at the town of Stanley on East Falkland and the next day seized the dependent territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich group. The 1,800 Falkland Islanders, mostly English-speaking sheep farmers, awaited a British response.", "The Falklands War ( Spanish : Guerra de las Malvinas), also known as the Falklands Conflict, Falklands Crisis, and the Guerra del Atlántico Sur (Spanish for “South Atlantic War“), was a ten-week war between Argentina and the United Kingdom over two British overseas territories in the South Atlantic : the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . It began on Friday, 2 April 1982, when Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands (and, the following day, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) in an attempt to establish the sovereignty it had long claimed over them . On 5 April, the British government dispatched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force before making an amphibious assault on the islands. The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, returning the islands to British control. In total, 649 Argentine military personnel, 255 British military personnel, and three Falkland Islanders died during the hostilities.", "On 2 April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, a remote UK colony in the South Atlantic. The move led to a brief, but bitter war.", "On 2 April 1982, the ruling military junta in Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and South Georgia, British overseas territories that Argentina claimed. The following day, Thatcher sent a naval task force to recapture the islands and eject the invaders. The conflict escalated from there, evolving into an amphibious and ground combat operation. Argentina surrendered on 14 June and the operation was hailed a great success, notwithstanding the deaths of 255 British servicemen and three Falkland Islanders. 649 Argentinians also died, half of them after the cruiser ARA General Belgrano was torpedoed by HMS Conqueror. Victory in the South Atlantic brought a wave of patriotic enthusiasm and support for the government. Thatcher's personal approval rating rose from 30% to 59%, as measured by Mori, and from 29% to 52%, according to Gallup. Conservative support climbed from 27% to 44%, while Labour's slipped from 34% to 27%.", "Outside football, the Falklands War in 1982 increased the mistrust between England and Argentina. The Falkland Islands, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean is an overseas British territory, which is claimed by Argentina as its own, as the Islas Malvinas. On 2 April 1982, Argentina's forces invaded the islands. The British considered this an invasion of its territory and sent a naval task force that recaptured the Islands on 14 June 1982. Though the two nations were never officially at war, the conflict resulted in 258 British and 655 Argentine deaths. As a result, the match taking place just four years after the war was emotionally charged. Following the game, Maradona stated: \"Although we had said before the game that football had nothing to do with the Malvinas war, we knew they had killed a lot of Argentine boys there, killed them like little birds. And this was revenge.\"", "In the Argentina of the 1980s an unstable military junta held power and was keen on reversing its widespread unpopularity caused by the country's poor economic performance. On 2 April 1982 , it invaded the Falkland Islands , known to the Argentinians as Islas Malvinas , the only invasion of a British territory since World War II . Argentina has claimed the islands since an 1830s dispute on their settlement. Within days, Thatcher sent a naval task force to recapture the Islands. Despite the huge logistical difficulties, the task force was successful, resulting in a wave of patriotic enthusiasm and support for her, at a time when her popularity had been at an all-time low for a serving Prime Minister.[ citation needed ]", "In 1982, the president of Argentina, General Leopoldo Galtieri invaded the Falkland Islands off the coast in the Atlantic Ocean thinking the British wouldn't put up a fight. Galtieri miscalculated and British forces won an easy victory. After the defeat, the country moved toward democracy and civilian rule.", "Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, sparking the Falklands War . It occurred from 2 April 1982 – 14 July 1982 between the United Kingdom and Argentina as British forces fought to liberate the Falkland Islands. Britain emerged victorious and its stance in international affairs and its reputation as a great power increased substantially. Argentina, on the other hand, was left humiliated by the defeat; its dictator Leopoldo Galtieri was deposed three days after the end of the war.", "This film portrays the days and hours before and during Argentina's 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, a British dependency in the South Atlantic. As Argentine forces land on the eastern island and make their way towards the town of Stanley, a detachment of Royal Marines prepares to defend the governor, his family, and their fellow islanders from the invaders. Based on actual accounts (though with some inaccuracies) the film aired on British TV during the tenth anniversary of the Falklands War.", "1982 Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic, a British possession for 149 years. They didn't know about our secret weapn, Armley White...", "On the 2nd April 1982, the Falklands War began when Argentina launched an amphibious invasion of the Falkland Islands. The Argentine occupation ended 74 days later on the 14th June following a bitter conflict that.... . .", "On April 2, 1982, Argentine junta leader General Leopoldo Galtieri invaded the Falkland Islands, an Atlantic archipelago just east of Argentina. Galtieri sent his troops to the Falklands in an attempt to seize the territory from Great Britain. Meanwhile, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher responded by sending a heavy task force overseas to reclaim the islands. The ensuing battle was brief but brutal—with the death toll reaching 900 by the end of the war and Great Britain coming out with a firm victory. In 2013, a referendum was held in which 99.8 percent of Falkland islanders voted to remain part of the U.K. Still, the islands continue to be the subject of dispute.", "Although first sighted by an English navigator in 1592, the first landing (English) did not occur until almost a century later in 1690, and the first settlement (French) was not established until 1764. The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute, first between Britain and Spain, then between Britain and Argentina. The UK asserted its claim to the islands by establishing a naval garrison there in 1833. Argentina invaded the islands on 2 April 1982. The British responded with an expeditionary force that landed seven weeks later and after fierce fighting forced Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982.", "Although first sighted by an English navigator in 1592, the first landing (English) did not occur until almost a century later in 1690, and the first settlement (French) was not established until 1764. The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute, first between Britain and Spain, then between Britain and Argentina. The UK asserted its claim to the islands by establishing a naval garrison there in 1833. Argentina invaded the islands on 2 April 1982. The British responded with an expeditionary force that landed seven weeks later and after fierce fighting forced an Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982. With hostilities ended and Argentine forces withdrawn, UK administration resumed. In response to renewed calls from Argentina for Britain to relinquish control of the islands, a referendum was held in March 2013, which resulted in 99.8% of the population voting to remain a part of the UK.", "In 1982, following Argentina's invasion of the islands, the two-month-long undeclared Falklands War between both countries resulted in the surrender of all Argentine forces and the return of the islands to British administration.", "Falkland Islands War (1982)-The military dictatorship in Argentina mistakenly believed that Britain, led by Prime Minister Margaret “Iron Lady” Thatcher, would not wage a war over the tiny Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. When the Argentinians invaded the British-owned and British-inhabited Falkland Islands in April of 1982, the British responded by sending the Royal Navy and other military units to liberate the islands from the Argentine invaders. The British defeated the Argentinians and liberated the islands. As a direct result of the disastrous war with Britain, the Argentine dictatorship fell and was replaced by a democracy.", "In 1982, UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher assembled the most powerful naval battle group since World War II and dispatched it to the South Atlantic to retake the Falklands from Argentina, which had illegally invaded and occupied the islands. After the nuclear hunter submarine HMS Conqueror sank the Argentine battle cruiser General Belgrano on May 2, 1982, Argentina ceased to be anything close to a blue water naval force of any consequence in the region.", "Argentina had claimed sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (which lie 300 miles [480 km] east of its coast) since the early 19th century, but Britain had occupied and administered the islands since 1833 and had consistently rejected Argentina's claims. In early 1982 the Argentine military junta led by Lieutenant General Leopoldo Galtieri gave up on long-running negotiations with Britain and instead launched an invasion of the islands. The decision to invade was chiefly political: the junta, which was being criticized for economic mismanagement and human rights abuses, believed that the \"recovery\" of the islands would unite Argentines behind the government in a patriotic fervour. An elite invasion force trained in secrecy, but its timetable was shortened on March 19, when a dispute erupted on British-controlled South Georgia island (1,000 miles [1,600 km] east of the Falklands) between Argentine salvage workers and British scientists stationed there. Naval forces were quickly mobilized.", "Argentina had claimed sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, which lie 300 miles (480 km) east of its coast, since the early 19th century, but Britain seized the islands in 1833, expelling the few remaining Argentine occupants, and since then consistently rejected Argentina’s claims. In early 1982 the Argentine military junta led by Lieut. Gen. Leopoldo Galtieri gave up on long-running negotiations with Britain and instead launched an invasion of the islands. The decision to invade was chiefly political: the junta, which was being criticized for economic mismanagement and human rights abuses, believed that the “recovery” of the islands would unite Argentines behind the government in a patriotic fervour. An elite invasion force trained in secrecy, but its timetable was shortened on March 19 when a dispute erupted on British-controlled South Georgia island, where Argentine salvage workers had raised the Argentine flag, 800 miles (1,300 km) east of the Falklands. Naval forces were quickly mobilized.", "Argentina invaded the Falklands – known as the Malvinas in Argentina – in May of 1982. Then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sent a task force to retake the islands, sparking a conflict that saw 255 British soldiers and 649 Argentinian troops killed.", "On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings of the Falkland Islands (Spanish language: Islas Malvinas ). It marked the beginning of the Falklands War .", "The start of the 1980s found the economy of Argentina in shambles, and the military regime in power was accused of political arrests, murders, and disappearances of some 30,000 people. It was against this chaotic backdrop that the government of General Leopoldo Galtieri rallied the country behind it in April 1982 by forcibly occupying the British-held Falkland Islands. The intent was to strike a chord of national pride with its people. After two months of war Great Britain recaptured the islands in June 1982.", "an armed conflict between the UK and Argentina from March 1982 until Argentine surrender in June; resulting from Argentine claim to sovereignty of the Falkland Islands.", "On 2 April 1982, The Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings off the Falkland Islands, following the civilian occupation of South Georgia on 19 March, before the Falklands War began. The invasion was met with a nominal defence organised by the Falkland Islands’ Governor Sir Rex Hunt , giving command to Major Mike Norman of the Royal Marines . The events of the invasion included the landing of Lieutenant Commander Guillermo Sanchez-Sabarots’ Amphibious Commandos Group , the attack on Moody Brook barracks, the engagement between the troops of Hugo Santillan and Bill Trollope at Stanley , and the final engagement and surrender at Government House .", "On 2 April 1982, the Falklands War began when Argentine forces began the invasion of the British Overseas Territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. [150] British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher announced on 3 April that a naval task force was being sent to the South Atlantic to \"restore British administration' to the Falkland Islands\". On 20 April, the British war cabinet ordered the repossession of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. The force dispatched to carry this out was based on the 3 Commando Brigade , reinforced by the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, Parachute Regiment. [151] At 04:40 21 May, the 2nd Battalion was the first major unit to land in the Falklands, just south of San Carlos on the eastern side of San Carlos Water . They immediately moved south to the Sussex Mountains to cover the landings. By daylight, all troops had landed with little opposition. [152]", "On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings of the Falkland Islands , following the civilian occupation of South Georgia on 19 March, before the Falklands War began. The invasion met a nominal defence organised by the Falkland Islands' Governor Sir Rex Hunt giving command to Major Mike Norman of the Royal Marines , the landing of Lieutenant Commander Guillermo Sanchez-Sabarots' Amphibious Commandos Group , the attack on Moody Brook barracks, the engagement between the troops of Hugo Santillan and Bill Trollope at Stanley , and the final engagement and surrender at Government House .", "On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings off the Falkland Islands, following the civilian occupation of South Georgia on 19 March, before the Falklands War began. The invasion was met with a nominal defence organised by the Falkland Islands' Governor Sir Rex Hunt, giving command to Major Mike Norman of the Royal Marines. The events of the invasion included the landing of Lieutenant Commander Guillermo Sanchez-Sabarots' Amphibious Commandos Group, the attack on Moody Brook barracks, the engagement between the troops of Hugo Santillan and Bill Trollope at Stanley, and the final engagement and surrender at Government House.", "Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker and others. Barker believed that the intention expressed in Defence Secretary John Nott 's 1981 review planning future withdrawal of HMS Endurance , Britain's only naval presence in the South Atlantic, sent a signal to the Argentines that Britain was unwilling, and would soon be unable, to defend its territories and subjects in the Falklands. [18] [19]", "1982: Following the invasion of the Falklands, Argentine forces landed on South Georgia, defended by a small party of Royal Marines under Lieutenant Keith Mills and Sergeant Leach.  The Royal Marines eventually surrendered after inflicting significant losses on their opponents, including damaging a corvette with an anti-tank round.", "Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker and others. Barker believed that Defence Secretary John Nott 's 1981 review (in which Nott described plans to withdraw the Endurance, Britain's only naval presence in the South Atlantic) sent a signal to the Argentines that Britain was unwilling, and would soon be unable, to defend its territories and subjects in the Falklands. [20] [21]", "Alex watches a BBC News report from 5th April, 1982 of the aircraft carriers Hermes and Invincible leaving Portsmouth harbour with other ships for the Falklands (co-incidentally the Falkland Islands governor was named Hunt). This was the beginning of the UK involvement in taking back the Falkland Islands from Argentinian armed forces.", "1831–32 – Falkland Islands. Captain Silas Duncan of the USS Lexington attacked, looted and burned the Argentine town of Puerto Soledad in Malvinas islands. This was in response to the capture of three American sailing vessels which were detained after ignoring orders to stop depredation of local fishing resources without permission from the Argentine government. Subsequently the islands were invaded by the UK in 1833 remaining to this day. [RL30172]" ]

[ 7.19921875, 7.171875, 7.15234375, 5.3984375, 5.04296875, 4.5859375, 4.3515625, 4.3046875, 4.16015625, 4.08203125, 4.01171875, 3.9609375, 3.935546875, 3.71484375, 3.388671875, 3.046875, 2.333984375, 1.978515625, 1.8095703125, 1.763671875, 1.43359375, 1.3056640625, 0.74169921875, 0.305419921875, 0.048309326171875, -0.034454345703125, -0.488525390625, -1.1787109375, -1.4462890625, -1.6884765625, -2.4453125, -2.95703125 ]

[ "Rods and cones differ in function. Rods are found primarily in the periphery of the retina and are used to see at low levels of light. Cones are found primarily in the center (or fovea) of the retina. There are three types of cones that differ in the wavelengths of light they absorb; they are usually called short or blue, middle or green, and long or red. Cones are used primarily to distinguish color and other features of the visual world at normal levels of light.", "Rods and cones are specialized cells, called photoreceptor cells, that are found in the retina and are responsible for our vision.", "The human retina has approximately 6 million cones and 120 million rods. Signals from the rods and cones converge on ganglion and bipolar cells for preprocessing before they are sent to the lateral geniculate nucleus. At the \"center\" of the retina (the point directly behind the lens) lies the fovea (or fovea centralis), which contains only cone cells; and is the region capable of producing the highest visual acuity or highest resolution. Across the rest of the retina, rods and cones are intermingled. No photoreceptors are found at the blind spot, the area where ganglion cell fibers are collected into the optic nerve and leave the eye.", "There are many more rods than cone cells in the retina - especially outside the macula. The human eye contains about 130 million rods and about 7 million cones. Rods are:", "Within the retina are buried receptor cells called rods and cones. When light energy strikes them, neural signals are created as a result of chemical changes. The signals are then routed through neighboring bipolar and ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. This nerve then transmits information to the brain's visual cortex. Our 120 million rods are responsible for our perception of black, white, and gray. They are the most sensitive in dim light. Our 6 million cones, on the other hand, are what enable us to see color and fine detail. They function in well-lit conditions and become ineffective with diminished illumination.", "The retina (the soft, light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back of the eyeball wall) is made up of millions of light receptors called rods and cones. Rods are much more sensitive to light than cones. Each eye has about 125 million rods that help us see in dim light and detect shades of gray, but they cannot distinguish colors. In comparison, the 6 million cones in each eye allow us to see in bright light and they also sense color and detail.", "The human retina contains about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal. Certain owls, such as the tawny owl, have a tremendous number of rods in their retinae. In addition, there are about 2.4 million to 3 million ganglion cells in the human visual system, 1 to 2% of them photosensitive. The axons of ganglion cells form the two optic nerves.", "The retina is famously built \"upside down\".  That is, the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) are located in the back of the retina, so light must pass through all of the layers of the neural retina before getting to the receptors. ", "Vision begins when light enters the eye and the cornea and lens focus it onto the retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains millions of light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors. Some photoreceptors are shaped like rods and some are shaped like cones. In each eye there are many more rods than cones – approximately 120 million rods compared to only 6 million cones. Rods and cones both contain photopigment molecules that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light. This chemical change acts like an on-switch, triggering electrical signals that are then passed from the retina to the visual parts of the brain.", "Cones are robust conical-shaped structures that have their cell bodies situated in a single row right below the outer limiting membrane (OLM) and their inner and outer segments protruding into the subretinal space towards the pigment epithelium (Figs. 1 and 2). In foveal retina, where only cones are concentrated, their cell bodies are layered in oblique columns below the outer limiting membrane. Rods, on the other hand, are slim rod-shaped structures with their inner and outer segments filling the area between the larger cones in the subretinal space and stretching to the pigment epithelium cells. Rod cell bodies make up the remainder of the outer nuclear layer below the cone cell bodies. Apical processes from the pigment epithelium envelope the outer segments of both rods and cones (not always clear in histological sections). The higher magnification afforded by the electron microscope allows better resolution of rod and cone photoreceptors.", "      Dense fields of both rods and cones are found in a circular region surrounding this high-resolution area. Continuing outward, the cone density decreases and the ratio of rods to cones increases until both rods and cones disappear completely at the edges of the retina. This enables us to see much more detail over a limited field of view than most TV cameras are able to resolve.", "An amazing membrane full of photoreceptors (a.k.a. the \"rods and cones\"), the retina converts the light rays into electrical impulses. These then travel through the optic nerve at the back of the eye to the brain, where an image is finally perceived.", "There also appears to be a pathway for crosstalk between cones and cones and cones and rods in the human retina. Cone pedicles have small projections from their sides or bases that pass to neighboring rod spherules and cone pedicles. Where these projections, called telodendria, meet they have a specialized junction known to be typical of electrical synaptic transmission. These are minute gap junctions (Fig. 29) (Raviola and Gilula, 1975; Nelson et al., 1985).", "Rods are used for monochrome vision in poor light, while cones are used for color and for the detection of fine detail. Cones are packed into a part of the retina directly behind the retina called the fovea, which is responsible for sharp central vision.", "The human eye's detection system in the retina consists primarily of two types of light detectors, rod cells that capture light, dark, and shapes/figures, and the cone cells that detect color. A typical retina contains 120 million rods and 4.5 million to 6 million cones, which are divided among three groups that are sensitive to red, green, and blue light. This means that the eye has far more resolution in brightness, or \"luminance\", than in color. However, post-processing in the optic nerve and other portions of the human visual system combine the information from the rods and cones to re-create what appears to be a high-resolution color image.", "      The retina is the innermost layer making up the eye optical path. It is a thin, delicate, extremely complex sensory tissue composed of six layers of light sensitive cells. The retina encircles the rear portion of the eye. Photoreceptor cells in the rods and cones convert light first to chemical energy and then electrical energy. Rods function in dim light, allowing limited night vision. Typically, rods are used to see the stars; rods do not detect color, but they do detect movements and fine detail. There are about 126 million rods in each eye and about 6 million cones. This compares to only 1 million sensors in more common digital cameras. Cones function best in bright light and allow color vision. Cones are most heavily concentrated in a tiny hollow in the rear part of the retina.", "The third or the innermost layer of the eye is call the retina. In adult humans the entire retina is 72% of a sphere about 22 mm in diameter. The retina lays over the back two thirds of the choroid coat, which is located in the posterior compartment. The compartment is filled with vitreous humor which is a clear, gelatinous material. Within the retina there are cells called rod cells and cone cells also known as photoreceptors. The rod cells are very sensitive to light and do not see color, that is why when we are in a darkened room we see only shades of gray. The cone cells are sensitive to different wavelengths of light, and that is how we are able to tell different colors. It is a lack of cones sensitive to red, blue, or green light that causes individuals to have deficiencies in color vision or various kinds of color blindness. At the center of the retina is the optic disc, sometimes known as \"the blind spot\" because it lacks photoreceptors. It is where the optic nerve leaves the eye and takes the nerve impulses to the brain. The cornea and the lens of the eye focuses the light onto a small area of the retina called the fovea centralis where the cone cells are densely packed. The fovea is a pit that has the highest visual acuity and is responsible for our sharp central vision - there are no rods in the fovea.", "There are two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. There are three million cones and 100 million rods in each eye. The two different photoreceptors are similar in structure, however, rods have a larger outer segment than cones. The outer segments of photoreceptors contain light-sensitive photopigments which change shape whenever light rays strike them. Rods contain the photopigments retinal and rhodopsin, whereas cones contain retinal and three different opsins. Rhodopsin is only able to discriminate between different degrees of light intensity, whereas the opsins of cones distinguish between light wavelengths in the red, blue, and green ranges. Hence, rods see only black and white, but cones see colors. Also, rods enable the eyes to detect motion and provide peripheral vision.", "The process of seeing begins with light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye called photoreceptors. People have two main types of photoreceptors, called rods and cones because of the shapes of the light-sensitive parts of the cells. Rod photoreceptors are more sensitive and respond faster than cones. They are used in dim-light conditions. Cone photoreceptors are essential for color vision. They are used in bright-light conditions.", "Cone cells, or cones, are one of three types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye. They are responsible for color vision and function best in relatively bright light, as opposed to rod cells, which work better in dim light. Cone cells are densely packed in the fovea centralis, a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones which quickly reduce in number towards the periphery of the retina. There are about six to seven million cones in a human eye and are most concentrated towards the macula. ", "Rods are responsible for night and peripheral (side) vision. Rods are more numerous than cones and much more sensitive to light, but they do not register color or contribute to detailed central vision as the cones do. Rods are grouped mainly in the peripheral areas of the retina.", "A particularly specialized component of the eye is the fovea centralis, which is located on the optical axis of the eye in an area near the center of the retina. This area exclusively contains high-density tightly packed cone cells and is the area of sharpest vision. The density level of cone cells decreases outside of the fovea centralis and the ratio of rod cells to cone cells gradually increases. At the periphery of the retina, the total number of both types of light receptors decreases substantially, causing a dramatic loss of visual sensitivity at the retinal borders. This is offset, however, by the fact that humans constantly scan objects in their field of view, usually resulting in a perceived image that is uniformly sharp. A graphical illustration of the spatial arrangement of rod and cone cells and their connection to neurons within the retina can be seen below in Figure 2.", "the innermost of the three tunics of the eyeball, surrounding the vitreous body and continuous posteriorly with the optic nerve. The retina is composed of two parts: an optical part in the fundus of the eye that is sensitive to light, and a nonsensitive pigmented part that lines the ciliary body and iris. The light-sensitive neurons are arranged in three layers; the first layer is made up of rods and cones and the other two transmit impulses from the rods and cones to the optic nerve The rods are sensitive to dim light of a variety of wavelengths, and the cones are sensitive to bright light of more restricted wavelengths and are responsible for color vision. Visual acuity is greatest in the central part of the retina. See also eye .", "When light strikes either the rods or the cones of the retina, it's converted into an electric signal that is relayed to the brain via the optic nerve. The brain then translates the electrical signals into the images a person sees, Fromer said.", "The names rod and cone originated in early anatomical studies, when it was noted that the outer segments of the cell types tended to have a cylindrical or conical shape. In fact most photoreceptors are difficult to classify by appearance alone and their form changes depending on their location in the retina.", "Depending on its brightness, light is perceived by either of two sets of visual cells located in the retina of the eye. One set, the cones, perceive bright light primarily; the other set, the rods, perceive dim light primarily. Dim light produces a change in a pigment called rhodopsin in the rods. This change causes nerve impulses to travel to the brain, where they register as visual impressions. Night blindness occurs when the rods lack rhodopsin.", "In contrast, cone cells are less sensitive to the overall intensity of light, but come in three varieties that are sensitive to different frequency-ranges and thus are used in the perception of colour and photopic vision . Cone cells are highly concentrated in the fovea and have a high visual acuity meaning that they are better at spatial resolution than rod cells. Since cone cells are not as sensitive to dim light as rod cells, most night vision is limited to rod cells. Likewise, since cone cells are in the fovea, central vision (including the vision needed to do most reading, fine detail work such as sewing, or careful examination of objects) is done by cone cells. [79]", "Other animals have different numbers of each cell type. Animals that have to see in the dark have many more rods than humans have.", "A rod cell is about 2 microns in diameter and 100 microns long. A cone cell is about .5 to 4 microns in diameter and 40 to 50 microns long.", "Hofer H, Carroll J, Neitz J, Neitz M, Williams DR. Organization of the human trichromatic cone mosaic. J Neurosci. 2005;25:9669–9679. [ PubMed ]", "rod cells - more sensitive to light, permit vision in dim light; provide neither sharp images nor color, which is why things look gray and fuzzy in dim light", "Here is a summary of the properties and the differences in properties between the rods and cones:" ]

[ 3.58984375, 3.283203125, 2.80859375, 1.8974609375, 1.8056640625, 1.6259765625, 1.5068359375, 1.4892578125, 1.44140625, 1.4208984375, 1.39453125, 1.3720703125, 1.3232421875, 1.2119140625, 1.1884765625, 1.0859375, 1.0419921875, 0.96484375, 0.9345703125, 0.70703125, 0.66064453125, 0.2218017578125, -0.0189971923828125, -0.26708984375, -0.405029296875, -0.6279296875, -1.9072265625, -4.44140625, -4.6015625, -5.41015625, -5.796875, -6.3125 ]

[ "44 Scotland Street is an episodic novel by Alexander McCall Smith, the author of The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency. The story was first published as a serial in The Scotsman, starting 26 January 2004, every weekday, for six months. The book retains the 100+ short chapters of the original. It was partially influenced by Armistead Maupin’s Tales of the City, a famous serial story. It is the first book in a series of the same name.", "Alexander McCall Smith is the internationally best-selling author of numerous novels, including the No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency series, the Isabel Dalhousie series, the Portuguese Irregular Verbs series, and the 44 Scotland Street series. His book s have been translated into forty-six languages. Formerly a professor of medical law, he now devotes himself to writing. He lives in Scotland.", "ALEXANDER McCALL SMITH is the author of the No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency series, the Isabel Dalhousie series, the Portuguese Irregular Verbs series, and the 44 Scotland Street series. He is professor emeritus of medical law at the University of Edinburgh… More about Alexander McCall Smith", "Alongside his two popular series on Mme Ramotswe and Isabel Dalhousie, this prolific author has also produced two more series: 44 Scotland Street and the Von Igelfeld series. 44 Scotland Street and its sequels - Espresso Tales (2005); Love Over Scotland (2006); The World According to Bertie (2007); and The Unbearable Lightness of Scones (2008) - which observe Edinburgh life with the same good-natured humour that is evident in the Botswanian stories, started out as a daily serial in The Scotsman newspaper. This has lead to comparisons with Dickens, whose literary career began in a similar fashion. A tight, pressured deadline which requires 1,000 words daily is something that would make most authors shudder with horror - so McCall Smith’s ability to produce the daily episodes with ease is testimony to his self-discipline and exuberant energy.", "* Alexander McCall Smith, CBE, FRSE, writer and Emeritus Professor of Medical Law at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland; author of The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series", "Alexander McCall Smith was born in what is now Zimbabwe, taught law at the University of Botswana and is now Professor of Medical Law at the University of Edinburgh. He has written more than fifty books, including several works of non-fiction, as well as the popular Sunday Philosophy Club mysteries, but he's best known for the No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series. In 2004 he was awarded British Book Awards Author of the Year and Booksellers Association Author of the Year. He lives in Scotland, where in his spare time he plays a really mean bassoon.", "Western writers usually enter Africa by way of a protagonist who belongs to their own culture (missionary, functionary, explorer, soldier, mail-order bride) and is venturing into unknown territory. So it is one of the mysteries --- and miracles --- of recent fiction that a Scotsman named Alexander McCall Smith should have created a character like Precious Ramotswe, the full-bodied, clear-headed, absolutely captivating investigator who inhabits all four of his Botswana novels: THE NO. 1 LADIES' DETECTIVE AGENCY, TEARS OF THE GIRAFFE, MORALITY FOR BEAUTIFUL GIRLS, and now, THE KALAHARI TYPING SCHOOL FOR MEN.", "McCall Smith is a prolific author of fiction, with several series to his credit. He writes at a prodigious rate: \"Even when travelling, he never loses a day, turning out between 2,000 and 3,000 words [a day] – but more like 5,000 words when at home in Edinburgh. His usual rate is 1,000 words an hour.\" He has gained the most fame for his No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency series, featuring Mma Precious Ramotswe and Gabarone, Botswana. The first novel was published in 1998. In 2009, the success of that series was described in The Telegraph: \"the staggering success of his Botswanan novels in the No 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency series – they have sold more than 20 million copies in English editions alone and been translated into 40 languages\". A further description of his readers, his fans is in strong words: \"To say McCall Smith is a literary phenomenon doesn’t quite describe what has happened. He has become more of a movement, a worldwide club for the dissemination of gentle wisdom and good cheer.\"", "Alexander McCall Smith is a professor of medical law at Edinburgh University. He was born in what is now known as Zimbabwe and taught law at the University of Botswana. He is the author of over fifty books on a wide range of subjects, including specialist titles such as Forensic Aspects of Sleep and The Criminal Law of Botswana, children's books such as The Perfect Hamburger, and a collection of stories called Portuguese Irregular Verbs.", "McCall Smith’s next series, starting with The Sunday Philosophy Club in 2004, has some similarities with Mme Ramotswe’s stories, but this time the location is Scotland. The series, which includes Friends, Lovers, Chocolate (2005), The Right Attitude to Rain (2006) and The Comfort of of Saturdays (2008), centres on Isabel Dalhousie, who lives a materially comfortable existence as the editor of The Review of Applied Ethics, host of ‘The Sunday Philosophy Club’ and amateur sleuth. Isabel’s lifestyle is very different to that of Mme Ramotswe, but they share a similar sense of humour, along with a common-sense approach to right and wrong and a belief in manners and common decency.", "Alexander McCall Smith is a professor of medical law at Edinburgh University.  Born in Zimbabwe, one-time teacher of law in Botswana, he has written 50 books about everything under the sun.  But surely he is best known now for his three mysteries (mostly humor and not very mysterious) featuring Precious Ramotswe, owner of the No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency.  We have just finished Tears of the Giraffe , and will shortly be going on to The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency and Morality for Beautiful Girls , all 3 of which have been nominated for sundry prizes and have found their way on to various bestseller lists.  Picture, for instance, the competition at the office between Mma Makutsi, the secretary, and some roving chickens:  “By rights, this tiny building with its two small windows and its creaky door should be a henhouse, not a detective agency.  If they outstared her, perhaps, she would go, and they would be left to perch on the chairs and make their nests in the filing  cabinets.  That is what the chickens wanted.”  Too much seriousness is not to be allowed into this part of Africa.  We gather from these books that this is ultimately a matriarchal society where the women are a lot smarter and, one way or another, are really running the place.  And, as of April 2003, a fourth volume is out, The Kalahari Typing School for Men:  More from the No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency .", "... The Ladies Detective Agency- by Alexander McCall Smith Alexander McCall Smith was born in Zimbabwe 1948. Smith’s first year as a student was in Botswana but then moved to Scotland and was educated at law school. Today he is professor in Medical Law and writer to several world-famous novels, including the series about Mma Ramotswe. Smith has been teaching at universities in several African countries, including Botswana, where he has lived for...", "World War II had a greater impact on the novel than in poetry. It ended the careers of some novelists and delayed the start of others. Many major Scottish post-war novelists, such as Robin Jenkins (1912–2005), Jessie Kesson (1916–94), Muriel Spark (1918–2006), Alexander Trocchi (1925–84) and James Kennaway (1928–68) spent much or most of their lives outside Scotland, but often dealt with Scottish themes. Jenkins major novels such as The Cone Gatherers (1955), The Changeling (1958) and Fergus Lamont (1978) focused on working-class dilemmas in a world without spiritual consolation. Very different in tone, Spark produced novels that explored modern social life as in her only two overtly Scottish novels The Ballad of Peckham Rye (1960) and the Edinburgh-set The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961). Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean (1922–87), and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett (b. 1923). A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie (b. 1938), Shena Mackay (b. 1944) and Alan Spence (b. 1947). Massie's work often deals with historical themes while aware of the limitations of historical objectivity, as in his Augustus (1986), Tiberius (1991) and The Ragged Lion (1994). Working class identity continued to be a major theme in the post-war novel and can be seen in Archie Hind's (1928–2008) The Dear Green Place (1966), Alan Sharp's (1934–2013) A Green Tree in Gedde (1965), George Friel's (1910–75) Mr Alfred M.A. (1972) and William McIlvanney's (b. 1936) Docherty (1975).", "Alexander McCall Smith is Scottish, and writes fiction, but he doesn’t write “Scottish fiction” as most of us understand the term. In his world view there are no used needles and discarded condoms littering tenement stairwells, no spotty hedonists popping pills to a blue-streaked soundtrack of effing and cussing. It seems extraordinary that no other author has hit upon his extraordinarily successful formula for shifting units in bookshops all over the world.", "Scottish novelist, poet, essayist and travel writer who wrote much the loved classics ‘Treasure Island’ and ‘Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.’", "Gordon M. Williams (born 1934) is a Scottish author. Born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, he moved to London to work as a journalist. He has written for television and is the author of over twenty novels including From Scenes Like These (1969), shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1969, Walk Don't Walk (1972) and Big Morning Blues (1974). Other novels include The Camp (1966), The Man Who Had Power Over Women (1967) and The Upper Pleasure Garden (1970).", "BBC Broadcaster Kirsty Wark was born in the town as was fellow broadcaster Stephen Jardine. Neil Oliver (archaeologist, historian, author and broadcaster), grew up in Ayr and Dumfries. Author and earth scientist Dougal Dixon is from Dumfries. Hunter Davies (author, journalist and broadcaster) lived in Dumfries for four years as a boy. James Hannay as well as being a novelist and journalist spent the last five years of his life as the British consul in Barcelona. John Mayne was born in Dumfries in 1759 and contributed in the field of poetry. World War I poet William Hamilton was another born in Dumfries.", "Since 1969 Antonia Fraser has written nine acclaimed historical works which have been international best-sellers. She began with Mary Queen of Scots (1969) and followed it with Cromwell: Our Chief of Men (1973) and Charles II (1979). Three books featuring women's history came next: The Weaker Vessel; Woman's Lot in the Seventeenth Century (1984); The Warrior Queens (1988) and The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1992). A study in religious extremism, The Gunpowder Plot: Terror And Faith in 1605 (1996) was followed by two books set at the court of Versailles: Marie Antoinette: The Journey (2001) and Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King (2006).", "Dame Ngaio Marsh , the detective novelist, dramatist, short-story writer, theatre producer, non-fiction writer, scriptwriter, autobiographer, painter and critic was born in Christchurch, New Zealand on 23 April 1895. Her birth in the closing years of Queen Victoria’s reign and her childhood and adolescence in the twilight—albeit a transferred one—of the Edwardian era were to prove crucial in shaping the prevailing temper and tone of her outlook, particularly when Marsh set out to experiment with writing as a young woman. Her very name enacts a symbolic and liminal binary opposition between Old and New World elements: a confluence echoing the indigenous (the ngaio being a native New Zealand coastal tree) and the imported (a family surname from the coastal marshes of Kent, England). Seen thus, ‘Ngaio’ connotes New World zest—a freshness of outlook, insight and titanic energy—while ‘Marsh’ suggests an Old World gravitas grounded in notions of a stable, class-based lineage and secure traditions. The tension between these twin imperatives and hemispheres drove and energized Marsh’s career and life-pattern (of ongoing dualities: New Zealand-England; writing-production) and enabled her to live what Howard McNaughton has called an incognito/‘alibi career’ in a pre-jet age of sailing boats and vast distances and time horizons between her competing homelands (in Lidgard and Acheson, pp.94-100).", "That is to say, like Erskine Childers’ classic spy adventure The Riddle of the Sands (1903), many of Buchan’s adventure stories, including The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), begin with a man bored in London. (Didn’t Dr Johnson proclaim, “A man who is tired of London is tired of life”?)", "Kate Atkinson. The woman’s a genius. You finish reading one of her novels and you think, “I wish I’d written that”. Her latest novel Started Early, Took My Dog (which is set in Leeds) is first and foremost vastly entertaining, often laugh-out-loud-funny despite the fact that it’s about the darkest things in human nature, and then it’s massively insightful, and beautifully, brilliantly written. Utterly compulsive. Genius plotting. You can’t believe someone’s clever enough to write like that.", "Book festival set in the picturesque surroundings of Lennoxlove House. Last year’s fest included appearances from controversial scientist Richard Dawkins, comedian Viv Groksop, best-selling author Kate Mosse and journalist Kirsty Wark, along with Chris Brookmyre, William McIlvanney and other masters of Tartan Noir. NOVEMBER, DATES TBC", "Novelist Zadie Smith was born in North London in 1975 to an English father and a Jamaican mother. She read English at Cambridge, graduating in 1997.", "Novelist Zadie Smith was born in North London in 1975 to an English father and a Jamaican mother. She read English at Cambridge, before graduating in 1997.", "The author, who is best known for her collection The World's Wife, is also the first Scot to be named Laureate.", "Among 20th century writers from Manchester is Anthony Burgess, who wrote the dystopian satire A Clockwork Orange in 1962. Dame Carol Ann Duffy, the current Poet Laureate, moved to the city in 1996 and lives in West Didsbury. Poet, novelist and academic Jackie Kay also lives in the city.", "In 1959, as P D James, she began to plot her first novel, Cover Her Face, which introduced her master detective (and poet), Adam Dalgliesh. James endowed him with the qualities she most admired in men: “courage, compassion, high intelligence and sensitivity”. She agreed that it would be unusual to find a senior detective who was also a successful poet, but argued that “we do tend to stereotype people. Why shouldn’t a policeman write poems?”", "St Andrews 5 – 9 March Carol Ann Duffy Paul Muldoon Menna Elfyn John Burnside Louis de Bernières Sujata Bhatt A Common Wealth of Poetry : Words Under Fire", "The city of Bulawayo serves as the backdrop for French novel \"Sale Hiver à Bulawayo\", written by Soline de Thoisy (2011). It is the starting point for the 1925 novel by Agatha Christie, The Secret of Chimneys, where the main character is leading tours, and meets up with an old friend who gives him two jobs to do in England.", "Alexander McCall Smith: I'm glad to hear that you will be drinking red bush tea at the book club. Give my regards to the other members please!", "New work, to be published next fall, explores acclaimed British writer's enduring fascinations with class, race", "dunbarliteraryfestival.co.uk This year’s focus is women’s stories and the woods, with many unique and exciting events planned celebrating words in poetry, prose and song featuring both local, national and international writers, poets and singer songwriters." ]

[ 7.42578125, 6.32421875, 6.23046875, 2.333984375, 2.216796875, 1.5107421875, 1.1083984375, 0.048553466796875, -0.78466796875, -0.85595703125, -1.935546875, -2.65625, -6.13671875, -6.5625, -7.69140625, -7.7265625, -7.859375, -8.0078125, -8.0546875, -8.1953125, -8.2109375, -8.375, -8.4765625, -8.5078125, -9.140625, -9.1875, -9.2421875, -9.5234375, -9.703125, -10.34375, -10.40625, -10.5625 ]

[ "Robert Edwin Peary (May 6, 1856 – February 20, 1920) was an American explorer who claimed to have been the first person, on April 6, 1909, to reach the geographic North Pole. Peary's claim was widely credited for most of the 20th century, though it was criticized even in its own day and is today widely doubted.", "The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to US Navy engineer Robert Peary , who claimed to have reached the Pole on 6 April 1909, accompanied by Matthew Henson and four Inuit men, Ootah, Seeglo, Egingwah, and Ooqueah. However, Peary's claim remains controversial. Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in navigation, and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work, which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole.", "  Peary's sledge party \"at the North Pole,\" 1909. From left: Ooqueah, Ootah, Henson, Egingwah, Seeglo. [7]", "April 1909 Peary Sledge Party and Flags at the North Pole. Pictured are (left to right): Ooqueh, holding the Navy League flag; Ootah, holding the D.K.E. fraternity flag; Matthew Henson, holding the polar flag; Egingwah, holding the D.A.R. peace flag; and Seeglo, holding the Red Cross flag. Photo #26 by Robert Edwin Peary", "April 6 – Robert Peary, Matthew Henson, and four Eskimo explorers come within a few miles of the North Pole.", "Aboard the SS Roosevelt were Peary and Henson, several Inuit men and women, over 200 dogs, coal, hunting supplies, and a massive amount of whale meat and walrus blubber for food. They anchored their ship at Ellesmere Island, Canada, and used a brilliant (but expensive) system requiring great teamwork , wherein 24 men, with 19 sledges, and over 130 dogs broke way towards the North Pole across the frozen ocean, stopping at determined points and leaving supplies, the next team going farther each time. This allowed the final and most courageous team of Peary and Henson to travel lightly, and likewise, the dogs to travel as quickly as they did (an average of 30-60 miles a day!) since they were not carrying as heavy a load. Finally, the two explorers, along with a group of the Inuit men, and their sled dogs, raced forward towards their polar destination (30 dogs went all the way to the pole!). On April 6, 1909, Peary, Henson, and four Eskimos reached Camp Jesup, 89�47', the first people to ever reach the North Pole.", "In the early 20th century, two explorers each claimed to have reached the North Pole first. An American physician, Frederick Albert Cook, announced in September 1909 that he and two Inuit companions had reached the pole on April 21, 1908. A week later, American explorer Robert E. Peary claimed to have reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909, accompanied by Matthew Henson, the first African-American Arctic explorer, and four Inuit men.", "Robert Peary, his partner Matthew Henson, and four Inuit are generally credited with being the first to reach the Geographic North Pole on April 9, 1909 (although many suspect that they missed the exact North Pole by a few miles).", "During their 1909 expedition to Greenland, Henson accompanied Peary in the small party, including four Inuit men, that has been recognized as the first to reach the Geographic North Pole (although this has also been subject to dispute). Henson was invited in 1937 as a member of The Explorers Club due to his achievement and was the first African American to be accepted. In 1948 he was made an honorary member, a distinction for 20 people annually. Based on research into Peary's diary and astronomical observations, Wally Herbert, a later Arctic explorer who reached the North Pole in 1969, concluded in 1989 that Peary's team had not reached the pole. This has been widely accepted, but some dispute this conclusion.", "On February 20, 1920, American polar explorer Robert Edwin Peary passed away. Peary made the first successful expedition to the North Pole arriving 6 Apr 1909 with his assistant Matthew Henson and four Inuit eskimo companions. Peary’s claim was widely credited for most of the 20th century, rather than the competing claim by Frederick Cook, who said he got there a year earlier. Both claims were widely debated in newspapers until 1913.", "Arctic Direct, [1] . Their North Pole Odyssey generally follows the routes of history's famous polar explorers, such as Dr. Frederick Cook who claimed to be the first to Pole in 1908 and Commander Robert E. Peary who claimed to be the first in 1909. The trip heads north via the Magnetic North Pole, Eureka and Nansen Sounds, and Ellesmere Islands, Cape Columbia. The return south incorporates Etah, Greenland, where Peary collected his Inuit support teams. A seasoned polar escort leads the Odyssey.", "When the 63rd Congress opened on December 6, 1910, President Taft, in his Second Annual Message, included these words: \"The complete success of our country in Arctic exploration should not remain unnoticed. . . . The unparalleled accomplishment of an American in reaching the North Pole, April 6, 1909, approved by the most expert scientists, has added to the distinction of our Navy, to which he belongs, and reflects credit upon his country. His unique success has received generous acknowledgement from scientific bodies and institutions of learning in Europe and America. I recommend fitting recognition by Congress of the great achievement of Robert E. Peary.\"", "139. born May 6, 1856, Cresson, Pa., United States died February 20, 1920, Washington, D.C. United States explorer. He joined the United States Navy in 1881 but was granted leaves of absence to pursue his Arctic expeditions. He explored Greenland by dog sled in 1886 and 1891, finding evidence that it was an island and returned there in 1893–94, 1895 and 1896 to transport large meteorites to the United States After announcing his intention to reach the North Pole, he made several attempts between 1898 and 1905, sailing on a specially built ship and sledding to within 175 mi (280 km) of the pole. On April 6, 1909, accompanied by Matthew Henson (1866–1955) and four Eskimo, he reached what he thought was the pole and he became widely acknowledged as the first explorer to attain that goal. (The claim of his former colleague Frederick A. Cook to have reached the pole in 1908 was later discredited.) In 1911 Peary retired from the navy with the rank of rear admiral. Examination of Peary's expedition diary and new documents in the 1980s suggested that the point he reached may have been 30–60 mi (50–100 km) short of the pole.", "On April 6, 1909, Robert Edwin Peary, a fifty-six-year-old commander on leave from the US Navy, together with Matthew Henson, his Negro servant and companion, reached the North Pole on their sixth attempt. The North was won so all thoughts of polar exploration now turned towards the South. Several nations now commenced with preparations for the trek: Peary announced in New York his plans to form an Antarctic expedition with the goal of the Pole attained by embarking from a region within the Weddell Sea; Germany's Lieutenant Wilhelm Filchner announced similar plans as the Americans but with the added goal of being the first to march right across the Pole in a trans-Antarctic expedition ending in McMurdo Sound; Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Charcot was exploring regions in Graham Land; the Japanese, led by Lieutenant Nobu Shirase, planned an expedition to the very region which Scott hoped to explore in King Edward VII Land.", "1988 - Mathew Henson was awarded honors in Arlington National Cemetery. Henson had discovered the North Pole with Robert Peary.", "Then on August 18, 1909, Henson and Peary boarded the Roosevelt with 22 Inuit men, 17 Inuit women, 10 children, 246 dogs, 70 tons (64 metric tons) of whale meat from Labrador, the meat and blubber of 50 walruses, hunting equipment, and tons of coal. In February, Henson and Peary departed their anchored ship at Ellesmere Island's Cape Sheridan, with the Inuit men and 130 dogs working to lay a trail and supplies along the route to the Pole.", "Peary entered the U.S. Navy in 1881 and pursued a naval career until his retirement, with leaves of absence granted for Arctic exploration. In 1886—with Christian Maigaard, who was the Danish assistant governor of Ritenbenk, Greenland , and two native Greenlanders—he traveled inland from Disko Bay over the Greenland ice sheet for 161 km (100 miles), reaching a point 2,288 metres (7,500 feet) above sea level. Peary hired African American explorer Matthew Henson , who would accompany him on several expeditions, as his assistant in 1887. In 1891 Peary ventured again to Greenland with seven companions—a party that included his wife, Josephine, in addition to Henson and American physician and explorer Frederick A. Cook , who in 1909 would claim to have reached the North Pole before Peary. On this expedition Peary sledged 2,100 km (1,300 miles) to northeastern Greenland, discovered Independence Fjord, and found evidence of Greenland’s being an island . He also studied the “Arctic Highlanders,” an isolated Eskimo tribe who helped him greatly on later expeditions.", "^ \"Matt Henson, Who Reached Pole With Peary in 1909, Dies at 88; He Was the Only American With Explorer\", New York Times, 10 March 1955.", "In 1890, Peary asked Henson to join his second expedition into the interior of Greenland , even though he could not pay him; Henson volunteered without hesitation. Over the course of several expeditions conducted between 1891 and 1901, Henson and Peary proved that Greenland is an island, discovered and named Independence Bay on the northern coast, and set new \"farthest northern point reached\" records. The men also established a series of supply depots in preparation for a planned expedition to reach the North Pole.", "Peary's party advanced 280 miles in a month. When adjusted for the days they were held up, their average progress came to about 13 miles a day. When they were some 134 miles from the pole, Peary sent everyone back except four natives and Matthew Henson, an African-American from Maryland who had accompanied him on his previous Arctic expeditions. A few days later—on April 6, 1909—at the end of an exhausting day's march, Henson, who could not use a sextant, had a \"feeling\" they were at the pole, he later told the Boston American.", "On August 26, the vessel stopped at Cape York, in northwest Greenland, where a note from the skipper of an American whaler awaited Peary. It said that Cook was en route to Copenhagen to announce that he had discovered the North Pole on April 21, 1908. Native rumor was one thing; this was infuriating. Peary vented his rage to anyone who would listen, promising to tell the world a story that would puncture Cook's bubble. Peary ordered his ship to get underway immediately and make full speed for the nearest wireless station—1,500 miles away, at Indian Harbour, Labrador. Peary had an urgent announcement to make. On September 5, 1909, the Roosevelt dropped anchor at Indian Harbour. The next morning Peary wired the New York Times, to which he had sold the rights to his polar story for $4,000, subject to reimbursement if he did not achieve his goal. \"Stars and Stripes nailed to North Pole,\" his message read.", "1908 Robert Peary sets sail for the Arctic on the expedition on which he later reaches the North Pole", "Peary's next expedition was supported by a $50,000 gift by George Crocker, who was the youngest son of the banker Charles Crocker. Peary used the money for a new ship. The SS Roosevelt battled her way through the ice between Greenland and Ellesmere Island, establishing an American hemisphere \"farthest north by ship.\" The 1906 \"Peary System\" dogsled drive for the pole across the rough sea ice of the Arctic Ocean started from the north tip of Ellesmere at 83° north latitude. The parties made well under 10 mi a day until they became separated by a storm.", "When he was 21, Henson met the explorer and brilliant engineer, Robert Peary, a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy who was preparing for a surveying expedition to Nicaragua to search for a potential location to build a canal across Central America. Peary hired him to be his valet (many say �servant�) on the trip. Thanks to having worked on a ship during his youth and his skills in mechanics, navigation, and carpentry, coupled with his natural exploration abilities, Henson proved invaluable to Peary on the journey.", "In April 1886 he wrote a paper for the National Academy of Sciences proposing two methods for crossing Greenland's ice cap. One was to start from the west coast and trek about 400 mi to the east coast. The second, more difficult path was to start from Whale Sound at the top of the known portion of Baffin Bay and travel north to determine whether Greenland was an island or if it extended all the way across the Arctic. Peary was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander on January 5, 1901, and to commander on April 6, 1902.", "During the extended expeditions to Greenland, Henson and Peary both took Inuit women as \"country wives\" or concubines and fathered children with them, as was common behavior by male explorers in those years. With Akatingwah, Matthew Henson fathered his only child, a son named Anauakaq. His children are Henson's only descendants. Similarly, Peary had a son, Kali, with his Inuit wife. Both boys were born in 1906. After 1909 Henson never saw Akatingwah or his son again; other explorers sometimes updated him about them. While some accounts circulated in the United States about Peary and his Inuit wife, such facts were generally not widely discussed.", "Peary and Henson explorer Greenland, mapping the north coast. The entire north tip of Greenland is named Peary Land.", "Back in Washington attending with the US Navy, Peary was ordered in November 1887 to survey likely routes for a proposed Nicaragua Canal. To complete his tropical outfit he needed a sun hat, so he went to a men's clothing store. There he met 21-year-old Matthew Henson, a black man working as a sales clerk. Learning that Henson had six years of seagoing experience as a cabin boy,Nuttall 2012, p. 856 Peary immediately hired him as a personal valet.Nuttall 2012, p. 855", "While working at a Washington D.C. clothing store, B.H.Stinemetz and sons, in November 1887, Henson met Commander Robert E. Peary. Learning of Henson's sea experience, Peary recruited him as an aide for his planned voyage and surveying expedition to Nicaragua, with four other men. Peary supervised 45 engineers on the canal survey in Nicaragua. Impressed with Henson’s seamanship on that voyage, Peary recruited him as a colleague and he became \"first man\" in his expeditions.", "Peary made his first expedition to the Arctic in 1886, intending to cross Greenland by dog sled, taking the first of his own suggested paths. He was given six months' leave from the Navy, and he received $500 from his mother to book passage north and buy supplies. He sailed on a whaler to Greenland, arriving in Godhavn on June 6, 1886. Peary wanted to make a solo trek but a young Danish official named Christian Maigaard convinced him he would die if he went out alone. Maigaard and Peary set off together and traveled nearly 100 mi due east before turning back because they were short on food. This was the second-farthest penetration of Greenland's ice sheet at that date. Peary returned home knowing more of what was required for long-distance ice trekking.Mills 2003, p. 511", "While waiting for the ice to be in condition for sledging, Peary explored and mapped the unknown region to the west of Kane Basin. Here he met Sverdrup, and while the two great explorers shook hands, their greeting was cold. During this exploration, Peary demonstrated that Greely's \"Schley Land\" and \"Hayes Sound\" were nonexistent.", "In 1890, Henson joined Peary's first Arctic expedition across the northern tip of Greenland. From June 1891 to August 1902, Henson spent seven years in the Arctic with Peary, covering 9,000 miles (14,500 kilometers) on dogsleds across northern Greenland and Ellesmere Island, in Canada." ]

[ 4.6640625, 4.5859375, 4.484375, 4.08203125, 3.7890625, 3.41015625, 3.0703125, 3.01171875, 2.94921875, 2.859375, 2.060546875, 1.75390625, 1.37890625, 1.33984375, 0.81884765625, -0.048431396484375, -0.67431640625, -0.7451171875, -1.1259765625, -1.7412109375, -2.216796875, -2.4609375, -2.46875, -2.580078125, -2.96875, -3.693359375, -4.16796875, -5.21484375, -5.23046875, -5.26171875, -6.3515625, -6.4453125 ]

[ "The first national flag had 13 stars on a blue field and 13 alternating red and white stripes for the 13 original colonies. Now there are 50 stars, one for each state in the Union, but the 13 stripes remain. Although many people believe that Betsy Ross designed and sewed the first flag, there is no proof of that. Flag Day was first celebrated in 1877, on the flag’s 100th birthday.", "The current official U.S. flag is a 50 star flag, born of the need for a more practical design to accommodate new states entering the union. On April 4, 1818, Congress established the number of stripes at seven red and six white, and provided the addition of one star for each new state. The thirteen stripes represent the original 13 colonies. The 50 star flag has been in use since July 4, 1960 when Hawaii officially joined the union.", "On April 4, 1818, at the suggestion of U.S.  Naval Captain Samuel C.  Reid, a plan was passed by Congress in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted.  The number of stripes would be reduced to 13 as an honor the original colonies.  Additionally, the act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 (Independence Day) following admission of one or more new states.  The most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959.  Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959, the official US Flag had 49 stars.  This version only lasted one year.", "When two new States were admitted to the Union (Kentucky and Vermont), a resolution was adopted in January of 1794, expanding the flag to 15 stars and 15 stripes. This flag was the official flag of our country from 1795 to 1818, and was prominent in many historic events. It inspired Francis Scott Key to write \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" during the bombardment of Fort McHenry; it was the first flag to be flown over a fortress of the Old World when American Marine and Naval forces raised it above the pirate stronghold in Tripoli on April 27, 1805; it was the ensign of American forces in the Battle of Lake Erie in September of 1813; and it was flown by General Jackson in New Orleans in January of 1815.", "On April 4, 1818, the final form of our flag was adopted by Congress to allow for the admission of new states. As of July 4, 1960, the flag contains thirteen stripes and fifty stars with each star symbolizing a state. ", "The flag of the United States of America contains thirteen alternating horizontal stripes of equal width, of which seven are red in color and six are white. In the upper-left corner is a blue rectangle, on which are drawn fifty white five-pointed stars. Since 1777 when it was first adopted officially, the US flag has undergone several revisions to reach its current design.", "Often called “The Stars and Stripes” or “Old Glory,” the American flag features 13 stripes representing the original 13 colonies: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia. The 50 stars denote the 50 individual states of the nation. While the red color signifies hardiness and valor, the blue represents vigilance and justice, and the white signifies purity and innocence. The flag was adopted on June 14, 1777. ", "There was no change in the number of stars or stripes from the adoption of the design until Jan. 17, 1794, when Congress, in recognition of the admission of Vermont and Kentucky, voted to add two stripes and two stars, one for each of the new States. This design remained unchanged until 1818, when there were 20 States in the Union, and the prospect of the creation of more. It was evident that the addition of a stripe for each new State would make an unwieldy flag, so Congress on April 18 of that year voted that the flag should contain 13 alternate red and white stripes representing the original 13 States, and that a star should be added for each new State on July 4 following its admission. The flag thus ordered had 20 stars, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, and Mississippi getting their stars then for the first time. The follow ing table shows the date of admission of the other 28 States, the date of the addition of the star, and the number of stars follow ing each addition to the number of States.", "Shortly before the War of 1812, two new states were added to the Union and a flag consisting of 15 stars and 15 stripes was created. The Star Spangled Banner, flying over Fort McHenry during a British naval bombardment, inspired Francis Scott Key to compose what later becomes our National Anthem. This design, born with the Second Flag Act on January 13,1794, is our only official flag ever to have more than thirteen stripes. The badly damaged flag now hangs in the Smithsonian but the damage was not all from the bombardment of Ft. McHenry. Learn more at The Star-Spangled Banner website from the Smithsonian.", "The current American flag was adopted on July 4, 1960. The American flag originated in the mid-18th century from flags used at the time of the American War of Independence with Britain. Congress officially set the design of the American flag in June 1777, stating that it should be 13 alternating red and white stripes, with 13 white stars on a blue field as there were 13 original member states in the newly formed Union. As new states joined the country a new star and stripe were added to the American flag. In 1818, the American flag's design was changed to the original one of 13 stripes. Any new states were now represented by a white star only and would be added to the American flag on July 4th of the year they joined. Up until 1818, there was no specific pattern for the stars to follow and this led to a few different designs until the president stated they should be placed in parallel rows. The last star, representing Hawaii was added was in 1960, and it became the 27th version of the American flag. Like many of the worlds other old flags, there are many legends and myths that surround the flag of the United States of America.", "The first flag resolution was passed on June 14, 1777 {\"Resolved. That the flag of the united states be 13 stripes alternate red and white, that the Union be 13 stars white in a blue field representing a new constellation\"}. The lack of specificity in the Flag Resolution suggests that it was making official a flag that was already recognized as the de facto national flag.", "The First flag resolution read: \"That the Flag of the United Sates be thirteen stripes alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. The thirteen states referred to and the date each ratified the Constitution are listed as:", "A 20 star 13 stripe flag with the stars in the \"Great Star\" pattern was raised in Washington D.C. on or shortly after 13 April 1818, less than two weeks after the adoption of the new flag law, which was adopted on 4 April 1818. However, in a strictly legal sense, the flag, under the terms of the law, was not official until 4 July 1818. Then, again, the prior flag flown there, which had 18 stars and 18 stripes, was not \"official\" under the 1795 flag law, even though used in an \"official\" capacity.", "On June 14, 1777, in order to establish an official flag of the new nation, the Continental Congress passed the first Flag Act: \"Resolved, that the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.\"", "During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress adopts a resolution stating that \"the flag of the United States be thirteen alternate stripes red and white\" and that \"the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.\" The national flag, which became known... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-adopts-the-stars-and-stripes?et_cid=76233566&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fcongress-adopts-the-stars-and-stripes", "January 1, 1776: The first United States flag, the “Grand Union,” was displayed by George Washington. It became the unofficial national flag, preceding the 13-star, 13-stripe version.", "The 24 Star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th,1822. A star was added for the admission of Missouri (August 10th, 1821) and was to last for fourteen years.", "On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress, seeking to promote national pride and unity, adopted the national flag. \"Resolved: that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.\"", "        1777: June 14 -- Continental Congress adopts the following: Resolved: that the flag of the United States be 13 stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. (stars represent Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island)", "January 1, 1776 – At the time of the Declaration of Independence, the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with “stars, white in a blue field” for another year. The flag contemporaneously known as “the Continental Colors” has historically been referred to as the first national flag. It had 13 alternate red and white stripes and the British Union Jack in the upper left-hand corner (the canton).", "The 27 star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1845. A star was added for the admission of Florida and was to last for only 1 year.", " June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress adopts the following: Resolved: that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. Stars represent Delaware (December 7, 1787), Pennsylvania (December 12, 1787), New Jersey (December 18, 1787), Georgia (January 2, 1788), Connecticut (January 9, 1788), Massachusetts (February 6, 1788), Maryland (April 28, 1788), South Carolina (May 23, 1788), New Hampshire (June 21, 1788), Virginia (June 25, 1788), New York (July 26, 1788), North Carolina (November 21, 1789), and Rhode Island (May 29, 1790). The Original flag created by Betsy Ross in 1776 was adopted by the states independent of England. America was officially its own country. The ratification of the Constitution was complete on March 4, 1789.", "The 26 Star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1837. A star was added for the admission of Michigan (January 26th,1837) and was to last for 8 years.", "Either way, Washington realized soon after that it probably wasn’t a good idea to fly a flag resembling that of the enemy, Leepson said. The Second Continental Congress was busy drafting a constitution known as the Articles of Confederation, seeking an alliance with France and supplying the war effort. But on June 14, 1777, it took time from its schedule to pass a resolution stating that “the flag of the United States be 13 stripes, alternate red and white” and that “the union be 13 stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.” To this day, no one knows who designed the flag or why that particular color combination and pattern were chosen. Although legend holds that Betsy Ross made the first American flag in 1776 after being asked to do so by Washington, primary sources backing up that assertion are scarce.", "On June 14, 1777 in Philadelphia, the Marine Committee of the Second Continental Congress adopted a resolution that read the following: “Resolved, that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field representing a new constellation.”", "The 25 Star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1836. A star was added for the admission of Arkansas (June 15th, 1836) and was to last for just one year.", "During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress adopts a resolution stating that “the flag of the United States be thirteen alternate stripes red and white” and that “the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.” The national flag, which became known as the “Stars and Stripes,” was based on the “Grand Union” flag, a banner carried by the Continental Army in 1776 that also consisted of 13 red and white stripes. According to legend, Philadelphia seamstress Betsy Ross designed the new canton for the Stars and Stripes, which consisted of a circle of 13 stars and a blue background, at the request of General George Washington. Historians have been unable to conclusively prove or disprove this legend.", "Despite the 1777 resolution, the early years of American independence featured many different flags. Most were individually crafted rather than mass-produced. While there are many examples of 13-star arrangements, some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, in a letter dated October 3, 1778, to the King of the Two Sicilies, described the American flag as consisting of \"13 stripes, alternately red, white, and blue, a small square in the upper angle, next the flag staff, is a blue field, with 13 white stars, denoting a new Constellation.\" John Paul Jones used a variety of 13-star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well-documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance. The Serapis flag had three rows of eight-pointed stars with stripes that were red, white, and blue. The flag for the Alliance, however, had five rows of eight-pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes, and the white stripes were on the outer edges. Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779, making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars. ", "It was not until June 14, 1777, almost a year after the adop tion of the Declaration of Independence, that the Continental Congress adopted a design for the national flag. It resolved that \"The flag of the United States shall be thirteen stripes, alter nate red and white, with a union of thirteen stars of white on a blue field, representing a new constellation.\" It was explained by a contemporary commentator that the blue in the field was taken from the edge of the Covenanters' banner of Scotland, significant of the covenant of the United States against oppression, that the arrangement of the stars in a circle symbolized the perpetuity of the Union, the ring signifying eter nity, and that the 13 stripes indicated the subordination of the States to the Union and their equality among themselves. The red was said to denote daring, and the white purity. The adop tion of this resolution was not officially announced until Sep tember 3, almost two months after its passage.", "1777 - The Continental Congress in Philadelphia adopted the \"Stars and Stripes\" as the national flag of the United States.", "June 14, 1777: The Stars and Stripes was adopted by the Continental Congress as the Flag of the United States.", "On June 14, 1777, the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which established the earliest incarnation of our modern American flag with stars and stripes. According to the Journals of the Continental:" ]

[ 5.77734375, 5.54296875, 4.39453125, 3.1015625, 2.82421875, 2.578125, 2.56640625, 2.505859375, 2.47265625, 2.171875, 1.99609375, 1.9921875, 1.9208984375, 1.8984375, 1.3125, 1.208984375, 0.93017578125, 0.85986328125, 0.7744140625, 0.677734375, 0.65087890625, 0.60302734375, 0.5791015625, 0.546875, 0.49951171875, 0.43994140625, 0.259765625, -0.09161376953125, -0.267578125, -1.5966796875, -1.6533203125, -1.9716796875 ]

[ "Naan – Naan is a Middle Eastern bread. It is a flatbread, similar to pita bread without a pocket. It is made by combining dough and leavening, and baking the mixture in a clay oven. Naan is sometimes served topped with butter, cheese, garlic, or spiced vegetables.", "Naan ( , Hindi / Urdu / Punjabi : नान, نان ,ਨਾਨ) is a leavened, oven-baked flatbread . It is one of the most popular varieties of South Asian breads and is particularly popular in England", "Naan - Naan is a soft, pillowy flatbread native to India and other areas of West and South Asia. Naan is a leavened bread cooked in a special oven called a tandoor . Naan often contains milk or yogurt, which provide a unique flavor and a soft, tender texture. Naan is easily recognizable by its pillowy bubbles that form from contact with the hot oven. This bread is often used to sop up sauces and stews or to wrap around meat and other fillings.", "Focaccia - Focaccia is a leavened bread from Italy that can be flavored with a variety of toppings, like olive oil, herbs, cheese, meat, or even fruit. Focaccia is often cooked on a stone hearth and has characteristic dimples that are made by pressing fingers into the dough before baking.", "Learn how to make fresh corn and flour tortillas, delicious naan and even healthy pita bread, with step-by-step instruction from James Beard Award-nominated cookbook author Meredith Deeds. Start by mastering classic focaccia and tempting Tuscan schiacciata, and get tips for adding just the right amount of your favorite toppings to avoid overwhelming your savory breads. Next, step things up a notch with potato-based focaccia, or fill it with creamy, melty cheese. Then, Meredith shows you how to create crunchy cracker-crust flatbread that delivers pizza taste minus the pizza calories. You'll learn to make rich ghee for brushing on crowd-pleasing naan, and get tips for using different fats and types of masa to make the best corn tortillas youve ever eaten. You'll make from-scratch flour tortillas, too, and create pita bread that's cooked to fluffy perfection. Plus, find out how to make pita chips an addiction you don't have to feel guilty about!", "Naan pizza is a type of pizza where naan is used as the crust instead of the traditional pizza dough. Chefs and companies such as Nigella Lawson, and Wegmans offer recipes for people to make their own naan pizza at home.", "The common-known focaccia is salt focaccia. Focaccia doughs are similar in style and texture to pizza doughs, consisting of high-gluten flour, oil, water, salt and yeast. It is typically rolled out or pressed by hand into a thick layer of dough and then baked in a stone-bottom or hearth oven. Bakers often puncture the bread with a knife to relieve bubbling on the surface of the bread.", "Focaccia is quite popular in Italy and is usually seasoned with olive oil and herbs, topped with cheese and meat, or flavored with a number of vegetables. Focaccia doughs are similar in style and texture to pizza doughs consisting of high-gluten flour, oil, water, sugar, salt and yeast. Regional variations also exist, such as focaccia dolce (sweet focaccia) popular in some parts of northwestern Italy, consisting of a basic focaccia base and sprinkled lightly with sugar, or including raisins, honey or other sweet ingredients.", "A teardrop shaped leavened bread cooked in a tandoor. Naan bread is cooked by slapping it onto the wall of the tandoor where it sticks while baking. Naan has a unique flavour because it is cooked in the tandoor alongside meaty kebabs. The kebabs give off juices which burst into little droplets when they hit the charcoal imparting a smoky flavour to the naan. There are numerous types of naan including stuffed ones. For example, a kulcha is a naan stuffed with onions and a Peshwari naan is a naan stuffed with sultanas, coconut and ground almonds. Naan is pronounced \"nah-rn\".", "Tandoori Naan  – Naan can be made from either all purpose flour or whole wheat flour. The Naan made with whole wheat flour is healthy but usually Naan is made from all purpose flour. Naan can have further many varieties like Plain Naan, Butter Naan , Garlic Naan , Cheese Naan and Cheese Garlic Naan. You can make naan with yeast or without yeast also. They go very well with rich curry dishes and often served in restaurants.", "Because there are many dishes that are packed with lean protein, beans and vegetables, the nutritional content of Indian food is abundant. There is always a whole wheat alternative for naan that is commonly called as roti. Brown basmati rice may be an excellent substitute for white rice, which is the typical base.", "Typically, it is served hot and brushed with ghee or butter. It can be used to scoop other foods, or served stuffed with a filling. For example, keema naan is stuffed with a minced meat mixture (usually lamb or mutton or goat meat); another variation is peshawari naan. Peshawari naan and Kashmiri naan are filled with a mixture of nuts and raisins; in Pakistan, roghani naan is sprinkled with sesame seeds; Kulcha is another type. Amritsari naan also called as amritsari kulcha is stuffed with mashed potatoes, onion (optional) and lots of spices. Possible seasonings in the naan dough include cumin and nigella seeds. The Pakistani dish of balti is usually eaten with a naan, and this has given rise to the huge karack or table naan, easy to share amongst large groups. ", "During the Mughal era in India (sixteenth to nineteenth century), naan accompanied by keema (ground mutton) or kebab was a popular breakfast food of the royals. Naan, due to its advanced kneading technique and use of yeast, which at that time was limited to the rich, remained a delicacy that was mainly prepared in royal households and those of nobles.", "A typical naan recipe involves mixing white flour with salt, a yeast culture, and enough yogurt to make a smooth, elastic dough. The dough is kneaded for a few minutes, then set aside to rise for a few hours. Once risen, the dough is divided into balls (about 100 grams or 3½  oz each), which are flattened and cooked. In Pakistani cuisine, naans are typically graced with fragrant essences, such as rose, khus (vetiver), with butter or ghee melted on them. Nigella seeds are commonly added in Naan Breads as cooked in Indian restaurants throughout the UK.", "A typical naan recipe involves mixing white flour with salt, a yeast culture, and enough yogurt to make a smooth, elastic dough. The dough is kneaded for a few minutes, then set aside to rise for a few hours. Once risen, the dough is divided into balls (about 100 grams or 3½  oz each), which are flattened and cooked. In Pakistani cuisine, naans are typically graced with fragrant essences, such as rose, khus ( vetiver ), with butter or ghee melted on them. Nigella seeds are commonly added in Naan Breads as cooked in Indian restaurants throughout the UK.", "Naan bread in restaurants is likely be made with yogurt, and therefore no longer an option. There are some tasty vegan naan options starting to appear in the marketplace, however, so you can still have them with curries at home. Poppadom/papadum, chapatti, puri/poori and rotti are all vegan, so you can order as many of those as you like. Chapatti are often brushed with butter, and although your server should give you the option, it is always a good idea to say you want them ‘plain’. Equally poppadoms are usually served with an array of sauces and chutneys, most of which are all vegan. Raita is a sauce made from yogurt, so that is one to forgo.", "The flour used may be atta (regular bread flour), maida (refined flour) or a combination of both. In the royal kitchen of Akbar in the sixteenth century, a combination of maida and atta was used. Some people add yogurt or milk to the naan dough to bring softness and volume to the bread, as well as a distinct taste. I personally prefer my naan with yogurt for this distinct flavor and texture. Kneading mashed potatoes into the dough can also make softer naans.", "In the images below, you can see the chef cooking some kababs in the tandoor and also you can see him bake the Naan bread in the oven. The dough is kneaded and then the dough is stuck to the walls of the Tandoor where it gets baked to for the Naan. ", "A common part of almost every meal is grain, particularly corn (maize), and tubers such as cassava. Locro is a corn stew, and mazamorra is a cornmeal mush.", "Harlot's caption for this illustration mentions as foods 'Mayz sodden', venison or other meat and fish. He gives a cross-reference to a previous description of maize food, evidently intending the preparation of maize kernels by seething them whole vntill they be broken'; Beverley says his version of this illustration shows a 'Bowl of corn'. 10 Swanton describes several south-eastern Indian recipes which are possibilities 11 --the large size of the grains shown here indicates 'hulled corn' or 'hominy', usually made by soaking the whole kernels in lye water to remove the skins, and then boiling them until they puff up nearly to the size shown here.", "A condiment often used in Indian cuisine that's made of chopped fruit (mango is a classic), vegetables, and spices enlivened by hot peppers, fresh ginger, or vinegar.", "This cuisine is characterised by the use of a common base for all the sauces to which spices are added when individual dishes are prepared. The standard \"feedstock\" is usually a sautéed mixture of onion, garlic and fresh ginger, to which various spices are added, depending on the recipe, but which may include: cloves, cinnamon, cardamom, chilies, peppercorns, cumin and mustard seeds. Ground coriander seed is widely used as a thickening agent, and turmeric is added for colour and its digestive qualities. Fresh or canned tomatoes and bell peppers are a common addition.", "Sannas- these are made using grated coconut, toddy and rice. Coupled with pork vindaloo or Sorpotel, they take you to a different universe! These are vegan, probably the only vegetarian item on my list! Don't want to disappoint no one!", "This vegetarian dish is not only delicious but also low in carbs and is gluten-free if you use gluten-free corn flakes. It's ideal for a big banquet.", "Idiyappam (இடியாப்பம்),(ഇടിയപ്പം), (ඉඳි ආප්ප) also known as Nooputt (or Noolputtu)(Kodava: ನೋಲ್ ಪೂಟ್ಟ್) or string hoppers is a traditional Tamil, Kerala, Kodava, Tulu and Sri Lankan food consisting of rice flour pressed into noodle form and then steamed.", "Chili con carne (in America shortened to chili) is a spicy stew -like dish, the essential ingredients of which are beef , pork , venison , or other mature meat , and chili peppers . Variations, either geographic or by personal preference, include the addition of tomatoes , onions , beans , and other ingredients. ( Brown sugar is often a favorite condiment). There are also many versions of vegetarian chili, also known as chili sin carne, made without meat (sometimes with a meat substitute). The name \"chili con carne\" is a slight corruption of the Spanish chile con carne, \"chili with meat\". Chili con carne is the official dish of the U.S. state of Texas.", "* Bagna càuda, a regional dish of the Italian Piedmont; it is composed of garlic, anchovies, oil and dairy, and is served with assorted vegetables for dipping. ", "Chutney (Devanagari- \"चटनी\" also transliterated chatney or chatni, ) is a sauce in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent that can vary from a tomato relish to a ground peanut garnish or a yoghurt, cucumber and mint dip. ", "A common staple in Northern Italian cuisine, mostarda di frutti (sometimes referred to merely as mostarda) is a condiment similar to a chutney, made with sweetened fruit, and containing mustard flavoring giving it a bit of heat and spiciness. The fruit is usually in large slices or pieces than a chutney. It is often used as an accompaniment to boiled, braised or roasted meats but has recently gained favor as a condiment served with cheese platters or tablas.", "Sacchettini Round, similar to fagottini, but also may use ravioli stuffing. A small square of pasta brought around the stuffing and twisted. Little sacks", "During the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736), a dish called Berian (Nastaliq script: ) was made with lamb or chicken, marinated overnight – with yogurt, herbs, spices, dried fruits like raisins, prunes or pomegranate seeds – and later cooked in a tannour oven. It was then served with steamed rice. ", "Xacuti is a curry prepared in Goa, India, with complex spicing, including white poppy seeds, sliced or grated roast coconut and dried red chilies. It is usually prepared with chicken or lamb. It is also known as chacuti in Portuguese." ]

[ 1.5634765625, 1.5302734375, 1.01953125, 0.387451171875, -0.38525390625, -0.68798828125, -1.25390625, -1.3525390625, -1.4384765625, -1.501953125, -2.5390625, -2.833984375, -3.1640625, -3.5625, -3.58984375, -3.595703125, -3.66015625, -3.921875, -4.0234375, -4.84765625, -5.37890625, -6.3984375, -6.44140625, -6.47265625, -6.4765625, -6.8984375, -7.1875, -7.515625, -7.56640625, -7.7265625, -7.78125, -8.1328125 ]

[ "Batman has fought against many dangerous foes, ranging from the lowly criminal to super powerful villains. His most famous adversary is the Joker, a psychotic man who has a clown-like manner that says he is everything that Batman is not, almost like the ying to his yang. Other well-known Batman enemies include Catwoman , Two-Face , Penguin , Riddler , Mr Freeze , Scarecrow , Poison Ivy , Ra's Al Ghul , Bane , and Clayface .", "Batman – secret identity: wealthey industrialist & playboy Bruce Wayne – is the name of a fictional comic book hero co-created by Bob Kane (artist) and Bill Finger (writer). He does not hold any superpowers, as opposed to the likes of Superman or Green Lantern. The character first appeared in Detective Comics #27 in mid-1939. The origin of Batman liest in Bruce witnessing the murder of his parents by street criminals. This led him to train himself and dress up in a bat-themed costume to fight crime in Gotham City. Batman is assisted by his butler Alfred Pennyworth and his teenage sidekick Robin. Batman's trademark symbols are his batcave, the bat car known as the batmobile, the Batplane aka Batwing, as well as the bat symbol. Some of Batman's enemies include Penguin, Two-Face, Riddler, Poison Ivy, Mister Freeze, Scarecrow, Bane and Ra's Al Ghul.", "Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, an American billionaire, playboy, philanthropist, and owner of Wayne Enterprises. After witnessing the murder of his parents as a child, he swore revenge on criminals, an oath tempered by a sense of justice. Wayne trains himself physically and intellectually and crafts a bat-inspired persona to fight crime. Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City, with assistance from various supporting characters, including his butler Alfred, police commissioner Jim Gordon, and vigilante allies such as Robin. Unlike most superheroes, Batman does not possess any superpowers; rather, he relies on his genius intellect, physical prowess, martial arts abilities, detective skills, science and technology, vast wealth, intimidation, and indomitable will. A large assortment of villains make up Batman's rogues gallery, including his archenemy, the Joker.", "* In the prequel Batman: Arkham Origins, Harvey Dent's election as district attorney is shown on several newspapers. ", "In Batman's early years, his main objective was to take down Gotham's biggest crime lord Carmine \"The Roman\" Falcone. To do this, Batman required the help of two of Gotham's finest, \"hero cop\" Jim Gordon and District Attorney Harvey Dent. Despite dealing massive blows to the criminal empire, the Roman still stood tall until a killer by the name of Holiday started making his move and killing a member of the Falcone Crime family on every occasion.", "This decision, helped DC when it came to Batman's enemies. In the early days, the criminals would die very easily and Batman would never confront a criminal more than a couple of times. With this new direction, the enemies were left alive and thus, they could return to haunt Batman. It is like this that the ever expanding list of enemies of Batman started to grow. In the Golden Age, several villains were introduced, some of them include Clayface , Hugo Strange , Penguin , Two-Face and Scarecrow , who became notorious characters in later years. There were also minor villains that were not featured during the Golden Age, but would appear on later years. They were the Cavalier , Deadshot , Killer Moth , Firefly , Mad Hatter and the Riddler .", "In 1969, Dick Grayson attends college as part of DC Comics' effort to revise the Batman comics. Additionally, Batman also moves from his mansion, Wayne Manor into a penthouse apartment atop the Wayne Foundation building in downtown Gotham City, in order to be closer to Gotham City's crime. Batman spends the 1970s and early 1980s mainly working solo, with occasional team-ups with Robin and/or Batgirl. Batman's adventures also become somewhat darker and more grim during this period, depicting increasingly violent crimes, including the first appearance (since the early Golden Age) of the Joker as a homicidal psychopath, and the arrival of Ra's al Ghul, a centuries-old terrorist who knows Batman's secret identity. In the 1980s, Dick Grayson becomes Nightwing.[3]", "The early, pulp-inflected portrayal of Batman started to soften in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940) with the introduction of Robin, Batman's kid sidekick.[25] Robin was introduced, based on Finger's suggestion Batman needed a \"Watson\" with whom Batman could talk.[26] Sales nearly doubled, despite Kane's preference for a solo Batman, and it sparked a proliferation of \"kid sidekicks.\"[27] The first issue of the solo spin-off series Batman was notable not only for introducing two of his most persistent antagonists, the Joker and Catwoman, but for a story in which Batman shoots some monstrous giants to death. That story prompted editor Whitney Ellsworth to decree that the character could no longer kill or use a gun.", "Additionally known as the Caped Crusader, the Dark Knight, the Dark Knight Detective, and the World's Greatest Detective; in the original version of the story and the vast majority of subsequent re-tellings, Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, a billionaire playboy, industrialist, and philanthropist. Having witnessed the murder of his parents as a child, he swore revenge on crime, an oath tempered with the greater ideal of justice. Bruce trains himself both physically and intellectually and dons a bat-themed costume in order to fight crime. Batman operates in the fictional American Gotham City, assisted by various supporting characters including his main sidekick Robin, occasional assistance from former sidekick Batgirl and hero Nightwing, the police commissioner James Gordon, and his butler Alfred Pennyworth, and fights an assortment of villains influenced by the characters' roots in pulp magazines. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superpowers; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, science and technology, wealth, physical prowess, and intimidation in his war on crime. In 2009, following Wayne's apparent death, the role of Batman has been taken up by his former ward and the first Robin, Dick Grayson.", "Following the events of Knightfall , Bruce realizes the mistake he had made, and leaves the mantle of Batman to Dick as he finishes rebuilding his skills to become Batman. During his early days as Batman he began to round up the remaining Arkham escapees alongside Robin, with the two quickly catching Killer Croc , The Ventriloquist and Ratcatcher . However, the two would face their biggest challenge as the new Dynamic Duo when Two-Face is released by a computer glitch in place of Harvey Kent, and sets out to cripple the Gotham justice system through their dependence on computers. Dick eventually defeats Two-Face while also saving Robin and Harvey Kent from death, while at the same time rectifying his greatest mistake as Robin.", "His questionable behavior climaxes when he encounters the serial killer Abattoir, who is keeping an innocent prisoner in a secret torture chamber: Jean-Paul purposely lets Abattoir die, thereby condemning the prisoner to death as well. Other notable villains Jean-Paul faces include Mr. Freeze, Joker, and Clayface. Of these villains , the most notable encounters are with Catwoman and the Joker, both of whom could tell Valley wasn't the original Batman (Catwoman noticed he didn't give out Bruce's pheromones; Joker possesses a psychotic bond with Batman but also witnesses his less-graceful movements).", "The early, pulp-inflected portrayal of Batman started to soften in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940) with the introduction of Robin , Batman's kid sidekick. [25 ] Robin was introduced, based on Finger's suggestion Batman needed a \" Watson \" with whom Batman could talk. [26 ] Sales nearly doubled, despite Kane's preference for a solo Batman, and it sparked a proliferation of \"kid sidekicks.\" [27 ] The first issue of the solo spin-off series Batman was notable not only for introducing two of his most persistent antagonists, the Joker and Catwoman , but for a story in which Batman shoots some monstrous giants to death. That story prompted editor Whitney Ellsworth to decree that the character could no longer kill or use a gun. [28 ]", "In 1969, Dick Grayson attends college as part of DC Comics' effort to revise the Batman comics. Additionally, Batman also moves from his mansion, Wayne Manor into a penthouse apartment atop the Wayne Foundation building in downtown Gotham City, in order to be closer to Gotham City's crime. Batman spends the 1970s and early 1980s mainly working solo, with occasional team-ups with Robin and/or Batgirl. Batman's adventures also become somewhat darker and more grim during this period, depicting increasingly violent crimes, including the first appearance (since the early Golden Age) of the Joker as a homicidal psychopath , and the arrival of Ra's al Ghul , a centuries-old terrorist who knows Batman's secret identity. In the 1980s, Dick Grayson becomes Nightwing . [3 ]", "Instead, Schwartz assigned the writers to come up with new villains that would fit the mood of the new Batman stories, and Frank Robbins created Man-Bat , who first appeared in Detective Comics #400 with illustrations by Neal Adams. Man-Bat was featured prominently afterwards, almost always under the Robbins-Adams team, until eventually Adams was not available and Robbins illustrated his own stories, which received mixed reviews for his unconventional style. Robbins used heavy shadows and inks compared to the clean and more refined style from Neal Adams and this was the cause for some criticism about the quality of the books. Meanwhile, Dennis O'Neil had been working with Adams in order to create the ultimate adversary for the Batman and they had help from Julius Schwartz when he suggested the name Ra's al Ghul . This new and formidable adversary first appeared in Batman #232 . O'Neil had already created the League of Assassins and he used these previous stories to connect Batman to the bigger stroyline featuring Ra's al Ghul and his daughter, Talia al Ghul , who started a conflictive romantic relationship with the Dark Knight.", "In the 70 minute pilot episode, Alfred Pennyworth narrates the events which have led to the formation of the Birds of Prey. Years ago, when Batman defended the streets of Gotham City, he fathered a daughter to Catwoman which he never knew about. After the birth of her daughter Helena, Selena Kyle gave up her life as Catwoman and raised her child as a single mother. Bruce Wayne, apparently oblivious to the fact that he has a child, continues to fight crime in Gotham as Batman. Alfred tells that he \"had trained many protégés over the years and one of them was Barbara Gordon, who called herself Batgirl.\" As Batman and Batgirl continued to fight the Joker for control of the city, the battle came to an end with Joker's loss. However, the Joker swore revenge not on Batman himself, but on those he loved. While a hit-man was sent to murder Catwoman, the Joker, in a scene adapted directly from The Killing Joke, guns down Barbara at her apartment. With Gordon paralyzed and Kyle dead, Batman abandons Gotham never to be seen again.", "While Bane establishes himself as ruler of Gotham's criminal underworld, Bruce Wayne passes the mantle of Batman to Jean-Paul Valley, also known as Azrael . As Batman, Jean-Paul grows increasingly violent, allowing the villain Abattoir to fall to his death. Jean-Paul also refuses to recognize Robin as his partner. Utilizing a sophisticated combat suit in place of the traditional Batman uniform, he fights and defeats Bane at the end of the \"Knightfall\" arc, severing the tubes that pump the Venom into Bane's bloodstream, causing severe withdrawal. Valley then gives the weakened Bane a vicious beating, leaving him alive but broken.", "When the real Joker returned to Gotham City, he began to pose as a British journalist/detective Oberon Sexton, a famous author of a book called \"Masks of Evil\". At the same time however, he operated as the mysterious Domino Killer, killing members of the Black Glove one by one. The Joker then became the target of a blackmail scheme from an organization called \"El Penitente\". Using a \"secret\" (probably knowledge of his true identity) as leverage, they tried to force him to murder Batman. The Joker (as Sexton) met Dick Grayson, the current Batman, later to discuss his alleged serial killer, believing that the killer was targeting members of the Black Glove and that Bruce Wayne would be next on the killer's list. Despite his blackmailer's demands, Joker watched Batman leave. For his failure to kill Batman \"El Penitente\" sent four assassins after him, but the villain escaped his pursuers by a rope out of the window.", "To retaliate, the mobsters hired the \"clown\" Joker to eliminate Lau and to reveal Batman's identity (\"Will the real Batman please stand up\" - in a video-taped ultimatum, he announced: \"Batman must take off his mask and turn himself in. Oh, and every day he doesn't, people will die - starting tonight\"). Lt. Gordon attempted to provide protective custody for the Joker's initial targets - Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb (Colin McFarlane) and Judge Surrillo (Nydia Rodriguez Terracina), but they were murdered (by poisoning and a car bombing, respectively) - by corrupt officers in the police force. The third target was Harvey Dent - who was confronted personally by the Joker at the Bruce Wayne fund-raiser. The Joker first circled around \"Harvey's squeeze\" Rachel and intimidated her with a knife as he told her another version of his facial scarring. Dent escaped detection when Batman arrived - the superhero was forced to fight against the Joker's thugs and then saved Rachel when she was tossed off the side of the building.", "When Nightwing returned to Gotham, he summoned a group of heroes that would team up to maintain order in the city. Oracle returned to Gotham and resumed her position as main informant for the Bat-Family, and her first act was the summoning of the Outsiders to Gotham. [18] Later, she reported Arkham Asylum's destruction to Nightwing and also about a mysterious assassin whose M.O. resembled to that of Azrael. [19] Oracle's surveillance system spotted this new Azrael [20] and also a new vigilante acting as Batman. [21] Later, she was able to locate Damian , allowing Nightwing to go to the kid's location. [22]", "Realizing how dangerously wrong things could go if any of his friends were mind controlled or manipulated into doing evil, Batman begins to study their weaknesses and develop contingency plans to neutralize them. Talia al Ghul breaks into the Batcave and steals them from the Batcomputer . [152] Ra's al Ghul begins using these special methods to incapacitate every member of the League, while distracting the detective by stealing his parents' corpses. This is a distraction for his attempt to thin the world population using a machine that destroys people's ability to process language worldwide. [153] Bursting into the League of Assassins ' base to fight Ra's and prevent his parents from being lowered into a Lazarus Pit , he realizes that his plans have been stolen and warns everyone else. [154] Recovering from defeat, they save their aggression towards Batman's controversial actions and fight back with help from a defecting Talia. [155] After saving the world, they vote to dismiss Batman from the League on grounds of distrust. [156] Superman eventually convinces him that he needs to regain the team's trust to be accepted again though, and Batman returns by revealing his secret identity to the rest of his allies. [157]", "That year Dennis O'Neil took over as editor of the Batman titles and set the template for the portrayal of Batman following DC's status quo-altering miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths . O'Neil operated under the assumption that he was hired to revamp the character and as a result tried to instill a different tone in the books than had gone before. One outcome of this new approach was the \" Year One \" storyline in Batman #404-407 (February-May 1987), in which Frank Miller and artist David Mazzucchelli redefined the character's origins. Writer Alan Moore and artist Brian Bolland continued this dark trend with 1988's 48-page one-shot Batman: The Killing Joke , in which the Joker, attempting to drive Commissioner Gordon insane, cripples Gordon's daughter Barbara , and then kidnaps and tortures the commissioner, physically and psychologically.", "When his parents are killed, billionaire playboy Bruce Wayne relocates to Asia where he is mentored by Henri Ducard and Ra's Al Ghul in how to fight evil. When learning about the plan to wipe out evil in Gotham City by Ducard, Bruce prevents this plan from getting any further and heads back to his home. Back in his original surroundings, Bruce adopts the image of a bat to strike fear into the criminals and the corrupt as the icon known as 'Batman'. But it doesn't stay quiet for long. Written by konstantinwe", "Although Metropolis and Gotham City have certain types of criminals in common, they also each have some that are distinctly unique. The outsider/insider dichotomy represented by the differences between Superman and Batman�s respective worlds can be seen in the different types of criminals they encounter. For example, Superman often encounters anti-Americans that threaten democracy and the \"American way\" (See, for example, National Periodical Comics, 1971, p. 64). Superman is also likely to contend with recurring foes from other worlds�even more of \"outsiders\" than those from \"un-friendly\" countries. Batman, on the other hand, often contends with corrupt politicians�members of the very system that is in charge of upholding law and justice in Gotham City. Many of Batman�s recurring foes are members of the wealthy community that want to \"control the world.\" Others are \"freaks\" that have risen up from the bowels of the city, products of a harsh society that in one way or another cheated them. These villains in Gotham City are often only trying to create disorder and anarchy. Much like Batman, they are often driven by a traumatic event and an obsession with revenge. [End page 100] ", "Dana Drye is referred to by Batman as \"the Dean of detectives, greatest of them all,\" in Batman #14. He discovers Batman's secret identity and knows it for several years before committing suicide in a particularly ingenious manner so as to look like he was murdered:", "Not So Different : Bullock suggests this to Batman in A Bullet for Bullock while explaining that he (Bullock) doesn't want Internal Affairs involved in a case because Bullock is implied to have leaked information to the press and violated the rights of suspects. Batman rejects it but considering that a few minutes later he intimidates a drug dealer for information by dangling him in front of a car ...", "Description : Batman is wrongly implicated in a series of murders of mob bosses actually done by a new vigilante assassin.", "Batman is often treated as a vigilante by other characters in his stories. Frank Miller views the character as \"a dionysian figure, a force for anarchy that imposes an individual order.\"[105] Dressed as a bat, Batman deliberately cultivates a frightening persona in order to aid him in crime-fighting,[106] a fear that originates from the criminals' own guilty conscience.", "Batman is often treated as a vigilante by other characters in his stories. Frank Miller views the character as \"a dionysian figure, a force for anarchy that imposes an individual order.\" [104] Dressed as a bat, Batman deliberately cultivates a frightening persona in order to aid him in crime-fighting, [105] a fear that originates from the criminals' own guilty conscience . [106]", "This was Bruce Wayne's reasoning as to why he forbade Dick Grayson to take up the Mantle of the Bat and chose Jean-Paul Valley instead in Knightfall . However, this turned out to be an even worse decision thanks to Scarecrow's infamous fear gas triggering Jean-Paul's brainwashing by the Order of St. Dumas , causing an ever-increasing level of brutality that ultimately forces Bruce to take back the Mantle of the Bat.", "In \"Shadow of the Bat,\" Commissioner Gordon is accused of being an employee of Rupert Thorne, Gotham's ranking mob boss. There are bank accounts in his name, tickets to Rio de Janeiro to flee the country and he is broken out of jail by criminals who explain that Thorne never forgets his friends. He is being framed by his own Deputy Commissioner, a straight example of this trope, who is working for Two-Face, to clear the way for him to become commissioner.", "Lucky Pierre (portrayed by Pierre Salinger) - Catwoman's attorney who presented her and Joker's case. He wore a lucky wishbone in his hat and claimed he never lost a case. But after it was revealed that he and Catwoman rigged the jury, he lost his first case, thus he destroyed his lucky wishbone and stormed out.", "^ Greenberger and Manning, p. 177 \"Adams helped darken Gotham City in the 1970s [and] the scene was set for a new host of major villains. One of the first was Man-Bat, who debuted in the pages of 1970's Detective Comics #400.\"" ]

[ 3.482421875, 3.375, 2.86328125, 1.689453125, 1.390625, 1.134765625, 0.2142333984375, -0.33837890625, -0.38671875, -0.58642578125, -0.701171875, -0.81689453125, -0.99560546875, -1.1171875, -1.609375, -1.8681640625, -1.962890625, -1.9990234375, -2.646484375, -2.8359375, -3.05859375, -3.146484375, -3.25, -4.66796875, -4.890625, -5.4453125, -5.5703125, -5.859375, -6.109375, -6.57421875, -6.6171875, -8.2109375 ]

[ "Moai, or Mo‘ai, are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500 CE. Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku, the main moai quarry, but hundreds were transported from there and set on stone platforms called ahu around the island's perimeter. Almost all moai have overly large heads three-eighths the size of the whole statue. The moai are chiefly the living faces (aringa ora) of deified ancestors (aringa ora ata tepuna). The statues still gazed inland across their clan lands when Europeans first visited the island, but most were cast down during later conflicts between clans.", "Easter Island, home of the enormous statues called moai, is a tiny dot of volcanic matter in the South Pacific Ocean. Called by Chileans the Isla de Pascua, Easter Island is known as Rapa Nui (sometimes spelled Rapanui) or Te pito o te henua by its inhabitants, who today are primarily newcomers from Chile and the Polynesian islands.", "Rapa Nui, also known as Easter Island (a name given to it by Europeans), is located in the southeast Pacific and is famous for its approximately 1,000 carvings of moai, human-faced statues.", "Easter Island , also called Rapa Nui, is a small island located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean that is considered a special territory of Chile . Easter Island is most famous for its large moai statues that were carved by native peoples between 1250 and 1500. The island is also considered a UNESCO World Heritage Site and much of the island's land belongs to the Rapa Nui National Park.", "The haunting, mysterious Easter Island is a remote island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean that today, is surprisingly accessible from Santiago and Tahiti. Rapa Nui National Park, which has some of the most fascinating and remarkable examples of cultural tradition in the world, includes well-preserved moai (stone monuments), ancient dwellings, and other sites of archaeological significance. Most of the island’s moai are within the boundaries in the national park and have protected status, so there are some restrictions for visitors which were put in place to preserve these sites.", "The moai and ceremonial sites are along the coast, with a concentration on Easter Island's southeast coast. Here, the moai are more 'standardized' in design, and are believed to have been carved, transported, and erected between AD 1400 and 1600. They stand with their backs to the sea and are believed by most archaeologists to represent the spirits of ancestors, chiefs, or other high-ranking males who held important positions in the history of Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, the name given by the indigenous people to their island in the 1860s.", "The moai and ceremonial sites are along the coast, with a concentration on Easter Island's southeast coast. Here, the moai are more 'standardized' in design, and are believed to have been carved, transported, and erected between AD 1400 and 1600. They stand with their backs to the sea and are believed by most archaeologists to represent the spirits of ancestors, chiefs, or other high-ranking males who held important positions in the history of Easter Island, or Rapa Nuie.", "\"El Gigante\" and the Stone Moai of Easter Island – Easter Island, Chile | Atlas Obscura", "The statues of Easter Island called moai number approximately 1,000, and they consist of the heads and torsos of large human-like bodies, carved by the inhabitants of this tiny South Pacific Island between about 1000 and 1680 AD. The moai were carved out of soft volcanic bedrock, moved across up to 20 miles of graded terrain and placed on rock platforms called ahu. Weighing as much as 86 tons, the moai's secret is not how they were carved--stone tools and partially carved moai give us plenty of information about that; nor is it about where the source material for the stone was--two quarries are known and have been extensively investigated on the island. The secret is how, after they were carved, these enormous megalithic monuments were moved across the island to be erected in a wide variety of locations.", "The sun sets behind Moais -- stone statues of the Rapa Nui culture -- on Easter Island, 3700 km off the Chilean coast in the Pacific Ocean, on July 12, 2010. AFP PHOTO/Martin Bernetti (Photo credit should read MARTIN BERNETTI/AFP/Getty Images) less", "For reasons still unknown they began carving giant statues out of volcanic rock. These monuments, known, as “moai” are some of the most incredible ancient relics ever discovered. The people of Easter Island called themselves the Rapa Nui. Where did they come from and why did they disappear? Science has learned much about the enigma of Easter Island and has put to rest some of the more bizarre theories, but questions and controversies remain.", "Easter Island, also known as Rapa Nui , is a tiny island known for its huge moai statues scattered all over the island.", "Few places on the planet are as intriguing Easter Island 164 square kilometer island so far east, it's technically a part of Chile. Giant, sober-faced stone statues called moai dominate the landscape here whether they are full-standing or still only partially carved from rock; their mystery is an even larger presence.", "Island located in the eastern pacific ocean, 2,300 miles west of chile. The Polynesian name is Rapa Nu. Has the famous statues on the island called moai that were made mysteriously hundreds of years ago.", "The best known aspect of the Rapa Nui culture is the moai, the 887 human figures carved from rock between 1250 and 1500 CE and transported throughout Easter Island. The moai were believed to be the living faces of ancestors and had all been toppled by 1868. The moai rest on large stone platforms called ahu, the most famous of which are Ahu Tongariki, the largest ahu, and Ahu Vinapu, an ahu theorized to have been built by Incan Tupac Yupanqui. Some moai have hats of red volcanic stone known as Pukao. Currently, the Rapa Nui and the Chilean government are focused on preserving and restoring the statues including denoting an area that includes many of the statues, Rapa Nui National Park, as a World Heritage site.", "This famous and remote Polynesian island in the Southern Pacific (just “off” the coast of Chile by 2,200-odd miles) is home to some of the most mysterious carvings on earth. Through famines, wars, disasters, epidemics, the inhabitants of one of the world’s most remote islands are famous to many, and Rapa Nui (the true name of Easter Island) is a popular tourist destination. There is disagreement about when it was settled (estimates range from 200-1200 C.E.) but the numerous dramatic events threatening the population – such as mass abductions that wiped out half the population in the 1800s – have made a permanent mark on history.", "Easter Island is famous for its Moai Statues (there are 887 dotted around the Island). These are mystic statues of human-like figures carved out of rock from specific “quarry” locations and mostly erected, at various locations around the Island. Some are erected in a single line on top of ceremonial earthen mounds that are covered in stones. These stone-covered mounds are called “Ahu’s” by the locals (and are similar to the importance of an Alter in a Church). Each “Ahu” has the Moai’s faces looking inwards from the sea, bar one “Ahu” where the Moai’s face outward to the sea. Many Moai’s are now lying on the ground having been purposefully toppled and ceremonial platforms are damaged, but many have been resurrected back into their original ceremonial positions and the “Ahu’s” restored. Apart from the many “Ahu” ceremonial locations it is also possible to see Moai’s that have been left part carved, but still in the original rock face at the quarry on the outer side of Rano Raraku volcano crater. The path, used to transport the Moai’s that leads from the coast to Rano Raraku quarry is also lined with Moai’s that have either fallen, or are still upright.", "Moai 88 and 89, from exterior slope of Rano Raraku, Rapa Nui (Easter Island). Photo by: David C. Ochnser. copyright Jo Anne Van Tilburg/EISP.", "The greatest evidence for the rich culture developed by the original settlers of Rapa Nui and their descendants is the existence of nearly 900 giant stone statues that have been found in diverse locations around the island. Averaging 13 feet (4 meters) high, with a weight of 13 tons, these enormous stone busts–known as moai–were carved out of tuff (the light, porous rock formed by consolidated volcanic ash) and placed atop ceremonial stone platforms called ahus. It is still unknown precisely why these statues were constructed in such numbers and on such a scale, or how they were moved around the island.", "Beside its name, which was given to Easter Island by Jacob Roggeveen, the God-loving Dutch explorer, the island has at least eight other names. Among them are Te Pito O Te Henua, which means \"the Navel of the World\", and Mata Ki Te Rangi, which can be translated as \"Eyes looking to the sky\". Rapa Nui, Easter Island's native population of 4 thousand people, has the richest and absolutely unique mythology. Furthermore, this is the only island in the entire Polynesian region that developed a written language. And of course, we have to mention the main tourist attraction of Easter Island — famous moai statues. These monoliths are made of solidified volcanic ash. They are up to 20 meters tall, and each of them weights over 20 tons. There are total of 997 moai statues on Easter Island.", "Easter Island's tiny land area (only 117 sq. km.) and remarkable isolation make its discovery and settlement an event that seems as unlikely as it was mysterious. The original settlers seem to have been Polynesian, although there is substantial evidence that they were joined by a South American people early in the island's history. The island's native name, Rapa Nui, is Polynesian. Isolated for centuries from the outside world, the people of Rapa Nui developed their own distinctive culture, a culture perhaps best known by the moai, huge figures carved of volcanic rock. Hundreds of these sculpted monoliths dot the landscape, some in imposing rows, others toppled, broken, and scarred by violence. Scholars have been able to reconstruct some of the tragic history that lies behind the disintegration of Rapa Nui culture, but many important parts of the puzzle-including how and why the moai were built-remain uncertain.", "can paradoxically translate as either “the navel of the earth” or “the end of the earth”) has been replaced by contemporary locals with Rapa Nui. These inhabitants themselves are referred to as Rapanui and speak a language called (you guessed it) Rapanui. Chile, the country that Easter Island technically belongs to, calls it Isla de Pacua. This wide choice in names can lead to some confusion. Even at check-in at the Lima airport, the airline clerk seemed unable to understand “Easter Island,” offering, with a smile, flights to “Miami—or Los Angeles?” The island’s biggest questions revolve around its famed stone heads, or moai. How could a culture with so little material goods, focus not on survival but on creating incredibly intricate and poignant monuments? How were they carved? How were the statues, some of which", "The stone statues of Easter Island have intrigued the imaginations of many, and a mystery has grown up around them. Some have believed them to be the work of some extinct race from a vanished continent. Yet the simple truth lies at the feet of the statues. Large stone images were made in the Marquesas and Raivavae and smaller ones in the Society Islands, Hawai'i, and New Zealand. The Easter Islanders carried the memory of stone carving from the Marquesas to their new home, where they developed a local pattern adapted to the soft, easily worked volcanic tuff found in the extinct crater of Rano-raraku.", "In essence, the statues were a way that chiefs could display what in Polynesia is called mana, or political and spiritual power. Patricia Vargas agrees. She's the director of the Easter Island Studies Institute at the University of Chile in Santiago and spent 12 years living on the island. \"The moai itself is like the house of the mana of the ancestors,\" she explains. \"It represents a person � a person that is linked very closely to the ancestors and to the gods.\"", "The more recent moai had pukao on their heads, which represent the topknot of the chieftains. According to local tradition, the mana was preserved in the hair. The pukao were carved out of red scoria, a very light rock from a quarry at Puna Pau. Red itself is considered a sacred color in Polynesia. The added pukao suggest a further status to the moai. ", "On this outpost nearly 2,300 miles west of South America and 1,100 miles from the nearest island, the newcomers chiseled away at volcanic stone, carving moai, monolithic statues built to honor their ancestors. They moved the mammoth blocks of stone—on average 13 feet tall and 14 tons—to different ceremonial structures around the island, a feat that required several days and many men.", "The first islanders found a land of undoubted paradise. Archaeological evidence shows that the island was covered in trees of various sorts, including the largest palm tree species in the world, whose bark and wood furnished the natives with cloth, rope, and canoes. Birds were abundant as well, and provided food for them. A mild climate favoured an easy life, and abundant waters yielded fish and oysters. The islanders prospered due to these advantages, and a reflection of this is the religion which sprouted in their leisure, which had at its centrepiece the giant moai, or heads, that are the island's most distinctive feature today. These moai, which the island is littered with, are supposed to have been depictions of ancestors, whose presence likely was considered a blessing or watchful safekeeping eye over each small village. The ruins of Rano Raraku crater, the stone quarry where scores if not hundreds of moai sit today, is a testament to how central these figures were to the islanders, and how their life revolved around these creations. It has been suggested that their isolation from all other peoples fuelled this outlet of trade and creativity -- lacking any other significant way to direct their skills and resources. The bird-man culture (seen in petroglyphs), is an obvious testament to the islanders' fascination with the ability to leave their island for distant lands.", "Out of 887 moai found on the island to date, only 53 were made of basalt and red scoria, while the rest were made of tuff, a much softer volcanic rock. Scientists claim that the stylized figures were created to perpetuate the height of ancestral status in social hierarchy. When Rapa Nui moved the moai to the coast, in most cases stone giants were facing into the island, with their backs out to the sea, which is likely to mean that the stone ancestors were to protect the islanders from the troubles of the vast and unpredictable ocean. Fragments of fossilized pigments found in proximity to many of the statues indicate that parts of the faces were painted and thus remained clearly visible from a distance. One of the statues, which is now housed in the British Museum, has a set of clearly traced, colored eyes. Over the years, these enormously heavy sculptures sank further into the ground, and European explorers in the 20th Century often could see only shoulders and heads on the figures. Their excavations revealed that many of the figures dug from the underground had been endowed with engraved patterns resembling a form of tattoos on their backs and arms.", "The careful precision that went into crafting the moai was equaled by the deliberate care with which they were moved from the volcano to their ahu, platforms on the island's perimeter. Perhaps they were intended to guard the coastline. Their faces looked inward toward the island with watchful stone eyes -- some ornamented with obsidian and coral.", "Polynesians chiseled the moai (above, on the lower slopes of the Rano Raraku statue quarry) out of volcanic rock. Carved in honor of ancestors, the statues stood on average 13 feet tall and weighed 14 tons. (Terry L. Hunt)", "The quarries in Rano Raraku appear to have been abandoned abruptly, with a litter of stone tools and many completed moai outside the quarry awaiting transport and almost as many incomplete statues still in situ as were installed on ahu. In the nineteenth century, this led to conjecture that the island was the remnant of a sunken continent and that most completed moai were under the sea. That idea has long been debunked, and now it is understood that:", "The island of Rapa Nui, better known to the Western world as Easter Island, is remarkable for many reasons, chief among them that a few of the earlier inhabitants carved more than 900 lava rock monuments around the island - for reasons that are unclear to this day. Lying 3700km off the Chilean coast, Rap Nui claims to be \"the most remote inhabited island in the world\"." ]

[ 4.27734375, 4.23046875, 3.857421875, 3.21875, 3.052734375, 2.826171875, 2.576171875, 2.5625, 2.298828125, 2.146484375, 1.98828125, 1.9609375, 1.6533203125, 1.3837890625, 1.2880859375, 1.279296875, 0.998046875, 0.86572265625, 0.77197265625, 0.73828125, 0.6630859375, 0.6083984375, 0.287353515625, -0.28955078125, -0.6728515625, -1.564453125, -2.60546875, -3.490234375, -4.0546875, -4.1640625, -4.1875, -4.97265625 ]

[ "On April 10, 1912, the RMS Titanic left Southampton, England on her maiden voyage. After stops at Cherbourg, France and Queenstown (now Cobh), Ireland, she steamed for New York, USA carrying over 2,200 passengers and crew.", "The ship began its maiden voyage from Southampton, England, bound for New York City, New York, on Wednesday, April 10, 1912, with Captain Edward J. Smith in command. As the Titanic left its berth, the powerful suction created by the ship's propellers caused the liner New York, which was docked nearby, to break away from its moorings and was drawn dangerously close (about 4 feet) to the Titanic before a tugboat towed the New York away. The near accident delayed the departure for one hour. After crossing the English Channel, the Titanic stopped at Cherbourg, France, to disembark and board additional passengers, and stopped again the next day at Queenstown (known today as Cobh), Ireland, before continuing towards New York with 2,223 people aboard.[4]", "From 1847, the geographical and technical properties of the port of Cherbourg attracted shipping companies linking European ports to the east coast of the United States. At the end of the 1860s, the ships of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company and the Hamburg America Line anchored in the harbour before crossing the Atlantic. After leaving Southampton, England, the RMS Titanic made its first stop at Cherbourg on 10 April 1912, during its maiden voyage, where an additional 274 passengers embarked. In 1913, Cherbourg received 500 ships and 70,000 passengers. ", "The vessel began her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, bound for New York City, New York, on Wednesday, 10 April 1912, with Captain Edward J. Smith in command. As the Titanic left her berth, her wake caused the liner City of New York, which was docked nearby, to break away from her moorings, whereupon she was drawn dangerously close (about four feet) to the Titanic before a tugboat towed the New York away.[18] The near accident delayed departure for one hour[citation needed]. After crossing the English Channel, the Titanic stopped at Cherbourg, France, to board additional passengers and stopped again the next day at Queenstown (known today as Cobh), Ireland. As harbour facilities at Queenstown were inadequate for a ship of her size, Titanic had to anchor off-shore, with small boats, known as tenders, ferrying the embarking passengers out to her. When she finally set out for New York, there were 2,240 people aboard.[19]", "The Titanic left Southampton on its maiden voyage on Wednesday, April 10, 1912 at 12:00 Noon.", "Titanic was launched on 31 May 1911, and her commissioning was slightly delayed due to ongoing repairs of Olympic. The ship left the port of Southampton 10 April 1912 for her maiden voyage, narrowly avoiding a collision with SS New York, a ship moored in the port pulled by the propellers of Titanic. After a stopover at Cherbourg, France and another in Queenstown, Ireland, she sailed into the Atlantic with 2,200 passengers on board (a total capacity of 3,500), under the command of Captain Edward J. Smith headed for New York City. The crossing took place without major incident until Sunday, 14 April at 23:40. ", "Southampton is a city of immense historical significance to the United Kingdom. During the Middle Ages, the town of Southampton became a key home of shipbuilding and in 1620 was the port from which the Mayflower departed for America. The ship carried pilgrims who would settle across the pond and in the Victorian era this affiliation with the docks grew. The town expanded rapidly and in 1912 the RMS Titanic left the port of Southampton, when the liner sank around a third of its passengers were Sotonians. The Nazis would target Southampton during World War Two due to its naval importance and finally in 1964, the Hampshire town would be granted city status. This affiliation with the seas explains the water seen on the crest, symbolising the thing Southampton is known for.", "After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent, Titanic headed out into the English Channel. She headed for the French port of Cherbourg, a journey of 77 nmi. The weather was windy, very fine but cold and overcast. Because Cherbourg lacked docking facilities for a ship the size of Titanic, tenders had to be used to transfer passengers from shore to ship. The White Star Line operated two at Cherbourg, the SS Traffic and the SS Nomadic. Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic-class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic. (Nomadic is today the only White Star Line ship still afloat.) Four hours after Titanic left Southampton, she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. 274 additional passengers were taken aboard, 142 First Class, 30 Second Class, and 102 Third Class. Twenty-Four passengers who had booked passage only cross-channel from Southampton left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore. The process was completed within only 90 minutes and at 8 p.m. Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown with the weather continuing cold and windy.", "In France, 281 passengers boarded Titanic on the afternoon of April 10, 1912 in Cherbourg , a seaport 180km (110 miles, 98 nautical miles) due south from Southampton across the English Channel.", "After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent, Titanic headed out into the English Channel. She headed for the French port of Cherbourg, a journey of 77 nautical miles (89 mi; 143 km). [100] The weather was windy, very fine but cold and overcast. [101] Because Cherbourg lacked docking facilities for a ship the size of Titanic, tenders had to be used to transfer passengers from shore to ship. The White Star Line operated two at Cherbourg, the SS Traffic and the SS Nomadic . Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic-class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic. [102] (Nomadic is today the only White Star Line ship still afloat.) Four hours after Titanic left Southampton, she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. 274 more passengers boarded Titanic and 24 left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore. The process was completed within only 90 minutes and at 8 pm Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown [103] with the weather continuing cold and windy. [101]", "Titanic underway after the near-collision with SS City of New York. On the left can be seen Oceanic and New York.After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent, Titanic headed out into the English Channel. She headed for the French port of Cherbourg, a journey of 77 nautical miles (89 mi; 143 km).[106] The weather was windy, very fine but cold and overcast.[107] Because Cherbourg lacked docking facilities for a ship the size of Titanic, tenders had to be used to transfer passengers from shore to ship. The White Star Line operated two at Cherbourg, the SS Traffic and the SS Nomadic. Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic-class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic.[108] (Nomadic is today the only White Star Line ship still afloat.) Four hours after Titanic left Southampton, she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. 274 more passengers boarded Titanic and 24 left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore. The process was completed within only 90 minutes and at 8 pm Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown[109] with the weather continuing cold and windy.[107]", "The RMS Titanic was a British registered ocean liner built for the transatlantic passenger and mail service between Southampton, England and New York City. It was built in Belfast, Ireland beginning in 1909 and completed 3 years later. At the time it was the largest vessel afloat.  The Titanic left Belfast April 2, 1912 for Southampton, England  arriving on April 3rd, 1912 after crossing the English Channel.  The Titanic stopped at Cherbourg, France to board additional passengers and again the next day at Queenstown, Ireland for more passengers.", "Easily the most famous ship in history, this luxury liner was designed to showcase mankind’s technological brilliance but instead only illustrated his hubris. The largest and fastest passenger ship of its time, the British White Star liner left England on April 10, 1912 on its maiden voyage to New York, only to strike an iceberg five days later and sink.", "The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard the Mayflower in 1620. In 1912 the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. Many of the crew on-board the vessel were Sotonians, with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city. Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard and their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her sister ship RMS Queen Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of Imperial Airways. Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968 and has continued to expand.", "Southampton, England . One of Britain's most historic ports, the SeaCity museum traces Southampton's connection with all things maritime, including the Titanic, which set sail from the port on its doomed maiden voyage in 1912. The old town includes the 800-year-old Bargate, once the main entrance to the town, and 15th-century Tudor House, a timber-framed medieval merchant's home. When it's time to shop, WestQuay is a modern mall overlooking Southampton's tidal estuary.", "RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died in the sinking, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. The largest ship afloat at the time it entered service, the RMS Titanic was the second of three Olympic class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line, and was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster.", "One of the major transatlantic Irish ports, the former Queenstown was the departure point for 2.5 million of the six million Irish people who emigrated to North America between 1848 and 1950. On 11 April 1912, Queenstown was famously the final port of call for the when she set out across the Atlantic on her ill-fated maiden voyage. She was assisted by the PS America and the PS Ireland, two ageing White Star Line tenders, along with several other smaller boats delivering first-class luggage. Some sources and local lore suggest that a Titanic crew member, John Coffey, a native of Queenstown, left the ship at this time, and thereby escaped the sinking. At Queenstown 123 passengers boarded in all; only 44 survived the sinking.", "Her maiden voyage commenced on 14 June 1911 from Southampton, calling at Cherbourg and Queenstown, reaching New York on 21 June. [23] The maiden voyage was captained by Edward Smith who would lose his life the following year in the Titanic disaster. [24] Designer Thomas Andrews was present for the passage to New York and return, along with a number of engineers, as part of Harland and Wolff's \"Guarantee Group\" to spot any problems or areas for improvement. Andrews would also lose his life in the Titanic disaster. [25]", "Ports of call for the ship, built in Belfast , Northern Ireland , include the primary April 1912 departure point in Southampton , England ; additional passengers boarded at Cherbourg , France and Queenstown ( Cobh ), Ireland to travel to New York City .", "Her maiden voyage commenced on 14 June 1911 from Southampton, calling at Cherbourg and Queenstown , reaching New York on 21 June. The maiden voyage was captained by Edward Smith who would lose his life the following year in the Titanic disaster. Designer Thomas Andrews was present for the passage to New York and return, along with a number of engineers, as part of Harland and Wolff's \"Guarantee Group\" to spot any problems or areas for improvement. Andrews would also lose his life in the Titanic disaster.", "RMS Queen Elizabeth was an ocean liner operated by the Cunard Line. With her sister ship ' she provided luxury liner service between Southampton, the United Kingdom, and New York City, the United States, via Cherbourg, France. She was also contracted for over 20 years to carry the Royal Mail as the second half of the two ships' weekly express service.", "In addition, Southampton, being on the south coast, allowed ships to easily cross the English Channel and make a port of call on the northern coast of France, usually at Cherbourg. This allowed British ships to pick up clientele from continental Europe before recrossing the channel and picking up passengers at Queenstown. The Southampton-Cherbourg-New York run would become so popular that most British ocean liners began using the port after World War I. Out of respect for Liverpool, ships continued to be registered there until the early 1960s. Queen Elizabeth 2 was one of the first ships registered in Southampton when introduced into service by Cunard in 1969.", "1936: The Queen Mary sailed on her maiden voyage from Southampton via Cherbourg to New York.", "RMS Queen Mary ship being swung round by tugs on leaving the ocean dock at Southampton, England on May 27, 1936 for her maiden voyage. Vast crowds cheered the RMS Queen Mary on to her maiden voyage. Bands played and sirens shrieked as she made her way down Southampton water under her own power. It took 15 minutes for her to leave her berth. (AP Photo/Staff/Putnam)", "Southampton is a major port and the largest city on the south coast of England. Out of the 908 crew members, 699 of the crew came from Southampton, and 40% were natives of the city. Most of the crew signed on in Southampton on April 6, 1912.", "     The RMS Queen Elizabeth was a steam-powered ocean liner of the Cunard Steamship Company. The ship was named after Queen Elizabeth, wife of King George VI of the UK and queen consort at the time it was built. It was launched in Scotland on 27 September 1938, and initially used as a transport vehicle during World War II. In 1946, the ship left Southampton, England, on its first run across the Atlantic as a luxurious ocean liner. It was retired from service in 1968. Queen Elizabeth was the largest passenger steamship ever constructed and held the record for the largest passenger ship of any kind until being surpassed in 1996 by the Carnival Destiny.", "During the late nineteenth century, White Star operated many famous ships, such as Britannic (I), Germanic, Teutonic, and Majestic (I). Several of these ships took the Blue Riband, awarded to the fastest ship to make the Atlantic crossing.", "Southampton has always been strongly connected with maritime history and developments. In particular, it is a primary port for cruise ships, its heyday being the first half of the 20th century, and in particular the inter-war years, when it handled almost half the passenger traffic of the UK. Today it remains home to many luxury liners, as well as being a very important container port.", "The legendary White Star liner is depicted in this fine print approaching Queenstown on the first leg of her fateful Atlantic crossing.  Print available from TRADEWIND FINE ART, P.O. Box 12, St. Agnes, TR5 0YL, England.", "The SS Sirius (from Leith) beat the SS Great Western by one day in being the first steamship to cross the Atlantic but, as a much smaller ship, was eclipsed by the press coverage given to the larger ship. Leith offered ferry services to many European ports, including Hamburg and Oslo.", "7 May 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the sinking of Lusitania. To commemorate the occasion, Cunard's undertook a voyage to Cork, Ireland.", "Liners starting from Southampton could conveniently cross the Channel and pick up continental passengers at Cherbourg in Normandy. To save time, they would normally anchor offshore and take on passengers from a tender (a smaller vessel), rather than manoeuvre to moor at the quay. In much the same way, liners from Liverpool would call at an Irish port." ]

[ 8.8984375, 8.1015625, 7.9609375, 7.109375, 7.00390625, 6.91015625, 6.00390625, 5.28515625, 5, 4.9375, 4.8984375, 4.7109375, 4.484375, 4.3125, 4.203125, 3.21484375, 2.248046875, 0.285888671875, -0.12384033203125, -0.480712890625, -0.9169921875, -1.1767578125, -1.31640625, -1.9365234375, -3.375, -3.833984375, -4.65234375, -4.765625, -5.15625, -5.40625, -5.40625, -5.58203125 ]

[ "If you are a red-blooded male who came of age sometime in the last 90 years, chances are you grew up with two action-loving, adventure-seeking, mystery-solving literary companions: Frank and Joe Hardy. The Hardy Boys books in which these young detectives star have never been out of print since first coming onto the scene in 1927, have been translated into 25 different languages, and continue to sell over a million copies annually.", "Such criticisms did not hinder the success of the Stratemeyer Syndicate and eventually they would subside. In fact, the Syndicate's greatest successes were yet to come. In 1926 Edward Stratemeyer created a series about two teenage brothers who were also amateur detectives. The Hardy Boys centred on Frank and Joe Hardy, sons of private eye Fenton Hardy, who spend their free time solving mysteries. The series was first published in 1927 with the title The Tower Treasure. Under the pen name Franklin W. Dixon, nineteen of the first twenty five Hardy Boys books were written by Leslie McFarlane. Leslie McFarlane was a Canadian newspaperman who took the job of writing The Hardy Boys Mysteries primarily for extra money. In addition to the Hardy Boys, McFarlane wrote other Stratemeyer series, as well as stories for the pulp magazines. Later he would become a writer for both CBC Radio and CBC Television, write novels under his own name, episodes of Bonanza and The U.S. Steel Hour, and documentary films.", "The Hardy Boys is a popular series of detective/adventure books for boys chronicling the fictional adventures of teenage brothers Frank and Joe Hardy. The original Hardy Boys series was produced between 1927 and 1979 by a group of authors under the pen name Franklin W. Dixon.", "The characters were conceived in 1926 by Edward Stratemeyer , founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate , a book-packaging firm. Stratemeyer initially pitched the new series to publishers Grosset & Dunlap and suggested that the boys might be called the Keene Boys, the Scott Boys, the Hart Boys, or the Bixby Boys. [16] Grosset & Dunlap editors, for reasons unknown, chose the name \"The Hardy Boys\" and approved the project. Stratemeyer accordingly hired Canadian Leslie McFarlane to ghostwrite the first volumes in the series. McFarlane would author 19 of the first 25 volumes in the series. Subsequent titles have been written by a number of different ghostwriters, all under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon . The first three titles were published in 1927, and were an immediate success: by mid-1929 over 115,000 books had been sold. [17] So successful was the series that Stratemeyer created the character of Nancy Drew as a female counterpart to the Hardys. [18]", "The characters were conceived in 1926 by Edward Stratemeyer, founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate, a book-packaging firm. Stratemeyer initially pitched the new series to publishers Grosset & Dunlap and suggested that the boys might be called the Keene Boys, the Scott Boys, the Hart Boys, or the Bixby Boys. Grosset & Dunlap editors, for reasons unknown, chose the name \"The Hardy Boys\" and approved the project. Stratemeyer accordingly hired Canadian Leslie McFarlane to ghostwrite the first volumes in the series. McFarlane would author nineteen of the first twenty-five volumes in the series. Subsequent titles have been written by a number of different ghostwriters, all under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon. The first three titles were published in 1927, and were an immediate success: by mid-1929 over 115,000 books had been sold. So successful was the series that Stratemeyer created the character of Nancy Drew as a female counterpart to the Hardys.", "The Hardy Boys is a creation of the Stratemeyer Syndicate, the creators of dozens of successful book series such as the Rover Boys, the Bobbsey Twins and Tom Swift, and later, Nancy Drew. Edward Stratemeyer conceived of the Hardy Boys in 1926 with the creation of plot outlines that would become the first volume of the series. Various ghostwriters were employed, under contract of secrecy, to pen the actual stories. The first author was Leslie McFarlane, whose writing defined the literary style of the series, as well as the personalities and nuances of its characters. McFarlane authored volumes 1—16 and 22—24, which are generally regarded as the best works of the series. His 1976 autobiography, Ghost of the Hardy Boys, provides substantial background information on the series, as well as the Stratemeyer Syndicate as a whole.", "Following the success of their then-new Nancy Drew Girl Detective series, that quickly became a New York Times Best-selling series, after replacing the Nancy Drew Digests in 2004 , Simon & Schuster launched The Hardy Boys Undercover Brothers series in April 2005. The start of the Undercover Brothers marked the end of The Hardy Boys series, a series that was originally published way back in 1927 , and had reached 190 volumes by the time it was discontinued (having been published by both Grosset & Dunlap and various Simon & Schuster imprints).", "The Hardy Boys is a creation of Edward Statemeyer 's Stratemeyer Syndicate , the creators of dozens of successful book series such as Tom Swift , the Rover Boys, the Bobbsey Twins, and later, Nancy Drew .", "When I read the Hardy Boys as a kid, I mostly identified with Frank and Joe, and really didn’t notice the adult characters in the story. Re-reading them as a grown man, and a father, however, I was really struck by what a warm and supportive home Fenton and Laura — the boys’ parents — create for their sons, and particularly what an exemplary dad they have. Manly, athletic, intelligent, thoughtful, and full of unwavering integrity, Fenton reminds me of another upstanding literary father: Atticus Finch .", "The Hardy Boys are constantly involved in adventure and action. Despite frequent danger, the boys \"never lose their nerve ... They are hardy boys, luckier and more clever than anyone around them.\" [12] They live in an atmosphere of mystery and intrigue: \"Never were so many assorted felonies committed in a simple American small town. Murder, drug peddling, race horse kidnapping, diamond smuggling , medical malpractice , big-time auto theft, even (in the 1940s) the hijacking of strategic materials and espionage , all were conducted with Bayport as a nucleus.\" [13] With so much in common, the boys are so little differentiated that one commentator facetiously describes them thus: \"The boys' characters basically broke down this way – Frank had dark hair; Joe was blond.\" [14] In general, however, \"Frank was the thinker while Joe was more impulsive, and perhaps a little more athletic.\" [14] The two boys are infallibly on good terms with each other and never engage in sibling rivalry , with the exception of the New Hardy Boys Casefiles series. [15]", "The Hardy Boys are constantly involved in adventure and action. Despite frequent danger the boys \"never lose their nerve ... They are hardy boys, luckier and more clever than anyone around them.\" [10] They live in an atmosphere of mystery and intrigue: \"Never were so many assorted felonies committed in a simple American small town. Murder, drug peddling, race horse kidnapping, diamond smuggling, medical malpractice, big-time auto theft, even (in the 1940s) the hijacking of strategic materials and espionage, all were conducted with Bayport as a nucleus.\" [11] With so much in common, the boys are so little differentiated that one commentator facetiously describes them thus: \"The boys' characters basically broke down this way – Frank had dark hair; Joe was blond.\" [12] In general, however, \"Frank was the thinker while Joe was more impulsive, and perhaps a little more athletic.\" [12] The two boys are infallibly on good terms with each other and never engage in sibling rivalry. [13]", "Critic Jeffery P. Dennis argues that one reason for the books' popularity is that they, especially in the early volumes, provide readers with something they cannot get in other media: homoromance . While the Hardy Boys have nominal girlfriends in Callie Shaw and Iola Morton , the boys exhibit little interest in them, planning no individual dates with them, for example. [108] [109] Instead, the Hardys spend time in the early volumes with male friends; \"Frank favors chubby, good-natured Chet, who frets over household chores, befriends girls, and eventually goes to art school\" while Joe \"favors Biff, with 'muscles like steel,' who dislikes school chores, dislikes girls, and plays every school sport.\" [108] Later, the Hardys no longer have particular friends; they do everything as a group: rescue each other from being tied up, finish each other's sentences, attend the same classes at school despite their age difference, and never argue or disagree with each other. According to Dennis, they \"behave precisely as if their bond is romantic\", [110] but they are portrayed as brothers because the culture at large demanded that latent homoeroticism be masked by girlfriends and fraternalism. [110] However, critic Gary Westfahl argues that the Hardy Boys are neither heterosexual or homosexual, but asexual, although he and others suggest that Chet is portrayed as a feminine male character. [111]", "In 2006 , Simon & Schuster reprinted four (seemingly random) Hardy Boys Casefiles books in the UK, as part of the Undercover Brothers series. Two other Casefiles were scheduled for a November 2006 release, but were canceled for unknown reasons. [7]", "The Hardy Boys Unofficial Home Page The Hardy Boys Series began in 1927 when three \"breeder\" volumes (written by Leslie McFarlane under the name Franklin W. Dixon) were released: The Tower Treasure Who was Franklin W. Dixon? All Hardy Boys books list Franklin W. Dixon as the author. There's only one problem.. Franklin W. Dixon never existed! Hardy Boys Books by Franklin W. Dixon from Simon & Schuster Frequently Asked", "In 1979, the Hardy Boys books began to be published in paperback, rather than hardcover. Lawrence and Buranelli continued to write titles; other authors included Karl Harr III and Laurence Swinburne. [25] The rights to the series were sold, along with the Stratemeyer Syndicate, in 1984 to Simon and Schuster . [28] New York book packager Mega-Books subsequently hired authors to write the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories and a new series, the Hardy Boys Casefiles. [29]", "The Syndicate's process for creating the Hardy Boys books consisted of creating a detailed outline, with all elements of plot; drafting a manuscript; and editing the manuscript. Edward Stratemeyer's daughter, Edna Stratemeyer Squier, and possibly Stratemeyer himself, wrote outlines for the first volumes in the series. Beginning in 1934, Stratemeyer's other daughter, Harriet Stratemeyer Adams, began contributing plot outlines; she and Andrew Svenson wrote most of the plot outlines for the next several decades. Other plot outliners included Vincent Buranelli, James Duncan Lawrence, and Tom Mulvey.", "The duo also appeared in the film \" Wild Poses \" in the Hal Roach series Our Gang (later The Little Rascals ). Laurel and Hardy have also turned up in more recent works such as the Asterix album Obelix and Co. , Federico Fellini 's film City of Women (1980), Berkeley Breathed 's comic strip Bloom County , Gary Larson 's comic strip The Far Side and the The Simpsons episode The Wandering Juvie .", "Wikipedia the free encyclopedia A brief history of the Hardy Boys Hardy Boys Adventures | By Franklin W. DIxon Franklin W. Dixon was the pseudonym devised by Edward Stratemeyer for the author of a series of mystery books he was developing which became the Hardy Boys series. Franklin W. Dixon's Biography | Scholastic.com The Tower Treasure (Hardy Boys", "Some of the revised stories were simply touched-up versions of the original, but others were completely new stories that weren't related to their predecessor in any way. Since there are still lots of the original books floating around, there are now several pairs of completely different Hardy Boys stories that share the same title.", "Through all these changes, the characters have remained popular. The books sell more than a million copies a year. [2] Several additional volumes are published annually, and the boys' adventures have been translated into more than 25 languages. The Hardy Boys have been featured in computer games and five television shows and used to promote merchandise such as lunchboxes and jeans. Critics have offered many explanations for the characters' longevity, suggesting variously that the Hardy Boys embody simple wish-fulfillment, [3] American ideals of masculinity, [4] American ideals of white masculinity, [5] a paradoxically powerful but inept father, [6] and the possibility of the triumph of good over evil. [7]", "Hardy Boys books have been extensively re-printed in the United Kingdom, with new illustrations and cover art. The Hardys' adventures have also been translated into over 25 languages, including Norwegian, Swedish, Spanish, Icelandic , Hebrew , French, German, Japanese, Russian, Malay , and Italian. [82] The books are widely read in India, [83] and Japan's Kyoto Sangyo University listed 21 Hardy Boys books on its reading list for freshmen in the 1990s. [82]", "In the mid- 1980s , after Collins had lost the rights to publish the books in hardcover, they reissued books 37 to 48 in hardcover with the same cover art that had been used in the 70s , however, the books were much thinner than the 70s editions because the paper stock used was a thinner stock than had been used a decade before. Also all the books now had a blood red spine and rear cover, with the rear cover simple saying that the Hardy Boys were back in 12 hardcover adventures and listing the titles. No one is sure when these books were released since the copyright page uses the same copyright information that was used in the 70s for those hard covers. The 12 books that were reissued in the 80s were not printed in England, but in Italy, by Imago/Sagdos. [1]", "Both an exciting adventure story and a wise morality tale, this \"story for boys\" by the great Victorian novelist Thomas Hardy tells of how two young men exploring a cave discover the dangers of taking the well-being of others into their own hands. W...", "Hardy Boys books have been extensively reprinted in the United Kingdom , with new illustrations and cover art . The Hardys' adventures have also been translated into over twenty-five languages, including Norwegian , Swedish , Spanish , Icelandic , Hebrew , French , German , Japanese , Russian , Malay , and Italian . [76] The books are widely read in India, [77] and Japan's Kyoto Sangyo University listed twenty-one Hardy Boys books on its reading list for freshmen in the 1990s. [76]", "The early volumes, largely written by Leslie McFarlane , have been praised for their atmosphere and writing style, qualities often considered lacking in juvenile series books. [37] McFarlane's writing is clear and filled with specific details, [38] making his works superior to many other Stratemeyer series titles. [39] Such, at least, was McFarlane's intention: \"It seemed to me the Hardy Boys deserved something better than the slapdash treatment Dave Fearless [40] had been getting... I opted for Quality.\" [41] The volumes not written by McFarlane or his wife were penned by John Button, who wrote the series from 1938 to 1942; this period is sometimes referred to as the \"Weird Period\" as the writing is full of inconsistencies and the Hardy Boys' adventures involve futuristic gadgetry and exotic locations. [42]", "That year, the Syndicate started rewriting 38 of its original Hardy Boys titles to remove objectionable material, including many of the books’ most violent moments. Writers also tried to give the books a more modern feel with fewer tough words, streamlined action plots, and generally updated language. Fans of the original series found the new bowdlerized versions to be downright bland, but Salon explained that some of the changes were reasonable:", "In a process that angered loyal fans, the Syndicate systematically rewrote the Hardy Boys volumes 1-38 between 1959 and 1973. The changes were meant to bring the series more up to date and to eliminate the racial stereotypes that were occasionally found in the earlier volumes. As was said on the copyright page:", "Incidentally, I've seen it claimed that the Hardy Boys were the best selling series of novels in history before the advent of Harry Potter. Does anyone know if that's true?", "The Hardy Boys® is a registered trademark of Simon & Schuster . All Hardy Boys books and artwork are copyright © Simon & Schuster .", "A few years back, I bought half the canon for my children to one day enjoy, and I’ve sometimes looked at the old Hardy Boys volumes sitting on the shelf in my office and thought about what exactly has made these books so popular and enduring; why do they continue to line the shelves of libraries and bookstores, engage generation after generation, and remain indelibly printed on our cultural consciousness?", "The Hardy Boys series is one of the most popular juvenile book series of all time. Its timeless plots, endearing characters, and exciting writing have helped keep the series alive for seventy-five years, while spawning and inspiring numerous spin-off series, nonfiction books, board games, TV shows, and internet sites. But how did it all begin?", "Here's a good breakdown of who wrote which Hardy Boys book and here's the equivalent for Nancy Drew." ]

[ 4.98046875, 4.82421875, 4.8203125, 3.0078125, 2.630859375, 2.1796875, 1.6953125, 1.64453125, 0.7060546875, 0.6416015625, 0.42626953125, -0.3935546875, -0.57177734375, -0.7041015625, -1.955078125, -2.33203125, -2.357421875, -2.392578125, -2.396484375, -2.830078125, -2.861328125, -2.912109375, -2.947265625, -3.00390625, -3.181640625, -3.474609375, -3.67578125, -3.865234375, -3.875, -3.892578125, -4.02734375, -4.71484375 ]

[ "A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:", "A) Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:", "Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterised by both of the following:", "Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following: eating, in a discrete period of time (eg, within any two hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar conditions; and a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (eg, a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating).", "Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by repeated, persistent episodes of binge eating in the absence of the inappropriate compensatory behaviors seen in BN. According to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, BED is defined by the consumption of unusually large quantities of food in discrete periods of time together with the experience of loss of control over eating. DSM-IV also specifies that binge eating in BED is associated with emotional distress, and must occur at least twice a week for six months to meet full diagnostic criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Currently a provisional diagnosis under the larger heading of EDNOS in the DSM-IV, BED is being proposed as a distinct eating disorder in the upcoming DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2010).", "In DSM-IV, variants of BN (and of AN) that, while “clinically significant”, do not meet full diagnostic criteria are designated “Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified” (EDNOS). The best-known variant of BN is binge eating disorder (BED), a disorder characterized by regular episodes of binge eating in the absence of the regular extreme weight-control behaviors that are characteristic of BN [ 9 , 11 ]. BED is also the most common variant of BN, in general population samples at least [ 2 , 4 , 12 ]. As might be expected, individuals with BED tend to be overweight, often very overweight [ 9 , 11 ]. This is contrast to individuals with BN, who tend to be in the normal-weight range. Further, whereas BN is far more common in women than in men, BED may be nearly as common in men as in women [ 1 , 4 ]. This difference reflects the fact that binge eating is common in both men and women, whereas the use of extreme weight-control behaviors, particularly purging behaviors, is uncommon in men [ 3 ].", "Listed in the DSM IV-TR appendix, binge eating disorder is defined as uncontrolled binge eating without emesis or laxative abuse. It is often, but not always, associated with obesity symptoms. Night eating syndrome includes morning anorexia, increased appetite in the evening, and insomnia. Often obese, these patients can have complete or partial amnesia for eating during the night. There are overlaps in anorexia nervosa and other specific eating disorder diagnoses with eating disorder not otherwise specified. 3", "*Binge Eating Disorder (BED), characterized by recurring binge eating at least once a week for over a period of 3 months while experiencing lack of control and guilt after overeating. The disorder can develop within individuals of a wide range of ages and socioeconomic classes. ", "A chronic morbid disorder involving repeated and secretive episodic bouts of eating characterized by uncontrolled rapid ingestion of large quantities of food over a short period of time (binge eating), followed by self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or vigorous exercise to prevent weight gain; often accompanied by feelings of guilt, depression, or self-disgust.", "1. An eating disorder characterized by episodic binge eating followed by feelings of shame, depression, and self-condemnation. It occurs chiefly in young women of normal and near-normal weight and is often associated with measures taken to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, or using laxatives. Also called bulimarexia, bulimia nervosa.", "BINGE-EATING DISORDER. Like bulimia, binge-eating disorder involves repetitive episodes of binge eating in a restricted period of time over several months. This illness is different from bulimia, however, because people suffering from binge-eating disorder do not purge after a binge. This disorder has more to do with an absolute lack of control over eating than with the conciliatory acts (purging) that follow a bulimic's binge.", "Binge eating is fairly new to the DSM-IV, and is still not fully recognized as its own disorder, often being lumped into the EDNOS category. While purging is not associated with this disorder, many of the frustrations that someone with BED faces are similar to those struggling with bulimia nervosa. Unwanted weight gain is often a symptom of the disorder. Many people live in a combination cycle of binging and starving, thus never quite meeting the criteria for anorexia nervosa but still doing serious damage to their physical and mental well-being.", "The proposed DSM-5 criteria for BED are shown in the middle-right section of Table  1 . As can be seen, the criteria are virtually identical to those suggested in DSM-IV, with one exception. Whereas binge eating on at least two days per week over a period of six months was required for the diagnosis of BED in DSM-IV, binge eating episodes on average at least once per week over a period of three months is required for this diagnosis in DSM-5. All of these changes - assessment of the number of binge eating episodes rather than the number of days on which binge eating occurs, a threshold for binge eating frequency of at least once, rather than at least twice, per week, and binge eating at this frequency for a period of three, rather than six, months - are uncontroversial, in that none of these factors has been found to influence the clinical significance of the disorder [ 13 ]. Further, these changes will mean that the criteria for BED are identical to those for BN in each of these respects, thereby eliminating unnecessary confusion.", "Binge-Eating Type or Purging Type: during the current episode of Anorexia Nervosa, the person has regularly engaged in binge-eating OR purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas).", "bulimia nervo´sa  an eating disorder occurring mainly in girls and young women, characterized by episodic binge eating followed by purging or other behaviors designed to prevent weight gain and by excessive influence of body shape and size on the patient's sense of self-worth. Bingeing episodes involve intake of quantifiably excessive quantities of food within a short, discrete period and a sense of loss of control over food intake during these periods. Unlike anorexia nervosa, no extreme weight loss occurs.", "Proposed changes to the classification of bulimic-type eating disorders in the lead up to the publication of DSM-5 are reviewed. Several of the proposed changes, including according formal diagnostic status to binge eating disorder (BED), removing the separation of bulimia nervosa (BN) into purging and non-purging subtypes, and reducing the binge frequency threshold from twice per week to once per week for both BN and (BED), have considerable empirical evidence to support them and will likely have the effect of facilitating clinical practice, improving access to care, improving public and professional awareness and understanding of these disorders and stimulating the additional research needed to address at least some problematic issues. However, the omission of any reference to variants of BN characterized by subjective, but not objective, binge eating episodes, and to the undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation or similar cognitive criterion in relation to the diagnosis of BED, is regrettable, given their potential to inform clinical and research practice and given that there is considerable evidence to support specific reference to these distinctions. Other aspects of the proposed criteria, such as retention of behavioral indicators of impaired control associated with binge eating and the presence of marked distress regarding binge eating among the diagnostic for BED, appear anomalous in that there is little or no evidence to support their validity or clinical utility. It is hoped that these issues will be addressed in final phase of the DSM-5 development process.", "Individuals with bulimia nervosa regularly engage in discrete periods of overeating, which are followed by attempts to compensate for overeating and to avoid weight gain. There is variation in the nature of the overeating but the typical episode of overeating involves the consumption of an amount of food that would be considered excessive in normal circumstances. The bulimic is dominated by a sense of a lack of control over the eating. Binge eating is followed by attempts to undo the consequences of the binge though fasting, self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, severe caloric restriction, diuretics, enemas, or excessive exercising, etc. The bulimic's self-evaluation is centered on the individual's perceptions of his/her body image. Concerns about weight and shape are characteristic of those with bulimia nervosa. The diagnostic criterion of bulimia nervosa requires that the individual not simultaneously meet criteria for anorexia nervosa. (If an individual simultaneously meets criteria for both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, only the diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa, binge-eating/purging type is given.) The formal diagnosis also stipulates minimal frequency and duration cut-offs. The diagnosis requires that individuals must binge eat and engage in inappropriate compensatory behavior at least twice weekly for three months.", "bulimia , an eating disorder in which you binge eat and then induce vomiting or use laxatives to avoid gaining weight", "episodic binge eating usually followed by behavior designed to negate the caloric intake of the ingested food, most commonly purging behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse but sometimes other methods such as excessive exercise or fasting. While most commonly associated with bulimia nervosa , it may also occur in other disorders, such as anorexia nervosa . adj., adj bulim´ic.", "*From the DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1994. www.edreferral.com/binge_eating_disorder.htm", "* Binge-eating/purging type: the individual utilizes binge eating or displays purging behavior as a means for losing weight. It is different from bulimia nervosa in terms of the individual's weight. An individual with binge-eating/purging type anorexia does not maintain a healthy or normal weight but is significantly underweight. People with bulimia nervosa on the other hand can sometimes be overweight.", "Purging Type: during current episode of Bulimia Nervosa, the person has regularly engaged in self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas", "Classification of bulimic-type eating disorders: from DSM-IV to DSM-5 | Journal of Eating Disorders | Full Text", "Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL: Should binge eating disorder be included in the DSM-5? A critical review of the state of the evidence. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2007, 4: 305-324. View Article Google Scholar", "Restricting Type: during the current episode of anorexia nervosa, the person has not regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior (that is, self-induced vomiting, over-exercise or the misuse of laxatives , diuretics , or enemas )", "– a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g. a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating)", "According to the DSM-5 criteria, to be diagnosed as having Binge Eating Disorder a person must display:", "Stunkard AJ, Allison KC, Geliebter A, Lundgren JD, Gluck ME, O’Reardon JP: Development of criteria for a diagnosis: Lessons from the night eating syndrome. Compr Psychiat. 2009, 50: 391-399. 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.09.013. View Article PubMed Google Scholar", "(2) A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating).", "2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating).", "Mond JM, Latner JE, Hay PJ, Owen C, Rodgers B: Subjective vs objective bulimic episodes: Another nail in the coffin of a problematic distinction. Behav Res Ther. 2010, 48: 661-669. 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.020. View Article PubMed Google Scholar", "Hay PJ: What is an eating disorder? Implications for current and future diagnostic criteria. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013, 47: 208-211. 10.1177/0004867412460105. View Article PubMed Google Scholar" ]

[ 9.7421875, 9.4609375, 9.1953125, 6.76171875, 4.6953125, 4.171875, 2.3515625, 2.30859375, 1.802734375, 1.6923828125, 1.0009765625, 0.779296875, 0.5966796875, 0.468994140625, 0.378173828125, -1.205078125, -1.2685546875, -1.4814453125, -1.55859375, -1.763671875, -2.044921875, -2.1171875, -3.048828125, -3.498046875, -3.724609375, -3.759765625, -3.771484375, -4.171875, -4.203125, -4.57421875, -5.6875, -6.24609375 ]

[ "The 1896 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in Athens , Greece, from April 6 to April 15, 1896. It was the first Olympic Games held in the Modern era . Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, consequently Athens was perceived to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organized by Pierre de Coubertin , a French pedagogue and historian, in Paris, on June 23, 1894. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was also established during this congress.", "The 1896 Summer Olympics (, ), officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was a multi-sport event held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. It was the first international Olympic Games held in the modern era. Because Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, Athens was considered to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organised by Pierre de Coubertin, a French pedagogue and historian, in Paris, on 23 June 1894. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was also instituted during this congress.", "The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was a multi-sport event celebrated in Athens , Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. It was the first international[ citation needed ] Olympic Games held in the Modern era . Because Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, Athens was perceived to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organized by Pierre de Coubertin , a French pedagogue and historian, in Paris, on June 23, 1894. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was also instituted during this congress.", "The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in Athens, Greece, from April 6 to April 15, 1896. It was the first Olympic Games held in the Modern era. Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, consequently Athens was perceived to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organized by Pierre de Coubertin, a French pedagogue and historian, in Paris, on June 23, 1894. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was also established during this congress.", "The Summer Olympic Games or the 'Games of the Olympiad' were first held in the modern era in 1896 in Athens, Greece.", "The Modern Olympics can be traced to the religious festival held in dedication of Zeus, the supreme Greek God. Olympia in Greece was the symbolic site where the ancient games were held. These ancient games were then revived due to the efforts of the French educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin. The first Modern Olympics were held in Athens in 1896 where 14 nations sent nearly 250 athletes to compete in the ancient Panathenaic Stadium. Greece led the medals tally with 47 medals. The Modern Olympics were seen as an instrument to promote understanding and friendship among nations and uphold the true spirit of sportsmanship. Participants from all over the world live in an Olympic village at the site of the games. The Olympic games are organized and developed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC chooses the venue of each Modern Olympics and the games that are to be held.", "On April 6, 1896, the Olympic Games, a long-lost tradition of ancient Greece, are reborn in Athens 1,500 years after being banned by Roman Emperor Theodosius I. At the opening of the Athens Games, King Georgios I of Greece and a crowd of 60,000 spectators welcomed athletes from 13 nations to the... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-modern-olympic-games?cmpid=email-hist-tdih-2016-0406-04062016&om_rid=7b5ad85c7f43cc5b06b347575061434397269a7520c f744be08364c3f1005bee&om_mid=35764332&kx_EmailCampaignID=3811&kx_EmailCampaignName=email-hist-tdih-2016-0406-04062016&kx_EmailRecipientID=7b5ad85c7f43cc5b06b34757506143 4397269a7520cf744be08364c3f1005bee", "On April 6, the modern Olympic Games will celebrate their 120 birthday. The first iteration of one of the biggest events in sports took place in Athens, Greece, back in 1896. It was the brainchild of French academic Pierre de Coubertin. He, along with other European sports enthusiasts, created the games and the International Olympic Council at a meeting in Paris in June 1894.", "But 1500 years after Theodosius' ban, the modern Olympic revival began in 1896, when the first modern Olympics convened in Athens with the patronage and leadership of Baron Pierre de Coubertin of France. For the occasion, the Hellenistic Panathenaic stadium was renovated to host the games in Athens. The first Greek to win the modern games was Spyridon Louis, a water seller who won the Marathon event.", "When the idea of a modern Olympics became a reality at the end of the 19th century, the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, recalling the ancient glory of Greece. The idea of organizing a 'marathon race' came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as the Greeks. This would echo the legendary version of events, with the competitors running from Marathon to Athens. So popular was this event that it quickly caught on, becoming a fixture at the Olympic games, with major cities staging their own annual events. The distance eventually became fixed at 26 miles 385 yards, or 42.195 km, though for the first years it was variable, being around 25 mi—the approximate distance from Marathon to Athens.", "The modern Olympic Games started in Athens in 1896 and have since become the greatest sporting event in the world. The games of 1908 were originally scheduled to be held in Rome, but due to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, they were re-located to London. Of the 22 represented countries, Great Britain were the overall winners of the 1908 Olympics with a final gold medal tally of 56.", "1896- Athens. The First Modern Olympics. Winners received an olive branch, a customary award in the ancient games, as well as a certificate and a silver medal. A copper medal and laurel sprig were given to the runner up. Considering that these Olympic Games were the first held in hundreds of years, they were a big success, unlike the next 2 Olympic Games (Paris in 1900, and St. Louis in 1904).", "When the modern Olympics began in 1896, the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, recalling the ancient glory of Greece. The idea of a marathon race came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as by the Greeks. The Greeks staged a selection race for the Olympic marathon on 10 March 1896 (Julian) that was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes (with the future winner of the introductory Olympic Games marathon, Spyridon \"Spyros\" Louis, coming in fifth). The winner of the first Olympic marathon, on 10 April 1896 (a male-only race), was Spyridon Louis, a Greek water-carrier, in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds. The marathon of the 2004 Summer Olympics was run on the traditional route from Marathon to Athens, ending at Panathinaiko Stadium, the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics. That men's marathon was won by Italian Stefano Baldini in 2 hours 10 minutes and 55 seconds, a record time for this route until the non-Olympics Athens Classic Marathon of 2014, when Felix Kandie lowered the course record to 2 hours 10 minutes and 37 seconds.", "In 1875, archaeological excavations at Olympia inspired Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a French educator, historian, and politician, to organize a modern international Olympics. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. Greece will again host the Games in 2004.", "The modern Olympic Games began in 1896, in Athens (Greece). They have been held every four years since, except during World War I and World War II .", "The obvious choice for the first modern Olympics was Greece and the 1896 Olympics were awarded to Athens at the end of the 1894 Sorbonne Congress at which [Pierre de Coubertin] convinced the delegates to reestablish the Olympic Games. The city of Athens embraced the Games, but the politicians were initially ambivalent, and in fact, in some correspondence reveals that they asked to be relieved of their duty to host. Only through the efforts of Coubertin and IOC President [Demetrios Vikelas], were the politicians convinced to lend their support to the project. Coubertin addressed a meeting of the Parnassus Literary Society, and finished by telling them, )We French have a proverb that says that the word 'impossible' is not in the French language. I have been told this morning that the word is Greek. I do not believe it.) Credit for saving the 1896 Olympic Games for Athens must go to Greek [Crown Prince Konstantinos], who headed the Organizing Committee and lent his considerable prestige behind the Athens Games. And although money was short, a last minute donation of 920,000 drachmas by [Giorgios Averof] allowed the ancient Panathenaic Stadium (built in 330 B.C.) to be refurbished and used for the Olympics.", "44: The number of different events that comprised the first modern Olympics, which took place in Athens in 1896. Gold, silver and bronze medals, however, would not be awarded until the 1906 Games in the Greek capital, which were later downgraded to become known as the Intermediate Games.", "1896 brought forth the revival of the modern Olympic Games, by Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin. Thanks to his efforts, Athens was awarded the first modern Olympic Games. In 1896, the city had a population of 123,000 and the event helped boost the city's international profile. Of the venues used for these Olympics, the Kallimarmaro Stadium, and Zappeion were most crucial. The Kallimarmaro is a replica of the ancient Athenian stadiums, and the only major stadium (in its capacity of 60,000) to be made entirely of white marble from Mount Penteli, the same material used for construction of the Parthenon.", "The first opening ceremony of the modern games took place in Athens on April 5, 1896.", "In 1894, Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee. 2 years later, the first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece. The revival of the ancient Olympics attracted athletes from 14 nations, with delegations from countries including Germany and France.", "The original Olympic Games ( Template:Lang-el ; Olympiakoi Agones) were first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia , Greece , and were celebrated until AD 393. [3] Interest in reviving the Olympic Games proper was first shown by the Greek poet and newspaper editor Panagiotis Soutsos in his poem \"Dialogue of the Dead\" in 1833. [4] Evangelos Zappas sponsored the first modern international Olympic Games in 1859. He paid for the refurbishment of the Panathinaiko Stadium for Games held there in 1870 and 1875. [4] This was noted in newspapers and publications around the world including the London Review, which stated that \"the Olympian Games, discontinued for centuries, have recently been revived! Here is strange news indeed ... the classical games of antiquity were revived near Athens\". [5]", "Panathinaiko Stadium— The stadium that housed the first modern day Olympic Games of 1896. Its an enormous, white, marble stadium, with a horseshoe configuration stadium.", ") were first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia , Greece , and were celebrated until AD 393. [3] Interest in reviving the Olympic Games proper was first shown by the Greek poet and newspaper editor Panagiotis Soutsos in his poem \"Dialogue of the Dead\" in 1833. [4] Evangelos Zappas sponsored the first modern international Olympic Games in 1859. He paid for the refurbishment of the Panathinaiko Stadium for Games held there in 1870 and 1875. [4] This was noted in newspapers and publications around the world including the London Review, which stated that \"the Olympian Games, discontinued for centuries, have recently been revived! Here is strange news indeed ... the classical games of antiquity were revived near Athens\". [5]", "The modern Olympic Games were founded in 1896 when Baron Pierre de Coubertin sought to promote international understanding through sporting competition. He based his Olympics on the Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games, which had been contested in Much Wenlock (UK) since 1850.", "1896 Opening day of the first modern Olympic games. The last Olympics were held 1,500 years ago.", "The Games themselves were far from the caliber of sport we expect today.  Only 15 countries participated and many of the top athletes in the world did not compete, as the Games were not well advertised.  The Modern Olympic Games began with an Opening Ceremony on 25 March 1896, or 6 April 1896, depending on whether or not one used the Julian Calendar (then used in Greece) or the more modern Gregorian Calendar, used by most of the world in 1896, and to this day.", "The FIRST ever event of the modern Olympic Games was the 1st heat of the 100m, held on 6 April 1896.", "The 1908 Summer Olympics – officially recognised as the fourth “modern” Games – were initially to be held in Rome. But the eruption of Mt Vesuvius in 1906 devastated the city of Naples and so the funds which were to be used for the Games had to be diverted to help the stricken community.", "The 1948 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in London, England, United Kingdom. After a 12-year hiatus because of World War II, these were the first Summer Olympics since the 1936 Games in Berlin. The 1940 Games had been scheduled for Tokyo, and then for Helsinki; the 1944 Games had been provisionally planned for London. This was the second occasion that London had hosted the Olympic Games, having previously been the venue in 1908. The Olympics again returned to London in 2012, making it thus far the only city to host the games three times. These were the first of two summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström.", "Two destructive earthquakes destroyed Olympia in 395 AD and the games stopped. However, in 1896, a French athlete, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, organised the first Modern Olympic Games. Baron de Coubertin was inspired by the ancient Greek games and many aspects of the original games have been preserved in the modern Olympic Games. The lighting of the Olympic flame is based on an ancient relay race in which torches were passed from one runner to the next until the final runner lit a fire on the altar to honour the god Zeus.", "With the close of the 1912 Olympics, all eyes turned towards the city of Berlin where the next edition of the Games was scheduled to take place. Although World War I made it impossible for plans to proceed, the Games proved their resilience. The 1916 celebration remained in Olympic history as the Games of the VI Olympiad and in 1920 the Olympics were once again held, with the Belgian city of Antwerp acting as Olympic host.", "The modern Olympic games were based on the ancient Greek Olympiad which is documented as far back as 776 BCE. For 1000 years, the ancient games were held at Olympia in honor of Zeus, the king of the gods in Greek mythology." ]

[ 9.78125, 9.7578125, 9.625, 9.3671875, 6.14453125, 5.6171875, 5.55078125, 4.984375, 4.9609375, 4.87109375, 4.8515625, 4.73828125, 4.71484375, 4.6796875, 4.57421875, 4.5234375, 4.27734375, 4.09765625, 2.91796875, 2.490234375, 1.25390625, 1.021484375, 0.79638671875, 0.47998046875, -0.2354736328125, -1.134765625, -1.6640625, -1.7265625, -1.73828125, -2.6953125, -2.712890625, -3.56640625 ]

[ "Shoeshine Boy was the alter ego of Underdog , one my favorite cartoon characters as a child. I conjured his image recently as I sat peacefully on our Ephtée polishing seat shining up our display shoes.", "Underdog, humble and loveable Shoeshine Boy's heroic alter-ego, appeared whenever love interest Sweet Polly Purebred was being victimized by such villains as Simon Bar Sinister or Riff Raff. Underdog nearly always speaks in rhyme, as in, \"There's no need to fear, Underdog is here!\" His voice was supplied by Wally Cox.", "Do you remember that cartoon show “Underdog”? You might have watched it as a kid in the 1960s and early 1970s. Underdog was a “humble and lovable Shoeshine Boy” who had a secret identity.", "Underdog was an anthropomorphic superhero. The premise was that \"humble and lovable\" Shoeshine Boy, a cartoon dog, was in truth the superhero Underdog. George S. Irving narrated, and comedy actor Wally Cox provided the voices of both Underdog and Shoeshine Boy. When villains threatened, Shoeshine Boy ducked into a telephone booth, where he transformed into the caped and costumed hero, destroying the booth in the process when his super powers were activated. Underdog almost always spoke in rhyme:", "Underdog was an anthropomorphic superhero . The premise was that \"humble and lovable\" Shoeshine Boy, a cartoon dog , was in truth the superhero Underdog. George S. Irving narrated, and comedy actor Wally Cox provided the voices of both Underdog and Shoeshine Boy. When villains threatened, Shoeshine Boy ducked into a telephone booth , where he transformed into the caped and costumed hero, destroying the booth in the process when his super powers were activated. Underdog almost always spoke in rhyme :", "Underdog, Shoeshine Boy's heroic alter ego, appears whenever love interest Sweet Polly Purebred is being victimized by such villains as Simon Bar Sinister or Riff Raff . Underdog nearly always speaks in rhyme, as in \"There's no need to fear, Underdog is here!\" His voice was supplied by Wally Cox .", "We're not sure if this 1974-1975 Hanna-Barbera cartoon was the earliest meditation on the fame of superheroes, but it is the earliest one starring a dog. Hong-Kong Phooey is the alter-ego of Penrod Pooch, a mild-mannered police station janitor. Whenever he hears of a crime he ducks into a filing cabinet, changes into his Hong Kong Phooey costume, hops in his \"Phooeymobile\" and races to stop the bad guys with his \"Hong Kong Book of Kung Fu.\"", "Bart sprays graffiti around Springfield using the name \" El Barto \", and his superhero alter-ego is Bartman . He called himself Cupcake Kid [25] when Homer became Pieman . Bart is also known as \"The Devil in Blue Shorts\" [26] by the organizers of the Teacher of the Year Awards, but he was believed to be an urban legend.", "Corey Burton as Ludwig Von Drake/Dale/Gus (Cinderella (animated)) (current)/Senator Hammerhold (Buzz Lightyear of Star Command) (archive)/Brent Starkisser (Buzz Lightyear of Star Command) (archive)/Captain Suds (Toy Story Toons: Partysaurus Rex)/Speedy the Snail (Timon & Pumbaa) (archive)/Quint (Timon & Pumbaa) (archive)/Judge Claude Frollo (current)/the Brutish Guard (The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)) (archive)/Count Douku (animated)/Captain Hook", "Some characters have appeared alongside Donald primarily in animation, such as chipmunks Chip 'n' Dale (Chip an' Dale, Toy Tinkers) and Humphrey the Bear (Rugged Bear, Grin and Bear It), as well Mickey Mouse (The Dognapper, Magician Mickey) Goofy (Polar Trappers, Frank Duck Brings 'Em Back Alive), and Pluto (Donald and Pluto, Window Cleaners), who are more often associated with the Mickey Mouse universe.", "Replacing Kenny after his 'permanent' death is Butters, a kind, caring but extremely naive and easily manipulated (especially by Cartman) child who used to be a minor character until he becomes the main character in which he is known as the breakout character. The other boys use him as their scapegoat, and is brought up in a very strict household, a running gag for most episodes he is in involve his overbearing parents grounding him for everything he does, most of which are not even his fault or in his control. Butters doesn't really care much about what he's missing in life and he is a bigger goody two-shoes than Kyle.", "Humpty Alexander Dumpty (voiced by Zach Galifianakis) appears in Puss in Boots. In his childhood, he was best friends with Puss and tried to find magic beans with him. However, their quest failed and Puss later became a revered hero in their hometown. Humpty grew jealous of Puss's fame and later tricked him into helping him rob a bank, thus branding Puss an outlaw. They were pursued by the authorities; Humpty was captured while Puss escaped. Seven years later, Humpty along with Kitty Softpaws convinced Puss to help him get magic beans from Jack and Jill to get the Golden Goose, but it was revealed that this was all a plot to just get Puss back home and arrested as revenge for abandoning him. But later Humpty had a change of heart and help Puss and Kitty fight The Great Terror and ends up breaking and is revealed to be a golden egg himself.", "Hanna-Barbara Productions' Pixie and Dixie cartoon featured a Zorro-like character with a mask, cape and sword known in the episode \"Mark of the Mouse.\" Hanna-Barbara Production's El Kabong character, an alternate persona of Quick Draw McGraw is loosely based upon Zorro.", "Hanna-Barbara Productions' Pixie and Dixie cartoon featured a Zorro-like character with a mask, cape and sword known in the episode \"Mark of the Mouse.\" Hanna-Barbara Production's El Kabong character, an alternate persona of Quick Draw McGraw is loosely based upon Zorro.", "The most famous of the Warner Brothers cartoon characters; he derives from the Brer rabbit stories", "Spotty - A short character who is often compared to a Christmas pudding. He is proud and protective of the multitudinous black spots that cover his face; any attempts to remove them are chased off. He is quite handy when he wants to be, with his attire (his extraordinarily long tie) often helping the kids out in tough situations. In the 1981 Beano Book, it was revealed that Spotty has 976 spots. In later comics, that were not from the original artist, Spotty tended to be seen as the more sarcastic and joke-cracking one of the group.", "Oddly enough, after Luke, the original shoestore sidekick left, almost all of Al's subsequent shoe store employees were black. The sole exception was Mr. Zippy, a chimp who began working at the shoe store in the very last episode aired, and dressed exactly like Al.", "Oswald Chesterfield Cobblepot is also known as the Penguin. He is a short, evil man that uses birds (mainly penguins) in his criminal activity. He fights with an umbrella and a gun and can glide over ditches and crevasses.", "The villains of the series, in a purple, rocket-powered car with an abundance of concealed weapons and the ability to fly. Dastardly (voiced by Paul Winchell, in a manner that Winchell would use several years later to portray the Smurfs' nemesis Gargamel) is an archetypal mustache-twirling villain; Muttley (voiced by Don Messick) is his trademark wheezily snickering, anthropomorphic dog henchman. Dastardly concocts plans and traps in order to maintain a lead, but most of his plans backfire, causing him to finish in last place.", "Charlie (Voiced By Benny Rubin )— Quincy Magoo's houseboy . Charlie's depiction as an Asian stereotype was controversial. The character was prone to unusual misuses of English, such as referring to himself in the third person as \"Cholley\", and calling Mr. Magoo \"Bloss\" instead of \"Boss\". In the late 1960s, episodes featuring Charlie were dropped from the series and his character was never mentioned again. A version of the series that runs on the Christian network KTV retains Charlie, but dubs over his ethnic-sounding voice track.", "On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, he became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame", "Alvin Seville is one of The Chipmunks and the titular protagonist of the series and movies. He is the leader of the group as well as the self-proclaimed \"awesomest\" one. Alvin greatly relishes his role as band front man and his antics and ego regularly get him and his brothers (sometimes even Dave ) into trouble.", "Mr. Hankey, The Christmas Poo � first appearing in Season 1's Christmas Episode�was originally intended to be an Ensemble Darkhorse Breakout Character à la Slimer (although... see Ghostbusters for how that turned out), and was heavily marketed and designed to be quite Merchandise-Driven . However, his shrill annoying voice, general lack of personality, and role as a pointless gross-out prop led to unpopularity with fans. He has been entirely phased out of later seasons and he only appeared once in a \"Hey, remember me?\" kind of gag.", "Michelangelo's persona became strongly established in the 1987 animated series. He was often seen as a \"Party Dude\", which, though accurate in the 1987 series (which gave him this title in the theme song), accounts for only part of his personality otherwise. As the \"party dude\", he usually didn't have much input in the team's plans, although he was still just as active as his brothers. He typically spent much of his time joking and socializing with other characters. He is most associated with the \"Cowabunga\" expression that became a pop culture phenomenon.", "Alvin contains much of his traditional personality: charming, impulsive, and self-centered. He continues to flirt with women such as the principal ( Principal Interest ) or have crushes on famous individuals ( Mister Manners ). Though he acts in his self-interest, he recognizes when his schemes go too far and does what's necessary to make up to the one he hurt ( To Serve And Protect ). He's still protective of his brothers ( Bully For You ) and has familiar emotional attachment at times ( Warbie ). Alvin retains his sporty lifestyle of the 80s, frequently seen on his skateboard ( What A Gem ), though tends to go too far when others are concerned ( Mutiny ).", "Gumby is an American clay animation franchise, centered on a green clay humanoid character created and modeled by Art Clokey. The character has been the subject of two television series as well as a feature-length film and other media. Since the original series' run, he has become well known as an example of stop motion clay animation and an influential cultural icon, spawning many tributes, parodies, and merchandising.", "Magoo had a variety of pets including Bowser the cat who Magoo believed was a watchdog. Later, talking dogs like Caesar and McBarker came on the scene. He also had Hamlet, the Hamster, who battled Caesar in a series of shorts that were part of the 1960's TV group.", "Elmo Tuttle: A kid in the neighborhood who has a friendship with Dagwood (whom he calls \"Mr. B\"), but sometimes annoys him. His last name was originally \"Fiffenhauser.\"", "The most famous celebrity in Springfield, due to being the host of the city's favorite children's entertainment program, The Krusty the Klown Show. Born an Orthodox Jew, he was estranged from his Rabbi father due to his wanting to be a clown instead of following in his father's footsteps. Originally an optimistic fellow who just wanted to help people laugh, years in the ugly reality of showbusiness have left him grizzled, sarcastic, jaded and indifferent, striving only to make as much money as possible. Voiced by Dan Castellaneta .", "\"Mr. Warmth\" himself warmed up to children around the world as the voice of Mr. Potato Head in the \"Toy Story\" series. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff", "Voiced by: Tomokazu Seki (Japanese), Ed Paul (4Kids, English), Craig Blair (Episode 464: \"Home is Where the Start Is.\")", "The story of the wooden puppet who learns goodness and becomes a real boy is famous the world over, and has »" ]

[ 7.265625, 6.15234375, 5.7265625, 4.01953125, 3.962890625, 3.21484375, -4.15234375, -4.8515625, -5.6640625, -5.796875, -5.91015625, -5.98828125, -6.39453125, -6.39453125, -6.67578125, -7.046875, -7.05078125, -7.23828125, -7.23828125, -7.2421875, -7.44921875, -7.45703125, -7.46484375, -7.515625, -7.6953125, -7.96484375, -8.4375, -8.78125, -8.8125, -8.96875, -9.0703125, -9.6796875 ]

[ "The biggest planet in the Solar System is Jupiter. But the title for the second biggest planet in our Solar System goes to Saturn.", "Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, with a radius of 43,441 miles. That is more than 10 times Earth's 3,359-mile radius, but it is also about 16 times smaller than the Sun's radius. Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system with a radius of 1,516 miles.", "Jupiter is the largest planet of our Solar System and is a gas giant like Saturn , Uranus and Neptune . It is named after Jupiter, Roman the King of Gods and the God of the Sky or his Greek counterpart Zeus.", "Beautiful Saturn, with its bright rings, is the second largest planet in our solar system. Saturn is almost 10 times bigger than Earth.", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and, with a diameter of 142,984 km at its equator, it is the largest planet in the Solar System. Jupiter has a mass of one-thousandth that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planets in our Solar System combined. Its density is the second highest of the gas giant planets, but lower than any of the four terrestrial planets. Jupiter is classified as a gas giant, along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune – these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian or outer planets.", "The planet Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System and has a huge number of moons that orbit around it.", "The largest planets in the solar system are all located beyond the orbit of Mars and outside the terrestrial zone populated by several belts of asteroids. These largest of all planets, called Giant or Jovian planets (named for Jupiter the Roman King of the Gods - Zeus in Greek mythology), are composed of the original materials that formed the solar system, but in an interesting progression from gas to ice. Jupiter, the largest of these planets, is not only the closest of the Giant planets to the Sun, but is also the closest to the solar nebula abundance consisting of 70% H, 25% He, and 5% other stuff. Further out, the H and He content decreases while the ice content increases in abundance ratios. These four giants are actually paired in twos: two giant gas planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and two giant ice planets, Uranus and Neptune. The outer two planets, Uranus and Neptune, contain more ice materials than gas, although the ice is not in solid form as it is in space but in a liquid mantle floating on a dense core. Beyond that lie a frozen world of small and large comets, the larger making up a family of dwarf ice planets known as trans-Neptunian objects, of which Pluto is the closest to the Sun.", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun. It is also the largest planet in the solar system, and has a greater mass than all the other planets combined. It is one of the Gas Giants. The planets Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are also considered Gas Giants.", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the Solar System. It is a gas giant with mass one-thousandth that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planets in our Solar System combined. It is large enough to accommodate 1321Earths into it with a weight equal to 318 earths. Jupiter is classified as a gas giant along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian or the outer planets. Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium; it may also have a rocky core of heavier elements. A very large empty space exists between the Jupiter and The Mars, which it is believed was created because of the destruction of a planet. Its remains in the form of small and large particles are scattered in the space; some orbiting around the Sun and other planets. Some of them when entering the outer space of the Earth, in the form of meteors get destroyed. Because of its rapid rotation, Jupiter's shape is that of an oblate spheroid (it possesses a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries.", "The largest planet of our system is Jupiter, which has a diameter of 139 822 km. It is believed that almost 1,300 Earths would fit inside this gigantic planet. It also has the biggest satellite in the solar system, Ganymede, which is larger than Mercury.", "Jupiter is by far the largest planet in our Solar System. The Earth could fit inside Jupiter more than 1000 times.", "Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet in the Solar System. Its mean radius, at 69,911 ± 6 km, makes it 10.97 the times the size of Earth, while its mass (1.8986×1027 kg) is the equivalent of 317.8 Earths. But being a gas giant, Jupiter is naturally less dense than Earth and other terrestrial planets, with a mean density of 1.326 g/cm3.", "Jupiter, the fifth planet from the sun, is the largest planet in our solar system. In Greek the name of the planet Jupiter is Dias, the Greek name of god Zeus.", "Jupiter , now known to be the largest planet in the solar system. Whether the Romans knew this or not is not known, but is a likely possibility as Jupiter does appear to outshine most of the other planets, yet it has the second-longest period.", "Jupiter is the largest planet that we find in our Solar system. It's so large, in fact, that over 1,000 Earths or every plan would fit inside of Jupiter and still have room. Jupiter is named after the king of the Roman gods and is a giant gas planet; much different from the planet we live on.", "Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System and is the fifth planet from the sun. It is more than 300 times more massive than Earth and is more than two times as massive than all the other planets combined. Jupiter is called a gas giant planet. This is because its surface is made up of a thick layer of hydrogen gas . Deep within the planet, under the gas, the pressure becomes so intense that the hydrogen turns into liquid and then finally into a metal. Under the Hydrogen is a rocky core that is about the size of planet Earth.", "Jupiter, the king of the planets, orbits the Sun at a distance of 778 million km (483 million miles), and is 142,800 km in diameter, making it the biggest planet in our Solar System. Thats so big that more than 1000 planets the size of Earth could fit inside it!", "The planet Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the solar system, about 12 times larger than the Earth, and has at least 67 moons. The atmosphere of Jupiter often has lightning and thunder storms, hearkening to the god Jupiter’s role as ruler of thunder and lightning, who is often seen brandishing a lightning bolt.", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun and is also the largest planet in our solar system and weights more than twice as much as all the other planets combined. It revolves around the sun every 11.9 earth years, but has the fasted rotation time of any planet at about 10 hours. Jupiter is about 5 time farther from the sun than Earth.", "Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. Fittingly, it was named after the king of the gods in Roman mythology. In a similar manner, the ancient Greeks named the planet after Zeus, the king of the Greek pantheon.", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun, at a distance of about 778 million km (484 million miles) or 5.2 AU. Jupiter is also the most massive planet in our Solar System, being 317 times the mass of Earth, and two and half times larger than all the other planets combined. It is a gas giant, meaning that it is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, with swirling clouds and other trace gases.", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from our sun and the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter's stripes and swirls are cold, windy clouds of ammonia and water. The atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium, and its iconic Great Red Spot is a giant storm bigger than Earth that has raged for hundreds of years.", "Jupiter (left) is 4th from the sun out of the nine planets in our solar system. It is also the largest. So large, in fact, that it is approximately 300 times as massive as the Earth and 2½ times the size of all the other planets put together. Jupiter's actual mass is equal to about 318 Earths, or 1.89813x10 to the power of 27 kilograms. Across at its equator, Jupiter is estimated to be 142 800km. That's 11 times the number for Earth. ", "As the Great Red Spot demonstrates, Jupiter is a world of superlatives. It is the largest planet in the solar system (big enough to swallow more than 1,300 Earths, and bigger than some types of stars), and more massive than the solar system's other known planets and moons combined. It rotates faster than any other planet, it produces the most powerful magnetic field, and it offers the largest and most interesting assortment of moons.", "Description Jupiter has 67 moons revolving around it, Jupiter has the most moons of the planets. Jupiter is 139822 km in diameter, which makes it the largest planet in the Solar System.", "Jupiter, the fifth planet from the sun, is the largest planet in the solar system. It is the first of the “gas giants” and has no surface, though it may have a rocky core. Although it is only 1/1000th as massive as the sun, it is more than double as massive as all of the other planets in the solar system combined. Jupiter’s atmosphere is separated into different bands and gives the planet the appearance of having whitish and reddish layers with various spots, swirls and bubbles. Jupiter’s most notable feature, other than its size, is the great red spot, a football shaped area of intense storms. Three Earths could fit inside the great red spot. The spot, which is a high pressure, stable storm with winds that gust over 400 miles per hour, is said to be somewhat similar to a hurricane. Recent studies have shown that the spot has actually shrunk and that the storm may be weakening. Scientists still don’t have an explanation for why the spot looks red. In addition, Jupiter also has a faint set of rings (probably made of dust) that wrap around the planet horizontally.", "The romans named the planet Jupiter after their king of gods who was also the god of sky and thunder. Jupiter is the largest object in the solar system and the most powerful. Description Jupiter is 69,911 km in diameter it is so big that three earths could fit inside it. Jupiter has sixteen moons the main Four are called Ganymede, cellist, Europa and Io. Jupiter is the biggest planet in the solar system. The great red spot is a huge storm on Jupiter, it has raged for at least 46 | P a g e", "2. Which planet in the Solar System is thought to weigh about two and a half times that of all the other planets combined? Ans. Jupiter", "Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system , more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined, and had it been about 80 times more massive, it would have actually become a star instead of a planet. Its atmosphere resembles that of the sun, made up mostly of hydrogen and helium, and with four large moons and many smaller moons in orbit around it, Jupiter by itself forms a kind of miniature solar system. All told, the immense volume of Jupiter could hold more than 1,300 Earths.", "Jupiter the size is massive, consider 318 times the Earth size. It is the largest planet in the Solar System with 2.5 times the mass of all the other planets combined. It is composed of mostly hydrogen and helium. Jupiter has 67 known moons or satellites. Jupiter has a rapid rotation which has caused it to bulge slightly around its equator. The atmosphere of Jupiter creates lots of storms on its surface, the prominent result of which is the Great Red Spot, which is actually a continuous storm which has endured since the 17th century (when it was first observed by telescope).", "Jupiter boasts an enormous supply of hydrogen and helium that make it the most massive planet in the solar system.", "The fifth planet from the sun, Jupiter is huge and is the most massive planet in our solar system. It’s a mostly gaseous world, mostly hydrogen and helium. Its swirling clouds are colorful due to different types of trace gases. A big feature is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm which has raged for hundreds of years. Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, and with dozens of moons, it looks a bit like a miniature solar system." ]

[ 8.25, 6.046875, 6.046875, 4.7734375, 4.68359375, 4.11328125, 3.794921875, 3.529296875, 3.509765625, 3.349609375, 2.951171875, 2.90234375, 2.2421875, 2.00390625, 1.8642578125, 1.7666015625, 1.7373046875, 1.6689453125, 1.517578125, 1.451171875, 1.4287109375, 1.3876953125, 1.2939453125, 1.1103515625, 0.47412109375, 0.3916015625, -0.1881103515625, -0.83837890625, -0.85791015625, -0.8701171875, -1.1591796875, -1.44921875 ]

[ "That makes her older than Sailor Jack, mascot for Cracker Jack, and presumably his dog Bingo. They didn't appear until 1918 and were registered as a trademark in 1919. (Sad tale: the little boy that Jack was based on died shortly after Sailor Jack's first appearance, at the age of 8.)", "One of the iconic images in American food is Sailor Jack, a little boy in a sailor suit with his dog Bingo at his side that has appeared on Cracker Jack™ boxes since 1918.", "In 1918, one of the more iconic images in American foods, Sailor Jack and his dog, Bingo , were introduced on Cracker Jack™ boxes, (although they were not registered as trademark logos until 1919).", "Cracker Jack’d is also being criticized since traditional Cracker Jacks are clearly marketed to children. It’s unclear if Cracker Jack’d will include little toys but the product will feature the same mascot, Sailor Jack and his dog Bingo, on the packaging.", "Robert Rueckheim , (1913-1921), was the grandson of Frederick William Rueckheim , a German immigrant. Cracker Jack Mascot Sailor Jack was modeled after Robert Rueckheim . Robert's parents were Edwin Lewis Rueckheim and Dorothy Rueckheim nee: Dorothy Catherine (Clara).", "Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company . He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the world's most recognizable characters.", "Mickey Mouse is a  funny animal   cartoon   character  and the official  mascot  of  The Walt Disney Company . He was created by Walt Disney  and  Ub Iwerks  at the  Walt Disney Studios  in 1928. An  anthropomorphic  mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world.", "Donald Duck is a cartoon character created in 1934 at Walt Disney Productions. Donald is an anthropomorphic white duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. He typically wears a sailor shirt and cap with a bow tie. Donald is most famous for his semi-intelligible speech and his mischievous and temperamental personality. Along with his friend Mickey Mouse, Donald is one of the most popular Disney characters and was included in TV Guide's list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time in 2002. He has appeared in more films than any other Disney character, and is the most published comic book character in the world outside of the superhero genre. ", "Donald Duck is an American cartoon puppet character from The Walt Disney Company. Donald is a white anthropomorphic duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. He usually wears a sailor shirt, cap, and a bow tie, including trousers (except when he goes swimming). Donald's most famous personality trait is his easily provoked and explosive temper. Donald Duck has been officially honored as the third most popular cartoon character of all time with Bugs Bunny of Time Warner. Looney Tunes at number two and fellow Disney creations Mickey Mouse who is number one.", "His overall appearance is a skeleton dressed in a black pin-striped suit and a bow tie that strongly resembles a black bat. At the beginning of the film, Jack makes his grand entrance by emerging out of a fire-breathing dragon-themed fountain. His last name is based on the word \"skeleton\". He has a ghost dog named Zero for a pet, who has a small glowing nose that looks like a jack-o'-lantern. His is adored by Sally, a rag doll created by Dr. Finklestein. Jack is voiced by Chris Sarandon.The image to the right is Jack Skellington in the game Kingdom Hearts. The character is a popular design on bags, hats, clothing, umbrellas, belt buckles, pet collars and other items. ", "He is the mascot of MetLife since its name change in the 1980s. He is also featured in logos for Cedar Point, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, and Michigan's Adventure amusement parks, which are owned by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. He is also featured at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California. He was the main character in \"Camp Snoopy\" in Minnesota's Mall of America until the mall's contract with Knott expired.", "Captain Jack Sparrow is a fictional character and a main protagonist in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. The character was created by screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, and is portrayed by Johnny Depp, who based his characterization on Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards and cartoon character Pepe Le Pew", "Eight-Armed Willy – An extremely large  Giant Pacific Octopus  with a cut sticking out of his head, resembling a hole. In the episode Skooled, Miss Leading dressed up like him to help Flapjack and Captain K'nuckles learn their left and rights. In the episode Willy! (Or Won't He?), Flapjack tried to capture him with a group of people from Stormalong's only newspaper so that Flapjack could prove to a grouchy sailor that he was an adventurer and so that they can get more ink for the newspaper, but as it turned out, Willy was happy to give them ink and also helped Flapjack with his bet. Willy is shown to be larger than 100 ft. and is constantly making it difficult for Flapjack and K'nuckles to steal candy. Aside from Candy Island, Flapjack and K'nuckles attempt to get candy from Willy's secret stash of candy, located in Willy's ship. Willy has an eye patch over his right eye, and is shown to have terrorized Stormalong for years, as he is probably the reason for the Sea Monster Alarm. He is shown to be antagonistic, but he seems to care for Flapjack. Vocal effects are provided by  Richard McGonagle .", "Flapjack - A boy who was found and raised by Bubbie, a talking whale. He is 8 years old. He is also shown sometimes with big blue eyes. Flapjack is very naive and oblivious to danger, [2]  thus he is easily caught up in perilous situations. He holds K'nuckles in extremely high regard, with his affection for the captain sometimes bordering on obsession. His catchphrase is \"Adventure!\" (said whenever excited). He is caught barefoot in two episodes. He is voiced by series creator Thurop Van-Orman. In the live-action episode, Thurop's son Leif plays the role of Flapjack.  Frank Welker  is the voice of Flapjack in the pilot episode. Flapjack's original voice actor was meant to be  Paul Reubens , but Reubens never showed up to any recording sessions.", "The name Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States and Canada and of Mattel elsewhere. Scrabble was a trademark of Murfett Regency in Australia, until 1993 when it was acquired by J. W. Spear & Sons (now a Mattel subsidiary). The game is also known as Literati, Alfapet, Funworder, Skip-A-Cross, Scramble, Spelofun, Palabras Cruzadas (\"crossed words\") and Word for Word.", "The name Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States and Canada and of Mattel elsewhere. Scrabble was a trademark of Murfett Regency in Australia , until 1993 when it was acquired by J. W. Spear & Sons (now a Mattel subsidiary). The game is also known as Literati , Alfapet, Funworder, Skip-A-Cross, Scramble, Spelofun, Palabras Cruzadas (\"crossed words\") and Word for Word.", "Goofy is a funny animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disney’s most popular characters. He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and dimwitted, yet this interpretation isn’t always definitive; occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way.", "Goofy is a cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disney's most popular characters. He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and having little intelligence, yet this interpretation isn't always definitive; occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way.", "Charlie the Tuna, the dapper cartoon mascot for StarKist Tuna, was created in 1961. Charlie's goal was to be caught by StarKist, because he believed he had \"good taste.\" But he was always rejected, in the form of a note on a fishing hook that read, \"Sorry, Charlie.\"", "The series revolves around Flapjack and Captain K'nuckles. Flapjack is a young boy raised by a talking whale named Bubbie. Flapjack leads a peaceful life until the duo rescues a pirate by the name of Captain K'nuckles, who tells Flapjack of a place called Candied Island, which is made completely of candy. Inspired by the adventurous pirate, Flapjack, Captain K'nuckles and Bubbie get into strange predicaments and \"misadventures\" in search of candy, Candied Island and the coveted title of \"Adventurer\". The three spend most of their time in Stormalong Harbor, their place of residence, and home to many strange characters.", "unnamed one-eyed pirate appearing on the cover of Pirate's Booty snack food packaging, with speech balloons voicing praise for the product accompanied by \"Yo ho ho\" and \"Shiver me timbers\" (expressions derived from Stevenson's Treasure Island , though the pirate depicted does not precisely correspond to any of its characters)", "In 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star. Other animated recipients are Bugs Bunny, Donald Duck, Woody Woodpecker, Snow White, Tinker Bell, Winnie-the-Pooh, Shrek, The Simpsons, the Rugrats, and Snoopy. The star inscribed Charlie Tuna honors not the animated advertising mascot, but Art Ferguson, the long-time radio personality and game show announcer.", "The basic idea behind Wacky Races was used again by Hanna-Barbera in later years. The late 1970s series Yogi's Space Race featured Hanna-Barbera stalwarts such as Huckleberry Hound , Yogi Bear , and others racing against each other across outer space (and fending off a villain and his canine sidekick). The new character of Mumbley was based on Muttley. In the early 1990s, the syndicated series Wake, Rattle and Roll featured a segment called \" Fender Bender 500 ,\" which once again featured Dick Dastardly and Muttley (and a revamped \"Mean Machine\" here called the Dirty Truckster), only this time racing against Yogi Bear , Winsome Witch, Quick Draw McGraw , and other Hanna-Barbera stars. In the Latin American version of Laff-A-Lympics , the Dread Baron and Mumbly were Dick Dastardly and Muttley.", "Doggie Kahn Souphanousinphone - Doggie is their West Highland White Terrier , who has the uncanny ability to turn backflips, and is a competitive dancer. He once ran away with Ladybird. His name is a play on \" Donkey Kong .\"", "Originally intended as “Mortimer” after childhood pet. Girlfriend Minnie, friends Goofy, Daisy, Donald, Pluto the dog, enemy Black Pete.", "Dodger from Disney's Oliver & Company is on the cusp of this trope; mostly because he's much older (thanks to being voiced by Billy Joel ). Of course, he is a literal expy of the trope namer.", "Underdog, Shoeshine Boy's heroic alter ego, appears whenever love interest Sweet Polly Purebred is being victimized by such villains as Simon Bar Sinister or Riff Raff . Underdog nearly always speaks in rhyme, as in \"There's no need to fear, Underdog is here!\" His voice was supplied by Wally Cox .", "Charlie-O the Mule was the mascot used by the Kansas City Athletics and Oakland A's from 1963 to 1976. The mule was named after their colorful owner at that time, Charles O. Finley .", "The arcade game Bomb Jack uses the ending theme from the anime version of Mrs Pepperpot as the first round theme.", "Older Than Radio : This probably started (as most pirate-related tropes are) with Long John Silver, from Treasure Island , who has a parrot named Captain Flint. Also, Captain Flint's most common phrase is \"Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight!\".", "Johnny Hodges was known as Jeep and Rabbit. Don’t know the source of either. Another reader observes that Jeep came from the „Popeye“ cartoon strip.", "The Mouse That Jack Built is sort of this, as it stars radio personality Jack Benny as a mouse. He also appeared (as \"Jack Bunny\") in Malibu Beach Party" ]

[ 4.38671875, 3.525390625, 2.267578125, 1.4814453125, -0.5224609375, -2.3671875, -2.37890625, -2.98828125, -3.205078125, -4.140625, -4.33203125, -4.4375, -4.56640625, -4.625, -4.78125, -4.8828125, -5.18359375, -5.40234375, -5.5625, -5.78125, -5.8828125, -5.88671875, -5.921875, -5.99609375, -6.90234375, -6.92578125, -7.20703125, -7.73828125, -7.828125, -7.9375, -8.0859375, -8.2109375 ]

[ "Most of the architectural attractions in Seattle are located in the downtown area , easily traversed on foot. Among the highlights are the Central Library, a unique contemporary building with an enormous glass-fronted atrium; the Columbia Center, the tallest building in the Pacific Northwest and which offers excellent views from its observation deck; and the Seattle City Hall with its roof garden. On the south side of Downtown, near Pioneer Square , is the Smith Tower, an Art Deco building which is Seattle's oldest skyscraper and has an observation deck. North of Downtown in the Seattle Center , the Experience Music Project, designed to resemble Jimi Hendrix's smashed guitar, is done in a manner only Frank Gehry could conceive; nearby is the new Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Campus, with its 12-acre garden.", "Most of the architectural attractions in Seattle are located in a small portion of the downtown area , easily traversed on foot. Among the highlights are the Rem Koolhaas/OMA designed Central Library, a unique, contemporary building with an enormous glass-fronted atrium; the Experience Music Project designed to resemble Jimi Hendrix's smashed guitar done in a manner only Frank Gehry could conceive; the Smith Tower, an Art Deco skyscraper which has an observation deck and is Seattle's oldest skyscraper; the Columbia Center, the tallest building in the Pacific Northwest and one with its own observation deck; the Seattle City Hall, designed by Bohlin Cywinski Jackson Bassetti Architects, with its roof garden, designed by Gustafson Guthrie Nichol Ltd. and Swift & Company; and the new Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Campus, designed by NBBJ, with its 12 acre garden also designed by Gustafson Guthrie Nichol Ltd.", "Located next to the base of the Space Needle in Seattle, the Experience Musice Project was designed by Gehry Partners in 2000. \"The fragmented and undulating forms of the building are inspired in part by the image of a shatter Fender statocaster guitar, an image that is reinfoced by looping steel cables which suggest broken guitar strings.\" This is one of Frank Gehry's most colorful projects. The Seattle Center Monorail passes through its interior.", "Experience Music Project 325 Fifth Avenue North Seattle, Washington 206-367-5483 One of the most famous guitars of all time is the white Fender Stratocaster Jimi Hendrix played August 18, 1969, at the Woodstock Festival in upstate Bethel, New York. Hendrix and his Band of Gypsies were the final act to come on to the stage at Woodstock as dawn broke at the end of the festival. Many of the more than 400,000 people who had flocked to Woodstock had already packed up and started home, but those who stayed for that rainy Monday morning show witnessed one of the most talked-about performances in rock history. After all, it was here that Hendrix played his infamous version of the American national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner,” signifying the close of the ’60s and Hendrix’s distaste of U.S. involvement in Vietnam. The guitar was sold at Sotheby’s auction house in London in 1990 to an Italian collector, but a few years later, Microsoft billionaire Paul Allen discovered the whereabouts of the guitar and bought it from the collector. The guitar is now owned by Paul Allen who placed it as the central exhibition in Seattle’s Experience Music Project, a huge stateof-the-art museum of rock memorabilia. At the museum, you’ll also experience over 80,000 other rock ’n’ roll artifacts, including early electric guitars, costumes, and handwritten lyrics sheets.", "Gehry's best-known works include the titanium-clad Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain; Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles; Louis Vuitton Foundation in Paris, France; MIT Ray and Maria Stata Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts; The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies on the University of Cincinnati campus; Experience Music Project in Seattle; New World Center in Miami Beach; Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis; Dancing House in Prague; the Vitra Design Museum and the museum MARTa Herford in Germany; the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto; the Cinémathèque française in Paris; and 8 Spruce Street in New York City.", "JOHN GRAHAM, JR. (1908-1991): Seattle architect, he won international acclaim for his design of Seattle's Space Needle and for his large-scale shopping complexes.", "Since then, Gehry has regularly won major commissions and has further established himself as one of the world's most notable architects. His best received works include several concert halls for classical music, such as the boisterous and curvaceous Walt Disney Concert Hall (2003) in Downtown Los Angeles, which has been the centerpiece of the neighborhood's revitalization and has been labeled by the LA Times as \"the most effective answer to doubters, naysayers, and grumbling critics an American architect has ever produced\", the open-air Jay Pritzker Pavilion (2004) adjacent to Millennium Park in Chicago, and the understated New World Center (2011) in Miami Beach, which the LA Times called \"a piece of architecture that dares you to underestimate it or write it off at first glance.\" ", "Architecture in the 1970s began as a continuation of styles created by such architects as Frank Lloyd Wright and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Early in the decade, several architects competed to build the tallest building in the world. Of these buildings, the most notable are the John Hancock Center and Sears Tower in Chicago, both designed by Bruce Graham and Fazlur Khan, and the World Trade Center towers in New York by American architect Minoru Yamasaki. The decade also brought experimentation in geometric design, pop-art, postmodernism, and early deconstructivism.", "In the first episode Imagine… explores the colourful career of architect Frank Gehry as he embarks on an ambitious new project in Australia. One of the world’s most celebrated yet controversial creative forces, Gehry has fundamentally reinvented what architecture can be. From Bilbao’s iconic Guggenheim Museum to LA’s Walt Disney Concert Hall he’s known for his supple, shimmering metal designs, which defy logic and appear alive. But there’s so much more to Frank.", "Alvar Aalto's Baker House (1947), Eero Saarinen's MIT Chapel and Kresge Auditorium (1955), and I.M. Pei's Green, Dreyfus, Landau, and Wiesner buildings represent high forms of post-war modernist architecture. More recent buildings like Frank Gehry's Stata Center (2004), Steven Holl's Simmons Hall (2002), Charles Correa's Building 46 (2005), and Fumihiko Maki's Media Lab Extension (2009) stand out among the Boston area's classical architecture and serve as examples of contemporary campus \"starchitecture\". These buildings have not always been well received; in 2010, The Princeton Review included MIT in a list of twenty schools whose campuses are \"tiny, unsightly, or both\". ", "More recently, the Disney Concert Hall designed by Frank Gehry has become the newest candidate for urban icon. Yet it is hard to imagine that its impact upon the city will ever rival that of Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain. And as more cities acquire buildings by Gehry, whose work seems tailor made for providing indistinct urban centers with distinctive architecture, the connection of the Disney Hall to its urban matrix is also likely to weaken. Unlike the Sydney Opera House designed by Jørn Utzon from 1956-1958 and completed in 1973, an indisputable architectural icon of the Australian metropole, the Disney Concert Hall is one of many highly visible cultural buildings designed by Gehry, a single location in what increasingly appears to be a global franchise operation intended less to anchor the image of cities than to raise their cultural capital by associating them with the architect.", "(born 1929). Canadian American architect Frank O. Gehry designed daring and controversial public buildings. His remarkable structures evoked the works of sculptors and were well known for their playful, asymmetrical exteriors and the use of materials traditionally limited to industry. His buildings include museums, concert halls, theaters, public housing complexes, banks, and warehouses. Some critics denounced Gehry for designing what has been termed \"collision architecture,\" which is chaotic and raw in appearance. Other critics, however, praised Gehry for his imagination and his determination to elevate contemporary architecture to the level of art.", "The year 2004 saw the long-awaited completion of the Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles. The building opened to great public celebration and immediately became the sprawling city’s landmark building. Although built after his Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, the design actually predated it and featured a similar panoply of exploding titanium. The splayed pipes of the hall’s massive pipe organ were likened by more than one writer to a packet of French fries, but the public response was ecstatic. Gehry’s earlier experience building and renovating concert halls and amphitheaters had paid off in a facility that not only attracted international attention with its striking appearance, but thrilled musicians and listeners with its acoustically brilliant interior.", "Talieson, Cosanti and Arcosanti are all proof that Arizona has long been seen as a mecca for the creative soul. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright built Talieson West to be his winter home (summering in Wisconsin) and the site of his architecture school which is still in existence. With a thriving tour business, on any given day, you may be part of one of several tour groups, moving around the compound in a well-choreographed manner, getting the inside scoop on the architect, his life, quirks and philosophies not only about architecture but about the land and life. A natural extension of a visit to Talieson is a trip to Cosanti a working artist studio and creative oasis in the middle of suburban Phoenix. Enjoy the sounds of, and perhaps purchase, one of the Cosanti bells which help fund Arcosanti , artist Paolo Soleri’s massive desert colony.", "Located in the center of downtown, the Seattle Art Museum is housed in a striking building designed by architect Robert Venturi (b. 1925) and completed in 1991. The museum is known especially for its Asian, African, and modern art collections. The facility includes a large gallery for locally mounted special exhibitions and traveling exhibits, a 300-seat auditorium, and a Japanese gallery with an authentic teahouse. (Currently, the museum's outstanding Asian collection is actually housed in its original building, which has been renamed the Seattle Asian Art Museum.)", "The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum in the Amphitheatre District represents a strong architectural initiative to mark the entrance of Metz into the 21st century. Designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, the building is remarkable for the complex, innovative carpentry of its roof, and integrates concepts of sustainable architecture. The project encompasses the architecture of two recipients of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, Shigeru Ban (2014) and French Christian de Portzamparc (1994). The Amphitheatre District is also conceived by French architects Nicolas Michelin, Jean-Paul Viguier, and Jean-Michel Wilmotte and designer Philippe Starck. The urban project is expected to be completed by 2023. Further, a contemporary music venue designed by contextualist French architect Rudy Ricciotti stands in the Borny District. ", "At one point in the planning phase when a financing gap existed, planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then-vacant May Company Building, but finally decided to commission architect I. M. Pei to design a new building. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site. Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft (61 m) high, but had to be cut down to 162 ft (49 m) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport. The building's base is approximately 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2). The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7, 1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking.", "Louis Kahn: The Power of Architecture, is at The Bellevue Arts Museum until May 1. It travels to the San Diego Museum of Art in November and to the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth in March, 2017. The show was organized by the Vitra Design Museum in Weil Am Rhein, Germany.", "The image of the Pompidou pervaded popular culture in the 1970s, making appearances on album covers and as a table lamp – and even acting as the set for a Bond film. It did much to overcome the hermetic nature of the architectural culture of its time, moving outside the professional ghetto to appeal to a wider audience both stylistically and in its content. Less appealingly, it triggered an explosion of high-tech styling, characterised by derivative perforated metal and exposed structural bracing. It was, in short, a sensation, in much the same way that Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim museum in Bilbao was to become at the end of the 1990s.", "2008: Ex-Talking Heads frontman David Byrne transforms Battery Maritime Building in New York into a musical instrument by attaching devices that cause beams and pipes in the structure to vibrate and produce sound. It's an 11-day exhibition.", "Seattle is considered the home of grunge music, having produced artists such as Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Mudhoney, all of whom reached international audiences in the early 1990s. The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer, hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot, Macklemore, Blue Scholars, and Shabazz Palaces, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, classic rock staples Heart and Queensrÿche, and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters, Harvey Danger, The Presidents of the United States of America, The Posies, Modest Mouse, Band of Horses, Death Cab for Cutie, and Fleet Foxes. Rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, and Nikki Sixx spent their formative years in Seattle.", "Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District. The jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge.", "The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the facility formally opened on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzon's 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition.", "In September 1998 construction began on the new exhibition center and parking garage. By October 1999 the exhibition center was open and hosting events. [24] On March 26, 2000, to make way for the stadium, the Kingdome was demolished in the world’s largest implosion of a single concrete structure. [28] Almost all of the Kingdome rubble was recycled with roughly half used for the new stadium. The designers were challenged by the soft soil at the site since it was a tidal marsh until public works projects in the early 20th century adjusted the waterline of nearby Elliott Bay . The top layer is a soft fill taken from the grading projects that had leveled portions of Seattle’s hills . To account for the soft soil, the complex sits on over 2,200 pilings driven 50 to 70 ft (15 to 21 m) below the ground to form what is essentially a pier for the foundation. [29] Eight individually connected sections were built to account for the soil concerns, temperature effects, and the potential for earthquakes. [30] The adjoining exhibition center and parking garage are separate structures and are not part of the eight-section stadium. [30]", "The blue plaque identifying his former residence at 23 Brook Street, London (next door to the former residence of George Frideric Handel) was the first one issued by English Heritage to commemorate a pop star. A memorial statue of Hendrix playing a Stratocaster stands near the corner of Broadway and Pine Streets in Seattle. In May 2006, the city renamed a park near its Central District, Jimi Hendrix Park, in his honor. In 2012, an official historic marker was erected on the site of the July 1970 Second Atlanta International Pop Festival near Byron, Georgia. The marker text reads, in part: “Over thirty musical acts performed, including rock icon Jimi Hendrix playing to the largest American audience of his career.” ", "In 1990, Gibson contributed to \"Visionary San Francisco\", an exhibition at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art shown from June 14 to August 26. He wrote a short story, \"Skinner's Room\", set in a decaying San Francisco in which the San Francisco — Oakland Bay Bridge was closed and taken over by the homeless — a setting Gibson then detailed in the Bridge trilogy. The story inspired a contribution to the exhibition by architects Ming Fung and Craig Hodgetts that envisioned a San Francisco in which the rich live in high-tech, solar-powered towers, above the decrepit city and its crumbling bridge. The architects exhibit featured Gibson on a monitor discussing the future and reading from \"Skinner's Room\". The New York Times hailed the exhibition as \"one of the most ambitious, and admirable, efforts to address the realm of architecture and cities that any museum in the country has mounted in the last decade\", despite calling Ming and Hodgetts's reaction to Gibson's contribution \"a powerful, but sad and not a little cynical, work\". A slightly different version of the short story was featured a year later in Omni.", "Simultaneously in San Francisco, composer Stan Shaff and equipment designer Doug McEachern, presented the first “Audium” concert at San Francisco State College (1962), followed by a work at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (1963), conceived of as in time, controlled movement of sound in space. Twelve speakers surrounded the audience, four speakers were mounted on a rotating, mobile-like construction above. In an SFMOMA performance the following year (1964), San Francisco Chronicle music critic Alfred Frankenstein commented, \"the possibilities of the space-sound continuum have seldom been so extensively explored\". In 1967, the first Audium, a \"sound-space continuum\" opened, holding weekly performances through 1970. In 1975, enabled by seed money from the National Endowment for the Arts, a new Audium opened, designed floor to ceiling for spatial sound composition and performance. “In contrast, there are composers who manipulated sound space by locating multiple speakers at various locations in a performance space and then switching or panning the sound between the sources. In this approach, the composition of spatial manipulation is dependent on the location of the speakers and usually exploits the acoustical properties of the enclosure. Examples include Varese's Poeme Electronique (tape music performed in the Philips Pavilion of the 1958 World Fair, Brussels) and Stanley Schaff's Audium installation, currently active in San Francisco” Through weekly programs (over 4,500 in 40 years), Shaff “sculpts” sound, performing now-digitized spatial works live through 176 speakers. ", "SANAA's New Museum of Contemporary Arts, located in the Bowery district of New York City, is an example of certain principles outlined by the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne brought to fruition. The contemporary and ethereal design of the museum stands high above its neighbors deliberately, speaking to CIAM's aspiration to extend the city through vertical construction, and allowing for better indoor quality. Despite the building footprint, which covered the entire small site, SANAA's intent was to create architecture that did not appear completely solid in order to maintain an approachable street facade. The seamless and open aesthetic translates to all floor plans, and helps maintain a presence with the street's activity, as the ground floor is open to the public and free to explore. The aesthetic of the new building is sincere to its grimy surroundings, still illuminating and eye-catching, but humble, with its cracked concrete floors, bare walls, and exposed mechanical and electrical systems. Dimensions taken from the building form is consistent with both the urban fabric of the neighborhood and the entire city. Through further analysis of these points of interest and others, this essay demonstrates how CIAM's goals in designing for an urban fabric is evident in SANAA's approach to designing the New Museum.", "In 1990, Gibson contributed to \"Visionary San Francisco\", an exhibition at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art shown from June 14 to August 26. [84] He wrote a short story, \" Skinner's Room \", set in a decaying San Francisco in which the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge was closed and taken over by the homeless – a setting Gibson then detailed in the Bridge trilogy . The story inspired a contribution to the exhibition by architects Ming Fung and Craig Hodgetts that envisioned a San Francisco in which the rich live in high-tech, solar-powered towers, above the decrepit city and its crumbling bridge. [85] The architects exhibit featured Gibson on a monitor discussing the future and reading from \"Skinner's Room\". [70] The New York Times hailed the exhibition as \"one of the most ambitious, and admirable, efforts to address the realm of architecture and cities that any museum in the country has mounted in the last decade\", despite calling Ming and Hodgetts's reaction to Gibson's contribution \"a powerful, but sad and not a little cynical, work\". [85] A slightly different version of the short story was featured a year later in Omni . [86]", "\"From the panorama of the city we can only learn that incoherence is a collection of false appearances in which the gigantism of new technological buildings (steel bridges, gas tanks, smoke stacks) lay next to the antique habitat on a human scale.\" [1] Represented by moments of suffocating crowds or desolate emptiness, urban space has been the object of many narrations that underline this uneasiness and alienation, the loss of historical meaning and the insensibility and absurdity of clashing elements. To new groups of intellectuals and architects, reason and geometric forms seem to be a remedy for the illness plaguing the metropolis. New stable reference points are sought after. The surrealistic approach links roaming around the city to the surfacing of the subconscious. These visionary reconstructions are in conflict with rational programming. In short, \"order and chaos have become the complementing and interactive forces of the big city scene\". [2]", "In 1990, Gibson contributed to \"Visionary San Francisco\", an exhibition at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art shown from June 14 to August 26. He wrote a short story, \"Skinner's Room\", set in a decaying San Francisco in which the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge was closed and taken over by the homeless – a setting Gibson then detailed in the Bridge trilogy. The story inspired a contribution to the exhibition by architects Ming Fung and Craig Hodgetts that envisioned a San Francisco in which the rich live in high-tech, solar-powered towers, above the decrepit city and its crumbling bridge. The architects exhibit featured Gibson on a monitor discussing the future and reading from \"Skinner's Room\". The New York Times hailed the exhibition as \"one of the most ambitious, and admirable, efforts to address the realm of architecture and cities that any museum in the country has mounted in the last decade\", despite calling Ming and Hodgetts's reaction to Gibson's contribution \"a powerful, but sad and not a little cynical, work\". A slightly different version of the short story was featured a year later in Omni. ", "The Kingdome (officially King County Multipurpose Domed Stadium) was a multi-purpose stadium in Seattle, Washington, located in the city's SoDo neighborhood. Owned and operated by King County, the Kingdome opened in 1976 and was best known as the home stadium of the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL), the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB), and the Seattle SuperSonics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The stadium served as both the home outdoor and indoor venue for the Seattle Sounders of the North American Soccer League (NASL) and hosted numerous amateur sporting events, concerts, and other events." ]

[ 7.18359375, 6.84375, 6.0703125, -0.016571044921875, -1.693359375, -3.86328125, -4.421875, -4.625, -4.765625, -4.9609375, -5.00390625, -5.0078125, -5.25, -5.6875, -5.99609375, -6.30078125, -6.68359375, -6.95703125, -7.12109375, -7.2421875, -7.7421875, -7.74609375, -8.15625, -8.7109375, -9.1953125, -9.609375, -9.6328125, -9.6953125, -9.734375, -10.078125, -10.09375, -10.1796875 ]

[ "A scalene triangle has no sides of equal length. Its angles are also all different in size.", "*A scalene triangle has all its sides of different lengths. Equivalently, it has all angles of different measure. A right triangle is also a scalene triangle if and only if it is not isosceles.", "Scalene Triangle is a triangle, wherein, all the sides of the triangle are unequal or of different lengths.", "An equilateral triangle happens also to be an isosceles triangle. If all three sides are the same length then we can certainly find two sides that are the same length! If that seems strange, well yes, it is different to other terminology we have for shapes. 'Triangle', 'square', 'pentagon', 'hexagon' are all different things. But an isosceles triangle can be an equilateral triangle, and it will be if all three sides are the same length.", "A triangle with all three sides the same length is called an equilateral triangle. If all the sides are the same length, then all the angles must also be the same.", "*An equilateral triangle has all sides the same length. An equilateral triangle is also a regular polygon with all angles measuring 60°. ", "A triangle that has two angles with the same measure also has two sides with the same length, and therefore it is an isosceles triangle. It follows that in a triangle where all angles have the same measure, all three sides have the same length, and such a triangle is therefore equilateral.", "It is perhaps surprising that there are some right-angled triangles where all three sides are whole numbers called Pythagorean Triangles. The three whole number side-lengths are called a Pythagorean triple or triad.", "An equilateral triangle has all three sides equal in length. Its three angles are also equal and they are each 60°. An equilateral triangle is also an equiangular triangle since all its angles are equal.", "If the lengths of all three sides of a right triangle are integers, the triangle is said to be a Pythagorean triangle and its side lengths are collectively known as a Pythagorean triple.", "*A triangle with all interior angles measuring less than 90° is an acute triangle or acute-angled triangle. If c is the length of the longest side, then , where a and b are the lengths of the other sides.", "B. Equilateral Triangle: This is a type of triangle in which all 3 sides, and as a result all three angles are equal. Since the sum of the angles in a triangle must be 180o, then this means that for an equilateral triangle each angle is 60o!", "In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal. In the familiar Euclidean geometry, equilateral triangles are also equiangular; that is, all three internal angles are also congruent to each other and are each 60°. They are regular polygons, and can therefore also be referred to as regular triangles.", "Now suppose the sides of the tetrahedron have length 2. Then the longer side next to the right angle in the smaller triangle has length 1 because it is half of the larger triangle's side. This corresponds to the side with length Sqr(3) in the 30-60-90 triangle with side lengths 1, 2, Sqr(3). For the sides of this smaller triangle to have the correct relative lengths, the other two sides must have lengths 1/Sqr(3) and 2/Sqr(3). To verify that these lengths are correct, multiply the lengths 1/Sqr(3), 2/Sqr(3), and 1 by Sqr(3) and you will see that the sides have relative lengths 1, 2, Sqr(3). This situation is shown in Figure 2.3.", "This is an isosceles right triangle because sides a and b (the height and the base) are the same lengths with two of the angles being 45 degrees adding up to a total with the right angle of 180 degrees (all triangles have angles that add up to 180 degrees). I just want to know from this triangle or any other right triangles why the hypotenuse is the longest side. You'll really be helping me out.", "This does not depend on the lengths a, b, c; only that they are the sides of a right-angled triangle.", "You may have noticed that the side opposite the right angle is always the triangle's longest side. It is called the hypotenuse of the triangle. The other two sides are called the legs . The lengths of the sides of a right triangle are related by the Pythagorean Theorem . There are also special right triangles .", "To show that the sides of an equilateral triangle have the same length, we place identical marks on the sides of the triangle.", "  equilateral (G) all sides are equal and each angle = 60°, making this the only equiangular triangle. Since all 3 angles are less than 90° all equilateral triangles are acute triangles.", "If all three angles of a triangle are congruent, then the triangle is an equiangular triangle. Later on, we will learn why the only angle measure possible for equiangular triangles is 60°.", "A right triangle (like the one in the figure to the right) has one angle that is 90°. The other two angles are always less than 90 ° and together add up to 90°. Note that the triangle on the right has 3 angles a, b and c and 3 sides, A, B, and H, and 3 angles a, b, and c. The side \"opposite\" an angle (in this case) is labeled with a capital letter corresponding to the label on the angle. The side opposite the right angle, H, is always the longest side and is called the hypotenuse.", "A triangle ABC that has the sides a, b, c, semiperimeter s, area T, exradii ra, rb, rc (tangent to a, b, c respectively), and where R and r are the radii of the circumcircle and incircle respectively, is equilateral if and only if any one of the statements in the following nine categories is true. Thus these are properties that are unique to equilateral triangles.", "In any right-angled triangle with sides s and t and longest side (hypotenuse) h, the Pythagoras Theorem applies:", " In similar triangles, the ratios of the sides are the same regardless of the size of the triangles, and depend upon the angles. Consequently, in the figure, the triangle with hypotenuse of unit size has opposite side of size sin θ and adjacent side of size cos θ in units of the hypotenuse.", "We have different types of triangles. A triangle is classified by its angles and by the number of congruent sides.", "In the following identities, A, B and C are the angles of a triangle and a, b and c are the lengths of sides of the triangle opposite the respective angles (as shown in the diagram).", "Example 1: A triangle has angles 46°, 63° and 71°. What type of triangle is this?", "At each vertex of a triangle, an exterior angle of the triangle may be formed by extending ONE SIDE of the triangle. See picture below.", "In addition to the angles (A, B, C) and sides (a, b, c), one of the three heights of the triangle ( h ) is included by drawing the line segment from one of the triangle’s vertices (in this case C) that is perpendicular to the opposite side of the triangle. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.", "The basic elements of any triangle are its sides and angles. Triangles are classified depending on relative sizes of their elements.", "The two triangles shown below are similar. Find the length of the hypotenuse of the larger triangle.", "If the sides a, b, c of a triangle lie opposite angles α, β, γ then" ]

[ 5.06640625, 4.79296875, 4.76171875, 3.06640625, 2.4921875, 1.7197265625, 1.5439453125, 0.99560546875, 0.9892578125, 0.74609375, 0.470703125, -0.1326904296875, -0.2939453125, -0.421142578125, -0.458251953125, -0.90771484375, -0.9296875, -0.951171875, -1.2451171875, -1.400390625, -1.427734375, -1.458984375, -1.576171875, -2.111328125, -2.60546875, -2.9765625, -3.703125, -4.2734375, -4.27734375, -4.453125, -5.3515625, -5.36328125 ]

[ "The national currency in Switzerland is the Swiss Franc. The commonly used abbreviation for Switzerland’s unit of currency is CHF, although SF is sometimes used. Each unit of Swiss currency is divided into 100 units and is known differently according to the language of the Canton in Switzerland. In French speaking Switzerland these units of currency are known as centimes, while in Italian speaking areas of Switzerland they are called centisimi. In German speaking Switzerland these units of currency are known as rappon.", "The official currency of Switzerland is the Swiss Franc (CHF). The Swiss Franc is the only Franc still issued in the European countries. The Franc is subdivided into 100 centimes. The symbol used for the Franc is Fr. Banknotes are issued by the Swiss National Bank and coins are issued by the Swiss Mint.", "The currency of Switzerland is the WIR Euro (CHE). As well, the people of Switzerland are refered to as Swiss.", "The Swiss National Bank (SNB) is responsible for the currency of Switzerland, the Swiss franc (CHF)", "      Switzerland's official monetary unit is the Swiss franc, which is also used in Liechtenstein. A central location, political stability, and privacy laws—the Swiss Banking Law (1934) made it a criminal offense to divulge information about clients and their accounts without consent—have been key factors in making Switzerland one of the world's most important financial centres. However, secrecy laws also encouraged organized-crime syndicates to establish accounts in Swiss banks, and this has prompted modification of Swiss banking laws to prevent abuse.", "The Swiss Franc is the currency of Switzerland. The Swiss Franc is available in banknotes, which bear the value of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, or 1000 Francs. The exchange rate for the Swiss Franc is 1 US Dollar = 1.35350 Swiss Franc.", "Swiss Franc (CHF) � The official currency of Switzerland and Liechtenstein and also legal tender in the Campione d'Italia (Italian exclave). The Swiss Franc bank notes are issued by the Swiss National Bank and the Swiss currency coins are minted by the federal mint � �Swissmint�.", "Prior to 1798, approximately 860 different coins were in circulation in Switzerland. The Helvetic Republic introduced a currency based on the Berne thaler in 1798, which lasted until the end of the Helvetic Republic in 1803. The franc was introduced as the monetary unit of Switzerland following the first Federal Coinage Act in 1850 and replaced the different currencies of the Swiss cantons.", "Historically, the Swiss franc is regarded as a safe-haven currency with almost no inflation. It is often used as a global reserve currency and is the sixth most traded currency in the world.", "      A landlocked federal state in west central Europe, Switzerland consists of a confederation of 26 cantons (6 of which are demicantons). Area: 41,285 sq km (15,940 sq mi). Pop. (1995 est.): 7,039,000. Administrative cap., Bern; judicial cap., Lausanne. Monetary unit: Swiss franc, with ( Oct . 6, 1995) a free rate of Sw F 1.15 to U.S. $1 (Sw F 1.82 = £1 sterling). President in 1995, Kaspar Villiger.", "A system of single weights and measures was introduced and in 1850 the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency. Article 11 of the constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad, though the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies with Swiss Guards present at the Siege of Gaeta in 1860, marking the end of foreign service.", "      A landlocked federal state in west central Europe, Switzerland consists of a confederation of 26 cantons (6 of which are demicantons). Area: 41,284 sq km (15,940 sq mi). Pop. (1994 est.): 6,991,000. Administrative cap., Bern; judicial cap., Lausanne. Monetary unit: Swiss franc, with ( Oct . 7, 1994) a free rate of Sw F 1.28 to U.S. $1 (Sw F 2.03 = £1 sterling). President in 1994, Otto Stich.", "The Swiss franc is represented by CHF - the CH being the code for Switzerland in the ISO 3166 code and F for franc.", "Swiss franc are the official coins used in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. There are coins of 5 cents (German: Rappen, French: centimes), 10 cents, 20 cents, 50 cents (1/2 franc), 1 franc, 2 francs and 5 francs. In the past, there were also coins of 1 and 2 cents. All Swiss coins are language-neutral with respect to Switzerland’s four national languages, featuring only numerals, the abbreviation “Fr.” for franc, and the Latin phrases “Helvetia”, “Confœderatio Helvetica” (depending on the denomination) or the inscription “Libertas” (roman goddess of liberty) on the small coins. The name of the artist is present on the coins with the standing Helvetia and the herder. The designs of the coins have changed very little since 1879. Among the notable changes were new designs for the 5 franc coins in 1888, 1922, 1924 (minor) and 1931 (mostly just a size reduction). A new design for the bronze coins was used from 1948. Coins depicting a ring of stars were modified from 22 stars to 23 stars in 1983; since the stars represent the Swiss cantons, it was updated to represent the 1979 expansion of the Swiss federation, when Jura seceded from the Canton of Bern and became the 23rd canton.", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 7,248,984 (1997 estimate). A land-locked federation in central Europe, situated between France, Germany, Austria and Italy. The country has three official languages: German, French and Italian. The nucleus of modern Switzerland appeared in the late 13th century, and in 1648, the Confederation became independent. Switzerland has not been involved in a foreign war since 1515 and, learning the lesson of Napoleon's seizure of the country, has since 1815 maintained a policy of armed neutrality. Switzerland has no military alliances and does not belong to the United Nations, although it participates in a number of U.N. programs and has U.N offices in Geneva. In 1986 the Swiss electorate rejected membership in the United Nations but in 1992 approved application to the European Union. The stability of the Swiss government and economy and of the Swiss franc — along with Switzerland's policy of banking secrecy – has made the country one of the world's financial centers.", "All Swiss coins are language-neutral with respect to Switzerland's four national languages, featuring only numerals, the abbreviation \"Fr.\" for franc, and the Latin phrases Helvetia or Confœderatio Helvetica (depending on the denomination) or the inscription Libertas (Roman goddess of liberty) on the small coins. The name of the artist is present on the coins with the standing Helvetia and the herder. ", "You have to cross borders into this country and this also includes Liechtenstein on the Austrian side. The small duchy also uses the Swiss Franc.", "Each Swiss Franc is equal to 100 Centimes. Centimes are available in coins of 1, 20 and 50 Centimes.", "The first coins of Switzerland were Canton Standard Coinage (10 Rappen = 4 Kreuzer = 1 Batzen, 10 Batzen = 1 Frank) Billon Batzens issued in the early 19th century by the Aargau Canton. Canton Coinage continued till the mid-nineteenth century. Most of the Canton Coinage in high grades is valuable fetching upwards of $100. Confederation Decimal Coinage (100 Rappen – Centimes = 1 Franc) debut around 1850 with the introduction of Bronze Rappens with the ubiquitous Cross in Shield Design in Obverse and Denomination and Wreath in Reverse. The first coins have high mintage into the millions but still catalogs for upwards of $100 in UNC. The first gold coin is the extremely popular 20 Francs 0.1867 troy ounce issue of 1883 that trades for a slight premium over bullion value. Since then, Switzerland has issued a number of gold coins.", "The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.", "Merchants may accept euros but are not obliged to do so. Change given back to the client will most likely be in Swiss francs.", "If adjusted for purchasing power parity it ranks 15th. [32] The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the second most competitive in the world. [33] For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin. [34] In 2005 the median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 95,000 CHF , the equivalent of roughly 81,000 USD (as of Nov. 2008) in purchasing power parity , which is similar to wealthy American states like California. [35]", "Campione has a considerable amount of economic and administrative integration with Switzerland. Because of its particular status, legal tender in the town is the Swiss franc, \"... pur essendo territorio italiano Campione è doganalmente ed economicamente svizzero. Così pure la moneta e la rete telefonica. (\"... although being Italian territory, Campione is customs-wise and economically Swiss. Also the currency and the telephone network.\") ", "Today, the euro is the world's most powerful currency, used by more than 320 million Europeans in twenty countries. The countries currently using the euro are:", "The metrical system is in force in Italy for the measure of objects and of value; the lira is the unit of value; its nominal worth is 20 cents. Italy, France , Belgium , Greece , and Switzerland form the Latin Monetary Union, having a bimetallic basis, which is imperfect, however, because since 1879, suspicion has attached to the coinage of the pieces of five lire; the fractional coins were nationalized. From 1862 to 1907 the State coined, in all denominations, a sum total of $220,000,000 and a sum total of $154,000,000 were withdrawn from circulation, with a loss of 7.2 per cent on their nominal value. On 31 December, 1907, the treasury resources were: gold, 303,313,673 lire; silver, 71,862,419 lire; nickel, 2,537,285 lire; copper, 2,595,212 lire; total, 380,309,129 lire ($76,061,826).", "Many private businesses (restaurants, bars) in Lausanne did take euros at roughly the official exchange rate. They even print the total in EUR on the receipt (UKIP readers?).", "The franc (₣) is the name of several currency units. The French franc was the former currency of France until the euro was adopted in 1999 (by law, 2002 de facto).", "Switzerland officially the Swiss Confederation is a landlocked alpine country of roughly 7.7 million people (2009) in Central Europe with an area of 41,285 km². Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 states, called cantons. Bern is the seat of the federal authorities, while the country\\'s economic centres are its two global cities, Geneva and Zürich. Switzerland is one of the richest countries in the world by per capita gross domestic pr...oduct, with a nominal per capita GDP of $67,384. Zürich and Geneva have respectively been ranked as having the second and third highest quality of life in the world.", "Although 22 cantons and half-cantons issued coins between 1803 and 1850, less than 15% of the money in circulation in Switzerland in 1850 was locally produced, with the rest being foreign, mainly brought back by mercenaries. In addition, some private banks also started issuing the first banknotes, so that in total, at least 8000 different coins and notes were in circulation at that time, making the monetary system extremely complicated. ", "The Swiss Confederation continues to use the name in its Latin form, where it is inappropriate or difficult to use all of its four official languages on public documents. Thus, the name appears on Swiss stamps and on Swiss coinage, to this day.", "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook).", "      As 10 new members joined the European Union on May 1, 2004, Switzerland remained resolutely outside, but the country was prodded into concessions toward greater European integration by economic, trade, and political realities. The EU and Switzerland in March signed a bilateral package to make it harder for EU citizens to evade domestic taxes by having a Swiss bank account. Switzerland agreed to impose taxes on deposits of EU citizens—starting at 15% and rising to 35% after 2010—and to transfer the revenue in lump sums to the respective European nations, which would thereby preserve the anonymity of the depositors and uphold cherished Swiss banking secrecy. In return, Swiss citizens won the right to travel more freely in the EU. The EU was forced to postpone the starting date of the clampdown on cross-border tax evasion by six months to July 1, 2005, because Switzerland and Liechtenstein said that they needed more time to prepare." ]

[ 7.671875, 6.953125, 6.6640625, 5.53125, 5.50390625, 5.5, 4.3203125, 4.1875, 4.05078125, 3.9609375, 3.822265625, 3.802734375, 3.609375, 3.404296875, 2.638671875, 1.6328125, 0.9296875, 0.9150390625, 0.83984375, 0.68408203125, 0.2071533203125, -0.10357666015625, -0.364501953125, -1.09765625, -1.2021484375, -1.6494140625, -3.19921875, -3.849609375, -4.703125, -4.9765625, -5.3984375, -5.7734375 ]

[ "The Gorge Amphitheatre is a 20,000-seat concert venue located above the Columbia River gorge in George, Washington. Administered by LiveNation, it is considered one of the premier and most scenic concert locations in North America and the world. The venue offers sweeping and majestic views of the Columbia River, and over the years has featured a wide-range of top acts from the world of music, including Pearl Jam, the Dave Matthews Band, Van Halen, Rush, The Who, Aerosmith, Metallica, John Mayer, The Police, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, The Allman Brothers Band, Pink Floyd and Steely Dan, and Tool. It is home of the annual Sasquatch! Music Festival, the Vans Warped Tour, and the west edition of the Christian music festival Creation Festival.", "Located above the Columbia River, The Gorge Amphitheatre in George, WA is considered one of the most scenic concert locations in the world. The Gorge, is home to annual events like Sasquatch Music Festival , Vans Warped Tour and Ozzfest .", "The Gorge Amphitheatre is a 27,500-seat outdoor concert venue near the Columbia River in George, Washington managed by Live Nation. According to The Wall Street Journal, the Gorge is considered one of the most scenic concert locations in the world. It is a nine-time winner of Pollstar Magazine's award for 'Best Outdoor Music Venue' and was voted as one of the 'Best Outdoor Concert Venues in America' by ConcertBoom. ", "The Gorge, a combination 2-CD/1-DVD set with highlights from their 3-night 2002 tour closer at The Gorge Amphitheatre in George, Washington was released on June 29, 2004.", "Spokane ( ) is a city in the state of Washington, in the northwestern United States. Spokane is the seat of Spokane County. It is located on the Spokane River, west of the Rocky Mountain foothills in eastern Washington, 92 mi south of the Canadian border, approximately 20 mi from the Washington–Idaho border, and 280 mi east of Seattle along Interstate 90. The city and wider Inland Northwest region is served by Spokane International Airport, 5 mi west of downtown Spokane. According to the 2010 Census, Spokane had a population of 208,916, making it the second largest city in Washington and the 102nd largest city in the United States.", "is an American rock band, formed in Seattle, Washington in 1990. Since its inception, the band’s line-up has included Stone Gossard (guitar), Jeff Ament (bass), Mike McCready (guitar), and Eddie Vedder (vocals). The band’s fifth and current drummer is Matt Cameron of Soundgarden, who has been with the band since 1998.", "The modern-era Pacific Northwest is known for indie music, especially grunge, alternative rock, and metal as well as historically-strong folk music and world music traditions. Many are associated with the independent label Sub Pop. Lately the region has also gained notice for its Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest. KEXP.org is a popular and nationally-noted Seattle-based public indie music radio station. Among the area's largest music festivals are the Merritt Mountain Music Festival, the Vancouver Folk Music Festival, the Sasquatch! Music Festival in George, Washington, Seattle's Bumbershoot, and Portland's MusicfestNW. Portland's Waterfront Blues Festival is the largest blues-based festival west of the Mississippi River.", "Mid-size to large cities often draw big ticket concerts, especially in large outdoor amphitheaters. Small towns sometimes host concerts in parks with local or older bands. Other options include music festivals such has San Diego's Street Scene or South by Southwest in Austin . Classical music concerts are held year round and performed by semi-professional and professional symphonies. Boston, for instance, occasionally puts on free concerts in the Public Park. Many cities and regions have unique sounds. Nashville is known as Music City because of the large number of country artists that live in the city. It's home to the Grand Ole Opry, one of the most famous music venues in the country. Country music is popular throughout the U.S. but is particularly concentrated in the South and rural West. Seattle is the home of grunge rock. Many of the most popular bands are based out of Los Angeles due to the large entertainment presence and concentration of record companies.", "Washington is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States located north of Oregon, west of Idaho, and south of the Canadian province of British Columbia on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Named after George Washington, the first President of the United States, the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory, which had been ceded by Britain in 1846 in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute. It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Olympia is the state capital. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, D.C., the capital of the U.S., which is often shortened to Washington.", "The album cover was photographed by Cobain's then-girlfriend Tracy Marander during a concert at the Reko Muse art gallery in Olympia, Washington. On February 25, 1989, Nirvana played at venues on the west coast, including the University of Washington. The group began its first European tour, a double headliner with the band Tad, at the Riverside venue in Newcastle upon Tyne on October 23, 1989. On December 3, they played a \"triumphant\" set at the London Astoria. Christopher Sandford related: \"when the style pundits noted Cobain's 'patent lumberjack shirts and ugly fifties geometric-patterned jerseys', seeing an example of 'low-couture chic' they missed the point that flannel shirts and sweaters were everyday dress in the marine climate of the Northwest\". Cobain took note and said that he never intended to start a fad or act as a role model.", "The 9,000-seat Red Rocks Amphitheatre, just ten minutes from Golden, has hosted everyone from the Beatles to Bruce Springsteen, and was declared by Rolling Stone Magazine to be the nation’s top bucket list outdoor concert venue.  It is the only completely natural amphitheatre on the planet.  Two gigantic 400-foot-high red sandstone rocks flank either side, and a “bounce-back” rock is located behind the stage.  It really doesn’t matter who is playing.  When there is a Rocky Mountain sunset and all the lights of Denver are glowing off in the distance, and the flanking rocks are illuminated, and eagles and hawks are flying overhead – the amphitheatre is the star of the show.   Even when there’s not a concert, it’s an amazing sight to see, and there are hiking trails that wind up, around and through the towering rocks.", "Washington is the capital city of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, which included the preexisting settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria. Named in honor of George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia and created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District in 1871. The centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, president, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups, and professional associations.", "This wide, fast-flowing Columbia river begins in the Canadian Rockies of southeast British Columbia, Canada, flowing south through the State of Washington, then forming the natural border between states Washington and Oregon. It is 1,152 miles in length and ends in the Pacific Ocean. The Columbia River and its tributaries are home to numerous fish, which migrate between fresh water streams and the Pacific Ocean. It makes it a great place for fishing, particularly for Sturgeon, Salmon, Steelhead and Walleye fishing. The Columbia River holds the largest population of white Sturgeon in North America. These fish have been a vital part of the river’s ecology and the local economy for thousand years. Between cities The Dalles and Portland, Oregon, the Columbia River cuts though the Cascade Mountains, forming the dramatic Columbia River Gorge, well-known for its scenic beauty and the greatest concentration of waterfalls in the Pacific Northwest. There are over 77 stunning waterfalls in the area with Multnomah Falls, the most notable one. Located about 20 miles east from Portland, Multnomah Falls is second tallest year-round waterfall in the United States and probably the most beautiful. The area is great to explore by car taking the Historic Columbia River Highway (\"King of Roads\"). Opened in 1916, it is still one the world's most glorious drives.", "Location: Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC. Viewing stands and bleachers will extend from 3rd to 17th Streets.", "1. Seattle is the birthplace of rock legend Jimi Hendrix and the rock music style known as \"grunge\", which was made famous by local groups Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, and Pearl Jam.", "Live music complemented by photography of our great city Spokane! Coffee specials start at 4pm! 4-8pm", "Kerry Park [64] on Highland Drive on Queen Anne Hill is the single most photographed view of Seattle, with a spectacular cityscape with the Space Needle, Safeco Field, CenturyLink Field, and Elliott Bay in front and Mt. Rainier visible behind the skyline. The best view is to go on a clear summer day around 9PM, the sun will have just dropped behind the Olympic range, the city lights will just be coming on, but there will be enough sunlight left that Rainier glows purple behind the city. The Sculpture \"Changing Form\" by Doris Chase is standing in the center of Kerry Park since 1977 and this park attracts many tourists and locals to enjoy their afternoon or night chillaxing.", "Watershed Music Festival – George amphitheatre, George, Washington State, United States – Annual country music festival – (Held over there days in late July) – http://www.watershedfest.com", "Yakima ( or) is a U.S. city located about 60 mi southeast of Mount Rainier in Washington. Yakima is the county seat of Yakima County, Washington, and the state's eleventh largest city by population. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 91,067 and a metropolitan population of 243,231. The unincorporated suburban areas of West Valley and Terrace Heights are considered a part of greater Yakima. ", "Most of the architectural attractions in Seattle are located in a small portion of the downtown area , easily traversed on foot. Among the highlights are the Rem Koolhaas/OMA designed Central Library, a unique, contemporary building with an enormous glass-fronted atrium; the Experience Music Project designed to resemble Jimi Hendrix's smashed guitar done in a manner only Frank Gehry could conceive; the Smith Tower, an Art Deco skyscraper which has an observation deck and is Seattle's oldest skyscraper; the Columbia Center, the tallest building in the Pacific Northwest and one with its own observation deck; the Seattle City Hall, designed by Bohlin Cywinski Jackson Bassetti Architects, with its roof garden, designed by Gustafson Guthrie Nichol Ltd. and Swift & Company; and the new Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Campus, designed by NBBJ, with its 12 acre garden also designed by Gustafson Guthrie Nichol Ltd.", "The National Mall is a large, open park in downtown Washington between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol. Given its prominence, the mall is often the location of political protests, concerts, festivals, and presidential inaugurations. The Washington Monument and the Jefferson Pier are near the center of the mall, south of the White House. Also on the mall are the National World War II Memorial at the east end of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, the Korean War Veterans Memorial, and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.", "More» Just steps outside the city of Denver, this mountain park in Colorado features impressive geological structures as well as a large outdoor theater, the world-famous Red Rocks Amphitheatre, which has been a part of the park since 1941. «Less", "The Hollywood Bowl is a 1920's amphitheater in the Hollywood area of Los Angeles, California, United States that is used primarily for music performances. The Hollywood Bowl is known for its band shell, a distinctive set of concentric arches that graced the site from 1929 through 2003, before being replaced with a somewhat larger one beginning in the 2004 season. The shell is set against the backdrop of the Hollywood Hills and the famous Hollywood Sign to the Northeast. The \"bowl\" refers to the shape of the concave hillside the amphitheater is carved into. The bowl is owned by the County of Los Angeles and is the home of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, the summer home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the host of hundreds of musical events each year. It is located at 2301 North Highland Avenue, north of Hollywood Blvd and the Hollywood & Highland subway station and south of Route 101.", "some “dirt opens” or construction golf. It was at this hole that a good round was often sent awry. The presence of the active railroad, like many traditional Scottish links, along the entire right side of the hole made the fit. Hole 18 (Tahoma) – The home hole is a slightly uphill par 5, surrounded by dunes. The remnants of vast concrete sorting bins loom over the teeing grounds. After navigating a fairway dotted by bunkers and swales, built to accommodate play as a par 4 or par 5 during the U.S. Open, a large green featuring multiple levels and strong contours awaits. Imagination and a deft putting touch are required to pass the final exam in this championship test. Perhaps the most iconic natural landmark in Washington is Mount Rainier, which happens to reside in Pierce County. The Indian name is Mount Tahoma. In fact the name Tacoma is a derivative of Tahoma. Visit www.ChambersBayGolf.com for more information, tee times, packages and events.", "Scranton's primary concert venue is the Toyota Pavilion at Montage Mountain, a partially covered amphitheater that seats 17,500. Its summer concerts have included James Taylor, Dave Matthews Band, and many other musical acts.", "On July 23, 2012, COTA announced a booking agreement with Live Nation to book major concerts at an open air amphitheater to be built at the base of the observation tower. Designed by Miró Rivera Architects, the venue opened in April 2013 with a concert by Kenny Chesney. ", "Colonial Creek Falls, the tallest waterfalls in North America at 2,584 feet (788 meters), is located in the North Cascades National Park, Washington, United States.", "Mount Rainier National Park is a United States National Park located in southeast Pierce County and northeast Lewis County in Washington state. It was one of the US's earliest National Parks, having been established on March 2, 1899. Mount Rainier is circled by the Wonderland Trail and is covered by several glaciers and snowfields totaling some 35 square miles.", "At 14,411 feet of elevation, Mount Rainier is the highest mountain in the state of Washington and of the Cascade Mountain Range. It is also the most glaciated mountain in the continental United States. The spectacular Mount Rainier National Park has five developed areas (Longmire, Paradise, Ohanapecosh, Sunrise, and Carbon/Mowich), each varied in terrain but all offering extraordinary views and opportunities for recreation. This drive explores Ohanapecosh, Paradise and Sunrise.", "image:Mount Rainier from southwest.jpg|Mount Rainier is the highest summit of the Cascade Range and the State of Washington", "The Capitol Campus was placed on the National Register of Historic Districts in 1974 and contains or contributes to some of the most valued views in the State including the Olympic Mountains, Puget Sound, Mt. Rainier, the Capitol Dome and the Capitol Group of buildings on the hill. The design of the Capitol Campus is a grand example of the City Beautiful style of the Progressive era of the early 20th Century.", "Cultural activities and events take place throughout the year. The Yakima Valley Museum houses exhibits related to the region’s natural and cultural history, a restored soda fountain, and periodic special exhibitions. Downtown Yakima’s historic Capitol Theatre and Seasons Performance Hall, as well as the West-side’s Allied Arts Center, present numerous musical and stage productions. Larson Gallery housed at Yakima Valley Community College present six diverse art exhibitions each year. The city is home to the Yakima Symphony Orchestra. The Yakima Area Arboretum is a botanical garden featuring species of both native and adapted non-native plants. Popular music tours, trade shows, and other large events are hosted at the Yakima SunDome in State Fair Park." ]

[ 10.5078125, 9.0625, 8.9140625, 3.43359375, -3.037109375, -3.28515625, -3.611328125, -3.646484375, -3.765625, -3.7734375, -4.2109375, -4.48046875, -4.875, -4.95703125, -5.3671875, -5.75390625, -6.0234375, -6.19140625, -6.59765625, -6.62109375, -6.75390625, -7.05859375, -7.25, -7.6015625, -7.84765625, -8.078125, -9.3828125, -9.453125, -9.46875, -9.5859375, -9.9296875, -9.953125 ]

[ "Charlton Heston - (October 4, 1924 - April 5, 2008) was an American film actor. In a long career he was mostly known for playing heroic roles such as Moses in The Ten Commandments, Colonel George Taylor in Planet of the Apes, and Judah Ben-Hur in Ben-Hur. Heston's most frequently played roles on stage include the title role in Macbeth, Sir Thomas More in A Man For All Seasons, and Mark Antony in both Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra. Charlton Heston was lost in a world of Alzheimer's Disease, according to close family friends.", "Charlton Heston is known for having played heroic roles, such as Moses in The Ten Commandments, Colonel George Taylor in Planet of the Apes, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar in El Cid, and Judah Ben-Hur in Ben-Hur, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. In the 1950s and 1960s he was one of a handful of Hollywood actors to speak openly against racism and was an active supporter of the Civil Rights Movement. Initially a moderate Democrat, he later supported conservative politics and was president of the National Rifle Association from 1998 to 2003.", "Charlton Heston (October 4, 1923 – April 5, 2008) was an American actor of film, theatre and television.<br/><br/>Heston is known for having played heroic roles, such as Moses in The Ten Commandments, Taylor in Planet of the Apes, twice as Andrew Jackson in The President's Lady and The Buccaneer; the eponymous characters of El Cid and Judah Ben Hur in Ben-Hur, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor.<br/><br/>Heston was also known for his political activism. In the 1950s and 1960s he was one of a handful of Hollywood actors to speak openly against racism and was an active supporter of the Civil Rights Movement. Initially a moderate Democrat, he later supported conservative Republican policies and was president of the National Rifle Association from 1998 to 2003.", "Wyler (who once quipped, \"It takes a Jew to make a really good movie about Christ\") picked his Ben-Hur from the cast of The Big Country: Charlton Heston (runners-up: Marlon Brando, Burt Lancaster, Rock Hudson, and Kirk Douglas). Heston was no stranger to epics, having starred as Moses in 1956's The Ten Commandments (he was mobbed on arriving in Rome with crowds chanting, \"It is Moses!\"). But he saw Judah as a more believable, complex individual.", "Morning Trivia: He played heroic roles: Moses in The Ten Commandments, Taylor in Planet of the Apes, twice as Andrew Jackson in The President's Lady and The Buccaneer; the characters of El Cid and Judah Ben Hur in Ben-Hur, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. He was also known for his political activism. In the 1950s and 1960s he was one of a handful of Hollywood actors to speak openly against racism and was an active supporter of the Civil Rights Movement. Initially a moderate Democrat, he later supported conservative Republican policies and was president of the National Rifle Association from 1998 to 2003. Who is he?", "He made his name carrying 10 commandments down a mountain and pushing one amendment on TV. On Friday night, Charlton Heston came to Orlando to say an emotional goodbye after five years as president of the National Rifle Association. He did so in front of an adoring flock of more than 7,000 gun-rights advocates whose excitement could scarcely be contained even within the vast reaches of the Orange County Convention Center. This wasn't quite Moses leading his people to the Promised Land, but the cheering throng might have done even Cecil B. DeMille proud.", "His two most popular and biggest roles were in Ridley Scott's Gladiator (2000), in which he starred alongside Oscar-winner Russell Crowe as well as his role in The Scorpion King (2002). Aside from these two films, he also played the starring role in The Viking Sagas and in Conan the Adventurer. The series ran from 1997-1998 and told the story of Conan, who had been - accompanied by his three cronies - anointed by Crom to fight the evil Hissah Zul and to destroy it so that Conan could become the king, as had once been predicted to him.", "Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964) is an actor, film producer and musician. Although a New Zealand citizen, he has lived most of his life in Australia and identifies himself as an Australian. He came to international attention for his role as the Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius in the 2000 historical epic film Gladiator, directed by Ridley Scott, for which Crowe won an Academy Award for Best Actor, a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor, an Empire Award for Best Actor and a London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor and 10 further nominations for best actor.", "As a board member of Handgun Control Inc. (along with Martin Sheen and Susan Sarandon ), Peck was sometimes criticized for his friendship with Charlton Heston , a longtime advocate of gun ownership who served as President of the National Rifle Assocation (NRA) from 1998 to 2003. When anti-gun activist James Brady , who'd been grievously wounded during the assassination attempt on his boss, Ronald Reagan , asked him why, Peck replied, \"We're colleagues rather than friends. We're civil to each other when we meet. I, of course, disagree vehemently with him on gun control.\".", "It was however the 1989 Civil War drama Glory, that would catapult Washington to fame, as it would his co black actor Morgan Freeman. One of the best movies about the US Civil War,  it showcased the real life story of 54th Massachusetts Regiment, one of the few units made up entirely of  black volunteers, who made a heroic attack on Fort Wagner. As an ex slave Pvt Trip, who joins the force reluctantly, and who is unable to get on with others, before he finally dies in the assault, Washington put in a great performance, and was awarded the Best Supporting Actor.", "A stalwart Tom Hanks plays Captain Miller, a soldier's soldier, who takes a small band of troops behind enemy lines to retrieve a private whose three brothers have recently been killed in action. It's a public relations move for the Army, but it has historical precedent dating back to the Civil War. Some critics of the film have labeled the central characters stereotypes. If that is so, this movie gives stereotypes a good name: Tom Sizemore as the deft sergeant, Edward Burns as the hotheaded Private Reiben, Barry Pepper as the religious sniper, Adam Goldberg as the lone Jew, Vin Diesel as the oversize Private Caparzo, Giovanni Ribisi as the soulful medic, and Jeremy Davies, who as a meek corporal gives the film its most memorable performance.", "Since \"Top Gun,\" Robbins starred in \"Bull Durham,\" \"The Shawshank Redemption,\" \"High Fidelity\" and \"Mystic River,\" for which he won a best supporting actor Oscar, among dozens of other titles. He has also written, produced and directed several works, including \"Dead Man Walking.\" He also stars in the HBO series, \"The Brink,\" with Jack Black. He is 57.", "Bob Barnes (George Clooney) is a veteran Operations Officer with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trying to stop illegal arms trafficking in the Middle East. While on assignment in Tehran, Iran, to kill two arms dealers, Barnes notices that one of two anti-tank missiles (actually the Stinger MANPADS) intended to participate in an explosion was diverted to an Egyptian (Amr Waked), while the other explodes and kills the two arms dealers, who are later also revealed to be \"Iranian Intelligence agents.\" Barnes makes his superiors nervous by writing memos about the missile theft and is subsequently reassigned to a desk job. However, unaccustomed to the political discretion required, he quickly embarrasses the wrong people by speaking his mind and is sent back to the field with the assignment of assassinating Prince Nasir, whom the CIA identifies as being the financier behind the Egyptian's acquisition of the missile. Prior to his reassignment, Barnes confides in his ex-CIA agent friend, Stan Goff (William Hurt), that he will return to Lebanon. Goff advises him to clear his presence with Hezbollah so they know he is not acting against them. Barnes travels to Lebanon, obtains safe passage from a Hezbollah leader, and hires a mercenary named Mussawi (Mark Strong) to help kidnap and murder Nasir. But Mussawi has become an Iranian agent and has Barnes abducted. Mussawi tortures Barnes and prepares to behead him. Just before he is about to cut off Barnes' head, the Hezbollah leader arrives and stops him.", "Robert Selden Duvall (born January 5, 1931) is an American actor and director. He has won an Academy Award, two Emmy Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards over the course of his career.<br/><br/>He began appearing in theatre during the late 1950s, moving into small, supporting television and film roles during the early 1960s in such works as To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) and Captain Newman, M.D. (1963). He started to land much larger roles during the early 1970s with movies like MASH (1970) and THX 1138 (1971). This was followed by a series of critical successes: The Godfather (1972), The Godfather Part II (1974), Network (1976), The Great Santini (1979), Apocalypse Now (1979), and True Confessions (1981).<br/><br/>Since then Duvall has continued to act in both film and television with such productions as Tender Mercies (1983), The Natural (1984), Colors (1988), Lonesome Dove (1989), Stalin (1992), The Man Who Captured Eichmann (1996), A Family Thing (1996), The Apostle (1997), A Civil Action (1998), Gods and Generals (2003) and Broken Trail (2006).", "A reluctant small-town war-hero gets an unlikely shot at redemption in this action thriller starring Ray Liotta, Michael Pare, and Dominic Purcell. Former Marine Tod Shaw saw his fair share of bloodshed on the battlefield, and to this day he remains haunted by memories of his best friend being killed in combat. Though his job on the Suddenly police force offers Shaw a chance to reconnect with the community, his crippling alcohol addiction soon takes its toll, and he is forced to turn in his badge. Later, when the locals receive word that the President will be passing through Suddenly, Shaw is placed back on duty. His resolve is put to the ultimate test, however, when three ruthless disguised as Secret Service agents take his lat friend's family hostage in their home in order to get the President in their crosshairs. Now, as the Commander in Chief draws near, Shaw must put the past behind him, and summon his inner hero for one last fight", "One thing that both sides can agree upon is the performance by George C. Scott. Their verdict: flawless. An amazing feat considering the character he plays is so flawed. Aside from his uncanny physical resemblence, Scott seems to embody Patton’s entire being, earning a spot on Premiere’s 100 Greatest Performances by playing the part with a Henry Hathaway-type boldness (B) and mimicking Patton’s walk from 3,000 feet of film, including documentaries, newsreels and footage from the U.S. Signal Corps (A). Scott also claimed to have read about a dozen books in preparation for the role, and during the shoot, he further got into character by wearing authentic reproductions of Patton’s uniforms, decorations and accessories — most famously that riding crop and those ivory-handled six guns.", "He was first played by Alec Baldwin in 1990’s The Hunt for Red October. Harrison Ford starred as the character next in back-to-back films: 1992’s Patriot Games and 1994’s Clear and Present Danger.", "* Actor Richard Boone dies at the age of 63. Best known for his starring role in the TV series \"Have Gun Will Travel,\" he also appeared in a number of CED titles including The Robe, The Alamo, Hombre, The Hobbit (voice of Smaug), and Winter Kills.", "Former NRA Board Member Praised Dictator Robert Mugabe For Calling Gay People “Perverts Who Do Not Deserve Civil Rights.” Jeff Cooper, a longtime board member whom the NRA honored by naming a shooting range after him when he died in 2004, praised Zimbabwe dictator Robert Mugabe in his often-homophobic “Jeff Cooper’s Commentaries” newsletter:", "Further praise followed for his role in the slave tale of Amistad , he was a worried US President facing Armageddon from above in Deep Impact , appeared in Neil LaBute 's black comedy Nurse Betty , and reprised his role as Alex Cross in Along Came a Spider . Now highly popular, he was much in demand with cinema audiences, and he co-starred in the terrorist drama The Sum of All Fears , was a military officer in the Stephen King -inspired Dreamcatcher , gave divine guidance as God to Jim Carrey in Bruce Almighty , and played a minor role in the comedy The Big Bounce .", "Heston served as president of the Screen Actors Guild and chairman of the American Film Institute and marched in the civil rights movement in the 1950s. He become the National Rifle Association president in 1998 and later resigned in April of 2003. In late 2003 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor.", "Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider and soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, Cooper became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). In the post-war years, he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952). In his final films, Cooper played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Man of the West (1958).", "Jackson became a prominent actor in action thrillers such as \"Patriot Games\" with Harrison Ford, \"Iron Man 2\" with Mickey Rourke, and \"Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones\" and \"Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith,\" which were both directed by George Lucas. Jackson has also acted in courtroom drama films such as \"A Time to Kill\" and the costume romance \"The Red Violin.\"", "His career has spanned six decades and includes roles in several Hollywood blockbusters; including the epic war film Apocalypse Now (1979), the legal drama Presumed Innocent (1990), the action film The Fugitive (1993), the political action thriller Air Force One (1997) and the psychological thriller What Lies Beneath (2000). Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry: American Graffiti (1973), The Conversation (1974), Star Wars (1977), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and Blade Runner.", "Most moviegoers, of course, know him as Dr. Hannibal Lecter -- one of the all-time great movie villains. The role won him a Best Actor Oscar in 1992 for 'The Silence of the Lambs' (though he was only on screen for 16 minutes), and he'd later reprise Lecter for 'Hannibal' (2001) and 'Red Dragon' (2002).", "Richard Boone, the son of a Jewish mother (and, on his father's side, a descendant of Daniel Boone ), who became a national television star playing Paladin, the hired gun, on Have Gun - Will Travel, was born in Los Angeles on this date in 1917. The pockmarked and deep-voiced actor appeared in more than fifty films and television shows, most often playing the role of the villain, after Paladin retired his six-shooters in 1963. In the 1960s and '70s Boone visited Israel numerous times to assist the nascent Israeli film industry -- for which he received an award in 1979 from Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Boone also starred in the Israeli film set in a location other than Israel: Madron, a 1970 Western in which Israeli actors played Native Americans. Boone died at only 63 in 1981. To see the very first episode of Have Gun -- Will Travel, click here and scroll down. \"I give out lots of the calling cards Paladin uses in the stories, which are lettered 'Have Gun-Will Travel' and say underneath, 'Wire Pala ...", "In 1958, Freeman made his movie debut in an uncredited role in the Glenn Ford WWII picture _Torpedo Run (1958)_ and first received billing in the 1960 gang war B-movie potboiler This Rebel Breed . His most memorable role was the lead in Amiri Baraka 's Dutchman opposite Shirley Knight , who was named Best Actress at the 1967 Venice Film Festival. Freeman won the N.A.A.C.P. Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture for playing Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad in Spike Lee 's Malcolm X .", "The Deadly Companions (Brian Keith, 1961). In director Sam Peckinpah ’s first movie, Yellowleg (Brian Keith) has a rifle ball near his collarbone from the Civil War, and it often impairs the functioning of his right arm.  At the start of the movie, it causes him to accidentally shoot saloon girl Maureen O’Hara’s son, and you know it will come up again in a critical situation.", "Other films included the acclaimed Israel-set drama Exodus (1960), The Longest Day (1962), a war film with a star-studded cast, and a role as a United States Senator in the political drama Advise & Consent (1962). He reunited with the Rat Pack for a western adventure, Sergeants 3.", "People we lost in 2013 – Actress Eileen Brennan , who earned an Oscar nomination for her role as the exasperated drill captain in the movie \"Private Benjamin,\" died Sunday, July 28, at her Burbank, California, home after a battle with bladder cancer. She was 80.", "He was the only movie star to appear in 3D movies from both the Golden Age in the 1950s ( The Stranger Wore a Gun (1953) and The Bounty Hunter (1954)) and the format's revival in the 2010s (one his last movies, The Lion of Judah (2011)).", "In 1957, he was cast as a cultured gunfighter Paladin in “Have Gun – Will Travel” 1957-1963. He continued to make movies through this time such as The Alamo (1960) and A Thunder of Drums (1961)." ]

[ 9.7734375, 9.4140625, 7.3125, 2.94140625, 2.705078125, -0.69580078125, -4.31640625, -4.6015625, -4.609375, -4.765625, -5.4453125, -5.453125, -5.73828125, -5.84765625, -5.875, -6.15234375, -6.4375, -6.46484375, -6.57421875, -7.08984375, -7.15625, -7.19921875, -7.68359375, -7.87890625, -7.90234375, -8.640625, -9.203125, -9.2421875, -9.6953125, -10.3125, -10.515625, -10.9296875 ]

[ "The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,600 kilometres over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres. The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981. CNN labeled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which helps to limit the impact of human use, such as fishing and tourism. Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish. According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985.", "The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s Largest coral reef system. It is composed of roughly 3,000 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2,600 kilometers (1,616 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers (132,974 sq mi). The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland in northeast Australia. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from orbit and is the world’s biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. The Great Barrier Reef supports a wide diversity of life, and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981.", "The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.", "The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world’s biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981. CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland. Photo: haikudeck.com", "The Great Barrier Reef is the largest collection of coral reefs in the world, and is the biggest single structure made by living organisms in the world.", "The Great Barrier Reef is a mosaic of 2,900 individual reefs off the coast of Queensland in northeast Australia. The sprawling reef can be seen from space and is not only the world's largest coral reef system but also the largest structure on Earth made by living organisms.", "The Great Barrier Reef, a World Heritage site, extends some 2,010 km (1,250 mi) along the eastern coast of Queensland from Cape York in the north to Bundaberg in the south. Made of coral, it is the world's largest structure created by a living organism. The chain of reefs forms a natural breakwater for the passage of ships along the coast. See Also Kosciusko National Park; Uluru National Park.", "The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system, composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 1,600 miles.The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. It can be seen from outer space and is the world’s biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981.", "The heritage sites include the famous Great Barrier Reef, which is located off the coast of Queensland, Australia.", "One of the world's most remarkable natural wonders, the Great Barrier Reef lies off Queensland's coastline.", "The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (133,000 sq mi). The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia.", "The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometers (1,400 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers (133,000 sq mi). Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients. The Great Barrier Reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia.", "Great Barrier Reef, complex of coral reefs , shoals, and islets in the Pacific Ocean off the northeastern coast of Australia and the longest and largest reef complex in the world. The Great Barrier Reef extends in roughly a northwest-southeast direction for more than 1,250 miles (2,000 km), at an offshore distance ranging from 10 to 100 miles (16 to 160 km), and has an area of some 135,000 square miles (350,000 square km). It has been characterized, somewhat inaccurately, as the largest structure ever built by living creatures.", "Tourism In the 1970s and 1980s tourism became increasingly important and Queensland capitalized on its climate and natural attractions. Growth has occurred around the Gold Coast area, renowned for its sandy beaches and offshore islands, nightlife, and theme parks (including Movieworld, a major film production theme park). Tourism has also been important further north around the Great Barrier Reef, which stretches for 2,012 km/1,250 mi along the Coral Sea coast, and many of the islands at the reef have been transformed into tourist resorts, including the Whitsunday Islands, Magnetic Island, and Hamilton Island. Coastal towns such as Cairns, Townsville, Port Douglas, Rockhampton, and Mackay, have prospered from the development of the tourist industry around the Great Barrier Reef.", "Whitsunday Islands are a group of 74 islands that lie off the coast of Queensland, Australia and form part of the Great Barrier Reef. The island group is centred on Whitsunday Island, while the group's commercial centre is Hamilton Island.They are one of the most popular Australian tourist destinations.", "© iStock/Getty Images Aerial view of Oystaer coral reef at the Great Barrier Reef near Cairns in Tropical North Queensland, Queensland, Australia. The Great Barrier Reef has been named the best vacation destination in the world in a newly released ranking published by US News & World Report.", "The Big Pineapple is a heritage-listed tourist attraction on the Sunshine Coast in South East Queensland, Australia. It is 16 metres high and was originally opened on the 15 of August 1971. It is situated on a 165 hectare site. The Big Pineapple features two rides: One on a Nut Mobile, the other on a small train that takes passengers on a tour of the plantation and lets them optionally disembark at a small zoo situated on the property. The rides take visitors around the plantation while the driver broadcasts information about the plants at the plantation, along with a history.", "The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef,[140] lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 kilometres (1,240 mi). Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith,[", "Fraser Island is a heritage-listed island located along the southern coast of Queensland, Australia, approximately 200 kilometres north of Brisbane. Its length is about 120 kilometres and its width is approximately 24 kilometres. It was inscribed as a World Heritage site in 1992. The island is considered to be the largest sand island in the world at 1840 km². It is also Queensland's largest island, Australia's sixth largest island and the largest island on the East Coast of Australia. The island has rainforests, eucalyptus woodland, mangrove forests, wallum and peat swamps, sand dunes and coastal heaths. It is made up of sand that has been accumulating for approximately 750,000 years on volcanic bedrock that provides a natural catchment for the sediment which is carried on a strong offshore current northwards along the coast. Unlike many sand dunes, plant life is abundant due to the naturally occurring mycorrhizal fungi present in the sand, which release nutrients in a form that can be absorbed by the plants. Fraser Island is home to a small number of mammal species, as well as a diverse range of birds, reptiles and amphibians, including the occasional saltwater crocodile. The island is part of the Fraser Coast Region and protected in the Great Sandy National Park.", "Fraser Island is a heritage-listed island located along the southern coast of Queensland, Australia, approximately 200 km north of Brisbane. It is a locality within the Fraser Coast local government in the Wide Bay–Burnett region. Its length is about 120 km and its width is approximately 24 km. It was inscribed as a World Heritage site in 1992. The island is considered to be the largest sand island in the world at 1,840 km2. It is also Queensland's largest island, Australia's sixth largest island and the largest island on the East Coast of Australia.", "The 1200-mile long Great Barrier Reef off the NE coast of Australia is the world's largest example of this reef type. The GBR is not actually a single reef as the name implies, but rather a very large complex consisting of many reefs.", "The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and is an important part of local groups' cultures and spirituality. The reef is a very popular destination for tourists, especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions. Tourism is an important economic activity for the region, generating $1 billion per year.", "Take a Wilderness Safari in Daintree National Park One of the most ancient ecosystems on the planet, Daintree National Park is in the far north of Queensland, and like Uluru, sacred to the local Aboriginal people. With more than 18,000 plant species and a variety of animal species — including the Bennett’s tree kangaroo, cassowary, crocodile, giant blue Ulysses butterfly and the eastern water dragon — Daintree draws nature lovers to its astounding biodiversity year round. The park features two main sections: Cape Tribulation, where rainforest meets white sandy beaches, and Mossman Gorge, where rock pools, granite boulders and the clear waters of the Mossman River are surrounded by lush forest. Guided safari tours are the best way to experience Daintree, as your guide can share details of the park’s significance, both biologically and culturally.", "Speyside Beach - Follow the Windward Road past King's Bay and you will experience a most picturesque view of the coastline. The magnificent Speyside Bay Reef where the Brain Coral is among the largest in the world.", "Cape York Peninsula is a large remote peninsula located in Far North Queensland at the tip of the state of Queensland, Australia, the largest unspoiled wilderness in eastern Australia and one of the last remaining wilderness areas on Earth. Although the land is mostly flat and about half of the area is used for grazing cattle, and wildlife is threatened by introduced species and weeds, the relatively undisturbed eucalyptus wooded savannas, tropical rainforests and other types of habitat are now recognized for their global environmental significance.", "Cape York Peninsula is a large remote peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest unspoiled wilderness in northern Australia and one of the last remaining wilderness areas on Earth.Mittermeier, R.E. et al. (2002). Wilderness: Earth’s last wild places. Mexico City: Agrupación Sierra Madre, S.C. The land is mostly flat and about half of the area is used for grazing cattle. The relatively undisturbed eucalyptus wooded savannahs, tropical rainforests and other types of habitat are now recognized for their global environmental significance, but native wildlife is threatened by introduced species and weeds.Mackey, B. G., Nix, H., & Hitchcock, P. (2001). The natural heritage significance of Cape York Peninsula. Retrieved 15 January 2008, from [http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00582aj.pdf epa.qld.gov.au].", "Another manmade wonder can be found on the salt bed of Lake Ballard near Menzies , where globally-renowned sculptor Antony Gormley has created the largest outdoor gallery on Earth. The Inside Australia exhibit features 51 sculptures dotted across 10 square kilometres of the white salt plain – a particularly striking sight at sunrise and sunset.", "Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is the location of a world-renowned sandstone monolith, which stands 348 metres in height and bears various inscriptions made by ancestral indigenous peoples, located in Northern Territory of Australia. It is located 1431 kilometres south of Darwin by road and 440 km south-west of Alice Springs along the Stuart and Lasseter Highways. The park covers 1326 km2 and includes the features it is named after: Uluru/Ayers Rock and, 40 km to its west, Kata Tjuta/Mount Olga. The location is listed with UNESCO World Heritage sites.", "Kakadu National Park, in the Top End or the Northern Territory , is a World Heritage Site and one of the planet's great wilderness areas. Covering more than 19,840 sq km, Kakadu is the largest national park in Australia and the second largest in the world. Within its borders lie monsoon rainforests, mangrove swamps, rivers, gorges, ancient rock paintings, wetlands, and waterfalls as well as an astounding diversity of wildlife. In addition to the many mammals and reptiles, more than 300 different species of birds make their home here, and visitors may spot saltwater crocodiles prowling the wetlands. Visitors can view the park's diverse ecosystems by car, air, on foot via the vast network of hiking trails, or by boat on the rivers or floodplains. During the wet season (Nov-April), many roads and attractions close due to heavy flooding.", "#Mellish Reef, being about 300 km to the east of the Northwestern Group, thus the most distant from the Australian continent of all the reefs and atolls of the Coral Sea Islands Territory, is not considered to be part of any group. It has the outline of a boomerang-shaped platform around 10 km in length and 3 km across, area 25 km2. The surrounding reefs, which enclose a narrow lagoon, are completely submerged at high tide. Near the centre of the lagoon is the only permanent land of the reef - Heralds-Beacon Islet. The island is a small cay measuring 600 m by 120 m, area 57,000 m2, only rising a few ms above the high-water mark. ", "World Heritage listed Fraser Island, the world's largest sand island is renowned for its remarkable natural beauty. Its influence over the marine park cannot be understated. The island protects Hervey Bay's extensive waters and gave rise to the Great Sandy Strait. The strait's inter-tidal sand banks, mud flats, salt marshes and calm waters are ideal for the development of extensive seagrass beds and mangrove forests.", "Off of the northeast coast of Australia is the largest coral reef in the world. What is its name?" ]

[ 9.671875, 9.5546875, 9.34375, 8.9375, 7.23046875, 7.2109375, 7.0859375, 6.43359375, 5.171875, 4.71484375, 3.05078125, 3.017578125, 2.712890625, 2.681640625, 2.037109375, 0.9609375, -0.421630859375, -1.6787109375, -2.716796875, -3.228515625, -3.26171875, -3.4453125, -3.548828125, -4.26171875, -4.375, -4.84375, -5.515625, -5.94921875, -6.32421875, -6.33203125, -6.37890625, -6.671875 ]

[ "A chess piece, or chessman, is any of the 32 movable objects deployed on a chessboard used to play the game of chess. In a standard game of chess, each of the two players begins a game with the following 16 pieces:", "A chess piece, or chessman, is any of the 32 movable objects deployed on a chessboard used to play the game of chess. In a standard game of chess, each of the two players begins a game with the following 16 pieces:", "4. Abbr. Kt or N Games A chess piece, usually in the shape of a horse's head, that can be moved two squares along a rank and one along a file or two squares along a file and one along a rank. The knight is the only piece that can jump other pieces to land on an open square.", "Chess is a classic game of strategy, similar to tic-tac-toe (noughts and crosses), checkers (draughts), reversi (Othello), backgammon and go, in which players take turns placing or moving pieces. Unlike card games where participants only see their own as well as everybody’s discarded cards, players have full access to all relevant information with chance playing no role.", "In chess notation, each piece, except the Pawn, is identified by an uppercase letter: the King by K, the Queen by Q, the Rook by R, the Bishop by B, the Knight by N, the Pawn by no letter.", "The Rook is one of the heroic chess pieces and can have a big influence in a chess game. If the Rook is paired with another Rook, or the Queen, these are among the most powerful of all attacking combinations in Chess.", "A children's game in which players try to collect sets of three identical birds (flocks) by a draw and discard mechanism to which is added the option of asking another player for a card rather than drawing from the stock or a discard pile. The 72-card pack has 3 each of 24 different cards. There are 21 different birds and 3 kinds of special card: wild Golden Eggs, Spectacle Birds that can look at another player's cards and Crazy Cuckoos which enable the player to swap flocks with an opponent.", "Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Chess is played by millions of people worldwide, both amateurs and professionals. Each player begins the game with 16 pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the six piece types moves differently, with the most powerful being the queen and the least powerful the pawn. The objective is to 'checkmate' the opponent's king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. To this end, a player's pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent's pieces, while supporting their own. In addition to checkmate, the game can be won by voluntary resignation by the opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may also result in a draw in several ways. Chess is b... This channel was generated automatically by YouTube's video discovery system.", "The next piece in the game of chess is the Knight. Each player is provided with two knights. In terms of value, each knight is treated at par with the bishop and as such is assigned a value of 3. Just as the rook and the bishop have special features, the knight also has special features as well.", "A rook (♖ ♜ borrowed from Persian رخ, rokh) is a piece in the strategy board game of chess. Formerly the piece was called the tower, marquess, rector, and comes . The term castle is considered informal, incorrect, or old-fashioned. However, in Persian the word for \"castling\" is qal'eh raften (from qal'eh, \"castle\") and not rokh raftan.", "There are two bishops, one on each color. The bishops can move diagonal for any distance without jumping over a piece. The knight is a very interesting piece. It can move forward and back, left or right two spaces and then left or right one space. It is the only one that can jump over other chess pieces. The rook, sometimes called the castle, can move forward, backwards, left and right, any distance without jumping over another piece.", "The straight piece. That's the easiest way to describe the rook chess piece . In traditional sets, the piece looks kind of like a castle tower and begins each chess game as the outside corner pieces. Each player has two rook pieces to begin.", "Pawn Lowly chess piece. Costume can be devised from hoops and a ball for the head.", "It's rather simple, there are two players with one player having 16 black or dark color chess pieces and the other player having 16 white or light color chess pieces. The chess players move on a square chessboard made up of 64 individual squares consisting of 32 dark squares and 32 light squares. Each chess piece has a defined starting point or square with the dark chess pieces aligned on one side of the board and the light pieces on the other. There are 6 different types of chess pieces, each with it's own unique method to move on the chessboard. The chess pieces are used to both attack and defend from attack, against the other players chessmen. Each player has one chess piece called the king. The ultimate objective of the game is to capture the opponents king. Having said this, the king will never actually be captured. When either sides king is trapped to where it cannot move without being taken, it's called \"checkmate\" or the shortened version \"mate\". At this point, the game is over. The object of playing chess is really quite simple, but mastering this game of chess is a totally different story.", "The second important piece in the chess board, next to the king and queen, is the rook. In fact, each player is provided with two rooks. Each rook has been assigned a value of 5, the second highest value for a piece in the chess board.", "Chess is a two-player board game played on a  chessboard , a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Chess is played by millions of people worldwide, both amateurs and professionals.", "Chess is a two-player board game played on a chessboard , a square checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. It is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide at home, in clubs , online, by correspondence , and in tournaments .", "The queen is the most powerful piece on the board. This is because it can control more squares than any other chessman. It moves straight forward or backwards and diagonally any number of squares. However, it cannot jump over other pieces.", "13. A logical board game comprising: a chess-like playing board having ten squares wide and at least eight squares deep; two sets of game pieces, the sets differing from each other by a physical characteristic, each set comprising a king, a queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, two additional game pieces (AGP) and ten pawns; an initial setting of the pieces with each of the AGP being between the rook and knight, the AGP, rook and knight each having a common physical characteristic; the AGP being assigned a property to capture, and be captured by, an opposing AGP; the AGP being assigned a property to move one square in any direction to land on an unoccupied adjoining square; the game pieces being assigned a property to leap over the AGP having the common physical characteristic; the AGP and knight being assigned a property to leap over the opposing AGP; the bishop, rook and queen been assigned a property to bounce off the AGP having the common physical characteristic by coming to a square occupied by the AGP and then moving off at a right angle; the knight being assigned a property to bounce off the AGP having the common physical characteristic by coming to a square occupied by the AGP and then making an additional right turn.", "Chess is a board game consisting of a miniature battlefield whereby the opponents engage in organized attacks and defense, each conducted with the definite objective of protecting ones king from being trapped or \"checkmated\" (i.e. where the king is unable to escape capture). Every new game is a different battle and the players are the generals who plan the battle. Chess is one of the oldest of all games of pure mental skill as well as one of the most interesting and mind focusing and challenging of all board games. Every game of chess can be recorded in the form of a code so that after the game is over it can be studied to learn what was done properly and improperly. \"After-study\" is fundamental to any thinking process that calls for choices, decisions and solutions.", "The king is the most important piece, since losing him means the end of the game. But he is also one of the weakest. So very often he needs his friends to protect him. The king can move one square in any direction - up, down, to the sides, and diagonally.", "A long-range piece (a rook, queen, or bishop) which is aimed at one of the opponent's valuable pieces,  with a less valuable defending piece blocking it.  The pinning piece is the attacking piece in a pin.", "There are two Knights for each player on the chessboard, situated between the Bishop and the Rook. These chess pieces have the unique trait of being able to 'leap' over other chess pieces. They move in an \"L\" shape (see the diagram). If they land on an opposing chess piece, it is captured.", "Chess is played between two players who sit on opposite sides of a “chessboard.” Each player takes command of a “white” or “black” army of 16 units always arranged in the same way at the start of the game. By rule, the player with the white pieces always begins the game. The players alternate moves until one player attacks the enemy King in such a way that the King cannot escape. We call that checkmate. Many people believe that you have to be a genius to be good at chess. Being really smart helps at most things, but success in chess requires familiarity with the rules and some basic strategy, as well as practice. This book will help you to get started and to feel comfortable sitting down and playing a real game. Know that everyone starts out as a beginner. To get the most out of this book and your chess experiences, I recommend that you buy or borrow a chessboard and a chess set to play along as you read this book. Many people have very artistic sets. Those are fine for display, but when you review the material in this book and when you play, you will want to have a standard set much like the one depicted in this book. They are not very expensive and easy to find in stores and on the Internet. If you are having trouble finding a standard set, go to the U.S. Chess Federation’s website at www.uschess.org.", "Captures pieces are \"petrified\". No draws. The game seems to be inspired by Gorgona, a Chess variant invented by V. R. Parton.", "The armies combating each other on the board consist of Black and White pieces. The White pieces form the one side, the Black pieces the antagonistic side. The two sides are briefly called White and Black. The coloring of the piece therefore determines its obedience and fidelity, unconditionally. A piece never deserts to the enemy, nor does it ever rebel; it is faithful unto death. True, if it falls in combat, it wanders from the board merely into a box where the captured pieces are kept until the next game; then it celebrates a merry and hopeful resurrection.", "The rook piece can move anywhere from 1 to 7 squares in any direction, so long as it is not obstructed by any other piece.", "There is also a second deck of cards—the Intrigue cards. In this deck, there are two types of cards, Keepers and Clocks. Keepers are special abilities; for example, \"You can see the card\". There are eight clocks—the first seven drawn do nothing—whoever draws the eighth is killed by the murderer and out of the game. [101]", "There is also a second deck of cards—the Intrigue cards. In this deck, there are two types of cards, Keepers and Clocks. Keepers are special abilities; for example, \"You can see the card\". There are eight clocks—the first seven drawn do nothing—whoever draws the eighth is killed by the murderer and out of the game. [67]", "There is also a second deck of cards—the Intrigue cards. In this deck, there are two types of cards, Keepers and Clocks. Keepers are special abilities; for example, \"You can see the card\". There are eight clocks—the first seven drawn do nothing—whoever draws the eighth is killed by the murderer and out of the game. ", "cockatrice. beast having the head and body of a chicken, membrane wings, and the tail of an adder", "The Cockatrice is a snake like creature, that has a pair of great wings that are seen to come from that of a great eagle or that are leathery wings like a dragons. Characteristics of a Cockatrice is that it has glowing red eyes with black pupils. Cockatrice has a magical gaze that it can petrify an attacker to stone." ]

[ 0.220458984375, 0.220458984375, -0.47705078125, -2.13671875, -2.240234375, -2.431640625, -2.66796875, -2.73828125, -2.91015625, -3.07421875, -3.1328125, -3.32421875, -3.3515625, -3.451171875, -3.56640625, -3.568359375, -3.576171875, -3.86328125, -4.12109375, -4.2890625, -4.34765625, -4.46484375, -4.5234375, -4.87890625, -4.94140625, -5.7109375, -5.859375, -6.37109375, -6.37890625, -6.39453125, -7.640625, -8.125 ]

[ "Mark Twain set his story, \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\", in the county. The county hosts an annual fair and Jumping Frog Jubilee, featuring a frog-jumping contest, to celebrate the association with Twain's story. Each year's winner is commemorated with a brass plaque mounted in the sidewalk of downtown Historic Angels Camp and this feature is known as the Frog Hop of Fame. The California red-legged frog, feared extinct in the county by 1969, was rediscovered in 2003.", "Amongst the tall tales of Mark Twain there lives the celebrated story of the Jumping Frog Jubilee in Calaveras County, and the small gold rush town of Angels Camp. The top 50 frogs qualify for the International Frog Jump Grand Finals, which are held on Sunday afternoon of the Jubilee. The current worlds record was set in 1986 by Rosie the Ribeter. Rosie jumped 21 feet 5 ¾ inches . The cash prize for breaking the world record is $5000. The Frog Jumping Competition begins the Thursday, first day of the Jumping Frog Jubilee,. Contestants can choose to jump for fun on our smaller, Luly Pad stage, or jump to qualify for the finals. Jumping continues on Friday, Saturday and Sunday morning. The International Frog Jump finals are held on Sunday afternoon. The top 50 jumps from the four days of Fair (and some from sanctioned jumps) will be entered into the Grand Finals. Contestants can bring their own frog. You get to name your frog and attempt to crown him/her the new champion! For more information visit http://m.frogtown.org", "The Pride of San Joaquin Valley was declared the winner of the first frog-jumping jubilee held in Calaveras County, CA on this day in 1928. The froggy jumped three feet, four inches, higher than 49 other frogs entered in the contest. The true beginnings of the frog jubilee date back to gold rush days, an event instigated by none other than Mark Twain.", "Twain went to San Francisco in 1864. Dubbed the \"Wild Humorist of the Pacific Slope,\" he achieved a measure of national fame with his story \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\" (1865). A trip to Hawaii in 1866 furnished articles for the Sacramento Union and materials for the first lecture, on his return, in a long and successful career as a public speaker. The following year he traveled to the Mediterranean and the Holy Land, providing letters to the San Francisco Alta California that, in their revised form as The Innocents Abroad (1869), won immediate international attention.", "Calaveras County Fair and3umping Frog3ubilee This year's theme is \"Jumpin' Frogs, Chubby Hogs and Corn Dogs.\"", "Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. After an apprenticeship with a printer, Twain worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to the newspaper of his older brother, Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise. In 1865, his humorous story, \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\", was published, based on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, where he had spent some time as a miner. The short story brought international attention, and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.", "Twain's first important work, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County , was first published in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. The only reason it was published there was that his story arrived too late to be included in a book Artemus Ward was compiling featuring sketches of the wild American West .", "95.^ Williams, III, George (1999). \"Mark Twain Leaves Virginia City for San Francisco\". Mark Twain and the Jumping Frog of Calaveras County: How Mark Twain's humorous frog story launched his legendary career. Tree By The River Publishing. ISBN 0-935174-45-1. Cited in \"\"Excerpt: The Singular Mark Twain\". http://www.autographed-books.com/whoisgeorgewilliamsiii.html. Retrieved 2007-06-26.", "Cabin in which Twain wrote Jumping Frog of Calaveras, located on Jackass Hill in Tuolumne County . [31] Historical marker and interior view available.", "  Cabin where Twain wrote \"Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\", Jackass Hill, Tuolumne County . Click on historical marker and interior view .", "Races were another form of entertainment employed in the Wild West show. Many different races were held, including those between cowboys, Mexicans, and Indians, a 100 yd foot race between Indian and Indian pony, a race between Sioux boys on bareback Indian ponies, races between Mexican thoroughbreds, and even a race between Lady Riders.", "Noted explorer John C. Fremont had captured the public's attention with his Sierra expeditions. Barnum wanted to capitalize on Fremont's success. He had bought a small maneless horse with wooly hair. Barnum displayed the creature as an extraordinary nondescript (or new species) that seemed to be part deer, camel, horse, buffalo, and sheep. People flocked to see this new specimen which was supposedly direct from California. Barnum later said \"The public appetite was craving something brought from Col. Fremont. The community was absolutely famishing. They were ravenous. They could have swallowed anything, and like a good genius, I threw them, not a 'bone', but a bon-bon, and they swallowed it in a single gulp.\"", "*Students at Orange County State College (later California State University, Fullerton) staged what was billed as \"The First Intercollegiate Elephant Race in Human History\", with 15 elephants raced through different events in Fullerton, California. Winners in various weight ranges included \"Kinney\" of Long Beach State College and \"Captain Hook\" of Orange Coast College. ", "The Kentucky Derby is the greatest and most glamorous horse race in America, run since 1875 in Louisville, Ky. Also known as the Run for the Roses because of the garland of roses draped on the winning horse, it is a one-and-one-quarter-mile race for three-year-old thoroughbreds and is the first race in the Triple Crown; the others are the Preakness and the Belmont Stakes. The site of the race is hallowed Churchill Downs, the track known for its twin spires, built in 1895.", "In the late 19th century, a large park was built around the shellmound. The park included two dance pavilions, one of which stood atop the shellmound. A trotting park (the Oakland Trotting Park) was built nearby at the junction of the Berkeley Branch line with the mainline of the Southern Pacific. On February 22, 1920 the first dog race track to employ an imitation rabbit opened in Emeryville.", "Published in 1881, the story of Prince Edward VI swapping places with a poor boy in 16th-century England was Twain's first foray into historical fiction. Now, Twain himself thought that The Prince and the Pauper was the best thing he had ever written, but it's never been quite as popular as Huckleberry Finn  and Tom Sawyer  ( source ).", "By 1891, it is said that Earp was an ageing con man, virtually penniless. He and his wife relocated to Santa Rosa where he found a job managing a stable which trained racehorses.", "Phineas Taylor Barnum, born in Bethel, Connecticut, USA, July 5, 1810, was America’s most famous showman and a self-proclaimed “Prince of Humbugs.” After starting out as a merchant and lottery ticket salesman, he fell into the occupation of showman in 1835 with the purchase of a decrepit hymn-singing black woman, Joice Heth, said to be 161 years old, whom he brazenly exhibited as the nurse of George Washington. Graduating to the equally sensational “Feejee Mermaid” (in reality the upper half of a monkey sewn to the body of a fish), he later madefortunes out of the midget TOM THUMB and the Swedish singer Jenny LIND. In these, as in all his enterprises, Barnum was one of the first impresarios to realize the value of massive, carefully planned publicity campaigns, by which he ensured notoriety for his exhibits and maximum profits for himself.", "One example of a dog race is the American Dog Derby, which was first started in 1917. Competitors enter a 20, 40, 60 or 100-mile category. The race starts in Ashton, Idaho. ", "In early November 1936, Howard and Smith shipped the horse to California by rail. His last two races of the year were at Bay Meadows racetrack in San Mateo, California. The first was the $2,700 Bay Bridge Handicap, run over one mile (1.6 km). Despite starting badly and carrying the top weight of 116 lb (53 kg), Seabiscuit won by five lengths. At the World's Fair Handicap (Bay Meadows' most prestigious stakes race), Seabiscuit led throughout...", "Jack London's classic story from 1903 about Buck, a dog kidnapped from his home in California and taken to the Yukon where he is mistreated until a prospector discovers him and relates to his situation. Although the two are bonded, Buck yearns to run free with the wild dogs in the wilderness. Written by John Sacksteder <jsackste@bellsouth.net>", "Two weeks later Pollard will be suspended by the California Horse Racing Commission from riding on any California track until January 1, 1938. Furious at the harsh judgment, Howard pulls Seabiscuit out of races until Pollard’s suspension is over.", "In the tiniest print in some articles about Washington's bid, you can find references to equestrian events being held at Morven Park in Leesburg, Virginia . That's about 40 miles west of Washington. It's a wonderful facility and certainly looks the part, but mightn't the horses just say \"ho-hum\" since they've been there and done that?", "The Melbourne Cup continued to grow throughout the late 1800s, and it was well established as the most important race in Australia by the time Mark Twain visited in 1895 and documented the unique character of the event. By this point, none could contest how central the Melbourne Cup had become to Australian culture – possibly the first Australian tradition that no one could deny.", "Seabiscuit makes a celebrity entrance in Tijuana for the Agua Caliente Handicap. Americans flood the border and overwhelm Tijuana, hoping to watch the race. Seabiscuit wins easily.", "Twain moved to San Francisco, California in 1864, where he continued working as a journalist. He met other writers, such as Bret Harte, Artemus Ward, and Dan DeQuille. The young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him.[20]", "Twain moved to San Francisco, California in 1864, where he continued working as a journalist. He met other writers, such as Bret Harte , Artemus Ward , and Dan DeQuille . The young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him. [23]", "The Belmont Stakes is the oldest of the three Triple Crown races.  It was first run in 1867.", "In 1937, the Santa Anita Handicap, California's most prestigious race, was worth over $125,000 ($ million in 2010) to the winner; it was known colloquially as \"The Hundred Grander\". In his first warm-up race at Santa Anita Park, Seabiscuit won easily. In his second race of 1937, the San Antonio Handicap, he suffered a setback after he was bumped at the start and then pushed wide; Seabiscuit came in fifth, losing to Rosemont.", "Mark Twain lectures in Petaluma; Mr. and Mrs. Tom Thumb draw large crowds in 1869 visit.", "* July 13, 1882: In Plumas County, the stage from La Porte to Oroville. This stage was loaded with gold and George Hackett was armed. Bart lost his derby as he fled the scene when it was determined that the Wells Fargo agent in LaPorte had supplied hardware to bolt down the strongbox. His derby was traced to him eventually through the laundry mark. The same stage was again held-up in Forbestown and Hackett blasted the would-be robber into the bushes. This was mistakenly blamed on Bart.", "How did Red Pollard later describe he and Seabiscuit's enormous victory at Santa Anita in 1940?" ]

[ 5.41796875, 3.306640625, 2.7578125, 1.8369140625, 1.798828125, 1.6767578125, 0.61328125, 0.403076171875, -0.7216796875, -0.75634765625, -3.619140625, -3.984375, -4.0546875, -4.4140625, -4.71875, -4.73828125, -5.26953125, -5.578125, -5.6171875, -5.7421875, -6.41796875, -6.46484375, -6.9296875, -7, -7.37109375, -8.34375, -8.703125, -9.109375, -9.1484375, -9.203125, -9.4140625, -11.03125 ]

[ "12 April 1945: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt dies, aged 63 during his fourth term of office. Vice-President Harry Truman sworn in as successor.", "On the 12th April 1945, Harry Truman became the 33rd President of the United States when his predecessor, Franklin D Roosevelt, suddenly died while having his portrait painted. Truman was Roosevelt’s Vice-President, but had only.... . .", "April 12 - United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945) dies in office; Vice President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) takes the Oath of Office.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.", "Harry S. Truman took office as US President on April 12 after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly on April 12, 1945, and Harry Truman became president. Many Americans believed he was unqualified for the job. One person said, “If Harry Truman can be president, my neighbor can be president.\" This “common man\" would make the most important decision of the twentieth century.", "Harry S. Truman served as the thirty-third president of the United States from 1945 to 1953. Truman, who became president upon the death of President franklin d. roosevelt on April 12, 1945, made some of the most momentous decisions in U.S. history, including the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, the rebuilding of Europe under the marshall plan, and the fighting of the korean war. A defender of Roosevelt's new deal domestic programs, in 1948 Truman fought unsuccessfully for a federal civil rights law that would have outlawed racial discrimination in employment. Though Truman was unpopular when he left office, by the 1960s his reputation had rebounded dramatically. Many political historians consider him one of the greatest U.S. presidents.", "F.D. Roosevelt – Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 , April 12, 1945), He was the 32nd President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. In August 1921, while the Roosevelts were vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Roosevelt contracted an illness, at the time believed to be polio, which resulted in Roosevelt’s total and permanent paralysis from the waist down. FDR sought out innumerable cures including electric currents, ultraviolet light, massage, mineral baths whatever might improve his atrophied legs. He also consulted a number of other physicians and therapists in a vain effort to revitalize his muscles.", "the 33rd President of the United States of America (1945–1953). The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health", "US President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies at 63 years old while in office; vice-president Harry Truman is sworn in as the 33rd President.", "President Roosevelt, never lived to see the atomic blast. On April 12, 1945, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage and Vice President Harry Truman became the 33rd President. Truman was not aware of the Manhattan Project until the afternoon of Roosevelt’s death, and didn’t receive a full briefing until June 25th. By the time the A-bomb was tested at Trinity Site at the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, the Allied powers had defeated Germany. Japan, however, vowed to fight on. ", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( / ˈ r oʊ z ə v ɛ l t / ROH-zə-velt or / ˈ r oʊ z ə v ə l t / ROH-zə-vəlt ; January 30, 1882 — April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials, FDR, 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945), served for 12 years and four terms until his death in 1945, the only president ever to do so, and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. A dominant leader of the Democratic Party and the only American president elected to more than two terms, he built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American politics after 1932, as his domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.", "In the United States, the victory happened on President Harry Truman's 61st birthday. He dedicated the victory to the memory of his predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had died of a cerebral hemorrhage less than a month earlier, on 12 April. Flags remained at half-staff for the remainder of the 30-day mourning period. Truman said of dedicating the victory to Roosevelt's memory and keeping the flags at half-staff that his only wish was \"that Franklin D. Roosevelt had lived to witness this day.\" Later that day, Truman said that the victory made it his most enjoyable birthday. ", "Several changes in leadership occurred during this period. On 12 April, U.S. President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April. [226] Two days later, Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . [227]", "Several changes in leadership occurred during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April. [259] Two days later, Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . [260]", "1945 Near the end of World War II, on April 12, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt met his \"sudden death\" of a cerebral hemorrhage at the 33rd Parallel at Warm Springs, Georgia. His last words were, \"I have a terrific headache.\" His medical chart is missing.", "1945 Near the end of World War II, on April 12, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt met his \"sudden death\" of a cerebral hemorrhage at the 33 rd Parallel at Warm Springs, Georgia. His last words were, \"I have a terrific headache.\" His medical chart is missing.", "In 1944 Roosevelt, who was running for an unprecedented fourth term, replaced Vice President Henry A. Wallace with Truman. After his reelection Roosevelt had little to do with his new vice president; before his death on April 12, 1945, he met only twice with Truman.", "The decision to drop the bombs was not made by Roosevelt, but by the man who followed him, President Harry S. Truman (1884–1972). Although Roosevelt was elected to a fourth term in 1944, he died before World War II ended. He had gone to Warm Springs in 1945, completely exhausted after having returned from a conference of Allied leaders to set the terms for final peace. At the conference, he had forced other leaders to accept his scheme for a United Nations. On April 12, 1945, he suffered a fatal stroke when an artery ruptured in his brain.", "Aware of the President's failing health, Democrats urged Roosevelt to drop Henry Wallace because of his extreme liberalism and \"friendly\" attitude toward communist beliefs. Roosevelt balked at first, but eventually replaced him with Harry Truman. Over the years Roosevelt's commanding lead in elections had been diminishing, but the President still garnered 53.8% of the popular vote. He did, however, drop 12 states to opponent Thomas E. Dewey. Franklin Delano Roosevelt became the first president to be elected to 4 terms.", "In 1944, as Roosevelt sought an unprecedented fourth term as president, Truman was selected as his running mate, replacing Vice President Henry Wallace (1888-1965), a divisive figure in the Democratic Party. (Truman, a moderate Democrat, was jokingly referred to as the “second Missouri Compromise .”) In the general election, Roosevelt easily defeated Republican Thomas Dewey, the governor of New York , and was sworn into office on January 20, 1945. Less than three months later, on April 12, 1945, the president died suddenly of a cerebral hemorrhage at age 63.", "Franklin Roosevelt suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in April 1945 and died on 12 April. Eleanor now returned to Val-Kill, a property she herself had built. Although she now decided to lead a private life, it was not to be.", "President Franklin D. Roosevelt's funeral procession goes down Connecticut Avenue on its way to the White House. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, in Warm Springs, Georgia, just weeks before Germany's surrender.", "ATTRIBUTION: Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), U.S. president. letter, Jan. 24, 1944, to Cordell Hull. The Roosevelt Letters, vol. 3, p. 493, ed. Elliott Roosevelt, George G. Harrup & Co., Ltd. (1952).", "“Truman”— Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953).", "Three months after his inauguration, while resting at his retreat at Warm Springs, Georgia, Roosevelt died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 63. Following a solemn parade of his coffin through the streets of the nation’s capital, his body was buried in a family plot in Hyde Park, New York. Millions of Americans mourned the death of the man who had led the United States through two of the greatest crises of the 20th century: the Great Depression and World War II. Roosevelt’s unparalleled 13 years as president led to the passing of the 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which limited future presidents to a maximum of two consecutive elected terms in office.", "On March 29, 1945, Roosevelt went to the Little White House at Warm Springs, Georgia, to rest before his anticipated appearance at the founding conference of the United Nations. On the afternoon of April 12, Roosevelt said, \"I have a terrific pain in the back of my head.\" He then slumped forward in his chair, unconscious, and was carried into his bedroom. The president's attending cardiologist, Dr. Howard Bruenn, diagnosed a massive cerebral hemorrhage (stroke). At 3:35 p.m. that day, Roosevelt died. As Allen Drury later said, \"so ended an era, and so began another.\" After Roosevelt's death, an editorial by The New York Times declared, \"Men will thank God on their knees a hundred years from now that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House\". ", "Was president from 1945–1953 he took over from Roosevelt due to Roosevelt’s Death. He was the president in power when the Atomic Bombs were dropped.", "On the afternoon of April 12, 1945, while sitting for a portrait painting by Elizabeth Shoumatoff (see image), President Roosevelt said, “I have a terrific pain in the back of my head.” He slumped forward in his chair unconscious and had to be carried to his room. His doctor, Dr. Howard Bruenn, diagnosed FDR with a massive stroke, and that day, at 3:35 p.m. Roosevelt passed away. The moment Roosevelt fought so hard for, V-E Day, came on May 8th, less than a month after his death.", "Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (1874-1965) was the 29th and 33rd President of the United States serving from 1917-1925 and 1937-1949.", "From 1933 to 1945, there was one notable exception to the astigmatism of the specialists and their superiors â the President of the United States. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, that Hudson River squire, harbored no illusions about the Bolsheviks. At the outset of his presidency, he made clear his disgust with what he called \"the hunger, death, and bitterness\" of Soviet rule. Yet he believed that the Kremlin's foreign policy would be shaped by the acts of other powers and he took a broader view of Russia's painful experiment as well as its profound weakness. \"He had some curiosity about the Soviet Union, a measured respect for its accomplishments,\" judged his biographer James MacGregor Burns, \"and a certain sympathy for its goals of social justice, although he doubted that one could obtain 'Utopia in a day.'\"", "1940 — President Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) before term limits is elected to an unprecedented third term in office. He promises American neutrality in foreign wars: \"Let no man or woman thoughtlessly or falsely talk of American people sending its armies to European fields.\" On December 7, 1941, a date which Roosevelt cited as \"a date which will live in infamy\" — the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, is attacked by Japanese planes. The next day, Roosevelt sought and received from Congress a declaration of war against Japan." ]

[ 4.3828125, 4.25390625, 3.978515625, 3.357421875, 3.076171875, 2.998046875, 2.375, 1.8701171875, 1.685546875, 1.4111328125, 1.3271484375, 1.236328125, 1.05859375, 0.6025390625, 0.51123046875, 0.421142578125, 0.40869140625, -0.54638671875, -0.77490234375, -1.2080078125, -1.349609375, -1.5166015625, -1.5234375, -1.8857421875, -2.0625, -2.0859375, -2.583984375, -3.08984375, -3.1953125, -3.306640625, -3.369140625, -3.58984375 ]

[ "It is unusual among sports halls of fame in that a single site serves both men and women. It is supported by a consortium of 26 golf organizations from all over the world.", "The World Golf Hall of Fame in St. Augustine, Florida also presents a history of the sport, as does the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame in Oakville, Ontario, and the American Golf Hall of Fame in Foxburg, Pennsylvania at the Foxburg Country Club.", "'In 1974, a local board of directors in Pinehurst, North Carolina established the World Golf Hall of Fame, inaugurating their first class that year, comprised of Patty Berg, Walter Hagen, Ben Hogan, Bobby Jones, Byron Nelson, Jack Nicklaus, Francis Ouimet, Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, Gene Sarazen, Sam Snead, Harry Vardon and Babe Zaharias. While the Hall of Fame was initially a local venture, it eventually came under the purview of the PGA, moving to St. Augustine, Florida in 1998 and continuing as world golf's official Hall of Fame.'", "Welby Van Horn of Lake Worth, Fla., becomes part of an elite group as a grand inductee in the United States Professional Tennis Association Hall of Fame. Van Horn has been involved in many facets of tennis as a player... ( Full story … )", "One obstacle to the international development of lacrosse had been separate governing bodies for the men's and women's versions of the sport. Men's lacrosse was governed by ILF and the women's version by IFWLA. In August 2008, after four years of negotiation, the two bodies merged to form a single unified body, the Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL). All championships previously operated by the ILF and IFWLA were taken over by the FIL. The FIL hosted the 2010 World Lacrosse Championship in Manchester, England , between July 15 to 24, 2010. [44] The 2014 World Lacrosse Championship were held in Denver , United States.", "A history of Canadian sports and its athletes. Lists of Hall of Fame inductees. Chapter headings include: bowling, golf, horses, science & strength, shooting, team sports, tennis, track & field, water sports, winter sports, & other sports. 338 pages with photos, bibliography and index.", "* Babe Didrikson Zaharias (1914–1956), track & field gold medalist 1932 Olympics, golfer in World Golf Hall of Fame", "1974 One of the original inductees into the World Golf Hall of Fame, now their Global Ambassador", "The WBHF was founded by Everett L. Sanders in 1980. Since its inception the WBHOF has never had a permanent location or museum, which has allowed the more recent IBHOF to garner more publicity and prestige. Among the notable names in the WBHF are Ricardo \"Finito\" Lopez , Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde , Michael Carbajal , Khaosai Galaxy , Henry Armstrong , Jack Johnson , Roberto Durán , George Foreman , Ceferino Garcia ,and Salvador Sanchez . Boxing's International Hall of Fame was inspired by a tribute an American town held for two local heroes in 1982. The town, Canastota, New York , (which is about 15 miles (24 km) east of Syracuse, via the New York State Thruway), honored former world welterweight / middleweight champion Carmen Basilio and his nephew, former world welterweight champion Billy Backus . The people of Canastota raised money for the tribute which inspired the idea of creating an official, annual hall of fame for notable boxers.", "Billie Jean King (born November 22, 1943) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player. King won a total of 39 Grand Slam titles throughout her career; this includes 12 singles, 16 doubles and 11 mixed doubles titles. Additionally King won the first ever WTA Tour Championships and was a three time winner of the doubles event. King is an advocate for sexual equality and won the Battle of the Sexes tennis match against Bobby Riggs in 1973 and was the founder of the Women’s Tennis Association, World TeamTennis and the Women’s Sports Foundation.", "The Howdy Myers Man of the Year Award is presented in honor of one of the sport's most outstanding coaches. Howdy Myers coached 17 championship teams at St. Paul's, Johns Hopkins, and Hofstra. Myers was elected to the Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1971. The nominee for this award should have contributed to the game of lacrosse in a capacity over and above the normal efforts and in so doing, has shown unselfish and untiring devotion to the game.", "* Daniel R. Mackesey (1977) – Received NCAA Top Five Award in 1978 for lacrosse and soccer; inducted in National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 2006", "Anderson was inducted as a truly great player. Following a standout prep career at Needham (Mass.) High School, Anderson became a four-year letterwinner on attack at the University of Massachusetts. She was team captain and team MVP as a senior in 1982 while helping UMass to capture the inaugural NCAA women’s lacrosse national championship. She was also the team’s leading scorer that season. Anderson played on the U.S. World Cup team in both 1986 and 1989. She finished as the tournament’s leading scorer in the 1986 World Cup and scored the game-winning goal for Team USA in the 1989 championship game. She was also a member of the U.S. Touring Team to England in 1984. Anderson enjoyed a nine-year career as a club player in New England, and has been previously inducted into three other halls of fame.", "Track sensation Jesse Owens (1913–1980) blasted the notion of Aryan supremacy by winning four gold medals at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Wilma Rudolph (1940– ) overcame the crippling complications of polio and became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track and field. Always colorful and controversial, Olympic gold medalist and longtime heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Clay; 1942– ) was a boxing sensation throughout the 1970s and remains one of the most widely recognized figures in the sport's history. Althea Gibson (1927– ) and Arthur Ashe (1943–1993) both rocked the tennis world with their accomplishments: Gibson, the first black player ever to win at Wimbledon, was a pioneer in the white-dominated game at the dawn of the civil rights era. Ashe, a dedicated activist who fought against racial discrimination in all sports, was the first African American male to triumph at Wimbledon, the U.S. Open, and the Australian Open.", "Nadia Comăneci of Romania won three gold medals and scored a perfect score of 10 seven times in gymnastics. Women competed in basketball and rowing for the first time. Pertti Karppinen of Finland won the first of his three career gold medals in rowing. The U.S. boxing team—starring Leon Spinks , Michael Spinks , and Ray (“Sugar Ray”) Leonard —won 5 of the 11 divisions.", "There is a lot of history there, even for box (lacrosse), and bringing it back there will be amazing and good for the sport overall. Having Team USA in town is a big deal.", "The Motor City boasts a long history of sports legends. A sculpture memorializing boxer Joe Louis, designed by Edward N. Hamilton, is located in Cobo Convention Center's main entrance. Also in the Center is memorabilia on Louis's life and career. Boxing victors Thomas Hearns and Michael Moorer also hail from Motown, as do National Football League Hall of Famer Lem Barney and basketball superstars Dave Bing and Chris Webber.", "The “mother of modern sports” retired from tennis with 39 Grand Slam career titles. She remained active as a coach, commentator and advocate for women’s sports and other causes. In 2006, the USTA National Tennis Center, home of the U.S. Open, was renamed in King’s honor. During the dedication ceremony, tennis great John McEnroe called King “the single most important person in the history of women’s sports.”", "Inducted as a truly great player, Miles was a three-time All-American midfielder at the United States Naval Academy, earning first team honors in 1986, and second team honors in 1984 and 1985. Additionally, Miles was selected as the national midfielder of the year in 1986 and played in that year’s North-South All-Star Classic. Miles was a member of the world champion 1990 U.S. Men’s National Team, and served as an alternate for the 1986 U.S. Team. He also enjoyed a 10-year post-collegiate career with the Mount Washington (Md.) Lacrosse Club. Miles has been previously inducted into the US Lacrosse Greater Baltimore Chapter Hall of Fame and the United States Naval Academy Hall of Fame.", "Born on November 22, 1943, in Long Beach, California, Billie Jean King became the top-ranked women's tennis player by 1967. In 1973, she formed the Women's Tennis Association and famously defeated Bobby Riggs in the \"Battle of the Sexes.\" The first prominent female athlete to admit her homosexuality, King continued her work as an influential social activist after retiring from tennis.", "1943 - Arthur Ashe, the first African-American inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame, was born. He had won 33 career titles.", "The Minor League Football \"Hall of Fame\"  was created in 2004 in Las Vegas, Nevada when 50 inductees, and guests attended a banquet at the Boardwalk Hotel/Casino. It has now grown into the largest Semi Pro/Minor League Hall of Fame in the USA.", "PBS Focuses on Billie Jean King in New American Masters Documentary BY ROBERT OTTONE ne of the more fascinating aspects of Billie Jean King’s career and life is that not only did she fight for equality on the court, but also off. While listing King’s accomplishments here would be redundant, “American Masters,” the long-running documentary series on PBS, does an excellent job of balancing both athletic accomplishment, as well as giving a in-depth perspective into the era of tennis King played in, but also the political and social climate at the time. As a longtime viewer of “American Masters,” this kind of in-depth character study shouldn’t surprise, however; for the uninitiated, you’re getting a true glimpse into what it means to be a champion both on and off the court. What’s fascinating here is that this is the very first time “American Masters” has profiled a professional athlete. This is somewhat surprising in that the series could have easily showcased the NBA’s Michael Jordan, NFL’s Joe Montana or the NHL’s Brett Hull, King receives the honor. “I am thrilled ‘American Masters’ is choosing to showcase my journey as we celebrate so many historic anniversaries in my ongoing commitment to social justice and equality,” said King. “It is an honor to be the first athlete profiled in the 27-year history of ‘American Masters,’ and I look forward to bringing our message of equality to audiences of all ages and all backgrounds.” King, the winner of 39 Grand Slam titles", "In August 2012, Rice and South Carolina businesswoman Darla Moore became the first women to (simultaneously) become members of the Augusta National Golf Club, located in Augusta, Georgia. The event was monumental. The club, which opened in 1933, had infamously been known for its all-male membership and repeated failure to admit women.", "Friend just emailed me this with a list. Who is the greatest athlete of all-time and why? He also said that his idea of the GREATEST athlete was that a person could participate in ANY sport with training and be one of the best in any of those sports. I haven't answered yet because I really need to think about this one. One athlete may be the best of his sport but not necessarily be GREAT at another sport. Pele, Lance Armstrong, Michael Phelps , Babe Ruth, Michael Jordan , Bo Jackson, Deion Sanders, Ted Williams, Martina Navratalova, Oscar Robertson, Jim Thorpe, Sugar Ray Robinson, Anderson Silva, Tiger Woods, Ali, Usain Bolt, Carl Lewis, Lebron James, Willie Mays, Micky Mantle, Jackie Robinson, Rafael Nadel, Venus Williams, Bobby Orr, Steffi Graf , Rod Lavor, Bruce Lee, Joe Lewis, Mark Spitz, Jim Brown, Kobe Bryant, Barry Sanders, Jesse Owens, Barry Bonds, Nadia Comaneci, Richard Petty, O.J. Simpson and Jerry Rice.", "BILLIE JEAN KING HOUCHRON CAPTION (09/20/1998): Billie Jean King shows off a poster for the 'Battle of the Sexes,' her historic match against Bobby Riggs held 25 years ago in the Astrodome.", "The 16-team, 17-day tournament will be played at five sites to be determined along the East Coast. The United States won the first women's world championship in 1991, then finished third last year. The American women are a favorite to win the gold medal at the Atlanta Olympics.", "Beloved both for her longevity and groundbreaking contributions, Dawes remains one of the sport's most popular figures.", "ESPN paid tribute to her impact on women in sports during the summer of 2013, creating the documentary film, \"Pat XO,\" for its Nine for IX series. ABC's Robin Roberts was the executive producer of the film, which was screened at a private event in the Regal Riviera Theatre in downtown Knoxville on June 26 and made its ESPN world television premiere on July 9.", "It isn't a reach to say that Billie Jean King has done the most for women in their fight for equality in sports.", "Athletes: Emil Zatopek, Dick Quax, Kip Keino, Alberto Juantorena, Sonia Lannaman, Dwight Stones, Dick Fosbury, Kris Akabusi", "Bobby Riggs strolls down Houston's main street, Sept. 13, 1973, with two of his \"Bosom Buddies,\" members of a group of girls that will be cheering Riggs to victory in his upcoming match against Billie Jean King in the Astrodome. The \"Buddies\" are unidentified. less" ]

[ 8.859375, 3.447265625, 2.361328125, -1.9873046875, -2.54296875, -2.65234375, -2.767578125, -2.818359375, -2.947265625, -3.259765625, -3.279296875, -3.302734375, -3.435546875, -3.44921875, -3.533203125, -3.90625, -3.955078125, -4, -4.05859375, -4.4609375, -4.78125, -5.05859375, -5.42578125, -5.6171875, -5.859375, -7.703125, -8.1328125, -8.3125, -8.3671875, -9.1796875, -9.65625, -10.5234375 ]

[ "* Mary Ann Summers (played by Dawn Wells) - A farm girl from Winfield, Kansas. Not much is said about her before she gets to the island. She is portrayed as a typical \"girl next door\" and does most of the laundry and cooking with some help from Ginger. She is famous for her coconut cream pies which usually end up on Gilligan's face. She also appears to have a slight crush on Gilligan.", "* Fictional character Mary Ann Summers (played by Dawn Wells) in the television series Gilligan's Island is from Winfield.", "Last but not least, Mary Ann Summers. She is the only castaway who can be classified as normal (and I use that term loosely). A wholesome farm girl from Kansas, Mary Ann tends the island's crops and keeps herself entertained by tuning into the soap operas on the radio. Nothing wrong with her.", "A wholesome beauty from Reno, Nevada, Dawn Wells was on her way to becoming a ballerina, but bad knees prevented her from realizing the dream. Despite this, she did become Miss Nevada and was in the 1960 Miss America pageant. Wells majored in drama during her collegiate years (she was originally going to study chemistry) and after graduation moved to Hollywood and got parts in several popular television series. Wells got the part of Mary Ann Summers in Gilligan's Island , after CBS decided not to go with Nancy McCarthy (who played Bunny, the forerunner to Mary Ann). After \"Gilligan\" ended its three-year tour, Wells found work in the theatre and a few movies, but mostly talk shows that emphasized reunion themes. Lately, she has been in a popular commercial for Western Union, capitalizing on her Mary Ann character.", "Gilligan's Island is a sitcom that aired on CBS from 1964 to 1967 about seven castaways that were stranded on a deserted island.", "Gilligan's Island is an American sitcom created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz via United Artists Television. The show had an ensemble cast that featured Bob Denver, Alan Hale, Jr., Jim Backus, Natalie Schafer, Russell Johnson, Tina Louise, and Dawn Wells. It aired for three seasons on the CBS network from September 26, 1964, to April 17, 1967. Originally sponsored by Philip Morris & Co and Procter & Gamble, the show followed the comic adventures of seven castaways as they attempted to survive the island on which they had been shipwrecked. Most episodes revolve around the dissimilar castaways' conflicts and their unsuccessful attempts, for whose failure Gilligan was frequently responsible, to escape their plight.", "Gilligan's Island is an American television situation comedy created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz and originally produced by United Artists Television. The series featured Bob Denver, Alan Hale, Jr., Jim Backus, and Tina Louise, and aired for three seasons on the CBS network, from September 26, 1964, to September 4, 1967.", "The South Florida Sun-Sentinel has reported that Dawn Wells, who played Mary Ann on the 1960s television show \"Gilligan's Island,\" has been canceled from speaking at a Girl Scouts fundraiser because of a DUI and drug arrest. \"We didn't feel it would be appropriate for her to speak under the circumstances...She would not be a good role model,\" said Holly Policy, spokesperson for the Jupiter, Florida-based chapter of the Girl Scouts. Wells had recently taken a plea deal and pleaded guilty to reckless driving in exchange for having DUI, drug paraphernalia, and possession of a controlled substance charges dropped. Wells was sentenced to five days in jail, six months probation, and nearly $500 in fines.", "Dawn Wells (born 1938) is an American actress and comedienne, most famous for her role as Mary Ann Summers in the popular sitcom Gilligan's Island . Along with Terri Garr , Wells was considered for the part of Roberta Lincoln in \" Assignment: Earth \" (and the proposed spin-off series of the same title). Despite Wells being much more well-known than Garr at the time, Gene Roddenberry eventually chose Garr because she looked \"weird\" and fit the part better. ( These Are the Voyages: TOS Season Two )", "She achieved television immortality as Mary Ann on the short-running, long-syndicated sitcom Gilligan’s Island—the wholesome counterpart to sex-kittenish Ginger Grant. Wells still receives about 50 fan letters a week. Photo by Wally Fong. This alumni profile is excerpted from the […]", "Gilligans Island \"The ship set ground on the shore of this uncharted desert isle With Gilligan The Skipper too, The millionaire and his wife, The movie star The professor and Mary Ann, Here on Gilligans Isle. \" ", "After becoming shipwrecked on an island, seven castaways must learn to survive away from civilisation. Their daily conflicts and attempts to return home provided fans of Gilligan's Island with many laughs. The series ran from 1964-1967. ", "ALF featured an episode in 1987 called \"The Ballad of Gilligan's Island\" in which the alien dreams he is on the island after getting familiar with the show and meets the featured castaways. Bob Denver, Alan Hale, Dawn Wells, and Russell Johnson portray darkly-skewed versions of their characters after being stuck on the island for 23 years. During ALF's dream, Gilligan was shown as getting tired of being called \"Little Buddy\", and the Professor argues with the Skipper on how his ideas to get off the island were ruined by Gilligan. The Howells are explained as having set up a camp on the other side of the island, with no references to Ginger. Skipper puts ALF to work digging a hole for their minigolf course (the opposite of ALF's order from Willie Tanner to fill in the lagoon he dug in his backyard) to compete with the Howells' golf course. The Professor was also shown to have successfully made a television on which they watch sitcom versions of the Tanner family.", "The death of Russell Johnson on Thursday, who played the Professor on \"Gilligan's Island,\" got us thinking about the beloved sitcom so many of us grew up with. Gilligan star Bob Denver died in 2005. Alan Hale Jr., who played the Skipper, died in 1990. And Jim Backus, who played Thurston Howell, died in 1989. The only two remaining cast members who are still alive are Dawn Wells and Tina Louse, who played Mary Ann and Ginger, respectively.", "TALENT: As Mary Ann she was a convincing clone of Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz, plus she sang on the show with The Honeybees, the vocal group (comprised of herself, Ginger, and Lovey) that sang only one song -- \"You Need Us\" -- on one episode (the one where a Beatlesque rock group called the Mosquitos comes to the island). A well-rounded talent, she even wrote her own cookbook called Mary Ann's \"Gilligan's Island\" Cookbook, featuring family recipes and contributions from the other castaways.", "Mary Ann mentions her mother and father in passing only very briefly, such as her father going bankrupt before the shipwreck due to a dishonest business partner, but references her Aunt Martha and Uncle George multiple times, leading some to believe that she lived with them and that her parents may be deceased, another connection to The Wizard of Oz. However, her parents seem to be alive in Rescue from Gilligan's Island.", "  Mrs. Howell is old money personified, claiming lineage back to Columbus�s crew. She is, in ways, more snobbish than her husband, yet also more sociable. She acts as mother hen to the 3 younger castaways: Gilligan, Mary Ann, & Ginger.", "In a 1979 sequel, The Castaways on Gilligan's Island, they are rescued once again, and the Howells convert the island into a getaway resort with the other five castaways as \"silent partners\". Ginger was again played by Judith Baldwin. This sequel was intended as a pilot for a possible new series in which the castaways would host new groups of tourists each week, using the all-star cast anthology format made popular by Fantasy Island and The Love Boat. The series never materialized, though the premise was the basis of a short-lived 1981 series titled Aloha Paradise.", "The Waltons is an American television series created by Earl Hamner, Jr. , based on his book Spencer's Mountain , and a 1963 film of the same name , starring Henry Fonda and Maureen O'Hara . The show centered on the titular family growing up in a rural Virginia", "Gilligan's Island has a holiday episode as well, which I wouldn't have expected. It takes place on Christmas Eve, when a radio broadcast gives the castaways hope they might be rescued, and they take the opportunity to look back on how they came to be marooned on this deserted isle.", "The second theme involves visitors to the \"uncharted\" island. One challenge to a viewer's suspension of disbelief is the frequency with which the castaways are visited by people who do nothing to assist them. Some have hidden motives for not assisting the castaways. Others are simply unable to help, incompetent, or are foiled in their efforts to help the castaways by Gilligan's bumbling. Bob Denver, Jim Backus, and Tina Louise each had feature episodes in which look-alikes come to the island (who were, of course, played by themselves in dual roles). The island itself is also home to an unusual assortment of animal life, some native, some visiting.", "Gilligan’s Island: “Waiting for Watubi” (US television episode, December 5, 1964), with Bob Denver, Alan Hale, Jr., Jim Backus, Natalie Schafer.  Directed by Jack Arnold.", "The American TV show Gilligan's Island had an episode where an explorer came to the island seeking a rare \"pussycat swallowtail.\"", "*Gilligans Island (1966) air date October 3, 1966 Season 3 (no. in series 72) (no. in season 4) The Producer", "Ginger Grant is a fictional character portrayed by actress Tina Louise in the 1964 to 1967 television sitcom Gilligan's Island.", "Redheaded actress Tina Louise played the character role of Ginger Grant on the television series Gilligan's Island (1964), was loosely based on her personality, but a different hair color.", "1913 – Jim Backus: American actor best know as Mr. Howell on Gilligan's Island; also in Rebel Without a Cause (d. 1989)", "According to a '50s TV theme song, who was King of the Wild Frontier? Many remember The Skipper on Gilligan's Island, but few recall this fictional character's full name. Do you?", "Alan Hale, Jr. is best known as the Skipper on TV's Gilligan's Island, but he played the title role on a previous show. Which one?", "Season 3, Episode 14, \"The Lita Foldaire Story\": Dianne Brewster (Wilhemina \"Steamboat Willy\" Vanderveer on The Islanders and Helen Kimble on The Fugitive) plays murdered wife Lita Foldaire. Kent Smith (starred in Cat People, The Curse of the Cat People, and The Fountainhead and who played Dr. Robert Morton on Peyton Place and Edgar Scoville on The Invaders) plays her husband Jess. Richard Crane (Rocky Jones on Rocky Jones, Space Ranger, Dick Preston on Commando Cody, Sky Marshal of the Universe, and Lt. Gene Plehn on Surfside 6) plays her brother-in-law Clay. Paul Birch (starred in Not of This Earth, Queen of Outer Space, and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance and who played Erle Stanley Gardner on The Court of Last Resort, Mike Malone on Cannonball, and Capt. Carpenter on The Fugitive) plays her father Dan Clayton. Jay Novello (Juan Greco on Zorro and Mayor Mario Lugatto on McHale's Navy) plays portrait painter Carlotti. Lurene Tuttle (Doris Dunston on Father of the Bride and Hannah Yarby on Julia) plays the minister's wife Mrs. Willoughby.", "2004 Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls Agent MJ (cameo) Stoller, Bryan MichaelBryan Michael Stoller [310]", "The 2006 TV Comedy Falling in Love with the Girl Next Door, featuring Crystal Allen, Ken Marino and Patrick Duffy takes place in Catalina Island." ]

[ 5.234375, 4.96875, 4.7578125, 1.912109375, 1.443359375, 1.3564453125, -0.089599609375, -1.056640625, -1.9375, -2.80078125, -3.46484375, -3.69140625, -4.109375, -4.54296875, -4.6015625, -4.60546875, -4.87109375, -5.17578125, -5.2109375, -5.31640625, -5.83203125, -5.890625, -6.46484375, -7.27734375, -8.1796875, -8.203125, -8.2734375, -9.171875, -9.453125, -9.515625, -10.015625, -10.0234375 ]

[ "Canada is the only country in North America to have two official languages: English and French. Canada is a vast territory that can be divided into two national communities: one a majority accustomed to seeing English as the country’s predominant and usual language, the other, a minority located in Québec and parts of Ontario and New Brunswick that have recently begun to use French as their first language.", "Canada has two official languages: English, the mother tongue of about 59% of Canadians; and French, the first language of 23% of the population. A full 18% have either more than one mother tongue or a mother tongue other than English or French, such as Chinese, Italian, German, Polish, Spanish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Ukrainian, Arabic, Dutch, Tagalog, Greek, Vietnamese, Cree, Inuktitut, or other languages.", "The most economically wealthy countries are Canada and the United States, with Mexico close behind. Many of the traditions come from British descent, carrying over from the initial colonization. Canada has the highest life expectancy in North America, ranking fifteenth in the world. The dominant languages of the North American continent are Spanish, English, and French. Canada is officially bilingual, having both English and French as official languages. The United States of America has no official language.", "Canada's two official languages are English and French. Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act, and Official Language Regulations; it is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official-language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.", "English, Spanish, and French are the dominant languages in the continent. In Canada, English and French are considered co-official languages. In fact, places such as Ontario, Manitoba, and the US state of Louisiana have significant French-speaking population. Mexican is widely spoken in southern part of the USA. Greenland has a significant Danish-speaking population and Dutch is spoken in some of the Caribbean nations.", "English and French are the only two official languages in Canada. All communications and services provided from the federal government are available in both languages. Most Canadians are functionally monolingual, although some parts of the country have both English and French speakers. Over a quarter of Canadians are bilingual or multilingual. Many people in Montreal , Ottawa , and Quebec City are at least conversationally bilingual.", "The Official Languages Act makes French and English the official languages of Canada and provides for special measures aimed at enhancing the vitality and supporting the development of English and French linguistic minority communities. Canada's federal institutions reflect the equality of its two official languages by offering bilingual services.", "The Official languages Act is adopted by the Government of Canada making English and French \"official\" languages, having preferred status in law over all other languages.", "French is an official language in each of the three northern territories: the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Francophones in the Yukon are called Franco-Yukonnais, those from the Northwest Territories, Franco-Ténois (from the French acronym for the Northwest Territories, T.N.-O.), and those in Nunavut, Franco-Nunavois.", "By the Official Languages Act in 1969, Canada recognized English and French as having equal status in the government of Canada. While French, with no specification as to dialect or variety, has the status of one of Canada's two official languages at the federal government level, English is the native language of the majority of Canadians. The federal government provides services and operates in both languages. French is the sole official language in Quebec at the provincial level and is co-official with English in New Brunswick. The provincial governments of Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba are required to provide services in French where justified by the number of francophones (those whose mother tongue is French or who use French on a daily basis). However, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms requires all provinces to provide primary and secondary education to their official-language minorities at public expense.", "However, the status of English and French as Canada's official languages does not mean that both languages are widely spoken across the country or that every Canadian is bilingual. Canadian bilingualism is more official designation than everyday reality. The fact is that most Canadians speak English.", "Aboriginal people represent approximately half of the population of the NWT. There are three main communities making up the larger Aboriginal population: the Dene, Inuit/Inuvialuit and Métis . Within the Dene community are smaller tribal groupings, namely the Chipewyan , Dogrib, Yellowknives, South Slavey , North Slavey, Gwich'in and Sahtu Dene. There are 11 official languages spoken in the Northwest Territories: Chipewyan, Cree , English, French, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tlicho", "Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official. There are 11 Aboriginal language groups, composed of more than 65 distinct dialects. Of these, only the Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term. Several aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories. Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory. ", "The Yukon Territory is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories. It was named after the Yukon River. The territory's capital is Whitehorse. The territory was created in 1898. The largest ethnic group in the territory is English, followed by First Nations. Yukon law recognizes First Nations languages, but only considers French and English as official languages.", "LANGUAGES: The official language is English, although Aboriginal and other numerous ethnic immigrant languages are also spoken.", "French has been a language of government in the part of Canada that is today Quebec, with limited interruptions, since the arrival of the first French settlers in 1608, and has been entrenched in the Constitution of Canada since 1867. English has been a language of government in each of the provinces since their inception as British colonies.", "Additionally, Canada is home to many sign languages , two of which are Indigenous. American Sign Language (ASL), is spoken across the country due to the prevalence of ASL in primary and secondary schools. [272] Quebec Sign Language (LSQ), is spoken primarily in Quebec, however there are sizeable population centres in francophone communities in New Brunswick, Ontario and Manitoba; due to its historical relation to the francophone culture. [273] Plains Sign Talk was the most widespread language in North America prior to colonization, spoken across the Prairies by a number of First Nations. [274] Inuit Uukturausingit is used by Inuit in Nunavut. [275] Maritime Sign Language was used in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island before ASL became available in the mid-20th century. [276]", "Canada is a federation (union) of 10 provinces and 2 territories. The nation's name probably comes from kanata-kon, an Iroquois Indian word that means to the village or to the small houses. Today, maintaining a sense of community is one of Canada's major problems because of differences among the provinces and territories. Many Canadians in eastern and western areas feel that the federal government does not pay enough attention to their particular problems and interests. French Canadians make up about 80 percent of the population of Quebec. Many of these people believe their province should receive special recognition in the Canadian constitution. The province has passed legislation aimed at protecting the French language and culture.", "The predominant language spoken in North America is English, followed by Spanish, French and various Inuit languages. ", "According to the 2011 census, the population of Canada includes 7,054,975 people who have French as their mother tongue, or 21 per cent of the total population. Within this group, 6,102,210 people live in Québec , while the rest are distributed as follows: 493,295 in Ontario , 233,530 in New Brunswick , 38,775 in the three other Atlantic provinces,and 181,190 in the four provinces west of Ontario. The 2011 census also shows that individuals with French as their mother tongue are in the majority in Québec (78 per cent of the province’s population) and in the minority in the nine other provinces (0.49 per cent in Newfoundland , 3.42 per cent in Nova Scotia , 3.75 per cent in Prince Edward Island , 31.56 per cent in New Brunswick , 3.88 per cent in Ontario, 3.53 per cent in Manitoba , 1.6 per cent in Saskatchewan , 1.9 per cent in Alberta , and 1.2 per cent in British Columbia ).", "Generally, people have the right to use either the English or French language in communications with Canada's federal government and certain provincial governments. Specifically, the language laws in the Charter include:", "Countless North American Indigenous words, inventions and games have become an everyday part of Canadian language and use. The canoe , snowshoes , the toboggan , lacrosse , tug of war , maple syrup and tobacco are just a few of the products, inventions and games. [123] Some of the words include the barbecue , caribou , chipmunk , woodchuck , hammock , skunk , mahogany , hurricane and moose . [124] Many North American and South American areas, towns, cities and rivers have names of Indigenous origin . The word \"Canada\" derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word meaning \"village\" or \"settlement\". [125] The province of Saskatchewan derives its name from the Saskatchewan River ; which in the Cree language is called \"Kisiskatchewani Sipi\", meaning \"swift-flowing river.\" [126] Canada's capital city Ottawa comes from the Algonquin language term \"adawe\" meaning \"to trade.\" [126] Modern youth groups such as Scouts Canada and the Girl Guides of Canada include programs based largely on Indigenous lore, arts and crafts, character building and outdoor camp craft and living. [127]", "On the American side, residents speak American English with an accent colored by the Northern Cities Vowel Shift (as in Rochester , Syracuse , or Chicago ), along with a little bit of Canadian Raising absorbed from north of the border. Essentially, this means that:", "In the early 1980s, the federal government pressured the government of the Northwest Territories to reintroduce French as an official language. Some Native members walked out of the assembly, protesting that they were not permitted to speak their own language. The executive council appointed a special committee to study the matter, which decided that if French was to be an official language, then the other languages in the territories must also be allowed.", "The vastness and variety of Canada's climates, ecology, vegetation, fauna, and landform separations have defined ancient peoples implicitly into cultural or linguistic divisions. Canada is surrounded north, east, and west with coastline and since the last ice age, Canada has consisted of distinct forest regions. Language contributes to the identity of a people by influencing social life ways and spiritual practices. Aboriginal religions developed from anthropomorphism and animism philosophies. ", "* Northwest Territories (with Cree, English, French, Gwich'in, Innuinaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))", "Due to Manitoba's unique history, it has a complex bilingual profile combining that of a province with a \"small official-language minority and one with constitutional protection of said minority.\" Currently, the French Language Services Policy guarantees access to provincial government services in French, though in practice French language services are available only in some areas. Public primary and secondary education is provided in both French and English, and parents are free to choose instruction in either language. ", "In the extreme north of the province, Inuktitut is the main language spoken due to the prevalence of Inuit people. Nevertheless, most people are able to speak French and English as well.", "Canada was inhabited by various groups of aboriginal people for thousands of years before the British and French began to settle the country in the late 15th century. It is now a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.", "First Nations languages such as Cree, Déné, Blackfoot, etc. are spoken to varying degrees among those communities as both mother tongue and as a second language.", "Note: In 1998, Canada carved a homeland for the Inuit people, known as Nunavut (“Our Land”), from the Northwest Territories.", "The success of any Canadian policy on bilingualism is closely tied to the co-operation of the provinces. Provincial powers in the fields of justice, public services and education can be influenced only indirectly by federal policies. To complete the picture, numerous administrative, judicial, social and educational services need to be provided by municipal and provincial authorities in regions where there are large minority-language populations." ]

[ 2.173828125, 1.79296875, 1.76953125, 0.5390625, 0.43994140625, 0.223388671875, -0.11962890625, -0.3798828125, -0.52099609375, -0.55224609375, -0.96630859375, -1.298828125, -2.06640625, -2.28125, -2.3203125, -2.46875, -3.07421875, -3.138671875, -3.8359375, -3.8515625, -3.869140625, -3.900390625, -4.0625, -4.29296875, -4.77734375, -5.140625, -5.23828125, -5.6953125, -6.62890625, -6.6875, -7.71875, -8.421875 ]

[ "Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American entrepreneur best known for co-founding the popular social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook with fellow classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while attending Harvard. As of March 2010, he is the youngest billionaire in the world, with a net wealth of US$4 billion in 2010[2] due to his 24% share of Facebook.[3]", "Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur. He is best known for co-creating the social networking site Facebook , of which he is chief executive and president. It was co-founded as a private company in 2004 by Zuckerberg and classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while they were students at Harvard University. In 2010, Zuckerberg was named Time magazine's Person of the Year. As of 2011, his personal wealth was estimated to be $17.5 billion.", "Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American entrepreneur best known for co-founding the popular social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook with fellow classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while attending Harvard. He is currently one of the youngest billionaires in the world with personal wealth of US$4 billion in 2010[2] due to his 24% share of Facebook.[3]", "Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American entrepreneur best known for co-founding the popular social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook with fellow classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while attending Harvard. He is currently one of the youngest billionaires in the world with personal wealth of US$4 billion in 2010.[3", "Facebook cofounder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg is now the 11th richest person in the U.S., and the biggest dollar gainer on the list. His fortune soared to $34 billion, up $15 billion since last year, due to a sharp rise in the price of the social network’s shares. In percentage terms, Nicholas Woodman, founder of wearable video camera company GoPro, jumped the most, with a 200% increase in his net worth since last year, to $3.9 billion. GoPro went public in June; the stock has been on a tear as more people buy GoPro cameras and strap them onto bike helmets, surfboards, scuba gear and more.", "Dustin Moskovitz (born May 22, 1984) is an American Internet entrepreneur who co-founded the website Facebook along with Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum and Chris Hughes. In 2008, he left Facebook to co-found Asana with Justin Rosenstein. In March 2011, Forbes reported Moskovitz to be the youngest self-made billionaire in history, on the basis of his 2.34% share in Facebook. ", "Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American entrepreneur best known for co-founding the popular social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook with fellow classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while attending Harvard.", "Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American computer programmer and internet entrepreneur. He is best known as one of five co-founders of the social networking website Facebook. As of April 2013, Zuckerberg is the chairman and chief executive of Facebook, Inc. and in 2013 his personal wealth was estimated to be US$16.8 billion.", "Carlos Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune, the most of anyone, and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion. Bill Gates remained in second place with $56 billion, while Warren Buffett was third with $50 billion. The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion, up from $342 billion in 2010. According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan, \"media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social\" since the 2010 list. However, Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion. Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook-related billionaires on the list, as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd. Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list. Aged 26, eight days younger than Zuckerberg, he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion. Ikea founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion, dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall.", "Facebook co-founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg was No. 5 on the list of the nation's top givers. In 2013, Zuckerberg donated $991 million toward education and healthcare. In total, the Facebook chief has donated 1.5 billion over his lifetime, representing 4 percent of his net worth. One donation reported by Forbes was $991 million given to the Silicon Valley Community Foundation, which makes grants across more than 40 different countries.", "In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg, then only 19-year-old student at Harvard, started TheFacebook.com , an initial version of the now everywhere social network known as Facebook. Zuckerberg fell out of college to work full-time as CEO of Facebook, and this social website instantly erupted in demand. Today, it invites over a billion daily users and is worth over $275 billion, beating all-time stock highs in November later surpassing revenue anticipations. At 31, Zuckerberg is by far the youngest billionaire in the 50 richest people around the world.", "He was born in a Jewish family and his father is a dentist. From his early years, he loved hacking into computers and wrote his own programs. He studied at Harvard, and the idea that brought him fame and money, a social networking site, was born in his dorm at Harvard, and the rest is history. His idea took fruition as Facebook, gaining unprecedented fame. He and his friend Andrew McCollum along with two other roommates, Dustin Moskovits and Chris Hughes started Facebook. Mark is the CEO of Facebook and his net worth is said to be $1.5 billion.", "Facebook has attracted more users than any other site can boast of. The founder is a young boy born on May 14, 1984 and named Mark Elliot Zuckerberg. This sky and reserved kid has an unparalleled brilliance. According to Forbes magazine, Mark Zuckerberg is the youngest billionaire in the world for 2008.", "Facebook (stylized as facebook) is a for-profit corporation and online social networking service based in Menlo Park, California, United States. The Facebook website was launched on February 4, 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes. ", "The hoodie-clad 27-year-old Zuckerberg is one of six club members to get rich from Facebook. Others include newcomers Sean Parker and Jim Breyer, Facebook's venture capitalist, as well as Zuckerberg's former roommate Dustin Moskovitz, whose birthday is eight days after the Facebook chief's, making him America's youngest billionaire. Three other social media mavens made their debut including LinkedIn's Reid Hoffman, Groupon's Eric Lefkofsky and Zynga's Mark Pincus.", "Facebook had 1 billion users in a single day for the first time ever in August. A year after buying virtual reality startup Oculus, Facebook announced that the firm’s Rift VR headset would start shipping to customers in early 2016. All this helped push founder Mark Zuckerberg’s fortune up by $6.3 billion in the past year and moved him into the top 10 on The Forbes 400 for the first time. Zuckerberg founded the social network in 2004 and dropped out of Harvard to move the company to Silicon Valley. Since launching its Internet.org initiative in July 2014, Facebook has given free basic Internet services to more than a billion people in 17 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In May Zuckerberg and his wife, Priscilla Chan, were among funders who invested a combined $100 million in AltSchool, a new company working to promote high-tech personalized education. In June the couple also donated $5 million to a college scholarship fund for undocumented immigrants. His $100 million donation to the public school system in Newark, N.J., begun in 2010, did not achieve the widespread reform he’d championed. In a surprisingly personal Facebook post in late July, Zuckerberg revealed that he and his wife are expecting a baby girl after 3 miscarriages.", "A testament to the growth of social media, Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg was one of the highest ranking executives on the list, coming in tenth. Businesswomen dominated the upper teens and lower twenties with Xerox CEO Ursula Burns at 18, Meg Whitman of HP at 19, Maria das Graças Silva Foster of Petrobras-Petróleo Brasil at 20, Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer at 21 and Disney Media Networks Co-Chair and President of the Disney/ABC television group Anne Sweeney at 22.", "Mark Zuckerberg is the baby–face multi-billionaire, Harvard dropout and founder of the biggest social networking site, Facebook—now with over one billion users. Mark started Facebook during his college days at Harvard in order for the students to connect with one another. Facebook made networking a hit because of the way it helps people connect and interact with each other through its wall, instant messaging, like button, and image tagging.", "The deal conjures images of another young man who is very rich - Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.", "Harvard drop out and co-founder of Facebook. In 2010, Zuckerberg was named Time magazine’s “Person of the Year”. At the mere age of 27, he was already worth $17.5 billion.", "At age 30 Zuckerberg is also the leader in a youth revolution that has minted a growing number of billionaires under the age of 40. The youngest billionaire in the world is Evan Spiegel, 24, co-founder of photo-messaging app Snapchat.  Silicon Valley tech companies have spawned other young new billionaires including cofounders of car-hailing service Uber, Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp, and their first employee Ryan Graves. Elizabeth Holmes, who runs blood- testing firm Theranos, debuts on the global list as the youngest self-made woman at age 31.", "* In December 2010, Time Magazine named Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg as person of the year.", "Few CEOs of any age are under more media scrutiny than Zuckerberg (who's only 8 days older than Moskovitz). Since taking Facebook public in May 2012, and getting married days later, the hoodie-wearing founder has seen his net worth rise and fall with every fluctuation of the stock price.", "At 26, Zuckerberg is the youngest \"Person of the Year\" since the first one chosen, Charles Lindbergh ; he was 25 when he was named in 1927, Time said Wednesday. Zuckerberg beat out Britain 's Queen Elizabeth II by just two weeks: She was 26 when she was named in 1952.", "The world’s youngest self-made billionaire is Evan Spiegel, who was born in 1990 and will turn 26 years of age in June of this year. He is one of the co-founders of Snapchat, the mobile photo and video messaging app which only launched in 2011 but already has well over 100 million daily users and is rapidly rising. He is estimated to have a personal net worth of $2.1 billion dollars based on a 13% shareholding in Snapchat which has an approximate value of $16 billion dollars.", "The youngest of these self-made mavens is 25-year-old Snapchat cofounder Evan Spiegel. In May, Snapchat raised $538 million in funding, valuing the ephemeral messaging company at $16 billion and increasing Spiegel's net worth to $2.1 billion. His Snapchat cofounder and Stanford friend, 27-year-old Bobby Murphy is the next youngest self-made billionaire with a net worth of $1.8 billion.", "Why Mark Zuckerberg And Jeff Bezos Are Tech's Richest CEOs: They Have The Best Business Models", "Mark Zuckerberg was a Harvard freshman with a gift for computer programming. Less than a decade later, he became the baby–face multi-billionaire powerbroker, rubbing shoulders with the president of his country. As U.S. President Barack Obama said in jest, “My name is Barack Obama and I’m the guy who got Mark to wear a jacket and tag.”", "Meanwhile company founder and chief executive Elon Musk, age 38, has been in and out of the news. He founded PayPal before selling it to eBay in 2002. He also runs rocket company Space Exploration Technologies and is chairman of solar power business SolarCity. He's engaged to British actress Talulah Riley", "Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (; born August 21, 1973) is a Russian-born American computer scientist, internet entrepreneur, and philanthropist. Together with Larry Page, he co-founded Google. Today, Brin serves as President of Google's parent company, Alphabet Inc. According to Forbes List February 2016, he is jointly one of three people listed as 11th richest in the world (21 overall), with a net worth of . ", "He studied computer science at Harvard University and while he was there, he created a website called Facemash, that compared students’ dorm pictures kept side-by-side, to see which one is better looking (hot or not.) It was about a few months later that he launched Facebook. He also won the Crunchie Award in 2007 for the “Best Startup CEO.”", "He was named Time magazine's Person of the Year in 1999. In 2008, he was selected by U.S. News & World Report as one of America's best leaders. Bezos was awarded an honorary doctorate in Science and Technology from Carnegie Mellon University in 2008. In 2011, The Economist gave Bezos and Gregg Zehr an Innovation Award for the Amazon Kindle. " ]

[ 6.0234375, 5.7578125, 5.57421875, 4.1015625, 2.939453125, 2.767578125, 2.740234375, 2.728515625, 2.560546875, 2.314453125, 1.8876953125, 1.7412109375, 1.30078125, 1.271484375, 0.703125, 0.64404296875, 0.61572265625, 0.0699462890625, 0.036865234375, 0.03533935546875, -0.005573272705078125, -0.1671142578125, -0.96435546875, -1.341796875, -2.025390625, -2.779296875, -4.0703125, -4.16015625, -5, -5.62890625, -5.703125, -6.24609375 ]

[ "The United States $2 bill is a current denomination of U.S. currency. Former U.S. President Thomas Jefferson is featured on the obverse of the note. The painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull is featured on the reverse. The design on the obverse (excluding the elements of a Federal Reserve Note) is the oldest design of current U.S. currency, having been adopted in 1929; the reverse is the second oldest design, having been adopted in 1976.", "The United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. Former U.S. President Thomas Jefferson is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features an engraved modified reproduction of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull.", "The United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. The third U.S. President (1801–09), Thomas Jefferson, is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features a reproduction of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. Throughout the $2 bill's pre-1929 life as a large-sized note, it was issued as a United States Note, National Bank Note, silver certificate, and Treasury or \"Coin\" Note. When U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. Production went on until 1966, when the series was discontinued. Ten years went by before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design. $2 bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand. This comparative scarcity in circulation, coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation, has also inspired urban legends and occasionally has created problems for people trying to use the bill to make purchases.", "There are no black men featured on the $2 bill. According to the U.S. Department of Treasury, the man on the front of the U.S. $2 bill is founding father and U.S. President Thomas Jefferson. On the back is John Trumbull's painting, \"The Signing of the Declaration of Independence.\"", "1929: When all U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was kept only as a United States Note. The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills. The reverse featured Jefferson's home, the Monticello. The note's seal and serial numbers were red. The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray TWO to the right.", "The State of Connecticut issued a medal in silver, bronze, and gold. Mint Engraver Adam Pietz designed a so-called dollar that features a beautiful female head on the obverse as well as an eagle with a swastika covering its breast on the reverse (more on this in Part Three). Pietz would see only one of his coin designs utilized twenty years later in the form of the Iowa Centennial half dollar.", "* Dime: The mintmark is above the date on the obverse side to the right of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's bust.", "Eisenhower's picture was on the  dollar coin  from 1971 to 1978. [81]  Nearly 700 million of the copper-nickel clad coins were minted for general circulation, and nearly 50 million uncirculated and proof  issues (in both copper-nickel and 40% silver varieties) were produced for collectors. [82]  He reappeared on a  commemorative  silver dollar issued in 1990, celebrating the 100th anniversary of his birth, which with a double image of him showed his two roles, as both a soldier and a statesman. [81]  The reverse of the commemorative depicted his home in Gettysburg. [81]  As part of the Presidential $1 Coin Program , Eisenhower will be featured on a gold-colored dollar coin in 2015. [83]", "The striking Exposition City Dollar, perhaps the most erotic of the so-called dollars, is also a likely compliment to the Pan-Pac half dollar. Depicted on the obverse are the many structures built for the fair. The reverse features two nude females laying a wreath across the Panama Canal. The 1923 Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar revisits this theme, but instead uses female figures to form the shapes of the two American continents.", "Weinman’s design of Liberty striding towards the Sun for the half dollar proved difficult to perfect, and Treasury Secretary William G. McAdoo, whose department included the Mint, considered having Barber create his own design. Mint officials were successful in getting Weinman’s design into production, although it never struck very well, which may have been a factor in its replacement by the Franklin half dollar beginning in 1948. Nevertheless, art historian Cornelius Vermeule considered the piece to be among the most beautiful US coins. Since 1986, a modification of Weinman’s obverse design has been used for the American Silver Eagle.", "The American Buffalo gold bullion coin struck in 999.9 fine 24-carat gold was first released on 22nd June, 2006 at the United States Mint. The coin obverse is adorned with an image of a Native American man, while its reverse features an image of a buffalo after which the coin got its name. The American Buffalo was the first case of making pure gold in the form of coins publicly available in the United States. The coin design refers to a copper-nickel 5-cent coin from 1913 designed by James Earle Fraser, one of the greatest American sculptors of the first half of the 20th century. Fraser’s masterpiece was issued in the United States until 1938.", "The back has a facsimile of Edmund Moy's signature, director of the United States Mint. The text says:", "In 1934, Secretary of Agriculture, soon-to-be Vice-President (1940-44) and 32nd degree freemason Henry Wallace submitted a proposal to the president to mint a coin depicting the seal's obverse and reverse. President Franklin D Roosevelt, also a 32nd degree freemason, liked the idea but opted to instead place it on the dollar bill. According to Henry Wallace, in a letter dated February 6, 1951.", "The $2 bills was officially discontinued in August 1966 until 1976 when the Treasury Department reintroduced the $2 bill as part of the United States Bicentennial celebration. ", "The $2 bill has not been removed from circulation and is still a circulating denomination of United States paper currency. The Federal Reserve System does not, however, request the printing of that denomination as often as the others. The Series 2003 $2 bill was the last printed and bears the names of former Secretary of the Treasury John W. Snow and Treasurer Rosario Marin. As of April 30, 2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide.", "The two major coins feature famous Austrians: The €2 coin shows the portrait of the radical pacifist Bertha von Suttner, awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 and the €1 coin shows the portrait of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the famous Austrian composer, and his signature.", "The 200th anniversary of Braille's birth in 2009 was widely celebrated throughout the world by exhibitions and symposiums about his life and achievements. Among the commemorations, Belgium and Italy struck 2-euro coins, India struck a 2-rupee coin, and the USA struck a one dollar coin, all in Braille's honor.", "* July 8 – John R. Sinnock, eighth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint (d. 1947)", "Both famous coins and famous personalities are linked to the Royal Mint. In addition to the British monarchs whose faces have adorned many coins we must mention the Master of the Mint from the years 1699 to 1727. The scientist Isaac Newton, whose findings have revolutionised our understanding of physics, was the head of the Royal Mint until he died.", "Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's estate in Virginia, was first featured as the vignette on the back of the Series 1928 $2 United States Note.", "The special quarter dollar, half dollar and dollar struck from mid-1975 to the end of 1976 in honor of the 200th anniversary of American Independence. Coins feature the dual date 1776-1976 and special reverses emblematic of the celebration. Issued in copper-nickel clad versions for circulation. Special 40 percent silver clad versions were sold to collectors.", "President Franklin Roosevelt appoints Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming 28th Director of the Mint. She is the first woman appointed Mint Director and serves the longest term in the Mint’s history: 20 years. She is related to John Tayloe who built the Tayloe house and convinced others to build homes and live in the new capital of Washington, DC rather than in Georgetown.", "In 1977, $1 coins were struck to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II. These coins are known as \"holey dollars\", a nickname which is applied to the extremely rare New South Wales 5/– coin and the Prince Edward Island 5/– coin, which were cut and counterstamped from Spanish-American Pieces of Eight (8 Reales). Coins of the same design were struck again in 1978, without the inscription \"Queens's Jubilee\".", "The first stamp honoring appeared in 1938 and had the 13c denomination in that series - 13c Millard Fillmore stamp. On a stamp the engraved image of Fillmore can be seen that was modeled after a bust by Robert Cushing.", "Cook appeared on a United States coin, the 1928 Hawaiian Sesquicentennial half dollar. Minted during the celebration marking the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of Early United States commemorative coins both scarce and expensive.", "May 3, 1933 -  Nellie Tayloe Ross, the first woman appointed as Director of the United States Mint, started her first term. Ross was director for 20 years, the longest term in U.S. Mint history, before retiring in April of 1953.", "By 1792, Hamilton's principles were adopted by Congress, resulting in the Coinage Act of 1792, and the creation of the United States Mint. There was to be a ten dollar Gold Eagle coin, a silver dollar, and fractional money ranging from one-half to fifty cents. The coining of silver and gold was issued by 1795.", "Grant on the one dollar gold piece, issued 1922 on the 100th anniversary of birth.   See also: Grant half dollar", "November 7, 1976 - Commemorative ceremonies were held marking the restoration of the old San Francisco Mint.", "Pictured on the 13¢ US postage stamp in the original Prominent Americans series, issued 29 May 1967 (50th anniversary of his birth).", "1) I note that each coin was struck in three varieties in 1975-1977 (proof (P), matte (M), and brilliant uncirculated (U)), and thereafter apparently only in proof and brilliant uncirculated. Why did the matte version cease after 1977?", "July 23, 1965 - President Johnson approved the Coinage Act of 1965. The Act removed silver from circulating coins and authorized that cupronickel clad coins be used instead for the half dollar, quarter dollar, and dimes." ]

[ 5.8671875, 5.54296875, 5.3984375, 0.95703125, 0.5908203125, 0.46533203125, 0.313720703125, -2.009765625, -2.166015625, -2.392578125, -2.599609375, -3.16796875, -3.400390625, -3.49609375, -3.84765625, -3.85546875, -4.0390625, -4.078125, -4.203125, -4.21875, -5.1171875, -5.9140625, -6.11328125, -6.609375, -7.1328125, -7.26953125, -7.515625, -7.7890625, -8.0078125, -8.0234375, -10.1171875, -10.8515625 ]

[ "Autopilot 04 - Quantum Leap Quantum Leap is an American television series that was broadcast on NBC from March 26, 1989 to May 5, 1993, for a total of five seasons. The series was created by Donald Bellisario, and starred Scott Bakula as Dr. Sam Beckett, a physicist from six years in the future (during the series' original run) who becomes lost in time following a time travel experiment, temporarily taking the places of other people to \"put right what once went wrong\". Dean Stockwell co-starred as Al Calavicci, Sam's womanizing, cigar-smoking sidekick and best friend, who appeared as a hologram that only Sam, animals, young children, and the mentally ill could see and hear.[3] The series featured a mix of comedy, drama and melodrama, social commentary, nostalgia and science fiction, which won it a broad range of fans. One of its trademarks is that at the end of each episode, Sam \"leaps\" into the setting for the next episode, usually uttering a dismayed \"Oh, boy!\"", "Quantum Leap is an American science fiction television series that originally aired on NBC for five seasons, from March 1989 through May 1993. Created by Donald P. Bellisario, it starred Scott Bakula as Dr. Sam Beckett, a physicist who leaps through spacetime during an experiment in time travel, by temporarily taking the place of other people in order to correct historical mistakes. Dean Stockwell co-stars as Admiral Al Calavicci, Sam's womanizing, cigar-smoking companion and best friend, who appears to him as a hologram.", "What a goofy show Quantum Leap truly was. Scott Bakula plays Dr. Sam Beckett, a physicist who becomes trapped in a morphing time loop after an experiment gone awry. In each episode, he leaps into the body of another person (man, woman or child) in a different historical time and must “put right what once went wrong” before jumping into a new body. It’s perfect episodic structure, and it allowed the sci-fi series to set each episode in literally any time period and setting it felt like taking on that week. Likewise, the body-jumping mechanic meant any number of guest stars could appear and Dr. Sam could go anywhere—he even leaps into the body of a chimpanzee in one episode. Despite the silly premise, though, the series actually had a surprising amount of heart as well, largely motivated by Beckett’s unfailing resolve to return to his own time and body and reclaim his own life and identity. In some respects, it’s like a time-traveling version of The Prisoner.", "Quantum Leap (1989-1993) is a NBC Cult Classic series. It's about a scientist, Dr. Sam Beckett (Scott Bakula), caught in a malfunctioning Time Travel experiment that bounces him back and forth into the roles of different people in the past. The only way for him to move on from any time period he lands in is to change the lives of people there for the better.", "* In \"Black on White on Fire\", the November 9, 1990 episode of the television series Quantum Leap Sam Beckett leaps into the body of a black man who is engaged to a white woman while living in Watts during the riots.", "It was focused on Dr. Sam Beckett (Scott Bakula), a scientist who becomes lost in time following a time travel experiment, temporarily taking the places of other people to solve problems that once went wrong. He had a friend and sidekick Al Calavicci (Dean Stockwell) a womanizing, cigar-smoking guy, who appeared as a hologram that only Sam could see and hear.", "He awoke to find himself in the past, suffering from partial amnesia and facing mirror images that were not his own.  Fortunately, contact with his own time was maintained through brainwave transmissions with Al, the Project Observer, who appears in the form of a hologram that only Dr. Beckett can see and hear.  Trapped in the past, Dr. Beckett finds himself leaping from life to life, striving to put right what once went wrong and hoping each time that his next leap, will be the leap home… ", "In \"The Leap Back\", when Sam is changing before entering the Imaging Chamber so he can leap into the body Al's occupied (thus having them change places so Al's no longer the Leaper and Sam no longer the Observer) Ziggy comments \"Great legs, doctor.\" Heterosexual female viewers and gay men everywhere nod in agreement.", "When Sam did right the wrong, he leaped on to a new body, nearly always stuck in some awkward situation. It was like some sort of divine power controlled him. These suspicions were confirmed in the 1993 series finale, an open-ended mystery that baffled some fans and left others begging for more.", "Scott Bakula plays Dr. Sam Beckett a scientist who becomes lost in time following a botched experiment. In the series’ first episode, Sam appears in the past with no memory of who he is or how he got there. Referred to frequently throughout the series as a “swiss-cheesed brain”, Sam’s partial amnesia prevents him from remembering most of the details of his own life; all he knows is that he’s not who everyone in the past seems to think he is. Fortunately Admiral Al Calavicci (played by Dean Stockwell), a former astronaut and Sam’s best friend, appears to him as a hologram and explains that Sam is the victim of a time travel experiment that went “a little caca”. In each episode, Sam leaps into a new host body, often finding himself in dangerous, embarrassing, or otherwise compromising positions, and with Al’s help he tries to right some wrong or misfortune in the life of that person or someone close to them.", "Over My Dead Body 26 Oct 1990-21 Dec 1990 (CBS/Universal); 4 Jan 1991-20 Mar 1991 (UK: BBC1); 1 120-minute episode; 7 60-minute episodes; Ex-Scotland Yard inspector (Edward Woodward as Max Beckett) now lives in Los Angeles, and is a nearly burnt-out Mystery writer; when he is goaded by a fan (Jessica Lundy as Nikki Page) who works as an obituary writer for the San Francisco Union, to investigate a call girl's murder she insists has happened, but that the police dismissed for lack of evidence of the crime. Max Beckett is something of a con man. He had actually worked at Scotland Yard, but as a clerk, not the hero of a hundred murder investigations. He left the job, not (as he claims) by London mobster's death threats, but because he twisted his knee on a staircase. This show was more clever and fun than critics gave it credit. Creators: William Link [Murder, She Wrote], David Chisholm; Executive Producers: William Link, David Chisholm; Writers: William Link, David Chisholm; Producer: Director: Bradford May; Cinematographer: Eric Van Haren Noman; Original Music: Lee Holdridge; Location Manager: Ellen Lent (credited as Ellen Winchell); Aerial Coordinator: Robert \"Bobby Z\" Zajonc; Starring: Edward Woodward (The Equalizer) as Maxwell Beckett; Jessica Lundy as Nikki Page; Gregory Itzin as Cosby; Jill Tracy as Wendy; Edward Winter as Chief Shirer; Dan Ferro as Tony Rialdo; Brenda Thomson as Lacey; Ivory Ocean as Brainard; Mike Genovese as Page; Vernee Watson-Johnson; Frank Ryan; Mary Jo Catlett;", "Created by Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher , [2] it contained many of Bochco's trademark features including a large number of parallel storylines, social drama and off the wall humor. [3] It reflected the social and cultural ideologies of the 1980s and early 1990s and many of the cases featured on the show deal with hot topic issues such as abortion , racism , gay rights , homophobia , sexual harassment , AIDS , and domestic violence . [4] [5] [6] The series often also reflected social tensions between the wealthy senior lawyer protagonists and their less well-paid junior staff.", "The show ran successfully again until it lost Carvey and Hartman, two of its biggest stars, between 1992 and 1994. Wanting to increase SNLs ratings and profitability, then-NBC West Coast president Don Ohlmeyer and other executives began to actively interfere in the show, recommending that new stars such as Chris Farley and Adam Sandler be fired because Ohlmeyer did not \"get\" them, and critiquing the costly nature of performing the show live. The show faced increasing criticism from the press and cast, in part encouraged by the NBC executives hoping to weaken Michaels' position. Michaels received a lucrative offer to develop a Saturday night project for CBS during this time, but remained loyal to SNL. By 1995, Farley and Sandler were fired, and Mike Myers, another popular cast member, had left for a film career, but a new cast waited to replace them, featuring the likes of Will Ferrell, Jimmy Fallon, and Tina Fey. The show focused on performers, and writers were forced to supply material for the cast's existing characters before they could write original sketches. By 1997, Ohlmeyer renewed his focus on limiting Michaels' independence, forcing the removal of writer Jim Downey and cast member Norm MacDonald.", "Quantum Leap : In one episode Sam the time traveller teaches a five-year-old Michael Jackson to moonwalk.", "At the end of most episodes, the narrator, William Conrad, would announce two humorous titles for the next episode that typically were puns of each other (and usually related more to the current predicament than to the plot of the next episode). For example, during an adventure taking place in a mountain range, the narrator would state, \"Be with us next time for 'Avalanche Is Better Than None,' or 'Snow's Your Old Man.'\" Such a 'This,' or 'That' title announcement was borrowed from the The Adventures of Sam Spade radio shows produced in 1946-50. The narrator frequently spoke with the characters, thus breaking the fourth wall.", "The series won a Peabody Award in 1992 and a People's Choice Award for Favorite New Television Comedy Program in 1989. Barr won five additional People's Choice Awards for Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Program (1989), Favorite Female All Around Entertainer (1990), and Favorite Female TV Performer (1990, 1994, and 1995). In 2008, the entire cast (except for Metcalf) reunited at the TV Land Awards to receive the Innovator Award. In their acceptance speech, they honored the late cast member Glenn Quinn.", "At the end of most episodes, the narrator, William Conrad , would announce two humorous titles for the next episode that typically were puns of each other (and usually related more to the current predicament than to the plot of the next episode). For example, during an adventure taking place in a mountain range , the narrator would state, \"Be with us next time for ' Avalanche Is Better Than None,' or 'Snow's Your Old Man.'\" Such a 'This,' or 'That' title announcement had been used in The Adventures of Sam Spade radio shows produced in 1946-50. The narrator frequently spoke with the characters, thus breaking the fourth wall .", "5565%2C8417317 We'll Cry In Our Beers As Sam, Diane Split].\" Spartanburg Herald-Journal TV Update [Spartanburg, NC] April 29, 1984: 14. Google News. Web. January 21, 2012. Fred Dryer was initially chosen for that role because he is a former football player, but the Charles brothers chose Danson because NBC executives noticed the chemistry between him and Shelley Long. The character then evolved into a former relief pitcher for the baseball team Boston Red Sox. To prepare for the role, Danson attended a bartending school in Burbank, California. ", "Dr. Crichton also created \"ER,\" the long-running NBC medical drama that debuted in 1994 and became the No. 1 series the next year. This season will be the series' last.", "Has played the same character (Dr. Frasier Crane) on four different series: Cheers (1982), Wings (1990), Frasier (1993) and The John Larroquette Show (1993).", "Paul Willson played the recurring barfly character of \"Paul Krapence\". (In one early appearance in the first season he was called \"Glen\", and was later credited on-screen as \"Gregg\" and \"Tom\", but he was playing the same character throughout.) Thomas Babson played \"Tom\", a law student often mocked by Cliff Clavin, for continually failing to pass the Massachusetts bar exam. \"Al\", played by Al Rosen, appeared in 38 episodes, and was known for his surly quips. Rhea Perlman's father Philip Perlman played the role of \"Phil\". Jackie Swanson, who played the recurring role of Woody's girlfriend and eventual wife \"Kelly Gaines-Boyd\", appeared in 24 episodes from 1989 to 1993. The character is as equally dim and naive—but ultimately as sweet-natured—as Woody.", "Main character Jackie Peyton was described by Showtime as a \"strong-willed, iconoclastic New York City nurse juggling the frenzied grind of an urban hospital and an equally challenging personal life,\" noting that the character had \"an occasional weakness for Vicodin, Percocet, and Xanax to get her through the days.\" The main characters included Dr. Eleanor O'Hara (Eve Best), a British doctor and Jackie's best friend at work; Zoey Barkow (Merritt Wever), a spunky, but inexperienced, nursing student from a community college, who \"is the perfect foil for Jackie's sharp angles\"; Dr. Fitch Cooper (Peter Facinelli), \"a likable 'golden boy' whose calm façade hides a nervous disposition\"; and Eddie Walzer (Paul Schulze), a pharmacist with whom Jackie was having an affair at the beginning of the series. ", "The plot centered around Dr. Mark Sloan (Dick Van Dyke), a renowned physician who occasionally worked for the local police department as a consultant, and who could not resist a good mystery or a friend in need. Those cases often involved his son, Detective Steve Sloan (Barry Van Dyke). Helping him was his friend Norman Briggs (Michael Tucci in seasons in 1-4), a hospital administrator. Also assisting Dr. Sloan were his colleagues, medical examiner/pathologist Dr. Amanda Bentley (Victoria Rowell) and Dr. Jack Stewart (Scott Baio in the first two seasons), who later left and was replaced by a new resident, Dr. Jesse Travis (Charlie Schlatter from season 3 onwards). ", "Murder, She Wrote was an American television mystery series starring Angela Lansbury as mystery writer and amateur detective Jessica Fletcher.The series aired for 12 seasons from 1984 to 1996 on the CBS network, with 264 episodes transmitted.", "Another notch on Van Dyke's TV belt was his stint as Dr. Mark Sloan in the CBS crime drama \"Diagnosis Murder.\" The series, in which a doctor solved crimes in his spare time, aired from 1993 to 2001.", "* 1993-1996–Doctor Finlay (ITV and PBS), featuring David Rintoul, Annette Crosbie, Ian Bannen, Jessica Turner, and Jason Flemyng", "Tim Roth starred in this show about a gropup of people who accept assignments from third parties (commonly local and federal law enforcement), and assist in investigations, reaching the truth through applied psychology: interpreting microexpressions, through the Facial Action Coding System, and body language. Lasted 3 seasons. Original Run: January 21, 2009 - January 31, 2011", "Dangerfield would come out from behind the curtain and do five or six minutes of prepared material, then sit on the couch and do several more minutes of jokes thinly disguised as conversation, Carson barely getting a word in except to set up more jokes. He’d ask Dangerfield, “How’s your health?” and Dangerfield would do a few minutes of health jokes, always involving his physician, the mythical “Dr. Vinnie Boom Botz,” being referred to of late by David Letterman on his own show.", "Catchphrase: \"Er/Uh, yeah, I think so!,\" usually said in response to the question \"Can we fix it?\" (Original Series) and \"It's a good job done/job well done.\" (Reboot Series)", "\"I'm a reactor, not an actor,\" says Bob Newhart, 86. \"So [show creators] David Davis and Lorenzo Music decided to make me a psychologist because they thought a lot of what I did best was in the way I reacted to people. That show was all about me having to treat crazy situations like they were perfectly normal. One [episode] I had a patient who was a ventriloquist — his puppet was Wally — and the ventriloquist said, 'Wally wants to go out on his own.' I had to keep a perfectly serious face.\"", "Character: Gerald 'Doc' Morrissey, \"the wizard of the medicine chest\". In reality, a complete idiot, struck off in Series Three for \"gross professional incompetence\". Read Character Study", "He again worked with Ed Burns on creating the show. They originally set out to create a police drama loosely based on the experiences of Burns when working on protracted investigations of violent drug dealers using surveillance technology. During this time Burns had often faced frustration with the bureaucracy of the police department, which Simon equated with his own ordeals as a police reporter for The Baltimore Sun. Writing against the background of current events, including institutionalized corporate crime at Enron and institutional dysfunction in the Catholic Church, the show became \"more of a treatise about institutions and individuals than a straight cop show.\" " ]

[ 8.0390625, 6.64453125, 6.58203125, 4.62109375, 3.296875, 2.314453125, -0.93701171875, -1.0380859375, -1.7763671875, -1.8349609375, -5.78515625, -6.44140625, -6.89453125, -6.96484375, -7.3671875, -7.546875, -7.56640625, -7.58203125, -7.83203125, -8.03125, -8.2578125, -8.28125, -8.4921875, -8.6015625, -8.9453125, -8.9453125, -9.53125, -9.6796875, -9.7734375, -9.890625, -9.984375, -10.09375 ]

[ "The interrobang, interabang, or quesclamation mark, ‽, is a nonstandard English-language punctuation mark intended to combine the functions of the question mark (also called the interrogative point) and the exclamation mark or exclamation point (known in printers' jargon as the bang). The glyph is a superimposition of those two marks.", "The interrobang, also known as the interabang, (pron.: /ɪnˈtɛrəbæŋ/), ‽ (often represented by ?! or !?), is a nonstandard punctuation mark used in various written languages and intended to combine the functions of the question mark (also called the “interrogative point”) and the exclamation mark or exclamation point (known in printers’ and programmers' jargon as the “bang”). The glyph is a superimposition of these two marks.", "The interrobang or interabang [1] (pronounced /ɪnˈtɛrəbæŋ/ ), ‽, is a nonstandard English -language punctuation mark intended to combine the functions of the question mark (also called the interrogative point) and the exclamation mark or exclamation point (known in printers' jargon as the bang). The typographical character is a superimposition of those two marks.", "On a Linux system supporting the Compose Key, an interrobang can be produced by pressing the compose key followed by the exclamation point and the question mark; reversing the order creates the inverted interrobang. On Mac OS X, it is found on the Character Palette, obtained by pressing the key combination control+⌘ Cmd+Space.", "On a Linux system supporting the Compose Key , an interrobang can be produced by pressing the compose key followed by the question mark and the exclamation mark in either order. On Mac OS X, it is found on the Character Palette, obtained by pressing the key combination ⌘+⌥+T.", "A reverse and upside down interrobang (combining ¿ and ¡, Unicode character: ⸘), suitable for starting phrases in Spanish, Galician and Asturian is called by some a gnaborretni (interrobang written backwards). [10] Unicode encodes this character at the code point U+2E18 ⸘ inverted interrobang. [11] In current practice, interrobang-like emphatic ambiguity in Hispanic languages is usually achieved by including both sets of punctuation marks one inside the other (¿¡Verdad!? or ¡¿Verdad?! [Really!?]). [12] Older usage, still official but not widespread, recommended mixing the punctuation marks: ¡Verdad? or ¿Verdad! [13]", "American Martin K. Speckter conceptualized the interrobang in 1962. As the head of an advertising agency, Speckter believed that advertisements would look better if copywriters conveyed surprised rhetorical questions using a single mark. He proposed the concept of a single punctuation mark in an article in the magazine TYPEtalks. Speckter solicited possible names for the new character from readers. Contenders included exclamaquest, QuizDing, rhet, and exclarotive, but he settled on interrobang. He chose the name to reference the punctuation marks that inspired it: interrogatio is Latin for \"a rhetorical question\" or \"cross-examination\"; bang is printers' slang for the exclamation mark. Graphic treatments for the new mark were also submitted in response to the article.", "Also, while Speckter's interabang appears to be a question mark combined with an exclamation mark, the interabang punctuation mark may not be made by simply combining an existing exclamation mark and a question mark. It does not work, not even on typewriters. Research has shown that the result of simply combining a question mark and an exclamation mark may not be recognizable as such and/or is not aesthetically pleasing; if used as punctuation it obscures, or worse, detracts, which is an unforgivable sin (unless the writing is about grammar and punctuation). On some typewriters however, a usable? interabang may be made by typing a single quote or an apostrophe over a question mark (in this sentence the use of the ? is incorrect; the ? acts as an adverb and it separates a noun from its adjective).", "American Martin K. Speckter conceptualized the interrobang in 1962. As the head of an advertising agency, Speckter believed that advertisements would look better if copywriters conveyed surprised rhetorical questions using a single mark. He proposed the concept of a single punctuation mark in an article in the magazine TYPEtalks. Speckter solicited possible names for the new character from readers. Contenders included exclamaquest, QuizDing, rhet, and exclarotive, but he settled on interrobang. He chose the name to reference the punctuation marks that inspired it: interrogatio is Latin for \"a rhetorical question\" or \"cross-examination\"; bang is printers' slang for the exclamation mark. Graphic treatments for the new mark were also submitted in response to the article.Haley, Allan. ", "Maybe if you are not quite sure what to say, how to say it, or for exactly how long you should ramble on? Six punctuation marks adorn the faces: the period (.), the comma (,), the question mark (?), the exclamation point (!), the colon (:), and everyone's favorite: the semicolon (;).", "In computing, the exclamation mark (sometimes called a \"bang\") corresponds to ASCII character 33 (21 in hexadecimal). It is therefore found in Unicode at . The inverted exclamation mark is found in ISO-8859-1, 9 and 15 at position 161 (A1HEX) and in Unicode at .", "In 1966, Richard Isbell of American Type Founders issued the Americana typeface and included the interrobang as one of the characters. In 1968, an interrobang key was available on some Remington typewriters . During the 1970s, it was possible to buy replacement interrobang keycaps and typefaces for some Smith-Corona typewriters. [6] The interrobang was in vogue for much of the 1960s, with the word interrobang appearing in some dictionaries and the mark itself being featured in magazine and newspaper articles. [5]", "The most misused punctuation mark is the comma.� The old adage �use a comma whenever you pause� is WRONG.� Use a comma:", "The combination \"ellipsis+period\" is replaced by the ellipsis. The combinations \"ellipsis+exclamation mark\" and \"ellipsis+question mark\" are written in this way: !.. ?..", "Note that there are four periods at the end of the sentence. The fourth period represents the normal punctuation mark. The final period at the end of the sentence should be replaced with a question mark or exclamation mark if the original author used a question mark or exclamation mark.", "Exclamation (n.) A mark or sign by which outcry or emphatic utterance is marked; thus [!]; -- called also exclamation point.", "It is a nonstandard (informal English) punctuation mark, that is used at the end of a sentence to express \"excitement or disbelief in a form of a question, or asks a rhetorical question.\" As what Barrie England said, there is no rule for this type of mark—they are interchangeable, when the symbol \"?!\" is used other than \"‽\".", "Typographical emoticons were published in 1881 by the U.S. satirical magazine Puck . In 1912 Ambrose Bierce proposed \"an improvement in punctuation — the snigger point, or note of cachinnation: it is written thus \\___/! and presents a smiling mouth. It is to be appended, with the full stop [or exclamation mark as Bierce's later example used], to every jocular or ironical sentence\". [5]", "In German, the exclamation mark has several specific uses for which English employs other forms of punctuation:", "In hacker culture, the exclamation mark is called \"bang\", \"shriek\", or, in the British slang known as Commonwealth Hackish, \"pling\". For example, the password communicated in the spoken phrase \"Your password is em-nought-pee-aitch-pling-en-three\" is m0ph!n3. ", "The exclamation mark at the end of a sentence signals surprise or astonishment. It is also used after a single word or expression called an interjection.", "the punctuation mark —, used singly in place of a colon, esp to indicate a sudden change of subject or grammatical anacoluthon, or in pairs to enclose a parenthetical remark", "The punctuation mark that indicates the end of an ordinary sentence, also used as a mark of abbreviation . Synonymous with full point and full stop . See also: dot .", "* The final character should not be a punctuation mark unless it is part of a name () or an abbreviation (), or a closing round bracket or quotation mark is required ().", "The slash (as a \"virgule\") offset by spaces to either side is used to mark line breaks when transcribing text from a multi-line format into a single-line one.. It is particularly common in quoting poetry, song lyrics, and dramatic scripts, formats where omitting the line breaks risks losing meaningful context. For example, when quoting Hamlet's soliloquy", "Bad a Bing! (amer.ital.) the Multi-purpose exclamation similar with \" in a nature \", but more Thin and pressing. Can designate everything, since \" the Life is a life \" and \"Alleluia\" up to \" I shall understand with it \" and \" Pridurku the end \". See Fuhgeddaboudit.", "[O] o overdot o circumflex o circumflex o circumflex /OI/ o overdot i oi oi oi ligature /oU/ o macron o macron o macron o macron [S] sh sh sh sh ligature [T] th th th th ligature /tS/ ch ch ch ch ligature [U] u overdot oo breve oo breve oo [u] u umlaut oo macron oo macron oo macron [V] (merged with [@]) u breve u u [V\"] (merged with [@]) u circumflex u circumflex u circumflex [W] oe ligature oe ligature OE ligature o umlaut [x] k underlined KH KH kh ligature [Y] oe ligature macron (merged with [W]) (merged with [W]) (merged with [W]) [y] ue ligature macron u umlaut Y u umlaut [Z] zh zh zh zh ligature [&] a a breve a a [@] schwa schwa schwa schwa - superscript schwa syllabicity mark unmarked '", "Either an ellipsis or an em dash can indicate aposiopesis, the rhetorical device by which a sentence is stopped short not because of interruption, but because the speaker is too emotional or pensive to continue. Because the ellipsis is the more common choice, an em dash for this purpose may be ambiguous in expository text, as many readers would assume interruption, although it may be used to indicate great emotion in dramatic monologue.", "punctuation - the marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases", "Dammit: Proper way to read an exclamation point quietly. \"You are a shitbag!\" becomes \"You are a shitbag, dammit.\"", "The speaker addresses the bugle directly, instead of addressing the person who is blowing it. Ladies and gentlemen, it's a textbook example of a poetic tool called apostrophe —Shmoop on over to the \" Symbols \" section to learn more about that.", "Dashes have a variety of rhetorical functions, one of which is a “pregnant pause,” useful when you want to “land a punch line,\" “set up a drum roll” or “drop a bomb,” rhetorically speaking:" ]

[ 8.421875, 8.1484375, 7.63671875, 1.310546875, 1.2265625, 0.759765625, 0.50390625, -0.032989501953125, -0.0792236328125, -0.5205078125, -1.7265625, -1.8359375, -2.306640625, -2.5, -2.51171875, -3.326171875, -3.484375, -3.53125, -3.791015625, -3.84375, -3.95703125, -4.41015625, -4.49609375, -4.85546875, -5.8515625, -5.9140625, -5.91796875, -6.11328125, -6.16796875, -6.31640625, -6.34375, -9.390625 ]

[ "On April 10, 1912, the RMS Titanic left Southampton, England on her maiden voyage. After stops at Cherbourg, France and Queenstown (now Cobh), Ireland, she steamed for New York, USA carrying over 2,200 passengers and crew.", "  On April 10, 1912, the Titanic, largest ship afloat, left Southampton, England on her maiden voyage to New York City. The White Star Line had spared no expense in assuring her luxury. A legend even before she sailed, her passengers were a mixture of the world's wealthiest basking in the elegance of first class accommodations and immigrants packed into steerage.", "On April 10, 1912, the Titanic, largest ship afloat, left Southampton, England on her maiden voyage to New York City. The White Star Line had spared no expense in assuring her luxury. A legend even before she sailed, her passengers were a mixture of the world's wealthiest basking in the elegance of first class accommodations and immigrants packed into steerage.", "Considered one of the greatest marine disasters in recorded history, the story of RMS Titanic begins in Southampton on April 10, 1912, when the vessel left on her maiden voyage. ", "On April 10, the RMS Titanic, one of the largest and most luxurious ocean liners ever built, departed Southampton, England, on its maiden voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. The Titanic was designed by the Irish shipbuilder William Pirrie and built in Belfast, and was thought to be the world’s fastest ship. It spanned 883 feet from stern to bow, and its hull was divided into 16 compartments that were presumed to be watertight. Because four of these compartments could be flooded without causing a critical loss of buoyancy, the Titanic was considered unsinkable. While leaving port, the ship came within a couple of feet of the steamer New York but passed safely by, causing a general sigh of relief from the passengers massed on the Titanic‘s decks. On its first journey across the highly competitive Atlantic ferry route, the ship carried some 2,200 passengers and crew.", "The ship began its maiden voyage from Southampton, England, bound for New York City, New York, on Wednesday, April 10, 1912, with Captain Edward J. Smith in command. As the Titanic left its berth, the powerful suction created by the ship's propellers caused the liner New York, which was docked nearby, to break away from its moorings and was drawn dangerously close (about 4 feet) to the Titanic before a tugboat towed the New York away. The near accident delayed the departure for one hour. After crossing the English Channel, the Titanic stopped at Cherbourg, France, to disembark and board additional passengers, and stopped again the next day at Queenstown (known today as Cobh), Ireland, before continuing towards New York with 2,223 people aboard.[4]", "On April 10, 1912, at noon RMS Titanic left Southampton on its maiden voyage to New York. She called at Cherbourg in France at 6:35 pm. After disembarking 15 first and seven second class passengers, the ship took aboard 142 first, 30 second and 102 third class passengers. It left Cherbourg at 8:10 pm for Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland.", "Titanic was launched on 31 May 1911, and her commissioning was slightly delayed due to ongoing repairs of Olympic. The ship left the port of Southampton 10 April 1912 for her maiden voyage, narrowly avoiding a collision with SS New York, a ship moored in the port pulled by the propellers of Titanic. After a stopover at Cherbourg, France and another in Queenstown, Ireland, she sailed into the Atlantic with 2,200 passengers on board (a total capacity of 3,500), under the command of Captain Edward J. Smith headed for New York City. The crossing took place without major incident until Sunday, 14 April at 23:40. ", " Titanic left Southampton pier where she received her official glorious name, on Wednesday,April 10, 1912, at 12:15pm. Titanic took a 24 mile trip down the English channel en route to CherbourgFrance. Titanic then arrived in Cherbourg at 5:30pm, where the famous \"Unsinkable Molly Brown\"boarded. At 8:30pm, the anchor is raised and she leaves for Queenstown, Ireland, taking her throughthe English channel and around England's south coast.", "RMS Titanic, the unsinkable ship - When she set sail across the Atlantic on her maiden voyage from Southampton, England to New York City on 10 April 1912, the RMS Titanic, at 52,310 tons, was the largest passenger steam ship the world had ever seen.", "Titanic steams away from Southampton, 10 April 1912.  Her first port of call was Cherbourg in France, where a further 274 passengers went on board.   As Titanic was too large to enter the tiny port of Cherbourg, the passengers were ferried to the liner on the White Star tenders Nomadic and Traffic, both of which had been specially built in Belfast for this purpose.", "Just before noon on 10 April 1912, Titanic began her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York.  She was under the command of Captain Edward John Smith.  Her first port of call was Cherbourg, about 70 miles (112 km) away in France, and then Queenstown (Cobh) in Ireland.  ", "RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, England to New York City. The sinking of Titanic caused the deaths of 1,514 people in one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. She was the largest ship afloat at the time of her maiden voyage. One of three Olympic class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line, she was built between 1909–11 by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. She carried 2,224 people.", "RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died in the sinking, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. The largest ship afloat at the time it entered service, the RMS Titanic was the second of three Olympic class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line, and was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster.", "On Wednesday 10 April 1912 Titanics maiden voyage began. Following the embarkation of the crew the passengers began arriving from 9:30 a.m., when the London and South Western Railway's boat train from London Waterloo station reached Southampton Terminus railway station on the quayside, alongside Titanics berth. In all, 923 passengers boarded Titanic at Southampton, 179 First Class, 247 Second Class and 494 Third Class. The large number of Third Class passengers meant they were the first to board, with First and Second Class passengers following up to an hour before departure. Stewards showed them to their cabins, and First Class passengers were personally greeted by Captain Smith on boarding. Third Class passengers were inspected for ailments and physical impairments that might lead to their being refused entry to the United States - a prospect the White Star Line wished to avoid, as it would have to carry anyone who failed the examination back across the Atlantic. 922 passengers were recorded as having embarked Titanic at Southampton. Additional passengers were to be picked up at Cherbourg and Queenstown. ", "After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland before heading west to New York. On 14 April 1912, four days into the crossing and about 375 mi south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. ship's time. The collision caused the ship's hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea; the ship gradually filled with water. Meanwhile, passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partially loaded. A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a \"women and children first\" protocol for loading lifeboats. At 2:20 a.m., she broke apart and foundered—with well over one thousand people still aboard. ", "1912 Southampton, United Kingdom Titanic Sets Sail 10th April 1912 : Titanic sets sail on her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York the Titanic has been described as April 10, 1912: the worlds most luxurious floating hotel, and was only 5 days out when she hit an Iceberg and Sank in the Atlantic with the loss of many lives.", "On the 11th April 1912 the newly built Titanic called to the port of Queenstown (now known as Cobh) on her maiden voyage. Titanic had set out from Southampton and called to Cherbourg before continuing onto Queenstown.", "Because Titanic sank on its maiden voyage, few original pictures of the ship exist. Most of the photographs were taken in the Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast, Ireland, while the ship was under construction. There is one that shows the new ocean liner entering the port of Southampton, England, with the help of tugboats several weeks before the ship was to take on passengers. There are also a few taken of Titanic as it cleared that port on its maiden voyage April 10, 1912 with a full load of passengers. The museum owns one of the last of these photographs, showing the starboard or right side of the ship against the wharf. The wave at the bow of the vessel indicates that it is already picking up speed, as it readies for the open ocean.", "Built in Ireland from 1909 to 1912 on behalf of the British-owned White Star Line, the Titanic officially left its final European port of Queenstown, Ireland on April 11, 1912. Carrying over 2,200 passengers and crew, the Titanic began its maiden voyage across the Atlantic, headed for New York.", "The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard the Mayflower in 1620. In 1912 the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of Imperial Airways. Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968 and has continued to expand to become one of the largest in Europe. The Supermarine Spitfire was designed and developed in Southampton. Heavy bombing of the factory in September 1940 destroyed it as well as homes in the vicinity. World War II hit Southampton particularly hard because of its strategic importance as a major commercial port and industrial area.", "Titanic's sailing day has finally arrived, and Captain E. J. Smith comes aboard at 7.30am. Titanic's maiden voyage finally gets underway at 12 noon. She sails across the English Channel to Cherbourg , her first port of call, arriving there just after 6.00p.m.. After a couple of hours or so of embarking some new passengers, and disembarking some of the ones who boarded at Southampton , she heads across the Irish Sea to Ireland.", "One of the major transatlantic Irish ports, the former Queenstown was the departure point for 2.5 million of the six million Irish people who emigrated to North America between 1848 and 1950. On 11 April 1912, Queenstown was famously the final port of call for the when she set out across the Atlantic on her ill-fated maiden voyage. She was assisted by the PS America and the PS Ireland, two ageing White Star Line tenders, along with several other smaller boats delivering first-class luggage. Some sources and local lore suggest that a Titanic crew member, John Coffey, a native of Queenstown, left the ship at this time, and thereby escaped the sinking. At Queenstown 123 passengers boarded in all; only 44 survived the sinking.", "Titanics maiden voyage was intended to be the first of many Trans-Atlantic crossings between Southampton and New York via Cherbourg and Queenstown on westbound runs, returning via Plymouth in England while eastbound. Indeed, her entire schedule of voyages through to December 1912 still exists. When the route was established, four ships were assigned to the service. In addition to Teutonic and Majestic, the RMS Oceanic and the brand new RMS Adriatic sailed the route. When the Olympic entered service in June 1911, she replaced Teutonic, which after completing her last run on the service in late April was transferred to the Dominion Line's Canadian service. The following August, Adriatic was transferred to White Star's main Liverpool-New York service, and in November, Majestic was withdrawn from service impending the arrival of Titanic in the coming months, and was mothballed as a reserve ship. ", "At 11.30 am on Thursday 11 April, Titanic arrived at Cork Harbour on the south coast of Ireland. It was a partly cloudy but relatively warm day with a brisk wind. [101] Again, the dock facilities were not suitable for a ship of her size, and tenders were used to bring passengers aboard. 113 Third Class and seven Second Class passengers came aboard, while seven passengers left. Among the departures was Father Francis Browne , a Jesuit trainee, who was a keen photographer and took many photographs aboard Titanic, including the last-ever known photograph of the ship. A decidedly unofficial departure was that of a crew member, stoker John Coffey, a native of Queenstown who sneaked off the ship by hiding under mail bags being transported to shore. [104] Titanic weighed anchor for the last time at 1.30 pm and departed on her westward journey across the Atlantic. [104]", "The stop in Cherbourg, as made by the Titanic journey, involves crossing the English Channel from UK to France and then back across the channel to reach what is now the Irish Republic. Two options from Cherbourg to Cork/Cobh/Queenstown:", "Her maiden voyage commenced on 14 June 1911 from Southampton, calling at Cherbourg and Queenstown , reaching New York on 21 June. The maiden voyage was captained by Edward Smith who would lose his life the following year in the Titanic disaster. Designer Thomas Andrews was present for the passage to New York and return, along with a number of engineers, as part of Harland and Wolff's \"Guarantee Group\" to spot any problems or areas for improvement. Andrews would also lose his life in the Titanic disaster.", "Her maiden voyage commenced on 14 June 1911 from Southampton, calling at Cherbourg and Queenstown, reaching New York on 21 June. The maiden voyage was captained by Edward Smith who would lose his life the following year in the Titanic disaster. Designer Thomas Andrews was present for the passage to New York and return, along with a number of engineers, as part of Harland and Wolff's \"Guarantee Group\" to spot any problems or areas for improvement. Andrews would also lose his life in the Titanic disaster. ", "Southampton , a seaport easily accessible by rail from London in the Titanic era, is this luxurious vessel's home base and home to many of the crew. This city is the primary point of departure for the vessel's trans-Atlantic journey.", "Q5    Which port was the intended final destination of the Titanic on its maiden voyage in 1912?", "     The RMS Queen Elizabeth was a steam-powered ocean liner of the Cunard Steamship Company. The ship was named after Queen Elizabeth, wife of King George VI of the UK and queen consort at the time it was built. It was launched in Scotland on 27 September 1938, and initially used as a transport vehicle during World War II. In 1946, the ship left Southampton, England, on its first run across the Atlantic as a luxurious ocean liner. It was retired from service in 1968. Queen Elizabeth was the largest passenger steamship ever constructed and held the record for the largest passenger ship of any kind until being surpassed in 1996 by the Carnival Destiny.", "1840 - The Cunard Line's 700 ton wooden paddle steamer RMS Britannia departs from Liverpool bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia on the first transatlantic crossing with a scheduled end." ]

[ 7.92578125, 7.50390625, 7.50390625, 6.44921875, 6.43359375, 6.28515625, 6.19921875, 6.01171875, 5.87109375, 4.6171875, 4.60546875, 4.5859375, 4.578125, 4.328125, 4.0859375, 3.48046875, 3.41796875, 3.353515625, 3.23828125, 3.11328125, 3.068359375, 2.94140625, 2.044921875, 1.9365234375, 0.035888671875, -0.16357421875, -0.2283935546875, -0.2435302734375, -0.63232421875, -0.9638671875, -2.755859375, -5.30078125 ]

[ "On June 3, 1888, there was no joy in Mudville -- the mighty Casey struck out. The baseball poem \"Casey at the Bat,\" published anonymously by the San Francisco Examiner, was the final column by Ernest L. Thayer before he quit writing to run a mill in Massachusetts. But \"Casey\" lived on: Actor William DeWolf Hopper recited the poem more than 10,000 times, and several songs and movies -- even an opera -- were based on it.", "In 1888, the poem “Casey at the Bat,” by Ernest Lawrence Thayer, was first published in the San Francisco Daily Examiner.", "1888 - The poem \"Casey at the Bat\", by Ernest Lawrence Thayer, is published in the San Francisco Examiner.", "Ernest Lawrence Thayer (August 14, 1863 – August 21, 1940) was an American writer and poet who wrote the poem \"Casey\" (or \"Casey At The Bat\"), which is \"the single most famous baseball poem ever written\" according to the Baseball Almanac, and \"the nation’s best-known piece of comic verse—a ballad that began a native legend as colorful and permanent as that of Johnny Appleseed or Paul Bunyan.\"", "When Ernest Thayer wrote the original “Casey at the Bat,” published in a San Francisco newspaper in 1880, he considered it a mere doggeral. He even used a pen name, to disassociate himself from the poem that would later (ironically) define his career.", "Residents of Holliston, Massachusetts , where there is a neighborhood called Mudville, claim it as the Mudville described in the poem. Thayer grew up in nearby Worcester, Massachusetts, where he wrote the poem in 1888; his family owned a woolen mill less than a mile from Mudville's baseball field.", "The first public performance of the poem was on August 14, 1888, by actor De Wolf Hopper, on Thayer's 25th birthday. Thayer's recitation of the poem at a Harvard class reunion in 1895 helps solve the mystery, which lingered into the 20th century, of who had written it.", "However, residents of Stockton, California —which was known for a time as Mudville prior to incorporation in 1850—also lay claim to being the inspiration for the poem. In 1887, Thayer covered baseball for Daily Examiner —owned by his Harvard classmate William Randolph Hearst —and is said to have covered the local California League team, the Stockton Ports . For the 1902 season, after the poem became popular, Stockton's team was renamed the Mudville Nine. The team reverted to the Mudville Nine moniker for the 2000 and 2001 seasons. The Visalia Rawhide , another California League team, currently keep Mudville alive by playing in Mudville jerseys on June 3 each year. [14]", "DeWolf Hopper gave the poem's first stage recitation on August 14, 1888, at New York's Wallack Theatre as part of the comic opera Prinz Methusalem in the presence of the Chicago and New York baseball teams, the White Stockings and the Giants ; August 14, 1888 was also Thayer's 25th birthday. Hopper became known as an orator of the poem, and recited it more than 10,000 times (by his count—some tabulations are as much as four times higher) before his death. [2]", "DeWolf Hopper gave the poem's first stage recitation on August 14, 1888, at New York's Wallack Theatre as part of the comic opera Prinz Methusalem in the presence of the Chicago and New York baseball teams, the White Stockings and the Giants ; August 14, 1888 was also Thayer's 25th birthday. Hopper became known as an orator of the poem, and recited it more than 10,000 times (by his count—some tabulations are as much as four times higher) before his death. [8]", "No one imagines that 'Casey' is great in the sense that the poetry of Shakespeare or Dante is great; a comic ballad obviously must be judged by different standards. One doesn’t criticize a slice of superb apple pie because it fails to taste like crepes suzette . Thayer was only trying to write a comic ballad, with clanking rhymes and a vigorous beat, that could be read quickly, understood at once, and laughed at by any newspaper reader who knew baseball. Somehow, in harmony with the curious laws of humor and popular taste, he managed to produce the nation 's best-known piece of comic verse —a ballad that began a native legend as colorful and permanent as that of Johnny Appleseed or Paul Bunyan .", "The New York Times' obituary of Thayer on August 22, 1940, p. 19 quotes comedian DeWolf Hopper, who helped make the poem famous: ", "However, the anthem is for 'Doomed Youth' which describes something negative. The poet shows his anger and bitterness in the first part of the poem. In the second part of the poem he expresses his sadness at the pathetic condition of the soldiers. The poem is a sonnet. The first stanza is mainly about the battlefield, whereas the second stanza is more about the reactions of friends and family back at home. The poem starts with a rhetorical question and is very intense from the starting. In order to express his ideas, Owen mixes the sad, calm images of a funeral with the chaotic, explosive images of a battlefield.", "A Carl Sandburg poem with this title invokes the battles of Austerlitz, Waterloo, Gettysburg, Ypres and Verdun, suggesting that \"two years, ten years, and the passengers ask the conductor: What place is this? Where are we now?\" In the first line of Walt Whitman's Song of Myself, a child asks the poet to define it: \"I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out of hopeful green stuff woven.\" For 10 points, name this natural floral phenomenon.", "The Waste Land by T.S Eliot seem rather depressing when reading it for the first time its full with dead and dreadful imagery. While the poem is covered with mostly imagery of isolation and depression there are still signs of life that are left to explore in the poem. The form that the speaker wrote this poem was rather interesting he sets up depressive lines after another but still somewhere in between he puts up signs of life flourishing which may symbolize ‘ as hope. There are also contradictions that as a read I questioned, “winter kept us Warm” why would the coldest season keep anyone warm. Than I read on and he states “covering in forgetful snow” could easily be interpreted as if there was something that they wish to forget. Since this was post WWI it could be that they wish to forget the war that just occurred. Also when they establish that life was being flourish feels as if they are speaking of America and part of Europe rebuilding from the war that just occurred. Overall things were very hard to understood I wasn’t able to get the full understand on what the speaker full point was in “The Waste Land”.", "This poem is by a certain Thomas Parke D’Invilliers – actually a pen name of Fitzgerald’s, as well as the name of a character in his debut novel This Side of Paradise. One can easily find online other poems written by him, under his own name, but it is apparent that he is remembered more by his prose than his verses. Yet even within the prose, he develops his own poetry. Keats’ influence is made apparent in this example from The Great Gatsby:", "..... Click the link for more information. , whose long poem The Waste Land (1922) was a watershed in both American and English literary history. Its difficulty, formal invention, and bleak antiromanticism were to influence poets for decades.", "An epitaph is included after the conclusion of the poem. The epitaph reveals that the poet whose grave is the focus of the poem was unknown and obscure. Circumstance kept poet from becoming something greater and he was separated from others because he was unable to join in the common affairs of their life: [36]", "The poem was published in 1920, not long after the end of the First World War. Here is the full text. Here is a video version of the poem:", "Even though I'm also relatively fussy about lyrics, and find fast, loose, and sloppy phrases or even \"facts\" distasteful, I don't find \"May 10\" terribly disturbing. The line could have been shaped to accommodate ANY date, of course. But to stretch a point, Virgil's narrative is that of a rustic, embittered man who is presumably still \"in defeat\". The verse opens with glimpses of military devastation and the visitation of multiple ruination: the tracks torn up AGAIN, the hard winter of starvation and mortal weariness. Then the line in question, which brackets the timeline: By May the tenth, Richmond had fell... It's not so unthinkable to interpret \"Richmond\" in the sense of \"the Confederate Cause\", rather than in the usual narrower sense of the city-as-military-objective falling. As if one were to say, \"By August 6th, Tokyo fell\" by way of describing the fall of Japan after the A-bomb attack. I mean, I just picture some grizzled old die-hard Johnny Reb (the very image of Levon, in recent years, in fact) saying in effect, \"Shit, that winter was hell on earth, 'n' by May tenth it was ALL blown away...\" Poetic license, I admit, and possibly an undetected mistake, error, slip, or oversight. But again, I can imagine Virgil/Levon rebutting criticism with an explosive roar, and a shower of spit, \"Hell, I ain't readin' off no damn CALENDAR, son!\" The time he remembers oh, so well, isn't necessarily the DATES he remembers. Selah.[ 17 ]", "I have no problem with the May 10 line - Virgil is looking back over some span of years (\"it's a time I remember oh so well\"), and he may not remember it quite as well as he thinks. It's a conversational lyric, not a history lecture. Besides, \"On April the 2nd, Richmond was evacuated\" poses rhyme and meter problems. On the other hand, \"I drove the train to Richmond that fell\" (thank you Joan B.)...now that's a problem! [ 15 ]", "Numerous novels, notably Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises (1926) and Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise (1920), evoke the extravagance and disillusionment of the lost generation. In T.S. Eliot's influential long poem The Waste Land (1922), Western civilization is symbolized by a bleak desert in desperate need of rain (spiritual renewal).", "This is the first line of T. S. Eliot's poem \"The Waste Land.\" Some consider this poem, published in 1922, to be the greatest of the 20th century.", "This poem was plagiarized by Lil Black Cloud at a reform school speech contest. But it’s by the great poet Ralph Waldo Emerson. Oh well, I hope you enjoyed Humor is the Laxative for a Troubled Mind. I love you, America.", "“The troubles of our proud and angry dust are from eternity, and shall not fail. Bear them we can, and if we can we must. Shoulder the sky, my lad, and drink your ale. ” — A.E. Housman, A Shropshire Lad, 1896", "These vivid impressions sprang from the pen of Wilfred Owen, a junior officer in the trenches. He joined up as a patriotic idealist but became disillusioned as a result of first-hand experience of battle. It is easy to assume that the powerful words of this young man from Shropshire captured the true experience of the war. But is that assumption right? Or has our focus on poems like Owen's distorted our view of the war?", "Stern, James. \"Aw, the World's a Crumby Place.\" Rev. of The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. New York Times Book Review 15 July 1951, 5.", "Wilfred Owen is remembered as one of the most passionate and eloquent voices of the First World War. Most of the poems for which he is now famous were written in a period of intense creativity between 1917 and 1918.", "The rural ordering of southern life well into the twentieth century influenced many of its ideological positions, and these positions in turn made the classical genre of pastoral a congenial form for many southern writers. The pastoral is a genre that, standardized by Virgil in his Eclogues , served writers seeking to resolve the tension between memories of a simpler past, associated with nature and rural society, and experience in a more complex present world. Pastoral literature historically has flourished in times of dramatic change. Writers undergoing a dislocation from a familiar home world turn to the conventions of the pastoral to envision that simpler locale from the vantage point of inevitable loss and removal. In pastoral, then, the past looms large, not so much as a particular historical time and place as an idealized, mythologized lost realm (such as Virgil's Arcadia). The past of pastoral is associated with the natural world (imaged as the \"good earth\" or \"the garden\") and with community (shepherd and flock, extended family, village, or homeland). However, such a version of the past tends inevitably towards nostalgia and fatalism, and potentially towards paralysis. In the South the idealization of the rural past is made even more dangerous, and more complicated, because the white South's Arcadia was predicated upon slavery.", "Thomas Bailey Aldrich expressed his \"poetic\" concern for this infusion of aliens into the bloodstream of civilized America in his poem, The Unguarded Gates (1895):", "Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his Concord Hymn described the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge as the \"shot heard 'round the world\".", "In the ninth verse of Bob Dylan's 1965 song, Desolation Row, after mentioning Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot, he writes:" ]

[ 3.955078125, 3.556640625, 3.513671875, 2.85546875, -0.7978515625, -1.4765625, -2.49609375, -2.6875, -2.890625, -3.166015625, -3.26171875, -5.37890625, -5.5078125, -6.69921875, -6.76171875, -6.98046875, -7.03125, -7.12890625, -7.6796875, -8.078125, -8.078125, -8.1015625, -8.3515625, -8.59375, -8.8125, -9.2265625, -9.671875, -9.9375, -9.9921875, -10.46875, -10.8359375, -10.921875 ]

[ "Arbor Day (or Arbour; from the Latin arbor, meaning tree) is a holiday in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant and care for trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season.", "Today is Arbor Day, always the last Friday in April. National Arbor Day is the Tree Planter's holiday, and has been celebrated since 1872. It began in Nebraska, a largely treeless plain back in the 1800's. It's a day to plant and dedicate a tree to help nature and the environment. Millions of trees are planted on this day. Did you know? The Latin word for Tree is Arbor? Today is National Shrimp Scampi Day. The zipper was patented on this date in 1913.", "In the USA, New Zealand, and parts of Canada and Australia, a day (whose date varies from place to place) set apart each year for planting trees and increasing public awareness of the value of trees; first observed in the State of Nebraska, USA, in 1872. Arbor Day is a holiday that encourages the planting and care of trees. Arbor Day was established by J. The Great P…", "J. Sterling Morton was a Nebraska pioneer, a writer and editor for Nebraska’s first newspaper, and later secretary of the Nebraska Territory. He advocated planting trees in what was then a dusty and treeless prairie. At a meeting of the State Board of Agriculture in January 1872, Morton proposed that Nebraska citizens set aside April 10 as a day to plant trees. He suggested offering prizes as incentives for communities and organizations that planted the most trees. It’s said that Nebraskans planted about one million trees on that first Arbor Day in 1872. Ten years later, in 1882, Nebraska declared Arbor Day as a legal holiday and the date was changed to Morton’s birthday, April 22. Arbor Day grew to become a national observance. I can recall learning about it as a child in the 1950s and ’60s.", "Nebraska was the first state in the country to celebrate Arbor Day —in 1872, when Nebraskan politician J. Sterling Morton advocated a tree-planting day to beautify the state’s largely treeless landscape. A wide variety of prairies originally covered Nebraska; now the slopes of the river valleys are well covered with deciduous trees. Cottonwood, elm, and some oak and walnut are found along the bluffs of eastern Nebraska, while conifers grow in the Wild Cat and Pine Ridge highlands and the Niobrara valley. The Nebraska National Forest in west-central Nebraska resulted from a human effort to plant trees on the barren plains.", "April 22 is also the birthday of Julius Sterling Morton , the founder of Arbor Day , a national tree-planting holiday started in 1872. Arbor Day became a legal holiday in Nebraska in 1885, to be permanently observed on April 22. According to the National Arbor Day Foundation \"the most common day for the state observances is the last Friday in April . . . but a number of state Arbor Days are at other times to coincide with the best tree planting weather.\" It has since been largely eclipsed by the more widely observed Earth Day, except in Nebraska, where it originated.", "Arbor Day is celebrated on March 21. It's not a national holiday but instead schools nationwide celebrate this day with environment-related activities, namely tree planting.", "The Arbor Day (Dia da Árvore) is celebrated on September 21. It's not a national holiday. However, schools nationwide celebrate this day with environment-related activities, namely tree planting.", "National Arbor Day is celebrated every year on the last Friday in April; it is a civic holiday in Nebraska. Other states have selected the time of year in which to celebrate their own Arbor Day.", "Arbor Day, a day site aside to plant and recognize the importance of trees, is not a national holiday. If fact the day observed varies from state to state.", "April 22 continues to be the larger event, however, and the official date of Earth Day. Some say April 22 was chosen to maximize the number of students who could be reached on university campuses, and that’s undoubtedly true. But the April 22 date for the first Earth Day also stemmed from a much-earlier observance: Arbor Day, which began in Nebraska in 1872.", "The holiday was indeed celebrated - for example, in the town of Bridgwater in Somerset, \"Revels were said to have been held near Pig Cross on Oak Apple Day (29 May) until the 1830s\". In 1859, the holiday (confusingly, known as Arbor Day to some) was abolished, but the spirit of it lived on in many parts of England, mostly connected with the oak tree.", "Founded by Don Clark of Schomberg, Ontario for his wife Margret Clark in 1906. In Canada, National Forest Week is the last full week of September, and National Tree Day (Maple Leaf Day) falls on the Wednesday of that week. Ontario celebrates Arbour Week from the last Friday in April to the first Sunday in May. Prince Edward Island celebrates Arbour Day on the 3rd Friday in May during Arbor Week.", "In Spain is usually held on the International Forest Day on 21 March, but following the 1915 decree spirit that forced to celebrate the Arbor Day throughout Spain, each municipality or collective decides the date for its Arbor Day, usually between February and May. In Villanueva de la Sierra (Extremadura), where the first Arbor Day in the world was held in 1805, it is celebrated, as on that occasion, on Tuesday Carnaval. It is a great day in the local festive calendar. ", "Many political groups and labor organizations combine fun and politics by hosting large picnics at which speeches will be made. This tradition dates back to the founding of the holiday.", "Today Juneteenth commemorates African American freedom and emphasizes education and achievement. It is a day, a week, and in some areas a month marked with celebrations, guest speakers, picnics and family gatherings. It is a time for reflection and rejoicing. It is a time for assessment, self-improvement and for planning the future. Its growing popularity signifies a level of maturity and dignity in America long over due. In cities across the country, people of all races, nationalities and religions are joining hands to truthfully acknowledge a period in our history that shaped and continues to influence our society today. Sensitized to the conditions and experiences of others, only then can we make significant and lasting improvements in our society.  More information", "While Washington’s Birthday was an unofficial observance for most of the 1800s, it was not until the late 1870s that it became a federal holiday. Senator Steven Wallace Dorsey of Arkansas was the first to propose the measure, and in 1879 President Rutherford B. Hayes signed it into law. The holiday initially only applied to the District of Columbia, but in 1885 it was expanded to the whole country. At the time, Washington’s Birthday joined four other nationally recognized federal bank holidays— Christmas Day, New Year’s Day, Independence Day and Thanksgiving—and was the first to celebrate the life of an individual American. Martin Luther King Jr. Day, signed into law in 1983, would be the second.", "Memorial Day is a United States federal holiday observed annually on the last Monday of May (May 28 in 2012). Formerly known as Decoration Day, it originated after the American Civil War to commemorate the fallen Union soldiers of the Civil War. (Southern ladies organizations and southern schoolchildren had decorated Confederate graves in Richmond and other cities during the Civil War, but each region had its own date. Most dates were in May.) By the 20th century Memorial Day had been extended to honor all Americans who have died in all wars. Memorial Day is a day of remembering the men and women who died while serving in the United States Armed Forces. As a marker it typically marks the start of the summer vacation season, while Labor Day marks its end.", "As a promotor of California's first Arbor Day, Joaquin Miller proved most successful and ceremonies were held on November 27, 1886, not only on Yerba Buena Island, but also at the Presidio and Fort Mason. Thousands of school children assembled at the appointed spot on the top of Yerba Buena by 11 o'clock. A circuitous pathway had been prepared for the ascent and the picture must have been a colorful one. Passengers were landed at the wharf and illustrated sovenir programs were issued, timely phrased, and themed, \"The gods, who mortal beauty chase, Still in a tree did end their race\".", "Landscape gardening as developed by Capability Brown set an international trend for the English garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits, fueled somewhat by the perception of England as a nation of eccentric amateurs and autodidacts. In many, usually rural places, people gather for May Day festivals on the first of May to celebrate \"the awakening of the flowers\"—the beginning of summer. This traditionally involves the local schoolchildren skipping around a maypole—a large pole erected on the village green (historically a tree would have been specially cut down) - each carrying a colored ribbon, resulting in a multi-colored plaited pattern. The festival traditionally features Morris dancing and various festivities, culminating in the crowning of a 'May Queen'—a pupil from the local school. Many regional variations of the festivals exist, including the Rochester Sweeps' Festival and the \"'Obby 'Oss\" festival of Padstow, which is the oldest May Day festival still practiced today, dating back to the fourteenth century.", "New Zealand's first Arbor Day planting was in Greytown in the Wairarapa on 3 July 1890. The first official celebration will take place in Wellington in August 2012, with the planting of pohutukawa and Norfolk pines along Thorndon Esplanade.", "Beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and labor movements grew, different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor. In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor or Labour Day, was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882, Matthew Maguire, a machinist, first proposed a Labor Day holiday while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York. Some maintain that Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor put forward the first proposal in May 1882, after witnessing the annual labour festival held in Toronto, Canada. In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day. Thus by 1887 in North America, Labor Day was an established, official holiday. ", "Founded in 1970 as a day of education about environmental issues, Earth Day is now a globally celebrated holiday that is sometimes extended into Earth Week, a full seven days of events focused on green awareness. The brainchild of Senator Gaylord Nelson and inspired by the antiwar protests of the late 1960s, Earth Day was originally aimed at creating a mass environmental movement. It began as a “national teach-in on the environment” and was held on April 22 to maximize the number of students that could be reached on university campuses. By raising public awareness of air and water pollution, Nelson hoped to bring environmental causes into the national spotlight.", "Lincoln is largely responsible for the institution of the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States. Before Lincoln's presidency, Thanksgiving, while a regional holiday in New England since the 17th century, had been proclaimed by the federal government only sporadically and on irregular dates. The last such proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years before. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving. In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park. ", "The practice of holding annual festivities to celebrate workers spread across the country, but Labor Day didn’t become a national holiday for more than a decade. Oregon became the first state to declare it a holiday in 1887, and states like New York, Massachusetts and Colorado soon followed suit. Under President Grover Cleveland, and amid growing awareness of the labor movement, the first Monday in September became a national holiday in 1896.", "In the midst of the Civil War, on February 19, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation calling on Americans to mark Washington’s birthday. Lincoln “recommended to the people of the United States that they assemble in their customary places of meeting for public solemnities on the 22d day of February” to “celebrate the anniversary of the birth of the Father of his Country by causing to be read to them his immortal Farewell Address.”", "Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance along with the use of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations (this was issued as Presidential Proclamation 335). Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. ", "Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as Oktoberfest and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, Christmas pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other practices. UNESCO inscribed 40 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List. There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the Tag der Deutschen Einheit (German Unity Day). ", "1870 - The Christian holiday of Christmas is declared a federal holiday in the United States.", "The official governmental recognition of Labor Day occurred in the state of Oregon. On February 21, 1887, Oregon passed legislation recognizing Labor Day as a holiday. Other states soon followed and by 1894, there were enough states officially recognizing Labor Day as a holiday that the federal government finally gave the official nod. On June 28, 1894, Congress officially stated that a Labor Day holiday be celebrated each year on the first Monday of September.", "On April 22, 1970, the Environmental Teach-In held a nationwide day of environmental education and activism that it called Earth Day. The event was inspired and organized by environmental activist and U.S. Sen. Gaylord Nelson from Wisconsin. Nelson wanted to show other U.S. politicians that there was widespread public support for a political agenda centered on environmental issues.", "German immigrants to eastern Pennsylvania (\"Pennsylvania Dutch\") were decorating Christmas trees in their homes at least as early as the 1820s. (Christmas trees were limited to the Strasbourg area of Germany prior to 1750, and only became popular throughout Germany in the 19th century.) In 1851 when some Pennsylvania Germans placed a Christmas tree outside their church, others in the community told the minister to remove the pagan symbol. The first printed image of a Christmas tree in the Unites States was in a 1836 Gift Book. Christmas trees did not gain popularity in the US until late in the 19th century. The German song \"O Tannenbaum\" became translated into the American \"O Christmas Tree\" (and is the melody for the state songs of Maryland, Iowa, Michigan and New Jersey)." ]

[ 8.8125, 4.5625, 2.80078125, 1.0263671875, 0.7861328125, 0.5810546875, 0.28955078125, -0.003971099853515625, -0.037353515625, -0.60400390625, -0.951171875, -4.01953125, -4.37109375, -4.79296875, -5.078125, -5.234375, -5.3359375, -5.375, -5.41015625, -5.4765625, -5.8984375, -5.91015625, -6.64453125, -6.76953125, -6.8359375, -6.91796875, -7.203125, -7.88671875, -7.890625, -7.95703125, -8.15625, -8.6640625 ]

[ "There are three types of weapons in fencing: foil, sabre and epee. The foil is a mid-weight thrusting weapon that targets the torso. Right of way applies to it. Sabre, the lightest weapon, is the only weapon to attack with the blade rather than the point. Right of way also applies to this weapon. Epee, the heaviest weapon, is a thrusting weapon with no right of way, where the whole body is target.", "Epee. The epee is a heavier version of the foil. The target area is the entire body except for the sword. The bell guard is enlarged to protect the hand, and the blade itself is much thicker. Like the foil, only thrusts score.", "A large, double-edged sword used by Scottish Highlanders in the 17th-c. It had a broad, flat blade, and was wielded with both hands. An 18th-c development was a single-edged broadsword with a basket hilt. Claymore is a term used to describe two distinct types of Scottish swords. The name claymore is thought to be from claidheamh mòr—a Gaelic term meaning \"big sword\". …", "To many people’s relief, nine-year-old Emily soon put down the injurious broom and picked up the foil. One of three types of swords in fencing, along with the saber and the epee, the foil has the most specific target; fencers in the event aim solely for the torso, with arms, head and legs remaining out of bounds. Like the epee, only the tip can be used to score points.", "Foil, epee and saber are the three weapons used in the sport of fencing. While it is not unusual for fencers to compete in all three events, an athlete typically chooses to hone their skills in one weapon.", "The épée is the heaviest of the three weapons (approaching the weight of an actual court sword). However, ultra-lightweight blades can actually reduce the weight of an épée to below that of a foil. On low-end weapons, the épée has a relatively stiff blade, though new technology has resulted in a flexible blade comparable to the other weapons. The épée is characterized by a V-shaped or approximately triangular cross-section, and a large round guard which offers much more protection to the wrist than the foil guard.", "Fencing was included in the Olympics' schedule in the 1896 Summer Games in Athens . Since then, the sport has been a regular part of the Olympics program. Three types of fencing weapons used at the Summer Games are the foil , epee and sabre . The three disciplines of fencing are named after the types of weapons used for the games. In all the three disciplines, individual and team competitions are held.", "Modern fencing is a sport in which opponents battle each other with swords. There are three primary forms of fencing, each centered on the type of weapon being used. These weapons are the foil, the epee and the saber. Often referred to as \"physical chess,\" fencing requires knowledge, skill, confidence and daring for an athlete to compete well when using any of these weapons.", "Fencing, also called Olympic fencing, is a sport in which two competitors fight using ‘Rapier-style‘ swords, winning points by making contact with their opponent. Based on the traditional skills of swordsmanship, the modern sport arose at the end of the 19th century, with the Italian school having modified the historical European martial art of classical fencing, and the French school having later refined the Italian system. There are three forms of modern fencing, each using a different style of weapon and different rules, and as such the sport is divided into three competitive scenes: Foil, Épée and Sabre. Most competitive fencers choose to specialise in only one weapon.", "Fencing, also called Olympic fencing, is a sport in which two competitors fight using 'Rapier-style' swords, winning points by making contact with their opponent. Based on the traditional skills of swordsmanship, the modern sport arose at the end of the 19th century, with the Italian school having modified the historical European martial art of classical fencing, and the French school having later refined the Italian system. There are three forms of modern fencing, each using a different style of weapon and different rules, and as such the sport is divided into three competitive scenes: Foil, Épée and Sabre. Most competitive fencers choose to specialise in only one weapon.", "Fencing was included for the first time at the 1896 Games in Athens, and has remained on the Olympic programme since then. The women’s fencing competition entered the Games in 1924 in Paris. Today, men and women compete in individual and team events, in which three types of weapon are used: foil, epee and sabre. The foil was, at first, the only weapon used by women, until the 1996 Games in Atlanta, when women’s epee was introduced. Women’s sabre appeared for the first time on the Olympic programme in Athens in 2004.", "Claymore - Identified with the Scot's symbol of the warrior, the term \"Claymore\" is Gaelic for \"claidheamh-more\" (great sword). This two-handed broadsword was used by the Scottish Highlanders against the English in the 16th century and is often confused with a Basket-hilt \"broadsword\" (a relative of the Italian schiavona) whose hilt completely enclosed the hand in a cage- like guard. Both swords have come to be known by the same name since the late 1700's.", "claymore - a large Scottish Highland sword consisting of a long straight double-edged blade, quillons angling forward with each terminating in a quatrefoil (a finial with four small rings), and a long tubular grip that required both hands to wield, from a Gaelic term meaning \"great sword\" and also refers to later Scottish basket hilted broadswords", "One of the most famous two-handed swords was the claymore sword. The word claymore is derived from the Gaelic word “claidheamh mòr” meaning “great sword”. The name claymore actually refers to two types of swords. One of the swords is the two-handed longsword and the other one refers to much shorter and single-handed basked-hilted sword. The basket-hilted claymore sword was first used in the 16th century. This type of sword is still used as a part of the ceremonial dress of the Scottish highland regiments. The two-handed highland claymore sword was used during the late Medieval Age and in the Renaissance. This longsword was used in the wars between Scottish clans and the wars with the English. The Scottish claymore had distinctive design that featured a cross-hilt with downward sloping arms. The arms of the cross-hilt often ended with four-leaf clover design. There were also other, less known, claymore swords that had a very different, clamshell hilt design. An average, two-handed claymore sword was about 55 inches in length where the blade part measured 42 inches and the hilt measured 13 inches. The weight of the claymore was about 5.5lbs.", "Three weapons survive in modern competitive fencing: foil, épée, and sabre. The spadroon and the heavy cavalry -style sabre, both of which saw widespread competitive use in the 19th century, fell into disfavour in the early 20th century with the rising popularity of the lighter and faster weapon used today. The singlestick was featured in the 1904 Olympic Games, but it was already declining in popularity at that time. Bayonet fencing experienced a somewhat slower decline, with competitions organized by some armed forces as late as the 1940s and 1950s.", "Today, the term is usually used to refer to an Olympic sport governed by the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE) and the various national governing bodies (USA Fencing, in the United States) that consists of three events—the foil (a light thrusting weapon), the épée (a heavier thrusting weapon) and the sabre (a light cutting and thrusting weapon). It makes use of an electronic scoring apparatus and conventional rules. This is a fast, athletic, and often enjoyable game, but has changed radically in the past century or so. However, other variants of fencing exist, such as historial and classical fencing.", "Claymore - literally \"sword big.\" Commonly identified with the 17th and 18th century basket-hilted sword or the large two-handed Scottish sword of the same time period. The term seems to be a linguistic artifact resulting from communication between Hihgland and Lowland Scots of the 17th and 18th centuries, and therefore does not accurately describe a medieval weapon. Scottish two-handed swords of the medieval period are really just greatswords.", "While the weapons fencers use differ in shape and purpose, their basic construction remains similar across the disciplines. Every weapon has a blade and a hilt. The tip of the blade is generally referred to as the point. The hilt consists of a guard and a grip . The guard (also known as the coquille, the bell, or the bellguard) is a metal shell designed to protect the fingers. The grip is the weapon's actual handle. There are a number of commonly used variants. In foil and épée the more traditional French grip is approximately straight and usually terminates with a pommel (a heavy nut intended to act as a counterweight for the blade and to hold the handle on the weapon). Some modern designs of French grip do not use a heavy pommel nut, in an effort to construct the lightest épée possible.", "As a thrusting weapon the épée is similar to a foil (compared to a sabre), but has a stiffer blade which is triangular in cross-section with a V-shaped groove called a fuller, has a larger bell guard, and is heavier. The technique however, is somewhat different, as there are no rules regarding priority and right of way. In addition, the entire body is a valid target area.", "Classical fencing is the use of the three \"modern\" weapons (foil, épée, and sabre) more towards the \"element of culture\" and/or \"combat training\" end of the martial arts continuum and less towards the \"sport\" end of the spectrum. The differences will be more fully explained below.", "While the weapons fencers use differ in shape and purpose, their basic construction remains similar across the disciplines. Every weapon has a blade and a hilt. The tip of the blade is generally referred to as the point. The hilt consists of a guard and a grip. The guard (also known as the coquille, the bell, or the bellguard) is a metal shell designed to protect the fingers. The grip is the weapon's actual handle. There are a number of commonly used variants. In foil and épée the more traditional French grip is approximately straight and usually terminates with a pommel (a heavy nut intended to act as a counterweight for the blade and to hold the handle on the weapon). Some modern designs of French grip do not use a heavy pommel nut, in an effort to construct the lightest épée possible.", "Olympic fencing (or just \"fencing\") refers to the fencing seen in most competitions (including the Olympic Games ). It is marked by the use of electronic scoring equipment, and conducted according to rules laid down by the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE), the sports federation governing most international fencing competitions. The current rules are very loosely based on a set of conventions developed in 18th- and 19th-century Europe to govern fencing as a martial art and a gentlemanly pursuit. The weapons used are the electric foil, electric épée, and electric sabre.", "French grips have been entirely replaced in higher level foil fencing, and partially replaced in épée fencing, by ergonomic designs, called pistol grips or orthopaedic grips. Among the many designs, the most popular are the Visconti , Belgian , and Russian grips . Grips produced by Zivkovic fencing are also popular, and are the most commonly seen 'non-standard' grips.", "For those few who continued to follow the sword as a method of resolving conflict, the épée de combat was created in the second half of the 19th century. The practice version of this weapon was a regulation, though blunted, dueling sword, and it was used without limitation of target or other conventions. Except for the use of protective clothing, épée fencing closely approximated the conditions of a duel.", "Fencing, which is also known as modern fencing to distinguish it from historical fencing, is a family of combat sports using bladed weapons. It is also known as French sword fighting or French sword fencing. It is usually practiced with the help of a sword or mini-blade.", "Strictly, the European dueling sword is a basket and cage hilted weapon specifically used in duels from the late 17th to the 19th century. It developed through several forms of the rapier to the smallsword—reflecting the changes from a cutting style of swordplay to a thrusting style ('foining'). This was a result of increasing specialization in their use on the dueling field, and the social stigma attached to carrying and using swords too obviously adapted to the actual \"work\" of warfare. The smallsword, and the last version of the rapier, were made possible only by metallurgical advances in the 17th century as high toughness steels became more readily available.", "A few fans of heavy metal think real fencing is only done with big, strong swords, and that light duelling-style weapons are toys. Historically, however, lighter thrusting swords evolved because they were considerably more deadly than heavy cutting weapons. Many masters of the 17th century disliked the new schools of fencing precisely because they were too murderous. However, the light duelling sabres that arose near the end of the 19th Century did lack offensive punch on the cut compared with their more military antecedents. Military sabre fencing required more arm strength, and the use of moulinets.", "Britain’s Egerton Castle publishes a history of European swordsmanship called Schools and Masters of Fence. The first major review of European historical swordsmanship, and probably the most influential swordsmanship history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Castle’s theories came under savage attack during the 1990s. Particularly contentious aspects included the following. First, that Renaissance Italy was the birthplace of systematic European fencing. Second, that older German swordsmanship was mere \"rough, untutored fighting.\" And finally, that nineteenth century sport fencing represented linear evolution toward final perfection.", "Fencing was a popular form of staged entertainment in 16th and 17th century England. It was also a fashionable (although somewhat controversial) martial art. In 1540 Henry XIII granted a monopoly on the running of fencing schools in London to The Company of Masters. Fencers were specifically included in the 1597 Vagabonds Act (\"all fencers, bearwards, common players of interludes, and minstrels\"). A number of notable fencing masters from late 16th century (Vincentio Saviolo, Rocco Bonetti, and William Joyner) ran schools in and around Blackfriars (then the main theatre district of London). Around the same time, a number of significant fencing manuals were written in or translated into English. Prizefights were bloody but rarely lethal. Samuel Pepys describes visiting at least two prizefights held in Lonodon bearagardens in 1667 - the contestants were tradesmen rather than fencing masters; both fights ended after one of the contestants was unable to continue because of wrist injuries. On the whole, the English public opinion of fencing during this period was rather low; it was viewed in much the same light as cage fighting today. The situation changed in late 18th century, when Domenico Angelo made the new highly stylized French fencing style popular at court.", "During the 17th and 18th centuries (and earlier), duels were mostly fought with swords (the rapier, and later the smallsword). But beginning in the late 18th century in England, duels were more commonly fought using pistols. Fencing and pistol duels continued to co-exist throughout the 19th century.", "In a treatise written in 1550, the Italian fencing master Viggiani is the first to mention the use of practice weapons � arme di gioco (weapons of play) and spada da marra (hoe sword). During the second half of the 16th century, fencing terms for foils gradually came into use: floures in Saint-Didier's treatise of 1573, foile in Shakespeare's \"the fencer's foiles, which hit, but hurt not\", floret in Montaigne's \"un rude tireur le floret au poing\" and fioretti defined by Florio in 1598 as \"foiles to play at rapier and dagger with\". But these terms described buttoned rapiers rather than the sporting weapon we know today.", "At the same time, modern sabre fencing was being developed in Hungary and Italy, where the sabre was a popular duelling weapon. In 1851 the Hungarian fencing master Joseph Keresztessy opened a school that taught a new style of fencing using circular wrist motions as the basis for cuts and parries. Then, in the 1870s, the Italian fencing master Giuseppe Radaelli developed a light sporting sabre, with a thin triangular blade and a simple elliptical ring surrounding a narrow knuckle guard. It had a slightly curved blade 820-880 mm long tapering from 12 mm wide at the guard to 8 mm at the tip and weighed just 450 g. Soon Italian fencing masters were demonstrating the new system all over Europe. Luigi Barbasetti introduced it to Austria, Italo Santelli to Hungary and Giuseppe Magrini to Britain." ]

[ 2.435546875, 2.361328125, 1.7158203125, 0.040496826171875, -0.072021484375, -0.078369140625, -0.2176513671875, -0.307373046875, -0.32666015625, -0.331787109375, -0.6591796875, -0.67138671875, -0.78515625, -1.0986328125, -1.1982421875, -1.361328125, -1.7255859375, -2.07421875, -2.12890625, -2.185546875, -2.32421875, -2.578125, -3.287109375, -3.853515625, -7.25390625, -7.68359375, -9.0625, -10.8046875, -11, -11.0078125, -11.015625, -11.0234375 ]

[ "The Ferrari logo is a yellow rectangle with a black prancing horse. The horse symbolizes power, grace and speed- all of which the Ferrari cars stand for. The yellow background which was initially adopted as the official color of Enzo Ferrari’s home town Modena also serves as clear identification of the logo from a distance. The top stripes of green, white and red complete the Ferrari logo.", "Ferrari has used a black prancing horse on a yellow background as its logo, usually with letters ‘S’ and ‘F’ which stands for Scuderia Ferrari. This jumping stallion is known as ‘Rampante Cavallo’. This horse honors an Italian flying champion, who lost his life in World War I and is believed to bring victory to the driver.", "The prancing horse featured on the Ferrari logo is a common emblem and appears in various guises from the coat of arms of the city of Stuttgart to the logo for the Avanti fuel group.", "The Scuderia Ferrari (literally “Stable Ferrari”) is unique in the Grand Prix world, standing as the only team to have competed in every season of the Formula One World Championship, from its inception in 1950 to the present day. The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari, initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo, and statistically is the most successful F1 team in history with a record of 15 drivers’ championships and 16 constructors’ championships. The prancing horse was the symbol on Italian World War I ace Francesco Baracca’s fighter plane, and became the logo of Ferrari after the fallen ace’s parents, good friends with The Commendatore himself, asked Enzo to continue his tradition of sportsmanship, gallantry and boldness. Ferrari’s faithful and fervent fans, nicknamed the Tifosi, remain omnipresent in Formula One grandstands worldwide.", "Everybody knows that a black prancing horse on a yellow background is an iconic symbol of Ferrari sports cars. But where does it come from? The story tells that in 1923 Enzo Ferrari met the mother of Francesco Baracca, an ace of Italian Air Force and the national hero of World War I. She advised Ferrari to use a prancing stallion as a symbol of fortune like her son used to paint on his planes. The famous constructor willingly accepted the idea. He made his horse black to honor memory of the pilot killed in action, and put it on a yellow shield to reflect the color of Modena, Baracca’s birthplace. The emblem also has the Italian national colors on its top. It’s interesting that Ferrari’s logo resembles much the Coat of Arms of Stuttgart in Germany which is the home to Ferrari’s rivalries Mercedes-Benz and Porsche.", "The prancing horse featured on the Ferrari logo was the emblem of Italian WWII flying ace Fancesco Baracca, whose parents persuaded Enzo Ferrari to use the symbol of their late son for his Alfa Romeo race cars. When Ferrari later started his own car company, he continued use of this logo.", "Even though the prancing horse is a recognizable symbol of Ferrari, there are many other companies in the world who use similar logos. Avanti is an Austrian company which operates over 100 filling stations and uses a prancing black horse logo which is identical to Ferrari’s logo. However, that doesn’t make the legendary Ferrari symbol any less popular.", "Ferrari Company was founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929. It is an Italian car manufacturing company dominantly involved in the F-1 championships. The infamous insignia of the brand is a black, galloping horse on a yellow background with the letters SF for Scuderia Ferrari. The prancing black horse is Rampante Cavallo. It honours an Italian flying ace Francesco Baracca, a martyr in World War I. The magnificent black silhouette of the horse also recognizes the popular belief that a horse on the top of a car would guide its driver victorious to the destination. The yellow background honours the city Modena’s historic colour-yellow.", "The prancing horse was the symbol on Italian World War I ace Francesco Baracca's fighter plane, and became the logo of Ferrari after the fallen ace's parents, close acquaintances of Enzo Ferrari, suggested that Ferrari use the symbol as the logo of the Scuderia, telling him it would 'bring him good luck'. ", "The famous symbol of the Ferrari race team is the Cavallino Rampante (\"prancing horse\") a black prancing stallion on a yellow shield, usually with the letters SF (for Scuderia Ferrari), with three stripes of green, white and red (the Italian national colors) at the top. The road cars have a rectangular badge on the hood, and, optionally, the shield-shaped race logo on the sides of both front wings, close to the door.", "The famous symbol of Ferrari is a black prancing horse on yellow background, usually with the letters S F for Scuderia Ferrari.", "The cavallino rampante is the visual symbol of Ferrari. Cavallino Magazine uses the name, but not the logo. Other companies use similar logos: Avanti, an Austrian company operating over 100 filling stations, uses a prancing horse logo which is nearly identical to Ferrari's, as does Iron Horse Bicycles and Norfolk Southern Railway.", "The famous symbol of the Ferrari race team is a black prancing stallion on a yellow shield, usually with the letters S F (for Scuderia Ferrari), with three stripes of green, white and red (the Italian national colors) at the top. The road cars have a rectangular badge on the hood, and, optionally, the shield-shaped race logo on the sides of both front wings, close to the door.", "The black stallion of Ferrari originates from the personal symbol of Francesco Baracca, top-scoring Italian fighter ace of World War I. As a daring young race driver and engineer for Alfa Romeo in 1929, Enzo Ferrari was granted the use of Baracca’s sigil by the pilot’s mother as a gift to a fellow citizen of Modena. Ferrari transposed the horse onto a golden field representing Modena’s heraldic colors. The Baracca/Modena symbol combination first appeared on Scuderia Ferrari race cars in the early ‘30s, then on Ferrari-designed race cars and sports cars after he broke away from Alfa Romeo. The symbol now can be hafoundd on a wide selection of obscenely overpriced “collectors” sunglasses, polo shirts, sneakers and umbrellas.", "I think there was more than just a happy coincidence there – Enzo Ferrari might have been moved by his friend to use his son’s horse for the logo, but probably also had some sense for design – how perfectly does the ferrari horse convey the brand identity for the company?", "The Scuderia Ferrari logo Coat of Arms of the City of Stuttgart. It has been supposed that the choice of a horse was perhaps partly due to the fact that his noble family was known for having plenty of horses in their estates at Lugo di Romagna. Another theory suggests Baracca copied the rampant horse design from a shot down German pilot having the emblem of the city of Stuttgart on his plane. Interestingly, German sports car manufacturer Porsche, from Stuttgart, borrowed its prancing horse logo from the city’s emblem. Furthermore astonishing: Stuttgart is an over the centuries modified version of Stutengarten (an ancient german word for “Gestüt”, translated into english as mare garden or stud farm, into italian as “scuderia”).", "The legendary Enzo Ferrari first established Scuderia Ferrari in 1929 and although the team changed names on several occasions it remained much the same for the next 40 years, during which time the company became the most successful racing team in history. After World War II Ferrari began building expensive road cars for the rich and famous. Racing and Ferrari's unusual personality added the company's mystique and created a glamorous image which would eventually make the Ferrari Prancing Horse one of the most recognized brand images in the world.", "What's it mean? The race team uses a shield-shaped logo with an SF at the bottom for Scuderia Ferrari, while the GT cars use a rectangular badge. The horse comes from a WWI flying ace, who painted a black horse on the side of his planes for good luck; Enzo asked to do the same for his race cars. The yellow background symbolizes Enzo's hometown, Modena. More »", "The motif of a prancing horse is old, it can be found on ancient coins. A similar black horse on a yellow shield is the Coat of Arms of the Germany city of Stuttgart, home of Mercedes-Benz and the design bureau of Porsche, both being main competitors of Alfa and Ferrari in the 1930s. The city's name derives from Stutengarten, an ancient form of the German word Gestüt, which translates into English as stud farm and into Italian as scuderia. Porsche also includes the Stuttgart sign in its corporate logo, centred in the emblem of the state of Württemberg. Stuttgart's Rössle has both rear legs firmly planted on the soil, like Baracca's horse, but unlike Ferrari's cavallino.", "The controversial barcode design was removed by Ferrari for the start of the Spanish Grand Prix in the 2010 season but the barcode remained on drivers team gear. In January 2011, the Scuderia Ferrari presented a new logo for its racing team. This logo is considered by a specialised F1-website as a subliminal advertisement for Marlboro, evocating the top-left corner design of a Marlboro cigarettes pack.", "The Puma logo first appeared in 1948, and the company still continues with the same logo with minor alterations. The logo has an image of the leaping puma, otherwise known as cougar or panther, which is a powerful beast and an active hunter. The Puma logo gives a powerful identity to its products. It characterizes the brand’s integrity and the product’s proficiency in the market.", "The team is named after its founder, Enzo Ferrari. Scuderia is Italian for a stable reserved for racing horses and is also commonly applied to Italian motor racing teams.", "Lamborghini (The Lamborghini logo was created taking inspiration from Taurus (bull), the zodiac sign of the founder of the company. Ferruccio Lamborghini’s passion for the bullfighting sport is also reflected in the logo. Most of the Lamborghini car models are named after famous bulls.)", "Ferrari is an Italian manufacturer of racing cars and high-performance sports cars formed by Enzo Ferrari in 1929. At first, Scuderia Ferrari sponsored drivers and manufactured racecars; the company went into independent car production in 1946, eventually became Ferrari S.p.A., and is now controlled by the Fiat group. The company is based in Maranello, near Modena, Italy.", "Ferrari S.p.A. is an Italian sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1928 (89 years ago) as Scuderia Ferrari, the company sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street-legal vehicles in 1947 (70 years ago) as Ferrari S.p.A.. Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it has enjoyed great success.", "Ferrari S.p.A. is an Italian Sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1928 as Scuderia Ferrari , the company sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street-legal vehicles in 1947 as Ferrari Joint stock company. Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in Auto racing, especially in Formula One, where it has enjoyed great success.", "The Ferrari Formula One team was resistant to sponsorship for many years and it was not until 1977 that the cars began to feature the logo of the Fiat group (which had been the owners of the Ferrari company since 1969). Until the 1980s, the only other companies whose logos appeared on Ferrari's F1 cars were technical partners such as Magneti Marelli, Brembo and Agip.", "Ferrari S.p.A. is a sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929 as Scuderia Ferrari, the company sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street-legal vehicles in 1947 as Ferrari S.p.A.. Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it has enjoyed great success. Unlike many similar yet independent companies, Fiat Group-owned Ferrari continued to thrive after the death of its charismatic founder and is today one of the most successful sports car companies in the world", "Ferrari uses cookies on its website to guarantee an excellent browsing experience to all of its users and to gather information regarding the use of the site itself. We use cookies, including those of third parties, to send personalised promotional messages. To find out more, see a list of the cookies used by the site and, if you wish, to disable those cookies, please read our privacy policy here . By continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies.  Continue", "Curiously, Ferrari won the 1964 (53 years ago) World championship with John Surtees by competing the last two races in North America with cars painted in the US-American race colors white and blue, as these were not entered by the Italian factory themselves, but by the U.S.-based North American Racing Team (NART) team. This was done as a protest concerning arguments between Ferrari and the Italian Racing Authorities regarding the homologation of a new mid-engined Ferrari race car.", "Curiously, Ferrari won the 1964 World championship with John Surtees by competing the last two races in North America with cars painted in the US-American race colors white and blue, as these were not entered by the Italian factory themselves, but by the U.S.-based North American Racing Team (NART) team. This was done as a protest concerning arguments between Ferrari and the Italian Racing Authorities regarding the homologation of a new mid-engined Ferrari race car.", "Maserati is an Italian luxury vehicle manufacturer established on December 1, 1914, in Bologna. The Maserati tagline is \"Luxury, sports and style cast in exclusive cars\", and the brand's mission statement is to \"Build ultra-luxury performance automobiles with timeless Italian style, accommodating bespoke interiors, and effortless, signature sounding power\". " ]

[ 4.2890625, 4.078125, 4.015625, 3.23046875, 3.205078125, 2.9765625, 2.775390625, 2.587890625, 2.5625, 2.36328125, 1.8173828125, 1.7587890625, 1.375, 0.28076171875, 0.2088623046875, -0.02191162109375, -0.212158203125, -0.266845703125, -0.919921875, -3.798828125, -3.833984375, -3.84765625, -3.951171875, -5.80859375, -5.81640625, -5.98828125, -6.29296875, -6.63671875, -8.0703125, -8.578125, -8.6953125, -9.03125 ]

[ "On this day, April 12, 1861, Confederate forces opened fire on  Fort Sumter , the nearly completed federal garrison positioned on a man-made island in South Carolina’s Charleston harbor.  The date is considered the official starting point of Civil War.", "The Civil War began on April 12, 1861 with the attack on Fort Sumter in the harbor at Charleston, South Carolina.", "1861 On April 12, Confederate forces fired on the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, igniting the Civil War. Charleston, at the 33rd Parallel, is known officially as \"the Mother Lodge of the World.\" This Lodge had been founded by Moses Lindo as the King Solomon Lodge.", "The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12–13, 1861) was the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter , near Charleston, South Carolina , that started the American Civil War . Following declarations of secession by seven Southern states, South Carolina demanded that the U.S. Army abandon Fort Sumter, which was refused. When the ultimatum deadline passed, an artillery barrage ensued, lasting until the fort was surrendered. Once the Confederates had fired, full-scale war quickly followed.", "On April 10, 1861, Brig. Gen. Beauregard, in command of the provisional Confederate forces at Charleston, South Carolina, demanded the surrender of the Union garrison of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Garrison commander Anderson refused. On April 12, Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort, which was unable to reply effectively. At 2:30 pm, April 13, Major Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter, evacuating the garrison on the following day. The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the opening engagement of the American Civil War. Although there were no casualties during the bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and three wounded (one mortally) when a cannon exploded prematurely while firing a salute during the evacuation on April 14.", "On December 20, 1860, when it became clear that Abraham Lincoln, an opponent of the expansion of slavery into new territories, would become the next U.S. president, South Carolina became the first U.S. state to declare its secession from the Union. On April 12, 1861, Confederate batteries began shelling Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, and the American Civil War began. The U.S. Navy effectively blockaded Charleston and seized the Sea Islands. Planters had taken their families (and sometimes slaves) to points inland for refuge.", "The Civil War with the opening bombardment of Fort Sumter , South Carolina, on April 12, 1861.  Lincoln forced the Confederate hand with his decision to resupply the fort, which had suddenly become an outpost in a hostile nation.  The Southern navy turned away the supply convoy and then fired the first shot of the war at Fort Sumter, forcing the Federal defenders to surrender after a 34-hour battle. ", "Description: On April 10, 1861, Brig. Gen. Beauregard, in command of the provisional Confederate forces at Charleston, South Carolina, demanded the surrender of the Union garrison of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Garrison commander Anderson refused. On April 12, Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort, which was unable to reply effectively. At 2:30 pm, April 13, Major Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter, evacuating the garrison on the following day. The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the opening engagement of the American Civil War. Although there were no casualties during the bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and three wounded (one mortally) when a cannon exploded prematurely while firing a salute during the evacuation on April 14.", "The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. In response to the attack, on April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts, protect the capital, and \"preserve the Union\", which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states. The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run, ending in a Union defeat, but, more importantly, proved to both the Union and Confederacy that the war would be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated. ", "Six weeks later, the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, and the Civil War began.", "April 12 - The Civil War began with the attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, by the Confederacy.", "On January 9, 1861, Cadets from the Citadel, South Carolina’s liberal arts military college fired the first shots of the Civil War on a Union ship entering Charleston Harbor. On April 12, 1961, South Carolina Confederate forces fired on the Union held Fort Sumter in the harbor. After 34-hours of continuous bombardment, Union forces surrendered Fort Sumter.", "The American Civil War began. Confederate troops fired mortar shells at the Federal garrison at Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. The garrison surrendered the following day", "In the early morning hours of April 12, 1861, rebels opened fire on Fort Sumter, at the entrance to the harbour of Charleston , South Carolina. Curiously, this first encounter of what would be the bloodiest war in the history of the United States claimed no victims. After a 34-hour bombardment, Maj. Robert Anderson surrendered his command of about 85 soldiers to some 5,500 besieging Confederate troops under P.G.T. Beauregard . Within weeks, four more Southern states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) left the Union to join the Confederacy.", "Fort Sumter, a federal fort located in Charleston Harbor in South Carolina, refused to surrender to the Confederates. Sixty-eight soldiers under the command of Major Anderson had been in the fort from December 26th, without supply. When Lincoln made the decision to resupply the Fort, the Confederacy decided to assault. In the middle of the night April 11, 1861, Major Anderson was given an ultimatum; either surrender by 4 A.M. or the Confederate cannons would open fire. At 4:30 A.M. on the 12th, Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard gave the order to open fire. The next afternoon Major Anderson surrendered. The Civil War had begun.", "Lincoln decided on expeditions to try to relieve Sumter and Florida's Fort Pickens. Meanwhile, Seward was assuring Justice John Archibald Campbell, the intermediary with the Confederate commissioners that had come to Washington in an attempt to secure recognition, that no hostile action would be taken. Lincoln sent a notification to South Carolina's governor of the expedition, and on April 12, Charleston's batteries began firing on Sumter, beginning the Civil War.", "April 12 – A pivitol point in Charleston history occued when a bombardment on Union-held Fort Sumter, lasting 34 hours, was instigated by General Pierre G. T. Beauregard of the Confederate Army. Major Robert Anderson surrendered the fort.", "April 12 Staret of the American Cil War. The sitting US President, James Buchanan felt himself powerless to act. Federal arsenals and fortifications throughout the South were occupied by southern authorities without a shot being fired. In the four months between Lincolns election and his inauguration the South was allowed to strengthen its position undisturbed. Lincolns inaugural address was at once firm and conciliatory. Unwilling to strike the initial blow to compel the southern states back into the Union, he decided to bide his time. When a Federal ship carrying supplies was dispatched to reprovision Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, the secessionist hand was forced. To forestall the resupply of the fort the Rebel batteries ringing it opened fire at 4:30 a.m. on the 12th of April, 1861, forcing its rapid capitulation.", "1861: The American Civil War began when the Confederate Army under General Pierre Beauregarde besieged Fort Sumter in South Carolina.", "Following Beauregard’s bombardment in 1861, Confederate forces occupied Fort Sumter and used it to marshal a defense of Charleston Harbor. Once it was completed and better armed, Fort Sumter allowed the Confederates to create a valuable hole in the Union blockade of the Atlantic seaboard.", "Just before the Union troops left the fort, the Palmetto Guard and Company B, South Carolina Artillery Battalion took up position on the parade ground. Upon Anderson’s departure, General Beauregard, Governor Pickens and other dignitaries entered the fort to raise the South Carolina and Confederate national flags. Although Anderson’s men had boarded a ship to take them to the relief expedition waiting outside the harbor entrance, they were forced to wait for the next morning’s high tide to leave the fort’s dock and begin their journey north. They listened while all around them boat whistles sounded, cannons fired and men cheered. The Confederacy had achieved its objective: Fort Sumter was taken. The storm clouds of Civil War had broken open in Charleston Harbor, plunging the country into full-scale war.", "Charleston, South Carolina, was a hotbed of secession at the start of the American Civil War and an important Atlantic Ocean port city for the fledgling Confederate States of America. The first shots against the Federal government were those fired there by cadets of the Citadel to stop a ship from resupplying the Federally held Ft. Sumter. Three months later, the bombardment of Fort Sumter triggered a massive call for Federal troops to put down the rebellion. Although the city and its surrounding fortifications were repeatedly targeted by the Union Army and Navy, Charleston did not fall to Federal forces until the last months of the war.", "On December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union. Five days later, 68 federal troops stationed in Charleston, South Carolina, withdrew to Fort Sumter, an island in Charleston Harbor. The North considered the fort to be the property of the United States government. The people of South Carolina believed it belonged to the new Confederacy. Four months later, the first engagement of the Civil War took place on this disputed soil.", "On Thursday, April 11, 1861, Confederate Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard dispatched aides to Maj. Anderson to demand the fort’s surrender. Anderson refused. The next morning, at 4:30 a.m., Confederate batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter and continued for 34 hours. The Civil War had begun!  Anderson did not return the fire for the first two hours. The fort's supply of ammunition was not suited for an equal fight and Anderson lacked fuses for his exploding shells--only solid shot could be used against the Rebel batteries. At about 7:00 A.M., Union Capt. Abner Doubleday, the fort's second in command, was afforded the honor of firing the first shot in defense of the fort.", "April 12-13, 1861 fort in Charleston port, SC (not even completed). Lincoln resupplies the fort, which the Confederacy mistakes for reinforcing it; Confederacy captures the fort. Marks first action of Southern aggression and the start of the Civil War. ", "The fort had been the source of tension between the Union and Confederacy for several months. After South Carolina seceded on December 20, 1860, the state demanded the fort be turned over but Union officials refused. A supply ship, the “Star of the West,” tried to reach Fort Sumter on January 9, but the shore batteries opened fire and drove it away. For both sides, Sumter was a symbol of sovereignty. The Union could not allow it to fall to the Confederates, although throughout the Deep South other federal installations had been seized. For South Carolinians, secession meant little if the Yankees still held the stronghold. The issue hung in the air when Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office on March 4, stating in his inauguration address: “You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors.”", "13. It is traditionally held that the American Civil War began when which Confederate General opened fire upon Fort Sumter in South Carolina?", "Charleston (pop. 125,583) is a coastal town in the US state of South Carolina that is best known for being the place where the first shots of the American Civil War were...", "Moultrie (like Sumter) featured only smoothbore artillery pieces, but a rifled Blakely gun purchased in England by Southern sympathizers arrived in Charleston Harbor on April 9, 1861, to take part in the bombardment of the Union garrison only three days later, with remarkable effect. Over the next few years of warfare, smoothbore cannons and masonry forts would be rendered obsolete by this new generation of enhanced weaponry", "January 9 – The first shots of the Civil War were made by Citadel Cadets in Charleston Harbor at Union Ships.", "Located in Charleston Harbor, Virginia. Major Robert Anderson refuses to give up the fort to the state of South Carolina. Lincoln sees this as an opportunity to align himself with Robert Anderson, and the state of Kentucky where he is from. South Carolina infiltrated the fort. Lincoln claimed this as “The first shot of the civil war”", "The people of Charleston came out in boats on April 14 to watch the surrender and evacuation. As part of the surrender terms, Anderson had received permission to fire a 100-gun salute while lowering the American flag before departing. Halfway through, one of the guns discharged prematurely, killing Private Daniel Hough, who had emigrated to the U.S. from Ireland in 1849, and mortally wounding Private Edward Galloway. Reportedly, Hough was buried at the fort, but that has not been proven. The rest of the men were taken by boat to the relief ships just outside the harbor. On April 15, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the Southern rebellion. The Civil War had begun." ]

[ 10.2578125, 10.1640625, 10, 8.3828125, 7.7734375, 7.71484375, 7.65234375, 7.59765625, 6.85546875, 6.62890625, 6.42578125, 6.359375, 6.3125, 6.2890625, 5.54296875, 5.43359375, 5.12890625, 5.1015625, 4.94140625, 4.8828125, 4.3515625, 4.31640625, 3.767578125, 3.197265625, 1.4306640625, 1.1875, 0.0885009765625, -1.41796875, -1.4755859375, -1.6416015625, -2.212890625, -2.421875 ]

[ "On April 15, 1947, Jackie Robinson becomes the first African-American in the major leagues when he plays his first game with the Brooklyn Dodgers.", "Jack Roosevelt \"Jackie\" Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman who became the first African American to play in the major leagues in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. The Dodgers, by playing Robinson, heralded the end of racial segregation that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. ", "Robinson went on to break major league baseball's color barrier when he started at first base for Brooklyn on April 15, 1947.", "In the mid-1940s, Rickey had compiled a list of Negro League ballplayers for a potential major league contract. Realizing that the first African American signee would be a magnet for prejudicial sentiment, however, Rickey was intent on finding a player with a distinguished personality and character that would allow him to tolerate the inevitable abuse. Rickey's sights eventually settled on Jackie Robinson, a shortstop with the Kansas City Monarchs. Although probably not the best player in the Negro Leagues at the time, Robinson was an exceptional talent, was college-educated, and had the marketable distinction of serving as an officer during World War II. More importantly, Robinson possessed the inner strength to handle the inevitable abuse to come. To prepare him for the task, Robinson first played in 1946 for the Dodgers' minor league team, the Montreal Royals, which proved an arduous emotional challenge, but he also enjoyed fervently enthusiastic support from the Montreal fans. On April 15, 1947, Robinson broke the color barrier, which had been tacitly recognized for over 50 years, with his appearance for the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field.", "After leaving the military, Robinson played shortstop for the Kansas City Monarchs in the Negro League. In 1945, he was recruited by Dodgers president and general manager Branch Rickey, who was determined to end the unwritten segregation rule in the majors. In 1946, Robinson joined the Dodgers’ farm team, the Montreal Royals, and went on to lead the league in batting. On April 15, 1947, 28-year-old Jackie Robinson made his Major League Baseball debut with the Dodgers, against the Boston Braves, in front of more than 25,000 spectators at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, New York. Robinson played first base and went zero for three at the plate.", "On April 15 of each season, Major League Baseball celebrates Jackie Robinson Day commemorating the breaking of the game's color barrier and the day the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base, April 15, 1947.", "For the first half of the 20th century, not a single African-American played on a Major League Baseball team. A parallel system of Negro Leagues developed, but many of the era’s most talented players never got a chance to prove their skill before a national audience. The first step in ending this injustice was taken by Jackie Robinson , when he played his first major-league game on April 15 , 1947 , as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers. This event was the harbinger of the integration of sports in the United States, the concomitant demise of the Negro Leagues , and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American Civil Rights movement. Robinson was an exceptional player, a speedy runner who sparked the whole team with his intensity, and was the given the inaugural Rookie of the Year award.", "On this day in 1947, Jackie Robinson, age 28, becomes the first African-American player in Major League Baseball when he steps onto Ebbets Field in Brooklyn to compete for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Robinson broke the color barrier in a sport that had been segregated for more than 50 years. Exactly 50 years later, on April 15, 1997, Robinson’s groundbreaking career was honored and his uniform number, 42, was retired from Major League Baseball by Commissioner Bud Selig in a ceremony attended by over 50,000 fans at New York City’s Shea Stadium. Robinson’s was the first-ever number retired by all teams in the league.", "The story of Jackie Robinson from his signing with the Brooklyn Dodgers organization in 1945 to his historic 1947 rookie season when he broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball.", "Jackie Robinson is perhaps the most historically significant baseball player ever, ranking with Babe Ruth in terms of his impact on the national pastime. Ruth changed the way baseball was played; Jackie Robinson changed the way Americans thought. When Robinson took the field for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947, more than sixty years of racial segregation in major-league baseball came to an end. He was the first acknowledged black player to perform in the Major Leagues in the twentieth century and went on to be the first to win a batting title, the first to win the Most Valuable Player award, and the first to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. He won major-league baseball's first official Rookie of the Year award and was the first baseball player, black or white, to be featured on a United States postage stamp.", "2007 marks the 60th anniversary of Jackie Robinson's rookie season for the Brooklyn Dodgers. When he stepped onto Ebbets field on April 15th, 1947, Robinson became the first African American in the twentieth century to play baseball in the major leagues -- breaking the \"color line,\" a segregation practice dating to the nineteenth century. Jackie Robinson was an extremely talented multi-sport athlete and a courageous man who played an active role in civil rights. This presentation was created to commemorate his achievements and describe some aspects of the color line's development and the Negro Leagues. Materials that tell his story, and the history of baseball in general, are located throughout the Library of Congress. This web presentation was made possible by a generous gift from the Citigroup Foundation.", "The rebellion squelched, Rickey announced on April 10, 1947, that Jackie Robinson had officially been signed to play first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers. The noble experiment was in full swing.", "Jackie Robinson became the first black player in major league baseball history. He played in an exhibition game for the Brooklyn Dodgers.", "Jackie Robinson was an African-American who played in 1947 for the Dodgers after African-Americans had been informally banned from the major leagues for 60 years. After this, the other major league teams slowly integrated. So naturally, he's a pretty big deal, especially since he was an excellent player throughout his long career. His number is retired across Major League Baseball, although players who were wearing #42 at the time got to keep wearing the number due to grandfathering. The last player to wear #42 was Mariano Rivera, a Yankee who retired in 2013.", "A statue of Pee Wee Reese (L) and Jackie Robinson, stands after being cleaned of racist graffiti on August 9, 2013 in the Coney Island neighborhood of the Brooklyn borough of New York City. Robinson broke the color barrier for Major League Baseball in 1947 when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers and Reese was a teammate and supporter. The statue was unveiled in 2005. (Photo by Andrew Burton/Getty Images)", "Other top lots included Jackie Robinson's game-used bats from his historic 1949 National League Most Valuable Player season and the 1955 World Series, which sold for $183,500 and $128,617 respectively; and a Jackie Robinson single-signed baseball attracted a record bid of $104,765. Robinson became the first black player in US Major League Baseball when he made his debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947.", "1945 - Jackie Robinson of the Kansas City Monarchs signs a contract for the Brooklyn Dodgers to break the baseball color barrier.", "With America's entry into World War II, many professional players had left to serve in the armed forces. A large number of minor league teams disbanded as a result and the major league game seemed under threat as well. Chicago Cubs owner Philip K. Wrigley led the formation of a new professional league with women players to help keep the game in the public eye – the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League existed from 1943 to 1954. The inaugural College World Series was held in 1947, and the Babe Ruth League youth program was founded. This program soon became another important organizing body for children's baseball. The first crack in the unwritten agreement barring blacks from white-controlled professional ball occurred the previous year: Jackie Robinson was signed by the National League's Brooklyn Dodgers—where Branch Rickey had become general manager—and began playing for their minor league team in Montreal. In 1947, Robinson broke the major leagues' color barrier when he debuted with the Dodgers. Larry Doby debuted with the American League's Cleveland Indians the same year. Latin American players, largely overlooked before, also started entering the majors in greater numbers. In 1951, two Chicago White Sox, Venezuelan-born Chico Carrasquel and black Cuban-born Minnie Miñoso, became the first Hispanic All-Stars. ", "Branch Rickey, president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, began making efforts to introduce a black baseball player to the previously all-white professional baseball leagues in the mid-1940s. He selected Jackie Robinson from a list of promising Negro league players. After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to \"turn the other cheek\" to any racial antagonism directed at him, Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month. In what was later referred to as \"The Noble Experiment\", Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s, joining the Dodgers' farm club, the Montreal Royals, for the 1946 season. ", "On October 23, 1945, it was announced to the world that Robinson had signed a contract to play baseball for the Montreal Royals of the International League, the top minor-league team in the Dodgers organization. Robinson had actually signed a few months earlier. In that now-legendary meeting, Rickey extracted a promise that Jackie would hold his sharp tongue and quick fists in exchange for the opportunity to break Organized Baseball's color barrier.", "On this day in 1920,  Rube Foster founded the National Association of Professional Baseball Clubs, also known as the Negro National League, the first all-black professional baseball league in the U.S.  Foster was an outstanding athlete who excelled as a baseball pitcher.  He became manger-coach of the Chicago a later American Giants.  The National Negro League operated in the south and Midwest.  In 1923 the Eastern Negro League formed.  Soon the two leagues played in an all black World Series.  Foster died in 1930 after becoming ill as the result of an accident involving a gas leak.  The negro leagues produced some of the biggest names in baseball history, including Hank Aaron, Jackie Robinson, Willie Mays, and Satchel Paige.   In 1947, Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers as the first black player in the segregated major leagues.                                        ", "No playoff series was necessary in 1947 as the Dodgers won the National League pennant by five games over the Cardinals. That was not the only big story in 1947 as Jackie Robinson became the first African-American to play in the Major Leagues. In 1945, Robinson had signed a contract with Dodger President and General Manager Branch Rickey. In 1946, the former UCLA star endured his first year of professional baseball playing for the club's top minor league affiliate, the Montreal Royals.", "The Boston Red Sox were the last major league team to integrate, holding out until 1959. This was allegedly due to the steadfast resistance provided by team owner Tom Yawkey. In April 1945, the Red Sox refused to consider signing Jackie Robinson (and future Boston Braves outfielder Sam Jethroe) after giving him a brief tryout at Fenway Park. The tryout, however, was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore Muchnick. Even with the stands limited to management, Robinson was subjected to racial epithets. Robinson left the tryout humiliated.Bryant, p. 31. Robinson would later call Yawkey \"one of the most bigoted guys in baseball\". ", "In preparation for the 1947 campaign the Brooklyn Dodgers and their top farm clubs set up spring training camp in Havana, Cuba. Based on his performance at Montreal it seemed a foregone conclusion that Robinson would get a chance with the parent team, but he was still listed on the Royals' roster when the workouts started. Rickey chose Havana to avoid the racial attitudes of the spring training sites in the South. His plan was to allow the Dodgers' veterans to gradually get used to having Jackie around and to see for themselves what an asset he would be to their pennant prospects. Three other black players, Roy Campanella, Don Newcombe, and Roy Partlow, were also on hand. Rickey scheduled a seven-game exhibition series between the Dodgers and the Royals to showcase Robinson's skills, and Jackie dominated the contests with a .625 batting average.", "1945: With new President Branch Rickey now running the Dodgers it is known he intends to break baseball's color barrier and bring black players into the Major Leagues. After a search through out the Negro Leagues, Rickey decides to sign Jackie Robinson of the Kansas City Monarchs on October 23rd. Jackie however was given an even a greater task by Rickey, as he was told to make integration successful that no matter how much abuse he took that he could not fight back.  While Rickey was searching around to sign Robinson, the Dodgers put together a solid 87-67 season, as many stars begin to return from War Duty.", "Eleven weeks later, on July 5, 1947, the American League was integrated by the signing of Larry Doby to the Cleveland Indians. Over the next few years a handful of black baseball players made appearances in the majors, including Roy Campanella (teammate to Robinson in Brooklyn) and Satchel Paige (teammate to Doby in Cleveland). Paige, who had pitched more than 2400 innings in the Negro Leagues, sometimes two and three games a day, was still effective at 42, and still playing at 59. His ERA in the Major Leagues was 3.29.", "Jackie Robinson, who became the first black baseball player in the major leagues, makes a speech on the stage of the Ryman Auditorium on April 15, 1962. Robinson, who was elected to the Hall of Fame in January, told about his experiences in baseball. ", "Jackie Robinson, who became the first black baseball player in the major leagues, makes a speech on the stage of the Ryman Auditorium on April 15, 1962. Robinson, who was elected to the Hall of Fame in January, told about his experiences in baseball.", "The Cuban league remained a segregated, all-white organization until 1900, when the league yielded to pressure for integration in the aftermath of the Cuban War of Independence, where Cuban blacks and whites fought together for a common purpose. This was the year the league admitted the all-black club, San Francisco, and accepted non-white players to some of the other teams. By this time black Cubans had developed a variety of skills playing on semi-professional and sugar mill teams. When San Francisco easily won the pennant, other Cuban professional clubs began scrambling to recruit top black players. During the first half of the 20th century, the Cuban league admitted many African-American players who were still banned from playing on U.S. major league teams. In the United States, segregation remained the rule in professional baseball until Jackie Robinson stepped onto the field in April 1947. In the early 1900s, Cuban teams loaded up with black American stars and with their own top players—even some white U.S. major leaguers—Cuban teams became serious competitors against American professional baseball teams.", "During baseball’s infancy, a colour barrier was put up by the first formal organization of baseball clubs, the National Association of Base Ball Players , which decreed in 1867 that clubs \"which may be composed of one or more coloured persons\" should not be permitted to compete with its teams of gentlemen amateurs. When the first professional league was formed four years later, it had no written rule barring black players, but it was tacitly understood that they were not welcome.", "• Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to sign a contract with a major league baseball club.", "an American baseball player who became the first African-American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era" ]

[ 7.76171875, 7.31640625, 7.21875, 6.25, 5.8984375, 5.37109375, 5.04296875, 4.984375, 4.19140625, 4.14453125, 3.998046875, 3.91796875, 3.26171875, 3.119140625, 3.119140625, 2.66015625, 2.55078125, 2.259765625, 1.5732421875, 1.494140625, 1.291015625, 1.205078125, 1.1943359375, 0.59130859375, 0.258056640625, -1.013671875, -2.375, -2.375, -2.380859375, -2.787109375, -2.92578125, -3.048828125 ]

[ "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote\". Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time.", "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 â May 2, 1519, Old Style) was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.", "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Italian pronunciation:  pronunciation ; April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519, Old Style) was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination\". He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote\". Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time.", "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, April 15, 1452 â May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath, scientist, inventor, engineer, mathematician, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. Renaissance c. 1500 Italian painter and inventor Leonardo da Vinci studied and made important observations in anatomy, astronomy, botany, and hydraulics. Early 1500's Swiss physician Philippus Paracelsus introduced the use of drugs made from minerals. 1543 Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus published his work On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, which asserted that the planets move around the sun in circular orbits. 1543 Flemish physician Andreas Vesalius published On the Structure of the Human Body , the first textbook on human anatomy with clear and detailed illustrations. 1556 Georgius Agricola, a physician from Saxony, publishedDe ReMetallua, the first important book on minerals and mining. late 1500's Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe recorded the motions of the planets with great precision, ...", "The Codex Leicester (also briefly known as Codex Hammer) is a collection of largely scientific writings by Leonardo da Vinci. The codex is named after Thomas Coke. Aufl., Paul List Verlag, Leipzig 1953 Pedretti, S. 256 Pedretti, S. 255 Nicholl, S. 358 a b Der Spiegel 42/1974 vom 14. Oktober 1974, S. 150, Artikel: Nur selten kehre ich zurück Georg Ruppelt : Der grosse summende Gott - Geschichten von Denkmaschinen, Computern und künstlicher Intelligenz. CW Niemeyer, Hameln 2003, isbn -6, S. 36). University of Massachusetts, in der, biblioteca Nacional nach mittelalterlichen, balladen. Dabei stieß er auf zwei Bände mit Manuskripten, die er als Handschriften Leonardo da Vincis identifizierte. 3, die Fundstücke wurden Codex, madrid I und. Der Ingenieur und da-Vinci-Experte Roberto Guatelli (19041993) verglich die Zeichnung mit einer ähnlichen Skizze im Manuskript Codex Atlanticus ( Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Mailand). In einer umstrittenen Deutung vermutete er darin ein Konstruktionsdetail eines Zählwerks, die erste Rechenmaschine der Weltgeschichte.", "The Codex Leicester is a collection of scientific writings by Leonardo da Vinci. During the life of Leonardo da Vinci, he kept many journals and text books documenting his thoughts and experiences. He prized his journals and most of them were written in a mirror-image cursive. He probably did this in order to keep them secret. The Codex Leicester is the most famous of all Leonardo da Vinci scientific journals. It is named after the English patron Thomas Coke, who purchased the text in 1717. Coke would become the 1st Earl of Leicester during his lifetime. The Codex is quite exquisite and provides a rare insight into the inquiring mind of Leonardo. In the text, he hypothesizes on many topics. Most notably he makes observations and theories on astronomy, the properties of water, rocks, fossils, and celestial light.", "Codex Leicester reflects not a religious record, but the fertile artistic genius and technological curiosity of Leonardo da Vinci, written between 1506 and 1510 in medieval Italian and rendered in his inventive mirror-image script. It derives its name from its first owner, the Earl of Leicester, who acquired it in 1717. Its current owner, Bill Gates, bought it at auction for $30.8 million.", "Leonardo da Vinci lived in Italy. He was born 15 April 1452 and died 2 May 1519.", "The Codex is comprised of a collection of Leonardo da Vinci’s scientific writings and drawings and is arguably the most famous of all of da Vinci’s scientific journals. This most important of scientific and cultural treasures was previously owned by a wealthy collector by the name of Armand Hammer (when the Codex was named the Codex Hammer). However, in 1994, Microsoft founder Bill Gates bought it at a record price when it went to auction, making it the most expensive book/collection in the history of everything, ever. He then renamed it the Codex Leicester (presumably in honor of Thomas Coke, the later Earl of Leicester that purchased the Codex in 1717).", "The most expensive book or manuscript ever sold at an auction was The Codex Hammer, a notebook belonging to Leonardo da Vinci. It sold for $30.8 million.", "Saint Thomas Aquinas, [Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino] (c. 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition, known as \"Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Universalis\". He is the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of the Thomistic school of philosophy, for a long time the primary philosophical approach of the Roman Catholic Church. The work for which he is best known is the Summa Theologica. One of the thirty-five Doctors of the Church, he is considered by many Catholics to be the Church's greatest theologian. Consequently, many institutions of learning have been named after him.", "Compiled about 1487-1490, Codex Trivulzianus records Leonardo’s attempt to organize and arrange the part of the Italian language which deals with science, philosophy and academic subjects in general. Many of the words collected here derive from Latin, and almost all of them are drawn from such famous Renaissance works as Roberto Valturius’ “De re militari” and Luigi Pulci’s “Vocabulista”. This is an exceptional document for the study of that period of the Italian language when rules and spellings were not yet firmly established. In addition Codex Trivulzianus contains an important series of architectural drawings which are primarily studies pertaining to a competition held to complete the construction of the Milan cathedral. Accompanied by a volume with critical and diplomatic transcriptions by Anna Maria Brizio. Limited edition of 998 copies supplied with deluxe leather covered clamshell case. €1400  [16155-M] ", "Facsimile of two complementary 15th-c. treatises, one based on a unique illustrated codex in the Laurentian Library, and the other, the first printed edition (1868) of a codex in the Bibl. Riccordiana (codex 2580). Codex plut.89 is a richly decorated manuscript copied in 1489, once the property of Emperor Francis III. The water color illustrations provide charming vignettes of each phase of silk manufacture; it ends with an interesting book of accounts with marginal sketches showing merchants and bookkeepers. The 1868 print includes a documentary appendix, a glossary and a useful index of special words and expressions by Girolamo Gargiolli. Deluxe edition in clamsell box. €200  [16168-S] ", "He traveled widely in Europe and served as an ambassador and has been called “the first tourist” because he traveled just for pleasure, which was the basic reason he climbed Mont Ventoux. During his travels, he collected crumbling Latin manuscripts and was a prime mover in the recovery of knowledge from writers of Rome and Greece. He encouraged and advised Leontius Pilatus’s translation of Homer from a manuscript purchased by Boccaccio, although he was severely critical of the result. Petrarch had acquired a copy, which he did not entrust to Leontius, but he knew no Greek; Homer, Petrarch said, “was dumb to him, while he was deaf to Homer”. In 1345 he personally discovered a collection of Cicero’s letters not previously known to have existed, the collection ad Atticum.", "Of his later works the moralistic biographies gathered as De casibus virorum illustrium (1355–74) and De mulieribus claris (1361–1375) were most significant. Other works include a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature, De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus, et de nominibus maris liber (a title desperate for the coining of the word \"geography\"). He gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church in 1373 and these resulted in his final major work, the detailed Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante.Boccaccio and Petrarch were also two of the most educated people in early Renaissance in the field of archaeology.", "Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 - 19 August 1662), was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.", "Thus Vasari characterized the first printed Dante (1481) with Botticelli's decorations; he could not imagine that the new art of printing might occupy an artist. As for the subject, when Fra Girolamo Savonarola began to preach hellfire and damnation, the susceptible Sandro Botticelli became one of his adherents, a piagnone, left painting as a worldly vanity, burned much of his own early work, fell into poverty as a result, and would have starved but for the tender support of his former patrons.", "Boccaccio became famous principally for the Italian work, Decamerone, a collection of a hundred novels, related by a party of men and women who retired to a villa near Florence to escape the plague in 1348. Novel-writing, so abundant in the preceding centuries, especially in France, now for the first time assumed an artistic shape. The style of Boccaccio tends to the imitation of Latin, but in him prose first took the form of elaborated art. The rudeness of the old fabliaux gives place to the careful and conscientious work of a mind that has a feeling for what is beautiful, that has studied the classic authors, and that strives to imitate them as much as possible. Over and above this, in the Decamerone, Boccaccio is a delineator of character and an observer of passions. In this lies his novelty. Much has been written about the sources of the novels of the Decamerone. Probably Boccaccio made use both of written and of oral sources. Popular tradition must have furnished him with the materials of many stories, as, for example, that of Griselda.", "Blaise Pascal (1623 пїЅ 1662), was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method. In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines, and after three years of effort and 50 prototypes he invented the mechanical calculator. He built twenty of these machines (called \"Pascal's calculator\" and later \"pascaline\") in the following ten years. Pascal was an important mathematician, helping create two major new areas of research: he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. Following Galileo and Torricelli, in 1646 he refuted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. Pascal's results caused many disputes before being accepted.", "The most important Renaissance author outside Italy was Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1539), who lived in the Dutch city of Rotterdam. First he was an Augustinian monk, then a priest, but by 1495 he found the theology and scholarship of the clergy distasteful, preferring the classics and the company of humanists. After visits to France and England, he began to write a series of satires that made fun of monasticism, contrasted the \"Old Ignorance\" with the \"New Learning,\" and used enlightened common sense to point out the failings of Christianity in his day. His most popular work, the Colloquies, has been printed in more than six hundred editions since. Three years in Rome left him so disgusted with the corruption of the Papacy that he wrote his most devastating attack, In Praise of Folly, in just seven days, while staying in London with another famous writer, Sir Thomas More of Utopia fame. Finally he declared that the Vulgate Bible was faulty, and went to the original Greek to produce a more accurate Latin translation.", ", 1469–1527, Italian author and statesman, one of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance, b. Florence. Life", "There is an enigmatic book from the late 15th century called Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, written by an Italian monk, Francesco Colonna (available at gutenberg.org for download). The book chronicles the... ( more )", "In 1506 Erasmus traveled to Italy. He anonymously (without giving a name or an identity) published Julius exclusus (he never admitted authorship), in which St. Peter bars Julius (then Pope Julius II [1443–1513] who was waging war with Bologna in Italy) from heaven and harshly speaks against his wars and treasure. Erasmus polished his Greek in Italy and formed a relationship with the printing house of Aldus Manutius in Venice, the first link to publishing his writings that secured his financial and professional independence.", "Petrarch encouraged the study of the Latin classics and carried his copy of Homer about, at a loss to find someone to teach him to read Greek. An essential step in the humanist education being propounded by scholars like Pico della Mirandola was the hunting down of lost or forgotten manuscripts that were known only by reputation. These endeavors were greatly aided by the wealth of Italian patricians, merchant-princes and despots, who would spend substantial sums building libraries. Discovering the past had become fashionable and it was a passionate affair pervading the upper reaches of society. I go, said Cyriac of Ancona, I go to awake the dead. As the Greek works were acquired, manuscripts found, libraries and museums formed, the age of the printing press was dawning. The works of Antiquity were translated from Greek and Latin into the contemporary modern languages throughout Europe, finding a receptive middle-class audience, which might be, like Shakespeare, \"with little Latin and less Greek\".", "Michael Throckmorton is best known for his peripatetic career as Cardinal Pole's agent. This article underlines the anxieties and dangers of that role, undertaken amidst fears that English agents would assassinate the cardinal. It also investigates Throckmorton's private life as a student in Italy in the 1530s and as a family man, one of a large clan divided by religion. Using the new evidence of his book inventory, it suggests that Throckmorton was a humanist, in whose library editions of the classics were outnumbered by medical texts. His ownership of banned or suspect religious works is set in the context of his friendship with the spirituali in Pole's household at Viterbo, especially the reformer-poet Marcantonio Flaminio. In 1553 Throckmorton carried to Queen Mary the papal bull making Pole the legate responsible for England's reconciliation. After delicate negotiations in England, Throckmorton returned to Mantua and died there in 1558, partly protected from the religious and political turmoil which afflicted Pole's last years. The article concludes by relating Throckmorton's life to wider contemporary experience: European perceptions of English religious change, the 'medical renaissance', Marian persecution, and the complexities faced by erstwhile spirituali .", "Poggio, Bracciolini, an Italian scholar, born in Florence, was a distinguished humanist, and devoted to the revival of classical learning, collecting MSS. of the classics wherever he could find them that might otherwise have been lost, including Quintilian's “Institutions,” great part of Lucretius, and several orations of Cicero, &c.; wrote a “History of Florence,” where he died; he was the author of a collection of stories and of jests in Latin at the expense of the monks (1380-1459).", "In 1485 William Caxton published ‘Le Morte Darthur’ – one of the first printed books. Written by Sir Thomas Malory, this was a collection of eight stories which brilliantly drew together the whole saga and gave us the account we know today.", "Recognized as one of the finest metalsmiths of the period, Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571) is invited to Paris by the French king Francis I , for whom he executes a lavishly decorative gold and enamel saltcellar, depicting the elegant and elongated Mannerist figures of Neptune and Earth (now Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum). Returning to his native Florence in 1545, Cellini enters the service of Cosimo I de’ Medici, producing portrait busts and large-scale sculpture . From 1558 to 1562 he writes his autobiography, a vibrant if exaggerated account of the artist’s adventures and a vivid portrait of sixteenth-century cultural life.", "German painter, printmaker, engraver, mathematician, and theorist from Nuremberg. His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance ever since. His vast body of work includes altarpieces and religious works, numerous portraits and self-portraits, and copper engravings. His woodcuts, such as the Apocalypse series (1498), retain a more Gothic flavour than the rest of his work. His well-known works include the Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium.", "The Chronica Majora is an important medieval illuminated manuscript chronicle written in Latin by Matthew Paris, a Benedictine monk living in the Abbey of St Albans. The work begins with the creation of the world and contains annals up to 1259, the year of Paris's death.", "** Gregorio de Gregorii begins printing Kitab Salat al-Sawa'i (a Christian book of hours), the first known book printed in the Arabic alphabet using movable type, in Venice, falsely assigned to Fano. ", "In Italy, the humanist educational program won rapid acceptance and, by the mid-15th century, many of the upper classes had received humanist educations. Some of the highest officials of the Church were humanists with the resources to amass important libraries. Such was Cardinal Basilios Bessarion, a convert to the Latin Church from Greek Orthodoxy, who was considered for the papacy and was one of the most learned scholars of his time. There were five 15th-century Humanist Popes, one of whom, Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pius II), was a prolific author and wrote a treatise on \"The Education of Boys\". " ]

[ 9.5859375, 9.53125, 9.40625, 7.96875, 6.91015625, 6.8671875, 6.66015625, 6.54296875, 6.109375, 4.77734375, -3.072265625, -3.435546875, -4.58203125, -4.7109375, -5.00390625, -5.29296875, -5.49609375, -5.51171875, -6.12109375, -6.68359375, -6.90625, -6.93359375, -7.06640625, -7.15234375, -7.48046875, -7.59375, -7.90625, -8.59375, -9.046875, -9.078125, -9.1015625, -9.359375 ]

[ "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), often referred to as FDR, was the 32nd ( 1933 - 1945) President of the United States. He was elected to an unprecedented four terms of office - the only U.S. president elected more than twice, and part of the reason the United States Constitution was amended to limit presidents to 2 full terms (8 years). His main contributions were the instituting of major economic and social assistance programs in response to the Great Depression, leading the country through a successful involvement in World War II, and the formation of the United Nations. ", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.", "The edition in 1965–present, the composition is copper 91.67% nickel 8.33%. The edge is 118 reeds. The observe side is Franklin D. Roosevelt. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945). He served for 12 years and four terms, and was the only president ever to serve more than eight years. He was a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. A dominant leader of the Democratic Party, he built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American politics after 1932, as his New Deal domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945) also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he facilitated a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depths of the Great Depression. FDR's persistent optimism and activism contributed to a renewal of the national spirit. He worked closely with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in leading the Allies against Germany and Japan in World War II, but died just as victory was in sight.", "April 12 - United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945) dies in office; Vice President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) takes the Oath of Office.", "an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 32nd President of the United States. Serving from March 1933 to his death in April 1945, he was elected for four consecutive terms, and remains the only president ever to serve more than eight years.", "12 April 1945 - FDR dies at Warm Springs, Georgia of cerebral hemorrhage. Vice-President Harry S. Truman, Democrat, of Missouri, inaugurated as 33rd President.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975).[1]", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (b. on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois ) was the 40th President of the United States. He served from 1981 to 1989 and died on June 5, 2004, at the age of 93. [1]", "Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 - December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment (after the resignation of Spiro Agnew), when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the only President of the United States who was never elected President or Vice-President. Before ascending to the vice-presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.", "George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. A member of the U.S. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. He is the oldest living former President and Vice President. He is also the last living former President who is a veteran of World War II. Bush is often referred to as \"George H. W. Bush\", \"Bush 41\", \"Bush the Elder\", \"Papa Bush\", or \"George Bush Sr.\" to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who was the 43rd President of the United States. Prior to his son's presidency, he was known simply as George Bush or President Bush.", "Lyndon Baines Johnson (; August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, assuming the office after serving as the 37th Vice President of the United States under President John F. Kennedy, from 1961 to 1963. Johnson was a Democrat from Texas, who served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two as Senate Majority Whip.", "On Thursday, October 11th, 2001, he became the oldest ex-president in U. S. history, surpassing the previous record-holder, of John Adams . His own record was surpassed on Sunday, November 12, 2006, by Gerald Ford .", "Vice-president George H.W. Bush succeeded Ronald Reagan as president following the 1988 election. Before him, the last incumbent vice-president who was directly elected president rather than succeeding a president who died in office was", "Gerald Rudolph “Jerry” Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and prior to this, was the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. He was the first person appointed to the Vice Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, after Spiro Agnew had resigned. When he became President upon Richard Nixon’s resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the first and to date only person to have served as both Vice President and President of the United States without being elected by the Electoral College. Before ascending to the Vice Presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as the Representative from Michigan’s 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.", "George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 , 1924 ) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93), and the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89). A Republican , he previously served as a congressman , an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence . He is the oldest living former President and Vice President. He is also the last living former President who is a veteran of World War II . He is married to Barbara Bush , and is the father of George W. Bush .", "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( 6 February 1911 – 5 June 2004 ) was an American politician and actor, who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to his presidency, he served as the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, following a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. He was the husband of Jane Wyman (1940–1948) and Nancy Davis (married in 1952).", "8 Vice-president George H.W. Bush succeeded Ronald Reagan as president following the 1988 election. Before him, the last incumbent vice-president who was directly elected president rather than succeeding a president who died in office was A.Martin Van Buren B.Lyndon Johnson C.Calvin Coolidge D.Theodore Roosevelt E.Harry Truman", "Gerald R. Ford (14 July 1913 – 26 December 2006), also known as Jerry Ford, was the 38th President of the United States of America.", "*1884 – Harry S. Truman, American colonel and politician, 33rd President of the United States (d. 1972)", "Ronald Reagan served two terms as President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. He was also the oldest person ever elected President, which was an issue during both elections. Known as \"the Great Communicator,\" Reagan is often remembered for his quick wit and storytelling. Below you will find some of the funnier and more famous quotes by Ronald Reagan .", "Harry S. Truman became the 33rd President of the United States after Franklin Delano Roosevelt's sudden death in 1945. He was Roosevelt's vice president for just 82 days.", "James Earl \"Jimmy\" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 - 1981, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Prior to becoming president, Carter served two terms in the Georgia Senate, and was the 76th Governor of Georgia from 1971 - 1975.", "Jimmy Carter Says He No Longer Needs Cancer Drug Treatment. James Earl \"Jimmy\" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and author who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center.", "George H. W. Bush was the 41st president of the United States of America. He took office in January 20, 1989 until January 20, 1993. Following the attacks on Pearl Harbor in 1941, at the age of 18 Bush postponed going to college and became the youngest naval aviator in US history. He served until the end of war and attended Yale University soon after. Graduating in 1948, he moved his young family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the age of 40. Bush faced dramatic changes, he sent American troops into Panama to overthrow the corrupt regime of General Manuel Noriega, formerly a CIA asset, who was threatening the security of the canal and the Americans living there. Noriega was brought to the United States for trial as a drug trafficker.", "James Earl \"Jimmy\" Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and author who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center.", "James A. Garfield, the 20th President of the United States, also became the second President to be assassinated (after Abraham Lincoln ) and, as of 2011, the President who served the second shortest term. Inaugurated on March 4, 1881, Garfield was shot on July 2 and succumbed to his injuries on September 19, serving a total of only 199 days in office.", "Kennedey (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until he was assassinated in November 1963.", "January 20, 1981 - Ronald Reagan became president of the United States at the age of 69, the oldest president to take office. During his inauguration celebrations, he announced that 52 American hostages that had been seized in the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran, were being released after 444 days in captivity.", "1830: Birth of Chester (Alan) Arthur, 21st US President (1881-5) who took over after the assassination of President Garfield.", "Bush was born on June 12, 1924, in Milton, Mass. He was 64-years-old when he entered the White House in January 1989. He was 68 when his four-year term expired in 1993.", "James Danforth \"Dan\" Quayle (born February 4, 1947) is an American politician. He was the 44th Vice President of the United States, serving during the term of President George H. W. Bush (1989–93). He was also a U.S. Representative (1977–81) and U.S. Senator (1981–89) from the state of Indiana." ]

[ 7.54296875, 7.3984375, 7.17578125, 7.1484375, 6.890625, 2.2890625, 1.5107421875, 0.0224761962890625, -1.4970703125, -1.88671875, -2.07421875, -2.134765625, -2.212890625, -2.3671875, -2.484375, -2.486328125, -2.521484375, -2.55078125, -3.033203125, -3.072265625, -3.08203125, -3.1484375, -3.240234375, -3.67578125, -3.732421875, -3.755859375, -3.96484375, -4.296875, -4.375, -5.0390625, -5.9609375, -6.17578125 ]

[ "28 June 1914 - Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife in Sarejevo, Bosnia precipitates World War I.", "June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his consort, Sophie, were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia, precipitating the outbreak of World War I.", "The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, leads within weeks to the outbreak of World War I.", "In the event that triggered World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated, along with his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by a self-declared Yugoslav, Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia. In response, many residents of Sarajevo organized riots against the Serbs, killing two and destroying their properties. In the ensuing war, however, most of the Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade, and Sarajevo largely escaped damage and destruction.", "Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria with his daughter, Princess Sophie of Hohenberg. He was Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused the Central Powers (inc Germany and Austria-Hungary) and allies of Serbia to declare war on each other starting World War I.", "On 28 June 1914 Archduke Franz-Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, were murdered in Sarajevo by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. For about one century this dramatic event is known as the triggering event of World War One. Indeed, the exacerbation of nationalistic tensions in Central and Balkan Europe, an Austro-Hungarian declining monarchy and the play of strategic and diplomatic alliances precipitated within a month the European continent into war.", "28 Jun – Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria, and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Belgrade by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, resulting in an Austrian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July, a Russian declaration of war on Austria, a German declaration of war on Russia, and a French declaration of war on Germany. Thus began the First World War (1914).", "The heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire's throne was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. The killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, set off a chain events that led to the start of World War I one month later. Here's a look at the people, places, and events connected with that fateful day.", "It was the site of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which sparked World War I.", "The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb terrorist, in Sarajevo. The Austro-Hungarian government blamed Serbia and used the killing as a pretext for war. For most Britons this was an remote and insignificant event, but the conflict would escalate sharply, drawing in the 'Great Powers' and ultimately resulting in the outbreak of World War One.", "In this April 2, 2014 photo, a man looks back as he passes by the corner where Gavrilo Princip fired the bullet that killed the Austro-Hungarian Empire's crown prince Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914. The assassination soon set in motion a series of events which would eventually lead to World War I. (AP Photo/Amel Emric)", "The trigger for the Great War, or First World War, was the murder of the heir to the Austrian throne, Arch-Duke Ferdinand, and his duchess in Sarajevo on 28th June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip, a member of a gang of Serbian Nationalists who objected to the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria.  Reacting to the assassination, Austria declared war on Serbia, following which Russia declared war on Austria in support of their fellow Slavs in Serbia.  In accordance with its treaty with Austria, Germany declared war on Russia and in accordance with its treaty with Russia, France declared war on Germany. ", "The archduke of Austria, nephew of Emperor Franz Joseph, and heir to the Habsburg throne. Franz Ferdinand’s assassination on June 28, 1914, by Serbian militant Gavrilo Princip, is widely considered the unofficial start of World War I.", "1914 - Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo by young Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip , the casus belli of World War I.", "Whatever else he may have done in life, Archduke Franz Ferdinand is known now as the man whose assassination touched off World War I. The nephew of the Hapsburg emperor Franz Josef, Ferdinand was first in line to the Austro-Hungarian throne when he visited Sarajevo in June of 1914. He and his wife Sophie were shot to death as they rode through the city in a motorcade on 28 June; the assassin was Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group known as the Black Hand. The shooting led to war between Austria and Serbia, which escalated into World War I.", "The assassinations, along with the arms race, nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system all contributed to the origins of World War I, which began a month after Franz Ferdinand's death, with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. The assassination of Ferdinand is considered the most immediate cause of World War I. ", "date and location of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife by a Bosnian Serb nationalist terrorist; the spark point to WWI", "Two shots in Sarajevo ignited the fires of war and drew Europe into World War I. Just hours after narrowly escaping an assassin’s bomb, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to Austro-Hungarian throne and his wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, were killed by Gavrilo Princip. A month later, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and Europe rapidly descended into chaos. Read more about it!", "His murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo triggered WWI by prompting Austria to declare war on Serbia for the government's apparent hand in the assasination.", "June 28, 1914: The Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Habsburg throne, and his wife, Sophie, were assassinated while parading in an automobile in Sarajevo, Serbia by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian-Serb nationalist. This event sparked the start of what is now known as World War I.", "On June 28, 1914, in an event that is widely regarded as sparking the outbreak of World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire, was shot to death with his wife by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Ferdinand had been inspecting his uncle’s imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, despite the threat of Serbian nationalists who wanted these Austro-Hungarian possessions to join newly independent Serbia. Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the problem of Slavic nationalism once and for all. However, as Russia supported Serbia, an Austro-Hungarian declaration of war was delayed until its leaders received assurances from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II that Germany would support their cause in the event of a Russian intervention.", "On June 28, 1914, in an event that is widely regarded as sparking the outbreak of World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire, was shot to death with his wife by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Ferdinand had been inspecting his uncle's imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, despite the threat of Serbian nationalists who wanted these Austro-Hungarian possessions to join newly independent Serbia. Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the problem of Slavic nationalism once and for all. However, as Russia supported Serbia, an Austro-Hungarian declaration of war was delayed until its leaders received assurances from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II that Germany would support their cause in the event of a Russian intervention.", "Franz Ferdinand (1863-1914) was born in Graz, Austria.  As the heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire his assassination on 28 June 1914 sparked the First World War.", "On June 28, 1914, a Serbian terrorist gunned down Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife Sophie, as their motorcade maneuvered through the streets of Sarajevo. Next in line for the Austro-Hungarian throne, Ferdinand had not been particularly well liked in aristocratic circles. Nonetheless, his death quickly set off a chain reaction of events culminating in the outbreak of World War I.", "The assassination of the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne a century ago, on June 28 1914, set off a chain of events that would ultimately lead to World War One. Five years later to the day the Treaty of Versailles was signed, putting an end to the fighting. In the interim, 16 million people would die for their countries.", "On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were shot dead in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, one of a group of six Bosnian Serb assassins coordinated by Danilo Ilić.", "In a chain of events leading up to World War I the Archduke and his wife were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia.", "On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria—heir presumptive to his uncle the Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria (Franz Josef's only son had died under still-mysterious circumstances—visited the Bosnian capital Sarajevo. The Crown Prince Ferdinand, supporter of greater autonomy for Serbs and other ethnic minorities within the Empire, became a target of Bosnian Serb militants and the nationalist group The Black Hand assassinated him and his wife.", "Heir to the throne of Austria. Was assassinated in June 1914 by a young Serbian which started WW1.", "1914 archduke franz Ferdinand, heir to above, killed in Sarajevo by serb nationalist gavrilo Princip. In 1914 this Hapsburg emperor declared war on Serbia, thus starting World War I Franz Joseph", "The assassination set off a rapid chain of events, as Austria-Hungary immediately blamed the Serbian government for the attack. As large and powerful Russia supported Serbia, Austria asked for assurances that Germany would step in on its side against Russia and its allies, including France and possibly Great Britain. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the fragile peace between Europe’s great powers collapsed, beginning the devastating conflict now known as the First World War.", "The assassination provided Austria-Hungary with an excuse to take action against Serbia.  During July 1914 the situation escalated, pulling in the major European powers via the complex alliance relationships each had struck up with one another.  The result was world war." ]

[ 6.41015625, 5.7890625, 5.46484375, 4.4453125, 3.771484375, 3.623046875, 3.447265625, 3.173828125, 3.1484375, 3.03125, 3.029296875, 2.9609375, 2.958984375, 2.876953125, 2.849609375, 2.8203125, 2.306640625, 2.283203125, 2.10546875, 2.076171875, 1.8349609375, 1.8203125, 1.6923828125, 1.5927734375, 1.20703125, -0.286865234375, -0.67431640625, -1.3662109375, -1.8232421875, -2.34765625, -3.109375, -3.189453125 ]

[ "Four of the five Great Lakes border Canada: Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario and Lake Superior. Lake Michigan is the only one that does not border Canada; it is located completely within U.S. borders.", "The Great Lakes, sometimes disambiguated as the Laurentian Great Lakes, are a collection of freshwaterlakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to theAtlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes Waterway. Consisting of LakesSuperior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water.[1][2][3] The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3).[4]The lakes are sometimes referred to as the North Coast or \"Third Coast\" by some citizens of the United States.", "Great Lakes, chain of deep freshwater lakes in east-central North America comprising Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron , Erie , and Ontario . They are one of the great natural features of the continent and of the Earth . Although Lake Baikal in Russia has a larger volume of water, the combined area of the Great Lakes—some 94,250 square miles (244,106 square kilometres)—represents the largest surface of fresh water in the world, covering an area exceeding that of the United Kingdom . Their drainage basin of about 295,710 square miles (which includes the areas of the lakes themselves and their connecting waterways) extends approximately 690 miles from north to south and about 860 miles from Lake Superior in the west to Lake Ontario in the east. Except for Lake Michigan, the lakes provide a natural border between Canada and the United States , a frontier that was stabilized by a boundary-waters treaty of 1909. It is a source of pride for both countries that there are no fortifications or warships along the boundary.", "The Great Lakes are a chain of five large, freshwater lakes that are located in central North America, astride the border of Canada and the United States. The Great Lakes include Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and Lake Superior and together form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth. They are contained within the Great Lakes watershed, a region whose waters discharge into the Saint Lawrence River and, ultimately, the Atlantic Ocean.", "Great Lakes states The eight U.S. jurisdictions bordering the Great Lakes: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Two Canadian provinces also border the lakes: Ontario and Quebec.", "Of the five great lakes, Lake Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario are shared by the USA and Canada and only Michigan lies entirely in the USA.", "North America contains more lakes than any other continent. Dominant lakes include Great Bear, Great Slave, and Winnipeg (Canada); the Great Lakes (Canada and U.S.); Great Salt Lake (U.S.); Chapala (Mexico); and Nicaragua (Nicaragua). The Great Lakes, a chain of five lakes, are Superior, Michigan , Huron , Erie, and Ontario . Superior, northernmost and westernmost of the five, is the largest lake in North America and the largest body of freshwater in the world. Stretching 350 miles (560 kilometers) long, the lake covers about 31,820 square miles (82,410 square kilometers). It has a maximum depth of 1,302 feet (397 meters).", "North America's Great Lakes region offers some of the continent's top attractions, such as Niagara Falls and Chicago, but also some lesser known road trip possibilities.  The five majestic Great Lakes (Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan and Superior) hold over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water.  From east to west, these lakes are split between the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota and Province of Ontario in Canada.", "GREAT LAKES. The Great Lakes, also called the Inland Seas, consist of five connecting freshwater lakes in east central North America that straddle the international border between Canada and the United States . Collectively they constitute the world's largest body of freshwater, with a surface area of 94,000 square miles (244,000 sq. km) and 5,500 cubic miles (23,000 cu. km) of water. The lakes contain approximately 18 percent of the world's supply of freshwater, with only the polar ice caps having more. From west to east, the lakes are Superior (the largest and deepest of the lakes), Michigan , Huron , Erie (the shallowest), and Ontario (the smallest); they collectively extend about 850 miles (1370 km) west to east and 700 miles (1125 km) from north to south. The Great Lakes form the western portion of the greater St. Lawrence hydrographic system, extending from Minnesota to the Atlantic Ocean .", "The lakes are bounded by Ontario (all of the lakes but Michigan), Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan (all but Ontario), Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Four of the five lakes straddle the U.S.-Canada border; the fifth, Lake Michigan, is entirely within the United States. The Saint Lawrence River, which marks the same international border for a portion of its course, is a primary outlet of these interconnected lakes, and flows through Quebec and past the Gaspé Peninsula to the northern Atlantic Ocean.", "Lake Superior , the largest of the Great Lakes, is between Canada and the states of Michigan and Minnesota.   Back", "The St. Lawrence River, which is located on the Quebec border, is an important part of the Great Lakes' structure. The Great Lakes consist of six total bodies of water that are named Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and the Georgian Bay. The states and provinces that border these bodies of water form a unique economic and historical region, which is often referred to as the Great Lakes Megalopolis.", "The state has almost 300 miles of combined frontage along the Great Lakes of Erie and Ontario. In addition, the Saint Lawrence River (seaway), forms part of the natural border with Canada.", "The Great Lakes define much of the border between the eastern United States and Canada. More inland seas than lakes, they were formed by the pressure of glaciers retreating north at the end of the last Ice Age. The five lakes span hundreds of miles, bordering the states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania and New York , and their shores vary from pristine wilderness areas to industrial \"rust belt\" cities. They are the second-largest bodies of freshwater in the world, after the polar ice caps.", "The Canada–United States border (French: Frontière entre le Canada et les États-Unis), officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second and fourth largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including small portions of maritime boundaries on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts, as well as the Great Lakes) is long, of which is with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border.", "The Great Lakes region of North America is a bi-national Canadian-American region that includes portions of the eight U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin as well as the Canadian province of Ontario. The region borders the Great Lakes and forms a distinctive historical, economic, and cultural identity. A portion of the region also encompasses most of the Great Lakes Megalopolis, which extends outside the region to St. Louis, Missouri.", "As its name suggests, Lake Michigan and its 1180 cubic miles of water, 22,300 square miles of surface water, and 1600 miles of shoreline is the only one of the Great Lakes that lies entirely within American borders. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and is connected to Lake Huron  by the Straits of Mackinac between Michigan’s upper and lower peninsulas.", "..... Click the link for more information.  (including the Erie Canal) joins the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean. Shipping on the lakes carries large quantities of iron ore and grain, coal, and petroleum, and manufactured articles from April until December, until ice closes most of the ports and winter storms hinder navigation. The large industrial lakefront cities include Toronto, Hamilton, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Gary, Milwaukee, and Chicago. Large concentrations of population and industry along the lakes' shores led to pollution, especially of Lake Erie, but the condition of the lakes has improved since the 1960s. The Great Lakes region, with its national parks and lakeshores, state parks, and many natural and scenic features, has become an important year-round recreation area.", "The opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959 made the Great Lakes a truly international water body. The Illinois Waterway connects the lakes with the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico; the New York State Canal System (including the Erie Canal) joins the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean. Shipping on the lakes carries large quantities of iron ore and grain, coal, and petroleum, and manufactured articles from April until December, until ice closes most of the ports and winter storms hinder navigation. The large industrial lakefront cities include Toronto, Hamilton, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Gary, Milwaukee, and Chicago. Large concentrations of population and industry along the lakes' shores led to pollution, especially of Lake Erie, but the condition of the lakes has improved since the 1960s. The Great Lakes region, with its national parks and lakeshores, state parks, and many natural and scenic features, has become an important year-round recreation area.", "Individually, the lakes rank among the 14 largest in the world . They played a central role in the European colonization and development of North America and for decades have attracted people and industry; Lakes Erie and Ontario and the southern portion of Lake Michigan are now ringed with large population concentrations. The lakes have not benefited from this development, however, and have been seriously affected by pollution . Concern over the fate of the lakes reached a high pitch in the late 20th century, with both the U.S. and the Canadian governments and individuals investigating methods for reversing the consequences of years of misuse of the lakes’ waters.", "United States and Canada -- 10,900 mi/17,549 km (including connecting channels, mainland and islands). The Great Lakes shoreline is equal to almost 44 percent of the circumference of the earth, and Michigan's Great Lakes coast totals 3,288 mi/5,294 km, more coastline than any state but Alaska.", "Okay, Michigan's is a Great Lakes boundry, and I didn't realize that Ohio also shared a Great Lakes boundry with Canada. -1, I guess. 12/13?", "The Great Lakes, shared by the USA and Canada are a chain of 5 large freshwater lakes that form the largest lake group in the world, covering an area of 95,000 sq miles. Once vital to fur trading and regional development in the early history of both countries, the Great Lakes (in modern times) remain a significant transportation route for iron ore, steel, petroleum, grain, American automobiles, to say the least.", "6. Which of the Great Lakes is bordered only by the Canadian province of Ontario and the US state of Michigan? ___________________________", "Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota and Wisconsin are the states that border the state of Michigan. It is also bordered by the Great Lakes.", "Straddling the U.S.– Canada boundary, today's Great Lakes watershed is home to approximately 40 million Americans and Canadians. This population represents about 10 percent of the U.S. population and 25 percent of the Canadian population. In the United States, four of the twelve largest cities are located on the shores of the Great Lakes. The lakes constitute the largest inland water transportation system in the world, and have played an important role in the economic development of both the United States and Canada.", "While the legal ownership of Great Lakes bottomland rests with the eight states and two Canadian provinces that border the lakes, the interests of the two countries in commercial navigation and pollution control in this shared water resource prompts strong federal interest. Under the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, Canada and the United States established the International Joint Commission (IJC) to prevent and resolve disputes over water use and provide independent advice on such other transboundary environmental issues as air pollution.", "Lake Erie is bordered in the north by the Canadian province of Ontario, in the south by the American states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, and on the west by the state of Michigan. The cities of Buffalo, Erie, Toledo, Port Stanley, Monroe, and Cleveland, are located on the shores of Lake Erie.", "Canada's province of Ontario was named after Lake Ontario. Lake Ontario was not named after the province.", "It would also be mistaken to assume that all the great lighthouses are on the coastline. There are beautiful structures throughout the Great Lakes, such as the Point Clark and Cove Island lighthouses, just two of the six magnificent imperial towers constructed before Confederation, all of which remain standing.", "As the largest country in the Western Hemisphere, Canada has the longest coastline. Its border with the United States is the world's longest land border.", "Home » Arts » General Knowledge » Which country is called the “Lands of thousand Lakes”?" ]

[ 8.0625, 4.28515625, 4.05859375, 3.548828125, 2.23828125, 2.236328125, 1.923828125, 1.4951171875, 1.27734375, 1.2470703125, 0.68798828125, 0.6787109375, 0.56689453125, 0.299072265625, 0.280029296875, 0.090576171875, -0.291259765625, -1.0498046875, -1.1171875, -1.2119140625, -1.2802734375, -1.3779296875, -2.083984375, -2.39453125, -2.576171875, -2.970703125, -3.07421875, -3.7578125, -4.25390625, -5.26171875, -5.9296875, -7.359375 ]

[ "The flag of the United States of America has seven red stripes and six white stripes. Officially the red stripes signify valor and bravery, while the white stripes symbolize purity and innocence.", "As for the U.S. Flag, it was not really settled officially until 1916 that there would be more red stripes than white ones, and that official act is only binding on the Executive Department and the Military. There are plenty of examples of more white stripes than red ones on old U.S. Flags, although tradition had established the red dominance of the stripes by the mid 19th century.", "The blue field behind the central shield represents justice, as do the stripes set on a golden field at the shield's top. Five parallel vertical red and white stripes make up the rest of the shield, echoing the colors of the Flag of the United States. As with the flag, there is one more red stripe than white. The stripes symbolize the values of the FBI; the red stripes stand for courage, valor, and strength, while the white ones represent light, cleanliness, and truth.", "The American flag consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes (seven red and six white stripes). There is one stripe for each of the first thirteen colonies of the United States. As there are fifty states in the United States, there are fifty stars on the American flag: one star for each state.", "The Flag shall consist of six red stripes alternating with five white stripes arranged in sequence. In the upper corner of the flag next to the staff is a square, blue canton covering the first five stripes, and in the centre of blue is a white star.", "The national flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars.  The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain and became the first states in the Union.  Nicknames for the flag include the \"Stars and Stripes\", \"Old Glory\", and \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".   The design of the flag has been modified 26 times officially, since 1777.  The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4, 1959.  The 50-star flag was ordered by President Eisenhower on August 21, 1959.", "The flag of the United States of America consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 U.S. states and the 13 stripes represent the original Thirteen Colonies that rebelled against the British crown and became the first states in the Union. Nicknames for the flag include the stars and stripes, Old Glory, the American flag, and the star-spangled banner (also the name of the country's official national anthem).", "The Second Continental Congress passes a resolution that states that the American flag shall have 13 stripes, alternately in red and white, to represent the 13 colonies. Despite all of the variations of the U.S. flag over time, the 13 stripes have never changed.", "FLAG: The flag is a tricolor of three horizontal stripes—red, white, and black—with the national emblem in the center white stripe.", "The national flag of the United States of America, is of 10:19 ratio and consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain and became the first states in the Union.", "The flag is made up of five equal horizontal bands. The top, middle and bottom bands are red while the remaining in-between bands are white. The pole side of the flag features a blue isosceles triangle with a white five-pointed star in the center. The meaning of these various shapes and colors has changed somewhat over the years but it is generally accepted that the red stripes symbolize the 'blood' that nourishes the government or that of brave warriors and the white stripes symbolize victory, liberty and independence. The blue triangle represents both the three sides of government and the blue waters of the ocean, while the white star symbolizes the island-country of Puerto Rico.", "In the U.S. flag , white stands for purity and innocence. Red represents valor and hardiness, while blue signifies justice, perseverance, and vigilance. The stars represent the heavens and all the good that people strive for, while the stripes emulate the sun's rays.", "FLAG: The national flag, dating from 1847, consists of 11 horizontal stripes, alternately red (6) and white (5), with a single five-pointed white star on a square blue field 5 stripes deep in the upper left corner.", "Regarding the field of the flag, there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes. Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes, with some images showing the top stripe being red and others showing the top stripe being white.", "Today – the flag is composed of thirteen horizontal stripes, seven red alternating and six white. The stripes represent the original 13 colonies and the stars represent the 50 states of the Union.", "\"The colors of the pales (the vertical stripes) are those used in the flag of the United States of America; White signifies purity and innocence, Red, hardiness & valour, and Blue, the color of the Chief (the broad band above the stripes) signifies vigilance, perseverance & justice.\"", "FLAG: The national flag consists of two horizontal stripes, the upper white and the lower red.", "Flag of 11 red and white stripes with blue canton containing a white five-pointed star. Most modern sources agree on 10:19 ratio of the flag (based also on the US flag ratio ), but older sources seem to ignore it.", "U.S. state flag consisting of alternating horizontal stripes of white, red, and blue with the Union Jack in the canton.", "The official flag is to be 1.9 times as long as it's width. It has thirteen red and white alternating stripes with a red stripe on the top and on the bottom. The blue part in the upper left is called the Union. The Union is to be 7 stripes tall. There are 50 white stars in the Union representing the 50 states. They are in 11 staggered horizontal rows of 5 and 6 stars.", "The current American flag was adopted on July 4, 1960. The American flag originated in the mid-18th century from flags used at the time of the American War of Independence with Britain. Congress officially set the design of the American flag in June 1777, stating that it should be 13 alternating red and white stripes, with 13 white stars on a blue field as there were 13 original member states in the newly formed Union. As new states joined the country a new star and stripe were added to the American flag. In 1818, the American flag's design was changed to the original one of 13 stripes. Any new states were now represented by a white star only and would be added to the American flag on July 4th of the year they joined. Up until 1818, there was no specific pattern for the stars to follow and this led to a few different designs until the president stated they should be placed in parallel rows. The last star, representing Hawaii was added was in 1960, and it became the 27th version of the American flag. Like many of the worlds other old flags, there are many legends and myths that surround the flag of the United States of America.", "national flag consisting of horizontal stripes of red, white, blue, white, and red. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 2 to 3.", "FLAG: Crossed blue bars, on a red field, bordered with white and emblazoned with 13 white stars—the motif of the Confederate battle flag—cover the upper left corner. The field consists of three stripes of equal width, blue, white, and red.", "Flag description: Thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico", "The canton of the flag of Hawaii contains the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, prominent over the top quarter closest to the flag mast. The field of the flag is composed of eight horizontal stripes, symbolizing the eight major islands (Hawaii, Oahu, Kauai, Kahoolawe, Lānai, Maui, Molokai and Niihau). Other versions of the flag have only seven stripes, probably representing the islands with the exception of Kahoolawe or Niihau. The color of the stripes, from the top down, follows the sequence: white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, red. The colors were standardized in 1843, although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used. ", "The colors of the flag are symbolic: Red symbolizes Hardiness and Valor, White symbolizes Purity and Innocence and Blue represents Vigilance, Perseverance and Justice.", "In the mid or late 1950s, (if I'm not mistaken), the US government intentionally \"darkened\" the shade of red used in American flags. Before this, the color of red used in US flags was sometimes referred to as \"Chinese\" red. Well, with anti-communist sentiment being rather high at the time, it simply wouldn't do to have Chinese red stripes on the American flag and thus the change. To most folks who even pay attention it's a very subtle thing.", "and green; the red band is edged in white. Centered on the flag is a large", "national flag consisting of a red field (background) with a white canton bearing a red cross. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.", "A horizontal bi-color of red over white, with the arms of the state (land), in the center.", "The national flag of Austria consists of three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red. The red and white pattern on the Austria Flag is symbolic", "national flag consisting of a red field (background) with a large yellow star in the centre. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 2 to 3." ]

[ 7.84765625, 7.4765625, 6.57421875, 5.3984375, 5.04296875, 4.89453125, 4.87890625, 4.80859375, 4.7109375, 4.63671875, 4.4765625, 4.4609375, 4.3828125, 4.0390625, 3.83203125, 3.76953125, 3.765625, 3.5546875, 3.03515625, 3.01953125, 2.66796875, 2.568359375, 1.5478515625, 1.1220703125, 0.95361328125, -0.2288818359375, -0.9248046875, -2.474609375, -2.642578125, -2.75, -3.501953125, -3.802734375 ]

[ "Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 -- April 12, 1981), better known as Joe Louis, was an American professional boxer and the World Heavyweight Champion from 1937 to 1949. He is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. Nicknamed the Brown Bomber, Louis helped elevate boxing from a nadir in popularity in the post-Jack Dempsey era by establishing a reputation as an honest, hardworking fighter at a time when the sport was dominated by gambling interests.[1][2] Louis' championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 27 championship fights, 26 championship fights during his reign; the 27th, against Ezzard Charles, was a challenge to Charles' Heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis' reign. All in all, Joe was victorious in 25 successful title defenses, a record for the heavyweight division. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the #1 heavyweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization,[3] and was ranked #1 on The Ring's list of the 100 Greatest Punchers of All-Time.[4]", "Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), best known as Joe Louis and nicknamed the “Brown Bomber“, was an American professional boxer who competed from 1934 to 1951. He reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949, and is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. Louis’ championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 26 championship fights; a 27th fight, against Ezzard Charles in 1950, was a challenge for Charles’ heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis’ reign. Louis was victorious in 25 title defenses, a world record second only to Julio César Chávez with 27. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the best heavyweight of all time by the International Boxing Research Organization, [1] and was ranked number one on The Ring magazine ‘s list of the “100 greatest punchers of all time.” [2]", "Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), better known as Joe Louis, was the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949. He is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. Nicknamed the Brown Bomber, Louis helped elevate boxing from a nadir in popularity in the post- Jack Dempsey era by establishing a reputation as an honest, hardworking fighter at a time when the sport was dominated by gambling interests. [1] [2] Louis’s championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 27 championship fights, 26 championship fights during his reign; the 27th, against Ezzard Charles , was a challenge to Charles’ heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis’ reign. All in all, Joe was victorious in 25 successful title defenses, a record for the heavyweight division. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the #1 heavyweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization, [3] and was ranked #1 on The Ring ‘s list of the 100 Greatest Punchers of All-Time.", "You can have no discussion of the history of heavyweight boxing that does not include \"The Brown Bomber.\" Joe Louis is considered by many to be simply the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time, and, yes, that includes Muhammad Ali. ", "Joe Louis had 70 professional fights with only three losses. He tallied 52 knock outs and held the championship from 1937 to 1949, the longest span of any heavyweight titleholder. After returning from retirement, Louis failed to regain the championship in 1950, and his career ended after he was knocked out by Rocky Marciano in 1951. The man who had been called the Brown Bomber was finished. [18]", "Many heavyweight champions had nicknames. Among them were the Ambling Alp (Primo Carnera), Black Uhlan (Max Schmeling), the Brockton Blockbuster (Rocky Marciano), the Brown Bomber (Joe Louis), Cinderella Man (James J Jeffries), Fighting Marine (Gene Tunney), Gentleman Jim (James J Corbett), the Manassa Mauler (Jack Dempsey), the Pottawatomie Giant (Jess Willard), the Boston Cob (Jack Sharkey), Neon Leon (Leon Spinks) and The Louisville Lip (Muhammad Ali).", "Louis died of a heart attack in Desert Springs Hospital near Las Vegas on April 12, 1981, just hours after his last public appearance viewing the Larry Holmes – Trevor Berbick heavyweight championship. Ronald Reagan waived the eligibility rules for burial at Arlington National Cemetery, and Louis was buried there with full military honors on April 21, 1981. [99] [100] His funeral was paid for in part by former competitor and friend, Max Schmeling, [101] who also acted as a pallbearer.", "Joe \"The Brown Bomber\" Louis held the world heavyweight title for an unprecedented 12 years between 1937 and 1949. His 25 straight title defenses is also a record. He was ranked No. 1 on Ring's \"Greatest Punchers\" list.", "Frazier’s last world title challenge came in 1975, but he was beaten by Ali in their brutal rubbermatch. He retired in 1976 following a second loss to Foreman. He made a comeback in 1981, fighting just once, before retiring for good. The International Boxing Research Organization (IBRO) rates Frazier among the ten greatest heavyweights of all time.[2] He is an inductee of both the International Boxing Hall of Fame and the World Boxing Hall of Fame.", "Sugar Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr.; May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was an American professional boxer. Frequently cited as the greatest boxer of all time, Robinson's performances in the welterweight and middleweight divisions prompted sportswriters to create \"pound for pound\" rankings, where they compared fighters regardless of weight. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990.", "Joseph William \"Joe\" Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), also known as Smokin' Joe, was an American professional boxer, Olympic gold medalist and Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981. Frazier's overall record was 32 wins, 4 losses and 1 draw, with 27 wins by knockout. He won 73 percent of his fights by knockout, compared to 60 percent for Ali and 84 percent for Foreman. He was a member of the International Boxing Hall Of Fame. Notable wins: Muhammad Ali,Jerry Quarry2x,Jimmy Ellis 2x.", "The &quot;Brown Bomber&quot;, first black world heavyweight champion in boxing from 1937 to 1949. &quot;Saved&quot; the respectable popularity of boxing after it had devolved into being perceived as seedy and criminal after Jack Dempsey. Considered the first African-American celebrity to achieve universal popularity with whites and blacks alike. Famously quit boxing to enlist as a cavalryman in WWII and encourage black participation in the war effort; became an icon of anti-Nazi sentiment due to his rivalry with German Max Schmeling.", "Ali is generally considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time by boxing commentators and historians. Ring Magazine , a prominent boxing magazine, named him number 1 in a 1998 ranking of greatest heavyweights from all eras. [44] In a 1971 article, Nat Fleischer , the founder of the Ring who saw every heavyweight champion from Jim Jeffries to Joe Frazier , refused to include Ali in his all-time top ten, saying: “he does not qualify for rating with the greatest heavyweights of all time”. Fleischer was writing after Ali’s loss to Frazier, several years before his performance against Foreman and rematches with Frazier.", "The “Brown Bomber” was a master boxer and a big puncher and he is still rated as one of the greatest heavyweights. Louis defended the title a record 25 times and donated the purses of two fights to the Navy and Army Relief Fund. He retired as undefeated champion in 1949 but was unsuccessful in a comeback shortly afterwards. Louis held the title longer than any other heavyweight champion.", "After a troubled childhood, Foreman took up boxing and was a gold medalist at the 1968 Olympics. He won the world heavyweight title with a second-round knockout of then-undefeated Joe Frazier in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1973. He made two successful title defenses before losing to Muhammad Ali in \"The Rumble in the Jungle\" in October 1974. He was unable to secure another title shot, and retired following a loss to Jimmy Young in 1977. Following what he referred to as a religious epiphany, Foreman became an ordained Christian minister. Ten years later, he announced a comeback and, in November 1994, at age 45, he regained a portion of the heavyweight championship by knocking out 27-year-old Michael Moorer to win the WBA and IBF titles. Foreman remains the oldest heavyweight champion in history, and the second oldest in any weight class after Bernard Hopkins. He retired in 1997 at the age of 48, with a final record of 76 wins 5 losses and 68 knockouts.", "He was named by Ring Magazine, the International Boxing Research Organization and ESPN as one of the top 15 greatest heavyweight champion of all time. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990.", "George Foreman (born January 10, 1949 in Marshall, TX) is a former heavyweight boxing champion turned businessman. At age 19, he won the gold medal in boxing at the 1968 Olympics. In 1973 he won the World Heavyweight title against then-undefeated Joe Frazier in 1973 with a second-round knockout He made two successful title defenses before losing to Muhammad Ali in “The Rumble in the Jungle” in 1974, after putting up one of the most epic boxing matches of all time before going down in an eighth round knockout. He retired from the sport in 1978, but made an improbable comeback in 1994 when at age 45 ,he regained the Heavyweight Championship by knocking out 27-year-old Michael Moorer. making him the oldest Heavyweight champ in boxing history. He went on to spend 12 years working as a boxing analyst for HBO and became a successful entrepreneur with his line of fat reducing George Foreman Grills, which earned him over $100 million.", "* Max Schmeling, boxer and heavy weight champion of the world. He knocked out American champion boxer Joe Louis after a rematch that Louis won; the two became close friends for the rest of their lives. Schmeling served as an elite Paratrooper in the Luftwaffe during WW II and participated in the German paratrooper assault on the island of Crete. Max was a guest October 10 1931", "(1949–  ) boxer; born in Marshall, Texas. Coming from a broken home, he joined the Job Corps (1965–67) while training and boxing as an amateur. He won the gold medal as a heavyweight at the 1968 Olympics, then turned professional in 1969. He held the world heavyweight championship (1973–74) until he was defeated by a resurgent Muhammad Ali in Zaire, Africa. He became an ordained minister in 1977 and devoted his money and energies to community work among poor African-Americans in Texas. Needing more money for his projects, he made a comeback as a heavyweight (1987) that was noted less for his being a serious threat and more for his becoming everyone's favorite boxer. In 1994 he knocked out Michael Moorer in a fight sanctioned by two of the three main boxing organizations to become the oldest heavyweight champion in history.", "At the age of 45 George Foreman became the oldest Heavyweight Champion in boxing, in a bout against then Champion Michael Moorer (26). He did not keep the belt for long as it was stripped by the World Boxing Association (WBA) in March 1995 and the International Boxing Federation (IBF) in June 1995 after Foreman declined a rematch with number 1 contender Axle Schulz. From History:", "Oct. 23, 1964: Heavyweight boxer Joe Frazier, left, throws a left to the head of Germany's Hans Huber in their Olympic title bout in Tokyo. Frazier, who fought the match with a broken right hand, won the fight and the Olympic gold medal. Frazier, the former heavyweight champion who handed Muhammad Ali his first defeat yet had to live forever in his shadow, has died after a brief final fight with liver cancer. He was 67. The family issued a release confirming the boxer's death on Monday night, Nov. 7, 2011.  (AP)", "Joseph William \"Joe\" Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011), nicknamed Smokin' Joe, was an American professional boxer, Olympic gold medalist and undisputed world heavyweight champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981. Frazier was known for his sheer strength, durability, punch power and all-out relentless attack.", "Joe Frazier, the former heavyweight boxing champion of the world, passed away on Monday. Joe Frazier was the first boxer to beat Muhammad Ali, who praised his determination.", "* Joe Louis, the American heavyweight boxer, dies at the age of 66. He was the heavyweight boxing champion of the world for almost 12 years, from 1937 until 1949. Joe Louis appears on the cover of the CED title \"The Big Fights, Vol. 2\" which features six of his classic fights, including the memorable 1938 bout with German Max Schmeling which served as an allegory of democracy vs. fascism.", "Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. on January 17, 1942 ) is a retired American boxer and former three-time World Heavyweight Champion. To date, he remains the only man to have won the linear heavyweight championship three times (the linear title is recognized by tracing an - almost - unbroken lineage of titleholders going back over 100 years, with nearly every champion defeating the previous titleholder in the ring). Ali was also the winner of an Olympic Light-heavyweight gold medal. In 1999, Ali was crowned \"Sportsman of the Century\" by Sports Illustrated and the BBC .", "Feb. 3, 1970: Joe Frazier pauses after a workout at New Yorkís Madison Square Garden. Frazier, the former heavyweight champion who handed Muhammad Ali his first defeat yet had to live forever in his shadow, has died after a brief final fight with liver cancer. He was 67. The family issued a release confirming the boxer's death on Monday night, Nov. 7, 2011.  (AP)", "George Edward Foreman (born January 10, 1949) is a retired American professional boxer, former two-time World Heavyweight Champion, Olympic gold medalist, ordained Baptist minister, author and entrepreneur.", "International Boxing Hall of Famer: world heavyweight champion [1949-51]; bouts: 122: won 96, lost 25, drew 1, 59 KOs; died May 27, 1975", "A boxing legend who transcended his sport, the 74-year-old is known to many and will be forgotten by few.", "The former heavyweight champion has died after a brief final fight with liver cancer. He was 67.", "Foreman is a former two-time world heavyweight champion and an Olympic golf medalist. Foreman was a huge puncher who could destroy opponents in a short space of time. He was also able to take a shot very well which made him a formidable opponent for anyone.", "In January 1997, it was announced that Leonard had been voted into the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in Canastota, New York. The rules state that a boxer must be retired for five years before being eligible for induction. When the vote took place, Leonard had been retired for more than five years, therefore, he was eligible, even though he had a fight scheduled. The induction ceremony was on June 15, 1997. " ]

[ 10.796875, 10.7578125, 10.625, 6.46484375, 4.0859375, 3.955078125, 3.8984375, 3.837890625, 2.59375, 1.810546875, 1.6884765625, 1.5966796875, 1.44140625, 1.0263671875, 0.08184814453125, 0.044097900390625, -0.01380157470703125, -0.062469482421875, -0.446044921875, -0.65380859375, -0.6826171875, -1.0654296875, -1.6875, -1.8037109375, -1.8173828125, -2.7265625, -2.796875, -5.37890625, -5.44140625, -6.13671875, -6.26171875, -6.34765625 ]

[ "Our American Cousin, a once-popular comedy, is the play Abraham Lincoln was watching when he was assassinated at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C., on the night of April 14, 1865—150 years ago today. In an effort to answer one of that tragedy’s most enduring mysteries— “Other than that, Mrs. Lincoln, what did you think of the play?” —I recently read the text of Our American Cousin, a version of which is [available on Project Gutenberg.] (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3158/3158-h/3158-h.htm) While I can’t speak for Mrs. Lincoln, I can say that I was pleasantly surprised: if not exactly funny, if not even somewhere in the vicinity of “good,” the play is better than its awful reputation as a mere repository of dated, cornpone gags, though it is that, too. But I think it is fair to say that if you are going to die a violent unexpected death, having a performance of Our American Cousin be the very last thing you see would be far preferable to having the last thing you see be Dallas, even on a nice day.", "United States President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, General Robert E. Lee, surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army of the Potomac.", "The assassination of Lincoln took place on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, at approximately 10:15 p.m. Lincoln was shot once in the back of his head with a .44 caliber Derringer pistol by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth while watching the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. with his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, and two guests. Major Henry Rathbone tried to stop Booth from escaping, but Booth stabbed him in the chest and slashed his arm to the bone with a dagger that he was also carrying. Soon after Lincoln was shot, his wound was declared to be fatal. The unconscious President was then carried across the street from the theater to the Petersen House, where he remained in a coma for nine hours before dying the following morning at 7:22 a.m. on April 15. ", "Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending a play at Ford's Theatre as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the surrender of Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. In 1864, Booth formulated a plan (very similar to one of Thomas N. Conrad previously authorized by the Confederacy) to kidnap Lincoln in exchange for the release of Confederate prisoners. After attending an April 11, 1865, speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, an incensed Booth changed his plans and became determined to assassinate the president. Learning that the President and Grant would be attending Ford's Theatre, Booth formulated a plan with co-conspirators to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at the theater, as well as Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward at their homes. Without his main bodyguard, Ward Hill Lamon, Lincoln left to attend the play Our American Cousin on April 14. At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play. ", "April 14 - Abraham Lincoln was shot in Ford's Theatre while watching the play Our American Cousin.", "Our American Cousin is a three-act play by English playwright Tom Taylor. The play is a farce whose plot is based on the introduction of an awkward, boorish, but honest American, Asa Trenchard, to his aristocratic English relatives when he goes to England to claim the family estate. The play first premiered at Laura Keene's Theatre in New York City on October 15, 1858, and the title character was first played by Joseph Jefferson. Although the play achieved great renown during its first few years and remained very popular throughout the second half of the 19th century, it is best remembered as the play U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was attending in Ford's Theatre when he was assassinated by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.", "Our American Cousin, The play Lincoln was watching when he was assassinated by Tom Taylor on iBooks", "Booth's co-conspirators were Lewis Powell and David Herold , who were assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward , and George Atzerodt who was to kill Andrew Johnson . By simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration, Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to sever the continuity of the United States government. Lincoln was shot while watching the play Our American Cousin with his wife Mary Todd Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. . He died early the next morning. The rest of the conspirators' plot failed; Powell only managed to wound Seward, while Atzerodt, Johnson's would-be assassin, lost his nerve and fled Washington.", "On Good Friday, April 14th, President Abraham Lincoln was shot while attending a performance of “Our American Cousin” at Ford’s Theatre with his wife and two guests. Lincoln’s assassin, actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth, had also ordered a fellow conspirator, Lewis Powell, to kill William H. Seward (then Secretary of State) and George Atzerodt to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson. Booth hoped to create chaos and overthrow the Federal government. Although Booth succeeded in killing Lincoln, the larger plot failed. Seward was attacked, but recovered from his wounds, and Johnson’s would-be assassin fled Washington, D.C. upon losing his nerve.", "When family friend John T. Ford opened 1,500-seat Ford's Theatre on November 9 in Washington, D.C., Booth was one of the first leading men to appear there, playing in Charles Selby's The Marble Heart. [52] [53] In this play, Booth portrayed a Greek sculptor in costume, making marble statues come to life. [53] Lincoln watched the play from his box. At one point during the performance, Booth was said to have shaken his finger in Lincoln's direction as he delivered a line of dialogue. Lincoln's sister-in-law, sitting with him in the same presidential box where he would later be slain, turned to him and said, \"Mr. Lincoln, he looks as if he meant that for you.\" [54] The President replied, \"He does look pretty sharp at me, doesn't he?\" [54] On another occasion when Lincoln's son Tad saw Booth perform, he said the actor thrilled him, prompting Booth to give the President's youngest son a rose. [54] Booth ignored an invitation to visit Lincoln between acts, however. [54]", "When family friend John T. Ford opened 1,500-seat Ford's Theatre on November 9 in Washington, D.C., Booth was one of the first leading men to appear there, playing in Charles Selby's The Marble Heart. [53] [54] In this play, Booth portrayed a Greek sculptor in costume, making marble statues come to life. [54] Lincoln watched the play from his box. At one point during the performance, Booth was said to have shaken his finger in Lincoln's direction as he delivered a line of dialogue. Lincoln's sister-in-law, sitting with him in the same presidential box where he would later be slain, turned to him and said, \"Mr. Lincoln, he looks as if he meant that for you.\" [55] The President replied, \"He does look pretty sharp at me, doesn't he?\" [55] On another occasion when Lincoln's son Tad saw Booth perform, he said the actor thrilled him, prompting Booth to give the President's youngest son a rose. [55] Booth ignored an invitation to visit Lincoln between acts, however. [55]", "April 14, 1865 - The Stars and Stripes is ceremoniously raised over Fort Sumter. That night, Lincoln and his wife Mary see the play \"Our American Cousin\" at Ford's Theater. At 10:13 p.m., during the third act of the play, John Wilkes Booth shoots the president in the head. Doctors attend to the president in the theater then move him to a house across the street. He never regains consciousness.", "John Wilkes Booth is known today as the person who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, but before then, he was already a celebrity, nationally known as a theatrical actor. His family was already known on the theater circuit through Booth’s father Junius and older brother Edwin, the latter perhaps the foremost American Shakespearean actor of his day. John Wilkes Booth meanwhile made a name for himself with his energetic performances in roles that were lighter in tone than Edwin’s, and he came to headline plays around the country. He was so well-known and trusted that he had easy access to all parts of Ford Theater in Washington, DC, on April 14, 1865, during a performance of My American Cousin, even though he was not in the play. That evening, at around 10 PM, he slipped into Lincoln’s box and shot the President in the back of the head during the play. He fled to rural Virginia, where he was killed by federal troops 12 days later.", "On April 12, 1865, after hearing the news that Robert E. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox Court House , Booth told Louis J. Weichmann , a friend of John Surratt, and a boarder at Mary Surratt's house, that he was done with the stage and that the only play he wanted to present henceforth was Venice Preserv'd . Weichmann did not understand the reference: Venice Preserv'd is about an assassination plot. With the Union Army's capture of Richmond and Lee's surrender, Booth's scheme to kidnap Lincoln was no longer feasible, and he changed his goal to assassination. [86]", "John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865) was an American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. Booth was a member of the prominent 19th-century Booth theatrical family from Maryland and, by the 1860s, was a well-known actor. He was also a Confederate sympathizer, vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln, and was strongly opposed to the abolition of slavery in the United States.", "I have taken several looks at Lincoln's assassination (THE TALL TARGET, PRINCE OF PLAYERS, THE PRISONER OF SHARK ISLAND, an episode of BRANDED, an episode of ONE STEP BEYOND). Until J.F.K.'s death in 1963 no other political murder had been so shown or centered in movie and television as Lincoln's. The second most was probably Huey Long's death (ALL THE KING'S MEN and A LION IS IN THE STREET - and both were fictionalized versions). I believe we did not want to think about political murder - even though it appeared frequently enough in our history. Lincoln was the great exception: Our national hero and greatest President, his death at the moment of victory is just too incredible to forget. His murder as part of a vast, still murky conspiracy makes it more compelling. And that his killer is an actor (who chooses a theater for his \"great and final entrance\") - an actor from a family that produced two of 19th Century America's finest Shakespearean actors - raises it head and shoulders above the killings of Garfield, McKinley, William Goebel, Carter Harrison Sr., ex-Senator Edward Carmack, ex-Governor Frank Steunenberg, and other American political victims of murder before 1933.", "When the Lincolns saw John Wilkes Booth in \"The Marble Heart\" at Ford's Theatre on November 9, 1863, they were accompanied by several people. Among these people was Mary B. Clay, a daughter of Cassius Clay, U.S. minister to Russia. Mary Clay reminisced about the evening as follows: \"In the theater President and Mrs. Lincoln, Miss Sallie Clay and I, Mr. Nicolay and Mr. Hay, occupied the same box which the year after saw Mr. Lincoln slain by Booth. I do not recall the play, but Wilkes Booth played the part of villain. The box was right on the stage, with a railing around it. Mr. Lincoln sat next to the rail, I next to Mrs. Lincoln, Miss Sallie Clay and the other gentlemen farther around. Twice Booth in uttering disagreeable threats in the play came very near and put his finger close to Mr. Lincoln's face; when he came a third time I was impressed by it, and said, 'Mr. Lincoln, he looks as if he meant that for you.' 'Well,' he said, 'he does look pretty sharp at me, doesn't he?' At the same theater, the next April, Wilkes Booth shot our dear President. Mr. Lincoln looked to me the personification of honesty, and when animated was much better looking than his pictures represent him.\" Mary Clay, in her reminiscence, was off by a year when she said the president was shot \"the next April.\"", "Just five days after General Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, Lincoln and his wife attended a performance of Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre. The famous actor John Wilkes Booth, desperate to aid the dying Confederacy, stepped into the box where the presidential party was sitting and shot Lincoln. Booth then jumped onto the stage, and cried out \"Sic semper tyrannis\" (some heard \"The South is avenged!\") just before escaping through the back of the theatre. ", "After Lincoln's assassination, no one wanted to see the play he was watching — until now | Public Radio International", "All the additional laughs contained in the American version became helpful props for John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin. As an actor, he was familiar with the play and knew when the audience would be laughing the most — and that's when he pulled the trigger. The laughter covered up the cries of Mrs Lincoln.", "Lincoln leaned forward and looked down to the left in the audience where he seemed to recognize someone. [28] It was now Act III, Scene II. Although he had never starred in the play itself, Booth knew the play by heart, and thus waited for the precise moment when actor Harry Hawk (playing the lead role of the \"cousin\", Asa Trenchard), would be onstage alone to speak what was considered the funniest line of the play. Booth hoped to employ the enthusiastic response of the audience to muffle the sound of his gunshot. With the stage to himself, Asa (Hawk) responded to the recently departed Mrs. Mountchessington, \"Don't know the manners of good society, eh? Well, I guess I know enough to turn you inside out, old gal; you sockdologizing old man-trap!\" With hysterical laughter permeating the theatre, Booth opened the door, crept forward and shot the President in the back of the head at point-blank range . [29] Lincoln immediately slumped over in his rocking chair, mortally wounded. Mary reached out, caught him, and then screamed when she realized what happened.", "Five days later Lincoln attended a theatre performance in Washington. Shortly after 10 o’clock he was shot in the head by John Booth, a famous actor. Lincoln died a few hours later.", "The assassination of President Lincoln: at Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C., April 14th, 1865. Currier & Ives, 1865. Library of Congress", "Lithograph depicting Abraham Lincoln's assassin, actor John Wilkes Booth, being goaded by a Mephistophelian figure to shoot the unsuspecting president, who is visible in a theater box beyond. John L. Magee/Library of Congress", "Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated. An unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years before in 1835, and Lincoln had himself been the subject of an earlier assassination attempt by an unknown assailant in August 1864. The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, as part of a larger conspiracy in a bid to revive the Confederate cause.", "Lincoln and Seward were part of the larger assassination plan for the night that targeted not only President Lincoln and Secretary of State Seward but Vice-President Andrew Johnson and Gen. Ulysses S. Grant as well. President Lincoln was fatally shot at the theater by John Wilkes Booth. At the last minute another assassin lost his resolve and made no attempt on the Vice President, his assigned target. Gen. and Mrs. Grant had  cancelled plans to attend the theater at the last minute, thus escaping the threat to their lives.", "President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth while attending an evening performance at Ford’s Theatre in Washington with his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln. He died the next day.", "The presidential party took their seats in a specially-prepared box on the left side of the stage.  During the second scene of the third act of the play, John Wilkes Booth , a southern-sympathizing actor, climbed the stairs to the mezzanine.  He showed a card to Lincoln's valet-footman and was allowed entry through a lobby door leading to the presidential box.  Reaching the box, Booth pushed open the door.  The President sat in his armchair, one hand on the railing and the other holding to the side a flag that decorated the box, in order to gain a better view of a person in the orchestra.  From a distance of about four feet behind Lincoln, Booth fired a bullet into the President's brain as he shouted \"Revenge for the South!\"  (according to one witness) or \"Freedom!\" (according to another).  Major Rathbone sprang up to grab the assassin, but Booth wrested himself away after slashing the major with a large knife.  Booth rushed to the front of the box as Rathbone reached for him again, catching some of his clothes as Booth leapt over the railing.  Rathbone's grab was enough to cause Booth to fall roughly on the stage below, where he fractured the fibula in his left leg. ", "There was certainly nothing Lincoln could do on the evening of April 14, 1865 when John Wilkes Booth entered the presidential box at Ford's Theatre. The stage actor fatally shot Lincoln in the back of the head, triggering a manhunt for the murderer and his conspirators and a long period of national mourning.", "That night, while the play was being enacted on stage, Booth entered the theater, and made this way towards where President Lincoln was sitting. He came up from behind him and shot him in the back of his head. Booth then fled from the scene, leaving the President unconscious. Several doctors were on the scene and they tried to revive Lincoln but of no avail. They shifted the unconscious President to a nearby house, where he lived out his last moments without ever recovering from the bullet wound. President Lincoln passed away the next morning of April 15 at around 7 in the morning.", "The reproduction playbill pictured here is not the actual playbill from April 14. 1865. Ford's Theatre only found out about President Lincoln's intentions to attend the play on that very day. The original posters from that evening did not have Lincoln's name on it.", "But with the anniversary of Lincoln's death have come a spate of revivals, including ones in Richmond, Pittsburgh and Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois. Those productions are breathing new life into a play long seen as a historical curiosity, and shedding new light on Lincoln's last night and how it changed American theater." ]

[ 6.53515625, 5.9453125, 5.76171875, 5.0859375, 4.69140625, 4.32421875, 3.462890625, 3.220703125, 2.1328125, 1.0625, 1.05859375, 1.0537109375, 0.8154296875, 0.689453125, 0.51904296875, 0.51123046875, -0.78271484375, -0.892578125, -0.97607421875, -1.564453125, -1.599609375, -2.10546875, -2.4609375, -2.525390625, -2.572265625, -2.59765625, -2.779296875, -2.85546875, -3.0859375, -3.244140625, -3.72265625, -4.1171875 ]

[ "Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the Columbia River in Washington. It is the largest electric power producing facility in the United States, and the largest concrete structure in the U.S. When completed in 1941, it was the largest manmade structure ever built. The reservoir it backs up is called Franklin Delano Roosevelt Lake , named after the United States president who presided over the conception and completion of the dam.", "Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the largest electric power-producing facility and the largest concrete structure in the United States. It is the fifth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, as of the year 2008. The reservoir is called Franklin Delano Roosevelt Lake, named after the United States President who presided over the completion of the dam. The foundation was built by the MWAK Company, a joint effort of several contractors united for this purpose. Consolidated Builders Incorporated, including industrialist Henry J. Kaiser, completed the dam. The United States Bureau of Reclamation with then chief designing engineer, John L. Savage supervised the design and construction and the Bureau continues to operate the dam today. Folk singer Woody Guthrie was commissioned by the Bonneville Power Administration to write songs about the Columbia Basin Project; the songs Roll On Columbia and Grand Coulee Dam are part of that series.", "Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the largest electric power-producing facility and the largest concrete structure in the United States. It is the fifth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, as of the year 2008.", "Lake Roosevelt, located approximately 90 miles northwest of Spokane, Washington, covers 82,000 acres with a shoreline of 630 miles. Lake Roosevelt, also known as Lake Franklin D. Roosevelt, was formed when the Grand Coulee Dam was completed in 1942. As part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal ...", "Grand Coulee Dam, on the Columbia River west of Spokane, Washington, is one of the largest structures ever built by mankind--a mass of concrete standing 550 feet high and 5,223 feet long, or just shy of a mile. Grand Coulee contains 12 million cubic yards of concrete, or enough to build a highway from Seattle to Miami. More massive than the Great Pyramid of Giza, Grand Coulee is listed by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the seven civil engineering wonders of the United States. Grand Coulee's reservoir, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, stretches 150 miles north, almost to the Canadian border.", "Today, the Grand Coulee Dam stands as one of the top producers of hydroelectric power in the world and is still the largest concrete structure ever built in the United States. It provides irrigation to more than 2,000 farms and the revenue from hydroelectric power production has more than paid for its cost. [25] The adverse affects of the dam have been numerous as well. The erection of the Grand Coulee Dam blocked the passage of ocean-going salmon, which severely hurt the local Native American tribes. Other problems such as downstream erosion have also negatively affected peoples’ view of the dam. [26]", "Eighty years ago this month, President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated the massive Hoover Dam, a marvel of modern engineering when it was completed in a remote, unforgiving desert during the Great Depression. By harnessing the mighty Colorado River, the concrete structure on the Arizona-Nevada border provided electricity to the Southwest, helped irrigate 2 million acres and fueled the development of Los Angeles, Las Vegas and Phoenix. Here's a look at the dam and its construction.", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was controversially named after President Herbert Hoover.", "Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants. A third power station was completed in 1974 to increase its energy production. It is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States and one of the largest concrete structures in the world. The proposal to build the dam was the focus of a bitter debate during the 1920s between two groups. One wanted to irrigate the ancient Grand Coulee with a gravity canal and the other supported a high dam and pumping scheme. Dam supporters won in 1933, but for fiscal reasons the initial design was for a \"low dam\" 290 ft (88 m) high which would generate electricity, but not support irrigation. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and a consortium of three companies called MWAK (Mason-Walsh-Atkinson Kier Company) began construction that year. After visiting the construction site in August 1934, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt began endorsing the \"high dam\" design which, at 550 ft (168 m) high, would provide enough electricity to pump water to irrigate the", "When it was built, the Hoover Dam was the world's largest hydroelectric dam and the world's largest concrete structure. The bridge contains enough concrete to pave a highway all the way across the United States. In 1985, the Hoover Dam was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark.", "All in all, Hoover Dam stood 725 feet high, is 1244 feet wide, 660 feet thick at the base, tapering to a thickness of 45 feet at the top. It cost a total of $165 million to build and was completed in four and a half years. The project was begun in March 1931 and President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated it on September 30, 1935. First power was produced in October 1936, more than two years ahead of schedule. A total of 4.4 million yards of concrete were used in its construction. The powerhouse used 17 generators in 10 acres of floor space to produce over 4 billion kilowatt-hours for California, Nevada, and Arizona.", "Hoover Dam was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on Sept. 30, 1935 by President Franklin Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was named in honor of President Herbert Hoover.", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River , on the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada . It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin Roosevelt . Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was controversially named in honor of President Herbert Hoover .", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada. When completed in 1936, it was both the world's largest hydroelectric power generating station and the world's largest concrete structure. The dam weighs in at More than 6,600,000 tons and has more than 45,000 pounds of pressure per square foot at its base. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981, Hoover Dam was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. *Model was created to fit with GE.", "On February 25, 1901, Governor Murphy dedicated the permanent Capitol building, and the Carnegie Free Library opened seven years later, on February 18, 1908, dedicated by Benjamin Fowler. The National Reclamation Act was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902, which allowed for dams to be built on waterways in the west for reclamation purposes. The first dam constructed under the act, the Theodore Roosevelt Dam began in 1903. It supplied both water and electricity, becoming the first multi-purpose dam, and Roosevelt himself attended the official dedication on May 18, 1911. At the time, it was the largest masonry dam in the world, forming Theodore Roosevelt Lake in the mountain east of Phoenix. ", "Hoover Dam was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression. Its main purpose was to harness the Colorado River to prevent periodic catastrophic flooding, to allocate and distribute water, and to generate hydroelectricity for the Southwest. Even by today's standards Hoover Dam was a gigantic project. At the time it was the world's largest project made with concrete, not to mention the largest public works project in US history.", "At the time of construction (1935), Hoover Dam was the largest in the world and although long since surpassed it is still an amazing structure and a marvel of engineering - a huge, curving wall of plain concrete 660 feet thick at the base and 726 feet high set between the vertical walls of Black Canyon, accompanied by strangely-angled pylons, cables, power generating plants and other machinery. In 1955, the dam was selected as one of the Seven Modern Engineering Wonders in the USA by the American Society of Civil Engineers, and it is was later designated a National Historic Landmark. Also known as Boulder Dam, the usual name commemorates the 31st president Herbert Hoover, who was in office during the start of the project.", "The Grand Coulee Dam is the largest producer of hydroelectric power in the United States and the third largest hydroelectric facility in the world. With its 28 generators producing up to 23,860,944,469 kilowatt-hours annually, it is the primary source of electric power to states in the Northwest.", "1911 – Theodore Roosevelt opened the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. It was the largest dam in the U.S. at the time.", "Hoover Dam is 726 feet (221 metres) high and 1,244 feet (379 metres) long at the crest. It contains 4,400,000 cubic yards (3,360,000 cubic metres) of concrete. Four reinforced-concrete intake towers located above the dam divert water from the reservoir into huge steel pipes called penstocks. The water, after falling some 500 feet (150 metres) through the pipes to a hydroelectric power plant in the base of the dam, turns 17 Francis-type vertical hydraulic turbines , which rotate a series of electric generators that have a total power capacity of 2,080 megawatts. More than half of the generated electric power goes to the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, the city of Los Angeles , and other destinations in southern California; the rest goes to Nevada and Arizona . The dam, power plant, and reservoir are owned and managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation.", "1911 - Theodore Roosevelt opened the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. It was the largest dam in the U.S. at the time.", "During the Great Depression the government contractor, Six Companies, six formerly independent companies that had merged to get the job, constructed the dam, the highest concrete arch dam in the United States. Lake Mead, the reservoir the dam impounds, is one of the largest human-made lakes in the world, with an area of 247 square miles. The dam itself is 726.4 feet from the foundation rock on the roadway to the crest, with towers and ornaments extending another 40 feet above the crest. It weighs more than 6.6 million tons. With 17 turbines, the power facility has a nameplate capacity of 2.074 million kilowatts.", "In 1967, construction began on the massive, 20-story-high, Third Power Plant, and today Grand Coulee is the largest hydropower producer in the United States, producing 21 billion kilowatt hours of electricity a year, or about 11 percent of the power requirements of the Pacific Northwest. Grand Coulee still ranks among the largest dams and top producers of electricity in the world, although it has been eclipsed in recent years by dams such China’s Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, which has been criticized for its impacts on people and the ecosystem. Grand Coulee also has faced criticism, most notably for its impact on West Coast salmon and steelhead populations.", "The dam is named after Herbert Hoover, the U.S. president who agreed to have the dam built so that Nevada, California, and Arizona could increase irrigation waters and manage flood waters, and create hydroelectric-power. It was built in just five years - an impressive feat, considering the dam is made of enough concrete to pave a road from New York to California.", "The first eight-cubic-yard bottom-dump bucket of concrete went into the dam 18 months ahead of schedule. The dam's great mass of concrete was stripped of heat by pumping refrigerated water through 590 miles of pipe placed in the concrete as it was poured. The four 395-foot intake towers were taller than most buildings. The powerhouse's two 230-foot-high wings were designed to house 17 generating units. When construction was complete in 1935, the diversionary tunnels were closed, and the filling of Lake Mead began.", "The plan was for construction to start in the fall of 1931, in the depths of the Great Depression, which had begun with the stock market crash of 1929.   Herbert Hoover, now president, wanted to start work on the dam earlier, probably as a way to ease high unemployment.  Work actually began during the summer and continued around the clock until the dam was completed in 1935, two years ahead of schedule.  By this time, Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, had been elected president.", "Folsom Dam was built in 1955 as a part of the Central Valley Project by the Army Corps of Engineers, and is operated by the Bureau of Reclamation. The concrete structure runs 9 miles wide and creates Folsom lake, which features 10,000 miles of surface acres of water. The dam is a multipurpose facility that acts as a reservoir for agricultural, domestic and industrial use, as well as hydropower generation, recreation, and fish and wildlife habitat. Nimbus Dam is seven miles down stream from Folsom Dam to help regulate the amounts of releases from Folsom Dam. ", "In the latter half of 1936, water levels in Lake Mead were high enough to permit power generation, and the first three Francis turbine - generators , all on the Nevada side, began operating. In March 1937, one more Nevada generator went online and the first Arizona generator by August. By September 1939, four more generators were operating and the dam's power plant became the largest hydroelectricity facility in the world. The final generator was not placed in service until 1961, bringing the maximum generating capacity to 1345 megawatts at the time. [82] [85] Original plans called for 16 large generators, eight on each side of the river, but two smaller generators were installed instead of one large one on the Arizona side for a total of 17. The smaller generators were used to serve smaller municipalities at a time when the output of each generator was dedicated to a single municipality, before the dam's total power output was placed on the grid and made arbitrarily distributable. [2] The present contracts for the sale of electricity expire in 2017. [86]", "Excavation of the site began on July 16, 1933. The initial construction plan was for a shorter dam with one partial completed powerhouse with available expansion from 6 units to 18. During construction, the design was changed to the higher specification in order to employ more people, generate more electricity, and to enlarge the irrigation capacity. Construction was completed in January 1942, soon after the U.S. entered WWII . A total of 77 men died. Its height is 1330 (about 405.5 meters) feet above sea level at the roadway, the reservoir height is measured when water reaches the top of the drumgates which is 1290 feet (about 393 meters) above sea level (10 feet (about 3 meters) below the roadway). The dam was designed by John L. Savage with Frank A. Banks as chief construction engineer. For several years it was the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world.", "Excavation of the site began on July 16, 1933. The initial construction plan was for a shorter dam with one partial completed powerhouse with available expansion from 6 units to 18. During construction, the design was changed to the higher specification in order to employ more people, generate more electricity, and to enlarge the irrigation capacity. Construction was completed in January 1942, soon after the U.S. entered World War II. A total of 77 men died. Its height is 1330 (about 405.5 meters) feet above sea level at the roadway, the reservoir height is measured when water reaches the top of the drumgates which is 1290 feet (about 393 meters) above sea level (10 feet (about 3 meters) below the roadway). The dam design was supervised by John L. Savage with Frank A. Banks as chief construction engineer. For several years it was the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world.", "In the latter half of 1936, water levels in Lake Mead were high enough to permit power generation, and the first three Allis Chalmers built Francis turbine-generators, all on the Nevada side, began operating. In March 1937, one more Nevada generator went online and the first Arizona generator by August. By September 1939, four more generators were operating, and the dam's power plant became the largest hydroelectricity facility in the world. The final generator was not placed in service until 1961, bringing the maximum generating capacity to 1,345 megawatts at the time. Original plans called for 16 large generators, eight on each side of the river, but two smaller generators were installed instead of one large one on the Arizona side for a total of 17. The smaller generators were used to serve smaller communities at a time when the output of each generator was dedicated to a single municipality, before the dam's total power output was placed on the grid and made arbitrarily distributable. The present contracts for the sale of electricity expire in 2017.", "The dam is a whooping 725ft high, 2nd highest in the country.  The dam generators produce over 2000 megawatts of power from water turning might generator turbines.  Besides the massive watershed and electrical power the dam generates, it also provides an incredible playground for boaters and fisherman.  Lake Mead was named after the dam's project manager, Elwood Mead who was a legend in his own time with such an incredible engineering project, successfully done without computers!" ]

[ 9.9609375, 9.953125, 8.25, 6.11328125, 5.43359375, 4.2109375, 4.15234375, 3.94140625, 3.80078125, 3.484375, 3.419921875, 3.091796875, 3.06640625, 2.75390625, 2.5234375, 2.07421875, 1.626953125, 1.052734375, -0.0682373046875, -0.0733642578125, -0.104736328125, -1.2109375, -1.7490234375, -2.052734375, -2.375, -3.17578125, -3.23046875, -3.423828125, -3.650390625, -3.689453125, -4.1875, -4.40625 ]

[ "Also well known is hydrophobia, literally “fear of water”, as a name for rabies, which sometimes appears to cause such a sensation in sufferers because it makes the throat swell and so it becomes difficult for the victim to swallow. Much less common is lyssophobia, the fear of contracting rabies, formed using the original Greek word for the disease, lyssa. There are several other unusual terms for the fear of contracting various sorts of diseases, such as: choleraphobia, leprophobia, meningitophobia, syphilophobia and tuberculophobia are all easy to identify from their roots (though syphilophobia might equally be a fear of shepherds, since the disease was named after the shepherd subject of the poem Syphilis, sive morbus Gallicus, “Syphillis or the French Disease”, by Girolamo Fracastoro, published in 1530). Toxiphobia is obviously a fear of being poisoned (from Greek toxon, a bow, which has given us toxophily for the sport of archery, and which generated a Greek compound toxicon, “a poison for putting on arrows” which was taken into Latin and later reached us as toxic). All these terms are examples of nosophobia or pathophobia, “fear of disease”, the former deriving from one Greek word for disease, nosos, the latter from pathos (Greek “suffering; disease”, which makes a combining form patho- in medical English as well as a standalone word). Or perhaps we can summarise them all as either algophobia, a fear of pain, or thanatophobia, a fear of death, both derived from the equivalent Greek words.", "One of the most extreme examples of rabies symptoms in humans is the occurrence of hydrophobia. Hydrophobia used be considered another name for rabies, and as the name implies, indicates an intense fear of water. In the latter stages of the disease, people often have violent, painful spasms in their throat muscles whenever they try to drink. Rabies victims become hydrophobic out of fear of that pain.", "Hydrophobia (\"fear of water\") is the historic name for rabies. It refers to a set of symptoms in the later stages of an infection in which the person has difficulty swallowing, shows panic when presented with liquids to drink, and cannot quench his or her thirst. Any mammal infected with the virus may demonstrate hydrophobia.", "The word phobia may also refer to conditions other than true phobias. For example, the term hydrophobia is an old name for rabies, since an aversion to water is one of that disease's symptoms. A specific phobia to water is called aquaphobia instead. A hydrophobe is a chemical compound which repels water. Similarly, the term photophobia usually refers to a physical complaint (aversion to light due to inflamed eyes or excessively dilated pupils), rather than an irrational fear of light.", "Hydrophobia is the other name for fear of water or you can say fear of swimming even. When talking about fear of water it does not mean a bucket of water.", "The correct Greek-derived term for \"water-fear\" is hydrophobia, from ὕδωρ (hudōr), \"water\" and φόβος (phobos), \"fear\". However, this word has long been used in English to refer specifically to a symptom of later-stage rabies, which manifests itself in humans as difficulty in swallowing, fear when presented with liquids to drink, and an inability to quench one's thirst.", "* Aquaphobia – fear of water. Distinct from hydrophobia, a scientific property that makes chemicals averse to interaction with water, as well as an archaic name for rabies", "And this leads us to the remark, that many cases of so-called hydrophobia seem to be merely the result of fear and anxiety. An individual who has at some time been bitten by an animal, even though there was at the time no suspicion that this animal was rabid, suddenly conceives a dread that he is about to become a victim of hydrophobia. This belief and fear lead to the production of certain symptoms of the disease, especially the dread of water, delirium, and an apparent disposition to bite others. If these symptoms be developed immediately after the reception of the bite, or, on the other hand, several years subsequently, it may be taken for granted that the affection is merely the result of mental excitement, perhaps of reading newspaper accounts of such cases. It will certainly not be the genuine disease, unless there be marked spasms of the larynx.", "With respect to hydrophobia, or the dreadful indisposition produced by the bite of a dog or other animal affected with rabies, or by the application of some of the secretions of such animal to a part of the body, the first clear mention of it is generally considered to be that made by Aristotle; but he must have had very erroneous notions upon the subject, since he sets down man as incapable of receiving the distemper from the bite of a rabid dog. Now concerning the antiquity of hydrophobia, I may mention that Dr. Hecker thought that the fact was conclusively proved that the disease existed at least four hundred years before Christ; aye, even in the most remote periods. But with respect to a name for the disorder, as the patient docs not commonly betray any tendency to fury at the outset, while the dread of water is in reality a customary attendant on the complaint, the terms Ia rage and rabies appear, strictly speaking, even more exceptionable than the word hydrophobia.", "Aquaphobia, Hydrophobia - Aquaphobia is an abnormal and persistent fear of water. They may avoid such activities as boating and swimming, or they may avoid swimming in the deep ocean despite having mastered basic swimming skills. Medical professionals indicate that aquaphobia may manifest itself in a person through their specific experiences or due to biological factors. Some people may develop the phobia as a reaction to a traumatic water experience. Other individuals may suffer from an \"instinctive reaction\" to the water which arises separate from any observable factors. They have a gut reaction that limits their fundamental comfort level in any sort of casual water activities, such as swimming. Many people mistakenly refer to aquaphobia as 'hydrophobia'; hydrophobia is in fact a symptom of later-stage rabies, and manifests itself in humans as difficulty in swallowing, fear when presented with liquids to drink and an inability to quench one's thirst.", "Treatment:  Aquaphobia, the extreme fear of water, can take over your life as indeed can any true phobia. The Panic Away Program  is a guaranteed, proven and effective solution to EVERYONE with aquahobia.", "Someone who has an excessive fear of seas or oceans or other large bodies of water.", "Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. \"Central Nervous System Viral Diseases: Rabies (Hydrophobia).\" Section 13, Chapter 162 In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004.", "By the symptomatic form we understand that there is an aversion or dread of liquids, presenting itself as an occasional symptom of various diseases, as certain inflammatory, febrile, and nervous disorders; for example, epilepsy, injuries to the brain, etc., or the operation of particular poisons, etc.; and, again, in many of the instances of symptomatic hydrophobia the aversion or dread of fluids occurs on the same day as the cause on which it depends, or a few days afterwards, and, for the most part, may be cured with the disease which has given rise to it, or even independently of it. But, on the contrary, the hydrophobia from the bite or infection of a rabid animal does not develop until a considerable time has elapsed after the occurrence of the cause, and, when once formed, has hitherto defied the best efforts made in order to effect a cure.", "The fact is, that genuine cases of hydrophobia are very rare. It is a subject about which there is much popular misapprehension and misinformation. A large number of cases of so-called hydrophobia, in men as well as in animals, are really very different affections. It is a very common thing, for instance, to hear this name applied to an animal which acts strangely, and many a dog suffering from epilepsy has been destroyed as a \" mad dog. \" Doubtless the disease does sometimes exist among dogs, and many people are apparently bitten by such animals; but the fact is, that unless the animal's 'teeth come into contact with an unprotected part of the skin, such as the hand or face, the saliva (and hence the virus) is not apt to reach the body of the individual, since in passing through the clothing the animal's teeth are wiped and cleansed from the adherent saliva.", "Of the simple phobias, aquaphobia is among the more common subtypes. In an article on anxiety disorders, Lindal and Stefansson suggest that aquaphobia may affect as many as 1.8% of the general Icelandic population, or roughly one in fifty people. ", "A victim of hydrophobia avoids activities like swimming and boating. At home, some are even afraid to go near showers and bathtubs.", "a fear of drinking fluids, esp that of a person with rabies, because of painful spasms when trying to swallow Compare aquaphobia", "Note: If you are going to do a search, some common Limnophobia search terms include Limnophobia, lake fear, marsh fear, pond fear, lake phobia, marsh phobia, pond phobia, fear of lakes, fear of marshes, fear of ponds, phobia of lakes, phobia of marshes, phobia of ponds.", "Astraphobia, Astrapophobia, Brontophobia, Keraunophobia — fear of thunder, lightning and storms; especially common in young children.", "Since Earth is made up of about 70 percent of water, it is easy to see why this fear can be a very difficult one to live with. If you notice common symptoms associated with hydrophobia, consider visiting a health professional to discuss the treatment options available to you. Here are several situations in which a hydrophobic person may be uncomfortable with:", "It is quite common to be afraid of sharks (Galeophobia), but many times, individuals are even afraid of small and seemingly harmless fish. Such an irrational or persistent fear of fish is called Ichthyophobia. The word originates from Greek “ichthys” which means fish and phobos which means fear.", "Brontophobia or also known as Astraphobia is the fear of both thunder and lightning. The word brontophobia is derived from the Greek word bronte meaning thunder and phobos meaning fear. Other terms of the condition include astrapophobia, keraunophobia, ceraunophobia and tonitrophobia. This condition can develop also to animals. They say that those affected of the condition starts in childhood, and then would subside as he or she enters puberty. The condition is readily identifiable due to the fact that a person may start to develop the condition at a young age.", "People with brontophobia try to avoid seeing or hearing storms. They may suffer complete nervous breakdowns during natural disasters such as floods. This can put them in danger if they are unable to function in a situation, which requires them to stay calm and act rationally. ", "Rains often lead to viral diseases or the spread of bacteria. Nosophobic individuals (people who fear diseases or germs) could be afraid of rains because of this reason.", "Rhypophobia : People who are afraid of defecation have rhypophobia, and are at risk for other health problems.", "Rhabdophobia – fear of being severely punished or beaten by a rod, or of being severely criticized", "Ophidiophobia is an anxiety disorder known as a specific phobia. Specific phobias, particularly animal phobias, are thought to develop largely during childhood and may be caused by three separate possible issues: personal, witnessed, or impersonal/learned.", "Of the terms felophobia, hippophobia and equiphobia, hippophobia is the word used to describe the fear of horses. \"Hippos\" is the \"Greek word for horse, and \"-phobia\" as a suffix means \"a fear of.\"", "Rhabdophobia : An exaggerated or irrational fear of being punished severely. The term can also be used to describe a fear of being beaten with a rod of a fear of magic and the paranormal.", "In rare cases the fear of fish may be due to actually being bitten by a fish or frightened by one in some way. This can result in memories that bring anxiety and invite fear.", "It may be stereotypical, but we all have images of girls running away from boys who brandished frogs or snakes. This can be the same image that causes some to fear snakes , but in this case the image the phobic personality has is of a loved one who expressed profound fear of fish. This modeling caused anxiety to be present whenever fish are present. This may only extend to the actual act of fishing, but it could be extended to things found in an aquarium or even seafood ." ]

[ 2.580078125, 2.5078125, 2.03515625, 1.6455078125, 0.298583984375, 0.267578125, 0.11669921875, -0.1116943359375, -0.349609375, -0.63232421875, -0.75634765625, -1.5078125, -2.365234375, -2.4765625, -2.658203125, -2.740234375, -2.802734375, -3.876953125, -3.8984375, -3.951171875, -4.25, -4.5703125, -5.62890625, -5.84765625, -7.234375, -7.328125, -7.59765625, -7.61328125, -7.90625, -8.15625, -8.34375, -8.984375 ]

[ "1891: Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish toy maker who, in 1932, formed the company Lego, from the Danish leg godt which means �play well�. After seeing his Lego bricks become one of the most successful toys of all time, Christiansen later discovered that Lego is also Latin for �I put together�.", "1891: Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish toy maker who, in 1932, formed the company Lego, from the Danish leg godt which means play well. After seeing his Lego bricks become one of the most successful toys of all time, Christiansen later discovered that Lego is also Latin for I put together.", "The company name LEGO was coined by Christiansen from the Danish phrase leg godt, meaning \"play well.\" The LEGO Group claims that \"LEGO\" means \"I put together\" or \"I assemble\" in Latin , though this is a rather liberal translation.", "The company adopted the name LEGO in 1934. LEGO is formed from the Danish words \"LEg GOdt\" meaning \"play well\". Fittingly enough, the company later learned that in Latin, \"lego\" means \"I put together.\"", "In 1934, Ole Kirk held a contest among his staff to name the company, offering a bottle of homemade wine as a prize. Christiansen was considering two names himself, \"Legio\" (with the implication of a \"Legion of toys\") and \"Lego\", a self-made contraction from the Danish phrase leg godt, meaning \"play well.\" Later the Lego Group discovered that \"Lego\" can be loosely interpreted as \"I put together\" or \"I assemble\" in Latin. Ole Kirk selected his own name, Lego, and the company began using it on their products.", "In two years, the popularity of the wooden toys surpassed that of the other items, and Ole began to market them under the name LEGO, a combination of two Danish words, \"leg godt,\" meaning \"play well.\" It would not be until sometime later that the Christiansen's would learn the Latin meaning, \"I study, I put together.\"", "The LEGO company was started by Danish carpenter Ole Kirk Christiansen in 1934. Christiansen made a variety of wooden toys in his workshop in Bilund. The name \"LEGO\" comes from the Danish phrase \"leg godt,\" meaning \"play well.\" The company flourished, and by 1948 it had 50 employees.", "It was in 1932, Ole Kirk Christiansen and his son Godtfred Kirk invented Lego. Ole Kirk was a carpenter by profession, this he started in 1916. He belonged to village Billund, Denmark and made stepladders, ironing board and wooden toys. It was in Denmark that the company was established. When the country was going through depression Ole Kirk shifted to the manufacturing of toys and this decision marked his life. He made piggy banks and animal toys for the kids. Christiansen gave his company the name “Legos” in 1932. Lego is formed from the Danish words “Leg GODt” which means “play well”. Lego started its first plastic toys in 1947 and purchased a machine in 1949 which they called Automatic Binding Bricks. The Lego toys came to the market in 1955 and were originally designed in red and white plastic. Kirk always believed in maintaining the quality of the products. His son took over as the junior managing director of the company. In 1958 the company got its patent. Now the company is looked after by the grandson of Ole Kirk.", "Volvo means \"I roll\" in Latin, conjugated from \"volvere\", in reference to ball bearings. The brand name Volvo was originally registered as a trademark in May 1911 with the intention to be used for a new series of SKF ball bearings. This idea was only used for a short period and SKF decided to simply use \"SKF\" as the trademark for all its bearing products.", "Volvo means “I roll” in Latin, conjugated from “volvere”, in relation to ball bearing. The name Volvo was originally registered in May 1911 as a separate company within SKF AB and as a registered trademark with the intention to be used for a special series of ball bearing.", "The Volvo company was formed in 1915 for the manufacture of bearings for the automotive industry. The name literally translates as \"I roll\" from the Latin word \"volvere\".", "Hennes & Mauritz AB (H&M) is a multinational company based in Sweden. It went public on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1974. Founded by Erling Persson in 1947, it was initially called Hennes, the Swedish word for “hers”, and sold only women's clothing. In 1968, the company was renamed to Hennes & Mauritz and, since then, has diversified over the years and expanded its product portfolio to include womenswear, menswear, childrenswear, footwear, accessories, cosmetics and home furnishings.", "Swed ish car company whose name was specifically selected as the Latin word meaning ``I roll.''", "Accenture: derived from “Accent on the future”.  The name was proposed by Kim Petersen, an Andersen Consulting employee in Norway, as part of an internal process to find a new name on the company’s forced split from Arthur Andersen, one of the “Big Five” accounting firms. Petersen explained his submission: “When trying to to come up with a new name for the firm, I thought of things like bold growth, operational excellence and a great place to work. Accenture rhymes with adventure and it seemed to capture all of this things”. Arthur Andersen was dissolved two years later following it’s complicity in the Enron fraud. (See BearingPoint ; Braxton).", "H&M � In 1947, a Swedish businessman named Erling Persson established Hennes, a ladies' clothing store, in V�ster�s, Sweden. \"Hennes\" is Swedish for \"hers.\" In 1968, Persson acquired premises in Stockholm for his chain by buying the premises and inventory of a hunting equipment store named Mauritz Widforss. Included in the inventory was a collection of men's clothing, prompting Persson to expand into menswear. Accordingly, he renamed the company Hennes & Mauritz, which was later abbreviated to H&M.", "Ingvar Kamprad, Elmtaryd, Agunnaryd. Ingvar Kamprad, from a place called Elmtaryd, in Agunnaryd, Sweden, founded the IKEA retail chain. Not a lot of people know that. Great quiz question. (Thanks SJ for the spelling correction)", "Bang & Olufsen � from the names of its founders, Peter Bang and Svend Olufsen, who met at a School of Engineering in Denmark.", "Outside of Portugal, Denmark continued to expand in the Gold Coast region. In 1871 the Danish West Africa Company (\"Dansk Vestafrika Kompagni\" in Danish) was founded in an effort to gain more profit from the colonies goods, a scheme which indeed did work. The Danish continued to expand the colony of Danish West Africa deeper inland during the 1880s, and even went on to conquer the Nigerian region by 1890.", "Comes from Dan (Dan the proud) the first legendary Danish king (300 ac i think). He gave his name to the Danes when he died. Some 600 years later when the country got united, was it called Dan-mark. And a mark was meaning the same as mark in English. Mark in Danish can also mean field", "Molde FK was founded on 19 June 1911 by a group gathered by Klaus Daae Andersen (born 30 September 1873); they named J. Ferdinand Dahl as the inaugural chairman. On a general election 24 April 1912, it was decided that the club would be named \"International\", perhaps because the opponents were primarily visitors from cruise ships or trading vessels, or that it was to make room for the many Danes who worked on the engine factory Gideon. The same year, on 5 August, the club played its first competitive match. The match away against Kristiansund ended 2–2. The rising interest and activity in football in neighbouring towns caused the club to change its name to \"Molde Fotballklubb\" in 1915. ", ":Oslo (1299–1624 and 1925–present; known as Christiania from 1624 to January 1, 1925): During the Middle Ages the name was initially spelt \"Áslo\" and later \"Óslo\". The earlier spelling suggests that the first component refers either to the Ekeberg ridge southeast of the town (\"ås\" in modern Norwegian), or to the Aesir. The most likely interpretations would therefore be either \"the meadow beneath the ridge\" or \"the meadow of the gods\". Both are equally plausible. See Oslo#Name", "Norwegian: e r n t s i l a k o d g m v f u p b h ø j y a a æ c w z x (q)", "Corporation, Corp., Company, Co., Incorporated, Inc., Limited, Ltd., Association., Fund., Syndicate or words or abbreviations of like import in languages other than English.", "Carl's father was the first in his ancestry to adopt a permanent surname. Before that, ancestors had used the patronymic naming system of Scandinavian countries: his father was named Ingemarsson after his father Ingemar Bengtsson. When Nils was admitted to the University of Lund, he had to take on a family name. He adopted the Latinate name Linnæus after a giant linden tree (or lime tree), ' in Swedish, that grew on the family homestead. This name was spelled with the æ ligature. When Carl was born, he was named Carl Linnæus, with his father's family name. The son also always spelled it with the æ ligature, both in handwritten documents and in publications. Carl's patronymic would have been Nilsson, as in Carl Nilsson Linnæus.", "Christiania is another name that might ring a bell to many of us. Photo-5804218.78834 - San Antonio Express-News", "The company’s founder, Dee Hock, came up with the name. He stated it was a term that was understood in many languages and countries, and also stood for universal acceptance.", "With football and bandy being dominant sports in parts of Europe, it was common for sports clubs to have bandy and football sections, with athletes playing both sports at different times of the year. Some examples are English Nottingham Forest Football and Bandy Club (today known just as Nottingham Forest F.C. ) and Norwegian Strømsgodset IF and Mjøndalen IF , with the latter still having an active bandy section.", "With football and bandy being dominant sports in parts of Europe, it was common for sports clubs to have bandy and football sections, with athletes playing both sports at different times of the year. Some examples are English Nottingham Forest Football and Bandy Club (today known just as Nottingham Forest F.C.) and Norwegian Strømsgodset IF and Mjøndalen IF, with the latter still having an active bandy section.", "Efterat man i den engelske Forretningsverden længe havde gransket over, ved hvilke Kontrolforholdsregler det skulde være muligt at forebygge Underslæb med Frimærker af det underordnede Personale, opfandt en Hr. Joseph Sloper i London et Stempel, der betegnede vedkommende Afsenders Firma, og hvormed man, uden at beskadige Frimærket eller tilintetgjøre dets Fuldgyldighed, eller væsentligt forandre dets ydre Form, kunde gjennemhulle det, medens paa den anden Side Frimærkets Benyttelse af en uvedkommende tredie Person derved vanskeliggjordes.", "During the Middle Ages the name was initially spelled “Áslo” and later “Óslo”. The earlier spelling suggests that the first component ás refers either to the Ekeberg", "The city is named for King Christian IV, who founded it on 5 July 1641. The second element, sand, refers to the sandy headland the city was built on (see also Lillesand).", "Kongesangen ist die Königshymne Norwegens. Der ursprüngliche Text (Gud signe kongen vor), der allerdings mehrmals überarbeitet wurde, stammt von Henrik Wergeland. Die heutige und unten aufgeführte Version stammt von Gustav Jensen, der sie zur Krönung von König Håkon VII. 1906 schrieb. Jensen wurde von der britischen Königs- und Nationalhymne „God save the Queen\" inspiriert und verwendete dieselbe Melodie." ]

[ 8.6328125, 8.46875, 8.3125, 6.6484375, 6.3671875, 5.8984375, 5.08984375, 4.875, -4.40234375, -4.41796875, -4.6015625, -5.4140625, -5.6953125, -6.01171875, -6.39453125, -6.546875, -7.02734375, -7.45703125, -8.1484375, -8.390625, -8.6171875, -8.703125, -8.734375, -8.890625, -9.28125, -10.1171875, -10.5625, -10.609375, -10.8515625, -10.8515625, -10.953125, -10.96875 ]

[ "Daisy was known for her high-cut jean shorts, which became known as Daisy Dukes. At one time Catherine Bach’s legs were insured for $1,000,000.", "You can thank Catherine Bach for popularizing short, cut-off jean shorts in her role as Daisy Duke on The Dukes of Hazzard.", "If a person cuts off the legs of a pair of jeans, that's known as a \" cut-off \" . The character Daisy Duke from TV series \" The Dukes of Hazzard \" was known for wearing low cut blue jeans . Her popularity led to the term \" Daisy Dukes \" being used for short shorts . Jorts ( from 'jean shorts' ) is another name for denim shorts , typically cut longer than Daisy Dukes ( mid-thigh for women and at the knee for men ).", "The Dukes of Hazzard : Daisy Duke's incredibly-high-cut tight jean short-shorts. So much that they were named after her.", "Skinny jeans generally have a snug fit all the way through the legs and end in a small leg opening. Skinny leg jeans are also called as Cigarette, Drain Pipes, Carrot Leg, Peg Legs, Pencil Legs. This style of jeans was in fashion in the 1950's when many Hollywood stars wore them. Lately they have become more popular and are very trendy when worn with a pair of boots or scrunched at the ankles.", "Slim-fit pants or skinny jeans (when made of denim) have a snug fit through the legs and end in a small leg opening that can be anywhere from 9\" to 20\" depending on size. Other names for this style include drainpipes, stovepipes, tight pants, cigarette pants, pencil pants, skinny pants, \"gas pipes\", or skinnies. Skinny jeans taper completely at the bottom of the leg, whereas drainpipe jeans are skinny but then the lower leg is straight instead of tapering and so they are often slightly baggier at the bottom of the leg than skinny jeans. In some styles, zippers are needed at the bottom of the leg to facilitate pulling them over the feet. Stretch denim, with anywhere from 2% to 4% spandex, may be used to allow jeans to have a super-slim fit. Skinny jeans come in a variety of colours and styles.", "A collective term for a garment extending from the waist to the knee or above, covering each leg separately. 2: Includes all categories ranging from Hot Pants, Bermuda, jamaican, Trunks and Skorts. Also known as: bottoms, shorts, Kurzschlüsse, shorts, cortocircuitos, shorts", "EVOLUTION / MILENE The Meltinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Pot interpretation of the popular capri pants, much loved by celebrities like Audrey Hepburn and Jacqueline Kennedy. Milene is a 5-pocket, three-quarter short with zip fly. It comes with a slim fit, very low waist, tight leg and tight bottom. An iconic garment for the winter looks of those who love to indulge between the city streetsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; relax and the trendiest appointments of the cold season. 192", "In the early 1960s, drainpipes were worn by numerous rock bands and musicians, including The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan. Fashion icon Audrey Hepburn also raised the popularity of drainpipe jeans. Slim fitting pants and jeans were essentially worn not just by people who where associated with the \"Mods\" or rockers but also ordinary people. The trend lasted until the end of the 1960s when \"hippie\" culture gave rise to the return to fashionability of flared pants and bell bottom jeans.", "By the 1990s and 2000s, American and European teenagers associated with the preppy or popular clique began combining these sneakers, leggings, sweatpants, crop tops, and tracksuits with regular casual chic street clothes such as jeans, skirts, leg warmers, slouch socks, and bomber jackets. Particularly popular were the unisex spandex Nike Tempo compression shorts worn for cycling and running, which had a mesh lining, waterproofing, and, later in the 2000s, a zip pocket for a Walkman or MP3 player. ", "Last year they were calling them cropped trousers, this year they’re being described as long shorts. There may only be a few centimetres difference, but whatever they’re called they look damn good in the sun. After all, girls love a bit of leg.", "A long john, johnny, johnny suit, or farmer john/jane (depending on the gender the suit is designed for) covers the torso and legs only; it resembles a bib overall, hence the nickname.", "First, a definition. Shorts are a bifurcated garment worn by men and women and boys and girls that begin at the waist and end at or above the knee. Wait a moment! Bifurcated? That sounds almost obscene.", "Jeans can be worn very loose in a manner that completely conceals the shape of the wearer's lower body, or they can be snugly fitting and accentuate the body, specifically the buttocks. Historic photographs indicate that in the decades before they became a staple of fashion, jeans generally fit quite loosely, much like a pair of bib overalls without the bib. Indeed, until 1960, Levi Strauss denominated its flagship product \"waist overalls\" rather than \"jeans\".", "abbreviated female underwear; a G- string or thong. The colloquial shortening of ‘dental floss’ was used by females from the late 1980s to refer to thongs (in the sense in underwear).", "This is a great, sophisticated interpretation of the body-con trend, without the typical bandage details. Inspired by a look Kim Kardashian wore earlier in the year, dark high-waisted jeans and a waist-cinching skinny belt provide a hint of the body-con trend, while the ruffled top keeps you appropriately covered up.", "A Long John or Farmer John/Jane (depending on the gender the suit is designed for) covers the torso and legs only; it resembles a bib-and-brace overall, hence the nickname.", "You buy a pair of pants in US. There is no Jeans pant, you just refer as Jeans", "A high-rise or high-waisted garment is one designed to sit high on, or above, the wearer's hips, usually at least 8 centimetres (3 inches) higher than the navel. In western cultures, high-rise jeans were especially common in the 1970s, in competition with low-rise pants.", "(used with a pl. v.) women's trousers, usu. knee-length or calf-length, cut full to resemble a skirt.", "Initially, jeans were simply sturdy trousers worn by factory workers. During this period, men's jeans had the zipper down the front, whereas women's jeans had the zipper down the left side. Fewer jeans were made during World War II, but 'waist overalls' were introduced to the world by US soldiers, who sometimes wore them off duty. By the 1960s, both men's and women's jeans had the zipper down the front. Historic photographs indicate that in the decades before they became a staple of fashion, jeans generally fit quite loosely, much like a pair of bib overalls without the bib. Indeed, until 1960, Levi Strauss called its flagship product \"waist overalls\" rather than \"jeans\".", "The name 'Long Johns', long skin-tight underpants, was actually first used for the long underwear issued to American soldiers during World War Two. The name is derived from the old boxing gear worn by John L. Sullivan, who was a boxer in the late 1880s, the height of his career being 1882-92.", "Harem pants or harem trousers are baggy, long pants caught in at the ankle. Early on, the style was also called a harem skirt. The original so-called 'harem pants/skirts' were introduced to Western fashion by Paul Poiret around 1910, although they themselves were inspired by Middle East styles, and by şalvar (Turkish trousers). The term 'harem pants' subsequently became popular in the West as a generic term for baggy trousers caught in at the ankle that suggest the Turkish style, or similar styles such as bloomers, the South Asian shalwar and patiala salwar; the Bosnian dimije; sirwal (as worn by Zouaves); and the Ukrainian sharovary.", "Wearing short dresses is to show off my legs e v a h d l u o y w l g e Lif een u shion b t fa n u g u a l o n h i k A wit lase", "Jones' distinctive androgynous appearance, square-cut, angular padded clothing, manner, and height of 179 cm (5'10 1/2\") influenced the cross-dressing movement of the 1980s. To this day, she is known for her unique look at least as much as she is for her music and has been an inspiration for numerous artists, including Annie Lennox, Lady Gaga, Rihanna, Lorde, Brazilian Girls, Grimes, Róisín Murphy, Nile Rodgers, Santigold, and Basement Jaxx. ", "90s -OSS- Womens black cotton high waist wicked 90s wide leg casual shorts with button/zip front closure, high waist seaming with pleats, standard belt loops and two inset hip pockets.", "She's Got Legs : A common quip about her from other characters is how short of dresses she wears.", "Grey Alice + Olivia high-waist shorts with dual pockets at sides, dual pockets at rear, cuff detail at hem and zip closure at center back.", "term for the extremely small waist in proportion to chest and hips achieved by wearing a waist belt from childhood", "The rah-rah (or ra-ra) skirt is a short flounced layered skirt that originated in cheerleading and became a popular fashion trend among teenage girls in the early 1980s. As such it marked, as the Oxford Dictionary noted, the first successful attempt to revive the miniskirt that had been introduced in the mid-1960s. Later in the 1980s it was often worn with leather, denim or lace.", "If you've had a string of bad style days, then you can turn the tide with this super cool full bodysuit. Stretchy jumpsuit has molded, padded bust inserts and skinny, adjustable, self-tie shoulder straps which crisscross over an exposed back. Finished with cropped pant legs. No additional closures. Model is wearing a small All measurements are for a small Length: 48\" Inseam: 26\" Waist: 24\" 95% Polyester, 5% Spandex Hand wash cold, hang dry. Do not bleach Made in USA", "The song � about a bashful young woman in a skimpy bathing suit � has been used in such movies as \"Sister Act 2\" and \"Revenge of the Nerds II\" and was more recently revived in a yogurt commercial." ]

[ 3.11328125, 1.0576171875, 1.013671875, -1.6982421875, -3.837890625, -4.14453125, -4.45703125, -4.59765625, -4.6796875, -5.453125, -5.75390625, -6.25390625, -6.4375, -6.46875, -6.54296875, -6.8515625, -6.91015625, -7.00390625, -7.0546875, -7.14453125, -7.36328125, -7.4375, -7.53515625, -7.97265625, -8.1015625, -8.125, -8.8515625, -8.9296875, -9.140625, -9.2421875, -9.3515625, -9.3828125 ]

[ "A boxer's goal is to knock his opponent down, stunning him so severely that he can not regain his feet before the referee counts to ten. This is called a knockout (KO), and results in a victory for the boxer still standing. When a boxer knocks his opponent down, he must retreat to a neutral corner, i.e., not one of the corners where the boxers' trainers wait to assist them between rounds.", "When a boxer gets knocked down, his opponent is restricted from hitting the downed boxer and must go to a neutral corner while the referee makes the ten-count. The ten-count gives the downed boxer the opportunity to get back to his feet to continue fighting.", "After a fighter is knocked down, his opponent must immediately go to the farthest neutral corner�one of the two corners not occupied by either boxer between rounds. The referee then begins the count. If the fallen boxer rises, the count is ended. In amateur and some professional bouts, however, a fallen boxer must take a mandatory eight-count. Under this rule, fighting may not resume after a knockdown until the referee has counted to eight, even if the fallen boxer rises immediately. If a boxer in an amateur fight is knocked down three times in one round, his opponent wins the match on a TKO. This rule also applies to many professional bouts.", "If a \"clinch\" – a defensive move in which a boxer wraps his or her opponents arms and holds on to create a pause – is broken by the referee, each fighter must take a full step back before punching again (alternatively, the referee may direct the fighters to \"punch out\" of the clinch). When a boxer is knocked down, the other boxer must immediately cease fighting and move to the furthest neutral corner of the ring until the referee has either ruled a knockout or called for the fight to continue.", "In a fully upright stance, the boxer stands with the legs shoulder-width apart and the rear foot a half-step in front of the lead man. Right-handed or orthodox boxers lead with the left foot and fist (for most penetration power). Both feet are parallel, and the right heel is off the ground. The lead (left) fist is held vertically about six inches in front of the face at eye level. The rear (right) fist is held beside the chin and the elbow tucked against the ribcage to protect the body. The chin is tucked into the chest to avoid punches to the jaw which commonly cause knock-outs and is often kept slightly offcenter. Wrists are slightly bent to avoid damage when punching and the elbows are kept tucked in to protect the ribcage. Some boxers fight from a crouch, leaning forward and keeping their feet closer together. The stance described is considered the \"textbook\" stance and fighters are encouraged to change it around once its been mastered as a base. Case in point, many fast fighters have their hands down and have almost exaggerated footwork, while brawlers or bully fighters tend to slowly stalk their opponents.", "Refers to the sport of boxing where a boxer who has been knocked down by his opponent has to get up again before the referee counts to ten in order to stay in the match.", "A knockout, or KO, occurs when a boxer is knocked down and does not get up within 10 seconds, as counted by the referee. In some U.S. states, if a round ends while a fighter is down but before 10 seconds are up, the fighter is \"saved by the bell.\" But in most states, the count continues after the bell until the fighter either stands up or is counted out. In most states, the count stops at the bell that ends the last scheduled round.", "Right-side stance. In a fully upright stance, the boxer stands with the legs shoulder-width apart with the rear foot a half-step behind the lead foot. Right-handed or orthodox boxers lead with the left foot and fist. Both feet are pointed slightly inward, and the right heel is off the ground. The lead (left) fist is held vertically about six inches in front of the face at eye level. The rear (right) fist is held beside the chin and the elbow tucked against the ribcage to protect the body. The chin is tucked into the chest to avoid punches to the jaw which commonly cause knock-outs. Some boxers fight from a crouch, leaning forward and keeping their feet closer together.", "The following stance applies for a right-handed boxer. The boxer stands with the legs shoulder-width apart with the right foot a half-step behind the left foot. The left (lead) fist is held vertically about six inches in front of the face at eye level. The right (rear) fist is held beside the chin and the elbow tucked against the ribcage to protect the body. The chin is tucked into the chest to avoid punches to the jaw which commonly cause knock-outs. Modern boxers can sometimes be seen \"tapping\" their cheeks or foreheads with their fists in order to remind themselves to keep their hands up (which becomes difficult during long bouts). Modern boxers are taught to \"push off\" with their feet in order to move effectively. Forward motion involves lifting the lead leg and pushing with the rear leg. Rearward motion involves lifting the rear leg and pushing with the lead leg. During lateral motion the leg in the direction of the movement moves first while the opposite leg provides the force needed to move the body.", "The fighter who knocks out an opponent or scores the most points wins. Boxers score one point for every punch they land with the marked part of their glove on their opponent’s head or upper body. If three of the panel of five judges hit electronic buttons within a second of each other the boxer is awarded a point.", "A stance is the position of a standing person. Stance in boxing is extremely important as it sets the platform for all basic punches. In boxing the main stance is the common orthodox stance, which is used when a boxer is fighting, sparring and working the bags.", "If a boxer is knocked out of the ring, he gets a count of 20 to get back in and on his feet. He cannot be assisted.", "In any of the positions the attacking hand is stretched ahead the body, the other hand is under the chin and defends it. The chin is pulled down on the breast, the shoulders are stooping. Obliviously, each boxer has his own individual standing.", "    Mandatory eight-count -  An eight-second count made by the referee after a knocked down boxer returns to his/her feet. This eight-seconds gives the referee time to decide if the boxer can continue or whether he/she needs medical attention.", "* The clinch – Clinching is a form of trapping or a rough form of grappling and occurs when the distance between both fighters has closed and straight punches cannot be employed. In this situation, the boxer attempts to hold or \"tie up\" the opponent's hands so he is unable to throw hooks or uppercuts. To perform a clinch, the boxer loops both hands around the outside of the opponent's shoulders, scooping back under the forearms to grasp the opponent's arms tightly against his own body. In this position, the opponent's arms are pinned and cannot be used to attack. Clinching is a temporary match state and is quickly dissipated by the referee. Clinching is technically against the rules, and in amateur fights points are deducted fairly quickly for it. It is unlikely, however, to see points deducted for a clinch in professional boxing.", "The Clinch - Clinching is a rough form of grappling and occurs when the distance between both fighters has closed and straight punches cannot be employed. In this situation, the boxer attempts to hold or \"tie up\" the opponent's hands so he is unable to throw hooks or uppercuts. To perform a clinch, the boxer loops both hands around the outside of the opponent's shoulders, scooping back under the forearms to grasp the opponent's arms tightly against his own body. In this position, the opponent's arms are pinned and cannot be used to attack. Clinching is a temporary match state and is quickly dissipated by the referee.", "Competitors wear protective headgear and gloves with a white strip across the knuckle. A punch is considered a scoring punch only when the boxers connect with the white portion of the gloves. Each punch that lands on the head or torso is awarded a point. A referee monitors the fight to ensure that competitors use only legal blows (a belt worn over the torso represents the lower limit of punches - any boxer repeatedly landing \"low blows\" is disqualified). Referees also ensure that the boxers don't use holding tactics to prevent the opponent from swinging (if this occurs, the referee separates the opponents and orders them to continue boxing. Repeated holding can result in a boxer being penalized, or ultimately, disqualified). Referees will stop the bout if a boxer is seriously injured, if one boxer is significantly dominating the other or if the score is severely imbalanced. [7]", "A floored boxer has up to ten seconds to get back up on his feet before losing the bout by knockout .", "Belt: An imaginary line around a boxer’s midriff, below which his opponent is not allowed to hit.", "A technical knockout, or TKO, occurs when a boxer is judged physically unable to continue fighting. Such a judgment may be made by the referee, the official ring physician, the fighter himself, or the fighter's assistants.", "In all boxing, however, winners are determined either by a decision of the judges (who keep points or round victors on a scorecard as the fight progresses), the referee, or both. The winner also may be decided by a knockout, in which one rival is sent to the floor by a punch and cannot get up within 10 seconds. A doctor or referee can declare the boxer injured or defenseless even if there is no knockdown. A tied or even match is ruled a draw.", "In addition, the corner is responsible for stopping the fight if they feel their fighter is in grave danger of permanent injury. The corner will occasionally throw in a white towel to signify a boxer's surrender (the idiomatic phrase \"to throw in the towel\", meaning to give up, derives from this practice). This can be seen in the fight between Diego Corrales and Floyd Mayweather. In that fight, Corrales' corner surrendered despite Corrales' steadfast refusal.", "** The jab is recognized as the most important punch in a boxer's arsenal because it provides a fair amount of its own cover and it leaves the least amount of space for a counter punch from the opponent. It has the longest reach of any punch and does not require commitment or large weight transfers. Due to its relatively weak power, the jab is often used as a tool to gauge distances, probe an opponent's defenses, harass an opponent, and set up heavier, more powerful punches. A half-step may be added, moving the entire body into the punch, for additional power. Some notable boxers who have been able to develop relative power in their jabs and use it to punish or 'wear down' their opponents to some effect include Larry Holmes and Wladimir Klitschko.", "    Points - A boxer earns points from judges for cleaning landing punches on the opponent. Points can be deducted for committing a foul. If the match goes to a decision, the boxer with more points wins the match.", "Corner stoppage: a fighter's corner men may announce defeat on the fighter's behalf by throwing in the towel during the match in progress or between rounds. This is normally done when a fighter is being beaten to the point where it is dangerous and unnecessary to continue. In some cases, the fighter may be injured.", "Each judge must award 10 points to the boxer they judge to have won the round within 15 seconds of the end of the round. The judging criteria are the number of target-area blows landed, domination of the bout, technique and tactical superiority, competitiveness, and infringement of the rules. The winner of the round gets 10 points, while the loser gets a lower number from six to nine points. Nine points would denote a close round, eight points a clear winner, seven points total dominance, and six points overmatched.", "    RSCH - Referee stops the contest due to head blows. Used to protect a boxer who has received numerous forceful shots to the head.", "Tyson’s apparent rage when he realised he had been thrown out was ridiculous. The man knew what he was doing. In the old days fighters got themselves disqualified by hitting low, but the supposedly more civilized and sophisticated rules our sanctioning bodies have foisted upon us now force men who are punched in the genitals to box on. Deliberate head butts get point deductions, if referees notice them.", "Professional bouts are usually much longer than amateur bouts, typically ranging from ten to twelve rounds, though four-round fights are common for less experienced fighters or club fighters. There are also some two- and three-round professional bouts, especially in Australia. Through the early twentieth century, it was common for fights to have unlimited rounds, ending only when one fighter quit, benefiting high-energy fighters like Jack Dempsey. Fifteen rounds remained the internationally recognized limit for championship fights for most of the twentieth century until the early 1980s, when the death of boxer Duk Koo Kim eventually prompted the World Boxing Council and other organizations sanctioning professional boxing to reduce the limit to twelve rounds.", "Muhammad Ali is a former American boxer and three-time World Heavyweight Champion, who is widely considered one of the greatest heavyweight championship boxers of all time.", "Imagine yourself in the ring with Ali. You are fighting a person who is taller AND faster than you. When you approach, he gets on his tiptoes, takes two steps back, then lands three power shots to your face during his retreat. ", "I am sure that if the heavyweight champion of the world can't get in and watch a boxing match, there's a problem." ]

[ 6.37109375, 6.19140625, 4.8359375, 4.375, 1.6083984375, 1.525390625, 0.76611328125, 0.55810546875, 0.04644775390625, -0.93408203125, -1.1630859375, -1.177734375, -1.2001953125, -1.279296875, -1.3388671875, -1.37890625, -1.5126953125, -1.748046875, -2.244140625, -2.490234375, -2.900390625, -2.919921875, -3.884765625, -4.3671875, -4.5625, -5.125, -5.75390625, -6.30859375, -6.3359375, -6.3515625, -6.66796875, -8.5390625 ]

[ "The DSM-IV classifies this disorder as an impulse control disorder (an uncontrollable urge to do something that is immoral and/or harmful to yourself or others). People with this disorder rarely seek treatment because they are afraid to confess the nature of their illness.", "The DSM-IV is the short name for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition published by the American Psychiatric Association . It is the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals.", "There are specific symptoms that separate pyromaniacs from those who start fires for criminal purposes or due to emotional motivations not specifically related to fire. Someone suffering from this disorder deliberately and purposely sets fires on more than one occasion, and before the act of lighting the fire the person usually experiences tension and an emotional buildup. When around fires, a person suffering from pyromania gains intense interest or fascination and may also experience pleasure, gratification or relief . Another long term contributor often linked with pyromania is the buildup of stress. When studying the lifestyle of someone with pyromania, a buildup of stress and emotion is often evident and this is seen in teens' attitudes towards friends and family . At times it is difficult to distinguish the difference between pyromania and experimentation in childhood because both involve pleasure from the fire. ", "Here are the criteria, quoted word-for-word from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR, page 639:", "(The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders — DSM-IV — lists the same disorder, 297.1, on pages 297 to 301. 3", "Type of DSM-IV classification. Creating physical complaints through fabrication or self-infliction (ingesting toxins, for example) in order to assume the sick role. ", "The handbook used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental disorders is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . Published by the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM contains diagnostic criteria and research findings for mental disorders. It is the primary reference for mental health professionals in the United States. The 2000 edition of this manual (fourth edition, text revision), known as the DSM-IV-TR, lists five diagnostic criteria for kleptomania:", "The DSM-IV-TR defines a personality disorder as \"...an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment... The clinician should assess the stability of personality traits over time and across different situations.\"", "Bill Wilson's behavior meets the criteria for \"297.10 Delusional (Paranoid) Disorder, Grandiose Type\", as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition, ( DSM-III-R ,) which is the \"Bible\" of the American Psychiatric Association 1 :", "For an appropriate and correct diagnosis of Kleptomania, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) has laid the following diagnostic criteria:", "According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM IV-TR), a frequent and widely used guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, the following symptoms and characteristics are the diagnostic criteria for kleptomania:", "Pyromania, another impulse disorder, has many ties to kleptomania. Many pyromaniacs begin fires alongside petty stealing which often appears similar to kleptomania. ", "The new DSM describes a problematic pattern of use of an intoxicating substance leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:", "Affective Violence Intense autonomic nervous system arousal Subjective experience of conscious emotion Reactive and immediate violence Internally or externally perceived threat Goal is threat reduction Rapid displacement of target Time-limited behavioral sequence Preceded by public ritual Primarily emotional Heightened and diffuse awareness Predatory Violence Minimal or absent autonomic nervous system arousal No conscious emotion Planned or purposeful violence No or minimal perceived threat Multi-determined and variable goals No displacement of target No time limited behavioral sequence Preceded by private ritual Primarily cognitive- conative (acting purposefully) Heightened and focused awareness", "Freud saw fire as an aspect of the libido (sex drive) representing forbidden passions, but it is also seen in psychology as destruction and regeneration and as a mediator between vanishing and appearing forms.", "the deliberate murder, or attempted murder, of a whole people; may be based on racial, ethnic, religious, cultural, or political concepts", "disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior", "The frantic and senseless actions of an enraged man may be attributed in part to the undirected flow of nerve-force, and in part to the effects of habit, for these actions often vaguely represent the act of striking. They thus pass into gestures included under our first principle; as when an indignant man unconsciously throws himself into a fitting attitude for attacking his opponent, though without any intention of making an actual attack. We see also the influence of habit in all the emotions and sensations which are called exciting; for they have assumed this character from having habitually led to energetic action; and action affects, in an indirect manner, the respiratory and circulatory system; and the latter reacts on the brain. Whenever these emotions or sensations are even slightly felt by us, though they may not at the time lead to any exertion, our whole system is nevertheless disturbed through the force of habit and association. Other emotions and sensations are called depressing, because they have not habitually led to energetic action, excepting just at first, as in the", "By design, the DSM is primarily concerned with the signs and symptoms of mental disorders, rather than the underlying causes. It claims to collect them together based on statistical or clinical patterns. As such, it has been compared to a naturalist's field guide to birds, with similar advantages and disadvantages. The lack of a causative or explanatory basis, however, is not specific to the DSM, but rather reflects a general lack of pathophysiological understanding of psychiatric disorders. As DSM-III chief architect Robert Spitzer and DSM-IV editor Michael First outlined in 2005, \"little progress has been made toward understanding the pathophysiological processes and etiology of mental disorders. If anything, the research has shown the situation is even more complex than initially imagined, and we believe not enough is known to structure the classification of psychiatric disorders according to etiology.\" ", "The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (currently the DSM-5) provides a definition of a General personality disorder that stress such disorders are an enduring and inflexible pattern of long duration that lead to significant distress or impairment and are not due to use of substances or another medical condition. DSM-5 lists ten personality disorders, grouped into three clusters. The DSM-5 also contains three diagnoses for personality patterns that do not match these ten disorders, but nevertheless exhibit characteristics of a personality disorder. ", "and more interestingly in unconscious 'leakage' signals including interaction with items like pens and cigarettes and other parts of the body, indicating feelings such as doubt, deceit, pressure, openness, expectation, etc.", "Factitious disorder imposed on self (including what is often referred to as Munchausen syndrome) is 1 of the 2 forms of factitious disorder (the other being factitious disorder imposed on another ). In this psychiatric condition a patient deliberately produces or falsifies symptoms and/or signs of illness for the principal purpose of assuming the sick role. In so doing, the patient disobeys the following unwritten rules of being a patient:", "This is another disorder that has received some attention in the entertainment arena.  It includes a pattern of instability in personal relationships, including frequent bouts of clinginess and affection and anger and resentment, often cycling between these two extremes at a rapid pace.  They fear abandonment and this fear will often result in anger and aggressive behavior or acts that are used to ‘make’ others love them or stay with them.  These acts include psuedo-suicidal behavior, self-mutilating behavior such as cutting, and instability of mood.", "A disorder that involves achieving sexual arousal by observing an unsuspecting and non-consenting person who is undressing or unclothed, and/or engaged in sexual activity.", "abreaction:  A process in psychotherapy in which the patient is \"desensitised\" to emotionally painful, often forgotten (repressed) memories by recalling and reacting to them in the \"safety\" of the treatment setting.", "Counseling Children Who Play with Fire: Directed toward school counselors who may be called to work with fire-setting children, this article explores the motivations of fireplay and methods by which it can be discouraged.", "Common-sense understanding of human nature tells one that lack of goals whose attainment requires effort leads to boredom and that boredom, long continued, often leads eventually to depression. Failure to attain goals leads to frustration and lowering of self-esteem. Frustration leads to anger, anger to aggression, often in the form of spouse or child abuse. It has been shown that long-continued frustration commonly leads to depression and that depression tends to cause guilt, sleep disorders, eating disorders and bad feelings about oneself. Those who are tending toward depression seek pleasure as an antidote; hence insatiable hedonism and excessive sex, with perversions as a means of getting new kicks. Boredom too tends to cause excessive pleasure-seeking since, lacking other goals, people often use pleasure as a goal. See accompanying diagram.", "Stockholm syndrome is considered a complex reaction to a frightening situation, and experts do not agree completely on all of its characteristic features or on the factors that make some people more susceptible than others to developing it. One reason for the disagreement is that it would be unethical to test theories about the syndrome by experimenting on human beings. The data for understanding the syndrome are derived from actual hostage situations since 1973 that differ considerably from one another in terms of location, number of people involved, and time frame. Another source of disagreement concerns the extent to which the syndrome can be used to explain other historical phenomena or more commonplace types of abusive relationships. Many researchers believe that Stockholm syndrome helps to explain certain behaviors of survivors of World War II concentration camps; members of religious cults; battered wives; incest survivors; and physically or emotionally abused children as well as persons taken hostage by criminals or terrorists.", "For example, the cigarette slogan \"If you got crushed in the clinch with your soft pack, try our hard pack\" has two meanings. On the surface it says \"Our cigarettes are better because they come in hard packages rather than soft ones.\" An alternate interpretation, however, is \"If you are anxious about impotency, smoke our cigarettes to compensate.\" The secondary \"impotency\" interpretation is repressed because it is disturbing, just at the viewer's sexual apprehensions are likely repressed. The repressed meaning activates unconscious anxieties and induces consumption -- because people smoke more when they are uncomfortable.", "Many factors enter into the perpetuation of crime, some of which are obviously beyond the bounds of social control. And it is true that some murders occur under circumstances which no system of penalties can prevent. Yet the objective, statistical evidence available to all indicates one major factor in the commission of crime is the relative probability of punishment or escape. If punishment is certain, the impulse to crime is to some extent checked. If escape seems probable, the criminal impulse has freer reign.", "In the past thirty years, multiple definitions of serial murder have been used by law enforcement, clinicians, academia, and researchers. While these definitions do share several common themes, they differ on specific requirements, such as the number of murders involved, the types of motivation, and the temporal aspects of the murders. To address these discrepancies, attendees at the Serial Murder Symposium examined the variations in order to develop a single definition for serial murder.", "Proponents of Psychodynamic theories have offered explanations for the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of Uxoricide. It has been suggested that men who kill their partners experience both an unconscious dependence on their wife and a resentment of her. These men wish to leave the relationship, but unknowingly perceive themselves as too helpless to do so, which culminates into a belief that killing the wife is the only way to be free of her. This approach also offers an alternative explanation for instances where a man commits uxoricide and subsequent immediate suicide - the man ends his life not due to guilt, but instead due to his perceived helplessness and dependency. " ]

[ 1.810546875, 1.47265625, 1.1552734375, -0.7060546875, -0.77734375, -1.1123046875, -1.7314453125, -1.7802734375, -1.9140625, -2.099609375, -2.119140625, -2.169921875, -2.37109375, -3.142578125, -3.16015625, -3.54296875, -3.73828125, -3.802734375, -3.82421875, -4.36328125, -4.60546875, -4.78515625, -4.8046875, -4.85546875, -4.9921875, -5.2265625, -9.1953125, -9.3203125, -9.609375, -9.765625, -10.484375, -10.578125 ]

[ "Bronze Age - a prehistoric period that followed the Stone Age and preceded the Iron Age, when certain weapons and tools came to be made of bronze rather than stone.", "Bronze Age a prehistoric period that followed the Stone Age and preceded the Iron Age , when weapons and tools were made of bronze rather than stone.", "Bronze Age  The Bronze Age is, with respect to a given prehistoric society, the period in that society when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) included smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper and tin ores, creating a bronze alloy by melting those metals together, and casting them into bronze artifacts. These naturally-occurring ores typically included arsenic as a common impurity. Copper/tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in western Asia before 3000 BC. The Bronze Age is regarded as the second part of a three-age system for prehistoric societies, though there are some cultures that have extensive written records during their Bronze Age. In this system, in some areas of the world the Bronze Age followed the Neolithic age. On the other hand, in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the Neolithic age is directly followed by the Iron Age. In some parts of the world, a Copper Age follows the Neolithic Age and precedes the Bronze Age.", "800 B.C. - Bronze Age Recession? / Britain - \"In history lessons, the three ages of pre-history - Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age - seem to flow together without a gap. [NP] But there is a 300-year period in British history between around 800 BC and 500 BC where experts still struggle to explain what happened, where bronze is in decline and iron was not widely used. [....]\"", "The Bronze Age in Northern Europe spans the entire 2nd millennium BC (Unetice culture, Urnfield culture, Tumulus culture, Terramare culture, Lusatian culture) lasting until c. 600 BC. The Northern Bronze Age was both a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history, c. 1700–500 BC, with sites that reached as far east as Estonia. Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture, its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources. It is followed by the Pre-Roman Iron Age.", "The Bronze Age began in the Near East and SE Europe in the late 4th and early 3rd millennium bc. It is associated with the first European civilizations, the beginnings of urban life in China , and the final stages of some Meso-American civilizations, but did not appear in Africa and Australasia at all.", "Bronze Age civilization, centring on the island of Crete. It was named after the legendary king Minos. It is divided into three periods: the early Minoan period (c.3000-2200 B.C.), the Middle Minoan period (c.2200-1500 B.C.) and the Late Minoan period (c.1500-1000 B.C.).", "The prehistory period of Anatolia stretches from 1.2 million years ago through to the appearance of classical civilisation in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. It is generally regarded as being divided into three ages reflecting the dominant materials used for the making of domestic implements and weapons: Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. The term Copper Age (Chalcolithic) is used to denote the period straddling the stone and Bronze Ages.", "Bronze Age (2600 - 1100 BCE) : the Bronze Age, starting with the arrival of peaceful immigrants on Crete, can be divided in two periods :", "The Bronze Age begins around 2500 BC with the first appearance of bronze objects in the archaeological record. This coincides with the appearance of the characteristic Beaker culture; again it is unknown whether this was brought about primarily by folk movement or by cultural assimilation, and again it may be a mixture of both. The Bronze Age sees a shift of emphasis from the communal to the individual, and the rise to prominence of increasingly powerful elites, whose power was enshrined in the control of the flow of precious resources, to manipulate tin and copper into high-status bronze objects such as swords and axes, and their prowess as hunters and warriors. Settlement became increasingly permanent and intensive. Towards the end of the period, numerous examples of extremely fine metalwork begin to be found deposited in rivers, presumably for ritual reasons and perhaps reflecting a progressive shift of emphasis away from the sky and back to the earth, as a rising population increasingly put the land under greater pressure. England largely also becomes in this period bound up with the Atlantic trade system, which created something of a cultural continuum over a large part of Western Europe. It is possible that the Celtic languages developed or spread to England as part of this system; by the end of the Iron Age at the very least there is ample evidence that they were spoken across the whole of England, as well as the Western parts of Britain. ", "The period in cultural development succeeding the Bronze Age in Asia, Europe, and Africa, characterized by the introduction of iron metallurgy. In Europe it began around the eighth century bc. See Usage Note at Three Age system .", "3000 BCE – Bronze Age begins. 2500 BCE – Fertility Goddess worshipped. 1450 BCE – Invasion of mainland Greece by Achaeans. 1250 BCE – Minoan civilisation in Crete flourishes. 1100 BCE – Mother/earth goddess still supreme. 1050 BCE – Minoan civilisation destroyed. Mycenaean civilisation flourishes. 1000 BCE – Troy sacked. All mainland Mycenaean centres destroyed. Invasion of Dorians. Writing lost. Myths created and retold orally. 800 BCE – Homer composed the Iliad and Odyssey. 500 BCE – Writing now in general use. Myths written down. Details changed or added by powerful states. 400 BCE – Hellenistic and Roman writers write down stories in the versions we have today.", "The terms stone age, bronze age, and iron age are three classic divisions of history based on the chief material used for tools and weapons at different stages in the history of man.", "The Bronze Age began in Crete around 2700 BCE. In the late 3rd millennium BCE, several localities on the island developed into centers of commerce and handwork. This enabled the upper classes to continuously practice leadership activities and to expand their influence. It is likely that the original hierarchies of the local elites were replaced by monarchist power structures—a precondition for the creation of the great palaces.Karl-Wilhelm Welwei: Die Griechische Frühzeit, C.H. Beck, München, 2002. ISBN 3406479855. pp.12–18 The Early Bronze Age (3500 BCE to 2600 BCE) has been described as showing 'promise of greatness', in the light of the later developments on the island.", "* 1500 BC–1000 BC: The Nordic Bronze Age develops pre-Proto-Germanic, and the (pre)-Proto-Celtic Urnfield and Hallstatt cultures emerge in Central Europe, introducing the Iron Age. Migration of the Proto-Italic speakers into the Italian peninsula (Bagnolo stele). Redaction of the Rigveda and rise of the Vedic civilization in the Punjab. The Mycenaean civilization gives way to the Greek Dark Ages.", "The Bronze Age began in the Near East and southeastern Europe in the late 4th and early 3rd millennium bc. It is associated with the first European civilizations, the beginnings of urban life in China, and the final stages of some Meso-American civilizations, but did not appear in Africa and Australasia at all.Cyclopean Walls - denoting a type of ancient masonry made with massive irregular blocks.", "In Great Britain, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 700 BCE. Immigration brought new people to the islands from the continent. Recent tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around Stonehenge indicate that at least some of the immigrants came from the area of modern Switzerland. The Beaker people displayed different behaviours from the earlier Neolithic people and cultural change was significant. Integration is thought to have been peaceful as many of the early henge sites were seemingly adopted by the newcomers. The rich Wessex culture developed in southern Britain at this time. Additionally, the climate was deteriorating; where once the weather was warm and dry it became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued, forcing the population away from easily defended sites in the hills and into the fertile valleys. Large livestock ranches developed in the lowlands which appear to have contributed to economic growth and inspired increasing forest clearances. The Deverel-Rimbury culture began to emerge in the second half of the 'Middle Bronze Age' (c. 1400 - 1100 BCE) to exploit these conditions. Cornwall was a major source of tin for much of western Europe and copper was extracted from sites such as the Great Orme mine in northern Wales. Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent. ", "The Late Bronze Age (1250-800 BC) is marked by the arrival of new styles of metalwork and pottery, but otherwise life continued much as before. Horse-riding became more popular and Late Bronze Age swords were designed as slashing weapons - resembling the cavalry cutlass.", "Manning S W, Ramsey C B, Kutschera W, Higham T, Kromer B, Steier P, Wild E M, 2006. Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700-1400 B.C.. Science, 312: 565-569.", "The indications are that the Bronze Age represents the coming in of a new people--a civilized people. With that era, it is believed, appears in Europe for the first time the domesticated animals-the horse, the ox, the sheep, the goat, and the hog. (Morlot, \"Smithsonian Rep.,\" 1860, p. 311.) It was a small race, with very small hands; this is shown in the size of the sword-hilts: they are not large enough to be used by the present races of Europe. They were a race with long skulls, as contradistinguished. from the round heads of the Stone Period. The drawings on the following page represent the types of the two races.", "* The pleistocene era covers all the way up to the end of the last ice age, and thus, long after the emergence of the modern homo sapiens sapiens.", "BC-300 AD, which replaced the Jomon period and precedes the Kofun. It is marked by the strengthening of mainland influences from Korea and China, as shown by the appearance of bronze and, later, iron, wet-rice growing, the", "Homo sapiens) have been found. Mousterian man, on the other hand, is of the Neanderthal race. It is in the Mousterian levels of the caves and rock shelters of central and southern France that the earliest evidence of the use of fire and the first definite burials have been discovered in western Europe. The artifacts consist of (1) the prepared striking-platform-tortoise-core (Levalloisian) tradition; (2) the plain striking-platform-discoidal-core technique of Clactonian tradition; and (3) a persistence of the", "The current GTS era, the Cenozoic Era, began 65.5 million years ago. The current period within that era is the Quaternary Period, which began 2.588 million yeas ago. The Holocene Epoch, the most recent subdivision of geological time scale, began 11,700 years ago. The Cenozoic Era represents the time during, which the first recognizable humans came into existence. During the Cenozoic Era's comparatively short time span, relatively little change has occurred with regard to shifting plate tectonics affecting the distribution of the continents across the Earth's surface.", "Bronze Age and gave added support to the reliability of the classical legends. Modern archaeologists have criticized his approaches, but Schleimann remains a pioneer and extremely important contributor to the study of the Mycenaean civilization. He had long thought that there must have existed in the Mediterranean a civilization earlier than Mycenae and", "It is proper to note, in connection with a discussion of the Bronze Age, that our word bronze is derived from the Basque, or Iberian broncea, from which the Spanish derive bronce, and the Italians bronzo. The copper mines of the Basques were extensively worked at a very early age of the world, either by the people of Atlantis or by the Basques themselves, a colony from Atlantis. The probabilities are that the name for bronze, as well as the metal itself, dates back to Plato's island.", "Homo neanderthalensis, alternatively designated as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, lived in Europe and Asia from 400,000 to about 28,000 years ago. ", "Early Metal Weapons The Bronze Age was a huge technological advance for humankind. During this period, people first learned how to create tools—and weapons—by refining, smelting, and casting metal ores. Because different cultures developed metalwork at different times, the term “Bronze Age” covers a wide time period. It is also", "See V. G. Childe, The Prehistory of European Society (1958, repr. 1962); J. W. Alsop, From the Silent Earth (1964); G. Clark, World Prehistory: An Outline (2d ed. 1969); A. H. Jones, Bronze Age Civilization (1975); B. Fell, Bronze-Age America (1982).", "He dates back to about 30.000 years ago, in a period where the Homo sapiens existed in Europe also. After some authors, the two species of hominids, not having an equivalent alimentary ecology, have been able to overlap in terms of ranges, without competing; other authors go even further, affirming that some specimens of Cro-Magnon and Homo sapiens have coupled, generating the line of the Homo sapiens sapiens", "The Ishango Bone, dated to about 25,000 years ago, shows tallies in mathematical notation. Throughout humanity's prehistory, Africa (like all other continents) had no nation states, and was instead inhabited by groups of hunter-gatherers such as the Khoi and San (formerly known as bushmen).", "Archaic - In archaeology, this term is often used to designate an early period in a culture's history. In Greece it designates the chronological period that preceded the classical period. In the New World the term refers to a period when permanent settlements were becoming more common and human groups were making the transition from hunting-and-gathering to agriculture. In evolutionary biology, an \"archaic\" Homo sapien is a hominin (or hominid) who was slightly more primitive than modern humans (Homo sapiens)." ]

[ 4.765625, 4.3828125, 3.666015625, 1.880859375, 1.8798828125, 0.97216796875, 0.91259765625, 0.7353515625, 0.64404296875, 0.6259765625, 0.6201171875, 0.1849365234375, -0.1453857421875, -0.1673583984375, -0.212646484375, -0.3173828125, -0.69970703125, -0.77392578125, -1.2939453125, -2.041015625, -2.6171875, -2.681640625, -2.75, -2.8828125, -3.029296875, -3.26171875, -3.296875, -4.16796875, -4.32421875, -4.84765625, -5.14453125, -5.76953125 ]

[ "Fenway Park is a baseball park near Kenmore Square in Boston, Massachusetts. Located at 4 Yawkey Way, it has served as the home ballpark of the Boston Red Sox baseball team since it opened in 1912 and is the oldest Major League Baseball stadium in use. Because of the ballpark's age and constrained location in the dense Fenway–Kenmore neighborhood, the park has had many renovations and additions over the years not initially envisioned, resulting in unique, quirky features, including \"The Triangle\", \"Pesky's Pole\", and most notably the famous Green Monster in left field. Fenway Park has a low seating capacity, the fourth lowest in seating capacity and second lowest in total of all Major League Baseball stadiums; it is one of the seven Major League ballparks that cannot accommodate at least 40,000 spectators. It has hosted 11 World Series, beginning with the 1912 World Series and most recently the 2013 World Series. In addition to Major League Baseball, Fenway Park has been the site of many other sporting and cultural events, including professional football games for the Boston Redskins and the Boston Patriots, concerts, soccer and hockey games, political and religious campaigns. April 20, 2012, marked Fenway Park's centennial. On March 7, 2012, the park was added to the National Register of Historic Places.", "Fenway Park is a baseball park near Kenmore Square in Boston, Massachusetts, US Located at 4 Yawkey Way, it has served as the home ballpark of the Boston Red Sox baseball club since it opened in 1912, and is the oldest Major League Baseball stadium currently in use. It is the only one of the original standard ballparks that is still in use. Considered to be one of the best-known sports venues in the world, it is also the oldest venue used by a professional sports team in the United States.", "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in 12. Founded in as one of the American League's eight charter franchises, the Red Sox' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since . The \"Red Sox\" name was chosen by the team owner, John I. Taylor, around , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the \"Boston Red Stockings\", including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves.", " Fenway Park This stadium has been the home of football's Patriots as well as baseball's Red Sox", "Every year, the Boston Red Sox play a home game at Fenway Park , starting at 11:05 a.m. (10:05 a.m. starting in 2007). When the game ends, the crowd empties into Kenmore Square to cheer as the runners enter the final mile. This tradition started in 1903. In the 1940s the Red Sox and the Boston Braves (now Atlanta Braves ) would alternate yearly as to which team would play the morning game. In 2007, the game between the Red Sox and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim was delayed until 12:05 p.m. due to heavy rain. The marathon, which had previously been run in a wide variety of weather conditions, was not delayed.", "Fenway Park ( Boston Red Sox ) – Fenway is quite possibly the most notoriously quirky ballpark. The aforementioned 37-foot (11 m) Green Monster in left field, which includes a field-level manually operated scoreboard and a ladder, leads to unpredictable ricochets. So do the oddly angled fences in center and right field. While the Monster in left dominates the park, Fenway's right field is also notable. Known as \"the belly\", right field is 380 at its deepest point, a large divergence from the short left field. The curve of the fence comes in as it nears \"Pesky's Pole\", named for former Red Sox player Johnny Pesky , and the distance from home plate to the foul pole is only 302 feet (92 m). Strangely enough, despite this being the shortest foul line in baseball, home runs in this area are relatively rare.", "*April 20 – Fenway Park celebrates its 100th birthday, with about 200 former Boston Red Sox players, managers and coaches coming out for the pre-game introduction. The New York Yankees, however, spoil the party and defeat the Red Sox 6-2 on five home runs, all off starter Clay Buchholz. One of the home runs is Alex Rodriguez' 631st and puts him past former teammate Ken Griffey, Jr. for fifth place on the all-time list. In the first game at Fenway exactly 100 years earlier, the Red Sox had defeated the Yankees' forerunner, the New York Highlanders, 7-6 in 11 innings. ", "Boston's victory breaks the Curse of the Bambino , coming on the heels of the largest comeback in postseason MLB history (a 3-0 deficit against the New York Yankees in the Championship Series) to sweep St. Louis. The Red Sox's eight consecutive wins constitute the longest post season winning streak since the Cincinnati Reds accomplished it in 1975-1976. It marks the 3rd time in a row that a Wild Card Team wins the World Series. Boston pitcher Derek Lowe became the first pitcher in history to be the winning pitcher in the series-clinching game in three postseasons series and the first to clinch both the LCS and WS clinchers since Randy Johnson in 2001. By winning his start in game 2, Curt Schilling became the first pitcher to win World Series games with three different teams. He won game 5 with Philadelphia in 1993 and game 1 with Arizona in 2001. Again, the AL had been awarded home-field advantage, having won the All-Star game, giving the Red Sox advantage at Fenway Park despite St. Louis having the superior regular season record (Boston 98-64, St. Louis 105-57).", "The Red Sox take pride in serving all our guests and hope your Fenway Park experience will bring you back many times in the future. A variety of accommodations are offered to make your experience an enjoyable one. Find more information in our Access Guide.", "The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) provides numerous convenient ways for Red Sox fans to get to Fenway Park using public transportation. The Red Sox strongly encourage all fans to take public transportation to the game.", "The seats are cramped, the facilities ancient and the tickets are some of the most expensive in baseball. Now that that's out of the way, every baseball fan should make it to Fenway at least once. This oldest park in the Majors is a living museum to America's pastime and home to the best team in baseball in the new century. And right outside the door are some great sports bars. For more on the Fenway Park experience, including a game-day itinerary, visit Wise Guides .", "The New York Yankees are a Major League Baseball team, based in the borough of The Bronx , in New York City . The team name is often shortened to the Yanks, and the nickname the Bronx Bombers is also used. The club was founded in Baltimore , Maryland in 1901, and moved to New York in 1903. From 1923 to the present, the Yankees have played at Yankee Stadium . However, at the start of the 2009 season, the Yankees moved to a new stadium, also named Yankee Stadium .", "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto, Ontario. The Blue Jays are a member of the East division of the American League (AL) in Major League Baseball (MLB), and play their home games at Rogers Centre (formerly known as SkyDome).", "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto, Ontario. The Blue Jays compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. The team plays its home games at the Rogers Centre (formerly known as the SkyDome).", "With the win coming eight months after the New England Patriots victory in Super Bowl XXXVIII, the event made Boston the first city to have a Super Bowl and World Series winner in the same year since Pittsburgh in 1979. A number of players from both teams won awards for their performances during the season. Manny Ramírez won the Hank Aaron Award and, along with Albert Pujols, a Silver Slugger Award, while Gold Glove awards were won by Mike Matheny, Scott Rolen and Jim Edmonds. The American sports magazine Sports Illustrated honored the Red Sox with their Sportsman of the Year award a month later, making them the first professional team to ever win the award. For pitcher Curt Schilling, it was the second time he had won the award, having shared it with then-Arizona Diamondbacks teammate Randy Johnson in 2001. ", "Throughout this period, club nicknames were ad hoc, bestowed and used at will by sportswriters and fans, for example, the Lord Baltimore Club could be called the \"Baltimores\", the \"Canaries\", or the \"Yellow Stockings.\" Nicknames became associated with particular cities, and fans tended to refer to the local team by this name, even if it was not associated in a corporate fashion with its predecessor. Thus, multiple, unassociated teams used names such as Boston Red Stockings, Chicago White Stockings, Cincinnati Red Stockings, St. Louis Brown Stockings, Louisville Grays, Baltimore Orioles, Milwaukee Brewers, and the like.", "Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by . However, they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history, dubbed the \"Curse of the Bambino\" after its alleged beginning with the Red Sox' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918, an 86-year wait before the team's sixth World Championship in . The team's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history, including Enos Slaughter's \"mad dash\" in , the \"Impossible Dream\" of , Carlton Fisk's home run in , and Bill Buckner's error in . Following their victory in the 2013 World Series, they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century, including championships in 2004 and . Red Sox history has also been marked by the team's intense rivalry with the Yankees, arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports. ", "\"Sweet Caroline\" is popular at sporting events. Sherrie Levy, Neil Diamond's press agent, remarked, \"I'm not sure how it happened, but we're very pleased that it happened\". The song has been a tradition at Boston's Fenway Park since at least 1997, and it has been played at every game in the middle of the eighth inning since 2002 by the influence of Amy Tobey, a production agent responsible for the audio played over the park's loudspeakers.", "The name Red Sox, chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season, refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning . Sox had been previously adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline-friendly form of Stockings, as \"Stockings Win!\" in large type would not fit on a page. The team name \"Red Sox\" had previously been used as early as 1888 by a 'colored' team from Norfolk, Virginia. The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as Medias Rojas, a translation of \"red socks\". The official Spanish site uses the variant \"Los Red Sox\".", "After the game Giants fans chanted \"18 and 1!\", reminiscent of the infamous \"1918!\" chant the Yankees made at the Red Sox each time they visited Yankee Stadium until the Red Sox won the 2004 World Series, towards Patriots fans as they left the stadium, referring to the Patriots' final record. The same chant was also heard by Giants players and fans during the parade and rallies.", "A Canadian professional baseball team based out of Toronto, Ontario, the Toronto Blue Jays played their first regular season game in 1977 against the Chicago White Sox and came out with one of the few wins of their inaugural season. Cheap tickets were easy to score during that historic snowy game. Originally owned by Labatt Brewing Company, the team was named through a contest that included more than 4,000 name suggestions. The Blue Jays donned the traditional blue - the color of Canada's other two professional sports teams - as well as adding red and white. Belonging to the East division of the American League in Major League Baseball, the Blue Jays are currently the only team in the league to be located outside of the U.S.", "The Pawtucket Red Sox , Triple-A Affiliate of the Boston Red Sox , are a real baseball team, and their home park, McCoy Stadium, is real, too.", "April 20, 2012, marked Fenway Park's centennial. On March 7 of that year, the park was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Former pitcher Bill Lee has called Fenway Park \"a shrine\". It is a pending Boston Landmark which will regulate further changes to the park. Today, the park is considered to be one of the most well-known sports venues in the world. ", "Similar to the Boston Red Sox with \"Sweet Caroline\" (and two songs named \"Tessie\"), and the New York Yankees with \"Theme from New York, New York\", several songs have become associated with the White Sox over the years. They include:", "Because of its age and constrained location in Boston's dense Fenway–Kenmore neighborhood, the park has been renovated or expanded many times, resulting in quirky heterogeneous features including \"The Triangle\" (below), \"Pesky's Pole\", and the Green Monster in left field. It is the fourth smallest among MLB ballparks by seating capacity, second smallest by total capacity, and one of eight that cannot accommodate at least 40,000 spectators.", "*City of Champions, which—much like Titletown—refers to Boston's recent streak of dominance in sports, with the Boston Red Sox, Boston Celtics, Boston Bruins, and New England Patriots each winning national championships in the last decade. This nickname is sometimes also associated with nearby Brockton. ", "Cleveland Indians 2 at Boston Red Sox 11, F -- The Red Sox are the AL's best as they rode the home crowd and Dustin Pedroia's five RBIs to surge past the Indians. Daisuke Matsuzaka's solid start and a six-out save by closer Jonathan Papelbon bookended Boston's return to the Fall Classic. Boston completed its dramatic comeback from 3-1 down in this series, becoming the first team in Major League history to pull off that feat three times.moreless", "AT&T Park is the home of the San Fransisco Giants. The ballpark has several unique design characteristics; the right field wall is 24 feet tall in reference to famous Giant, Mille Mays, and the mass of water beyond the wall is known as McCovey Cove, after former first baseman Willie McCovey. Home runs that land in the cover are known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Splash Hitsâ&#x20AC;?, and there have been over 70 such home runs since the park opened.", "After purchasing the fledgling Boston Braves, the team's owners asked a local newspaperman to choose a new nickname for the franchise based on suggestions made by the fans. After hundreds of entries, the moniker Boston \"Bees\" was selected. Unfortunately, it would never catch on and be changed back to the Braves after the 1940 season.", "The team belonging to the league that won the mid-season All-Star game receives home-field advantage in the World Series.", "The Expos regularly played 81 home games every season until 2003, when they played 22 home games in Puerto Rico at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan. The Expos played 59 home games at Olympic Stadium in their final two seasons of 2003 and 2004; the franchise moved south to Washington, D.C. for the 2005 season and became the Washington Nationals.", "Since 1982, the city has been home to the Lotte Giants, who play in the Korea Professional Baseball league. In Korea, Busan is known as the capital of baseball and has a reputation for very enthusiastic baseball fans. For the first few years, the Lotte Giants utilized Gudeok Baseball Stadium as their home. In the mid-1980s, they moved to Sajik Baseball Stadium, which was built as part of a sports complex for the 1986 Asian Games." ]

[ 7.58984375, 6.29296875, 5.8515625, 3.888671875, 3.7734375, 1.91015625, 1.8232421875, 1.7080078125, 0.9892578125, 0.1964111328125, -0.5986328125, -1.4326171875, -2.255859375, -2.408203125, -2.435546875, -2.5703125, -2.703125, -2.724609375, -2.8828125, -3.4375, -3.615234375, -3.65234375, -3.724609375, -3.94921875, -4.078125, -4.1484375, -4.1875, -5.09375, -5.578125, -5.96484375, -6.05078125, -7.4609375 ]

[ "John Wilkes Booth wrote in his diary that he shouted \"Sic semper tyrannis\" after shooting U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, in part because of the association with the assassination of Caesar. ", "President Abraham Lincoln is shot in the head at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. The assassin, actor John Wilkes Booth, shouted, “Sic semper tyrannis! (Ever thus to tyrants!) The South is avenged,” as he jumped onto the stage and fled on horseback. Lincoln died the next morning.", "Thanks to movies and TV, we all think we have a clear picture of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln: John Wilkes Booth shot the president 150 years ago, on April 14, 1865, around 10 pm. He did it during the Ford's Theatre showing of Our American Cousin, and then jumped from Lincoln's box onto the stage after shouting, \"Sic semper tyrannis.\"", "John Wilkes Booth said the same phrase, \"Sic Semper Tyrannis,\" after he shot President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in 1865.", "It's even unclear when, or if, Booth actually shouted \"Sic semper tyrannis\" (\"Thus always to tyrants\"). As Jameson notes, not a single witness heard Booth utter the words before shooting Lincoln (though, conceivably, they might not have been listening for it). Other reports say he shouted it after reaching the stage. Still others say Rathbone heard Booth shout \"Freedom,\" but not \"Sic semper tyrannis.\" This, too, may always be a mystery.", "Around 10:15, as the President and the First Lady watched a performance of Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre, Booth, showed a card to a presidential aide and was allowed entry through a lobby door leading to the presidential box.  Reaching the box, Booth pushed open the door.  The President sat in his armchair, one hand on the railing and the other holding to the side a flag that decorated the box, in order to gain a better view of a person in the orchestra.  From a distance of about four feet behind Lincoln, Booth fired a bullet into the President's brain as he shouted \"Revenge for the South!\"  (according to one witness) or \"Freedom!\" (according to another).  Major Rathbone, seated with the President in the State Box, sprang up to grab the assassin, but Booth wrested himself away after slashing the general with a large knife.  Booth rushed to the front of the box as Rathbone reached for him again, catching some of his clothes as Booth leapt over the railing.  Rathbone's grab was enough to cause Booth to fall roughly on the stage below, where he badly fractured his leg. ", "History fact: After John Wilkes Booth killed Lincoln, he said \"Sic Semper Tyrannis,\" which is the Harry Potter spell for killing a president", "Abraham Lincoln , hailed by many historians as America's greatest president, was at a high point in 1865 when he was murdered. He had ended slavery, preserved the Union through the Civil War, and was embarking on the long road to reconstruction. The president was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., when actor John Wilkes Booth slipped into the president's booth and shot him in the head on Good Friday, April 14, 1865. Booth then leapt onto the stage wielding a knife and said, \"Sic semper tyrannis,\" or \"thus always to tyrants,\" a famous line attributed to Brutus at Caesar's assassination. [ Busted: 6 Civil War Myths ]", "\"Sic semper tyrannus!\" (\"Thus to tyrants!\") before he shot Lincoln.  Most accounts of the assassination report that Booth broke his leg upon landing on the stage.  Eyewitnesses, however, did not report that Booth limped across the stage and one historian, Michael Kaufmann, argued that Booth injured his leg in his hurried attempt to mount his horse after exiting Ford's theater.", "What Booth shouted in English is also muddied by varying recollections. Some witnesses said he shouted \"The South is avenged!\" Others thought they heard him say \"Revenge for the South!\" or \"The South shall be free!\" Two said Booth yelled \"I have done it!\"", "Booth went ballistic. He turned to his fellow co-conspirator Powell. “That means nigger citizenship. That is the last speech he will ever make,”  he vowed.  He begged Powell to shoot Lincoln then and there. When Powell said no, Booth proclaimed, “By God, I’ll put him through.”", "On April 14, 1865, five days after the Civil War had ended, at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C., at 10:00 P.M., a shot echoed through the theater. Panic ensued and John Wilkes Booth leapt onto the stage, crying \"Sic Semper Tyrannis\" (Thus always to tyrants). Six Union soldiers carried the wounded ...", "\"Booth received his death-shot in this manner. While I was taking Herold out of the barn one of the detectives went to the rear, and pulling out some protruding straw set fire to it. I had placed Sergeant Boston Corbett at a large crack in the side of the barn, and he, seeing by the igniting hay that Booth was leveling his carbine at either Herold or myself, fired, to disable him in the arm; but Booth making a sudden move, the aim erred, and the bullet struck Booth in the back of the head, about an inch below the spot where his shot had entered the head of Mr. Lincoln. Booth asked me by signs to raise his hands. I lifted them up and he gasped, 'Useless, useless!' We gave him brandy and water, but he could not swallow it. I sent to Port Royal for a physician, who could do nothing when he came, and at seven o'clock Booth breathed his last. He had on his person a diary, a large bowie knife, two pistols, a compass and a draft on Canada for 60 pounds.\"", "Many authors feel John Wilkes Booth made the final decision to assassinate President Lincoln on April 11, 1865. On that date the president gave his last speech from the White House. Booth, David Herold, and Lewis Powell were in the audience. Among other things, Lincoln discussed possible new rights for certain blacks. He suggested conferring voting rights \"on the very intelligent, and on those who serve our cause as soldiers.\" Booth was enraged! He said, \"Now, by God! I'll put him through. That is the last speech he will ever make.\"", "Fleeing the screaming pandemonium he has just created; John Wilkes Booth flings himself over the wall of the Presidential Box at Ford's Theater. Behind him lies an unconscious and dying President Lincoln, a .50 caliber bullet lodged in his brain. As he plummets through the air, Booth catches his foot on the bunting decorating the front of the presidential box, loses his balance and crashes onto the stage floor below. Ignoring the pain from his broken left leg, Booth hobbles to his feet running to the back of the stage. The famous actor pauses at center stage to deliver his last line, \"Sic Semper Tyrannis\" (Thus always with tyrants). Booth then runs off into the night.", "On the White House lawn listening to the speech was Booth and one of his co-conspirators. According to one witness, Holzer says, Booth bristled at Lincoln's words, declaring that the president's message \"means negro equality.\"", "On 14 April 1865, Wm Withers Jr., was the orchestra leader at Ford’s Theatre. It was the night of the assassination of Pres. Abraham Lincoln. Withers said he was backstage at the time the shot was fired and during the escape of John Wilkes Booth, was cut by the assassin as he headed toward the back door of the theatre. Thus Withers was called as a witness and his testimony, given under oath, was transcribed and is available as a “first hand” account of the moments after the tragedy.", "All the additional laughs contained in the American version became helpful props for John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin. As an actor, he was familiar with the play and knew when the audience would be laughing the most — and that's when he pulled the trigger. The laughter covered up the cries of Mrs Lincoln.", "However Lincoln did not live to see the end of the war. John Wilkes Booth assassinated him on 15 April 1865. Lincoln was watching a play in Ford's Theater when Booth shot him in the head. Andrew Johnson took his place.", "United States President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, General Robert E. Lee, surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army of the Potomac.", "President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth while attending an evening performance at Ford’s Theatre in Washington with his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln. He died the next day.", "The Lincoln administration was brought to an abrupt end in 1865 by John Wilkes Booth, who shot the President in Ford's Theater and then made an escape. Booth had the beginnings of a handlebar moustache at the time, but shaved it off to disguise himself. It didn't work - he was found and killed.", "Booth was true to his word. It was the last speech Lincoln ever made. Four days later, the president would be dead, killed by a bullet fired into his head by John Wilkes Booth.", "By late into his second term as president, Lincoln had publicly abandoned the idea of colonization after speaking with Frederick Douglass about the matter, who objected harshly to it. On April 11, 1865, with the war drawing to a close, Lincoln gave a public speech at the White House supporting suffrage for blacks, a speech that led actor John Wilkes Booth, who was vigorously opposed to emancipation and black suffrage, to assassinate him. ", "Abraham Lincoln =60. Lincoln Nebraska =60. Ford’s Athenaeum =60 (the original name of Ford’s Theater). Boston Corbett =60 (the man who shot John Wilkes Booth). Booth =60.", "...Reactions to the Lincoln Assassination Washington, DC, April 14, 1865, 10:45 p.m., the President of the United States was shot with a Philadelphia Deringer pistol at Ford’s Theatre while attending the play Our American Cousin. He was carried across the street where he died early the next morning. The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, made his escape by horse and rode to the house of Doctor Mudd, a resident of Maryland who repaired his leg. The next day Booth was found hiding in...", "The previous day, Booth was in the crowd outside the White House when Lincoln gave an impromptu speech from his window. When Lincoln stated that he was in favor of granting suffrage to the former slaves, Booth declared that it would be the last speech Lincoln would ever make. [85] [87] [88]", "John Wilkes Booth Assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, while he enjoyed a play with First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln , at the Fords Theater.", "The previous day, Booth was in the crowd outside the White House when Lincoln gave an impromptu speech from his window. When Lincoln stated that he was in favor of granting suffrage to the former slaves , Booth declared that it would be the last speech Lincoln would ever make. [88] [90] [91]", "The previous day, Booth was in the crowd outside the White House when Lincoln gave an impromptu speech from his window. When Lincoln stated that he was in favor of granting suffrage to the former slaves , Booth declared that it would be the last speech Lincoln would ever make. [89] [91] [92]", "Booth was startled to hear what the President said next.  Lincoln said something that no other president had ever said publicly. He told the crowd that he was in favor of granting some black men the right to vote, especially, “the very intelligent and those who served our cause as soldiers.” One hundred eighty thousand black men had served in the Union Army.", "On October 16, 1854, in his \"Peoria Speech,\"[76] Lincoln declared his opposition to slavery that he would repeat enroute to the presidency.[77]: \"[The Act has a] 'declared' indifference, but as I must think, a covert 'real' zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world...\" [78] According to a newspaper account of the speech, Lincoln spoke with a very powerful voice and an accent native to his home Kentucky.[79]" ]

[ 7.0078125, 6.57421875, 5.91015625, 5.23828125, 5.0390625, 4.890625, 4.6640625, 4.609375, 3.220703125, 3.140625, 2.015625, 1.52734375, 1.4541015625, 0.355712890625, 0.1728515625, 0.1339111328125, 0.10205078125, -0.54150390625, -0.603515625, -0.81201171875, -0.83544921875, -1.01171875, -1.173828125, -1.392578125, -2.08984375, -2.11328125, -2.7890625, -2.79296875, -2.841796875, -2.85546875, -3.02734375, -7.296875 ]

[ "Robinson went on to break major league baseball's color barrier when he started at first base for Brooklyn on April 15, 1947.", "Jack Roosevelt \"Jackie\" Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman who became the first African American to play in the major leagues in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. The Dodgers, by playing Robinson, heralded the end of racial segregation that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. ", "When Jackie Robinson and the Brooklyn Dodgers broke the color barrier in 1947, it opened up the opportunity for a whole new pool of players to join the Major Leagues.", "Breaking through the colour bar On April 15, 1947, Jack Roosevelt (“Jackie”) Robinson made his debut for the Brooklyn Dodgers. He was the first African American to play in top-level competitive baseball. African American players had been forced into separate leagues from the later 19th century, and the professional Negro National League (NNL) thrived in the Great Depression of the 1930s. Robinson’s successful debut and high-profile impact attracted more and more African Americans to the major league, and the NNL collapsed. Each year on April 15, players wear Robinson’s number 42 jersey as a tribute to the historic breakthrough, although the proportion of African American players in top baseball teams has declined markedly since 1975.", "Author Jonathan Eig discusses his book, Opening Day: The Story of Jackie Robinson's First Season. April 15, 1947, is perhaps the most memorable date in baseball. When the Brooklyn Dodgers opened their season on that day, an African American man took the field in a major-league baseball for the first time. Amid death threats, isolation, and segregation, Robinson broke the color barrier, all while being the most scrutinized ballplayer on the planet. Eig offers an intimate and surprising portrait of a true baseball legend and an enduring symbol of civil rights. ", "From 1942 to 1948, the Negro League World Series was revived. This was the golden era of Negro League baseball, a time when it produced some of its greatest stars. In 1947, Jackie Robinson signed a contract with the Brooklyn Dodgers, breaking the color barrier that had prevented talented African American players from entering the white-only major leagues. Although the transformation was not instantaneous, baseball has since become fully integrated. In 1948, the Negro Leagues faced financial difficulties that effectively ended their existence.", "The civil rights movement in photos – Jackie Robinson, who broke Major League Baseball's color barrier, poses in the dugout with some of his Brooklyn Dodgers teammates during his first game on April 15, 1947.", "On April 15, 1947, Jackie Robinson becomes the first African-American in the major leagues when he plays his first game with the Brooklyn Dodgers.", "Jackie Robinson dramatized the racial question in 1947 when he broke baseball's color line and began playing in the major leagues. A member of the Brooklyn Dodgers, he often faced trouble with opponents and teammates as well. But an outstanding first season led to his acceptance and eased the way for other black players, who now left the Negro leagues to which they had been confined.", "6. Brooklyn was home to the first African American Major League Baseball Player. When the Brooklyn Dodger's signed Jackie Robinson in April 1947, they would make Major League history. However, this was extremely controversial, and according to History.com , \"Some Brooklyn Dodgers players signed a petition against Robinson joining the team.\" Despite the initial protest, History.com reports that, \"Robinson would go on to win the MLB’s 1947 Rookie of the Year award before embarking on an illustrious career as a ball player, television analyst, businessman and civil rights leader.\"", "In 1884, African American Moses Walker (and, briefly, his brother Welday) had played for the Toledo Blue Stockings of the major-league-level American Association. An injury ended Walker's major league career, and by the early 1890s, a \"gentlemen's agreement\" in the form of the baseball colour line effectively barred African-American players from the majors and their affiliated minor leagues, resulting in the formation of several Negro Leagues. The first crack in the agreement occurred in 1946, when Jackie Robinson was signed by the National League's Brooklyn Dodgers and began playing for their minor league team in Montreal. Finally, in 1947, the major leagues' colour barrier was broken when Robinson debuted with the Dodgers. Although the transformation was not instantaneous, baseball has since become fully integrated.", "On this day in 1947, Jackie Robinson, age 28, becomes the first African-American player in Major League Baseball when he steps onto Ebbets Field in Brooklyn to compete for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Robinson broke the color barrier in a sport that had been segregated for more than 50 years. Exactly 50 years later, on April 15, 1997, Robinson’s groundbreaking career was honored and his uniform number, 42, was retired from Major League Baseball by Commissioner Bud Selig in a ceremony attended by over 50,000 fans at New York City’s Shea Stadium. Robinson’s was the first-ever number retired by all teams in the league.", "When Robinson made his first appearance as a Dodger on April 15, 1947, more than 26,000 fans packed Ebbets Field; reportedly some 14,000 of those were African American. The afternoon was cold and rainy, and Robinson went hitless. Nonetheless, the sight of a black man on a major league diamond during a regular season game moved the crowd so deeply that they cheered the Dodgers on to a 5-3 victory over the Boston Braves. Every move the 28-year-old rookie made seemed to be greeted with the chant: “Jackie! Jackie! Jackie!” It seemed as if baseball had finally shed its three-quarters of a century of hypocrisy to become truly deserving of the title “national pastime.”", "Jackie Robinson integrated baseball as the 20th-century's first black player on April 15, 1947. Robinson's arrival also boosted the standings and the bottom line as the '47 Dodgers won the NL pennant and sold an Ebbets Field-high 1.8 million tickets.", "When Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in 1947, Campanella was in the Dodgers Minor League system biding is time with an eye on how the Robinson move went.", "1945 - Jackie Robinson of the Kansas City Monarchs signs a contract for the Brooklyn Dodgers to break the baseball color barrier.", "The 1940s were the beginning of the Dodgers' emergence as a powerhouse and a historical first as Brooklyn broke baseball's color line with the signing of Jackie Robinson.", "FILE - In a May 9, 1947 file photo, Jackie Robinson, left, Brooklyn Dodgers' first baseman, looks over the bat Philadelphia Phillies manager Ben Chapman uses during practice, as he prepared to play his first Philadelphia game for the Dodgers. The Philadelphia City Council unanimously passed a resolution Thursday, March 31, 2016, naming April 15, 2016 as a day to honor Robinson's achievements and to apologize for the racism he faced while visiting Philadelphia in 1947. Robinson was refused service by a local hotel and then taunted by Philadelphia Phillies manager Ben Chapman, who, along with players, mercilessly hurled racial slurs at Robinson each time he came to bat. (AP Photo, File)", "The following year, the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues. On April 15, 1947, Robinson made his major league debut at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators, including more than 14,000 black patrons. Black baseball fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town, abandoning their Negro league teams which they had followed exclusively. Robinson's promotion met a generally positive, although mixed, reception among newspapers and white major league players. Manager Leo Durocher informed his team, \"I do not care if the guy is yellow or black, or if he has stripes like a fuckin' zebra. I'm the manager of this team, and I say he plays. What's more, I say he can make us all rich. And if any of you cannot use the money, I will see that you are all traded.\" ", "Despite Robinson’s obvious talent, he was not immediately welcomed by his prospective teammates. Dixie Walker demanded a trade, and rumors circulated of a petition of players pledging not to play with black teammate. Dodger captain Pee Wee Reese, a Southerner himself from Louisville, Kentucky, refused to sign the petition. The opposition from Robinson’s teammates gradually subsided, and Robinson was in Brooklyn’s opening day lineup on April 15, 1947. Although most players and fans in Brooklyn quickly accepted Robinson, the Dodgers’ second basemen remained the target of brutal race-baiting on the road. Following one particularly nasty episode in Cincinnati , a city just across the Ohio River from the South, shortstop Pee Wee Reese, a Southerner, himself, walked stepped across second base and embraced Robinson. The significance of Reese’s gesture is immeasurable.", "Difficult as it is to believe now, baseball was a whites-only sport as late as 1945. Robinson was the man who broke that barrier. His life, even to that point, was marked by both athletic brilliance and his refusal to be segregated. Established at the Brooklyn Dodgers, Robinson faced ongoing harassment from the crowd and other players, but he proved he was no token: his exceptional hitting and base-running made him a hero, helped the Dodgers win a World Series and thrust open the door for other black athletes.", "The following year, six days before the start of the 1947 season, the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues. With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers, Robinson played his initial major league season as a first baseman. On April 15, 1947, Robinson made his major league debut at the relatively advanced age of 28 at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators, including more than 14,000 black patrons. Although he failed to get a base hit, he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers' 5–3 victory.McNeil, p. 357. Robinson became the first player since 1880 to openly break the major league baseball color line. Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town, abandoning their Negro league teams.", "On October 23, 1945, it was announced to the world that Robinson had signed a contract to play baseball for the Montreal Royals of the International League, the top minor-league team in the Dodgers organization. Robinson had actually signed a few months earlier. In that now-legendary meeting, Rickey extracted a promise that Jackie would hold his sharp tongue and quick fists in exchange for the opportunity to break Organized Baseball's color barrier.", "As the first African American man to play a major league sport in the modern era, Jackie Robinson challenged the traditional basis of racial segregation through his exceptional talent, his use of nonviolence, and his dignified character. His 10 year career with the Brooklyn Dodgers and off the field activities greatly contributed to the Civil Rights Movement.", "In 1947, Robinson was given an opportunity with Brooklyn. Rickey's thorough research to find an exceptional African-American player was evident in his quote: \"I'm looking for a ballplayer with enough guts not to fight back.\" He found his man in Robinson, who faced all forms of abuse and pressure. The more Robinson was taunted and threatened, the more he let his performance on the field speak for himself. Overcoming the critics and the prejudice, Robinson became one of the great stars of the game, later becoming the first African-American elected to the Hall of Fame. In his first season, Robinson hit .297, scored 125 runs and stole 29 bases en route to being the first-ever Major League Rookie of the Year.", "1946 saw the beginning of the end of the Negro Leagues, when Jackie Robinson was signed by owner/manager Branch Rickey to be the first black player for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Black baseball fans followed their favorite players to the Major Leagues and slowly the Negro League teams disbanded. The last four teams remaining finally broke up the League in 1960.", "Robinson's major league debut brought an end to approximately sixty years of segregation in professional baseball, known as the baseball color line. After World War II, several other forces were also leading the country toward increased equality for blacks, including their accelerated migration to the North, where their political clout grew, and President Harry Truman's desegregation of the military in 1948. Robinson's breaking of the baseball color line and his professional success symbolized these broader changes and demonstrated that the fight for equality was more than simply a political matter. Martin Luther King, Jr. said that he was \"a legend and a symbol in his own time\", and that he \"challenged the dark skies of intolerance and frustration.\" According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Robinson's \"efforts were a monumental step in the civil-rights revolution in America ... [His] accomplishments allowed black and white Americans to be more respectful and open to one another and more appreciative of everyone's abilities.\" ", "• Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to sign a contract with a major league baseball club.", "At the same time, a \"gentlemen's agreement\" was struck between the clubs to exclude non-white players from professional baseball, a bar that remained until 1947. It is a common misconception that Jackie Robinson was the first African-American major-league ballplayer; he was actually only the first after a long gap (and the first in the modern era). Moses Fleetwood Walker and his brother Welday Walker were unceremoniously dropped from major and minor-league rosters in the 1880s, as were other African-Americans in baseball. An unknown number of African-Americans played in the major leagues by representing themselves as Indians, or South or Central Americans, and a still larger number played in the minor leagues and on amateur teams as well. In the majors, however, it was not until the signing of Robinson (in the National League) and Larry Doby (in the American League) that baseball began to remove its color bar.", "Raised in Pasadena, Jackie Robinson (1919-72) went on to be the first African-American to play American Major League Baseball.", "And there is the biggest myth of all: that Jackie Robinson’s acceptance of Major League Baseball’s invitation to reintegrate its diamonds (Fleetwood Walker was the first black major leaguer between May and September 1884) was a seminal moment in the Civil Rights movement. Truth is, Robinson was part of a continuum in the 1940s. He was preceded by President Roosevelt’s executive order in 1941 that prohibited racial discrimination by federal defense contractors, a Supreme Court decision in 1944 that outlawed all-white primaries and a Supreme Court ruling in 1946 that ruled segregated seating on interstate buses was unconstitutional.", "The integration movement in general had picked up steam during World War II as black American soldiers fought and died beside whites. In fact, the decade leading up to Robinson's signing had been marked by significant progress in efforts to gain equal rights for minorities in all facets of life. Yet the moguls running Major League Baseball stubbornly resisted efforts to integrate the sport, refusing to consider black players even as the talent pool was depleted by the war and one-armed and one-legged players could be found among the old-timers, teenagers, and 4-Fs gracing big-league rosters. " ]

[ 7.92578125, 7.6640625, 7.015625, 6.30078125, 6.29296875, 6.16796875, 5.09375, 4.84765625, 4.39453125, 3.8359375, 3.791015625, 3.78125, 3.296875, 3.2890625, 3.013671875, 2.94140625, 2.8828125, 2.455078125, 2.32421875, 1.876953125, 1.431640625, 1.3818359375, 1.359375, 1.3447265625, 1.197265625, 0.90673828125, -2.072265625, -2.578125, -3.12109375, -4.140625, -4.17578125, -6.15625 ]

[ "Today, three orbiters fly into space. They are Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour. Since the shuttle began flying in 1981, two orbiters, Columbia and Challenger, have been lost due to accidents. One other orbiter, Enterprise, never flew into space. It was built to test how the orbiters would work. Now it's at a Smithsonian Museum center near Washington, D.C.", "Its major components were a spaceplane orbiter with an external fuel tank and two solid-fuel launch rockets at its side. The external tank, which was bigger than the spacecraft itself, was the only major component that was not reused. Six orbiters were constructed in total, named Space Shuttle Atlantis, Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Endeavour and Enterprise.", "Its major components were a spaceplane orbiter with an external fuel tank and two solid-fuel launch rockets at its side. The external tank, which was bigger than the spacecraft itself, was the only major component that was not reused. Six orbiters were constructed in total, named Space ShuttleAtlantis, Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Endeavour and Enterprise.", "There were originally five orbiter space planes: Atlantis, Challenger, Columbia, Discovery and Endeavour. Two of these, Challenger and Columbia, were destroyed in tragic accidents. Atlantis flew the last mission of the shuttle programme in July 2011.", "Along with these, the shuttle program has seen the depths of tragedy. On Jan. 28, 1986, a leak in the joints of one of two solid rocket boosters attached to the shuttle orbiter Challenger caused the main liquid fuel tank to explode 73 seconds after launch, killing all seven crew members. On Sept. 29, 1988, the shuttle successfully returned to flight and NASA flew 87 successful missions before tragedy struck again on Feb. 1, 2003, with the loss of the orbiter Columbia and its seven astronauts during re-entry. Three shuttle orbiters remain in NASA’s fleet: Atlantis, Discovery and Endeavour. NASA’s plan is to fly out the remaining shuttle missions through 2010 for the purposes of International Space Station assembly and servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope.", "Somber fact about the Discovery: After her final space mission this past March, she became the only original Shuttle to survive her final launch and landing unlike the Challenger and Columbia. She’s going to end up at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum to replace the Enterprise prototype.", "KOLBRIN GOBLIN: The ENTERPRISE called COLUMBIA (the US) will ENDEAVOR to DISCOVER the lost city of ATLANTIS, but all CHALLENGERS will be destroyed!", "Florida has Atlantis, California is home to Endeavour, Virginia displays Discovery and New York has Enterprise. Texas has a space shuttle, too — a full-scale, high-fidelity mockup of the NASA winged vehicles — but what the Lone Star State's orbiter doesn't have is a name.", "NASA is poised to return to flight again in summer 2005 with the STS-114 mission. There are three Shuttle orbiters in NASA's fleet: Atlantis, Discovery, and Endeavour.", "This will be the 133rd launch of a space shuttle since the first flight of Columbia on April 12th 1981 and it is the 39th flight of Discovery. There was an earlier space shuttle called Enterprise (named after the Star Trek Enterprise) that flew in 1977 but this was only a test flight and never actually went into space. The space shuttles have been the work horse for NASA and without their help the International Space Station would never had been built and the giant Hubble Space telescope could not have been sent into space, but now they have come to retirement age and are no longer needed. There will be one final flight by one of the remaining shuttles: Endeavour will fly in February 2011 but the shuttle Atlantis will be kept on standby to act as a rescue mission should anything go wrong with either Discovery or Endeavour. After that they will all be sold off. It will be left to the Russians to ferry the crews back and forth from the Space Station from then on in their", "The remaining orbiters, Atlantis, Discovery and Endeavour, will now retire to museums. Discovery will go on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's Udvar-Hazy Center outside Washington, D.C., Endeavour will be sent to Los Angeles' California Science Center, and Atlantis will come back close to where it started at the Kennedy Space Center Visitors Center.", "Atlantis Commander: Chris \"Fergie\" Ferguson: \"Hey thanks, Butch, great words, great words. You know, the space shuttle has changed the way we view the world and it's changed the way we view our universe. There are a lot of emotions today, but one thing is indisputable -- America's not going to stop exploring. Thank you Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Endeavour and our ship, Atlantis. Thank you for protecting us and bringing this program to such a fitting end. God bless all of you, God bless the United States of America.\"", "Challenger (OV-099) was delivered to KSC in July 1982, Discovery (OV-103) in November 1983, Atlantis (OV-104) in April 1985 and Endeavour in May 1991. Challenger was originally built and used as a Structural Test Article (STA-099), but was converted to a complete orbiter when this was found to be less expensive than converting Enterprise from its Approach and Landing Test configuration into a spaceworthy vehicle.", "The crew of the space shuttle Challenger. From left: Ellison Onizuka, Mike Smith, Christa McAuliffe, Dick Scobee, Greg Jarvis, Ron McNair and Judith Resnik. (NASA/1986)", "were lost in tragic accidents, Challenger during launch in 1986 and Columbia during its return from space in 2003. When the shuttle program ended, NASA retired the remaining orbiters to museums. The Smithsonian Institution requested and received Discovery. Discovery was the longest-serving and most accomplished space shuttle orbiter, the champion of the shuttle fleet. Beginning in 1984, Discovery flew 39 missions, spent a total of 365 days in space, and traveled almost 240 million kilometers (150 million mi). Discovery ’s recordsetting total crew of 251 consisted of 184 men and 67 women, many of whom flew more than once. Named for famous sailing ships of exploration, it is preserved here as intact as possible, as it last flew in 2011. NASA retained Discovery ’s reusable main engines for future use and removed its orbital maneuvering systems because they were contaminated by toxic propellants.", "The space shuttle fleet was grounded after Atlantis' STS-135 mission landed this past July. The remaining orbiters are headed to museum retirement homes. Discovery will go to the Smithsonian, which is why Enterprise is being shipped out to New York.", "The crew of STS-135, NASA's final mission for its space shuttle program, pose in front of their spacecraft, space shuttle Atlantis on May 17, 2011. From left to right: mission specialist Rex Walheim, commander Chris Ferguson, pilot Doug Hurley and mission specialist Sandra Magnus.", "This is the official NASA photo of the crew of the Space Shuttle Challenger mission 51L. All seven members of the crew were killed when the shuttle exploded during launch on Jan. 28, 1986. From front left, are: astronauts Michael J. Smith, Francis R. (Dick) Scobee, and Ronald E. McNair. Rear left are: Ellison Onizuka, Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, and Judith Resnik. (AP Photo", "Update: Atlantis is the final shuttle mission and the post was updated as such. Thanks for pointing out the error.", "Challenger. Originally, after the glide tests, Enterprise was to go back to the workshop for engines. But, it became cheaper to convert a structure-test orbiter into a ready-to-fly orbiter, so the plan to fly Enterprise was abandoned. The structure-test orbiter, numbered OV-099, became Challenger, the shuttle which exploded in 1986 after nine successful spaceflights.", "**STS-26: NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, with Space Shuttle Discovery.", "Endeavour is the newest of NASA's three shuttles. It was built to replace the Challenger, lost in a 1986 launch accident.", "The shuttle's final crew was honored in 2003 when the USGS's Board of Geographic Names approved the name Columbia Point for a 13,980' mountain in Colorado's Sangre de Cristo Mountains, less than a half-mile away lies Challenger Point, a peak named for America's other lost shuttle. The Columbia Hills on Mars were also named in honor of the crew, and a host of other memorials were dedicated in various forms.", "The shuttle Enterprise made 13 flights in 1976 and 1977, none of them in orbit. There were eight captive flights with the shuttle on the back of a 747 (three with a crew aboard), and five test flights. Pictured is Commander (and Apollo 13 astronaut) Fred W. Haise Jr. and pilot C. Gordon Fullerton after an approach and landing test.", "The crew for the Space Shuttle Challenger flight 51-L leaves their quarters for the launch pad, Jan. 27, 1986, at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Front to back are Commander Francis Scobee, Mission Spl. Judith Resnik, Mission Spl. Ronald McNair, Payload Spl. Gregory Jarvis, Mission Spl. Ellison Onizuka, teacher Christa McAuliffe, and pilot Michael Smith. (AP Photo/Steve Helber)", "Of all the NASA missions, none has visited as many planets, rings, and satellites, nor has provided as many fresh insights into the outer planets, as Voyager, which was launched in 1977. On 19 May 1981, the National Aeronautic Association awarded its Collier Trophy to the \"Voyager Mission Team, represented by its chief scientist Dr. Edward C. Stone, for the spectacular flyby of Saturn and the return of basic new knowledge of the solar system.\" 1 The awarding of the Collier Trophy was a fitting tribute to the science carried out by the Voyager spacecraft, which also received twice, in 1980 and 1981, respectively, the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy, an aerospace industry prize awarded annually since 1958 by the National Space Club to recognize achievement in astronautics, for the Voyager encounters with Jupiter and Saturn. 2", "The U.S. Space Transportation System was essentially shut down for a period of 975 days while NASA carried out necessary changes and tested new systems. Then, on September 29, 1988, the first post-Challenger mission was launched, STS-26. On that flight, Discovery carried NASA's TDRS-C communications satellite into orbit, putting the American STS program back on schedule once more.", "The STS was essentially shut down for a period of 975 days while NASA carried out the necessary changes and tested its new systems. On September 29, 1988, the first post-Challenger mission was launched, STS-26. On that flight, Discovery carried NASA's TDRS-C communications satellite into orbit, putting the American STS program back on track once more.", "Jan. 9-20: The Shuttle Columbia retrieves the LDEF spacecraft and returns it to Earth during the STS-32 mission.", "Shuttle Endeavour's journey to L.A. – NASA's shuttle carrier aircraft lands with the space shuttle Endeavour at Edwards Air Force Base in California on Thursday, September 20. Endeavour is scheduled to make its final flight on Friday to Los Angeles, where the now-retired spacecraft will be displayed.", "A planned successor to STS was the \"Shuttle II\", during the 1980s and 1990s, and later the Constellation program during the 2004–2010 period. CSTS was a proposal to continue to operate STS commercially, after NASA. In September 2011, NASA announced the selection of the design for the new Space Launch System that is planned to launch the Orion spacecraft and other hardware to missions beyond low earth-orbit. ", "2 Dec. 1993 Astronauts Richard O. Covey and Kenneth D. Bowersox piloted Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-61) on a highly successful mission to repair the optics of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and perform routine servicing on the orbiting observatory. Following a precise and flawless rendezvous, grapple, and berthing of the telescope in the cargo bay of the Shuttle, the Endeavour flight crew, in concert with controllers at Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, and Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, completed all eleven planned servicing tasks during five extravehicular activities for full accomplishment of all STS-61 servicing objectives. This included installation of a new Wide Field & Planetary Camera and sets of corrective optics for all the other instruments, as well as replacement of faulty solar arrays, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and electrical components to restore the reliability of the observatory subsystem. The Endeavour then provided HST with a reboost into a 321-nautical-mile, nearly circular orbit. Re-deployment of a healthy HST back into orbit using the shuttle robotic arm occurred at 5:26 a.m. EST on 10 Dec., and the telescope was once again a fully operational, free-flying spacecraft with vastly improved optics. Orbital verification of HST's improved capabilities occurred in early Jan., well ahead of the March schedule. Endeavour, the newest of the orbiters, was named after the 18th century vessel captained by British explorer Capt. James Cook. The new Shuttle craft took its maiden voyage in May 1992." ]

[ 1.744140625, 1.3251953125, 1.279296875, 0.6005859375, -0.02191162109375, -0.032196044921875, -0.465087890625, -0.98876953125, -1.1826171875, -1.537109375, -1.546875, -1.7158203125, -2.45703125, -2.552734375, -2.798828125, -2.8828125, -3.4921875, -3.619140625, -3.951171875, -4.0859375, -4.08984375, -4.16796875, -4.55078125, -4.62109375, -4.625, -4.890625, -5.1796875, -6.26171875, -6.94921875, -7.2578125, -7.921875, -8.84375 ]

[ "Batgirl / Oracle - originated in DC Comics' Detective Comics # 359 (January 1967), with the blazing headline: \"The Million Dollar Debut of Batgirl!\" Batgirl was actually Barbara Gordon, the daughter of Gotham City's Police Commissioner James Gordon, and an ally of Batman (and Robin) as Batgirl (with an appropriate looking Batsuit), and skilled in the martial arts (Kali fighting sticks). Her occupation by day was as a smart librarian. The Batgirl character (performed by Yvonne Craig) appeared in the live-action, 3-season Batman TV series in the late 1960s, in the third season (see below), and the trio of Batman, Robin, and Batgirl were known as the \"Terrific Trio.\"", "Barbara Gordon is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics and related media. The character was created by William Dozier, Julius Schwartz, and Carmine Infantino. At the request of the producers of the 1960s Batman television series, DC editor Schwartz called for a new female counterpart to the superhero Batman that could be introduced into publication and the third season of the show simultaneously. The character subsequently made her first comic book appearance as Batgirl in Detective Comics No. 359, titled \"The Million Dollar Debut of Batgirl!\" (1967), by writer Gardner Fox and artist Carmine Infantino. Written as the daughter of Gotham City police commissioner James Gordon, her civilian identity is given a doctorate in library science and she is employed as head of Gotham City Public Library, as well as later being elected to the United States Congress.", "Barbara \"Barb\" Gordon is the biological daughter of James Gordon in Pre-Crisis continuity. She also leads a double life as a librarian and as costumed crimefighter Batgirl. Barbara is also the link of the DC Universe Oracle. Her father is aware of her crime-fighting career, and is proud of her for it.", "A new, more independent Batgirl � Barbara \"Babs\" Gordon, the daughter of Batman supporting character Police Commissioner James Gordon � debuted in Detective Comics #359 (cover-dated January 1967, but released in November 1966).[6][7] In her debut, Barbara is on her way to a masquerade ball dressed as a female version of Batman when she disrupts a kidnapping attempt on Bruce Wayne by the villainous Killer Moth. This attracts the attention of Batman and leads to her establishing a crime-fighting career. This new character, jointly created by Editor Julius Schwartz, artist Carmine Infantino and author Gardner Fox, was a collaboration between DC Comics and the Batman television series of the late 1960s which aired on ABC. When television producer William Dozier sought to renew the Batman program for a third season, he asked Schwartz for a new female character to be introduced in the comic book medium, which could be adapted into the television series in order to attract a female audience.[1] The new version of Batgirl was written as an adult, having earned a doctorate in library science and maintaining a career as head of Gotham City Public Library.", "She is the sidekick and assistant of The Batman, trained and mentored by the Dark Knight himself. As the daughter of a police commissioner, Barbara grew up with a huge sense of justice that drove her on the crime-fighting career: however unlike Bruce she is a positive thinker and a very cheerful person. When she is chosen to be a Blue Lantern, she recruits her acrobat boyfriend Dick Grayson to join Bruce in his crusade.", "Barbara Gordon's classic Batgirl costume was designed by artist Carmine Infantino. In her original adventures during the Silver Age of Comics, Batgirl is depicted as a librarian by day, and a spirited crime-fighter by night. In her debut story, while driving to a costume ball dressed as a female version of Batman, Barbara Gordon intervenes in a kidnapping attempt on Bruce Wayne by the villainous Killer Moth, attracting the Dark Knight's attention and leading to a crime-fighting career. After a handful of guest appearances in Batman stories, she was given her own back-up strip in Detective Comics. The character was fleshed out considerably, with the shy, mousy, bookworm version of Barbara Gordon giving way to a more modern, confident character. Devoid of her plain-Jane glasses and hair bun, Barbara dates a succession of boyfriends, including Vietnam-veteran-turned-private-investigator Jason Bard . In addition to her appearances in both Detective Comics and Batman, Batgirl made a guest appearance in World's Finest Comics #169 (1967) where she met Superman, Supergirl, Bat-Mite, and Mxyzptlk for the first time. She also fights alongside the Justice League of America against the villainous Queen Bee. Supergirl and Batgirl encounter again in Adventure Comics #381 (1969) when both heroines separately investigate a female criminal gang.", "Other supporting characters in Batman's world include former Batgirl Barbara Gordon , Commissioner Gordon's daughter who, now using a wheelchair due to a gunshot wound inflicted by the Joker, serves the superhero community at large as the computer hacker Oracle; Azrael, a would-be assassin who replaces Bruce Wayne as Batman for a time; Cassandra Cain , an assassin's daughter who became the new Batgirl, Huntress , the sole surviving member of a mob family turned Gotham vigilante who has worked with Batman on occasion, Stephanie Brown , the daughter of a criminal who operated as the Spoiler and temporarily as Robin, Ace the Bat-Hound, Batman's Canine partner; [125 ] and Bat-Mite, an extra-dimensional imp who idolizes Batman. [125 ]", "Yvonne Craig portrayed librarian Barbara Gordon, and her alter ego Batgirl, in the third season of the Batman television series (1967–1968). Her Batgirl costume incorporated a long red wig to hide her real avocado-style, black hair.", "In most incarnations of the Batman mythos, James Gordon is the Police Commissioner of Gotham City. He shares Batman's deep commitment to ridding the city of crime. In Golden and Silver Age Comics and on the 1960s Batman television show, he fully trusts, and is even somewhat dependent on Batman. In most modern stories, he is somewhat skeptical of Batman's vigilante methods, but nevertheless believes that Gotham needs him. The two have a mutual respect and tacit friendship. He has been married twice: to Barbara Eileen Gordon (born: Barbara Eileen Kean), and then to Sarah Essen-Gordon. Gordon is also the father of James Gordon, Jr. and the father or adoptive father (depending on the continuity) of Barbara Gordon, the first modern Batgirl and the information broker Oracle.", "Other supporting characters in Batman's world include former Batgirl Barbara Gordon, Commissioner Gordon's daughter who, now using a wheelchair due to a gunshot wound inflicted by the Joker, serves the superhero community at large as the computer hacker Oracle; Azrael, a would-be assassin who replaces Bruce Wayne as Batman for a time; Cassandra Cain, an assassin's daughter who became the new Batgirl, Huntress, the sole surviving member of a mob family turned Gotham vigilante who has worked with Batman on occasion, Stephanie Brown, the daughter of a criminal who operated as the Spoiler and temporarily as Robin, Ace the Bat-Hound, Batman's Canine partner;[125] and Bat-Mite, an extra-dimensional imp who idolizes Batman.[125]", "A pop culture icon, the Barbara Gordon version of Batgirl has been adapted into all media relating to the Batman franchise including merchandise, television, animation, video game,[32] and feature film. The Barbara Gordon Batgirl, jointly inspired by producer William Dozier and DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz,[15] appeared in the final season of the live-action Batman television series in 1967, promptly following the character's comic book debut.[33] Actress Yvonne Craig was featured in a promotional short, which was shown to ABC executives in order not only to add Batgirl to the cast, but also to ensure a third season for the television series.[34] As Barbara Gordon, Craig was a replica of her comic book counterpart, working as a librarian for Gotham City Public Library; she led a double life as Batgirl, helping Batman, Robin and the Gotham City police department to solve an array of cases.[34] Although Craig's addition to the cast was able to renew the program for a third season, it did not save the series from cancellation;[35] Batman was officially canceled in March 1968.[36]", "A pop culture icon , the Barbara Gordon version of Batgirl has been adapted into all media relating to the Batman franchise including merchandise , television , animation , video game, [28] and feature film . The Barbara Gordon Batgirl, jointly inspired by producer William Dozier and DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz, [14] appeared in the final season of the live-action Batman television series in 1967, promptly following the character's comic book debut. [29] Actress Yvonne Craig was featured in a promotional short, which was shown to ABC executives in order to not only add Batgirl to the cast, but ensure a third season for the television series. [30] As Barbara Gordon, Craig was a replica of her comic book counterpart, working as a librarian for Gotham City Public Library; she led a double life as Batgirl, helping Batman, Robin and the Gotham City police department to solve an array of cases. [30] Although Craig's addition to the cast was able to renew the program for a third season, it did not save the series from cancellation; [31] Batman was officially canceled in March 1968. [32]", "By day she is a librarian and at night she pursues her career in crime fighting. Eventually she begins dating many boys including private investigator Jason Bard . She would soon team-up with Superman , Supergirl and fight the likes of Mr. Mxyzptlk. She has also fought alongside the Justice League of America as well as having a team-up with Supergirl on her own. Later on, she begins to work with Batman's partner, Robin , on occasion as well as working with Jason Bard. Batgirl eventually reveals her secret identity to her adopted father, Police Commissioner Jim Gordon , who had already figured out who she was. He had, after all, known her all her life, going from her uncle to father. She is later elected to the U.S. House of Representative and as a result moves to D.C . with the hopes of giving up her career as Batgirl. However a year later she is set up on a blind date with Clark Kent and later fights alongside Superman. She would then team-up with both Superman and Supergirl again throughout the Silver Age.", "Some time later, a new character entered the Batman's life, but this one came not as a foe, but as an ally. Barbara Gordon , the teenage daughter of Gotham City Police Commissioner James Gordon , took it upon herself to adopt her own costumed identity – Batgirl. While keeping her identity safely hidden from her father, Barbara aided Batman in stopping her former friend Poison Ivy from terrorizing the Chlorogene corporation. Batman was reluctant to accept Barbara's aid, and provided little encouragement, but the enthusiastic youth persevered and continued to assist Batman as his unofficial partner. After several harrowing adventures, including one which required Batgirl to man the Bat-Bot armor, Batman finally accepted her as his partner and provided her with her own utility belt.", "The Modern Age saw Barbara Gordon as a slightly darker character. While recounting the series of events that lead her to become Batgirl, this is also significantly different that in the previous age's interpretations of her character. She encounters The Batman at a early age. As she grows up she excels in school, warranting her the honor of skipping grades throughout her academic career. She also pursues martial arts and striving to become a star athlete. She initially tries to pursue a career in criminal justice as opposed to her future vigilantism as Batgirl. Her father is no longer Jim Gordon, instead being the adoptive daughter of Gordon, also being her uncle, however there has been allegations that Jim is her biological father.", "Barbara Gordon initially appears as the normal daughter of Commissioner Gordon, but she gets dragged into a plot for world domination and, at the end of the episode, mentioned that she liked the experience. She later masquerades as Batman when she feels that he needs to be seen at a public event. She then begins to fight crime on her own as Batgirl , eventually becoming an official member of the Bat-family and replacing Robin when he ends his partnership with Batman.", "In the Thrillkiller story arc of alternate continuity, Barbara Gordon is in an isolated relationship with her father/mentor, Commissioner James Gordon. When her mother died, Barbara blames her father for not solving the man who killed his wife, and her mom. So deciding that she needs to do some good, Barbara Gordon becomes Batgirl! This story is in the early 1960's, and is a noir story. She is joined by acrobat extraordinaire, Richard Greystark (whom is Dick Grayson) and finds the man who killed his mother. As a wealthy heiress, she has gained money from the death of her mother and has used that wealth to buy Wayne Manor. Which the Waynes' ( Thomas and Martha ) lost during the great depression.", "Crisis on Infinite Earths, a limited miniseries published in 1985, was written in order to reduce the complex history of DC Comics to a single continuity. Although Batgirl is a featured character, her role is relatively small—she delivers Supergirl's eulogy in issue seven of the 12-part series. The conclusion of Crisis on Infinite Earths changed DC Universe continuity in many ways. Following the reboot, Barbara Gordon is born to Roger and Thelma Gordon, and she is Jim Gordon's niece/adopted daughter in current canon. Post-Crisis, Supergirl does not arrive on Earth until after Gordon has established herself as Oracle; many adventures she shared with Batgirl are retroactively described as having been experienced by Power Girl. In Secret Origins #20: Batgirl and the Golden Age Dr. Mid-Nite (1987), Barbara Gordon's origin is rebooted by author Barbara Randal. Within the storyline, Gordon recounts the series of events that led to her career as Batgirl, including her first encounter with Batman as a child, studying martial arts under the tutelage of a sensei, memorizing maps and blue prints of the city, excelling in academics in order to skip grades, and pushing herself to become a star athlete.", "As the years went on, however, Barbara found her role as Batgirl less and less fulfilling, and she eventually more or less retired. That's when The Joker showed up at her house, shooting and paralyzing her and when he kidnapped her Uncle Jim. Batman rescued Jim Gordon, but 19-year-old Barbara Gordon's career as a crime fighter was over. She spent a month in a deep depression.", "Anxious to break her studious image, Barbara Gordon created a Batgirl costume with the intention of surprising her father at the Policeman's Masquerade Ball. Instead, she stumbled onto an attack by Killer Moth on Bruce Wayne and found a new career as a super-heroine (DETECTIVE # 359, reaffirmed in SECRET ORIGINS # 20, BATMAN: BATGIRL (1997), SECRET FILES 2000 # 1).", "Now revealed as the Huntress, Batgirl is confronted by Batman over her failures and gives up her new persona. Assuming the mantle of Batgirl in her place is Cain’s daughter, operating with the complete approval of Barbara Gordon (BATMAN: LEGENDS OF THE DARK KNIGHT # 120).", "Commissioner James Gordon — Replaced Grogan and worked with Batman in trying to clean up the Gotham police department. When he retired, he handed the GCPD over to Michael Akins, only to take the job back some years later. The adoptive father of Barbara Gordon, the original Batgirl (Post-Crisis), and later Oracle.", "In addition to animated adaptations, the Barbara Gordon version of Batgirl served as the inspiration for the character Barbara Wilson in the 1997 feature film Batman & Robin. Departing from the comic book character's history, the alternate version of Barbara is portrayed by Alicia Silverstone as the niece of Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's butler and Batman's loyal assistant.[43] The short-lived Birds of Prey television series, which aired on The WB network in 2002, features a paralyzed Barbara Gordon donning her Batgirl costume after creating a device that allows her to walk.[44] The series featured Dina Meyer as Barbara Gordon, in a future where she has been paralyzed by the Joker and operates as Oracle.", "While attending a costume party dressed as a female counterpart of Batman, Barbara Gordon witnesses the kidnapping of billionaire Bruce Wayne by super-villain Killer Moth . She prevents this and without realizing it, draws the attention of the Dark Knight. This event begins Barbara's path in crime fighting.", "A community portal about Barbara Gordon with blogs, videos, and photos. According to Wikipedia.org: Barbara Gordon is a fictional character appearing in DC Comics and related media. From 1967 to 1988 she was the superhero known as Batgirl ; since 1988 she has been known as Oracle.", "Barbara Gordon continues to be Batgirl and again frequently teams up with Robin. She also encounters Batwoman , who has been retired for some time, who comes out of retirement however, she is later killed by the Bronze Tiger. Before her death they fight Killer Moth and Cavalier . She plays a small role in Crisis on Infinite Earths , and delivers Supergirl's eulogy. After this event, which reshaped the DC Universe, Batgirl entered the Modern Age", "\"I'm playing 'chicken' with a kid called 'Robin.' I don't know why he's showing off. I don't know why I'm going along with it. I don't even know where we're going. It could be a robbery. Or prison break. A gang war. Or free donuts at Lenny's. He sees that Bat-signal in the sky and takes off. Like a bird out of Hell. And he just expects me to follow him. And I do.\" - Batgirl (Barbara Gordon) (Batgirl: Year One #08 2003; by Scott Beatty and Chuck Dixon ).", "After the events of Flashpoint, Barbara Gordon has recovered from her injuries by the hands of Joker, and has returned to the streets as Batgirl.", "When Gordon is allowed inside, he demands to know where Batman is, and while Barbara tries to bluff him off, Gordon snaps at her and reveals he's always known she was Batgirl and Bruce Wayne was Batman, and that he's known since the first night she put on her costume. Gordon starts to look for Batman and Barbara is forced to explain his current condition and whereabouts. When Barbara asks why he's there now, Gordon reveals that Superman has marched his new army into Gotham, leaving the police powerless.", "Batgirl came up in the mid-’60s. The “Batman” TV producer called Julie and said Catwoman was a hit, could we come up with more female characters? Julie called me and asked me to do that. I came up with Batgirl, Poison Ivy and one I called the Grey Fox, which Julie didn’t like as much. Bob Kane had had a Bat-Girl for about three stories in the ’50s but she had nothing to do with a bat. She was like a pesky girl version of Robin. I knew we could do a lot better, so Julie and I came up with the real Batgirl, who was so popular she almost got her own TV show.", "Batgirl came up in the mid-’60s. The “Batman” TV producer called Julie and said Catwoman was a hit, could we come up with more female characters? Julie called me and asked me to do that. I came up with Batgirl, Poison Ivy and one I called the Grey Fox, which Julie didn’t like as much. Bob Kane had a Bat-Girl for about three stories in the ’50s, but she had nothing to do with a bat. She was like a pesky girl version of Robin . I knew we could do a lot better, so Julie and I came up with the real Batgirl, who was so popular she almost got her own TV show.", "On this gender-swapped Earth, Batman is Batwoman. Her real name is Helena Wayne, who is the daughter of Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle. She took up the mantle of the Bat after her father passed away." ]

[ 7.4140625, 6.953125, 5.76171875, 5.14453125, 4.1171875, 4.02734375, 3.18359375, 2.654296875, 2.6484375, 2.583984375, 2.419921875, 2.0390625, 1.642578125, 1.4072265625, 1.12109375, 1.0888671875, 1.087890625, 0.34375, 0.2237548828125, 0.161376953125, 0.041351318359375, -0.6494140625, -0.9853515625, -1.3056640625, -2.171875, -2.640625, -3.6953125, -4.296875, -4.5546875, -5.7109375, -5.74609375, -7.86328125 ]

[ "Answer: After his forced abdication in 1814 Napoleon was first exiled to the small Mediterranean island of Elba, 12 miles off the coast of Tuscany in Italy.", "But later that evening, as I studied the ship’s next-day port of call, the town of Portoferraio, I suddenly realized we were headed for the island of Elba, best known beyond Italy as one of European history’s most infamous prison sites. Elba is the island where Napoleon, the self-proclaimed emperor of France and the scourge of Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, was exiled for the first time, in 1814. I envisioned a barren, storm-tossed rock like Alcatraz.", "In April 1814, Napoleon was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba. In March 1815, he escaped from Elba and thus began the hundred days of his leadership of the French again. Upon his defeat at Waterloo in June 1815, Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean where he remained until his death on May 5, 1821.", "On April 6, 1814, Napoleon, then in his mid-40s, was forced to abdicate the throne. With the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he was exiled to Elba, a Mediterranean island off the coast of Italy. He was given sovereignty over the small island, while his wife and son went to Austria.", "With much of Napoleon's army decimated from the invasion in Russia, the rest of Europe now turned on France. Despite winning a few victories, Napoleon had too small an army and soon was forced into exile on the island of Elba in 1814.", "With international pressure mounting and his government lacking the resources to fight back against his enemies, Napoleon surrendered to allied forces on March 30, 1814. He went into exile on the island of Elba.", "Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled by the Allied governments to Elba following his abdication at Fontainebleau and landed on the island on 4 May 1814.", "Napoleon’s crushing defeat at Leipzig in October 1813 and the crossing of the Franco-Spanish border by the Duke of Wellington’s army, led to Napoleon’s abdication in April 1814. He was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba, but returned in less than a year. His renewed rule lasted only 100 days before the final Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Lifelong exile to the remote south Atlantic island of St Helena followed.", "Napoleon’s enemies rejoiced at his difficulties, and a coup attempt was made within France itself during the abortive Russian campaign. This failed, but Britain was by then recording significant successes in French territories. Napoleon realized that he no longer possessed the means to mount an effective resistance against his attackers, and on March 30, 1814 he surrendered to the coalition led by the British. Napoleon himself went into exile, choosing the Tuscan island of Elba.", "Emperor of the French and King of Italy (1804-1814). A brilliant military strategist, he overthrew the French Directory (1799) and proclaimed himself first consul and, later, emperor (1804). His military and political might gripped Continental Europe, but after a disastrous winter campaign in Russia (1812), he was forced to abdicate (1814). Having been exiled to the island of Elba, he escaped, briefly regained power, and was ultimately defeated at Waterloo (1815) and exiled for life to the island of St. Helena. His codification of laws, the Napoleonic Code, still forms the basis of French civil law.", "On this day in 1814, Napoleon Bonaparte landed on the Italian island of Elba, after he had abdicated in France (for the first time).", "To Napoleon, it was something of a humiliation, especially compared with his former position. He spent about 300 days on the island. Then, he escaped from Elba, landed on the French mainland, and again took power in France (i.e. “Hundred days”). But, when Napoleon was captured, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena, where his living conditions were worse than those on Elba.", "Napoleon was imprisoned and then exiled to the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, 1,870 km (1,162 mi) from the west coast of Africa. In his first two months there, he lived in a pavilion on the Briars estate, which belonged to a William Balcombe. Napoleon became friendly with his family, especially his younger daughter Lucia Elizabeth , who later wrote Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon. [130] This friendship ended in 1818 when British authorities became suspicious that Balcombe had acted as an intermediary between Napoleon and Paris and dismissed him from the island. [131]", "Eventually, Napoleon would be sent into exile on the island of St Helena, remote in the South Atlantic. First, however, the Bellerophon brought him back to England, anchoring in Plymouth Sound where the ship was besieged by sightseers keen to catch a glimpse of their country’s long-standing foe and bogeyman.", "Napoleon was captured and sent into exile by the Allies to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, many thousands of kilometres away from his beloved France. He died a lonely death there in 1821.", "Paris itself then fell in 1814 and Napoleon Bonaparte went into exile on a Mediterranean island, but in 1815 he escaped and marched on Paris, yet the Battle of Waterloo ended his short second reign and he was imprisoned on the remote Atlantic island of St Helena by the British.", "In 2014, the Bicentenary of Napoleon Bonaparte's exile was held on the Island of Elba  with many [page id=\"557\"]special events and historical commemorations/page].", "The Frenchman is tasked with preserving the property where Napoleon Bonaparte lived after being exiled to the remote South Atlantic island of Saint Helena in 1815 and remained until his death six years later.", "Correct, because, contrary to what most people think, Napoleon wasn't \"imprisoned\" in Elba: he chose the island for his exile and during his reign brought about more changes than any other leader before him. For the first time in centuries, the Island of Elba was united under one flag (the only time, in fact, that it was united: today it is still divided into 8 communes), and for the first time, after years of battles and having to move from one place to another, Napoleon Bonaparte was forced to come to a stop and govern a territory whose inhabitants would have remembered him forever", "Napoleon abdicated, first in favor of his son and then unconditionally (Apr. 11). He was exiled to Elba, which the allies gave him as a sovereign principality. His victors were still deliberating at the Congress of Vienna (see Vienna, Congress of ) when Napoleon, with a handful of followers, landed near Cannes (Mar. 1, 1815). In the course of a triumphant march northward he once more rallied France behind him. King Louis XVIII fled, and Napoleon entered Paris (Mar. 20), beginning his ephemeral rule of the Hundred Days .", "Longwood, the residence of Napoleon while in exile on St. Helena, from 1815 until his death in 1821. Via Wikimedia Commons/Michel Dancoisne-Martineau", "Fell in 1814, unable to neutralize british, ignored spanish resistance, was exiled to Elba (became their ruler) comes back in 1815, french re-instate him in govt. Napoleon loses again, exiled to saint helena- dies in 1821", "On 5 May 1821, Napoleon I passed away on the island of St. Helena, where he had been in exile since 1815. He was buried near a spring, in the shade of a few weeping willows, in the \"valley of Geraniums\". His remains stayed there until 1840. In 1840, King Louis-Philippe decided to transfer the Emperor's body. French sailors, under the command of the Prince of Joinville, brought his coffin to France aboard the ship \"Belle Poule\".", "Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815. The army quickly backed him and he took over control of Paris for a period called the Hundred Days. The rest of Europe, however, would not stand for a return of Napoleon. They gathered their armies and met him at Waterloo. Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815 and was once again forced into exile. This time on the island of Saint Helena.", "Separated from his wife and son, who had returned to Austria, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba on 26 February 1815. He landed at Golfe-Juan on the French mainland, two days later. [125]", "When Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) seized complete power in 1851, establishing an anti-parliamentary constitution, Hugo openly declared him a traitor to France. He relocated to Brussels, then Jersey, from which he was expelled for supporting a Jersey newspaper that had criticised Queen Victoria and finally settled with his family at Hauteville House in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, where he would live in exile from October 1855 until 1870.", "This island in the Mediterranean Sea off of Italy where Napoleon was initially exiled after he abdicated the throne for the first time. He promised to never leave, but does so and regains power in France for a short period called the Hundred Days", "“Réunion” was the name given to the island in 1793 by a decree of the Convention with the fall of the House of Bourbon in France, and the name commemorates the union of revolutionaries from Marseille with the National Guard in Paris, which took place on 10 August 1792. In 1801, the island was renamed \"Île Bonaparte,\" after Napoleon Bonaparte . The island was invaded by a Royal Navy squadron led by Commodore Josias Rowley in 1810, who used the old name of “Bourbon”. When it was restored to France by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the island retained the name of \"Bourbon\" until the fall of the restored Bourbons during the French Revolution of 1848 , when the island was once again given the name “Réunion”.", ". However, he escaped the island within a year and became regained his power. Nevertheless, in June of 1815, Napoleon and his forces lost to the British under Duke of Wellington and Prussians during the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon was recaptured and exiled again on the", "Napoleon’s exile was not really unpleasant because he owned the whole island, and about 400 people came there with him. He had several residences there (the main residence was located in the city of Portoferraio, second was located in the heart of the island, etc).", "Lucien attempted to sail to the United States to escape his situation but was captured by the British and spent four years under house arrest in Britain. As he got off the ship, he was greeted with applause by the British people, which saw him as anti-Napoleon. The government permitted him to settle comfortably in the countryside. Napoleon, viewing this as treasonous behaviour, had Lucien omitted from the Imperial almanacs' listing the Bonapartes from 1811 onward. Napoleon was angrythinking Lucien had deliberately gone to Britain. Lucien returned to France following his brother's abdication in April 1814.", "Where Napoleon was exiled until the end of his life. 1815,1821 Revolution comes to an inglorious end." ]

[ 7.359375, 6.43359375, 6.39453125, 5.828125, 5.59375, 5.53515625, 5.44921875, 5.36328125, 4.82421875, 4.69140625, 4.65625, 4.2578125, 4.0078125, 3.798828125, 3.69140625, 3.5, 3.3984375, 2.916015625, 2.5546875, 2.5078125, 2.359375, 2.267578125, 1.9794921875, 1.8671875, 1.7353515625, 0.94287109375, 0.62890625, -1.556640625, -1.6005859375, -2.482421875, -2.736328125, -4.703125 ]

[ "New Mexico, constituent state of the United States of America. It became the 47th state of the union in 1912. New Mexico ranks fifth among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area and is bounded by Colorado to the north, Oklahoma and Texas to the east, Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora to the south, and Arizona (which was part of the Territory of New Mexico from 1850 to 1863) to the west. At its northwestern corner New Mexico joins Arizona, Utah , and Colorado in the only four-way meeting of states in the United States. The capital of New Mexico is Santa Fe .", "New Mexico is one of the four corner states. Bordering at the same point with Colorado, Utah and Arizona.", "New Mexico is spread over a total area of 121,412 square miles. The state is bordered by Colorado on the north, Arizona on the west, Texas and Oklahoma on the east. On the south, New Mexico shares an international border with Mexico while the eastern two-thirds is bordered by Texas. Wheeler Peak standing at 13,161 feet above the sea level is the highest point in New Mexico and Red Bluff Reservoir standing at 2,842 feet above the sea level is the lowest point in New Mexico. The major rivers of the state are Rio Grande and Pecos River while the major lakes are the Elephant Butte Reservoir, Conchas Lake, and the Navajo Reservoir.", "The state is bounded by New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and California and touches Colorado. It also shares a 389-mile long international frontier with Mexico. Arizona is the biggest landlocked American state in terms of population.", "The United Mexican States, is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres, Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 109 million it is the 11th most populous country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.", "The state's total area is 121412 sqmi. The eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103° W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and three miles (5 km) west of 103° W longitude with Texas. On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third, with Chihuahua making up about 90% of that. The western border with Arizona runs along the 109° 03' W longitude. The southwestern corner of the state is known as the Bootheel. The 37° N latitude parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in the northwestern corner of New Mexico. New Mexico, although a large state, has very little water. Its surface water area is about 250 sqmi.", "Chihuahua is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Its capital city is Chihuahua. Chihuahua is located in Northwestern Mexico . It is bordered by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the southwest, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east. Chihuahua is just one of over 60 official online guides covering the whole of Mexico. If you´re planning a trip to Mexico and would like discover our fabulous nation before visiting or, if you´d like to visit a specific place in Mexico, then you´ve come to the right place. To the north and northeast, it has a long desolate area with the U.S. Mexico border across from the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas. Chihuahua is the largest state in Mexico by land mass, with a mainland area of 247,455 square kilometers (95,543 sq mi); it is slightly larger than the UK. It is consequently known under the nickname The Big State or El Estado Grande in Spanish.", "1853: With the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, the land acquisition that resulted in the area of the 48 contiguous states today was completed. Southern Arizona and southern New Mexico were purchased for $10 million and named for the U.S. minister to Mexico, James Gadsden.", "The U.S. states along the border, from west to east, are California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The Mexican states are Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas.", "New Mexico (which included present day Arizona, southern Colorado, southern Utah, and southern Nevada) is designated a territory, but denied statehood.", "The province that was once Spanish New Mexico included all of present day New Mexico, most of Colorado and Arizona, and slices of Utah, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Wyoming. The Original American Territory of New Mexico that congress created in 1850 included all of New Mexico and Arizona plus parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. The boundaries of present day New Mexico were drawn by congress in 1863 but New Mexico didn't become a state until 1912.", "The southeast 'Four Corners' state, the State of New Mexico has its motto printed on its license plates, \"Land of Enchantment\". New Mexico used to be one of the wildest parts of The Wild West ; Cimarron, New Mexico, is one of the few towns that lived up to the hype. The state has working cattle ranches to this day. Best known as the home of Roswell, where, erm ... something happened in 1947. Puts \"New Mexico USA\" on its license plates just in case someone thinks it's part of that other Mexiconote Actual Mexican license plates", "Lakes and Rivers make up only .002% of the state's total surface area. The lowest water-to-land ratio of all 50 states. Most of New Mexico's lakes are man-made reservoirs. A dam on the Rio Grande formed the Elephant Butte Reservoir the state's largest lake.", "Coahuila borders the Mexican states of Nuevo León to the east, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí to the south, and Durango and Chihuahua to the west. To the north, Coahuila accounts for a 512 kilometers (318 mi) stretch of the Mexico-United States border, adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas along the course of the Rio Grande… Visit the official Coahuila travel Website", "Understanding New Mexico starts with grasping the overpowering importance of two of its geological features: the Rio Grande, which bisects the state north to south, and the nearby Sangre de Cristo Mountains , southernmost range of the Rocky Mountains and a part of the same large-scale geological structure that produces the Rio, the \"Rio Grande rift.\" The eastern third of the state is an extension of the Great Plains both geographically and culturally and has more in common with the western parts of Texas and Oklahoma than with the rest of New Mexico. The western third, beyond the Rio and the assortment of minor mountain ranges (Nacimientos, Magdalenas, and the not-so-minor Jemez Mountains ) to its west, is part of the same \" basin and range \" geography as comprises much of Arizona and Nevada , with a little Utah canyon country thrown in toward the northwest corner.", "State: New Mexico NM Capital city: Santa Fe Year of induction: 1912 Order of induction: 47th Nickname: The Land of Enchantment State bird: Roadrunner State flower: Yucca Flower Main industries: Mining, oil, natural gas and tourism Did you know? At Taos Pueblo, the Pueblo Indians still live in adobe houses.", "In 2004, 16,680,000 acres (670,000 hectares), or more than 20% of New Mexico's land area, was forestland. Of the state total, 9,522,000 acres (3,854,000 hectares) were federally owned or managed, and 825,000 acres (334,000 hectares) were owned by the state. Privately owned lands accounted for 6,331,000 acres (2,562,000 hectares). Seven national forests covered 9 million acres (3.7 million hectares) in 2005, the largest of which was Gila National Forest, at 2.7 million acres (1.1 million hectares).", "Hunting, fishing, camping, boating, and skiing are among the many outdoor attractions. Sandia Mountain is a popular ski destination. The state has a national park—Carlsbad Caverns—and 13 national monuments, among them Aztec Ruins, Bandelier, Capulin Mountain, Chaco Canyon, El Morro (Inscription Rock), Fort Union, Gila Cliff Dwellings, Gran Quivira, Pecos, and White Sands. In 1984, the US House of Representatives designated 27,840 acres (11,266 hectares) of new wilderness preserves in New Mexico's San Juan basin, including a 2,720-acre (1,100-hectare) \"fossil forest.\" New Mexico has an annual hot air balloon festival, a summer opera season, and the famous Indian Corn Mart outdoor art festival. Santa Fe is known for its many art galleries. Taos has skiing and also Indian sacred sites.", "The area that is New Mexico was claimed by Spain in the 16th century, became part of Mexico in 1821, and was ceded to the United States in 1848 (through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ). Tensions between New Mexico’s Spanish American (Hispano), Native American , and Anglo populations are a continuing reminder of the bitter antagonisms that characterized the state’s long history; these tensions drive such novels as N. Scott Momaday ’s House Made of Dawn (1968), Rudolfo Anaya ’s Bless Me, Ultima (1972), Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony (1974), and John Nichols’s The Milagro Beanfield War (1974), all of which are part of the modern New Mexican literary canon. As part of the American Southwest , New Mexico shares the “Old West” legacy of cattle drives, cowboys, and clashes between pioneers and Native Americans. Indeed, from the vastness of its slice of the Great Plains to the rough, weather-scored peaks of its mountain ranges, New Mexico retains much of its frontier flavour.", "The region of New Mexico originally belonged to New Spain, as Mexico was called until Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821). It was first explored by Spaniard Francisco de Ibarra in 1562, who called the region Nueva Vizcaya \"New Biscay\". The name Mexico is a word based on the Nahuatl Mexihco, whose meaning is unclear. Juan de Oqate founded the San Juan colony on the Rio Grande in 1598 and was made the first governor of the new Province of New Mexico, then a part of Mexico. The American government established the New Mexico Territory on September 9, 1850 after defeating Mexico in the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 with Santa Fe (\"Holy Faith\") as its capital. ( Reference )", "New Mexico - ANY of them, since they're pretty much all the same, just like Wyoming.", "1846 – Gen. Stephen W. Kearny proclaimed all of New Mexico a territory of the United States. The US pledged to honor the land grants in northern New Mexico that were awarded by the Spanish and Mexican governors of the territory.", "Everyone seems to know everyone here. Unlike California or the East Coast, with their large cities, New Mexico has only Albuquerque, population 552,000. It’s isolated. Reaching any city of similar size means at least four hours of highway driving. There are two independent natural food stores in the city, so if you regularly shop there, you’ll meet everybody in that demographic. Same goes for those who favor honky-tonks or feed stores.", "Several million Americans look to the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua as their ancestral homeland. Chihuahua - with a total of 245,945 square kilometers within its boundaries - is the largest state of the Mexican Republic and occupies 12.6% of the national territory. In stark contrast, Chihuahua's population - 3,052,907 residents in the 2000 census - amounts to only 3.13% of the national population.", ", by Marc Simmons. 221 pages. Publisher: University of New Mexico Press (August 1, 1988) For all who love New Mexico, and for those who aspire to know the state, this book is a graceful and compelling summary of what has made the Land of Enchantment its distinctive self. Originally published in 1977 to commemorate the bicentennial of American Independence, New Mexico is now available for the first time in a quality paperback edition with a new introduction by the author.", "New Mexico has a severe problem with drunk driving, although aggressive enforcement and public-education campaigns have reduced DUI levels somewhat, compared to 10 years ago. No road in the state is immune to this problem; there is no time of day when it cannot occur. Defensive driving is the obvious antidote. Large animals on the roadway create hazards as well. Cattle and sheep are often seen in the open range areas of the state; elk are seen in the north central mountains. In the south, the Oryx, an elk-sized antelope imported from Africa, or the Javelina (aka the Collared Peccary), a distant relative of the pig family, are often seen on roads, especially rural routes. Again, just drive defensively.", "The nickname for New Mexico is \"The Land of Enchantment\" (\"Tierra del Encanto\"in Spanish) because of New Mexico's scenic beauty and rich history (the nickname was officially adopted in 1999). New Mexico also recognizes a state ballad titled \"Land of Enchantment - New Mexico.\"", "In beautiful detail this original design celebrates the State of New Mexico - from Carlsbad Caverns to White Sands to Gila Forrest to Anasazi to Mescalero - it truly is the LAND OF ENCHANTMENT!", "Cities of the Rio Grande include Albuquerque, New Mexico , and the Texas cities of El Paso, Laredo, and Brownsville. Juarez is the most prominent city on the Mexican side of the river.", "In the State of New Mexico: Chaves County, Curry County, De Baca County, Eddy County, Lea County, Quay County, Roosevelt County.", "ANSWER: AFTER THE UNITED STATES ACQUIRED NEW MEXICO IN 1848, THE GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTED LARGE-SCALE IRRIGATION PROJECTS AND IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY BUILDS MASSIVE CONCRETE DAMS IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY AND ON THE PECOS RIVER", "New Mexico's first seal was designed shortly after the Territorial Government was organized in 1851.  The original seal has long since disappeared, possibly as part of the artifacts placed into the cornerstone of the Soldiers Monument in the Santa Fe Plaza.  Imprints of the original seal showed an American Eagle clutching an olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other.  Along the outside rim was the inscription \"Great Seal of the Territory of New Mexico.\"" ]

[ 4.84765625, 4.515625, 3.060546875, 1.68359375, 0.720703125, 0.481201171875, 0.28662109375, -0.199462890625, -0.264892578125, -0.95361328125, -1.2578125, -1.9970703125, -2.177734375, -3.19140625, -3.228515625, -3.607421875, -4.2421875, -4.5234375, -4.5234375, -5.2421875, -5.515625, -6.1171875, -6.41015625, -6.5234375, -6.6484375, -6.74609375, -6.8515625, -7.171875, -7.1875, -7.37890625, -7.41015625, -7.71875 ]

[ "Around 620,000 soldiers died in the American Civil War and it is considered as one of the deadliest wars in the history of America.", "The American Civil War was the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Its legacy includes ending slavery in the United States, restoring the Union, and strengthening the role of the federal government . The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877, and brought changes that helped make the country a united superpower.", "The American Civil War, also known as the War Between the States or simply the Civil War (see naming ), was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 in the United States after several [3] Southern slave states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the \"Confederacy\" or the \"South\"). The states that remained were known as the \" Union \" or the \"North\". The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories. [4] Foreign powers did not intervene. After four years of bloody combat that left over 600,000 soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and guaranteeing rights to the freed slaves began.", "The shelling of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 marked the beginning of the American Civil War. With the booming of cannons over the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina, the secession crisis gripping the country escalated into a shooting war.", "The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars in human history. Railroads, steamships, mass-produced weapons, and various other military devices were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I in Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Ten percent of all Northern males 20-45 years of age died, as did 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18-40.", "The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12–13, 1861) was the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter , near Charleston, South Carolina , that started the American Civil War . Following declarations of secession by seven Southern states, South Carolina demanded that the U.S. Army abandon Fort Sumter, which was refused. When the ultimatum deadline passed, an artillery barrage ensued, lasting until the fort was surrendered. Once the Confederates had fired, full-scale war quickly followed.", "On 4 July 1776, the United States was born, declaring its independence and freedom from British rule. One complete Uranus cycle later, on 12 April 1861 at 4:30 am, the first shots of what would be a long and bloody battle rang out in the spring air at Fort Sumter, North Carolina. The Civil War–and the ugliest chapter of American history– had begun. Standing as one of the central issues of this terrible war was slavery. By the time the war had ended, Abraham Lincoln and some 630,000 American soldiers were dead, the highest number of casualties killed in any war in US History.", "The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, steamships, mass-produced weapons, and various other military devices were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I in Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years of age died, as did 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40. Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.", "Approximately 620,000 soldiers died from combat, accident, starvation, and disease during the Civil War. This number comes from an 1889 study of the war performed by William F. Fox and Thomas Leonard Livermore. Both men fought for the Union. Their estimate is derived from an exhaustive study of the combat and casualty records generated by the armies over five years of fighting.  A recent study puts the number of dead as high as 850,000.", "In the spring of 1861, decades of simmering tensions between the northern and southern United States over issues including states’ rights versus federal authority, westward expansion and slavery exploded into the American Civil War (1861-65). The election of the anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede from the Union to form the Confederate States of America; four more joined them after the first shots of the Civil War were fired. Four years of brutal conflict were marked by historic battles at Bull Run (Manassas), Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Vicksburg, among others. The War Between the States, as the Civil War was also known, pitted neighbor against neighbor and in some cases, brother against brother. By the time it ended in Confederate surrender in 1865, the Civil War proved to be the costliest war ever fought on American soil, with some 620,000 of 2.4 million soldiers killed, millions more injured and the population and territory of the South devastated.", "In May – Remaining Confederate forces surrender. The Nation is reunited as the Civil War ends. Over 620,000 Americans died in the war, with disease killing twice as many as those lost in battle. 50,000 survivors return home as amputees.", "The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with a Confederate victory at the Battle of Fort Sumter in Charleston.", "On the offensive, the infantryman had to advance steadily across open ground in the face of withering fire from riflemuskets and artillery that decimated their ranks. Both sides used the same basic weaponry, but the North was far more successful in equipping its armies. Union infantrymen were well supplied with standard uniform, boots of the right size, bullets, and powder, while the Southern infantry were short of everything but courage. Around 620,000 soldiers lost their lives, more through disease than combat. The first major battle of the American Civil War was the First Battle of Bull Run, which was a chaotic affair; confederate Jeb Stuart led the war’s only significant cavalry charge. Exotic Zouave uniforms were worn by some volunteers on both sides, adding to the confusion.", "THE CIVIL WAR: APRIL 12, 1861 – APRIL 9, 1865 | BEAUTIFUL, ALSO, ARE THE SOULS OF MY BLACK SISTERS", "The American Civil War of 1861-1865 -- or the \"War Between the States,\" as many Southerners call it -- eventually claimed the lives of 360,000 in the Union forces, and an estimated 258,000 among the Confederates, in addition to hundreds of thousands of maimed and wounded. It was by far the most destructive war in American history.", "During the American Civil War, Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. As the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, Indiana had soldiers participating in all of the major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the cause of the Union. In 1861 Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 men to join the Union Army. So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana contributed 208,367 men to fight and serve in the war. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives in the conflict and over 50,000 more were wounded. The only Civil War battle fought in Indiana was the Battle of Corydon, which occurred during Morgan's Raid. The battle left 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured. ", "As the war continued to cost thousands of lives both sides began to look at ways to get more fighting men. In the North, the famous 54th Massachusetts Volunteers was formed (Made famous in the the movie \"Glory\"). It was only the first black regiment recruited in the North. However, even though many whites balked at fighting with the blacks, eventually, nearly 200,000 blacks served in the Union army. Without their services, Lincoln acknowledged that the Union armies, reduced by casualties and desertions, might have been forced to negotiate a peace with the Confederacy. In the Civil War, the Union lost 364,511 men against the South's 133,821 dead; in other words, the North lost almost three times the men the South did!", "*19th century – As late as the 19th century, the 'bloody flux' it is estimated, killed more soldiers and sailors than did combat. Typhus and dysentery decimated Napoleon's Grande Armée in Russia. More than 80,000 Union soldiers died of dysentery during the American Civil War. ", "Civil War: The bloodiest battle of the Civil War occurs at Antietam; over 23,000 are killed or wounded.", "Big Bethel, the first large scale meeting engagement of the Civil War, demonstrated that neither opponent was as yet well trained. The Confederates had started preparations earlier to protect northern Virginia and therefore might have had a slight edge on their opponents. General McDowell, only recently a major of Regulars, had less than three months to weld his three types of units�militia, volunteer, and Regular�into a single fighting force. He attempted to do too much himself, and there were few competent staff officers in the vicinity to help him. McDowell's largest tactical unit was a regiment until just before he marched out of Alexandria. Two to four brigades, plus a battery of Regular artillery�the best arm against raw infantry�formed a division. In all, thirteen brigades were organized into five divisions. McDowell parceled out his forty-nine guns among his brigade commanders, who in turn attached them to their regiments. His total force for the advance was 35,732 men, but of these one division of 5,752 men dropped off to guard roads to the rear.", "It has been estimated that about 100,000 soldiers were killed during the Civil War. The majority of these died from army fever (a form of typhus ) rather than from injuries received on the battlefield.", "The Battle of Antietam (pronounced /æn'ti?t?m/) (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties.", "3 Jun – Poorly trained Union forces defeated poorly trained and equipped Confederate troops at the Battle of Philippi, West Virginia, launching General George McClellan to national prominence (1861).", "  Dead soldiers lie where they fell at Antietam , the bloodiest day in American history. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after this battle.", "Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and 18% in the South. [219] [220] About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War. [221] An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war. [222]", "Worst riot in Amer Hist. / 120 dead / Fed troops / tension w/draft, war, Emancipation Proclamation", "This battle took place in April 1862 and was fought in Tennessee. The Union Army was led by Ulysses S. Grant. The North suffered 13,000 casualties while the South suffered 11,000. The North is victorious and gains control over the Mississippi River.", "Casualties on both sides were significant. 847 men were killed, and 2706 were wounded. A further 1,325 soldiers, mainly from the Union army, were captured or missing in action.", "April 7, 1865, 3:00–5:00 p.m. - At Cumberland Church, Confederate forces under William Mahone repulse the Union Second Corps. Union general J. Irvin Gregg is captured in a nearby cavalry action. Union general Thomas Smyth is mortally wounded, the last Union general to die in the war.", "1863 – One hundred eighty-two men in the abolitionist town of Lawrence, KS are murdered in a raid by Southern partisans. It was one of the worst acts of violence to be perpetrated during the war.", "What battle was fought between 6 to 7 April, 1862, which saw heavy casualties, but victory for the Union?", "On December 22nd a serious catastrophe happened to a party of the Gloucester Regiment, who were quartered in a small traverse near those occupied by the Regiment. A shell caught the whole party of twelve men as they were sitting away from the cover of the traverse. Five were killed, four died of their wounds almost immediately, and three were severely wounded." ]

[ 8.6796875, 8.1171875, 7.1640625, 6.22265625, 5.77734375, 5.65234375, 5.5859375, 5.55078125, 5.37890625, 4.8125, 4.2109375, 4.03125, 3.9140625, 3.470703125, 2.58203125, -0.375244140625, -0.59423828125, -0.74951171875, -1.306640625, -2.05078125, -2.626953125, -2.7421875, -3.416015625, -3.984375, -4.45703125, -5.7109375, -7.12890625, -7.31640625, -7.49609375, -8.1875, -8.8515625, -10.671875 ]

[ "Area 51 is a nickname for a military base that is located in the southern portion of Nevada in the western United States, 83 miles (133 km) north-northwest of downtown Las Vegas. Situated at its center, on the southern shore of Groom Lake, is a large secretive military airfield. The base’s primary purpose is to support development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems.", "Several novels have been written about the Roswell incident, including Whitley Strieber 's Majestic (1989) and Kevin D. Randle's Operation Roswell (2004). A humorous Bongo Comics series, called Roswell, Little Green Man , ran from 1996 to 1999 and followed the misadventures of an extraterrestrial recovered from the craft. In music, the American band Foo Fighters named their record label Roswell Records and performed a 2005 concert on the site of the Roswell Air Force Base. [51] In addition, an ambient music compilation CD called Area 51: The Roswell Incident was released in 1997 and featured such groups as Canada's Synæsthesia , England's Hawkwind , and Germany's Tangerine Dream . ( Area 51 refers to an air field in southern Nevada associated with other UFO conspiracy theories.)", "Many people who believe in UFO's also believe \"Area 51\" is where the Air Force keeps its stockpile of captured flying saucers. And maybe an autopsied alien body or two. Others believe the military base in the southern Nevada desert is the testing grounds for America's most secret military machines, everything from the F-117 stealth fighter to electromagnetic pulse weapons that would make Buck Rogers nervous.", "Area 51 is the nation's most secret domestic military facility. It is located in the high desert of southern Nevada, seventy-five Miles north of Las Vegas. Its facilities have been constructed over the past sixty years around a flat, dry lake bed called Groom Lake. The U.S. government has never admitted it exists.", "Detailed images of Area 51 just released may not show evidence of little green men, but they do show that the super-secret Air Force base has grown significantly over the years.", "Discover the truth behind Roswell, little green men and why people have been abducted by aliens for centuries", "In 1989, a man named Robert Lazar shocked the world when he went on television claiming to have been part of a military operation that worked on alien technology . Lazar said that the government possessed at least nine alien spacecraft at a base called S-4, which is not far from Groom Lake. The facility even had posters showing a UFO levitating several feet above the ground with the caption \"They're Here!\" This was the first time an \"insider\" had \"blown the whistle.\"", "Hangar 18 (1980) [was an early movie loosely based on the Roswell story. A UFO crashed in Arizona and was hidden away at Hangar 18 in Texas. (\"Hangar 18\" is really supposedly at Wright-Patterson AFB in Ohio and allegedly where the Roswell craft and debris were also taken initially.)In the 1996 movie Independence Day, the Roswell craft was a scout from the aliens' mother ship. The damaged craft and recovered bodies were moved to the secret base at Area 51 in Nevada for study. The craft, now flown by humans, played a key role in defeating the alien invasion.", "In UFO enthusiast lore, Hangar 18 is the name of the building that houses a captured alien spacecraft and even an extraterrestrial being. The location of Hangar 18 is up for debate among believers. Some have claimed the hangar at Area 51 is Hangar 18. A film titled “Area 51: The Alien Interview” shows an alleged alien in captivity, though skeptics raised doubts of its authenticity. Rick Baker, a special effects expert with many years of experience, stated categorically that he believed the alien to be nothing more than a puppet.", "Area 51 is a military base about 80 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. With a few exceptions, though, it’s mostly conspiracy theorists — and those who have been influenced by them through the countless TV, magazine, and website references — who call it “Area 51.” To the U.S. government, it’s simply the Nevada Test and Training Range, part of Edwards (formerly Nellis) Air Force Base. Employees will sometimes refer to it as simply “the site” or “the ranch.”", "Area 51 in Nevada has long been the subject of wild conspiracy theories about extraterrestrials, time travel and alien autopsies, but newly released declassified documents from the CIA finally acknowledge its existence.", "The United States Air Force facility commonly known as Area 51 is a remote detachment of Edwards Air Force Base, within the Nevada Test and Training Range. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the correct names for the facility are Homey Airport and Groom Lake, though the name Area 51 was used in a CIA document from the Vietnam War. Other names used for the facility include Dreamland, and nicknames Paradise Ranch, Home Base and Watertown. The special use airspace around the field is referred to as Restricted Area 4808 North (R-4808N). ", "Accusations that the American government had recovered a flying saucer – or at least parts of one – grew in the years that followed, and stories began to circulate that living occupants of the craft had been taken to Area 51 (a now infamous military base) in New Mexico. By the 1990s, a range of books, eye-witness accounts, TV documentaries and even purported footage of alien autopsies had all materialised, all appearing to lend weight to the theory that the US government was hiding knowledge of flying saucers and visitors from outer space.", "The intense secrecy surrounding the base, the very existence of which the US Government barely acknowledges, together with reports of unusual phenomena has led it to become the frequent subject of conspiracy theories and UFO folklore. There are many stories circulating around on Area 51 - most of them are about UFOs and aliens. I have tried to compile some of the unconventional activities claimed to be underway at Area 51. I have also included some supposed proofs in favor of these claims. Let me know if I have left some other ideas out of this hub.", "Conspiracy Theorists speculate about the existence of DUMB, or Deep Underground Military Base. It doesn't sound any more sinister than your regular well-protected military base, except that it's supposedly run by your favorite conspiracy ( The Illuminati and The Reptilians being popular choice) and people are abducted and carried there for unspeakable purposes.", "Area 51, also officially known as Groom Lake or Homey Airport (ICAO: KXTA), is a remote detachment of Edwards Air Force Base. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the correct names for the Area 51 facility are the Nevada Test and Training Range and Groom Lake, though the name Area 51 was used in a CIA document from the Vietnam war. Other names used for the facility include Dreamland, and nicknames Paradise Ranch, Home Base, Watertown, and Groom Lake. The Special use airspace around the field is referred to as Restricted Area 4808 North (R-4808N).", "Area 51. It's the most famous military institution in the world that doesn't officially exist. If it did, it would be found about 100 miles outside Las Vegas in Nevada's high desert, tucked between an Air Force base and an abandoned nuclear testing ground.", "Area 51: The Legend of America's Most Secret Military Base - Location, Facts (1998) - YouTube", "To say access to the base is limited is an understatement. The base and its activities are highly classified. The remote location helps keep the activities figuratively under the radar , as does the proximity to the Nevada National Security Site, formerly the Nevada Test Site (NTS), where nuclear devices are tested. To gain access you need top security clearance as well as an invitation from the highest levels of the military or intelligence community [source: Jacobsen ].", "Well, I think like many UFO researchers, I see the whole mystery as one with a broad explanation and non-exclusive �theories� including the ET Hypothesis, Interdimensional Weirdness, Time Travel, hoaxing, and Man-Made UFOs. Certain UFO incidents, to me, clearly indicate that ETs were involved and I believe that there are ET bases on the Moon, Mars and other planets or their moons. See my book Extraterrestrial Archaeology for more on that. Vesco certainly believed that ETs would not crash their saucers at military bases, and thought that stories associated with crashed ET saucers was military disinformation. If the military does have its own UFOs, it would make more sense that it is their flying saucers crashing at military bases�or nearby�rather than craft that have navigated the far reaches of space. ", "Some believe that an alien spacecraft crashed in Roswell, New Mexico, and that the government shipped the wreckage and a body to Area 51 for examination and study. A few go even further, claiming the facility has underground levels and tunnels connecting it to other secret sites, and that it contains warehouses full of alien technology and even living alien specimens. Some theorize that the aliens are actually the ones running the show and that their goal is to create a human-alien hybrid (the aliens seem to have lost the ability to reproduce on their own). Stories cast the aliens in roles from benevolent visitors to evil overlords who subsist on a paste made from ground-up human bits. Air Force representatives have publicly denied that aliens have anything at all to do with Area 51, but that seems to have only strengthened conspiracy theorists’ wilder suggestions.", "This case is included solely for its relationship with a military base, as little supporting evidence can be found to support this report. This incident shows up on nearly all UFO crash lists and 9 alien bodies are said to have been retrieved from a crash site. Only the initials \"AK for Aaron Kaback\" show up as the only witness of note. Reportedly, Mr. Kaback was a guard on duty when he was asked to take a ride out in a jeep to help guard a strange object. Upon arriving, he noted a large oval object being guarded by a hovering helicopter which was shining a light on it. The object appeared completely without power and Mr. Kaback helped guard it for two and a half hours. No mention is made as to the subsequent whereabouts of the alien craft.", "'Alien' runway: The base includes a mile-long landing strip believed to have been built in case L. Ron Hubbard returns to Earth ", "In 1997 the Air Force last year conceded the existence of the base and its position along dried-up Groom Lake when it released a publication that suggested experimental Cold War-era aircraft could have been mistaken for flying saucers. At a Pentagon press briefing, Air Force Col. John Hanes was asked about Area 51. Whatever they do in the Nellis Bombing Range, they continue to do it under the Clinton administration.", "Road access to the facility is with Nevada State Route 375 at 37°38′03″N 115°43′10″W / 37.63417°N 115.71944°W / 37.63417; -115.71944 where an access road connects to the public highway system. The security gate and a parking facility is at 37°35′37″N 115°53′57″W / 37.59361°N 115.89917°W / 37.59361; -115.89917 about 10 miles west-southwest of the road turnoff. The gate is approximately 25 miles from the main support base along a winding road. It appears that once road traffic reaches the base, vehicles are routed to a large facility 37°14′28″N 115°49′26″W / 37.24111°N 115.82389°W / 37.24111; -115.82389 where imagery shows a large number of tractor-trailers and other vehicles are parked. This facility likely processes incoming shipments and presumably issues security credentials for personnel for their movement on the base. Several storage areas are around the facility, likely used for outside storage of large items. The road then continues to the west, eventually going into the Nevada Test Site , and southward to Mercury, Nevada , a restricted access community some 40 miles to the south-southeast where the road connects to the public highway system at U.S. Route 95 .", "You might think that living close to a place like Area 51 could make you a little strange. A visit to Rachel, Nev., might just change your suspicion to certainty. The town is populated by 54 people (according to the 2010 census), most of whom have a strong sense of independence and more than a touch of eccentricity.", " AP Swallows Obvious Alien Cover Story Federal agents secretly  removed 67 bodies from a patch of New Mexico desert not terribly far from UFO crash zone Roswell. Clearly these are alien remains, but the  Feds insist they are the skeletons of black Civil War soldiers, and needed protection from a crazy historian in an airplane, who is now  dead. The Associated Press did not bother to dig for the Truth, which Is Out There. [AP]", "* On the science-fiction television series The X-Files, part of the episode \"Space\" takes place on the base.", "Other writers attribute the events to UFOs. This idea was used by Steven Spielberg for his film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost Flight 19 as alien abductees.", "On the first night, three US servicemen went out into the forest after a security patrol reported seeing lights amongst the trees. Their reports suggest that a craft with flashing lights & symbols on it was seen to land within the forest, & that at least one serviceman approached & touched the craft. After this encounter, the craft took off silently & disappeared from sight. At daybreak, burn marks on nearby broken tree branches were found, together with evidence of three impressions in the ground, said to have been made by the craft’s landing gear. Sceptics suggest the latter were made by rabbits or other animals. Radiation readings later taken at a supposed landing site found in the forest revealed that levels were higher at the actual point of contact with the ground than they were in the surrounding area (whether this was the site from the first night’s events or a different site is unclear).", "If you look below to the left of area 51 you will see another white lake bed. Right above it is where they used to test underground nukes. You can see all the sunken in caverns that look like hills but they are actually collapsed caverns. Got to go there on a school field trip back in high school. It was a cool sight!", "\"An investigator for the Air Force stated that three so-called flying saucers had been recovered in New Mexico -- circular in shape with raised centers, approximately 50 feet in diameter. Each -- occupied by three bodies of human shape but only 3 feet tall.\"" ]

[ 4.33984375, 4.03125, 3.609375, 1.451171875, 0.1793212890625, -0.363037109375, -0.378173828125, -0.607421875, -0.666015625, -0.7548828125, -1.1357421875, -1.7607421875, -1.7685546875, -2.076171875, -2.451171875, -2.7265625, -3.14453125, -3.173828125, -3.814453125, -4.07421875, -4.73828125, -4.99609375, -5.41796875, -5.50390625, -5.64453125, -6.16015625, -6.68359375, -6.98046875, -8.5703125, -8.6484375, -9.3046875, -10.09375 ]

[ "A Pact with the Devil (a deal with the Devil or a Faustian bargain), is an agreement with Evil, in the form of the Devil, often (as in the story of Faust) with the paradoxical intention of achieving a higher Good that is otherwise obstructed. The nature of an agreement is a risky accommodation, so at the crux of objections to such a thing are questions–what has the person making the agreement traded to the Devil ; can the person avoid being trapped or corrupted; does the agreement strengthen the Devil; is the greater Good compromised, and still unachievable?", "* In the Deception video games, Faustian bargains are a recurring theme. The character Allura inadvertently agrees to a deal with the demon Malphas by allowing her to create powerful traps to kill her enemies in exchange for devouring the victim's soul.", "If you follow any journalists on Twitter, you may have seen the term “ Faustian bargain \" used more than once to describe this arrangement. Faust, of course, was a legendary German scholar — immortalized in a play by Goethe — who was dissatisfied with his life and wound up making a deal with the devil: unlimited wealth, fame, and knowledge in return for his immortal soul.", "The most famous \"Deal with the Devil\" story is the (originally German) legend of Dr. Faustus, who sells his soul to the devil in exchange for magical powers. That's why this type of story is also sometimes called the \"Faustian Bargain.\"", "Faust or Faustus (Latin for \"auspicious\" or \"lucky\", but also German for \"fist\") is the protagonist of a classic German legend who makes a pact with the Devil in exchange for knowledge. Faust's tale is the basis for many literary, artistic, cinematic, and musical works. The meaning of the word and name has been reinterpreted through the ages. \"Faust\" (and the adjective \"Faustian\") has taken on a connotation distinct from its original use, and is often used today to describe an unsavory, ultimately self-destructive arrangement; the proverbial \"deal with the devil\". It can also refer to a unquenchable thirst for knowledge.", "Faust, Johann Goethe. According to Barnes and Noble, “Goethe's FAUST is a classic tragic play, telling the story of a wager between God and Mephistopholes (Satan), who wishes to tempt the central character, Faust, away from righteousness. The Devil offers the ultimate \"Faustian bargain\": Mephistopholes will do Faust's bidding on Earth, and Faust will serve the Devil in Hell.”", "Dr. Johann Georg Faust was an itinerant alchemist, astrologer and magician of the German Renaissance. His life became the nucleus of the popular tale of Doctor Faust from ca. the 1580s, notably culminating in Marlowe’s The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (1604) and Goethe’s Faust (1808). Legend has it that Faust wanted a life of pleasure and having been involved with the occult learned how to summon the devil. Having done so he made a deal with him for his soul in return for 24 years of service from Satan. Unfortunately, after 16 years he regretted his deal and wanted to withdraw it. The consequences of this attempt to withdraw the deal are well known to any who have read the various fictional tales of Faust’s life: the devil brutally murdered him.", "Faustus conjures that following night and a demon named Mephistophilis comes and Faustus makes a deal with him and Lucifer. The deal: Faustus be a spirit in form and substance, Mephistophilis be his servant, that Mephistophilis do for him and bring him whatever he desires, Mephistophilis must also be invisible when with him and that he can be in whatever form he pleases when he wants. After twenty-four years have passed, then he will let Lucifer and Mephistophilis come and collect him and bring him to whatever fate awaits him. After he finished writing this in his blood, he sent Mephistophilis back to Lucifer and has him give Lucifer his deal. Lucifer accepts and all of Faustus' wishes are granted.", "That all sounds like a grand ol' time, right? Right. There's just one problem. In order to ransack, search, and discover all that awesome knowledge, Faustus has to make a deal with the devil. And we know those never end well.", "In I.iii, with his first invocation, he conjures up the devil, Mephostophilis, and makes a bargain with him: in exchange for twenty-four years of power and knowledge, when Mephostophilis will be his servant, Faustus will hazard his immortal soul. Mephostophilis, a surprisingly honest devil, tries to dissuade the eager conjurer by painting a bleak picture of the torments of the damned", "A deal with the Devil does not mean that there is Satanic worship! A deal is an agreement between opposed sides. Faust is independent; Faust doesn’t worship gods, if anything, he might want to overcome them, or become one himself.[ 1 ] He wouldn’t worship the Devil.", "Fedallah, his demonic advisor. Like Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, he has made a pact with the", "It was also believed that some persons made this type of pact just as a sign of recognizing the devil as their master, in exchange for nothing. Nevertheless, the bargain is considered a dangerous one, as the price of the Fiend's service is the wagerer's soul. The tale may have a moralizing end, with eternal damnation for the foolhardy venturer. Conversely, it may have a comic twist, in which a wily peasant outwits the devil, characteristically on a technical point. The person making the pact sometimes tries to outwit the devil, but loses in the end (e.g., man sells his soul for eternal life because he will never die to pay his end of the bargain. Immune to the death penalty, he commits murder, but is sentenced to life in prison).", "Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend. He is a scholar who is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life, which leads him to make a pact with the Devil, exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures. The Faust legend has been the basis for many literary, artistic, cinematic, and musical works that have reinterpreted it through the ages. \"Faust\" and the adjective", "A pact with the Devil is an essential ingredient in the legend of Faust . There is no greater gamble or risk than one’s soul. Faust arrogantly assumes he can control the Devil, but human nature is such that no man can resist being corrupted by the Devil or by the powers he grants, and he invariably succumbs. This inevitability is often raised in discussions about technology, and reflects a social anxiety about technology as we power our way from Eden to Utopia.", "Faust wasn’t the only fictional fellow to sell his soul to the devil. In the short story The Devil and Daniel Webster by Stephen Vincent Benet (first published in 1936), farmer Jabez Stone is famously given seven years of prosperity in exchange for his soul. When Jabez wants to back out of the deal, he calls in Daniel Webster to defend him in an unprecedented legal battle. Though the jury was comprised of damned souls (Blackbeard the pirate among them), they ruled in favor of Jabez, and he was allowed to hold onto his life and his soul.", "When we represent the PD as a strategic-form game, we implicitly assume that the prisoners can't attempt collusive agreement since they choose their actions simultaneously. In this case, agreement before the fact can't help. If Player I is convinced that his partner will stick to the bargain then he can seize the opportunity to go scot-free by confessing. Of course, he realizes that the same temptation will occur to Player II; but in that case he again wants to make sure he confesses, as this is his only means of avoiding his worst outcome. The prisoners' agreement comes to naught because they have no way of enforcing it; their promises to each other constitute what game theorists call ‘cheap talk’.", "Faustus was born into lowly circumstances. He studies hard and masters all the knowledges known to man, but he is still dissatisfied. Faustus determines to study magic, the one knowledge that can break the limits of all others. He engages two master magicians to teach him. While he awaits their arrival, a good and an evil angel appear. The good angel urges him not to go through with his plans, but Faustus is determined. He learns quickly and for his first act calls up Mephistophilis, Satan's messenger. Faustus is very pleased, thinking he has control over the forces of evil, but Mephistophilis says he only showed up because Faustus had rejected God. Faustus offers to give his soul to Lucifer if Mephistophilis will wait on him for twenty-four years. Lucifer agrees.", "A man makes a deal with what he thinks is a devil. (Your Soul Comes C.O.D. by Mack Reynolds)", "Faust (Part I: 1808, Part II: 1831): the story of a man, Henrich Faust, (suggested by the life of Dr. Johann Georg Faust (1480-1540), an itinerant alchemist, astrologer, and magician) who sells his soul to Mephistopheles, the devil for all knowledge. Mephistopleles will be Faust's servant on earth, and Faust will be the devil's servant in the after-life.", "* Johann Georg Faust (16th century, Germany). Many instructions, in German and in Latin, for making a pact with the Devil were attributed to him. These were collected and published in Germany in a few of the volumes of Das Kloster (1845–1849).", "Lucifer: Lucifer is to whom Faustus sold his soul during the play so that he would be granted great powers in necromancy. Lucifer is the fallen angel from heaven and he lusts for Faustus' soul and when Faustus gives his soul for twenty-four years of power how can he resist. Besides what is twenty-four years in the face of eternity? Lucifer is a conniving devil who only wishes for us to come to destruction and in Faustus' case that's what happened. Lucifer won and Faustus lost.", "Soon after his death, the real Dr. Faustus disappeared into the realm of legend. He became the scholar who sold his soul to the Devil in exchange for universal knowledge and magical power. Martin Luther, the leader of the Protestant Reformation, was, for example, one of those who believed Faustus had been in league with the Devil. The story was popular for its Christian moral: Faustus was damned for pursuing worldly knowledge instead of studying the Scriptures.", "In Heaven Mefistofele offers God a wager: he says that he can succeed in seducing the learned Faust onto the paths of evil and that he will gain possession of his soul. God accepts.", "At the end, Mephistopheles loses the wager with God. Faust's soul is transported up to heaven.", "4. Faustus is a true tragic hero: he has good qualities beside his evil aspirations. He dutifully provides grapes in mid-winter for the Duke of Vanholt (Anhalt?), generously bestows his worldly goods on Wagner, punishes an uncouth knight at the Emperor's court, and obligingly undoes the punishment again. At times he regrets what he has done - this evidently heightens the tragic effect, but does not make him a good person. The fact that even Mephastophilis counsels him to desist from the pact does not prove Mephastophilis's goodness but rather emphasises Faustus's blindness and arrogance:", "The actual dialogue is something like \"what do you say we make a deal? I'll get you out of here and help you get your revenge, if you give me your soul afterward.\"", "Satan: It's more or less customary for me to cheat mortals in this way. By observing only the letter of the agreement. For example, I'll give someone eternal youth, then have them sentenced to life imprisonment. That sort of thing. It's pretty standard. I'm the Devil!", "In I Lucifer the titular character mentions that the actual contracts are symbolic and that the act of signing them is all that matters. It's worth noting if you're not specific on the means of which Lucifer has to go about completing his end of the deal, he will screw your dumbass over .", "In The Order of the Stick , Vaarsuvius tries to get one of these deals to get enough power to save his/her family. Subverted in that the powerful beings that show up to discuss the deal don't actually want V's soul's eternal damnation and act in a shocked way when V suggests that. \"Oh no no no no! How would THAT be fair?\" Instead, they want control of V's soul for a sharply limited time at a later point - and, not stated outright but presumed, while V's still alive. Which is arguably even worse, given the potential ramifications of having a high-level wizard directly controlled by paragons of Evil in a crucial moment. And to them, V's just a bonus. The real payoff is proving that the factions of evil can cooperate, so that they may storm the upper planes and end the war of Good vs. Evil once and for all.", "159)What does Faustus promise to the devil in exchange for great knowledge, riches and power for a period of 24 years?", "a. A man offers his soul to the devil in return for magical power, but then struggles to deny the devil what he owes him or becomes caught between the devil and his beloved." ]

[ 4.41796875, 2.912109375, 2.8203125, 1.47265625, 0.693359375, 0.1392822265625, 0.073974609375, -0.2020263671875, -0.450439453125, -0.74658203125, -1.1396484375, -1.77734375, -2.603515625, -2.638671875, -3.169921875, -3.427734375, -3.984375, -4.171875, -4.453125, -4.48046875, -5.23046875, -5.2734375, -5.390625, -5.40234375, -5.60546875, -6.1796875, -6.47265625, -7.4609375, -7.4765625, -7.484375, -7.70703125, -7.9453125 ]

[ "August 5, 1861 - President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the first Federal income tax, a 3 percent tax on incomes over $800, as an emergency wartime measure during the Civil War . However, the tax was never actually put into effect.", "1861 – In order to help pay for the Civil War war effort, the United States government levies the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; and it was rescinded in 1872).", "1861 – American Civil War: in order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government levies the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872).", "In order to help pay for its war effort in the American Civil War , the United States government imposed its first personal income tax, on August 5, 1861, as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872). Congress also enacted the Revenue Act of 1862 , which levied a 3% tax on incomes above $600, rising to 5% for incomes above $10,000. Rates were raised in 1864. This income tax was repealed in 1872, but a new income tax statute was enacted as part of the 1894 Tariff Act. [13]", "After weighing their options, the House Ways and Means Committee drew up a bill to tax personal and corporate incomes. This bill, the first income tax measure in the United States, called for a 3% tax on incomes over $800. Although the bill quickly passed in both the House and the Senate, it was never put into operation. Still, it paved the way for the next bill of its kind. ", "In 1862, in order to support the Civil War effort, Congress enacted the nation's first income tax law. It was a forerunner of our modern income tax in that it was based on the principles of graduated, or progressive, taxation and of withholding income at the source. During the Civil War, a person earning from $600 to $10,000 per year paid tax at the rate of 3%. Those with incomes of more than $10,000 paid taxes at a higher rate. Additional sales and excise taxes were added, and an “inheritance” tax also made its debut. In 1866, internal revenue collections reached their highest point in the nation's 90-year history—more than $310 million, an amount not reached again until 1911.", "As an alternative, policy makers sought to follow the example of British Liberals, who had turned to income taxation in order to finance the Crimean War without heavy property taxation. Justin Morrill, (R-VT), Chairman of the Ways and Means Subcommittee on Taxation and the architect of the regressive tariff structure, introduced a proposal for the first federal income tax. Because it did not tax property directly, congressional leaders viewed the income tax as indirect, and thus immune from constitutional strictures.", "After the Southern states seceded, both the United States and the Confederacy instituted the first ever national income tax. Ever since the Civil War, Americans have lived with the IRS.[4]", "The first federal income tax was adopted as part of the Revenue Act of 1861. The tax lapsed after the American Civil War. Subsequently enacted income taxes were held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. because they did not apportion taxes on property by state population. In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, permitting the federal government to levy an income tax on both property and labor.", "A few years after the income tax amendment was ratified, the United States entered World War I . As in the Civil War, Congress turned to the income tax to quickly raise large amounts of revenue. In 1917, Congress lowered the standard exemption to $1,000 for individuals thus expanding the taxpayer pool. At the same time, the lawmakers increased the base tax rate from 1 percent to 2 percent. Those earning over $1 million were taxed at the unheard of rate of 50 percent (this rose to 77 percent by the end of the war).", "The rising cost of the war – even for the Union – led Congress to expand the income tax again in 1864. By the end of the war, the North had raised over 20 percent of its war revenue through taxation; the South had managed just 5 percent. And with the end of hostilities, the first American income tax faded into history in 1872.", "The nation had few taxes in its early history. From 1791 to 1802, the United States government was supported by internal taxes on distilled spirits, carriages, refined sugar, tobacco and snuff, property sold at auction, corporate bonds, and slaves. The high cost of the War of 1812 brought about the nation's first sales taxes on gold, silverware, jewelry, and watches. In 1817, however, Congress did away with all internal taxes, relying on tariffs on imported goods to provide sufficient funds for running the government.", "One line of argument in Parliament was that Americans should pay a share of the costs of the French and Indian War , and that therefore taxes should be levied on them. Franklin became the American spokesman in highly publicized testimony in Parliament in 1766. He stated that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire. He said local governments had raised, outfitted and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France—as many as Britain itself sent—and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone. [108] [109]", "Efforts to raise war revenue through various methods of taxation proved ineffective. The Confederate Congress enacted a minor tariff in 1861, but it contributed only $3.5 million in four years. That same year, Congress implemented a small direct tax (0.5 percent) on real and personal property. But the government in Richmond was forced to rely on the individual states to collect the levy. Reprising the scenario played out during the Revolutionary War, most states did not collect the tax at all, preferring to meet their quota by borrowing money or printing state notes to cover it.", "The farmers of Western Pennsylvania rebelled in 1794 against a Federal tax on whiskey, imposed by Congress at Alexander Hamilton's suggestion. The Federal government needed revenue to pay for the Revolutionary War debts absorbed by the Federal government from the states, in the compromise that had resulted in the capital being located on the Potomac River. Two Virginians were key in suppressing the Whiskey Rebellion. George Washington assembled an army of over 10,000 troops - the largest force of \"revenuers\" ever created- to suppress what was portrayed as an armed rebellion against the new Federal government. (The creation of the Confederacy in 1860-61 was just one of many sectional threats to disunite the union of the United States...)", "In the meantime, however, the United States contributed to its European allies in the form of massive economic assistance. After Congress declared war, the U.S. Treasury began selling so-called liberty bonds to its citizens in order to finance Allied government purchases in the United States. The British, French, and Italian governments used the proceeds from these bond sales to pay for products and raw materials that they desperately needed to conduct the war. The federal government also generated revenue for the war by increasing income and excise taxes.", "In October 1917 Congress responded to the call for higher taxes with the War Revenue Act. This act increased the personal and corporate income tax rates and established new excise, excess-profit, and luxury taxes. The tax rate for an income of $10,000 with four exemptions (about $140,000 in 2003 dollars) went from 1.2 percent in 1916 to 7.8 percent. For incomes of $1,000,000 the rate went from 10.3 percent in 1916 to 70.3 percent in 1918. These increase in taxes and the increase in nominal income raised revenues from $930 million in 1916 to $4,388 million in 1918. Federal expenditures, however, increased from $1,333 million in 1916 to $15,585 million in 1918. A huge gap had opened up that would have to be closed by borrowing.", "The Second Continental Congress me all through the Revolutionary War. They made decisions when and where to attack the British and how to protect themselves. They issued paper money and set up a system where the government would borrow money from their citizens and pay it back with interest. They even created a postal system and the first American Navy was formed. There was never any power given to the Congress to levy taxes to finance the war effort. This meant that any support of the Army would come basically from the different colonies or persons who could afford to support them.", "     During the Civil War, the US Congress passes the Enrollment Act that would lead to the first wartime draft of US citizens in American history. The act calls for registration of all males between the ages of twenty and forty-five years, including aliens with the intention of becoming citizens, by 01 April 1863. Exemptions from the draft could be bought for $300 or by finding a substitute draftee. The carrying out of the draft leads to riots in New York City and elsewhere, as opponents criticize the fact that exemptions are effectively granted only to the wealthiest US citizens, saying that this was a rich man's war and a poor man's fight.", "The history of taxation in the United States began when it was composed of colonies ruled by the British Empire , French Empire , and Spanish Empire . After independence from Europe the United States collected poll taxes , tariffs , and excise taxes . The United States imposed income taxes intermittently until 1895 when unapportioned taxes on interest, dividends and rents were ruled unconstitutional. The advent of the 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution modified the apportionment requirement in 1913, and since then the income tax has become one of the means of funding the Federal Government .", "The tax was resisted by farmers in the western frontier regions who were long accustomed to distilling their surplus grain and corn into whiskey. In these regions, whiskey was sufficiently popular that it often served as a medium of exchange. Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution, in particular against taxation without local representation, while the Federal government maintained the taxes were the legal expression of the taxation powers of Congress.", "Samuel Adams emerged as an important public figure in Boston soon after the British Empire's victory in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Finding itself deep in debt and looking for new sources of revenue, the British Parliament sought, for the first time, to directly tax the colonies of British America. This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies. ", "It was an incredibly difficult time for the young United States. For more than a year, Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies had been at war over the issue of \" taxation without representation. \" The Colonies believed that their rights were being impeded by the British, who were levying taxes upon them without their consent.", "To fund this army, Hamilton had been writing incessantly to Oliver Wolcott , his successor at the Treasury; William Loughton Smith , of the House Ways and Means Committee; and Senator Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts. He directed them to pass a direct tax to fund the war. Smith was to resign in July of 1797, as Hamilton scolded him for slowness, and told Wolcott to tax houses instead of land. [67]", "To fund this army, Hamilton wrote regularly to Oliver Wolcott, Jr. , his successor at the Treasury; William Loughton Smith , of the House Ways and Means Committee; and Senator Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts. He directed them to pass a direct tax to fund the war. Smith resigned in July 1797, as Hamilton scolded him for slowness, and told Wolcott to tax houses instead of land. [117]", "By the end of 1776 a series of reverses made it apparent that an army based on the militia-type system of short enlistments could not compete against the British. In order to put the army on firmer footing, the Continental Congress allowed General Washington to recruit soldiers for three years or the duration of the war beginning in 1777. In return for such arduous service Congress offered land bounties and monetary bonuses. The men who answered this call formed the bulk of a standing army that fought for the rest of the war and represented a large slice of Revolutionary War society.", "The American colonies appeared to the British government to be heavily under taxed. Before the war the most colonists had directly contributed to British income was customs revenue, but this barely challenged the cost of collecting it. During the war huge sums of British currency had flooded into the colonies, and many not killed in the war, or in conflicts with natives, had done rather well. It appeared to the British government that a few new taxes to pay for their garrison should be easily absorbed. Indeed, they had to be absorbed, because there simply didn’t seem to be any other way of paying for the army. Few in Britain expected the colonists to have protection and not pay for it.", "Once the war had been won, the Continental Army was largely disbanded. A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks. Meanwhile, each of the states had an army (or militia), and 11 of them had Navies. The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met. In 1783, George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy, but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily. ", "Explanation: Although the British had surrendered at Yorktown in 1781 and peace negotiations were continuing in Paris, British troops still occupied New York City. A group of Continental Army officers, many of whom had not been paid for months, hatched a plan to force Congress to pay their wages. Alexander Hamilton quietly supported their efforts, as he saw it as a way to have Congress enact tariff duties, which he felt were vital for the new nation's economic success. Washington read a speech to the officers in Newburgh, New York which was not persuasive. But after he took out a letter and had to put on glasses to read it, he said \"Gentlemen, you will permit me to put on my spectacles, for I have not only grown gray but almost blind in the service of my country.\" This apparently reminded the officers of Washington's leadership and personal sacrifices during the war and the conspiracy died. The back-pay issue was not resolved by Congress for many years.", "In the first decade of the republic, Hamilton played a decisive role in shaping domestic and foreign policy. As Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington , he presented (1790) a far-reaching financial program to the first Congress. He proposed that the debt accumulated by the Continental Congress be paid in full, that the federal government assume all state debts, and that a Bank of the United States be chartered. For revenue, Hamilton advocated a tariff on imported manufactures and a series of excise taxes. He hoped by these measures to strengthen the national government at the expense of the states and to tie government to men of wealth and prosperity.", "While Hamilton was in Congress, discontented soldiers began to be a danger to the young United States. Most of the army was then posted at Newburgh, New York . The army was paying for much of their own supplies, and they had not been paid in eight months. Furthermore, the Continental officers had been promised, in May 1778, after Valley Forge , a pension of half their pay when they were discharged. [33] It was at this time that a group of officers organized under the leadership of General Henry Knox sent a delegation to lobby Congress, led by Capt. Alexander MacDougall (see above ). The officers had three demands: the Army's pay, their own pensions, and commutation of those pensions into a lump-sum payment.", "Between 1779 and 1783 there were dozens of minor mutinies in the Continental Army, mainly associated with lack of pay. Even after the war pay for past services was in depreciated currency or titles to land at the frontier. Since the currency was worthless, many were forced to sell their deeds for a pittance just to eat or get home. Most of the 10 million acres given to veterans wound up in the hands of speculators." ]

[ 6.015625, 5.96875, 5.609375, 4.70703125, 2.62890625, 2.3828125, 0.57470703125, 0.51025390625, -0.07196044921875, -0.482666015625, -1.9677734375, -2.271484375, -2.82421875, -3.046875, -3.3828125, -3.4453125, -3.673828125, -3.755859375, -4.1953125, -4.34765625, -4.7890625, -4.8671875, -5.23828125, -5.51953125, -5.54296875, -6.515625, -6.91796875, -8.5390625, -9.1015625, -9.390625, -10.265625, -10.4453125 ]

[ "In Los Angeles, California, cult leader Charles Manson is convicted, along with followers Susan Atkins, Leslie Van Houten, and Patricia Krenwinkle, of the brutal 1969 murders of actress Sharon Tate and six others.", "August 8-9, 1969 - At Manson's command, a small group of his most ardent followers brutally murder five people at the Benedict Canyon home of director Roman Polanski, near Hollywood. The victims are Polanski's pregnant wife, actress Sharon Tate, writer Wojciech Frykowski, coffee heiress Abigail Folger and celebrity hair stylist Jay Sebring. Also killed is Steven Parent, who was a friend of the family's gardener. The murders are committed by followers Tex Watson, Susan Atkins, and Patricia Krenwinkel. Linda Kasabian accompanies them as a lookout.", "\"Born in Kentucky in 1934, Charles Manson is the man responsible for the serial killings of Sharon Tate and her friends. In 1967, after spending most of his adult life in prison, Manson moved to the San Francisco area in California and gathered a group of followers, which he referred to as \"the family.\" Inspired by the Beatles song \"Helter Skelter\" -- a song actually about an amusement park ride -- he became convinced of an impending race war and nuclear assault. It was August 9, 1969 when four Family members, Tex Watson, Patricia Krenwinkel, Susan Atkins, and Linda Kasabian, entered the house at 10050 Cielo Drive in Beverly Hills, California and killed Sharon Tate, pregnant wife of Roman Polanski, along with four friends, Abigail Folger, Jay Sebring, Voytek Frykowski and Steven Parent. Manson himself wasn't present for the killings. Manson was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder on January 15, 1971.\" Original Wikipedia entry 3.3.2002", "FILE - In this file photo taken Aug. 20, 1970, Charles Manson follower Patricia Krenwinkel, center, is seen walking to court with Susan Atkins, left, and Leslie Van Houten, to appear for her role in the 1969 cult killings of seven people in Los Angeles, Calif. Krenwinkel , one of two surviving women followers of Charles Manson convicted in the notorious Sharon Tate killings, is facing a parole hearing Thursday, Jan. 20, 2011, after four decades behind bars. (AP Photo/George Brich, File)", "1971  - Conviction / Charles Manson & Co. - January 25th, 1971: \"Charles Manson and three female followers were convicted in Los Angeles of murder and conspiracy in the 1969 slayings of seven people, including actress Sharon Tate.\"", "On August 8, 1969, Brunner was arrested for credit card fraud. That evening Manson ordered the deaths of everyone living at the former residence of record producer Terry Melcher, who had raised and then disappointed Manson's hopes of breaking into the music industry. Sharon Tate and four of her friends were murdered at the house by a group of long-established followers Manson had selected. It consisted of Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel and Tex Watson, whom Manson had placed in charge. Linda Kasabian, who had only joined Manson's commune the previous month, went to the house but was told to stay outside. She was apparently taken because she had a valid driver's license. ", "In 1969, pregnant actress Sharon Tate was found horrifically murdered along with four other people at her home in Los Angeles. Charles Manson and his followers were found guilty of the brutal crime that shook the nation. Look back at the shocking murder and what ensued.", "August 9th: The notion of a peaceful counterculture came to an abrupt end. On the night of August 8th, Charles Milles Manson (11/12/34-) directed Charles Watson to take fellow commune members Susan Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel to “that house … and totally destroy everyone in it, as gruesome as you can.” The house at 10050 Cielo Drive, Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles was occupied by actress Sharon Tate (8 ½ months pregnant) wife of film director Roman Polanski, her friend and former lover Jay Sebring, aspiring screenwriter Wojciech Frykowski and his lover Abigail Folger, heiress to the Folger coffee fortune. Polanski, was in London working on a film project. All 5 were murdered. The next evening, Manson and 6 commune family members including Leslie Van Houten, Steve “Clem” Grogan and the 4 from the previous night headed for 3301 Waverly Drive in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles: the home of supermarket executive Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. They too were brutally murdered. This was all to foster the beginning of ‘Helter Skelter’: Manson envisioned an inevitable racial war where he would arise the ultimate ruler. The term came from the song of the same name by the Beatles.", "Manson's co-defendants -- Susan Atkins, Leslie Van Houten , Patricia Krenwinkel and Charles \"Tex\" Watson -- were convicted with him. Their death sentences were commuted to life when the death penalty was briefly outlawed in America in 1972.", "THEN: Charles Manson's third wife, and mother of his child Michael Valentine Manson (aka \"Pooh Bear\"). She was arrested and jailed for credit card fraud the night of the Tate murders. She was later charged (with two other family members) for the July 1969 murder of Gary Hinman. She received immunity from prosecution in exchange for testifying against Atkins and Beausoleil. (She later repudiated her statements.) In 1971, Brunner—along with several other Family members—was arrested and convicted for taking part in the robbery of a gun store and subsequent shootout with the cops. She served six years in the California Institution for Women, where Leslie Van Houten, Susan Atkins and Patricia Krenwinkel were serving their time.", "The body of actress Sharon Tate is taken from her rented house on Cielo Drive in Beverly Hills, Calif., on Aug. 9, 1969. Tate, who was eight months pregnant, and four other persons were found murdered by American cult-leader Charles Manson and his followers. Tate, the wife of director Roman Polanski, was born in 1943. (AP Photo)", "It has been more than four decades since the murder of Sharon Tate and four others at the Los Angeles home of Tate and her husband, director Roman Polanski. The murders led to the arrest and trial of Charles Manson along with his followers, who physically committed the crimes.", "Susan Atkins, 61, a follower of cult leader Charles Manson whose remorseless witness-stand confession to killing pregnant actress Sharon Tate in 1969 shocked the world, died Sept. 24 at the medical unit at the Central California Women's Facility in Chowchilla. She had brain cancer.", "Patricia Krenwinkel was a participant in the infamous murders on August 9, 1969 at 10050 Cielo Drive, home of actress Sharon Tate and director Roman Polanski. After fellow Family member Charles \"Tex\" Watson shot and killed teenager Steven Parent in his car in the estates' driveway, Watson, Susan Atkins, and Krenwinkel entered the house, surprising all inside. When mayhem ensued, Patricia Krenwinkel dragged coffee heiress Abigail Folger from her bedroom to the living room, fought with her, and stabbed her. When Folger tried to escape following the first round of stabbing, Patricia was said to have chased Folger as she ran outside screaming. According to Patricia, she pinned Folger to the ground and further stabbed her; the victim pleaded with her to stop by saying, \"Stop, I'm already dead\". Krenwinkel continued to stab her so brutally that Folger's white nightgown appeared red to police investigators the following day. After stabbing Folger, Krenwinkel went back inside and summoned Watson, who also stabbed Folger. During her trial, Krenwinkel said, \"...I stabbed her and I kept stabbing her.\" When asked how it felt, Krenwinkel replied: \"Nothing, I mean, what is there to describe? It was just there, and it was right.\"", "Charles Manson had a ‘family’ of hippies made up of like minded people like him. He was bisexual and his women worshipped him. All these girls had sexual relations with him. He told them that \"they belong to themselves and not to him\". One of the girls Susan Atkins said that she would do anything for Charles. She killed Actress Sharon Tate and said that ‘it was the most exciting sexual experience of her life’. The gruesome killings chilled and paralyzed America in 1969.", "The cult leader was first sentenced to death for the 1969 murders of movie star Sharon Tate , coffee heiress Abigail Folger and three others who were stabbed and shot to death at Tate's home in Los Angeles. The next night, two others were stabbed to death at their homes.", "A brutal killer and cult leader, Manson was known for the 1969 Sharon Tate murders he committed with his followers (i.e.,) the Manson Family, involving actress Sharon Tate and six other individuals. He portrayed himself as a \"savior\" who violently opposed society. Manson had disfigured his anatonmy and had branded his forehead with the letter \"X\" to signify being an outcast. The violent perversity of his acts in having his followers hack to death their victims and write in blood the the words \"pig\" and \"war\" reflected his satanic orientation. He and his followers were also charged and found guilty in murdering Leno and Rosemary LaBianca in the same manner.", "Susan Atkins, her beloved \"Charlie\" and the others were all sentenced to death (Tex Watson was tried separately and convicted), and Atkins was remanded to the California Institute for Women. The death sentences were later vacated when the California Supeme Court overturned the death penalty as unconstitutional, and Atkin's sentence was reduced to life with the possibility of parole.", "In August 1969, while Polanski was in Europe working on a film, Tate was murdered along with four of their friends at their home in Los Angeles by members of Charles Manson's \"family,\" a group of young, gullible, and mostly female followers. Tate was pregnant at the time of her murder.", "On the evening of August 9, 1969, Manson gathered Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel in front of Spahn's Ranch and told them to go with Charles \"Tex\" Watson and do as they were told. In Atkins' grand jury testimony, she stated that while in the car, Watson told the group they were going to a home to get money from the people who lived there and to kill them. ", "After completing filming on 12 + 1 (released in 1970) in Italy in 1969, Tate returned to Los Angeles, where she and her husband were renting a house on Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon. Polanski remained at the couple's home in England, working on his latest film. On August 9, 1969, the 26-year-old Tate (then eight and a half months pregnant) was brutally murdered in her home, along with three houseguests, Wojciech Frykowski, Abigail Folger, Jay Sebring and a friend of the house's caretaker, Steven Parent, by a group of people who were later revealed to be part of the \"Manson family,\" a murderous cult driven by the apocalyptic fantasies of its deranged leader, Charles Manson.", "In all, seven people were killed over the course of two August nights almost 47 years ago. Van Houten was not implicated in the murder of Sharon Tate, the pregnant wife of film director Roman Polanski, but did enter LaBianca’s Los Feliz home the following night. ", "Tate and Polanski were married in January 1968. The director was out of the country on the night of August 8, 1969, when Tate, who was due to give birth in a matter of weeks, and her friends, including the coffee heiress Abigail Folger and the celebrity hairstylist Jay Sebring, were shot or stabbed to death at Tate and Polanski’s rented home on Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon. The Tate-Polanski home reportedly was chosen as a target because Manson had unsuccessfully attempted to get a recording deal from a producer who used to live there. Manson’s subsequent trial became a national spectacle, during which he exhibited bizarre, violent behavior. He was convicted and given the death penalty, a sentence that was commuted to life behind bars when the California Supreme Court overturned the death penalty law in 1972. Since his trial, Manson has become a criminal icon and the subject of numerous books and films, notably the bestselling 1974 true crime book Helter Skelter, co-authored by Vincent Bugliosi, the Los Angeles County assistant district attorney who successfully prosecuted Manson and his followers.", "THEN: Atkins, aka \"Sadie,\" was a 21-year-old mother of a 10-month-old baby the night she stabbed pregnant Sharon Tate to death, saying, \"She asked me to spare her. I told her I didn't have any mercy for her,\" and that Sharon's whining got on her nerves. (Atkins' son, Zezozose Zadfrack Glutz, has since been adopted and renamed.) Also involved in the LaBianca and Hinman murders, Sadie was sentenced to death in 1971, (which was automatically commuted to life in prison after a 1972 California Supreme Court case that outlawed the use of capital punishment). Her cellmate said of her,\"Sadie was so far out, even the bull dykes wouldn't mess with her.\" In 1974, she removed herself from the Family and became a born-again Christian. In 1977 she published her autobiography, Child of Satan, Child of God.", "Leslie Van Houten, is shown outside the Criminal Courts building in Los Angeles, Aug. 12, 1978 after she was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of a grocer and his wife and conspiracy in the deaths of actress Sharon Tate and four others. Superior Court Judge Gordon Ringer rejected but did not dispute defense arguments that Van Houten is a changed woman from the screaming woman who first went on trial in 1970. (AP Photo/Nick Ut)", "The jury deliberated a week before returning its verdict on January 25, 1971.  The jury found all defendants guilty on each count of first-degree murder.  After hearing additional evidence in the penalty phase of the trial, the jury completed its work by sentencing each of the four defendants to death on March 29. As the clerk read the verdict, Manson shouted, \"You people have no authority over me.\"  Patricia Krenwinkel declared, \"You have judged yourselves.\"  Susan Atkins said, \"Better lock your doors and watch your own kids.\"  Leslie Van Houten complained, \"The whole system is a game.\"  The trial was over.  At over nine-months, it had been the longest and and most expensive in American history.", "Throughout the trial, Atkins and her co-defendants attempted to disrupt proceedings and were noted for both their lack of remorse for their victims and lack of concern for their own fate. They sang Manson-penned songs while being led to the courtroom. All four defendants were sentenced to death on March 29, 1971. Atkins was transferred to California's new women's death row in April 1971.", "A look back: Sharon Tate murder Actress Sharon Tate is shown in this undated photo. Tate, who starred in television and film roles, was identified by police as one of five victims found slain in her Benedict Canyon estate Aug. 9, 1969 in California. (AP Photo) Check out this story on courierpostonline.com: http://on.cpsj.com/1ndYt3E", "Three co-defendants in the Sharon Tate murder case, from left, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel and Leslie Van Houten, laugh as they walk to court in Los Angeles for sentencing, March 29, 1971. AP file", "Susan Atkins — She was the third member of the twisted sorority that were \"Charlie's Girls,\" and the first member of the cult to die behind bars in 2009. She was 61. Once known as \"Sexy Sadie,\" she married twice after she was jailed and her second husband represented her at several of her 18 parole board hearings. She was denied an exit every time.", "Patricia Krenwinkel, 21, is shown in the Mobile police station after her arrest on five counts of murder is a fugitive warrant from Los Angeles, Monday, Dec. 1, 1969, Mobile, Ala. Officers said the woman, who has lived in and around the Mobile area most of her life, was charged in the Sharon Tate murder case. (AP Photo)", "** FILE ** In this 1969 file photo, Susan Atkins, is shown. Atkins, who admitted killing actress Sharon Tate 40 years ago, has died. She was 61. Atkins died late Thursday night Sept. 24, 2009 at a prison hospital in Chowchilla where she had been moved when she became ill. (AP Photo, File)" ]

[ 6.01171875, 4.66796875, 4.04296875, 2.32421875, 2.28515625, 2.27734375, 2.19140625, 2.015625, 1.6015625, 1.5849609375, 1.28125, 1.2568359375, 0.95263671875, 0.94091796875, 0.100341796875, 0.006694793701171875, -0.165283203125, -0.18359375, -0.28759765625, -0.50048828125, -0.580078125, -0.83154296875, -0.93017578125, -1.427734375, -1.6640625, -1.681640625, -1.8818359375, -2.66015625, -2.791015625, -3.123046875, -3.4921875, -3.8046875 ]

[ "The Holocene is a geological epoch which began approximately 11,700 years ago[1] (10,000 14C years ago). According to traditional geological thinking, the Holocene continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Neogene and Quaternary periods. Its name comes from the Greek words ὅλος (holos, whole or entire) and καινός (kainos, new), meaning \"entirely recent\". It has been identified with MIS 1 and can be considered an interglacial in the current ice age.", "The Quaternary is the current geologic time period, which began approximately 2.6 million years ago. [8] It is divided into two epochs: the older Pleistocene (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago) and the current Holocene (11,700 years ago to the present). [9] Its status, however, is disputed, as some geologists claim that it should be included within the preceding Neogene period.", "The Holocene is a geological epoch which began approximately 11,700 years ago (10,000 14C years ago). According to traditional geological thinking, the Holocene continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Neogene and Quaternary periods. Its name comes from the Greek words ὅλος (holos, whole or entire) and καινός (kainos, new), meaning \"entirely recent\". It has been identified with MIS 1 and can be considered an interglacial in the current ice age.", "The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene (at 11,700 calendar years BP)  and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words ὅλος (holos, whole or entire) and καινός (kainos, new), meaning “entirely recent”. It has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1 and based on that past evidence, can be considered an interglacial in the current ice age.", "The Pleistocene Epoch is typically defined as the time period that began about 1.8 million years ago and lasted until about 11,700 years ago. The most recent Ice Age occurred then, as glaciers covered huge parts of the planet Earth.", "a geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. (Old Stone Age)", "Which geological epoch lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's recent period of repeated glaciations?", "The epoch of geologic time, informally called the 'The Great Ice Age' or the 'Glacial Epoch', that began ~1.8 million years ago and ended ~8,000 years ago (see the CVO's Geologic Time Scale). During this interval continental glaciers repeatedly formed and covered significant parts of the Earth's surface. Together, the Holocene and Pleistocene epochs comprise the Quaternary Period.", "Take a journey back through the history of the Earth jump to a specific time period using the time scale below and examine ancient life, climates, and geography. You might wish to start in the Cenozoic Era (65.5 million years ago to the present) and work back through time, or start with Hadean time (4.6 to 4 billion years ago)* and journey forward to the present day it's your choice. [Note: \"mya\" means \"millions of years ago\"]", "In geochronology, an epoch is a subdivision of the geologic timescale that is longer than an age and shorter than a period. We are currently living in the Holocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period. Rock layers deposited during an epoch are called a series. Series are subdivisions of the stratigraphic column that, like epochs, are subdivisions of the geologic timescale. Like other geochronological divisions, epochs are normally separated by significant changes in the rock layers to which they correspond.", "Cenozoic - Beginning 65.5 million years ago, the Cenozoic Era is referred to as the \"age of mammals\" during which time mammals flourished and became dominant. This is the most recent geologic era. Source: Linda Lutz-Ryan; Katie KellerLynn", "The Eocene (; symbol E  ) Epoch, lasting from , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Palaeocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C. The end is set at a major extinction event called the Grande Coupure (the \"Great Break\" in continuity) or the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay. As with other geologic periods, the strata that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified, though their exact dates are slightly uncertain.", "Pleistocene—the Quaternary Period is subdivided into the Pleistocene Epoch and the Holocene Epoch. The Pleistocene Epoch represents the time span of about 1.8 million to about 11,000 years ago. Many episodes of continental glaciation and intervening ice-free periods occurred within the Pleistocene Epoch. The Holocene Epoch began about 11,000 years ago, about the time that human population growth and distribution expanded worldwide.", "Geologists divide Earth’s long history into a series of time zones, from the origin of the planet, about 4,600 million years ago, right up to the present day. The major divisions are called eras. These are sub-divided into smaller time zones called periods. Within each period are smaller divisions called Ages (not shown in this diagram). Dinosaurs lived in the Mesozoic Era, which is divided into the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods. Humans live in the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era.", "The younger rock strata in the southwest of Iceland and the central highlands are only about 700 thousand years old. The geological history of the earth is divided into ice ages, based on temperature and climate. The last glacial period, commonly referred to as The Ice Age is thought to have begun about 110 thousand years ago and ended about 10 thousand years ago. While covered in ice, Iceland's icefalls, fjords and valleys were formed.", "The Geological period consists of time periods in the origin and evolution of earth. The earth is about 4.5 billion years old. The time from the origin of the earth to the present is divided into super eons, eons, eras and periods.", "Phanerozoic has been divided into Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic that we can call Earth's antiquity, medieval and modern times. Paleozoic was the era of early life and is the subject of this article. Mesozoic was the era of the dinosaurs; and Cenozoic is the age of mammals.", "Many stratigraphers (scientists who study rock layers) criticize the idea, saying clear-cut evidence for a new epoch simply isn’t there. “When you start naming geologic-time terms, you need to define what exactly the boundary is, where it appears in the rock strata,” says Whitney Autin, a stratigrapher at the SUNY College of Brockport, who suggests Anthropocene is more about pop culture than hard science. The crucial question, he says, is specifying exactly when human beings began to leave their mark on the planet: The atomic era, for instance, has left traces of radiation in soils around the globe, while deeper down in the rock strata, agriculture’s signature in Europe can be detected as far back as A.D. 900. The Anthopocene, Autin says, “provides eye-catching jargon, but from the geologic side, I need the bare bones facts that fit the code.”", "Geologic history provides a conceptual framework and overview of the evolution of the Earth. An early development of the subject was stratigraphy, the study of order and sequence in bedded sedimentary rocks. Stratigraphers still use the two main principles established by the late 18th-century English engineer and surveyor William Smith , regarded as the father of stratigraphy: (1) that younger beds rest upon older ones and (2) different sedimentary beds contain different and distinctive fossils, enabling beds with similar fossils to be correlated over large distances. Today biostratigraphy uses fossils to characterize successive intervals of geologic time, but as relatively precise time markers only to the beginning of the Cambrian Period , about 540,000,000 years ago. The geologic time scale, back to the oldest rocks, some 4,280,000,000 years ago, can be quantified by isotopic dating techniques. This is the science of geochronology , which in recent years has revolutionized scientific perception of Earth history and which relies heavily on the measured parent-to-daughter ratio of radiogenic isotopes (see below).", "Here in the Paleozoic, Earth's interior has cooled down to something like modern levels, so that volcanic activity is usually about as humanity experiences it: a few minor eruptions like Mount St. Helens each year, and major ones like Krakatoa every century or so. However, gigantic \"hot-spot\" type eruptions still occur every hundred million years or so. Plate tectonics continues to push land masses across Earth's surface. At this particular time--the middle of the Silurian Period--most of the land is still locked in two supercontinents called Gondwanaland, which happens to be wandering over the South Pole in our view, and Laurasia, which is on the other side of the globe. Huge glaciers cover the interior of Gondwanaland, and Earth is experiencing one of its ice ages . Over the next hundred million years, Gondwanaland will move north over the equator and begin to break up, and the climate will warm up substantially (See the Mesozoic. ).", "These periods were separated by “inter-glacial periods”, where increases in greenhouse gases – such as those released by volcanic activity – increased the global temperature and produced a thaw. This process, which is also known as “global warming”, has become a source of controversy during the modern age, where human agency has become a dominant factor in climate change. Hence why some geologists use the term “ Anthropocene ” to refer to this period.", "*The age of the Earth has been revised upwards. It is now estimated to be approximately 4.54 billion years old, nearly one-third of the age of the universe. The Phanerozoic (current eon) only occupies the last one-ninth of this period of time. ", "This aeon had a warm climate, shown by few evident glaciations in this period, as opposed to the frequent glaciations of the Phanerozoic aeon. Glacial deposits are found 2.5 to 2.0 (or 2.7 to 2.3) billion and 1.0 to 0.57 (or 0.9 to 0.6 (Frakes, 1979)) billion years ago. The two eras of this aeon cover about 80 percent of the earth's history and about four billion years. The first Chordates-Pikaiaevolve around 570 mya.", "The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model ) relating stratigraphy to time that is used by geologists and other earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred during the history of Earth . The table of geologic time spans presented here agrees with the dates and nomenclature proposed by the International Commission on Stratigraphy , and uses the standard color codes of the United States Geological Survey . Evidence from radiometric dating indicates that the Earth is about 4.570 billion years old. The geological or deep time of Earth's past has been organized into various units according to events which took place in each period.", "When William Smith and Sir Charles Lyell first recognized that rock strata represented successive time periods, time scales could be estimated only very imprecisely since various kinds of rates of change used in estimation were highly variable. While creationists had been proposing dates of around six or seven thousand years for the age of Earth based on the Bible, early geologists were suggesting millions of years for geologic periods with some even suggesting a virtually infinite age for Earth. Geologists and paleontologists constructed the geologic table based on the relative positions of different strata and fossils, and estimated the time scales based on studying rates of various kinds of weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and lithification. Until the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 and the development of its geological applications through radiometric dating during the first half of the 20th century (pioneered by such geologists as Arthur Holmes) which allowed for more precise absolute dating of rocks, the ages of various rock strata and the age of Earth were the subject of considerable debate.", "When William Smith and Sir Charles Lyell first recognized that rock strata represented successive time periods, time scales could be estimated only very imprecisely since various kinds of rates of change used in estimation were highly variable. While creationists had been proposing dates of around six or seven thousand years for the age of the Earth based on the Bible , early geologists were suggesting millions of years for geologic periods with some even suggesting a virtually infinite age for the Earth. Geologists and paleontologists constructed the geologic table based on the relative positions of different strata and fossils , and estimated the time scales based on studying rates of various kinds of weathering , erosion , sedimentation , and lithification . Until the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 and the development of its geological applications through radiometric dating during the first half of the 20th century (pioneered by such geologists as Arthur Holmes ) which allowed for more precise absolute dating of rocks, the ages of various rock strata and the age of the Earth were the subject of considerable debate.", "Scientists push to have new geological epoch named after human impact | Science & Tech news | News | EBL News", "The Grand Canyon is part of the Colorado River basin which has developed over the past 40 million years. A recent study places the origins of the canyon beginning about 17M years ago. Previous estimates had placed the age of the canyon at 5–6 million years. The study, which was published in the journal Science in 2008, used uranium-lead dating to analyze calcite deposits found on the walls of nine caves throughout the canyon. There is a substantial amount of controversy because this research suggests such a substantial departure from prior widely supported scientific consensus. In December 2012, a study published in the journal Science claimed new tests had suggested the Grand Canyon could be as old as 70M years. However, this study has been criticized as an attempt to push the interpretation of their new data to their limits without consideration of the whole range of other geologic data sets.”", "The earth history mapped on the geologic time scale contrasts with that mapped by young-earth creationists , which see the earth as only thousands of years old.", "Modern reconstruction of Pangaea, ca. 255 million years ago -- click to view a much larger version of this map!", "Editor’s note: The following is the introduction to a special e-publication called Determining the Age of the Earth  (click the link to see a table of contents). Published earlier this year, the collection draws articles from the archives of Scientific American. In the collection, this introduction appears with the title, “Stumbling Toward an Understanding of Geologic Timescales.”", "The Grand Canyon is part of the Colorado River basin which has developed over the past 40 million years. A recent study places the origins of the canyon beginning about 17 million years ago. Previous estimates had placed the age of the canyon at 5–6 million years. The study, which was published in the journal Science in 2008, used uranium-lead dating to analyze calcite deposits found on the walls of nine caves throughout the canyon. There is a substantial amount of controversy because this research suggests such a substantial departure from prior widely supported scientific consensus. In December 2012, a study published in the journal Science claimed new tests had suggested the Grand Canyon could be as old as 70 million years. However, this study has been criticized by those who support the \"young canyon\" age of around six million years as \"[an] attempt to push the interpretation of their new data to their limits without consideration of the whole range of other geologic data sets.\"" ]

[ 8.5078125, 7.5078125, 6.609375, 5.546875, 3.76953125, 2.966796875, 2.703125, 0.408935546875, -0.7236328125, -0.7822265625, -0.8115234375, -1.0810546875, -1.42578125, -1.525390625, -1.6396484375, -1.7724609375, -2.033203125, -2.044921875, -2.25390625, -2.490234375, -2.748046875, -2.857421875, -4.02734375, -4.09375, -5.3125, -5.42578125, -5.52734375, -5.734375, -5.7578125, -5.80078125, -5.8203125, -6.203125 ]

[ "The chuckwagon — sometimes spelled chuck wagon — was a special type of wagon used to carry food and cooking equipment as part of a wagon train. Wagon trains were common methods of transportation for early settlers of the United States and Canada making their way across the prairies to new lands.", "The chuckwagon is a wagon that carries food and cooking equipment on the prairies of the United States and Canada. They were part of a wagon train of settlers to feed nomadic workers like cowboys or loggers. While mobile kitchens had existed for generations, the invention of the chuckwagon is attributed to Texan rancher Charles Goodnight who introduced the concept in 1866.", "The chuckwagon is a wagon that carries food and cooking equipment on the prairies of the United States and Canada . They were part of a wagon train of settlers to feed nomadic workers like cowboys or loggers. While mobile kitchens had existed for generations, the invention of the chuckwagon is attributed to Texan rancher Charles Goodnight who introduced the concept in 1866.", "Dear Word Detective: I'm wondering about \"chuck wagon,\" the vehicle that carries the food in western movies. Obviously, I get the \"wagon\" part, but what's the \"chuck\"? I think all these years I've been tying together \"ground chuck\" as meat, and a \"chuck wagon\" as the wagon with the food, so I didn't question it until someone at work asked me. -- Patricia Lundstrom, via the internet.", "Chuckwagon -  in 1866 rancher Charles Goodnight introduced the chuckwagon for transporting provisions and cooking equipment.", "The \"chuck\" in \"chuck wagon\" is simply an 18th century slang term for \"food,\" and originally was a naval slang for the sort of hard biscuits served to sailors aboard ship. This \"chuck\" is almost certainly a derivative of \"chuck\" (a variant of \"chunk\") meaning, since the 17th century, a large, irregularly-shaped piece of something, including a hunk of bread or meat. This sense of \"chuck\" meaning \"big hunk of meat\" also had a more specific meaning to butchers beginning in about 1723, namely \"the cut of meat from the forequarters of a cow, from the horns to the rib cage.\" This is where \"ground chuck\" beef comes from.", "Annual and semi-annual exhibitions and fairs were widely held in villages, towns and cities across Canada's central and eastern provinces by the mid-1800s. By the middle of the 20th century, chuckwagon outfits such as this, which included wagon, horse, driver, outriders and equipment, competed in chuckwagon races at fairs, exhibitions, stampedes and other special events. Participants were required to break up an entire camp (including a burning stove), load all the paraphernalia into a wagon, do a series of figure eights around barrels and then ride once around the track. In doing so, they emulated the routine of early chuckwagon kitchens that had accompanied work gangs during pioneering days.", "The chuckwagon was more than just a cafeteria to cowboys, though. It was the social hub of the wagon train. It's where everyone would gather to relax and exchange tall tales . It was like a home on the range!", "Chuckwagons are raced around a figure eight barrel obstacle, and the stove and tent poles within the wagon must not be lost. The racing team also has from two to four \"outriders\" who load the stove and tent poles at the start and must finish the race with the chuckwagon. Many such races are held each year in Western Canadian cities and towns.", "With the exception of cavalry units, the shotgun saw less and less use throughout the 19th century on the battlefield. As a defense weapon it remained popular with guards and lawmen, however, and the shotgun became one of many symbols of the American Old West. Lawman Cody Lyons killed two men with a shotgun; his friend Doc Holliday's only confirmed kill was with a shotgun. The weapon both these men used was the short-barreled version favored by private strongbox guards on stages and trains. These guards, called express messengers, became known as shotgun messengers, since they rode with the weapon (loaded with buckshot) for defense against bandits. Passenger carriages carrying a strongbox usually had at least one private guard armed with a shotgun riding in front of the coach, next to the driver. This practice has survived in American slang; the term \"riding shotgun\" is used for the passenger who sits in the front passenger seat. The shotgun was a popular weapon for personal protection in the American Old West, requiring less skill on the part of the user than a revolver.", "The stagecoach driver in the old west was one tough hombre with the job of getting the stagecoach to the station on time and avoiding the myriad of hazzards along the way. Stagecoach driver Henry Monk better known as Hank was famous after rushing to get Horace Greeley to his lecture on time. Riding by his side or on top of the coach was the shotgun guard always ready to protect the precious Wells Fargo box from outlaws", "By 1800, the Post Office Department had purchased a number of stagecoaches for mail transport. Roads, which became known as post roads, were in better condition because of the mail coaches. Steamboats were used for mail carrying where no roads existed. In the 1830s, trains transported some mail (4.5 miles in 35 minutes) in the East, but Americans were migrating and tracks would take decades to span to newly settled areas. By the 1850s, the population began to flow into the newly acquired Louisiana, Oregon and California territories. Wagon trains transported some of the mail, but were often targets of ambushes and other tragedies. After the 1848 gold rush, the Post Office Department awarded a contract to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company to transport mail to California. During this time some mail was carried by the military between Fort Leavenworth and Santa Fe. The Overland Mail Company stage line of John Butterfield was also awarded a contract. The stages used the 2,800 mile southern route between Tipton, Missouri and San Francisco, California, specified as a 24-day run but often taking months. Californians felt their isolation from lack of regular mail so a better idea was needed.", "Wagon Train [0] Stories of the journeys of a wagon train as it leaves post-Civil War Missouri on its way to California through the plains, deserts and Rocky Mountains. The first treks were led by gruff, but good-at-heart Major Seth Adams, backed up by his competent frontier scout, Flint McCullough. After Adams and McCullough, the wagon train was led by the avuncular Christopher Hale along with new scouts Duke Shannon and Cooper Smith. Many stories featured the trustworthy assistant wagonmaster Bill Hawks, grizzled old cook Charlie Wooster and a young orphan, Barnaby West.", "The Outriders —Joel McCrea (1950).  As the Civil War draws to an end, Confederate scout Joel McCrea helps a wagon train laden with secret gold make its way back up the Santa Fe Trail.", "Wagon Train follows the adventures of a wagon train traveling from Missouri to California in the late 1860s. At the end of the first season when the Wagon Train arrives in California, the principals head back East to find a new Wagon Train for the next year. The Wagon Master, Major Seth Adams, was played by actor Ward Bond until his death in 1961. He was replaced by Wagon Master Christopher Hale (John McIntire). Robert Horton played Scout Flint McCullough, but in later seasons he was replaced by scout Cooper Smith (Robert Fuller). Other regulars included cook Charlie Wooster (Frank McGrath). Wagon Train also featured regular appearances by guest stars. The format was 60 minutes Black & White shows, except for the 7th season which featured 90min color episodes. The show was originally based on the John Ford movie Wagon Master.", "In 1861, the Civil War forced overland staging to a central route across the Great Plains, through the Rocky Mountains, into the Great Basin, and over the Sierra. The Pony Express had proven that the nation’s mail could be carried swiftly across this rugged route.", "The term “coach gun” emerged in 1858 when Wells Fargo began regular stagecoach service from Missouri to San Francisco.  The route passed through some of the most lawless areas in the West.  In addition to carrying passengers, Wells Fargo also had contracts for the U. S. Mail, as well as the task of transporting gold shipments to banking facilities.", "Cody's second trip was with a wagon train bound for Utah Territory. A few days out the train encountered a large band of buffalo on the trail. While the train attempted to make its way through, a group of horsemen approached from the other side of the herd. For reasons unknown the horsemen rode straight into the herd, causing a stampede. Several wagons were overturned and damaged, and most of the oxen were driven off. The wagon train was delayed several days while repairs were made, freight was repackaged, and the oxen were rounded up again. After a few uneventful weeks, the train finally made it to Utah , where it was then met by a band of renegade Mormons. Declaring that they were not subject to the laws of the United States, the men attacked the wagon train, burned all the wagons and freight, and took all the livestock except for a few oxen. Cody and his comrades made their way to Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory, where they were forced to spend the winter. In the spring, Cody and two other men were attached to a wagon train heading back to Leavenworth. Along the way they were attacked by Indians, but managed to escape fairly unscathed.", "In the spring of 1866, Hickok helped guide General William T. Sherman during the general's tour of the West. And during 1867-68, Hickok scouted for both General Winfield Scott Hancock and Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer. Custer was impressed by Hickok and later wrote of him: \"Whether on foot or on horseback he was one of the most perfect types of physical manhood I ever saw. Of his courage there could be no question. His skill in the use of the rifle and the pistol was unerring. His deportment was entirely free from all bluster and bravado. He never spoke of himself unless requested to do so. His conversation never bordered on the vulgar or blasphemous. His influence among the frontiersmen was unbounded; his word was law; and many are the personal quarrels and disturbances which he had checked among his comrades by the single announcement that 'this has gone far enough,' if need be, followed by the ominous warning that, if persisted in, the quarreler 'must settle with me....' Wild Bill always carried two handsome ivory-handled revolvers of large size. He was never seen without them. I have a personal knowledge of at least half a dozen men whom he has at various times killed, others have been seriously wounded-yet he always escaped unhurt in every encounter.\"", "Wagon Train master Major Seth Adams and scout Flint McCullough left St Joseph, Missouri, for the West Coast and faced a series of adventures and mishaps on the Indian-controlled plains in post-Civil War America.", "The Pony Express was a fast mail service crossing the North American continent from St. Joseph, Missouri , to Sacramento, California , from April 1860 to October 1861. It became the west’s most direct means of east-west communication before the telegraph and was vital for tying California closely with the Union just before the American Civil War .", "During the winter of 1865–66, former Union General John S. Casement, General \"Jack\", the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific, had several railroad cars equipped as portable bunkhouses for his men, and gathered men and supplies to push the railroad rapidly west. His bunkhouses included a galley car to prepare meals, and even provided for a herd of cows to be moved with the rail head and bunk cars to provide a movable source of fresh meat. Some \"meat\" hunters were hired to provide buffalo meat from the large herds of American bison then roaming in the Nebraska Territory. The small survey parties used to locate where the track went were subject to Indian raids which occasionally wiped them out. To protect these small surveying and hunting parties, the U.S. Army instituted active cavalry patrols that grew larger as the Indians grew more aggressive. Temporary, \"hell-on-wheels\" towns, made mostly of canvas tents, accompanied the railroad as construction headed west. Most faded away but some became permanent settlements.", "Covered wagon exhibit at the museum of Westward Expansion, st. louis, missouri. (Photo by Phil dotree © Richard Grigonis)", "Goods, supplies, and equipment were often shared by fellow travelers. Items that were forgotten, broken, or worn out could be bought from a fellow traveler, post, or fort along the way. New iron shoes for horses, mules, and oxen were put on by blacksmiths found along the way. Equipment repairs and other goods could be procured from blacksmith shops established at some forts and some ferries. Emergency supplies, repairs, and livestock were often provided by local residents in California, Oregon, and Utah for late travelers on the trail who were hurrying to beat the snow.", "In April 1860, a new postal service called the Pony Express was launched. With railroads handling the eastern leg and horsemen racing day and night across the west, from Missouri to California, the Pony Express could get a letter from coast to coast in just 10 days for just five dollars, later reduced to one dollar. Prior to this, the fastest way to get a letter cross-country was still by horse-drawn stagecoach, which took 25 days or more.", "    The period of  Westward Expansion  began in 1804 with the Lewis and Clark Expedition but it was not until after the Civil War that many passed through the dry Great Plains. One of the main causes was Manifest Destiny, a belief that civilization should spread from sea to shining sea. In 1859, gold and silver was discovered in western Nevada, which is known as the  Comstock Lode, drawing people from all over the country. The cattle kingdom was also an effect as an increase of population causing the demand for beef in the East. But, the major result of Westward Expansion was THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD. This changed the lives of many Americans since it created efficient and quicker means of transportation omitting the use of forever journeys with wagons and even buffaloes!", "The outbreak of Civil War, contrary to expectations, also had a disruptive effect on government mail contracts. As the central Eastern seaboard devolved into a sprawling battlefield, affairs in the West took on diminished significance. The final nail in the coffin of the Pony Express was completion of the transcontinental telegraph at Salt Lake City on October 24, 1861. Two days later, the Pony Express ceased operations. The great experiment was over.", "History is written of the famous trail blazers such as the Lewis and Clarke expedition, Kit Carson, and the famous gentleman, Horace Greeley who stated: \"Go West, young man, Go West\". Little is made known of the thousands of other families that settled the frontier.", "Before the transcontinental railroad was completed, travel overland by stagecoach cost $1,000, took five or six months, and involved crossing rugged mountains and arid desert. The alternatives were to travel by sea around the tip of South America, a distance of 18,000 miles; or to cross the Isthmus of Panama, then travel north by ship to California. Each route took months and was dangerous and expensive. The transcontinental railroad would make it possible to complete the trip in five days at a cost of $150 for a first-class sleeper.", "Yet troubles continued to mount. The cash starved Giddings enterprise struggled as Butterfield's overland mail line, running from St. Louis to San Francisco, initially struck the old Ford-Neighbors northern route at the Pecos River and followed it through the Guadalupe Mountains to El Paso. The lack of water and escalating Indian threats along the northern passage soon forced the Butterfield line to swing farther south to the Horsehead Crossing of the Pecos. From there, it paralleled the Giddings route through Fort Davis to El Paso. As such, two independent mail firms shared the road from 1859 to 1861. [ 67 ]", "During the 1860s, gold strikes in Montana, Colorado, Wyoming and northern Utah attracted another wave of hopefuls to the region. Although some freight was hauled overland, most transport to and from the gold fields was done through the Missouri and Kansas Rivers, as well as the Snake River in western Wyoming and the Bear River in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming. It is estimated that of the passengers and freight hauled from the Midwest to Montana, over 80 percent were transported by boat, a journey that took 150 days in the upstream direction. A route more directly west into Colorado lay along the Kansas River and its tributary the Republican River as well as pair of smaller Colorado streams, Big Sandy Creek and the South Platte River, to near Denver. The gold rushes precipitated the decline of the Bozeman Trail as a popular emigration route, as it passed through land held by often-hostile Native Americans. Safer paths were blazed to the Great Salt Lake near Corinne, Utah during the gold rush period, which led to the large-scale settlement of the Rocky Mountains region and eastern Great Basin. ", "In 1912, five men from Shelton, Washington decided to make history by riding on horseback to every state capital in the United States. Led by professional horseman George Beck, they called themselves the Overland Westerners . The group planned to finish their adventure at the 1915 World’s Fair in San Francisco and gain instant fame and fortune for their efforts." ]

[ 5.7421875, 5.25390625, 5.17578125, 2.0234375, 1.1376953125, -0.378173828125, -1.0048828125, -1.2431640625, -1.2548828125, -2.185546875, -4.39453125, -4.55859375, -5.75, -6.00390625, -6.26953125, -6.28125, -6.31640625, -6.35546875, -6.9375, -7.08203125, -7.5703125, -7.65625, -8.234375, -8.375, -8.609375, -8.984375, -10.3828125, -10.5546875, -10.5859375, -10.640625, -10.796875, -10.8671875 ]

[ "Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s great poem “The Rime of The Ancient Mariner” describes the incredible and often nightmarish journey of a sailor whose killing of an albatross with his cross bow brought bad luck to his ship and shipmates. Part of the ancient mariner’s punishment for killing the albatross was to wear the dead and leaden albatross around his neck until he found absolution of his wrong doing. A metaphor for having “a burden around your neck”.", "Rime of the Ancient Mariner The sailors made the marine wear the albatross around his neck (a symbol of crime, a burden of guilt that cannot be removed) Because the mariner slew the albatross, the wind stops blowing and death slowly takes over the ship Situational irony: “Water, water, everywhere,/ And all the boards did shrink;/ Water, water, everywhere, and not a drop to drink” (119-122).", "This phrase refers to lines from the poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in which the eponymous mariner, who shoots an albatross, is obliged to carry the burden of the bird hung around his neck as a punishment for and reminder of his ill deed.", "Albatross round one's neck... Encumbering, inescapable liability. In Coleridge's the Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) the mariner tells of an occasion when his ship became ice-bound and was visited by an albatross, greeted as a bird of good omen. The ship was freed from the ice but for some unknown reason the mariner shot the albatross. A curse fell on the ship, the dead albatross was hung round his neck as punishment and the rest of the crew died. While watching beautiful water snakes around the ship the mariner found himself blessing them; the albatross fell from his neck, the ship was no longer becalmed and his life was saved. He must wander the earth telling his tale and teaching reverence for God's creation, 'All things both great and small'. In the metaphorical expression to which this story has given rise the albatross is, strictly speaking, a symbol of personal guilt from which freedom has to be earned. In practice it is used of any oppressive influence that is difficult to escape from.", "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (original: The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge written in 1797 – 1799 and published in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads ( 1798 ). The modern editions use a later revised version printed in 1817 which featured a \"gloss\". Along with other poems in Lyrical Ballads, it was a signal shift to modern poetry, and the beginnings of British Romantic literature .", "There is a bird at the heart of Samuel Taylor Coleridge ’s “ The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ”—the albatross—but we have chosen to begin our anthology with two Romantic poems inspired by the song of the common nightingale. Coleridge’s “ The Nightingale ” is a “conversation poem” in which the poet cautions his friends against the all-too-human tendency to impute our own feelings and moods onto the natural world, hearing the nightingale’s song as a sad song because the listener is melancholy. On the contrary, Coleridge exclaims, “Nature’s sweet voices, [are] always full of love / And joyance!”", "The poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” revolves around a single action, the killing of a bird, known as the albatross, and its horrible consequences. The repercussions of the Mariner’s crime are puzzling at first. However cruel the killing might have been, why should two hundred men die and the Mariner himself be driven nearly insane as a result?", "The myriad of critical interpretations points to a fundamental center of ambiguity in the poem. In his narrative the Mariner conspicuously relies on Christian rituals and beliefs, and yet the Christian doctrine fails to explain his world of excessive suffering and irrational events. Much of the Mariner’s fate seems bleakly absurd, and yet he moves in an ordered universe where crime leads to suffering, however disproportionate, and blessing brings about redemption, however temporary. Natural forces such as the sun and the moon appear to form unified symbolical patterns, but contrary to what [American novelist and poet] Robert Penn Warren once tried to demonstrate, not everything good happens under the moon and everything bad under the sun. The poem teasingly gravitates toward coherent systems of thought, and yet no mythic or philosophical tradition, be it Christian, Egyptian, Neoplatonic, or the like, is large enough to contain it.", "   A quote from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's darkly allegorical Rime of the Ancient Mariner; the tale of a wizened seafarer, whose voyage into the unknown regions of the Antarctic leaves him with a unique insight into the secrets of nature, and a heavy burden of guilt for disturbing them.  Coleridge was among the literary men who had visited Mary Shelley's father William Godwin when she was a young girl and, although quoted directly only twice, the poem's influence runs throughout Frankenstein. ", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772 – July 25, 1834) (pronounced [ˈkəʊlərɪdʒ]) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as his major prose work Biographia Literaria.", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner was written in 1797 whilst travelling through Watchet and the surrounding area. He lived at Coleridge Cottage in Nether Stowey and while living there he wrote This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison , part of Christabel , Frost at Midnight and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. [41]", "A poem that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has a repeated refrain. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel", "This poem begins with a long Latin epigraph concerning the multitude of “invisible creatures” that inhabit the world, and it is sometimes published with scholarly notes typed into the margins which seem designed to confuse rather than enlighten the reader. The protagonist is finally rescued by a Pilot, his son, and a Hermit, but not before encountering Life-in-Death, dreaming of a spirit “nine fathoms deep” following his ship, and seeing his 50 sailors die while his ship is stranded without winds. FTP, what is this poem about a sailor who shoots an albatross by Samuel Taylor Coleridge?", "Coleridge's longer, ghostly poem 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' begins as a seafarer tells his story in a harbour that must be that at Watchet, on the edge of the Somerset Levels. So far the coastal town celebrates its claim to fame with a single, faded window display. In October things are due to change.", "“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is the first poem in Lyrical Ballads, the collaborative effort of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth designed to explore new directions in poetic language and style, and move away from the formal and highly stylized literature of the eighteenth century. This collection is considered by many critics to be the first expression of what has come to be the Romantic movement in English poetry. Coleridge’s contribution, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” was written in imitation of the form, language, and style of earlier ballads, but it embodied Romantic characteristics with its use of supernatural and Gothic imagery. The first publication of the poem in 1798 was received with little enthusiasm. Several critics objected to Coleridge’s misuse of Old English, and (Wordsworth included) the over-extravagance of his supernatural imagery. Subsequently Coleridge, for the 1800 edition of the work, eliminated many Gothic elements and antiquated words. However, in an 1817 edition of his collected poems, Sybilline Leaves, Coleridge replaced some of the language he had previously deleted. Since the plot and theme had been considered confusing, he also included a marginal gloss, or set of notes, explaining the action of the poem. This is the version of “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” that currently appears in most anthologies and textbooks.", "Coleridge describes the Mariner’s torment, again using the image of the weary eye. He cannot avoid the eyes of the dead men, and accepts their curse as he feels that he is the one who brought about this destruction.", "For the moment I would like to mention two hints by which the poem alerts us to this question. When the Mariner kills the Albatross, he not only alienates himself from nature, his shipmates, and God, but also loses his speech:", "With its first appearance in Lyrical Ballads (1798), The Rime of the Ancient Mariner emerged as a perplexing and highly controversial poem. To Coleridge’s contemporaries it seemed a “rhapsody of unintelligible wildness and incoherence,” occasionally redeemed by passages of unusual craftsmanship. To modern readers the poem is neither absurd nor spoiled by “great defects” of diction, character, and morality, and certainly no one today would want to call it a “Dutch attempt at German sublimity,” as Southey mockingly described Coleridge’s venture [in] Coleridge: The Critical Heritage. Yet although readers no longer dispute the coherence and quality of the poem, they hardly agree on what it means. The Ancient Mariner has been variously interpreted as a sacramental vision of crime, punishment, and salvation; as a nightmarish tale of senseless suffering; as a discourse on prayer; as a parody of the Christian doctrine of atonement; as an elaborate structure of occult symbolism; as a poetic workshop for Coleridge’s later metaphysics; and as a prophetic allegory of Coleridge’s personal life.", "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (text of 1834) by Samuel Taylor Coleridge | Poetry Foundation", "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner relates the experiences of a sailor who has returned from a long sea voyage. The mariner stops a man who is on the way to a wedding ceremony and begins to narrate a story. The wedding-guest's reaction turns from bemusement to impatience to fear to fascination as the mariner's story progresses, as can be seen in the language style: Coleridge uses narrative techniques such as personification and repetition to create a sense of danger, the supernatural, or serenity, depending on the mood in different parts of the poem.", "Despite the problems, the poem flourished on the basis of strong local effects—of its pictures of the “land of ice and snow” and of the ghastly ship in the doldrums, in association with a drumming ballad meter. Wordsworth frankly disliked it after the reviews came in, but Lamb led the way in appreciating its odd mix of romance and realism. It is perhaps as a poem of pure imagination, in the words of Robert Penn Warren ’s landmark reading, that the “Ancient Mariner” has appealed. In this respect among others it bears comparison with “Kubla Khan”; they are usually classified, with Christabel, as poems of the supernatural. All answer to the formula proposed for Coleridge’s contributions to Lyrical Ballads: supernatural, or at least preternatural, phenomena dignified by association with a human voice. For most readers this is the line of Coleridge’s verse that has mattered. Whatever their liabilities of dramatic construction, the highly charged imagery of these poems has made a strong impression. Its influence rings clear in Shelley and Keats in the next generation, and in Tennyson , Browning , Rossetti , and Swinburne among their Victorian inheritors. In the title of W. H. Auden ’ s Look, Stranger! (1936) the echo of the Mariner’s exhortation, “Listen, Stranger!,” from the text of 1798, shows how far Coleridge’s oracular voice would carry.", "In �The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner�, Coleridge brings us into a world of magical fantasy. Using many poetic devices, he takes us along th", "The poem opens with a simple factual statement: An old sailor stops one of three men walking by who are on their way to a wedding. The fact that he chooses only one individual out of the three will be mentioned again at the end of the poem. The dialogue begins at line three with the guest asking the old man why he has stopped him. He also comments on the Mariner’s glittering eye, a detail that will be repeated twice more in the first six stanzas. Lines 2 and 4 are exemplary of Coleridge’s use of archaic words: “stoppeth” and “stopp’st.”", "The shooting of which seabird leads to a curse on the Ancient Mariner in Coleridge�s famous poem?", "The genesis of the “Ancient Mariner” is more than the story of one poem. It is the story of a project. In Coleridge’s own account of events, they decided on two sorts of poems for Lyrical Ballads : “In the one, the incidents and agents were to be, in part at least, supernatural; and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions, as would naturally accompany such situations, supposing them real. And real in this sense they have been to every human being who, from whatever source of delusion, has at any time believed himself under supernatural agency.”", "Coleridge adds a very poignant quality to the tale with these lines. Perhaps more than any other in the poem, they serve to remind the reader of the normal world to which the Mariner once belonged. It is ironic that he is seen as having a family only after he is forced to work next to his nephew, with whom there is no longer any possibility of love or communication.", "In this stanza, Coleridge contrasts the beauty of the men while they were alive with the multitude of slimy creatures in the sea. Because he lives, the Mariner feels that he is a part of the world of slime and decay that surrounds him. Several critics stress the importance of Coleridge’s note that the Mariner’s despising the sea creatures and himself indicates that he despises nature itself, and thus has learned nothing.", "A statue of the Ancient Mariner at Watchet Harbour, unveiled in September 2003 as a tribute to Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "i need books' name about Gothic elements in The Rime of ancient mariner or any info.", "A statue of the Ancient Mariner at Watchet Harbour, Somerset, England, unveiled in September 2003 as a tribute to Samuel Taylor Coleridge.", "Finally, the mariner sums it all up in some of the most beautiful, famous, and oft quoted lines in the poem....", "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Dictionary definition of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary" ]

[ 7.57421875, 6.56640625, 6.51953125, 3.177734375, 1.0205078125, 0.74267578125, 0.1500244140625, -0.9052734375, -1.0849609375, -1.685546875, -1.78515625, -2.09765625, -2.525390625, -2.931640625, -3.05078125, -3.091796875, -3.251953125, -3.5078125, -4.03125, -4.11328125, -4.23046875, -4.37109375, -4.4609375, -4.61328125, -5.26953125, -5.56640625, -5.65234375, -5.796875, -5.89453125, -6.00390625, -6.1875, -6.27734375 ]

[ "The rest is, as they say, history. James Bond was created and published in the first explosive novel, Casino Royale, on April 13, 1953. The book was followed by eleven novels as well as two anthologies housing nine short stories. Fleming also wrote the children’s story, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and two published non-fiction books (The Diamond Smugglers -1957 and Thrilling Cities – 1963) before his death on August 12, 1964 at the age of fifty-six.", "13 April 1953 – Casino Royale, the first James Bond novel, is published - MI6 Community", "Ian Fleming's James Bond novel Casino Royale was first published on April 13 1953 and there is an intriguing tale behind the original screenplay of the 007 film adaptation.", "Fleming's background in intelligence work gave him the background and experience to write somewhat convincing spy novels. The first James Bond story, Casino Royale, was published in 1953.", "As a result of his former position in the Naval Intelligence Division, Fleming's intelligence work provided the background for his spy novels. In 1953, his first novel was published, Casino Royale, in which the British Intelligence agent James Bond, also famously known by his code number, 007, was introduced to the world. The fictional James Bond may have been based on Sir William Stephenson and what Fleming had learned from him. Sir William Stephenson had set up Camp X, a Second World War paramilitary and commando training installation in Ontario, Canada, which Fleming may have attended, although there is evidence, also, against this claim. Other possible influences upon Fleming's characterisation of James Bond are the naval officer Patrick Dalzel-Job and Fleming's brother Peter.", "James Bond was created by author Ian Fleming and remains one of the most famous secret agents in modern fiction. Bond is a cool, handsome, dangerous agent for British Intelligence; his code number, 007, indicates that he has a \"license to kill\" in the line of duty as a \"double 0\" agent. He travels the globe and uses his wits, fighting skills and a grab-bag of high-tech gadgets to battle super-villains often bent on world domination. (The gadgets, which played only a small role in Fleming's early novels, became a Bond trademark in the movies.) A few of Bond's personal traits have become famous, including his preference for martinis made with vodka and \"shaken, not stirred,\" his use of a Walther PPK handgun, and his habit of introducing himself as \"Bond... James Bond.\" Fleming wrote about Bond in a series of novels that ran from 1953 to 1964, including Casino Royale (1953), From Russia With Love (1957) and Goldfinger (1959); later the series was carried on by authors John Gardner and Raymond Benson. The popular Bond movie series began with 1962's Dr. No and extended into the 21st century, with Bond played by a string of actors including Sean Connery , Roger Moore , Timothy Dalton , Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig .", ". Unlike its source novel where Bond was already a veteran, jaded 00-agent, the film depicts his first mission as 007. The film's official website [26] gives a biography of the Bond that parallels the backstory of Fleming's literary character, but it is updated to reflect Bond's new birth date of April 13, 1968; April 13 being the day in which Casino Royale was published in 1953 and 1968 being the year in which Daniel Craig was born. ^  ", "What is it that has kept us fascinated with the James Bond movies over the years? Is it the cars? Is it the guns? The gadgets? The “Bond girls”? Is it the theme songs? Well, yes; all of the above! Ever since 1953, when creator Ian Fleming’s released his first novel, Casino Royale, the western world has been captivated by the exploits of the dashing British secret agent, James Bond.", "The novel centred on the exploits of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the 00 section of the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. Fleming based his creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division during World War II, admitting that Bond \"was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war\". After the publication of Casino Royale, Fleming used his annual holiday at his house in Jamaica to write another Bond story; in total, between 1953 and 1966, two years after his death, twelve Bond novels and two short-story collections were published, with the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—published posthumously.", "Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952. It was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand. Eleven Bond novels and two short-story collections followed between 1953 and 1966. The novels revolved around James Bond, an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. The Bond stories rank among the best-selling series of fictional books of all time, having sold over 100 million copies worldwide. Fleming also wrote the children's story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction. In 2008, The Times ranked Fleming 14th on its list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\".", "Never Say Never Again is considered \"unofficial\" because it was not created by Eon Productions, the company behind the other James Bond films. Hence the absence of such Bond film iconography as the gun barrel opening, the distinctive title sequences, or the Monty Norman -composed James Bond theme. The story was originally developed by Ian Fleming in conjunction with film producer Kevin McClory as an original big-screen adventure until the creative partnership collapsed. Fleming then adapted the screenplay into his novel Thunderball without giving proper credit to McClory or Whittingham for their part in its conception. Subsequently, the movie rights to Thunderball were acquired by Eon along with the rest of Fleming's Bond catalogue (apart from Casino Royale, which had already been sold off to another producer) and it was intended to be the first entry in the Bond film series.", "James Bond 007 is a fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming , who featured him in twelve novels and two short story collections. The character has also been used in the longest running and most financially successful English language film franchise to date, starting in 1962 with Dr. No.", "The novel centres on the exploits of James Bond, an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was acommander in the Royal Naval Reserve. Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, an expert on Caribbean birds and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. Fleming, himself a keen birdwatcher, had a copy of Bond's guide, and later told the ornithologist's wife, \"It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born\". In a 1962 interview in The New Yorker, he further explained: \"When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, (James Bond) is the dullest name I ever heard.\"", "In 1959, producer Kevin McClory hoped to be the first man to bring James Bond to the silver screen.  He and screenwriter Jack Whittingham collaborated on a script with Ian Fleming with the working title James Bond, Secret Agent.  But after the lackluster reception of McClory’s movie The Boy and the Bridge later that year, Fleming got cold feet about their collaboration.  When the James Bond, Secret Agent picture (also known by the title Longitude 78 West) began to fall apart, Fleming did what he had done with other failed television and film projects: he adapted the unused screenplay into his next James Bond novel.  But when Fleming wrote the book, which he named Thunderball, he neither consulted his former collaborators nor gave them any credit as co-authors.  Accordingly, McClory sued Fleming shortly after Thunderball’s publication. The eventual settlement ensured that subsequent editions of the book would credit McClory and Whittingham, and it awarded McClory control over the screen rights.", "In 1953, the literary world was introduced to the fictional British Secret Service agent James Bond, a.k.a. 007. The character was conceived by author Ian Fleming, who drew upon some of his experiences as a British Naval Intelligence officer during World War II. Fleming wrote 12 James Bond novels and nine short stories before he died from heart disease in 1964.", "In February 1952, Ian Fleming began writing his first James Bond novel. At the time, Fleming was the foreign manager for Kemsley Newspapers, owners of The Daily Express in London . Upon accepting the job, Fleming asked for two months' yearly vacation in his contract—time spent writing in Jamaica. Between 1953 and his death in 1964, Fleming published twelve novels and one short-story collection (a second collection was published posthumously). Later, continuation novels were written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham), John Gardner, Charlie Higson, Raymond Benson, who was the first American author of James Bond. The Young Bond series of novels was begun in 2005, by Charlie Higson.", "After From Russia with Love, Eon had considered undertaking an adaptation of either On Her Majesty's Secret Service or Casino Royale. They entered into negotiations with Charles K. Feldman, who held the rights to the latter, but a deal proved too difficult to achieve. Instead, Eon turned to the Thunderball novel. Although Eon had wanted to adapt the book in 1962, it had not been possible until the legal obstacles had been cleared. As a result of the settlement of the copyright infringement lawsuit brought by Kevin McClory, Eon negotiated with McClory to make Thunderball. McClory received the sole producer credit on the film, while Broccoli and Saltzman took the title Executive Producer, although \"in reality all three men would essentially act as producers\". Broccoli later said of the three-way partnership that \"We didn't want anyone else to make Thunderball ... We had the feeling that if anyone else came in and made their own Bond film, it would have been bad for our series\".", "Dr. No (sometimes published as Doctor No) is the sixth James Bond novel by Ian Fleming , originally published in 1958. The novel was adapted as the first official Bond film in 1962, the success of which would lead to a popular, long, and continuing series of films made by EON Productions .", "James Bond 007, is a fictional British spy created by writer Ian Fleming in 1952. Fleming wrote numerous novels and short stories based upon the character and, after his death in 1964, further literary adventures were written by Kingsley Amis (pseudonym 'Robert Markham'), John Pearson, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, and Charlie Higson. In addition, Christopher Wood wrote two screenplay novelisations and other authors have also written various unofficial permutations of the character.", "During World War II, Ian Fleming had mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel. It was not until 1952, however, shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, that Fleming began to write Casino Royale, to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials. Fleming started writing on his first book, Casino Royale, at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica on 17 February 1952, typing out 2,000 words in the morning, directly from his own experiences and imagination. He finished work on the manuscript in just over a month, completing it on 18 March 1952. Describing the work as his \"dreadful oafish opus\", Fleming showed it to an ex-girlfriend, Clare Blanchard, who advised him not to publish it at all, but that if he did so, it should be under another name. Fleming went on to write a total of twelve Bond novels and two short story collections; he died on the morning of 12 August 1964. The last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously.", "The film is being adapted from the 1953 Ian Fleming novel that introduced the Bond character.", "Casino Royale is Ian Fleming’s first Bond novel, and his only 007 work not yet adapted for the screen (unless you consider the unofficial 1967 spoof film of the same name, which shares modest ties with the book). It was an appropriate source for the franchise, which sought to reinvent Bond by going all the way back to his origin.", "In the late 1950s, Ian Fleming, Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham created a screenplay for a possible James Bond film or TV series. However, after another of McClory's films—The Boy and the Bridge—had bombed at the box office, the idea was scrapped. Fleming didn't throw away the drafts though, and used some of the ideas in his next novel Thunderball.", "After Fleming's death in 1964, subsequent James Bond novels were written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham), John Pearson, John Gardner , Raymond Benson and Sebastian Faulks. Moreover, Christopher Wood novelised two screenplays, Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond while other writers have authored unofficial versions of the character.", "Commander James Bond RN—code number 007—is a fictional character created by the British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1952. The character appeared in a series of twelve novels and two short story collections written by Fleming and a number of continuation novels and spin-off works after Fleming's death in 1964. Seven actors have played Bond in 26 films.", "Thunderball is the eighth novel, and ninth book, in Ian Fleming 's James Bond series. It was created with the intention of being turned into a film, and is officially credited as being \"based on a screen treatment by Kevin McClory , Jack Whittingham and Ian Fleming\", a shared credit which has been the subject of much controversy. The novel was published in 1961 and stands, technically, as the first novelisation of a James Bond screenplay, even though at the time it was written and published, no such film had yet been produced. It was subsequently adapted as a daily comic strip beginning in 1961.", "British writer Kingsley Amis was the first author to write a Bond novel after Ian Fleming’s death in 1964. Written under the pseudonym Robert Markham, the 1968 novel sees 007 on a mission to track down the kidnappers of M, his boss at the Secret Service. While on the search, he discovers a communist Chinese plot to cause an international incident. Bond, assisted by a Greek spy working for the Russians, finds M on a small Aegean island, rescues him and kills the two main plotters: Colonel Sun Liang-tan and a former Nazi commander, Von Richter.  Who could ask for more?", "“When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument … when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, (James Bond) is the dullest name I ever heard.”", "Commander James Bond 007, MI6 secret service agent was born to a Scottish father and a Swiss mother, and is portrayed as an agent residing in London. The James Bond character was first created by the writer Ian Fleming in 1952.", "In 1962 Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. “Cubby” Broccoli, released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No, featuring Sean Connery as 007. Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice, which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty’s Secret Service. Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was tempted back for his last Eon-produced film Diamonds Are Forever.", "The result was Casino Royale which was first published by Jonathan Cape in the UK in 1953.", "The 40 pages of the draft dated February 20 1964 elaborated on many of the scenes and ideas in these pages, but add an unusual gimmick. Bond is precisely the same character as he was in the other drafts: suave, laconic, ruthless and predatory. But he is not James Bond. Instead, he is an unnamed American agent called in by M who is given the name James Bond. M says that \"since Bond’s death\" MI6 has put several agents into operation using his name: \"It not only perpetuates his memory, but confuses the opposition.\"" ]

[ 6.79296875, 6.64453125, 5.84765625, 4.53515625, 4.484375, 3.240234375, 2.892578125, 2.79296875, 2.6953125, 1.671875, 0.169677734375, 0.0655517578125, -0.80859375, -1.2451171875, -1.4306640625, -1.5146484375, -2.052734375, -2.291015625, -2.4140625, -2.5703125, -2.69921875, -3.0625, -3.146484375, -3.15234375, -3.63671875, -3.833984375, -4.30078125, -4.828125, -5.14453125, -5.32421875, -5.5703125, -6.8984375 ]

[ "Shangri-La is a fictional place described in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon by British author James Hilton. In the book, “Shangri-La” is a mystical, harmonious valley, gently guided from a lamasery, enclosed in the western end of the Kunlun Mountains. Shangri-La has become synonymous with any earthly paradise but particularly a mythical Himalayan utopia—a permanently happy land, isolated from the outside world. In the novel Lost Horizon, the people who live at Shangri-La are almost immortal, living years beyond the normal lifespan. The word also evokes the imagery of exoticism of the Orient. The story of Shangri-La is based on the concept of Shambhala, a mystical city in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition.", "Shangri-La is a fictional place described in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon by British author James Hilton. In the book, \"Shangri-La\" is a mystical, harmonious valley, gently guided from a lamasery, enclosed in the western end of the Kunlun Mountains. Shangri-La has become synonymous with any earthly paradise but particularly a mythical Himalayan utopia — a permanently happy land, isolated from the outside world. The word also evokes the imagery of exoticism of the Orient. The story of Shangri-La is based on the concept of Shambhala, a mystical city in Tibetan Buddhist tradition.", "Shangri-La is a fictional place described in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon by British author James Hilton. Hilton describes Shangri-La as a mystical, harmonious valley, gently guided from a lamasery, enclosed in the western end of the Kunlun Mountains. The name “Shangri-la” is derived from the Tibetan phrase meaning “Pass in the Shang Mountains.” Hilton may have been inspired also by the name of the Tibetan Buddhist paradise, Shamballa or Shambhala, in naming his own high mountain utopia.", "Shangri-La is a fictional land of perpetual youth, peace and good governance, set somewhere in the mountains of Tibet . It was created by the British author James Hilton, in his 1933 novel Lost Horizon, about a group of Europeans on their way to Peshawar (now in Pakistan ), who live through an airplane crash high in the Himalayas. They find themselves in what Hilton describes as the \"valley of the blue moon,\" where Tibetan Buddhist lamas rule the land in wisdom and peace, and their subjects never grow old.", "Lost Horizon is a 1933 novel by English writer James Hilton. The book was turned into a movie, also called Lost Horizon, in 1937 by director Frank Capra. It is best remembered as the origin of Shangri-La, a fictional utopian lamasery high in the mountains of Tibet.", "...Shangri-La is a fictional place described in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon by British author James Hilton. Hilton describes Shangri-La as a mystical, harmonious valley, gently guided from a lamasery, enclosed in the western end of the Kunlun Mountains. Shangri-La has become synonymous with any earthly paradise but particularly a mythical Himalayan utopia — a permanently happy land, isolated from the outside...", "Lost Horizon is a 1933 novel by English writer James Hilton . It is best remembered as the origin of Shangri-La , a fictional utopian lamasery high in the mountains of Tibet .", "Lost Horizon is a 1933 novel by English writer James Hilton. The book was turned into a movie, also called Lost Horizon, in 1937 by director Frank Capra.", "James Hilton's novel Lost Horizon published in 1933 established Tibet in Utopian literature and introduced a new word to our language - Shangri-La. But who was James Hilton and how did he come to write this novel? Why did Lost Horizon (both the novel and the film) become so popular around the world? And which place(s) inspired Hilton's Shangri-La? Here we explore these questions.", "Fact: A chance encounter with a strange group of warm, seemingly enlightened people in Shasta Valley inspired James Hilton to author the classic 1933 novel Lost Horizon, a tale about the idyllic community of Shangri-La. Others claim similar real-life experiences, but the mountain’s sheer natural beauty is inspiration enough for most.", "Americans came to see Tibet after WWII largely in terms of a fictional place called Shangri-la. In the 1930s, James Hilton wrote a popular, essentially escapist novel, Lost Horizon. In 1937, 'Lost Horizon' was made into a very popular film by Frank Capra, famous for his political films and later director of the the WWII Office of War Information (OWI).", "James Hilton's Lost Horizon (1933) enjoyed popular success in using the genre as a takeoff for popular philosophy and social comment. It introduced the name Shangri-La, a meme for the idealization of the lost world as a paradise. Similar books where the inhabitants of the lost world are seen as superior to the outsiders, are Joseph O'Neill's Land under England (1935) and Douglas Valder Duff's Jack Harding’s Quest (1939). ", "It is a remake of Frank Capra's 1937 film of the same name, with a screenplay by Larry Kramer. The 1937 and 1973 were both based on the novel by James Hilton's novel Lost Horizon, about a paradise, Shangri-La, hidden in the Himalayan Mountains.", "Lost Horizon, as the first Pocket Books, is sometimes referred to as the book that began the paperback revolution. This novel won him the Hawthornden Prize in 1934. Hilton is said to have been inspired to write Lost Horizon, and to invent \"Shangri-La\" by reading the National Geographic Magazine articles of Joseph Rock, an Austrian-American botanistand ethnologist exploring the southwestern Chinese provinces and Tibetan borderlands. Still living in Britain at the time, Hilton was perhaps influenced by the Tibetan travel articles of early travellers in Tibet whose writings were found in the British Library. Christian Zeeman, the Danish father of the mathematician Sir Christopher Zeeman, has also been claimed to be the model for the hero of the story. He disappeared while living in Japan (where his son was born in 1925), and was reputed to be living incognito in a Zen Buddhistmonastery.", "The aims of the Society are to promote interest in the life and work of novelist and scriptwriter James Hilton (1900 - 1954).  The Society plans to issue two or three Newsletters each year and to hold an Annual Conference, with the intention of re-stimulating interest in his work.  The goal of the Society is that through ongoing publicity Hilton's extensive range of novels will once more be made freely available and back in print; and that the numerous films with which he was connected will be the subject of more critical analysis and be more regularly reissued.  It is also intended to compile a collection of his writings which could be of use to scholars.  Another project is to encourage research into the myths and legends surrounding his most esoteric novel, Lost Horizon, in which Hilton created the earthly paradise of Shangri-La.", "Description : James Hilton’s bestselling adventure novel about a military man who stumbles on the world’s greatest hope for peace deep in Tibet: Shangri-La. Hugh Conway saw humanity at its worst while fighting in the trenches of the First World War. Now, more than a decade later, Conway is a British diplomat serving in Afghanistan and facing war yet again—this time, a civil conflict forces him to flee the country by plane. When his plane crashes high in the Himalayas, Conway and the other survivors are found by a mysterious guide and led to a breathtaking discovery: the hidden valley of Shangri-La. Kept secret from the world for more than two hundred years, Shangri-La is like paradise—a place whose inhabitants live for centuries amid the peace and harmony of the fertile valley. But when the leader of the Shangri-La monastery falls ill, Conway and the others must face the daunting prospect of returning home to a world about to be torn open by war. Thrilling and timeless, Lost Horizon is a masterpiece of modern fiction, and one of the most enduring classics of the twentieth century.", "‘Shangri-La is a mystical, harmonious valley’ or so goes the description in James Hilton’s 1993 novel, Lost Horizon. Hilton went on to describe a Garden of Eden on Earth: a land of milk and honey in a hidden Himalaya valley, where nobody grew old or ugly. Over the years, there’s been no shortage of contenders for the title of ‘Lost Shangri-La’ but now there’s a new kid on the block: Arunachal Pradesh”. The thunderous Himalayan peaks so little known that few have been named, let alone climbed, plus jungles teeming with life forms that scientists are yet to catalogue, delicately tattooed and pierced tribal peoples living in long houses in the forest, magnificent Buddhist Temples and a severe dose of near limitless adventure. Lonely planet’s top 4 regions in the world.", "He left university in 1921 and became a freelance journalist, writing articles and book reviews and working on a number of novels, none of which achieved commercial success. In 1931 he enjoyed some success with And Now Goodbye, a tender love story, and then in 1933 he wrote Lost Horizon and as a consequence his mythical Shangri-La became a household word. The book won the Hawthornden Prize in 1934.", "Description : Flying out of India, a light aircraft is hi-jacked and flown into the high Tibetan Himalayas. The few passengers on board anxiously await their fate, among them Conway, a talented British consul. But on landing they are unexpectedly conducted to a remote valley, a legendary paradise of peace and beauty, known as Shangri-La. Have they been kidnapped? Can they escape? And do they even want to? From the author of Goodbye Mr Chips, this is the epic adventure story of literature's most entrancing utopia and one of our most enduring literary mysteries.", "Flying out of India, a light aircraft is hi-jacked and flown into the high Tibetan Himalayas. The few passengers on board anxiously await their fate, among them Conway, a talented British consul. But on landing they are unexpectedly conducted to a remote valley, a legendary paradise of peace and beauty, known as Shangri-La. Have they been kidnapped? Can they escape? And do they even want to? From the author of Goodbye Mr Chips, this is the epic adventure story of literature's most entrancing utopia and one of our most ... Read More", "James Hilton’s bestselling adventure novel about a military man who stumbles on the world’s greatest hope for peace deep in Tibet: Shangri-La.", "James Hilton is the bestselling author of many beloved books that also became hit movies, including Lost Horizon, Goodbye, Mr Chips and Random Harvest. He was born in Leigh, Lancashire.and passed away in 1954 in Long Beach, California.", "This novel tells the story of Nicholas Brent, a film producer and Hilton fan, who sets out to find Shangri-La and discovers it somewhere in southern Tibet close to the border with Burma (Myanmar). Brent finally meets Conway and his companions in a lamasery, and Conway narrates the events of Shangri-La during the 1930s.", "Hilton's tale struck a chord. The book enjoyed great popularity, and even the retreat of the US president at Camp David was called Shangri-La, after the paradise described in it. And when the novel was turned into a Hollywood movie by Frank Capra, it was an instant success. These days, the name is part of the language, used everywhere from Nepali airlines and Chinese hotel chains to holiday cottages in Florida and Torquay.", "It was under these circumstances that Hilton crafted Lost Horizon mainly as food for thought for westerners who were disillusioned with world events and thirsty for an oriental Utopia. No wonder that during the same period (late 1920s and early 1930s), works like Erich Remarque's All Quite on the Western Front (1929); Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932); H.G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come (1933); and the fantasy movie She (1935, based on H. Rider Haggard's novel) also became highly popular.", "Hugh Conway, a veteran member of the British diplomatic service, finds inner peace, love, and a sense of purpose in Shangri-La, whose inhabitants enjoy unheard-of longevity. Among the book's themes is an allusion to the possibility of another cataclysmic world war brewing. It is said to have been inspired at least in part by accounts of travels in Tibetan borderlands, published in National Geographic by the explorer and botanist Joseph Rock. The remote communities he visited, such as Muli, show many similarities to the fictional Shangri-La. One such town, Zhongdian, has now officially renamed itself Shangri La (Chinese: 香格里拉 Xiānggélǐlā) because of its claim to be the inspiration for the novel.", "* The novel The Palace of Heavenly Pleasure (2003), by Adam Williams, describes the experiences of a small group of foreign missionaries, traders and railway engineers in a fictional town in northern China shortly before and during the Boxer Rebellion.", "Evelyn Waugh's 1935 novel is a mordantly funny vision of aristocratic decadence and ennui in England between the wars. It tells the story of Tony Last, an aristocrat who, to the irritation of his wife, in inordinately obsessed with his Victorian gothic country house and life. Bored with her husband's old-fashioned ways, Lady Brenda begins an affair with an ambitious social climber. Faced with the collapse of his marriage and a sudden family tragedy, Tony is driven to seek solace in a foolhardy search for the fabled El Dorado in the wilds of Brazil, where he finds himself at the mercy of a jungle that is only slightly more savage than the one he left behind in England. Here is a sublime example of the incomparably brilliant and wicked wit of one of the 20th century's most accomplished novelists. show more", "The China Series of 1930 begins with the Remove junior, Wun Lun, menaced by the distant Chinese mandarin Tang Wang. Accompanied by Billy Bunter, the Famous Five and the detective Ferrers Locke, he returns to China via Hong Kong and Singapore. A series of adventures ensues. The author draws a vivid picture of a very different China ruled by Mandarins – a colourful land rich in history and ancient customs.", "The Shape of Things to Come is a work of science fiction by H. G. Wells , published in 1933, which speculates on future events from 1933 until the year 2106. It is not a novel, but rather a fictional history book. Wells creates a framing device by claiming that the book is his edited version of notes written by an eminent diplomat, Dr Philip Raven, who had been having dream visions of a history textbook published in 2106, and wrote down what he could remember of it.", "Niven wrote four books. The first, Round the Rugged Rocks, (published simultaneously in the US under the title “Once Over Lightly”) was a novel that appeared in 1951 and was forgotten almost at once. In 1971, he published his autobiography, The Moon’s a Balloon , which was well received, selling over five million copies. He followed this with Bring On the Empty Horses in 1975, a collection of entertaining reminiscences from Hollywood’s “Golden Age” in the 1930s and ’40s. It now appears that Niven recounted many incidents from a first-person perspective that actually happened to other people, especially Cary Grant, which he borrowed and embroidered. [4] In 1981 Niven published a second and much more successful novel, Go Slowly, Come Back Quickly, which was set during and after the Second World War, and which drew on his experiences during the war and in Hollywood. He was working on a third novel at the time of his death.", "Goullart, Peter, The Monastery of Jade Mountain, London: The Travel Book Club, 1961 (an exquisite portrait of life in various Taoist monasteries in the 1920s and 1930s before the Communist takeover)." ]

[ 9.796875, 9.7578125, 9.6796875, 8.9296875, 8.3515625, 8.09375, 8.09375, 7.6640625, 7.19921875, 6.328125, 5.60546875, 5.015625, 5.00390625, 4.78125, 4.4921875, 4.48046875, 4.09375, 3.859375, 2.056640625, 1.677734375, 1.4267578125, 0.54150390625, 0.48974609375, -0.05902099609375, -0.91748046875, -1.5390625, -7.79296875, -7.8359375, -7.87890625, -7.93359375, -8.03125, -8.4765625 ]

[ "A trilby hat (or simply trilby) is a soft fur felt men's hat with a narrow brim and a deeply indented crown with a pinch at the front. Traditionally it was made from rabbit hair felt, but is now sometimes made from other materials, including tweed and wool. Trilbies are softer than homburgs, and have a flexible brim instead of a curved one. They are similar to their American cousin, the fedora, which has a wider brim.", "A trilby hat (or simply trilby) is a soft felt gent’s hat with a narrow brim, a deeply indented crown, and a pinch at the front. Traditionally it was made from rabbit hair felt, but is now sometimes made from other materials including tweed and wool. Trilbies are softer than homburgs and have a flexible brim instead of a curved one. They are similar to fedoras, which have a wider brim and are strictly speaking an American hat. The hat derives its name from a play based on George du Maurier's 1894 novel Trilby, after such a style of hat was worn in the first London production of the stage adaptation. The trilby was widely worn from the late 1920s onwards initially as a casual sporting hat such as for wearing to the horse races. By the end of World War II the trilby had largely supplanted other hats such as homburgs and bowlers for wear with a suit or smart casual dress, although it never replaced flat caps. It has continued to be commonly worn in this way.", "Trilby: The Trilby is a soft felt hat, usually made of fur felt (rabbit) it has a dented crown and flexible brim, the shape originates from the Austrian Tyrol, where it usually had a small feather or bristle trimming.", "Trilby:The Trilby is a soft felt hat, usually made of fur felt (rabbit) it has a dented crown and flexible brim, the shape originates from the Austrian Tyrol it usually had a small feather trimming. ", "The Homburg is a less formal alternative to the top hat. It was made fashionable by Edward VII in the late 19th century and remained popular among the upper class in Britain for half a century. Its most recent attention came when Al Pacino wore one in the Godfather movies.", "DEERSTALKER - Sportsman's tweed, or cloth, cap with visors in front and back and earflaps outside and tied on top. Crown lined with scarlet poplin and reversible. These types of hats were worn by deer hunters. Also SHERLOCK HOLMES CAP, FORE AND AFT, DUCKHUNTERS.", "Homburg Hat: A classic homburg hat features a creased or center-dent crown and a flared all around brim. The crown and brim are separated by a hat band. This formal hat, once more popular than the fedora in Europe and America, became popular by the hot film, “The Godfather.”", "Deer stalker: A hunting cap with visors at the front and back, and ear-flaps that can be tied up over the crown. Made famous by the fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes.", "Deer stalker : A hunting cap with visors at the front and back, and ear-flaps that can be tied up over the crown. Made famous by the fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes.", "DEERSTALKER - Sportsman's tweed, or cloth, cap with visors in front and back and earflaps outside and tied on top. Crown lined with scarlet poplin and reversible. As worn by deer hunters. Also SHERLOCK HOLMES CAP, FORE AND AFT, DUCKHUNTERS.", "Another type is a cap made of heavy cloth with paired earflaps, sometimes lined with fur or lambskin, and a single visor in front. A cloth band turned up in the rear that can be lowered to protect the back of the neck takes the place of the rear visor. An exaggerated version of this type of deerstalker is often seen in cartoons, such that worn by Elmer Fudd when he's hunting \"wabbits\".", "The deerstalker has extended brims at front and rear to keep off rain. It fits close to the head, thus not revealing the stalkers position to the deer. Conan Doyle never mentions it in the text of the Sherlock Holmes stories: it comes from the illustrations of Sidney Paget. The OED records the first use of the word for a hat as 1881.", "Later, less-informed depictions of Holmes have him wearing this cap in the city failing to take into account the fact that the fashion-conscious Holmes would be loath to commit such a sartorial faux pas; the deerstalker is traditionally a rural outdoorsman's cap. It is not appropriate headgear for the properly dressed urban gentleman. Still, while contemporaneous illustrators portrayed Holmes as wearing a deerstalker in the proper setting for such attire, travelling cross-country or operating in a rural outdoor setting, Sidney Paget chose to depict Holmes as wearing the deerstalker in London while keeping vigil for the appearance of the murderous Colonel Sebastian Moran in illustrations made for \"The Empty House\" when the story first appeared in Strand Magazine in 1904. This is uncharacteristic of Paget who most often depicts Holmes wearing a black top hat and frock coat in the city, as shown in the Regent Street scene in The Hound of the Baskervilles, or sporting a black bowler when wearing a black or plaid Inverness cape (or, more accurately, a macfarlane cape-coat) as seen in his illustrations for \"The Blue Carbuncle\" and \"The Musgrave Ritual\" respectively. ", "The \"sportsman's deerstalker\" is made with a narrow brim attached to the cap instead of the usual double bills. The earflaps are eliminated as well. Some types of this cap sport a belt fashioned from the same material around the crown. This version is seldom worn by hunters. It is, however, much favoured by fishermen.", "4. Sherlock Holmes didn’t wear a deerstalker. Much. The famous image of Holmes wearing a deerstalker hat is a product of the celebrated images which accompanied the short stories, which appeared in the Strand magazine from 1891. It is when the stories began to appear that Sherlock Holmes became a worldwide sensation. Sidney Paget, who drew the illustrations, had Holmes wearing a deerstalker when the detective went into the country to investigate mysteries at country houses and in small rural villages, but most people think of the detective as always donning the hat when off to investigate a case.", "Conceited, derisive, and malicious, he alternately bullies and fawns in a harsh, croaking voice...Though Trilby is repelled at first by his greasy, dirty appearance and regards him as a spidery demon or incubus, she becomes completely his creature under his hypnosis....Gecko...[is] a young fiddler, small, swarthy, shabby, brown-eyed, and pock-marked; a nail-biter. Though he loves Trilby he helps Svengali train her...so that Svengali may exploit her.(Magill, Masterplots, p. 1158)", "The Sleuth is a good-natured gentleman; wearing a deerstalker hat, smoking a pipe and using a magnifying glass, he is an obvious parody of Sherlock Holmes, Mickey basically playing the part of Dr. Watson. Like his literary counterpart, he also plays the violin (albeit horribly). Unlike Sherlock Holmes, he is totally hopeless as a detective, being sometimes unable to figure out crimes that happen right in front of his eyes. Nevertheless, he always manages to solve his cases — hence ensuring a reputation as a great detective — either by sheer luck, or thanks to his foes' own incompetence, or simply because Mickey Mouse does all the actual detective work for him.", "The crown of the \"Irish deerstalker\" sports a panel of material in front of the cap instead of the usual seam. The earflaps, instead of being wide and triangular, are narrow with straight sides. It may have short, wide rectangular bills rather than the usual semicircular bills found on most other deerstalkers.", "Etymology: 19th Century: named after Trilby, the heroine of a dramatized novel (1893) of that title by George du Maurier", "Germany ’s big Sekt brands are Sohnlein Brillant, the familiar Henkell Trocken, Ruttgers Club, and the prestige cuvees Chardonnay Sekt Adam Henkell, Furst Metternich Riesling Sekt and Kupferberg Gold. But Henkell Sohnlein behemoth, born after a merger in 1987 and then strengthened further with the addition of Deinhard of Koblenz in 1997, is the undisputed leader of the pack producing over 100 million bottles of Sekt. The sparkler named Rotkappchen (Little Red Riding Hood), from former East Germany , achieved phenomenal success after reunification. At 30 million bottles, it’s one of the most extensively drunk German sparkling wine.", "This logo design is successful because it is so different from most alcohol logos. However, the unusual images maintain heavy significance in the company lore. It is based on a local legend of a man named Hubertus, who hunted in forbidden woods and came upon a deer, who had a cross between his antlers. Luckily, the animal forgave the hunter, but the story retained enough meaning throughout the years that it was given center position in this popular drink’s logo design. The heavy Gothic writing is reminiscent of the German name and adds to the traditional image.", "*Rumpelstiltskin was featured in NBC's Grimm, where the tale is the inspiration for the Season 2 episode \"Nameless\". He is a type of creature ('Wesen') called a 'Fuchsteufelwild'. The episode featured a Fuchsteufelwild named \"Trinket Lipslums\", (an anagram of \"Rumpelstiltskin\"), who is revealed to have helped a team of video game programmers finish an enormously popular MMORPG. The programmers omitted him from the game's credits since they could not recall his name, so Lipslums starts hunting them down one by one; as in the original tale, much of the story centers around determining the character's name.", "Svengali is a fictional character in George du Maurier's 1895 novel Trilby. Svengali is a man of Eastern European origin who seduces, dominates and exploits Trilby, a young English girl, and makes her a famous singer. ", "Deer have been an integral part of fables and other literary works since the inception of writing. Stags were used as symbols in the latter Sumerian writings. For instance, the boat of Sumerian god Enki is named the Stag of Azbu. There are several mentions of the animal in the Rigveda as well as the Bible. In the Indian epic Ramayana, Sita is lured by a golden deer which Rama tries to catch. In the absence of both Rama and Lakshman, Ravana kidnaps Sita. Many of the allegorical Aesop's fables, such as \"The Stag at the Pool\", \"The One-Eyed Doe\" and \"The Stag and a Lion\", personify deer to give moral lessons. For instance, \"The Sick Stag\" gives the message that uncaring friends can do more harm than good. The Yaqui deer song accompanies the deer dance which is performed by a pascola [from the Spanish 'pascua', Easter] dancer (also known as a deer dancer). Pascolas would perform at religious and social functions many times of the year, especially during Lent and Easter.", "is dressed in a hunting costume of hunter's-green, wears high boots with spurs, a large Cavalier hat with plume, and carries a whip and a hunter's horn, the latter being strung obliquely on his back. The", "* What Shall He Have That Killed the Deer: It is another song which adds a lively spectacle and some forest-colouring to contrast with love-talk in the adjoining scenes. it highlights the pastoral atmosphere.", "The original Grendel , Hunter Rose, fought with an edged weapon of his own design called the 'Devil's Fork', which most resembled a short-staffed naginata with two parallel blades, which could be briefly electrified to do extra damage. Christine Spar used Rose's weapon and costume (stolen from a museum) when she became the second Grendel, and Eppy Thatcher (the fourth primary Grendel) wielded a similar fork, additionally mounting remote controls for his high-tech accoutrements, generations later.", "The word Shikra is borrowed from the Urdu word (شِـكْـره) which is derived from the word shikari (شِكارى) meaning hunter. Hunting in Persian and Turkish is referred to as shikar (شِـكار), and in Arabic the hunt master in the Mamlook Era was known as Ameer Shikar (أمير شِـكار). The word Shikari may also be used in English in the sense of \"hunter\". In \"The return of Sherlock Holmes\" by Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes says: \"I wonder that my very simple stratagem could deceive so old a shikari\" (The Penguin complete Sherlock Holmes, 1981, pp. 492, 494). ", "Suske en Wiske : In \"Lambiorix\" Tante Sidonia has to aim her longbow (and not a crossbow, as you might think) at the apples on Suske and Wiske's heads. Trying to hit two apples with one arrow is a bit more complex than what William Tell had to accomplish, but she manages to pull it off by aiming at a pillar left from them, which causes the arrow to ricochet to the right splitting both apples in the process.", "Sir Mulberry Hawk is a lecherous nobleman and money-lender, who has taken Lord Verisopht under his wing. One of the most truly evil characters in the novel, he forces himself upon Kate and behaves in a thoroughly abhorrent manner. He is beaten by Nicholas, and swears revenge, but nothing comes of it. His reckoning comes when he kills Lord Frederick in a duel and must flee to France.", "In the short Cavalcade of Archery, Howard Hill (who did the archery stunts for The Adventures of Robin Hood ) demonstrates his skill with a bow by shooting first an apple and then a plum off his partner's head. The partner flees when Hill suggests a cherry, however. The short is included as a bonus feature on the DVD of The Adventures of Robin Hood .", "A shepherdess with a Robin Hood-like figure in a landscape on a beautiful 900 Austrian compact marked with a hoopoo and symbols for Vienna- but by whom?" ]

[ 3.08984375, 2.236328125, 1.984375, 1.70703125, 1.38671875, 0.300048828125, -0.052886962890625, -0.11309814453125, -0.432373046875, -0.7919921875, -1.4306640625, -2.302734375, -2.7109375, -2.857421875, -3.908203125, -4.16015625, -4.3515625, -4.51171875, -6.14453125, -6.44140625, -7.21484375, -7.3359375, -7.47265625, -8.1484375, -9.1171875, -9.65625, -10.203125, -10.65625, -10.7421875, -10.7421875, -10.859375, -11.03125 ]

[ "The humeroulnar joint (ulnohumeral or trochlear joint[1]), is part of the elbow-joint. It composed of two bones, the humerus and ulna, and is the junction between the trochlear notch of ulna and the trochlea of humerus.[1] It is classified as a simple hinge-joint, which allows for movements of flexion, extension and circumduction.[2][page needed] Owing to the obliquity of the trochlea of the humerus, this movement does not take place in the antero-posterior plane of the body of the humerus.", "The elbow, or elbow joint, is formed by the connection of three bones: the humerus in the upper arm, and the radius and ulna in the lower arm. The bony point of the elbow, that most people think of as the elbow, is actually the tip the ulna bone.", "The elbow joint is a ginglymus, which is just another name for a hinge-joint. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna bones of the forearm.", "The humerus is the bone of the upper arm. It forms the ball and socket joint of the shoulder with the scapula and forms the elbow joint with the lower arm bones. The radius and ulna are the two bones of the forearm. The ulna is on the medial side of the forearm and forms a hinge joint with the humerus at the elbow. The radius allows the forearm and hand to turn over at the wrist joint.", "THE ARMS. Each arm or upper limb (composed of the upper arm, forearm, wrist, and hand) contains thirty bones. The upper arm contains only one bone, the humerus (HYOO-mer-us), which extends from the shoulder joint to the elbow joint. At the elbow joint, the humerus articulates or connects with the two bones of the forearm, the radius (RAY-dee-us) and the ulna (UL-na). When the arm is held out and palm faces upward, the radius and ulna are parallel to each other; the radius is on the thumb side and the ulna is on the little finger side. When the arm is turned over and the palm faces downward, the radius crosses on top of the ulna to form an X.", "The forearm contains two major bones. One is the ulna, and the other is the radius. In concert with each other, the two bones play a vital role in how the forearm rotates. The ulna primarily connects with the humerus at the elbow joint, while the radius primarily junctions with the carpal bones of the hand at the wrist joint. The two bones play only secondary roles at their opposing joints. The radius is the home for a few muscles' insertion points. The biceps originate near the shoulder joint and insert into the radial tuberosity on the upper part of the radius, near the elbow joint. Other muscle attachments include the supinator, the flexor digitorum superficialis, the flexor pollicis longus, the pronator quadratus, and many more tendons and ligaments. Due to the human instinct to break a fall by outstretching the arms, the radius is one of the more frequently fractured bones in the body. Also, dislocation issues with both the wrist and the elbow may arise.", "The elbow joint is a complex hinge joint formed between the distal end of the humerus in the upper arm and the proximal ends of the ulna and radius in the forearm. The elbow allows for the flexion and extension of the forearm relative to the upper arm, as well as rotation of the forearm and wrist.", "Your arm is made up of three long bones: your humerus in your upper arm and your ulna and radius in your lower arm. Your upper and lower arms are connected at your elbow by a hinge joint between your humerus and ulna. Your radius and ulna are linked at your elbow in a way that allows you to rotate your hand and forearm by more than 180 degrees. Your ulna bone forms the point of your elbow.", "The elbow joint has three different portions surrounded by a common joint capsule. These are joints between the three bones of the elbow, the humerus of the upper arm, and the radius and the ulna of the forearm.", "Ulna a short bone forms point of elbow. Radius a long bone stretches to the knee joint.", "The arms and legs are part of the appendicular skeleton. The upper bones of the limbs are single: humerus (arm) and femur (leg). Below a joint (elbow or knee), both limbs have a pair of bones (radius and ulna in the arms; tibia and fibula in legs) that connect to another joint (wrist or ankle). The carpals makeup the wrist joint; the tarsals are in the ankle joint. Each hand or foot ends in 5 digits (fingers or toes) composed of metacarpals (hands) or metatarsals (feet).", "Close to the elbow, the ulna has a bony process, the olecranon process, a hook-like structure that fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus. This prevents hyperextension and forms a hinge joint with the trochlea of the humerus. There is also a radial notch for the head of the radius, and the ulnar tuberosity to which muscles attach.", "The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm. It is located between the elbow joint and the shoulder. At the elbow, it connects primarily to the ulna, as the forearm's radial bone connects to the wrist. At the shoulder, the humerus connects to the frame of the body via the glenoid fossa of the scapula. The humerus is the foundation to which many muscles insert, such as the deltoid, the pectoralis major, and others. The brachial artery travels most of the bone's length, before it subdivides into the ulnar and radial arteries at the elbow. In the upper arm, the brachial artery branches into several arteries, distributing oxygenated blood from the lungs and heart. The radial nerve runs a similar course over the bone and into the forearm. Because it connects at the shoulder with a rotational joint, the humerus is instrumental in supporting many of the arm's functions. For example, the humerus supports all lifting and physical activities. The humerus is one of the longest bones in the body. This means it is also one of the most commonly broken or fractured.", "2. Front limb - The '''humerus''' is the bone of the upper forelimb. It connects to the scapula with a “ball and socket” type of joint. Swing your arm around in a circle. Notice the freedom of movement this type of joint allows. The bones of the forearm are the '''radius''' and '''ulna'''. The wrist is composed of small '''carpal bones'''. The metacarpals are the bones of the hand and the '''phalanges''' (singular, phalanx) are the bones of the fingers.", "The word radius is Latin for \"ray\". In the context of the radius bone, a ray can be thought of rotating around an axis line extending diagonally from center of capitulum to the center of distal ulna. While the ulna is the major contributor to the elbow joint, the radius primarily contributes to the wrist joint. ", "The carpal bones come together to form a joint with the long bones of the forearm. It joins proximally with the radius and the ulna and distally with the five metacarpals that cluster together to make the palm.", "The carpals are a group of eight roughly cube-shaped bones in the proximal end of the hand. They form the wrist joint with the ulna and radius of the forearm and also form joints with the metacarpals of the palm of the hand. The carpals form many small gliding joints with each other to give extra flexibility to the wrist and hand.", "Humerus is a typical long bone present in the arm that articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with the bones of the forearm, namely, radius and ulna. Its proximal end consists of the head, greater tubercle and lesser tubercle. Its body, which is longer than any of the other bones of the upper limb, is cylindrical proximally and somewhat flattened distally. At the distal end, which is expanded to form the epicondyles on either side, it supports the trochlear and capitular articular surfaces for the ulna and radius respectively. The humerus has three main parts;", "With the elbow extended, the long axis of the humerus and that of the ulna coincide. At the same time, the articular surfaces on both bones are located in front of those axes and deviate from them at an angle of 45°. Additionally, the forearm muscles that originate at the elbow are grouped at the sides of the joint in order not to interfere with its movement. The wide angle of flexion at the elbow made possible by this arrangement — almost 180° — allows the bones to be brought almost in parallel to each other.", "The humeroradial joint is the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is a limited ball-and-socket joint, hinge type of synovial joint.", "Radius is a long bone which forms the outer-lower part of human arm. It is on the lateral side of Ulna and its length is 26.42 cm. Radius is also found in some four-leg animals as lower part of forelimb. Like Ulna it connects hand with elbow.", "* the radius, near the elbow as a pivot joint, this allows the radius to cross over the ulna in pronation.", "The radial head is the knobby end of the radius where it meets the elbow. It glides up and down the front of the distal humerus when you bend your arm and rotates around the ulna when you turn your wrist up or down.", "The proximal radioulnar joint is similarly derived in higher primates in the location and shape of the radial notch on the ulna; the primitive form being represented by New World monkeys, such as the howler monkey, and by fossil catarrhines, such as Aegyptopithecus. In these taxa, the oval head of the radius lies in front of the ulnar shaft so that the former overlaps the latter by half its width. With this forearm configuration, the ulna supports the radius and maximum stability is achieved when the forearm is fully pronated.", "In the forelegs, the ulna is reduced in size so that all the weight is carried by the radius. The radius and ulna are fused.", "The radius is named so because the radius (bone) acts like the radius (of a circle). It rotates around the ulna and the far end (where it joins to the bones of the hand), known as the styloid process of the radius, is the distance from the ulna (center of the circle) to the edge of the radius (the circle). The ulna acts as the center point to the circle because when the arm is rotated the ulna does not move.", "the rounded head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch on the medial distal end of the radius", "a joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones", "one of the two bones (the other is the radius) extending from the elbow to the wrist", "the bone of the upper arm or forelimb, forming joints at the shoulder and the elbow", "the articulation between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones", "The forearm is the part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist and comprises 2 long bones :" ]

[ 5.76953125, 5.49609375, 5.33203125, 4.45703125, 3.734375, 3.646484375, 3.599609375, 3.466796875, 3.234375, 3.19921875, 2.673828125, 2.66015625, 1.9384765625, 1.490234375, 1.466796875, 1.44921875, 0.50341796875, 0.48681640625, 0.356689453125, 0.160888671875, -0.143310546875, -0.3974609375, -0.433349609375, -1.6396484375, -2.162109375, -2.3515625, -4.05078125, -5.12109375, -5.1796875, -5.25, -6.3046875, -7.3125 ]

[ "1962: Elvis Presley’s ‘Follow That Dream’ movie premieres in Ocala, Florida, near where it was filmed. It opens nationally six weeks later.", "The fair and the city were the setting of the Elvis Presley movie It Happened at the World's Fair (1963), with a young Kurt Russell making his first screen appearance. Location shooting began on September 4 and concluded nearly two weeks later. The film would be released the following spring, long after the fair had ended.", "Elvis Presley visited Seattle to make his 11th motion picture, \"It Happened at the World's Fair.\" Colonel Tom Parker (second from right) accompanied him. At the Westlake Monorail station, Elvis posed with Governor Albert Rosellini (left) on September 5, 1962. The ham was reportedly from Presley's Tennessee farm. Other individuals in the photo are Ted Richmond (second from left), the producer of the movie and Norman Taurog (right), the director.", "After being discharged as a sergeant in 1960, Elvis underwent a style change, eschewing edgy, rhythm-and-blues-inspired material in favor of romantic, dramatic ballads such as “Are You Lonesome Tonight?” He retired from concerts to concentrate on his musical films, and he made 27 in the 1960s, including G.I. Blues (1960), Blue Hawaii (1961), Girls! Girls! Girls! (1962), Viva Las Vegas (1964), and Frankie and Johnny (1966). In 1967, he married Priscilla Beaulieu, and the couple had a daughter, Lisa Marie, in 1968.", "Elvis finishes filming “Kissin’ Cousins” on November 14. He is devastated when President Kennedy is assassinated on November 22.", "It Happened at the World's Fair (Norman Taurog, 1963). Elvis Presley stars as Mike, a cropduster pilot who hitchhikes with his friend Danny (Gary Lockwood) into Seattle during the 1962 World's Fair, where he meets his love interest, played by Joan O'Brien.", "1963: Elvis Presley’s ‘It Happened At The World’s Fair’ movie opens in Los Angeles (it opens nationally a week later).", "The Century 21 Exposition (also known as the Seattle World's Fair) was a world's fair held April 21, 1962, to October 21, 1962, in Seattle, Washington. [http://lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/findaids/docs/photosgraphics/SeattleCenterGroundsPHColl403.xml Guide to the Seattle Center Grounds Photograph Collection: April, 1963], University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Accessed online October 18, 2007.", "In nineteen sixty-four, Elvis Presley starred in a movie called \"Viva Las Vegas.\" Here he sings the title song from that movie.", "On this day in 1956, Love Me Tender, featuring the singer Elvis Presley in his big-screen debut, premieres in New York City at the Paramount Theater. Set in Texas following the American Civil War, the film, which co-starred Richard Egan and Debra Paget, featured Elvis as Clint Reno, the younger brother of a Confederate soldier. Originally titled The Reno Brothers, the movie was renamed Love Me Tender before its release, after a song of the same name that Reno sings during the film. Presley, who became one of the biggest icons in entertainment history, sang in the box-office hit Love Me Tender as well as the majority of the 33 movies (31 features and two theatrically released concert documentaries) he made in his career. Despite the commercial success of his films, many were considered formulaic and forgettable, and critics have argued that Elvis never achieved his full potential as an actor.", "Elvis Presley (1935–1977) was an American entertainer who achieved initial success as a singer, expressing an early career goal of following in the footsteps of his role models James Dean and Marlon Brando to become a top dramatic actor. His manager Colonel Tom Parker's persistent lobbying of William Morris Agency president Abe Lastfogel for a Presley screen test paid off on March 26, 1956, when the singer auditioned at Paramount for a supporting role in The Rainmaker. Although not chosen for the part, he signed a contract with Paramount producer Hal Wallis on April 25 that also allowed him to make films with other studios. ", "\" It Happened At The World's Fair is still early enough in Presley's film career that he is focused and into the film", "In March 1956, Parker arranged for Elvis to get an audition with Paramount Movie Studios. The movie studio liked Elvis so much that they signed him to do his first movie, Love Me Tender (1956), with an option to do six more. About two weeks after his audition, Elvis received his first gold record for \"Heartbreak Hotel,\" which had sold one million copies.", "1964: Elvis Presley released his recording of ‘Viva Las Vegas’ from the movie of the same name.", "Was a die-hard fan of the music of Elvis Presley , who co-starred in two of his movies, Clambake (1967) and Speedway (1968). Long after Presley's death, he hosted two of the specials in Las Vegas called \"Is Elvis Alive?\".", "About the film: Joan O'Brien and Elvis end up getting together during the Seattle World's Fair thanks to some matchmaking by a little girl. Kurt Russell makes his screen debut in a cameo as a boy who kicks Elvis.", "In April 1972, MGM again filmed Presley, this time for Elvis on Tour , which won a 1972 Golden Globe for Best Documentary. A fourteen-date tour started with an unprecedented four consecutive sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden , New York. RCA taped the shows for a live album. After the tour, Presley released the 1972 single \" Burning Love \"—his last top ten hit in the U.S. charts.", "After learning about the up-and-coming Elvis in 1955, Parker negotiated the sale of the singer’s contract with tiny Sun Records to RCA, a major label, and officially took over as his manager in 1956. Under the Colonel’s guidance, Elvis shot to stardom: His first single for RCA, “Heartbreak Hotel,” released in 1956, became the first of his career to sell more than 1 million copies; his debut album, “Elvis Presley,” topped Billboard’s pop album chart; and he made his big-screen debut in 1956’s “Love Me Tender.”", "Elvis spent most of the 1960s either in recording sessions, in front of film cameras, or oftentimes, in the company of Priscilla Beaulieu, who became Priscilla Presley when they wed on May 1, 1967. Aside from the monumental 1968 NBC-TV special he taped in front of a small studio audience, Elvis did not perform live from March 26, 1961 all the way up until the end of the 1960s, when finally, on July 31, 1969, he began a five-year contractual series of concerts at the International Hotel in Las Vegas. The King was hugely popular as the 1970s rolled in.", "January 4, 1954 – With his delivery truck parked out front, Elvis returns to the Memphis Recording Studio to make an acetate of “Casual Love Affair” and “I’ll Never Stand In Your Way”. Sam Phillips is impressed, but thinks Elvis still needs a lot of work.", "It begins and ends in Sept. 1956 when he returned to his hometown to perform before an adoring, screaming crowd at the state fair. The documentary spends most the time delving into his childhood days in Tupelo, which included sneaking peeks into late-night blues joints and singing at black gospel tent revivals. It’s clear that Elvis Presley lived the music before he became a recording sensation.", "In 1995, Ray Santilli and his friend Gary Shoefield go to America to find Elvis memorabilia to sell on the market stall Ray runs in London. Harvey, a former US Army cameraman, sells them a silent black and white film of Elvis performing live, but later returns with an intriguing offer. Harvey takes Ray to Miami, Florida to see a film from 1947 showing the autopsy of an alien supposedly killed in a UFO crash in Roswell, New Mexico. Harvey wants $30,000 for the film. Gary and Ray return to England to look for an investor to give them the money. ", "In 1956, Elvis Presley was the \"extra added attraction\" at the New Frontier. Freddy Martin and Shecky Greene were the headline acts. Turns out Las Vegas audiences were not too impressed with the \"atomic powered singer.\"", "Movie trivia: watch Viva Las Vegas closely and you will spot a young Teri Garr as a showgirl. Garr actually appeared as an extra in nine Elvis films.", "Based on the stereotypical turn-of-the-20th-century city Main Street, Main Street, U.S.A. is home to many shops but is short on attractions in comparison to other lands. Main Street's attractions include vehicles (the Disneyland Railroad, a horse-drawn trolley, horseless carriages, a fire truck, a double-decker omnibus, etc.), a cinema (which now shows early Mickey Mouse shorts) and \"Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln,\" which moved to Disneyland in 1965 after debuting at the Illinois pavilion of the 1964 New York World's Fair. Early attractions also included an exhibit of sets from \"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\" in the building now occupied by \"Lincoln\".", "No American performer had so broad an impact on culture around the world. In 1958, Communists blamed the influence of Presley for a riot in East Berlin as youths threatened to kill a border guard. In 1964, Presley received a write-in vote for President. A Memphis businessman who got in a fistfight with the singer had to close his shop because fans picketed the place.", "On August 17, 1974, the Jackson 5 perform at the World Expo/Expo ‘74 in Spokane (Washington). Expo '74 was an environmentally themed world's fair, which ran from May 4 to November 3, 1974. Spokane was the smallest city to host a world's fair, until Knoxville, Tennessee held the 1982 World's Fair eight years later. The theme for Expo '74 was “Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment.” The fair had 5,2 million visitors and was considered a success, nearly breaking even, revitalizing the blighted urban core, and pumping an estimated 150 million dollars into the local economy and surrounding region.", "On August 17, 1974, the Jackson 5 perform at the World Expo/Expo ‘74 in Spokane (Washington). Expo '74 was an environmentally themed world's fair, which ran from May 4 to November 3, 1974. Spokane was the smallest city to host a world's fair, until Knoxville, Tennessee held the 1982 World's Fair eight years later. The theme for Expo '74 was “Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment.” The fair had 5,2 million visitors and was considered a success, nearly breaking even, revitalizing the blighted urban core, and pumping an estimated 150 million dollars into the local economy and surrounding region.", "1960: Elvis Presley was discharged from the army having completed his service with US forces in Germany.", "1946 11 Years Old Entering a new school, Milam, for sixth grade in September 1946, Presley was regarded as a loner. … Read More", "1945: Elvis Presley makes his first public appearance at 10 years old in a talent contest at a Dairy Show.", "1967 - The Presley family makes history when they opened the first music show on what is today Highway 76 \"The Strip.\" Today four generations of the Presley family perform in the Presleys' Country Jubilee ." ]

[ 3.955078125, 1.9970703125, 1.908203125, 0.481689453125, 0.4091796875, -0.3974609375, -0.64306640625, -0.712890625, -1.015625, -1.3896484375, -1.7958984375, -2.27734375, -2.294921875, -2.392578125, -2.572265625, -2.86328125, -3.2421875, -3.48828125, -4.7109375, -5.171875, -5.26953125, -5.3828125, -5.6796875, -5.8125, -6.0859375, -6.54296875, -6.9453125, -6.9453125, -7.34765625, -7.6796875, -7.9375, -8.1796875 ]